Polytheistic reconstructionism

{{bronze}}{{paganism}}
'''Polytheistic reconstructionism''' involves the practice of reviving an ancient [[polytheism|polytheistic]] [[religion]] in at least a semi-historically accurate manner. The degree of historical accuracy can vary: from an academic approach based on historical texts and [[archaeology]] to a more [[mysticism|mystical]] or [[spirituality|spiritual]] approach that may border on more generally [[Neopaganism|Neo-Pagan]] practice.

==Reconstructionist organisations==
The most important of the New-Pagan religions tend to focus on Celtic and Norse religious traditions from northern Europe. However, in recent years others have sought to reconstruct other religious practices, particularly those of the Classical and Egyptian pantheons. 

===Hellenistic reconstructionism===
A Greek polytheistic reconstructionist movement is growing and gaining acceptance;<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22972610 The Greeks who worship the ancient gods]</ref> in 2006, a Greek ban on the worship of the ancient gods was lifted.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6285397.stm</ref>

====Ypato Symboulio Ellinon Ethnikon - YSEE (Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes)====
The YSEE<ref>http://www.ysee.gr/index-eng.php</ref> is the most organised and explicitly political of polytheistic reconstructionist religious organisations.<ref>http://www.ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=dt215 - One example</ref> Based in Athens and focused within [[Greece]] (though with international outreach in [[Cyprus]]<ref>http://www.elefsis.com.cy/</ref>, the [[United States|US]]<ref>http://www.ysee.us/</ref> and [[Australia]]<ref>http://ethnikoi.org/</ref>) it aims to win rights for followers of traditional [[Greco-Roman religion|Hellenic religion]].<ref>http://www.ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=about</ref> It often accuses the Greek government of “Neo-Byzantine” behaviour in attempting to prevent Ancient Greek religious sites from being used for religious purposes and attempting to circumvent religious rights of non-Christians. 

YSEE is actually an umbrella organisation for several smaller Hellenic recontructionist groups based in Greece, but they now speak and operate mainly though YSEE.<ref>http://www.ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=about</ref>

====Other Hellenic recontructionist groups====
There are also Hellenic recontructionist movements outside Greece, the most prominent of which are Elaion<ref>http://www.elaion.org/</ref> and Hellenion<ref>http://www.hellenion.org/</ref>. The latter operates mostly online, though it is based in the United States. Elaion specifically requires its members to worship only the Hellenic gods.<ref>http://www.elaion.org/dodekatheism.htm</ref>

===Nova Roma===
Nova Roma<ref>http://www.novaroma.org/</ref> is a Roman reconstructionist group, although they do not require that their members worship the Gods of Rome at the lower levels, though higher levels must be willing to do so as the office requires.<ref>http://www.novaroma.org/nr/FAQ</ref> Like Ethnikoi Hellenes, they have a political dimension, though much less active, take a long term view of their aims, and are more internationalist in nature. Membership is international.

===Egyptian (Kemetic) reconstructionism===
Egyptian reconstructionism is both newer and older than the other main groups. Individuals had dedicated themselves to worship of the Gods of Egypt in a modern setting from the early 20th century, but organised groups with a more reconstructionist view didn’t emerge until the mid 1980s. Various groups (temples) tend to compete, and the idea of an umbrella organisation has yet to meet with success. The only current organisation of significant size is the [[House of Netjer]] (aka Kemetic Orthodoxy)<ref>http://www.netjer.org</ref><ref>http://www.kemet.org</ref>, though many smaller organisations continue to exist, including Per Heh,<ref>http://www.per-heh.org/</ref> Per Ankh,<ref>http://www.per-ankh.org/</ref> and some attempts at umbrella organisations. 

The House of Netjer requires its members to worship the Egyptian gods, but at lower levels does not forbid the worship of other gods in a ''separate'' set of beliefs,<ref>http://www.kemet.org/faq/FAQ-13.html</ref> though the two should not be mixed. House of Netjer is not technically polytheistic and adopts a monolatic view of the cosmos.<ref>http://www.kemet.org/kemexp1.html</ref> This has led most to regard HoN as "revivalist" rather than reconstructionist, as it is widely believed that Egyptian religion was truly polytheistic. In addition, HoN incorporates modern practices without an ancient equivalent (such as divining the "parents" of members, i.e. their "patron" gods), or modified from other religions. 

Per-Heh is, by contrast, fully polytheistic,<ref group=note>Not explicitly mentioned on the current website, but confirmed by a member</ref> and has adopted a more academic approach towards its practices and theology.<ref>http://www.per-heh.org/about-mainmenu-59/79-per-heh/127-what-is-the-kemetic-faith.html</ref>. 

The website of Per-Ankh was offline for quite some time, and has only recently been resurrected, and much content has yet to be uploaded.<ref>http://www.per-ankh.org/new/EgyptianReligion/evening/teachings-learning-evening-21.html - For example</ref> As such, the exact details of the doctrine are currently unknown.

