Biological sex

{{hatnote|See also [[sex]] for other senses of the word.}}{{biology}}

'''Biological sex''' has two common meanings: (1) the two mating types of sexually reproducing organisms, and (2) the range of sexual phenotypes of individuals belonging to a sexually reproducing species. The sexual phenotypes are defined by numerous biological markers in [[humans]] and other organisms: sex [[chromosome]]s, genitals, gonads, gametes, hormones and secondary sex characteristics. The two mating types are "female" and "male", each characterized by a specific combination of markers (XX chromosomes, vagina, ovaries, ova, estrogen, [[breasts]] etc. for human females, and XY chromosomes, penis, testes, sperm, androgens etc. for human males.)

==Spectrum of sexual phenotypes==
Recent publications e.g. in ''[[Scientific American]]'', ''[[Nature]]'' etc. have emphasized that sexual phenotypes are diverse and do not correlate exactly with the two mating types.<ref>Amanda Montañez. [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/sa-visual/visualizing-sex-as-a-spectrum/ Visualizing Sex as a Spectrum]. ''[[Scientific American]]'', August 29, 2017.</ref>

While the vast majority of human beings fall neatly at one end or the other of the spectrum of phenotypes, there are also many people in whom some of the markers of biological sex point to "male" and others to "female" (and others to neither). These include people born with [[intersex]] variations, XY women with androgen insensitivity syndrome, people with chromosome configurations other than XX and XY, etc. The frequency of live births that deviate from the two binary categories may be as high as 1.7%<ref>Anne Fausto-Sterling. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Of83DgAAQBAJ Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality]''. Hachette UK, 2008.</ref> or even 2%.<ref>Melanie Blackless, Anthony Charuvastra, Amanda Derryck, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Karl Lauzanne, Ellen Lee. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11534012/ How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis]. ''American Journal of Human Biology'' 12(2), March 2000, pp. 151-166.</ref>

==Transgender people==
In addition to those described above, [[transgender]] people who are medically transitioning also do not lie at one end or other of the spectrum, because the medical procedures involved ([[Hormone replacement therapy|hormone therapy]], surgery, etc.) will alter some of the biological markers defining the person's sexual phenotype, so that they no longer all line up as "male" or "female".<ref group=note>In an example given by [[Riley Dennis]], a transgender woman who is far along in her transition and has had sex reassignment surgery [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWVRzGMVXbM may have XY chromosomes but also have predominantly female hormones, female sex characteristics, a neovagina, breasts, and no longer produce sperm, meaning that more of her sexual phenotype markers point to "female" than to "male".]</ref> Therefore, a transgender person's "biological sex" (in the sense of sexual phenotype) may well have shifted along the spectrum away from their [[sex assigned at birth]].

The practice of referring to transgender people as their birth sex is not simply [[politically incorrect]]; it is factually incorrect, and this terminology is increasingly being rejected by medical professionals.<ref>Zinnia Jones. [https://genderanalysis.net/2017/10/medical-professionals-increasingly-agree-trans-women-are-female-trans-men-are-male/ Medical professionals increasingly agree: Trans women are female, trans men are male]. GenderAnalysis.net, October 1, 2017.</ref> Since the person's sexual phenotype, rather than the mating type label, is what is medically relevant, a doctor who wants to know the biological sex of a transgender patient should want all the relevant information, not just a traditional binary sex label, the same as would be the case with a patient who is [[intersex]].

==Sex binarism and bigotry==
''Sex binarism'' refers to the belief in, and attempts to re-enforce, a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive dichotomy of "male" and "female" for everyone. Strangely, some will actually acknowledge intersex cases, but [[Special pleading|argue that they do not count]] because they are rare (example phrasing: "sex is binary between male or female, except for rare intersex cases"). This is sort of like arguing that elements are completely binary between either [[hydrogen]] or [[helium]] "except for rare exceptions", because the mass of the universe is made up overwhelmingly of hydrogen and helium (74% and 23-25% respectively, by one count).<ref>[https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements.html "Encyclopedia: Abundance of the chemical elements"]. ''ChemEurope'' (LUMITOS). Quote: "In the universe as a whole, and in the atmospheres of gas-giant planets such as Jupiter, the mass-fraction abundances of hydrogen and helium are about 74% and 23-25% respectively, while the (atomic) mole-fractions of these elements are closer to 92% and 8%."</ref>

This attitude is at the root of a large amount of real-world harm. One example is the fact that medical operations are commonly performed on intersex individuals, including children who cannot consent, for cosmetic purposes;<ref>[http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/gender_rights/eliminating-forced-sterilization/en/ Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization, An interagency statement], World Health Organization, May 2014.</ref> peak bodies such as the United Nations and the Council of Europe are calling for this practice to be abolished.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October]. United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner.</ref><ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez]. United Nations General Assembly, February 1, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://rm.coe.int/16806da5d4 Human rights and intersex people]. Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights.</ref>

Sex binarism contributes to anti-trans bigotry, with [[TERF]]s and other [[transphobia|transphobes]] often attempting to privilege the notion of [[sex assigned at birth]] as a person's "true" sex. The idea of "true biological sex" makes no sense when biological sex is understood to mean sexual phenotype, since this is a spectrum and can change dramatically over the course of a person's life.

Often it is argued by TERFs that gametes (sperm and egg cells) define biological sex which is false. They often use this line of reasoning to deny the fact there are more than two human sexes, or at the very least, an additional diverse grey area where hard definitions of sex tend to lose "objective" coherence.

==See also==
*[[Gender]]
*[[Non-binary gender]]
*[[Sex assignment at birth]]

==External links==
*[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/stop-using-phony-science-to-justify-transphobia/ Stop Using Phony Science to Justify Transphobia]
*[https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-science-of-biological-sex/ The Science of Biological Sex]

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Social justice]]

Categories: Biology, Identity politics, Sexuality, Social justice