trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Christian Skaug

{{Islamophobia|1}}
'''Christian Skaug''' {{lived|1969|}} is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[Islamophobia|Islamophobe]] and [[crank]]. He is one of the main contributors to the far-right blog [[Document.no]],<ref>Inger Marie Sunde, ''Forebygging av radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme på internett'', Norwegian Police University College, Report 1/2013</ref><ref>[http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/counter-jihad/country/Norway International ‘Counter-Jihadist’ map: Norway], [[Hope not Hate]]</ref> along with [[Hans Rustad]] and [[Nina Hjerpset-Østlie]], and apparently also involved in commissioning guest posts by other cranks such as "[[Julia Caesar]]." Skaug has also appeared alongside Rustad on various Islamophobic events across Europe.

Skaug has expressed doubt towards the suggestion that all humans are "part of the same family" in any real sense, claiming that people of different ''nationalities'' are fundamentally different (listing countries and confidently blanket stating that, for example, (quote) "Italians will believe anything").<ref name="comment">https://www.document.no/2016/09/03/christian-skaug-pa-villspor/#comment-2880885895</ref> Skaug has also rejected the idea that different "peoples" could ever co-exist in either a "community of common values" or a "community of common identity".<ref name="comment"/>

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-17ewunPLIc Christian Skaug om identitet ("Christian Skaug on identity"), Document.no YouTube channel, Jan. 28, 2019, accessed Sep. 15, 2019 (in Norwegian)]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|islamophobia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Skaug, Christian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalism in Norway]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:Great Replacement conspiracy theorists]]

Categories: Living people, Nationalism in Norway, Fascists, Racists, Great Replacement conspiracy theorists
Christian Zionism

{{Christianity}}'''Christian Zionism''' refers to a movement within [[Christianity]] which supports the state of [[Israel]] based on the belief that the creation of Israel is a fulfillment of [[Biblical]] [[prophecy]]. Christian Zionists believe Israel's creation, and the eventual restoration of the Temple Mount in [[Jerusalem]] (where the Dome of the Rock mosque currently lies) are prophecied events which must be fulfilled prior to the [[rapture]]<ref>https://www.preciousseed.org/article_detail.cfm?articleID=3023</ref> or [[Second Coming]] of [[Christ]] depending if they are [[Dispensationalism|dispensationalists]].<ref>http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/christian-zionism</ref> This belief system is popular with many of the [[religious right]] in the [[USA]], particularly in [[Christian fundamentalist|fundamentalist]] and [[evangelical]] [[Protestant]] churches, as well as being present in other countries where the latter were exported, like the [[Philippines]].

==Dispensationalism and prophecy belief==
Christian Zionism in the United States is strongly associated with [[dispensationalism]] and belief that we are living in the [[End Times]].<ref>http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2015/april-web-only/not-christian-zionism-youre-thinking-of.html</ref> Christian Zionism was popularized in the 20<sup>th</sup> century by {{wpl|C. I. Scofield}} and [[Scofield Reference Bible|his annotated Bible]], which became a fundamental work in the development of Christian Zionism and dispensationalism. [[Hal Lindsey]]'s 1970 book, ''The Late Great Planet Earth'', proposed that [[Armageddon]] would result from a final conflict between the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Israel]].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/28/us/religious-debate-fueled-by-politics.html</ref> In 1981, [[Jerry Falwell]] said, "To stand against Israel is [[Satanism|to stand against]] [[YHWH|God]]. We believe that history and scripture prove that God deals with nations in relation to how they deal with Israel",<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2003/09/200841012634376773.html</ref> proof-texting this to {{bible|Genesis|29|21}}.   

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|Christianity}}

[[Category:Christian fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[Category: Alt-lite]]
[[Category: Alt-right]]
[[Category: Nazism]]

Categories: Christian fundamentalism, Antisemitism,  Alt-lite,  Alt-right,  Nazism
Christian side hug

[[File:Side hug.jpg|thumb|right|165px|We are impurely thinking of a front-to-front hug]]
{{christianity}}
The '''Christian side hug''' is a means by which young [[Christianity|Christians]] can show affection for each other without engaging in possibly tempting and impure front-to-front contact.<ref group=note>In the wider community, this behaviour is also seen among men — usually but not always straight — who are anxious that somebody might get the (Wrong | Right) Idea from a face-to-face hug with another man.</ref>

Instead of hugging face-to-face, the huggers stand side-by-side, and can be facing either the same way or in opposite directions.  Unlike frontal hugging, side hugs minimize the risk of an [[eternal damnation]], which could result from possible incidental contact with a [[breast|boob]] or [[penis]] of somebody to whom one is not [[marriage|married]].