[[Aleister Crowley]]'s religion of Thelema centers on Egyptian gods and goddesses, but the ritual and theology were largely invented by Crowley.

===Norse religion===
{{main|Asatru}}

===Tengrism===
Tengrism is an old Turkic/Mongolic religion. Its most famous practitioner is probably Genghis Khan. There have been attempts at reviving it by nationalists in some central Asian republics. In [[Kyrgyzstan]] there is the Tengrist society and the businessman-politician Dastan Sarygulov has established a self-described international scientific centre of Tengrist studies and a group called Army of Tengri.<ref>{{wpa|Tengrism}}</ref>

== Relations with the Neo-Pagan community ==

Generally, due to the un-dogmatic nature of polytheistic religions, relations with other groups are mostly focused on non-interference and tolerance.  However, followers of some [[Neopaganism|Neo-Pagan]] traditions, particularly the more eclectic, may be regarded by some followers of more "hard" polytheistic or reconstructionist faiths as being [[fluffbunny|fluffy]].  There is little real rivalry, however, and for the most part the ancient polytheistic approach of "Our Gods" and "Their Gods" is accepted.

== Reconstructionism and meso-paganism ==
Reconstructionism differs from Meso-Paganism in that it seeks to reconstruct religions that have at one point in the past been effectively "dead", that is, having no known adherents, whereas Meso-Paganism adheres to a religion that whilst small, has continued to be followed by at least some adherents.<ref>http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/religionandsociety/rites/paganism.pdf</ref> Both however seek to accurately follow a religion, do not incorporate eclectic practices, and avoid introducing "new" elements into the religion as much as possible (which can even be difficult when no contemporary written records exist and what we have was written down centuries later after conversion to Christianity, as happens with Celtic one.)

== Reality and practice ==
Unsurprisingly, the nice cookie-cutter definition doesn't work in reality. Like most things, reconstructionism is a spectrum, with "die-hard" reconstructionists at one end who refuse to use modern languages or translated texts in a ritual or even try to dress, fabrics included, as a priest(ess) of those times, to "revivalists" willing to introduce modern ideas, eclectic practices and practical/simplified practices into the religion<ref group=note>Especially knowing some practices have been lost to history, are difficult to replicate for different reasons and/or would at best be frowned upon and at worst be illegal in this epoch, and of course the budget one has to set up everything (some candles (especially LED candles, that can be reused a lot of times), a simple porcelain bowl for offerings, a printed picture(s) of a god(dess), to practice the rituals with everyday clothing or even 
skyclad
 nude (as [[Nudity#Evolution_of_nakedness_and_clothing|happened in classical Greece]]), and prayers and the like taken from Pagan websites are much cheaper than statuettes, historically accurate utensils and dresses, as well as scholarly books, after all).</ref> that make the distinction between re-con and Neo-Pagan beliefs somewhat blurred.

This can get even more confusing in cases such as Celtic Reconstructionism (CR), many of whose members say that you must be active in Celtic [[culture]] to qualify as a CR as opposed to a more typical Neo-Pagan.<ref>http://www.paganachd.com/faq/basic.html#notblood</ref> This may mean that if someone researched as much historical material as possible to make sure they only worshiped Celtic [[Deity|Deities]] in a historically accurate way (perhaps even in a "die-hard" way), avoided [[New Age]]/eclectic practices like the plague, and only recognized Celtic holidays, but said person didn't really bother to participate in Celtic culture (dances, music, communities, etc.), that person may not qualify as a "[[No True Scotsman|true CR]]". However they would also be far too oriented on historical accuracy and consistency to qualify as a usual Celtic Neo-Pagan. It doesn't help that there is no bare minimum set on how much you must participate to qualify as a CR or to avoid engaging in "[[cultural appropriation]]", and that CR sources are often contradictory about how immersed you need to be.<ref>[http://www.paganachd.com/faq/basic.html#culturalimmersion Sometimes the SAME sources]</ref>

Arguably too, another problem is the abyss of many centuries existing between the last practitioners of such forms of Paganism and modern ones, both being culturally very different. Had Christianity not replaced such religions and the latter been practiced until the present day, putting aside how such a world would be ''very'' distinct to ours, it's more than likely they would have changed in the interim and become quite dissimilar.

==Flaws==

Of course, being human, the polytheistic reconstructionists have a few kooks in their ranks, just like every other religion and philosophy. However, ancient Pagan societies tended to be religiously tolerant and open-minded,{{cn}} perhaps even to a fault. The main whack-jobs in the movement are [[neo-Nazis]], who wish to exploit the pre-Christian Germanic or Celtic symbolism used in [[Asatru]] and other reconstructionist religions for hateful ends ([[racism]] and [[antisemitism]]); but such figures are not known either for citing their religion as a justification for their political activities (often doing the exact opposite), or for showing much interest in the actual religion they profess.

== See also ==
* [[Slavic religion]]
* [[National mysticism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Paganism]]

Categories: Paganism