trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Greta Christina

[[File:Greta Christina at SASHAcon.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Greta Christina at SASHAcon in 2014]]
{{atheism|1}}
'''Greta Christina''' {{lived|1961}} is a prominent [[America]]n [[atheist]] speaker, author and blogger.<ref>Greta Christina's [http://www.gretachristina.com/ personal webpage].</ref><ref name="ssa">Greta Christina's [http://www.secularstudents.org/node/2953 profile] at the Secular Student Alliance.</ref>

==Writings==
Christina is the author of the 2012 book ''[[Why Are You Atheists So Angry?]]''. Her writing has appeared in the [[Skeptical Inquirer]] as well as the 2007 anthology ''Everything You Know About God Is Wrong''.

More recently, she has written on the coming out process of atheists in her 2014 book, ''Coming Out Atheist: How to Do It, How to Help Each Other, and Why''.

==Personal life==
Christina was born in Chicago in 1961 and has resided in San Francisco since 1984.

She is also [[bisexual]] (or [[pansexual]]), in a [[same-sex marriage]], an [[LGBTQ]] rights supporter, and a [[pro-choice]], [[sex-positive]] [[feminist]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Christina |first1=Greta |title=Hi. I'm bisexual. Happy Coming Out Day! |url=https://www.facebook.com/gretachristina/posts/10218570776519889 |website=Facebook |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/gretachristina/posts/10207519087954582 |title=Greta Christina - Can people please not comment on my... |publisher=Facebook |access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Christina |first=Greta |url=http://gretachristina.typepad.com/greta_christinas_weblog/2010/11/happily-single-happily-married.html |title=Happily Single, Happily Married |website=Gretachristina.typepad.com |date=November 29, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://the-orbit.net/greta/2008/07/28/who-marriage-is-for/|title=Who Marriage is For: A Tale of Two Weddings|first=Greta|last=Christina|date=July 29, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Christina |first=Greta |url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/greta/2013/07/22/on-being-a-feminist-writing-dirty-kinky-porn/ |title=On Being a Feminist Writing Dirty Kinky Porn » Greta Christina's Blog |website=Freethoughtblogs.com |date=July 22, 2013 |access-date=2013-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gretachristina.typepad.com/greta_christinas_weblog/2007/08/showtimes-calif.html|title=Showtime's "Californication": Well, There's Promiscuous and There's Promiscuous|website=Greta Christina's Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://the-orbit.net/greta/2014/03/13/having-a-reasonable-debate-about-abortion/|title=Having a Reasonable Debate About Abortion|first=Greta|last=Christina|date=March 13, 2014}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://the-orbit.net/greta/ Greta Christina's Blog] at [[Freethought Blogs#The_Orbit|The Orbit]] 

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|atheism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Christina, Greta}}
[[Category:Bloggers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Feminists]]

Categories: Bloggers, Living people, LGBTQ people, Feminists
Griswold v. Connecticut

{{sex}}
{{title-italics}}
{{caselaw|Griswold v. Connecticut|381 U.S. 479|June 7, 1965}}

'''''Griswold v. Connecticut''''' was a [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decision that eventually laid the foundation for [[Roe v. Wade]].

In it, the SCOTUS found that a married couple had an inherent right to [[privacy]] in that they should be able to legally obtain and use [[Birth control|contraceptives]], which had previously been contrary to [[Connecticut]] law (a law that had been sponsored by P.T. Barnum).<ref>"[http://connecticuthistory.org/planned-parenthood-league-of-connecticut-november-today-in-history/#sthash.ga4AUI2P.dpuf Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut – Today in History]".</ref>

The ruling on ''Griswold v. Connecticut'' largely invalidated the 1873 Comstock Act, which made it illegal "to advertise or mail anything, including information, related to preventing contraception or producing [[abortion]] (as well as outlawing sending 'obscene, lewd or lascivious,' 'immoral,' or 'indecent' publications)."<ref name=vance>[https://joycevance.substack.com/p/no-more-mifepristone No More Mifepristone] by Joyce Vance (Apr 7, 2023) ''Civil Discourse with Joyce Vance, Substack''.</ref> [[The Comstock Act]] by then had already fallen "into disuse because of its effect on [[First Amendment]] rights&nbsp;— it involves prior restraint by the government on speech."<ref name=vance/> Nonetheless, during the overturning of ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', the Supreme Court ignored ''[[Stare decisis]]'' in their 2022 ruling on ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]''.<ref name=vance/>