For extra affection, the side hug may be accompanied by a few non-contact blessing pats.<ref>See [http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3426/3989955147_4af79fc468.jpg illustration] from ''Stuff Christians Like''.</ref>  If even the side hug is too intense, you can  work up to it coyly with this elaborate sequence of gestures.<ref>"[http://archive.is/SRrNz The Secret Club Handshake]." Archived from the original at ''The Church of No People''.  2009 July 10.</ref>  There's even a Christian side hug rap,<ref>Dan Abramson, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/24/the-side-hug-youth-group_n_369651.html The Side-Hug: Youth Group Puts Down Sinful "Front-Hugs" With Rap (VIDEO)] ''HuffPost'', 18 March 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sa0EtdtPi8w Christian Side Hug] (YouTube)</ref> which attracted the attention of [[The Young Turks]].<ref> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0daJoMRm1x4 ''The Young Turks'' have their say about a catchy little tune on the subject.]</ref>  The degree of parody and satire intended in the rap version is [[Poe's Law|unknown]], but that doesn't make it any better.

==See also==

*[[Abstinence programs]]
*[[Chastity ball]]
*[[Saddlebacking]]
*[[Silver Ring Thing]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

__NOTOC__

[[Category:Abstinence]]
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]

Categories: Abstinence, Christianity, Purity culture
Chromosome

[[File:Chromosome.png|thumb|A handy diagram]]{{biology}}
The '''chromosome''' is the largest iteration of the [[DNA]] polymer. It is made up of [[gene]]s, made up out of both [[intron]]s and [[exon]]s, and [[junk DNA]]. Chromosomes are nothing more than genetic filing cabinets, and each individual of a species generally has the same genes stored in the same chromosome.

In [[meiosis]], chromosomes "cross over" and produce new variations in the distribution of genes. Genes can also split in two, through duplication of the centromere, a special point at the center of the chromosome, or join together at the tips; this is thought to be a major cause of speciation, and ''Homo sapiens''' 46 chromosomes as opposed to chimpanzees' 48 is a prime example. 

Chromosomes, which are stored in the nucleus of every cell, occur in symmetric pairs, one half of each coming from each parent (in sexually reproducing species).  These pairs  are then split up when forming reproductive cells (gametes), which are then combined to form the new offspring's (relatively) unique chromosome set.

In [[sexual reproduction]], chromosomes are a key part of creating genetically different offspring.

Differing numbers of chromosomes produce infertility, since meiosis will produce odd results in the hybrid of two different-numbered chromosome sets. This explains why some hybrids (i.e. horse X donkey = mule) are (usually)<ref>{{wpl|Mule | A female mule}}, called a "molly", that has estrus cycles and can carry a fetus, can occasionally occur naturally ...</ref>  not fertile.

Occasionally, people can have an extra chromosome, leading to a genetic defect called Trisomy.  Examples of Trisomy include Down's syndrome (extra chromosome 21) as well as certain [[intersex]] conditions, like Klinefelter's syndrome (Male with extra X), or everyone's favorite, Triple X syndrome.

==See also==
*[[Humanzee]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|biology}}

[[category:biology]]
[[Category:Gender]]

Categories: biology, Gender
Civil Rights Cases

{{sources needed}}{{title-italics}}{{constnav}}{{caselaw|Civil Rights Cases|109 U.S. 3|October 15, 1883}}
The '''''Civil Rights Cases''''' are five specific cases that were addressed as one by the U.S. [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in 1883. The five cases all centered upon [[African American|black]] citizens suing various businesses — transport, theaters, restaurants — for discrimination under the terms of the 1875 Civil Rights Act, which was supposed to outlaw [[Racism|racial discrimination]]. The cases were brought during [[Reconstruction]] by the [[Republican]] controlled [[Congress]].<ref group=note>No, seriously. The Republicans were actually the progressive party and the Democratic Party was conservative until [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Southern Strategy]] to win the votes of [[the South]]'s "racist fuckwit" demographic led to the Republicans and Democrats effectively switching roles.</ref> The Supreme Court concluded that the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] did not give [[Congress]] the right to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, and hence the 1875 Act was unconstitutional.

This decision ushered in — as predicted by the one dissenting Justice — a period of [[segregation]] in nearly all aspects of life for the nation's blacks, a segregation that only began to crumble after [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] Presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon Johnson]] introduced the [[Civil Rights Act|Civil Rights Act of 1964]] under the Regulation of Commerce umbrella, rather than that of the [[Fourteenth Amendment]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{stub|law}}

[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights]]
[[Category:Constitutional law]]
[[Category:Government incompetence]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]

Categories: Racism, Civil rights, Constitutional law, Government incompetence, United States Supreme Court cases
Ciência

