Christiaan Barnard

[[File:Christiaan Barnard 1968.jpg|175px|thumb|Barnard in 1968.]]
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'''Christiaan Neethling Barnard''' {{lived|1922|2001}} was a [[South African]] surgeon famous for successfully transplanting a heart into a patient who regained consciousness. He helped pioneer organ transplant surgery in the 1950s and 1960s in a number of procedures that gained widespread media attention. He retired from surgical practice in 1983 due to arthritis developing in his hands.<ref>Altman, Lawrence K. (3 September 2001). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/03/world/christiaan-barnard-78-surgeon-for-first-heart-transplant-dies.html Christiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon For First Heart Transplant, Dies]". ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved 29 March 2020.</ref> Barnard authored a number of books, including two autobiographies, ''One Life'' (1969) and ''The Second Life'' (1993).

==Early life==
Barnard was born in the Union of South Africa before its independence. His father was a minister and a number of his siblings died in infancy. Barnard would go on to study medicine at Capetown University. He devoted a good deal of his time after becoming a doctor to performing medical experiments on [[dog]]s.<ref>Cooper, D. K., & Cooley, D. A. (2001). Christiaan Neethling Barnard: 1922-2001.</ref>

==Surgical breakthroughs==
In the 1950s and 1960s the world saw a surge of new surgical procedures, especially related to organ transplants. New, immunosuppressive [[drugs]] and the ability to identify blood types made organ transplantation more possible. In 1953 the first successful kidney transplant was performed in the [[United States]].<ref>Hatzinger, M., Stastny, M., Grützmacher, P., & Sohn, M. (2016). The history of kidney transplantation. ''Der Urologe.'' Ausg. A, 55(10), 1353-1359.</ref> Throughout the 1960s surgeons, including Barnard himself, had been [[Animal testing|experimenting]] on heart transplant surgeries in dogs with some notable achievements. Later in the 1960s, Barnard performed one of the first human kidney transplants in South Africa.<ref>Lederer, Susan E. (2008). ''Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America.'' Oxford University Press. p. 174</ref> On January 23, 1964 the world's first heart transplant was undertaken at the University of Mississippi Medical Center when the heart of a [[chimpanzee]] was put into the body of a man. The transplant was only a temporary success. The man was never able to regain consciousness, and the heartbeat lasted for only about one hour.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/21/us/james-d-hardy-84-dies-paved-way-for-transplants.html?pagewanted=1 James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way for Transplants – Obituary; Biography]." ''NYTimes.com.'' 21 February 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</ref> Prior to this some failed attempts to transplant organs had been made by a [[Soviet]] doctor in the 1930s, though his work was unknown outside of his nation and ultimately went nowhere.<ref>Barker, C. F., & Markmann, J. F. (2013). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684003/ Historical overview of transplantation]". ''Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine'', 3(4), a014977.</ref> 

In 1967, a diabetic named Louis Washkansky, diagnosed with an incurable heart condition opted for a heart transplant surgery. Christiaan Barnard would lead the team that would then perform the world's first successful [[human]] to human heart transplant surgery. Washkansky, aged 54, survived the procedure, but unfortunately was never able to leave the hospital and died from pneumonia 18 days later.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christiaan-Barnard Christiaan Barnard | South African surgeon]". ''Encyclopedia Britannica.'' Retrieved 29 March 2020.</ref> The surgery itself was still considered a breakthrough as the cause of death was the result of Washkansky having to constantly be on immunosuppressive drugs, making the patient highly susceptible to infection and disease.<ref>"[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/christiaan-neethling-barnard Christiaan Neethling Barnard]". ''South African History Online''. Retrieved March 29, 2020.</ref> By 1968 hundreds of heart transplants were being performed worldwide, although the practice began to dwindle as survival rates were initially poor. Barnard persisted, and his next patient, Philip Blaiberg, survived 19 months. He continued to perform surgeries out of Groote Schuur hospital in South Africa until the 1980s. Many of his patients survived for decades and as the advent of new immune system repressing drugs helped reduce bodily rejections of donor hearts, the practice become more popular worldwide.<ref>Venter, Sahm. (July 6 1994) "[https://apnews.com/79259ab667ada21fd736f1d2d3d5273f Longest-Surviving Heart Transplant Patient Dies]".</ref>

==The not-so-good stuff==
{{main|Apartheid}}
A victim of the [[inverse stopped clock]], Barnard once endorsed a [[quack]] "[[Ageing|anti-aging]]" cream and made a number of claims about South Africa's racial politics that were clearly wrong, morally dubious, or both.<ref>Hitchens, Christopher. (September 5, 2001). "[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/sep/05/highereducation.uk1 Christiaan Barnard's doctored past]". ''The Guardian.'' Retrieved March 29, 2020.</ref> Some examples 

*The "coloured" people (as people of mixed-ancestry were known during apartheid) have "always been accepted" among whites.<ref>Hilary, Ng'weno (19 May 1978). "I Would Split South Africa Into Two Parts – Equitably". ''The Weekly Review:'' 16–17.</ref>

*Regarding the Soweto uprising, Barnard claimed "there was … a lot of [[Conspiracy theory|external stirring up of turbulence]]". Regarding anger from the black population when {{wpl|Steve Biko}} was murdered, he said "I think that something like $50,000 came in from outside to work up feelings at that funeral."<ref>ibid.</ref>

*"I often say that, like King Lear, South Africa is a country [[Whataboutism|more sinned against than sinning]]."<ref>ibid.</ref>

In fairness, he was at times critical of the apartheid regime and claimed he wanted to abolish "social discrimination".<ref>ibid.</ref>  Additionally he made no qualms about working with Hamilton Naki, an informally-trained black South African medical technician. Indeed, Barnard even claimed that Naki would have been a better surgeon than himself, had he been given the opportunity.<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/hamilton-naki Hamilton Naki]. ''South African History Online.'' www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved March 29, 2020.</ref>

==References==
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Categories: Medicine, Physicians, Pseudoscience promoters