Mozart effect

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The '''Mozart effect''' is an infamous bit of pop [[psychology]] that posits that listening to the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart will 
help your plants grow or your chickens lay more eggs or
  increase your intelligence. It was first proposed by Gordon Shaw, Frances Rauscher, and Katherine Ky in 1993 and has been turned into a veritable cash cow since then. It is a great case study in how a [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] "factoid" becomes embedded in the public consciousness despite its [[PIDOOMA|flimsy]] [[evidence|evidentiary]] [[bullshit|backing]].

==Failed replications==
The first paper proposing a "Mozart effect" was Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993), which found an increase in scores of about 8-9 points on spatial tasks taken from a Stanford-Binet [[IQ]] test for subjects who listened to Mozart's ''Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major''.<ref>Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky. [http://blog.music4life.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Nature93.pdf Music and Spatial Task Performance.] ''Nature'', vol. 365, p. 611, 14 Oct. 1993</ref> A number of [[Reproducibility|replications]] were attempted, with some finding significant but smaller improvements than the original study and others finding no improvement. A 1999 [[meta-analysis]] found no improvement for general IQ tasks and a minor, but statistically insignificant, improvement within the variability of a person's IQ task performance for spatial tasks.<ref>Christopher F. Chabris. [http://coglab.wjh.harvard.edu/~cfc/Chabris1999a.pdf Prelude or Requiem for the Mozart Effect?] ''Nature'', vol. 400, pp. 826-828, 26 Aug. 1999</ref> Further research suggests that the minor effects may be due simply to the improvement of mood after listening to the music rather than anything special about Mozart specifically.<ref>William Forde Thompson, E. Glenn Schellenberg, and Gabriela Husain. [http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3psygs/Thompson2001.pdf Arousal, Mood, and the Mozart Effect.] ''Psychological Science'', vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 248-251, May 2001</ref>

==Popular incarnation==
While the original claim for the Mozart effect was only in regard to a temporary (approximately 10-15 minutes after listening to the music) increase in spatial skills, this soon transformed into the [[pop psychology]] formulation of "Mozart makes you smarter!", as well as the inverse "[[Rock music]] makes you dumber!" It became a fad among [[Advertising|marketers]] hawking baby products to sell headphones and CDs to [[pregnant]] women with claims of producing child geniuses by playing Mozart to them in the womb.<ref>The [http://www.bellysonic.com/Mozart-pregnancy-music.html Belly Sonic] is one such example.</ref> In 1998, then-governor of [[Georgia]] Zell Miller proposed a bill that would provide every mother in the state with a Mozart CD or tape.<ref>Lars Sorenson. [http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~biglars/Mozart.html Mozart on the Brain: Musical Misadventures in Cognition and Development.] ''Cognition & Language: Birth to Eight'', 290:522, November 19, 2008</ref> In 2007, a team of [[German]] psychologists and neuroscientists shot down the Mozart effect once again after being flooded with numerous requests to check its veracity.<ref>Alison Abbott. [https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070409/full/news070409-13.html Mozart Doesn't Make You Clever.] ''Nature News'', 13 April 2007</ref>

==What should you listen to instead?==
Listen to Bach instead. He's a much better musician anyway.{{fact|joke}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mozarteffect.com/ The Mozart Effect Resource Center], Don Campbell's money machine that peddles pseudoscientific products based on the Mozart effect.
*[http://skepdic.com/mozart.html Mozart Effect] in [[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/mozarteffect2.shtml Mozart Effect], Human Intelligence Project, Indiana University
*[http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/~agorman/pdf/mozart-effect-survey.pdf The Mozart Effect: Hard Science or Hype?] Andrew Gorman, University of Colorado, Boulder
*[http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/08-02-06/#feature The Myth of the Mozart Effect], Will Dowd, ''Skeptic''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Music]]
[[Category:Popular science]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Sound woo]]

Categories: Music, Popular science, Pseudoscience, Psychology, Sound woo