In 2023, [[Donald Trump|Trump]]-appointed Judge Matthew Kacsmaryk ruled that Mifepristone, one of two long-approved drugs by the [[FDA]] that are used for medical abortions, should be banned nationwide.<ref name=vance/> The ruling was based in part on the Comstock Act.<ref name=vance/> The ruling would seem to have been a nod to [[Clarence Thomas]] for his stated desire to overturn ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut]]''.<ref>[https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/24/thomas-constitutional-rights-00042256 Justice Thomas: SCOTUS ‘should reconsider’ contraception, same-sex marriage rulings: Democrats warned that the court would seek to undo other constitutional rights if it overturned Roe v. Wade, as it did on Friday.] by Quint Forgey & Josh Gerstein (06/24/2022 11:24 AM EDT; Updated: 06/24/2022 01:45 PM EDT) ''Politico''.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|sexuality}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]
[[Category:Constitutional law]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]

Categories: United States Supreme Court cases, Constitutional law, Purity culture
Gross domestic income

[[File:U.S. GDP Income Basis.png|thumb|American national income calculated via income approach.]]
{{economics}}
'''Gross domestic income (GDI)''' is a type of [[national income accounting]] that aggregates the different sources of incomes people earn in a single nation or region. Though less well known than [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) GDI should, in theory, be roughly equal with it. One of the key concepts in basic [[macroeconomics]] is that spending should be equal to income.<ref>"[https://www.bea.gov/data/income-saving/gross-domestic-income Gross Domestic Income]" ''www.bea.gov.'' Retrieved 2020-01-26.</ref>

==Estimating GDI==
GDI measures economic activity based on an income approach, as opposed to the more common expenditure approach of GDP. In theory, GDI should equal GDP, but the different source data can yield different results. So, the US Bureau of Economic Analysis considers GDP more reliable because it's based on timelier, more expansive data. The basic formula is usually as follows:<ref group=note>Textbooks and websites will vary slightly on the letters used and exact ordering regarding the GDI equation.</ref> 

<center><big>W+P+i+r+(T-s)-D+a</big></center>

Where ''W'' refers to wages and salaries, ''P'' will be equal to profits, ''i'' equals interest, ''r'' refers to rents, ''T-s'' refers to taxes minus subsidies, ''D'' is capital depreciation, and ''a'' refers to minor [[statistical]] adjustments.<ref>Ganti, Akhilesh. "[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdi.asp Gross Domestic Income (GDI)]" ''Investopedia.'' Retrieved 2020-01-26.</ref>

==Uses==
GDI can be used to assess what share of national income is going to [[Working class|employees]] in the form of wages, compared to business profits. This can help gauge how workers are doing in terms of pay.

==See also==
*[[Gross domestic product]]
*[[Net domestic product]]

==External links==
*[https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDI Fred: Gross Domestic Income]
*[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/2010a_bpea_nalewaik.pdf The Income- and Expenditure-Side Estimates of U.S. Output Growth]
==Notes==
{{reflist|1|90%|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Statistics]]

Categories: Economics, Statistics
Gross national income

{{economics}}
'''Gross National Income (GNI)''' is an income approach method of [[National Income Accounting|national income accounting]] that aggregates the total domestic spending and foreign output claimed by residents of a country while subtracting any income earned by foreigners within the domestic economy. Essentially it's Gross National Product (GNP) under a new name with some slight alterations.<ref>Chappelow, Jim. "[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gross-national-income-gni.asp What Is Gross National Income (GNI)?". ''Investopedia.]'' Retrieved 2020-01-26.</ref><ref>"[https://data.oecd.org/natincome/gross-national-income.htm National income - Gross national income - OECD Dat]a". ''OECD.'' Retrieved 2020-01-26.</ref> The formula for GNI is as follows 

GDP+income inflows-income outflows=GNI

Where income inflows refer to any foreign source of income being earned by domestic residents. These often include capital gains or rents on land. Income outflows refers to income overseas residents are earning from the domestic economy. Any foreign owned factories, bonds, or land will send income abroad.<ref>Bondarenko, Peter. "[https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-national-income Gross National Income]". ''Encyclopedia Britannica.'' Retrieved 2020-01-26.</ref>

==Comparisons with GDP==
Unlike [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) GNI includes income earned from foreign sources.<ref>[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Gross_national_income_(GNI) Gross national income (GNI)]</ref> Therefore, nations like the [[United States]] or [[Japan]] with large amounts of foreign investment will have much higher GNIs than GDPs. Conversely, nations that host large amounts of foreign direct investment like [[China]] or [[India]] may have smaller GNIs than GDPs. Despite the nuance it provides, [[economists]] tend to still focus more on GDP.