{{hatnote|This is a Portuguese translation of [[Science]].}}{{sciencenav}}
'''Ciência''' representa todo o conhecimento adquirido através do estudo ou da prática, baseando em princípios certos. Esta palavra deriva do latim "''scientia''", cujo significado é "conhecimento" ou "saber".<ref>[https://www.priberam.pt/dlpo/ciencia ciência], priberam.pt.</ref>

== Ramos da ciência ==
Em geral, a ciência comporta vários conjuntos de saberes nos quais são elaboradas as suas teorias baseadas nos seus próprios métodos científicos. Os vários ramos da ciência diferenciam-se pelo o tipo de fenómenos estudados. Entre eles, dividos em duas áreas principais:

'''Ciências naturais:'''
* [[Biology|Biologia]]: Estudo da vida.
* [[Geology|Geologia]]: Estudo da Terra.
* [[Chemistry|Quimica]]: Estudo dos átomos e das suas reações.
* [[Fisica]]: Estudo do universo e a sua evolução.

'''Ciências sociais:'''
Estudam o comportamento humano, as relações humanas e o seu desenvolvimento em sociedade. Nelas estão incluídas áreas como a Antropologia, o Direito, a História, a Psicologia, a Sociologia, a Filosofia Social, a Economia Social, a Política Social, o Direito Social. 

== Método científico ==
A metodologia é essencial na ciência, assim como a ausência de preconceitos e juízos de valor. A ciência tem evoluído ao longo dos séculos. Galileu Galilei é considerado o pai da ciência moderna.

O '''método científico''' pode ser definido como um conjunto de regras básicas para realizar uma experiência, a fim de produzir um novo conhecimento, bem como corrigir e integrar conhecimentos pré-existentes<ref>UM ENFOQUE DIDATICO DA PRODUÇAO CIENTIFICAO, Vianna, 2001 | ISBN: 8512321601</ref>.

O método começa com a observação por parte do cientista, ele detecta algo a ser investigado (fenômeno físico ou químico) e parte para a problematização, o porquê do acontecimento. Surge então uma hipótese (uma resposta) para o fenômeno, esta deve ser embasada em ciência de qualidade. Se a hipótese for aprovada pela comissão julgadora (formada por cientistas) ela se transforma em lei, como ocorreu com a lei de Lavoisier.

== Pseudociência ==

A [[pseudociência]] é uma teoria com aparência científica mas que não usa métodos rigorosos de pesquisa. A pseudociência descreve qualquer sistema de crenças que se utiliza de linguajar científico para passar uma falsa ideia de legitimidade.

==Ver tambem==
{{otherlang
|pagelang=pt
|en=Science
|fr=Science (français)
|zh=科学}}

==Referências==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Português]]
[[Category:Ciência]]

Categories: Português, Ciência
Clair Patterson

{{Geology|1}}
'''Clair Cameron Patterson''' {{lived|1922|1995}} was an American [[geology|geo]][[chemist]] hailing from [[Iowa]]. In the 1950s, Patterson and his colleague George Tilton produced a calculation of [[Age of the Earth|the age of the Earth]], which equaled to 4.55 billion years, using [[radiometric dating]] at the University of Chicago,<ref>National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoirs V.74. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1998. doi:10.17226/6201. http://www.nap.edu/read/6201/chapter/16#271</ref> over a billion years older than previous estimates.<ref>http://www.nap.edu/read/6201/chapter/16#272</ref> Patterson's estimate has held as the [[scientific consensus]] since he published his findings.

Following this breakthrough, Patterson continued dating rocks, which led to a second important discovery: the amount of [[lead]] in the environment was much higher than the lead content in sediments, which meant humans were pumping way too much of the stuff into the atmosphere.<ref>http://www.nap.edu/read/6201/chapter/16#274</ref> The main source of this excess lead was quickly traced to the {{wpl|tetraethyllead}} in leaded gasoline. Patterson spent the remainder of his career as an activist to reduce environmental lead, seeing success in the 1970s, when catalytic converters were made mandatory for all new cars. Leaded gasoline would later be banned in every country, as Patterson's and others' studies came to the attention of every government. Following this, he conducted studies concerning lead content in food.<ref>http://www.nap.edu/read/6201/chapter/16#278</ref>

Patterson spent much of his career working in poorly-funded labs, and was excluded from higher-paying jobs, scientific panels, and larger studies thanks to the influence of The {{wpl|Ethyl Corporation|Ethyl Corporation|.}} Sadly, he remains rather obscure today, despite his important contributions to science.

