J. Robert Oppenheimer

[[File:Robert Oppenheimer 1946.jpg|upright|thumb|165px|While [[Tobacco smoking|smoking tobacco]] is bad for your health, the [[scientific consensus]] suggests that getting nuked may be worse.]]{{Physics|1}}
{{cquote|It worked!|||His exclamation after the {{wpl|Trinity atomic bomb test}} (16 July 1945), according to his brother in the documentary ''The Day After Trinity''<ref>[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer#Quotes Robert Oppenheimer]</ref>}}
'''Julius Robert Oppenheimer''' {{lived|1904|1967}} was an [[American]] theoretical [[physicist]], the [[scientific]] director of the [[Manhattan Project]], and the first head of the {{wpl|Los Alamos National Laboratory}}. He oversaw the development of the fission bomb for use in [[World War II]], and popularized the [[Hinduism|Bhagvad-Gita]] quote "I am become death, the destroyer of worlds"<ref group=note>Not Vishnu, [[Dan Brown]].</ref> upon the successful test of the bomb in [[New Mexico]]. The project led to the construction of the bombs which were detonated over the [[Japan]]ese cities of [[Hiroshima and Nagasaki]], and was the forerunner to the subsequent construction of the hydrogen bomb.

Most books written about Oppenheimer tend to focus too much on the Manhattan Project and the political drama that follows. {{wpl|Abraham Pais}}, a physicist and historian of science who knew "Oppie" personally, authored the arguably most well-rounded and complete biography of this complex character ever written.<ref>[https://global.oup.com/academic/product/j-robert-oppenheimer-9780195327120?cc=no&lang=en& J. Robert Oppenheimer]</ref><ref group="note">Pais, as a former faculty member at the Institute of Advanced Study, also became acquainted with Albert Einstein, whose scientific biography he wrote.</ref>

In light of the fact that Oppenheimer was well known for chain smoking, it is not surprising to know that he died because of throat [[cancer]].

==Career and scientific achievements==
There is actually much more to Oppenheimer than the Brotherhood of the Bomb. Arguably, he would still have deserved the title of an "atomic genius" had he not joined that enterprise. He entered Harvard University majoring in chemistry, but soon switched to physics and graduated in just three years, instead the usual four, with distinction. He then earned his PhD in just two years, while still finding the time to write short stories. Oppenheimer has been deeply insecure and unhappy for much of his life, regretting, perhaps strangely, that he was born just a few years too late to participate in the development of modern [[quantum mechanics]], which he thought would guarantee his immortality.<ref name="Pais"/> 

In any case, he clearly made up for lost time, if one could call it such, in his doctoral and postdoctoral studies by using the new branch of physics to explore new territories, such as the photoelectric effect for [[hydrogen]], X-rays, molecular bonding, field emission and continuous spectra. Indeed, Born-Oppenheimer approximation remains very useful in quantum chemistry.<ref group="note">Not to be confused with the Born approximation, also named after Max Born, who was Oppenheimer's doctoral supervisor and pioneer of quantum mechanics best known for the probabilistic interpretation of the wave function.</ref> He was among the first to take the Dirac equation seriously and predicted the existence of the positron, the antimatter partner of the electron, as well as the anti-proton. Oppenheimer quickly realized that the embryonic version of quantum field theory suffered a fatal flaw, namely higher-order approximations lead to nonsensical, i.e. infinite, results for well-posed questions. (This problem would later be resolved &mdash; or, swept under the rug, depending on [[Paul Dirac|who]] [[Richard Feynman|you]] ask &mdash; by a procedure called renormalization.) 

Together with Melba Philips, he characterized the Oppenheimer-Philips process in nuclear physics. With fellow physicists Richard Tolman and George Volkoff, he laid down the foundations for general relativistic stellar dynamics.<ref name="Thorne"/> In particular, he and Volkoff computed the maximum mass of a stable neutron star (the Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit). It is logical to ask what would happen if a star heavier than that dies. Again with another one of his graduate students, Hartland Snyder, he showed that such a star will undergo continued gravitational collapse and forms what we now call a [[black hole]].<ref name="Thorne">''Thorne K. Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy''. W. W. Norton and Company; 1994. ISBN 0393035050.</ref> A versatile researcher, he was interested in multiple branches of physics. It is said that he easily switched from one field, say nuclear physics, to another, such as electrodynamics, while talking with his graduate students and colleagues.<ref name="Pais">Pais A, Crease R. ''J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life''. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. ISBN 0195166736. </ref> Unfortunately, however, while his physical insights were excellent, he did not take care to check his calculations. His final answers were often off by a constant factor.<ref name="Pais"/>

An inspiring lecturer and leader, he is considered to be the founder of the American school of physics. Hans Bethe, another theoretical physicist who knew him personally as a member of the Brotherhood of the Bomb, wrote<ref name="Pais"/>

{{cquote| More than any other man he was responsible for raising American theoretical physics from a provincial adjunct of Europe to world leadership… The majority of the best American theoretical physicists who grew up in those years [the 1930s] were trained by Oppenheimer at one stage in their lives.}}

