Hacker

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A '''hacker''' (in the original sense) is somebody particularly skilled at [[computer]] programming. The term was popular among early computer users grouped around university computer labs in the 1960s and 1970s. The possible origin was the term "hack" at the [[Massachusetts]] Institute of Technology, meaning a well thought out and elaborate prank. [[File:JeevesMkII.gif]]

==History of the term==
The term ''Hacker'' probably originated in the 1960's to describe a small community of computer programers at MIT and the Massachusetts Tech Model Railroad Club. In the 1970s the term was applied to hobbyist computer programers, including famously, [[Steve Jobs]], Steve Wozniak and [[Bill Gates]].

Around the time of the 1983 movie ''WarGames'', the [[media]] seized on the term to mean young computer users who broke into computer systems illegally, and this remains the most common definition today, much to the chagrin of the older generation of computer programmers. Those who objected to the term being used for illegal activity proposed the term "cracker" for the latter, which has not caught on in the mainstream media.

"Hackers" today are a [[Moral panic|Big Scary Threat]] lurking out there in cyberspace, writing computer [[virus]]es, breaking into [[government]] computers, [[phishing]] for your bank account numbers, speaking a fluent [[Video game#stfu n00b|1337]], and reading ''2600 Magazine''.<ref group=note>And, occasionally, shutting down whole countries like [[Estonia]].</ref> Still, there are plenty of hackers in the original sense who proudly use the term, who are also a Big Scary Threat (to [[Microsoft]] and the [[Church of Scientology]], at least) due to their advocacy of free software, [[open source]], [[Fun:Linux|Linux]], and strong cryptography, and their wizard-like programming skills.

==Script kiddies==
A script kiddie (alternatively, ''click kiddie'', to take into account the growing inability of the people in question even to run a script) is a 1337 h@xx0r5 that uses programs written by ''actual'' hackers to DDoS or otherwise 
pwn
 harass people in cyberspace. When encountering a script kiddie, it is important to remind them that using programs like {{wpl|LOIC|Low Orbit Ion Cannon}} is hardly more challenging than using ''MS Paint'', and therefore does not make them 1337. Script kiddies may think they are hot stuff, but in reality, they are about as skilled at hacking as your average chimpanzee is at astrophysics. Their use of pre-written tools is akin to a child using training wheels on a bicycle. While they may be able to cause some minor disruptions, they lack the knowledge and creativity to pose a serious threat to more secure systems. Additionally, script kiddies are often easy to identify and track down, making them the low-hanging fruit of the hacking world.

The term "script kiddies" is often used as a derogatory term within the hacking community, as it implies a lack of technical prowess and originality. While it is true that script kiddies often lack the skills and knowledge of more advanced hackers, it is important to recognize that their actions can still have serious consequences. Additionally, it is possible for script kiddies to evolve into more skilled hackers if they take the time to learn and develop their skills. However, for now, they remain a nuisance to be dealt with by security professionals and a source of amusement for more experienced hackers who are happy to poke fun at their lack of sophistication.

==Not a hacker/hacking==
Have you ever received an email from somebody that was rude, [[racist]], profane, or [[sexual]] in nature, only to have received another one from that same somebody later saying "That wasn't me, someone hacked my email?" The truth is that they ''weren't'' hacked — rather, they left their workstation logged in while they were away from their desk, and someone walked in and sent the message [[Troll|as a joke]].

The phrase "someone hacked my account" is currently being overly — and improperly — used to describe the situation where someone at a library or Apple Store posted a status update on the [[Facebook]] profile of someone who logged in there to check messages and forgot to log out.

While in both of these cases, the user violated basic acceptable use policies in leaving their accounts unprotected, the perpetrator of the jokes was not a hacker — simply a [[troll]] in the right place at the right time. The fact that access to the accounts was already open and did not have to be "cracked" makes these instances specifically ''not'' hacking. It's like calling someone who walks in your open front door a lockpicking artist.

Phishing does not involve exploiting vulnerabilities in software, but instead relies on exploiting the user by misleading the user to voluntarily give the credentials to the attacker on a fake login page.

