Kosovo

[[File:Kosovo in Balkans.png|thumb|right|195px|Kosovo's location highlighted in the Balkans.]]
{{countrybox|Kosovo
|flag = Flag_of_Kosovo.svg
|pop =1,795,666	
|GDP =8,126
|GDPPC =4,403
|life =76.7
|dev =0.739
|dem =ND
|cor =37
|edu =ND
|rel =90
}}

'''Kosovo''' is a partially recognized state situated in the [[Balkans]], and it happens to be among the few majority-Muslim countries in Europe. It proclaimed independence from [[Serbia]] in 2008. Its capital city is Pristina.

Serbia claims it as its autonomous province and also considers it the cradle of the Serbian nation as it features prominently in Serbian folklore, usually as the site of the heroic battle against the [[Turkey|Ottoman Turks]] which Serbia lost in 1389. Serbs were supported in the battle by [[Albania]]ns in Kosovo who at that time were Orthodox Christians like the Serbs. After the Turkish conquest, the formerly-allied Albanians were largely converted to Islam and over time the emergence of Serbian and Albanian nationalisms both claiming Kosovo made the two groups of nationalists hostile to each other, leading to ongoing ethnic tensions between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo.

Supporters of independence, however, argue that an estimated 92% of its population are ethnic Albanians who speak Albanian, and claim that there are significant cultural differences between Kosovo and Serbia.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kv.html#People</ref> This population has had independence as a goal since the breakup of [[Yugoslavia]].

==History==
===Battle of Kosovo===
[[File:Battle_of_Kosovo,_Adam_Stefanović,_1870.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Painting of the Battle of Kosovo.]]
The Battle of Kosovo is a foundational event of Serbian [[nationalism]]. It was fought on 15 June 1389 (28 June old style) in Kosovo field in the east of the present-day territory. On one side was Serbian prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and his army along with some Knights Hospitaller under the Croat John of Palisna and possibly other nationalities.<ref>{{wpa|Battle of Kosovo}}</ref> There were Albanians and Bosnians who took part in the battle alongside Serbia as at that time they were Orthodox Christians.<ref name=vickers>[https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/v/vickers-serb.html Between Serb and Albanian], Miranda Vickers, 1998, excerpted in ''New York Times''</ref> On the other side was Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr and a multi-ethnic (through Jannisary regiments) Ottoman army slowly conquering south-east Europe. There is a shortage of evidence or reliable accounting of what exactly happened that day. It seems casualties on both sides were vast, with both leaders killed, and the Ottomans were seriously weakened, although the size of the battle has subsequently been exaggerated. There are also claims of treachery, with Serbs betraying their own land; Milos Obilic or Vuk Brankovic are fingered, although this may be a folklore based error regarding the long term defeat and fall of Serbia.<ref name=vickers/>

The battle is presented as the decisive event in Serbian history, but in reality it was just one of a series of battles in the Serbian-Ottoman wars: from the {{wpl|Battle of Maritsa}} in 1371 to the fall of Smederevo in 1459. There was even a Second Battle of Kosovo fought in the same place in 1448 when the Ottomans defeated a mostly Hungarian and Wallachian army.<ref>{{wpa|Battle of Kosovo (1448)}}</ref>

The myth of the battle was promoted through the 19th century to argue for Serb's status as a regional power and to defend Serbia's rights to the area against competing Albanian claims which were backed by Austria-Hungary (Albania as a state proper was not established until 1912, and then only to block Serbia from accessing the Adriatic Sea) . The Serbian folklore presents it as the decisive battle in the war between Christianity and Islam, one in which Serbs sacrificed themselves in the glory of God. This ignores the facts that Lazar's army was far from mono-ethnic and that some Christian Serbs fought on the Ottoman side.<ref name=ni>[http://newint.org/features/1993/09/05/curse/ The Curse of Kosovo], New Internationalist, issue 247 - September 1993</ref>

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated on the anniversary of the battle according to the old style calendar: the date was June 15, 1914 in the Julian calendar, June 28 in the New Style.

===Communist era===
Kosovo became an autonomous unit of Yugoslavia in 1946.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_01.shtml</ref> However, Kosovo still had a significant Albanian population, much of which desired to join [[Albania]]. In 1974, Kosovo became autonomous, giving it more freedom even though it remained part of Yugoslavia.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18328859</ref> When [[Slobodan Milošević]] was President of [[Yugoslavia]], Kosovo had some of its former privileges cut down, which created turmoil and unrest chiefly among the Albanian population, splitting between pro-separatist and pro-Serbian sides.

===Post-communist===
After prolonged ethnic struggle throughout the course of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], Serbia yielded control of the territory after [[NATO]] intervention against rump Yugoslavia (by that point only consisting of Serbia and Montenegro) to [[United Nations]] in 1999.

==International recognition==
It is recognized by more than a half of UN member states, notably excluding those who have significant separatist movements themselves (e.g. [[Spain]] with Basque and Catalan populations, Slovakia and [[Romania]] with Hungarians). It is not recognized by [[Russia]], [[China]] or most other states of the former [[Soviet Union]], Southern Asia and South America and few African states. Russia has also claimed that Kosovo's self-determination represents a dangerous precedent and then used it as a reason<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/crimea-secession-just-like-kosovo-putin Putin cites Kosovo as reason to take Crimea]</ref> to break away [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]] from Georgia, and to annex [[Crimea]] after its [[Hypocrisy|unilateral independence]].

==References==
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[[Category:Disputed countries]]

Categories: Disputed countries