Oppenheimer's sharp physical insights and natural leadership abilities would later serve him well in the Manhattan Project. His lectures on quantum mechanics were so successful that he had trouble dissuading students who had already passed the course from returning to take it again.<ref name="Pais"/> It was also during this period, the 1930s, that he became acquainted with [[far left]]-leaning circles. Even though he never actually became a [[communist]], his political enemies later on would still consider him to be [[Guilt by association|guilty by association]]. To rational and non-paranoid minds, such as General Leslie Groves, overall director of the Manhattan Project, however, all this is simply irrelevant. In fact, General Groves personally overruled the concerns raised by security officers when he was recruiting Oppenheimer.<ref name="Pais"/> He felt impressed by Oppenheimer's honesty; he admitted to him that at the time of their meeting, the field of nuclear physics was simply too new for anyone to be considered an expert (even if Oppenheimer himself made a number of contributions to it).<ref name="Pais"/>
[[File:Einstein_oppenheimer.jpg|thumb|left|Einstein and Oppenheimer.]]
After the war, Oppenheimer became the director of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, [[New Jersey]], where [[Albert Einstein]] spent the last twenty years of his life. Other scientific and mathematical luminaries, such as John von Neumann, Kurt Godel, Hermann Weyl, [[Paul Dirac]], Niels Bohr, [[Freeman Dyson]], among many others, stayed for various amounts of time. Indeed, Oppenheimer wanted it to be an intellectual hotel. However, he felt that he had failed to forge a bridge between those who specialized in the natural sciences and those in the social studies.<ref name="Pais"/> <ref group="note">The mathematicians would never sit with the historians, so to speak.</ref>

In the few years following the conclusion of World War II, Oppenheimer helped direct efforts to formulate the quantum theory of electromagnetism, also known as quantum electrodynamics (QED), which was under feverish development now that the War was over.<ref name="Pais"/> He continued to play the role of a leader and organizer in the study of particle physics, another topic of his prewar interest.<ref name="Pais"/> Unfortunately, he also elected to continue his involvement in the US government as a scientific adviser. This proved to be a serious mistake since his initial opposition to the development of the hydrogen bomb and past left-leaning association made him vulnerable to powerful and vindictive men of the gutter of American politics, people like Admiral Lewis Strauss and Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]].<ref name="Pais"/> It also significantly reduced his postwar scientific output. Worse still, his arrogance did not seem to mellow with age.

Oppenheimer is legendary for his mastery of the English language and his knack for slipping deep literary allusions into his writings. However, this is not without its problems, especially in the postwar era. His summaries, abstracts, public speeches and popular writings are full of flowery language and philosophical musing. An unsuspecting reader or listener could easily be misled to think that the issues discussed were deeper than they actually were and would find themselves groping for the enlightenment they sought. Moreover, some of his remarks were crafted in such a way that they appeared open to interpretation. [[Style over substance fallacy|While stylistically provocative, they were in reality conceptually stagnant]].<ref name="Pais"/> All this is perhaps a consequence of his "over-education" in the humanities. Here is an example:<ref name="Pais"/>
{{cquote|We, like all men, are among those who bring a little light to the vast unending darkness of man's life and world. For us as for all men, change and eternity, specialization and unity, instrument and final purpose, community and individual man alone, complementary to each to the other, both require and define our bonds and our freedom.}}

==Politics and drama==
Though an undisputed genius in both scientific research and administration, Oppenheimer was a bit lacking in social skills, and therefore was an easy target for political abuse, which cost him his career at the hands of the better-connected and more politically savvy {{wpl|Edward Teller}} when Oppenheimer opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb for technical reasons.<ref name="Pais"/> A true [[mad scientist]] if there ever was one as well as a fanatical [[Red-baiting|anti-Communist]], Teller pushed hard for the development of the hydrogen bomb ('cause, you know, otherwise [[Soviet Union|the Reds]] would get it [[MAD|''first'']]). Teller would later become one of the strongest [[Shill|promoters]] of the [[SDI]]. 

Like many young intellectuals in the 1930s, Oppenheimer was a supporter of social reforms (which were later alleged to be [[communist]] by his detractors). He identified himself as a "[[fellow traveler]]" and not an official member of any single political party; one major point of difference between him and the [[tankies]] was that he declined to follow any orders from Moscow. This being the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy]] era, it was very easy to turn this against him and claim that he was a [[Soviet]] spy. This of course happened, and eventually led to the revocation of his security clearance. To this day, some 
idiots
 [[Wingnut|doctrinaire conservative]]s consider [[Conspiracy_theory|Oppenheimer to have been a Soviet spy]].

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the retired head of Red Army counterintelligence (SMERSH) falsely<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_Bulletin_4.pdf CWIHP Bulletin #4 “Soviet Nuclear History"], starting from page 50</ref> claimed that Oppenheimer had been [[sucker]]ed, partially through exploitation of his fear of [[nuclear war]] and his [[Jew]]ish identity, into cooperating with Soviet intelligence.<ref>Pavel Sudoplatov and Anatoli Sudoplatov, ''[http://mailstar.net/sudoplat.html Special Tasks]'' (London: Little Brown and Company, 1994) {{Isbn|0316821152}}, pp. 192, 196, 206-207</ref> 'Cause, you know, the Russians have always been great lovers of the Jews.

==See also==
* ''[[Barbie: The Movie#Barbenheimer|Barbie: The Movie § Barbenheimer]]''
* [[Nobel Prize]], founded by the creator of dynamite

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lb13ynu3Iac Watch him tear up.]
*[https://www.ias.edu/ Official website] of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. Valhalla for the intellectual. Community of scholars. 
Home of the nerds.
 Keep working hard and maybe you could be there one day.

==Notes==
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==References==
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Categories: Educators, History of science, Jews, Physicists, Science