Continuum fallacy

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{{cquote|Gray is the color of cowardice and ignorance and sheer laziness, Davian--never let anyone tell you otherwise. If something is not clearly right or wrong then it bears actually ''figuring out'' which one it is, not dismissal into some nebulous third category.|||James Islington, ''The Light of All That Falls''}}
The '''continuum fallacy''' (also known as the '''sorites fallacy''' or the '''fallacy of grey''') is the fallacy of assuming that ''the existence'' of a continuum of possible states between two binary positions means that said positions are not different. It is a form of [[equivocation]]: treating as equivalent two things that should ''not'' be treated as such.

The alternative name "fallacy of grey" comes from an invalid inference from a sound premise. The sound premise represents the argument that ''some'' (complex, real world decisions or events) are (neither "black nor white" but "grey") [this is true under at least one interpretation]. The invalid inference is to infer from this that there is only '''one''' position, i.e. when picking "shades of grey", you '''deny''' that there are '''any''' differences or distinctions between the shades, and insist that they are all '''one shade''' of grey. Yet some things can be ''very'', ''very'' dark shades of grey, and others can be ''very'', ''very'' light shades of grey, and hence, they can be distinguished.  

When applied to the realm of expertise, this fallacy is sometimes known as "'''inflation of conflict'''." Inflation of conflict occurs when someone claims that because two (or more) experts disagree on one point, no conclusion can be drawn and the entire field or area of research is probably discredited to boot.<ref>[https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Inflation-of-Conflict Inflation of Conflict], Logically Fallacious</ref>

==Form==
The form of the argument is as follows:<ref>[http://www.logicallyfallacious.com/index.php/logical-fallacies/56-argument-of-the-beard Logically Fallacious — Argument of the beard]</ref>
{{syl
|2='''X''' is one extreme and '''Y''' is the opposite extreme.
|4=There is no definable point where '''X''' becomes '''Y'''.
|5=C|6=Therefore, there is no difference between '''X''' and '''Y'''.
}}

This has been applied to the concept of uncertainty; that the statements "the [[Moon]] is made of [[cheese]]" and "the [[Sun]] is made of mostly [[hydrogen]] and [[helium]]" are both uncertain statements, but the magnitude of uncertainty is very different between the two.<ref>[http://lesswrong.com/lw/mm/the_fallacy_of_gray/ Less Wrong - The Fallacy of Gray]</ref> In general, the fallacy takes situations where no clear cut-off point between '''X''' and '''Y''' exists, and either a) denies that any distinction really exists and commits an equivocation between both or b) takes advantage of the lack of distinction by [[Moving the goalposts|arbitrarily shifting the distinction to unrealistic positions]].

===Relationship to other fallacies===
[[Equivocation]] — the act of making a false equivalence between two things — is the broader term for the continuum fallacy. An equivocation fallacy doesn't necessarily conflate two connected ideas; they may actually be very different. Further, equivocation is most commonly seen with words or terms that merely sound similar or have very superfluous connections. Take the concept of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]] (from which [[Ethics#Descriptive ethics|descriptive ethics]] — i.e., how [[moral]] systems are — can be derived) being used to imply [[Social Darwinism]] (which applies the descriptive ethics of evolutionary theory/biology to [[Ethics#Normative ethics|normative ethics]], i.e., how things should be), for instance (an example of the [[is–ought problem]]). A continuum fallacy specifically sets up a continuum of ideas gradually connecting one to the other — moral choices being a very easy one — and conflates the two as being equal. A prime example, albeit absurd, is justifying killing newly born [[children]] because [[abortion]] is legal, which is discussed a little further [[#When does life begin?|below]].

The term "(semantic) [[slippery slope]]" is sometimes used for the continuum fallacy,<ref>[http://www.fallacyfiles.org/slipslop.html Logical Fallacy: Slippery Slope], ''The Fallacy Files''</ref> though on [[RationalWiki]] that name is reserved only for causal slippery slopes. The fallacies are similar: both ignore differences based on a lack of a precise cut-off point between two positions, or on the distinction (allegedly) being subjective and arbitrary at best. A causal slippery slope argument suggests that the [[Argument from adverse consequences|consequences of an action]] will gradually progress from one extreme to another due to the lack of any clear stopping point — however, slippery slope arguments found in the wild are often fallacious because they ''ignore'' potential cut-off points. For instance, the argument that allowing [[same-sex marriage]] will lead to [[bestiality]] is flawed due to the existence of [[informed consent]], which marks a clearer distinction between the two that cannot be overridden just by allowing some people to get married.