==Privacy concerns and security==
Hacking is so widespread that year after year, [[government]]s attempt to create new laws to combat hacking, especially from other nations. While it is generally a refined mixture of [[bullshit]] and [[loaded language]], a considerable part of it all is a serious concern. If motivated by a goal, a hacker could possibly hack into a serious system, like a bank. Even though most hackers would be content with stealing codes and [[Films|movie]]s and filling websites with thousands of litres of [[porn]], a hacker could potentially cause mass damage if they wanted. One could, for example, hack into the system that controls traffic lights, cause [[water]] purification plants to fail, tamper with a plane's navigation system, or even hack into the cable network and have it play nothing but infomercials. 

Until we get an ex-hacker in the government, we have to deal with the aroma of said bullshit and [[9/11]] references.

==Hacktivism==
Hacktivism is the practice of using hacking techniques for political purposes. It can take various forms, including:
* Using denial-of-service (DoS) and other attacks to take down a website you disagree with or which belongs to someone you find objectionable. As early as 1994, activists protesting against [[John Major]]'s restrictions on outdoor raves launched DoS attacks on British government websites.<ref name=fp2013>[https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/29/hacktivism-a-short-history/ Hacktivism: A Short History], Foreign Policy, 29 Apr 2013</ref> In 2007, [[Russia]]n nationalists protesting [[Estonia]]'s removal of a Russian war memorial launched large-scale distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks on Estonian websites.<ref name=fp2013/>
* Hacking email and computer systems to find damaging information on your opponents, e.g. for [[doxxing]]. Examples include the hacking of [[Hillary Clinton]]'s email by political opponents.<ref>[https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/22/the-dramatic-rise-in-hacktivism/ The Dramatic Rise in Hacktivism], TechCrunch, 22 Feb 2017</ref> AntiSec, an offshoot of [[Anonymous]], hacked Texas private security company Stratfor in December 2011, stealing 200 GB of data including emails, which it passed to [[Wikileaks]].<ref>{{wpa|2012–13 Stratfor email leak}}</ref> {{wpl|Aaron Swartz}} hacked the systems of academic publisher JSTOR out of a belief that academic papers should not be paywalled, freely releasing a huge number of papers online.<ref name=fp2013/> Other material such as credit card details and membership lists of far-right organisations have also been obtained and posted online.
* Infecting systems with viruses, worms, etc, such as Worms Against Nuclear Killers (WANK), which was used in 1989 to deliberately infect NASA computers to protest the launch of nuclear-powered spacecraft.<ref>[https://www.itpro.co.uk/hacking/30203/what-is-hacktivism What is Hactivism?], IT Pro, 9 Aug, 2018</ref>
* Defacing websites, or redirecting them. In 2004, hackers protested SCO's lawsuits against the Linux community by defacing SCO's website.<ref>[https://www.cnet.com/news/hackers-deface-sco-site/ Hackers deface SCO site], CNET, 29 Nov 2004</ref>
* Black faxing, a pre-internet technique where entirely black pages are faxed to an organisation, wasting paper and ink.<ref>{{wpa|Black fax}}</ref>
* The term is also sometimes applied to the development of tools for online privacy, anonymous communication, and to overcome censorship, such as [[Tor]], encryption software, and [[Wikileaks]].<ref>{{wpa|Hacktivism}}</ref> This isn't generally illegal, and doesn't involve obtaining illlicit access to computers, in contrast to most of the other methods listed above.
The best-known proponent may be [[Anonymous]], which has targetted the [[Church of Scientology]], the [[China|Chinese]] government, and credit card companies that blocked cash transfers to [[Wikileaks]]. The Texan hacker group Cult of the Dead Cow reportedly coined the word "hacktivism" in 1996.<ref name=fp2013/>

==See also==
*[[Eric S. Raymond]]
*[[Richard Stallman]]

==External links==
*[http://catb.org/jargon/html/index.html The Jargon File]
*[http://www.adequacy.org/stories/2001.12.2.42056.2147.html "Is Your Son A Computer Hacker?"], a satire that was taken at face value on {{wpl|The Screen Savers}}
*http://www.hackthissite.org/

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
 
[[Category:Media hysteria]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]

Categories: Media hysteria, Internet culture