==See also==
*[[Gross domestic income]]
*[[Economic inequality]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Statistics]]

Categories: Economics, Statistics
Guru

{{sources needed}}{{newage}}
'''Guru''' (or often pejoratively "god-man" in Indian English) originally referred to a spiritual teacher or guide in the eastern religions of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Sikhism]]. However, because of their fascination with all things "not [[West]]ern", many [[New Age]] doctrines and believers have co-opted the term for hucksters of their ideas. 

Throughout the world, many individuals have taken up the title of Guru for a wide range of practices and beliefs. Many of these Gurus create [[personality cults]]. Some of these are relatively harmless, while others, such as [[Jim Jones]], have been far more deadly.

The rationalists of [[India]] put in quite a lot of work battling their local gurus and demonstrating them to be [[con artist]]s and liars.

The word is also often used colloquially to refer to someone who is an expert on something. 

Basically, if the guru is just some slightly weird guy that has some good sense about something, someone who can give good tips on living, or is just good at fixing things, then he is fine. If he is telling you to drink [[Kool-Aid]] mixed with bleach so that you can rise as a warrior angel for the war with the [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]] against [[Slender Man|Slenderman]] and his army of demonic [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic|Bronies]]... either you run or you're on some kind of hallucinogen. 

==See also==
*[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]
*[[Shoko Asahara]]
*[[Shirley MacLaine]]

[[Category:Religious terms]]
{{stub|New Age|New Age}}

Categories: Religious terms
Guy Debord

{{sources needed}}{{significantly problematic}}{{communism|1}}{{cquote|"Everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation."}}
'''Guy Debord''' {{lived|1931|1994}} was an unorthodox [[France|French]] [[Marxism|Marxist]] who was most famous for publishing his theses, after the style of [[Martin Luther]], on what he called "The Society of the Spectacle." Much less read today than it was during his own time amongst his [[leftist]] pals, the treatise borrows from Marxist theory and [[psychoanalysis]] to analyze the production of symbols in [[capitalism]].<ref>{{wpa|Guy Debord}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/guy-debord-society-spectacle-will-self Guy Debord's The Society of the Spectacle], Will Self, The Guardian, 14 Nov 2013</ref>

This was during the 1960s, when Andy Warhol and his ilk were contributing to an increased general awareness of the increasing intensity and density of [[Advertising|advertisements]] in the public sphere. Debord interpreted this increase of representation in [[Dialectics|dialectical]] terms, borrowing the Marxian idea of commodity fetishism and transforming it into the idea of representation fetishism, where by people are rendered incapable of meaningfully relating to each other except by representations received from the capitalist system.

Debord notes in his short autobiography that he was an interminable [[Alcohol|alcoholic]]. He was also an unabashed thief and most of his acquaintances either died violent deaths or wound up in prison, according to him. He was a member of {{wpl|Socialisme ou Barbarie||.}} a French [[libertarian socialist]] party, and founded the {{wpl|Letterist International}} which later became the [[Situationist International]].

He also inspired Jean Baudrillard, but we all make mistakes.<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13534640110064039 Spectacle, Simulation and Spectre: Debord, Baudrillard and the ghost of Marx], Andrew Hussey, Parallax, 7:3 (2001), through T&F online</ref> He committed [[suicide]] in 1994.