==Common examples==
{{cquote|The “fallacy of gray” or the “fallacy of grey”? My suggestion “the fallacy of græy” was rejected without, I thought, proper consideration.}}
===When does life begin?===
{{main|When does life begin?}}
This is possibly the single biggest application of the idea behind the continuum fallacy — because when [[life]] begins is, indeed, a very fine continuum. It applies both to the [[origin of life]] and also to [[personhood]] and abortion. The short answer to both of these is that life does not begin at a single point — hence the continuum. Gestation and [[Fœtus|foetal]] development are slow continuous processes, and the [[human]] body still develops and grows even ''after'' [[birth]]. The beginning of life is also a continuum, without any magic "spark" that makes something alive — [[DNA]] can self-replicate and evolve in solution, absent from any other [[cells]], and so is alive by some definitions, but not by others. There is no clear separation in both cases.

Where the fallacious use of this continuum occurs is in the [[anti-abortion]] argument that life begins at conception — at the stage where a sperm fuses with an egg. But at this point, the emerging [[embryo]] is not too dissimilar to any other stem cell. It lacks the complexity of an adult person, and so abortion at an embryonic stage destroys life only in the same sense that scratching your own skin and removing (and killing) some cells does. However, this may be a case where a [[rationalist taboo]] on the word "life" would be useful, as while an embryo and a skin cell are both "alive", what is often meant is that at fertilization, a new living ''organism'' is formed, which is certainly true. At the other end of this continuum, you can suggest that it's [[Peter Singer|acceptable to kill newborn children because they have not yet developed the same memory ability and coordination ability that is associated with an adult human]]. Though this is not a widely endorsed view (even by extremely literal [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]]s), a similar argument that a child hasn't developed a memory and so will forget any pain is often given in defence of [[circumcision]].

===Science was wrong===
{{main|Science was wrong before}}
The "[[science]] was wrong before" gambit relies heavily on this trope — mostly through the concept of "[[relativity]] of wrong" (see [[wronger than wrong]]). [[Scientific theories]] are — from a certain perspective — neither right nor wrong, but merely describe the world and make predictions with various degrees of accuracy. This is a subtle point, and so is easily mangled into the (trivially true) statement that "science is wrong". 

For example, [[Newton]]'s [[Gravity|gravitational]] theories are "wrong" (they're a rough approximation) and [[Einstein]]'s gravitation is almost certainly "wrong" too (it doesn't easily blend with [[quantum mechanics]]), but it would be a spectacular fallacy to suggest that they are equally wrong because there is such a continuous shading between "makes rough predictions" and "makes more accurate predictions" when it comes to scientific theories. Saying that the [[Flat Earth|Earth is flat]] is wrong, and saying that it's ''spherical'' is also wrong — ''it's an oblate spheroid'', roughly — but both statements do not have the same degree of "wrongness" on a continuum.<ref>[[Isaac Asimov]], [https://hermiene.net/essays-trans/relativity_of_wrong.html The Relativity of Wrong], 1986.</ref>

===Moral relativism===
{{main|Morality}}
Moral relativism can suffer from this immensely, as it lacks any concept of absolutes in terms of good and [[evil]]. For instance, it's trivial to note that [[Winston Churchill]] was quite a nasty piece of work when it came to allowing millions to starve to death in Bengal, while on the other side, [[Adolf Hitler]] and most of his inner circle were kind [[animal]] lovers. So angelic and demonic caricatures of these people are certainly oversimplified and shades of grey exist; but it doesn't mean that both were equally bad or good. Only one, for instance, actively sought to kill tens of millions of civilians as part of a [[Holocaust|racist murder programme]].

==See also==
*[[Balance fallacy]]
*[[Wronger than wrong]]
*[[Slippery slope]]
*[[Thought experiment#Famous philosophical thought experiments|Ship of Theseus]]

==References==
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[[Category:Fallacies of ambiguity]]

Categories: Fallacies of ambiguity