==See also==
*[[Sigmund Freud]]
*[[Karl Marx]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{stub|communism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Debord, Guy}}
[[Category:Anti-war activists]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Film-makers]]
[[Category:France]]
[[Category:Left-wing activists]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]

Categories: Anti-war activists, Authors, Film-makers, France, Left-wing activists, Philosophers
Habakkuk

[[File:Habakkuk.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Habakkuk, as depicted in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] imagination]]
{{biblenav}}
{{cquote|'''*eureka moment*''' Your name is [[Penis|KUK]], Mister Kukk!|||Magnus Ronell, ''{{wpl|Screwed in Tallinn}}''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNRnuZCrF_o&feature=youtu.be&t=2824 ''Torsk på Tallinn — En liten film om ensamhet''] (47:04)</ref>}}
'''Habakkuk''' was a [[Bible|Biblical]] [[prophet]]. Little is known about him, beyond that he was the author of the book of the same name. His name in [[Hebrew]] is ''חבקוק'', in Greek it is ''Αββακούμ'', in [[Latin]] ''Habacuc''.

The book forms part of both the Jewish [[Tanakh]] and the [[Christian]] [[Bible]]; it forms part of the [[minor prophets]]. A short book, it consists of three chapters only.

The third chapter is in the form of a Psalm; the final verse ({{bible|Habakkuk|3|19}}) suggests that it was meant to be accompanied by music (''To the chief singer on my stringed instruments.'', [[KJV]]).

One of the more well-known of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] is a commentary on Habakkuk 1-2, in [[pesher]] style, the Pesher Habakkuk (1QpHab).

==Project Habakkuk==
This project, sometimes variously misspelled, was the [[Second World War| World War Two]] brainchild of chancer Geoffrey Pyke. The idea was to build a colossal aircraft carrier out of a mixture of ice and wood pulp (a material he named 'Pykrete' with his characteristic modesty). Initial tests<ref>Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2001), Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel, eds., War Diaries 1939–1945, Phoenix Press, entry for 19 August 1943, ISBN 1-84212-526-5.</ref> suggested a vessel could be too large and tough to be destroyed by conventional means and would melt sufficiently slowly to become a base of operations in the mid-Atlantic.<ref>http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_Habbakkuk.htm</ref> As you may have guessed, the project had some practical drawbacks (such as requiring enough steel for its cooling plant to build an entire fleet,<ref>http://www.goodeveca.net/CFGoodeve/habakkuk.html</ref> not to mention a significant amount of wood pulp) and nothing ever came of it, aside from a small prototype. Though that prototype lasted through three summers,<ref name="National Archives 2">[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=531490&SearchInit=4&CATREF=PREM+3%2F216%2F4 ''National Archives docket PREM 3/216/4 -- Adm. Noble's reports on Habakkuk/Tentacle'']</ref> so the project at least created a brief curiosity.

It is beloved of people who enjoy debating alternate history on messageboards, who tend to assume that all of its technical issues would magically have vanished had enough money been thrown in its general direction.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|bible}}
{{BibleGuide}}
[[Category:Prophets]]
[[Category:Biblical figures]]

Categories: Prophets, Biblical figures
Habeas corpus

{{title-italics}}
{{law}}
'''<i>Habeas corpus</i>''' ([[Latin]] for "You have the body"<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Habeas%20Corpus Dictionary.com]</ref>) is a writ used to seek relief from unjust detention by the [[government]]. Its main purpose is to make sure that the feds can't just throw people in [[jail]] because they feel like it — they need a good reason.

Some people suspend <i>habeas corpus</i> when they feel like it, like [[Abraham Lincoln]] during the [[American Civil War]]. (Of course, there is an explicit provision in the [[US Constitution]] for the suspension of <i>habeas corpus</i> during times of [[insurgency|rebellion and insurrection]], such as the Civil War, although the [[Supreme Court]] ruled that only [[Congress]], not the [[POTUS|President]], could do this.)

The [[George W. Bush]] administration conveniently ignored the entire notion of <i>habeas corpus</i>, something along the lines of "we need to suspend it to fight the [[terrorists]], if you're not with us you're with the terrorists, you should be deported to [[France]]" nonsense. Interestingly, the purpose of ''habeas corpus'' is to prevent that kind of thing. Fortunately for silly [[Civil rights|civil libertarians]], the Supreme Court ruled that even foreign nationals in [[Gitmo]] have the right of <i>habeas corpus</i>.

==United Kingdom==
In the [[UK]], an attempt to allow <i>habeas corpus</i> to be suspended for up to 42 days<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7449678.stm No deals on 42 days, says Brown], BBC News, 12 June 2008</ref> was heavily defeated by the [[House of Lords]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7668477.stm Ministers shelve 42-day detention], BBC News, 13 October 2008</ref> It can still be put on hold for up to 28 days without trial, however.

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Latin phrases]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Categories: Law, Latin phrases
Habeus corpus

#REDIRECT [[Habeas corpus]]


''Habeus corpus'' is the centuries old legal tradition that someone cannot be [[arbitrary detention|arbitrarily detained]].  This right was included in the Magna Carta, and an explicit statement that such a right cannot be abridged is in the [[United States Constitution]].<ref>However, according to a former "Attorney General", that does not mean that such a right exists.</ref>  

By an act of Congress and the will of the current 
dumbass
 President, this right no longer applies to foreigners that were picked up abroad and then held for years and 
[[torture]]d
 subjected to expanded interrogation techniques.  

However, the current Democratic Party platform calls explicitly for the reversal of this policy.  Here's hoping that a right going back to the MAGNA CARTA will be re-instated come January.  Of course, some blowhards will probably take this as further evidence that Obama and the Democrats are actually terrorists.

References
</references>
Haikouichthys

{{title-italics}}[[File:Haikouichthys4.png|thumb|right|Haikouichthys]]'''''Haikouichthys''''' was one of the first organisms to have a distinct backbone and head, making it a notable [[transitional form]] in the transition from invertebrates to fish.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..526S Nature]</ref> It arose during the [[Cambrian explosion]] around 530 million years ago, along with ''{{wpl|Anomalocaris}}'' and various {{wpl|trilobite|trilobites|.}} Though it was likely not a direct ancestor of fishes, it is often referred to as one.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/504776.stm Oldest fish fossil caught]</ref><ref>[http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Publs/donoghue/Donoghue_and_Purnell_2005.pdf Donoghue and Purnell, "Genome duplication, extinction and vertebrate evolution"]</ref> Its backbone was a notochord, that is, a cartilaginous rod running down its back, and it had gill slits, as with all other primitive [[chordate]]s.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|evolution}}
{{evonav}}
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Transitional fossils]]
[[Category:fish]]

Categories: Evolution, Transitional fossils, fish
Halakha

{{sources needed}}{{judaism}}
'''Halakha''' (also transliterated as '''Halacha, Halakah''', or '''Halachah''') is [[Judaism|Jewish]] religious law. It is derived primarily from the 613 biblical ''mitzvot'' (commandments), supported by various commentaries, interpretations, and customs developed over the centuries. Like [[Sharia]], Halakha governs everyday life as well as religious practice, and, like Sharia, there are many schools of halakha developed by various communities of the Jewish diaspora (Ashkenazim, Sephardim, Mizrahim, and others). Halakha also includes rules for gentiles (the so-called Noahide laws).

Historically, halakha was in widespread use as an enforceable body of civil law. During the [[Age of Enlightenment]], more Jews began assimilating into [[secular]] European society, and halakha became less central to Jewish life. Today, observance of halakha is often determined by one's denomination; Reform Jews generally do not follow it, Conservative Jews follow only part of it, Orthodox Jews observe the religious law strictly but modify other portions of it to suit modern life, while the most conservative communities like [[Chabad Lubavitch|Lubavitchers]] and [[Haredim]] (the so-called ''"ultra-Orthodox"'') consider all of their respective flavors of Halakha as binding for all aspects of life. Some Orthodox communities in the [[United States]] have even established "modesty patrols" in their neighborhoods, which are creepily reminiscent of ''mutaween'' in some Islamic states.

Parts of [[Israeli]] family and marriage law are governed by religious communities, which means halakhic family law applies to all Jews (religious or not) wishing to contract or dissolve a marriage in Israel.{{cn}}

It could be considered roughly analogous to [[Sharia]] in [[Islam]] or {{wpl|canon law}} in [[Christianity]]. Halakha has some [[List of actions prohibited by the Bible|interesting suggestions for dealing with women, homosexuals, and other minorities]].

==See also==
* [[Talmud]]
{{stub|Judaism}}

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Homophobia]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]
[[Category:Rape culture]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Law]]

Categories: Judaism, Fundamentalism, Homophobia, Purity culture, Rape culture, Sexism, Fundamentalism, Law