==See also==
*[[Lead|His arch-nemesis]]
*[[Evidence against a recent creation]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patterson, Clair}}

[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Geologists]]

Categories: Scientists, Chemists, Environmentalism, Geologists
Clairvoyance

{{psychic}}
{{cquote|'''Clairvoyant''', ''n.'' A person, commonly a woman, who has the power of seeing that which is invisible to her patron — namely, that he is a blockhead.|4=Ambrose Bierce, ''The Devil's Dictionary'' (1911)}}
'''Clairvoyance''' (also known as [[remote viewing]]) is the supposed ability to see distant objects or events by [[Extrasensory perception|extra-sensory means]]. A common misconception is that clairvoyance means "predicting the future", but in [[parapsychology]] this has its own term, [[precognition]]. The word comes from the French ''clair'' + ''voyant'', meaning "Keenness of mental perception, clearness of insight", extended figuratively to mean insight into things beyond mere human understanding.<ref>"clairvoyance, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Web. 2 November 2016.</ref>

Clairvoyance is not accepted as genuine by scientists, but enough people have wanted it to be real that intelligence agencies such as the [[KGB]] and the [[CIA]] have put a fair amount of research into it with nothing to show for it. In addition, [[theosophy|theosophists]] [[Annie Besant]] and C.W. Leadbeater wrote a book called ''Occult Chemistry'' in which they used clairvoyance to create a series of completely erroneous pictures of atomic structures.

==See also==
*[[Telepathy]]
*[[Project Stargate]]
*[[Remote viewing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|pseudoscience}}

[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Parapsychology]]
[[Category:Psychic powers]]

Categories: Pseudoscience, Parapsychology, Psychic powers
Clarence Darrow

{{sources needed}}[[File:Clarence Darrow.png|right|thumb|165px|Clarence Darrow, ca. 1922]]{{law}}
'''Clarence Darrow''' {{lived|1857|1938}} was an [[American]] who is best remembered today as the defense attorney in the 1925 [[Scopes trial]], in which Darrow defended the teaching of [[evolution]] and soundly beat the attorney for the [[Creationism|creationist]] side, [[William Jennings Bryan]].

Darrow was a [[Populism|populist]] [[Freethought|freethinker]], civil libertarian reformer and social critic.  Among his other famous cases were securing a pardon for the [[Anarchism|anarchists]] who allegedly incited a bombing which killed police men in Haymarket Square, Chicago (widely believed to have been innocent victims of a show trial), representing labor leader [[Eugene V. Debs]] during his prosecution for instigating the 1894 Pullman railroad strike in violation of a federal court order, and successfully defending Western Federation of Miners/[[Industrial Workers of the World]] members Big Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone against charges they assassinated the governor of [[Idaho]] in 1905.

He was also a longtime opponent of the [[death penalty]] and [[eugenics]], an early member of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], and the author of books on [[agnosticism]], [[pacifism]], and prison abolition among other subjects.  Although these writings have fallen into obscurity, a few radical publishers such as [[libertarian]] publisher Loompanics, anarcho-syndicalist labor publisher Charles H. Kerr, and the freethought-oriented [[Prometheus Books]] have kept some of these works in print.  "Why I Am An Agnostic and other essays" is [http://www.amazon.com/Agnostic-Other-Essays-Freethought-Library-ebook/dp/B002I61F4O available on Amazon Kindle] (and paperback).

Several books are [http://www.digitalbookindex.org/_search/search010histusatheismrationalisma.asp available as free ebooks] in html format.

==Highly quotable==

{{cquote|I am an agnostic; I do not pretend to know what many ignorant men are sure of.}}
{{cquote|Lost causes are the only ones worth fighting for.}}
{{cquote|Some of you say religion makes people happy. So does laughing gas.}}
{{cquote|When I was a boy I was told that anybody could become President; I'm beginning to believe it.}}
{{cquote|We have the purpose of preventing bigots and ignoramuses from controlling the education of the United States.}}

==And people talked about him too==
[[William Jennings Bryan]] once remarked that
{{cquote|Darrow is the only man in the world who looks down on me for believing in God.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darrow, Clarence}}
[[Category:Agnostics]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Lawyers]]

Categories: Agnostics, Evolution, History, Lawyers
Clear

{{cults}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with {{wpl|Clear Secure||}} that operates biometric verification systems.}}
A '''Clear''' in [[Scientology]] is a Scientologist who no longer has a reactive mind<ref>Or, more precisely, ''his own'' reactive mind. Courtesy Xenu, he is still covered in the souls of murdered aliens.</ref> and can do wonderful things.  Somehow Clears never show up as so wonderful.<ref>http://www.xenu.net/archive/lrhbare/lrhbare03.html</ref>

==Bank balance==
By the time an ordinary Scientologist belonging to the [[Church of Scientology]] becomes a Clear it is likely that their bank account has been cleared by paying for [[Auditing (Scientology)|auditing]] and courses. This does not necessarily apply to the rich and famous.<ref>http://www.bible.ca/scientology-price-list.htm</ref>

A Clear’s best chance of regaining solvency is to get out of the [[Church of Scientology]] and enter the [[Free Zone]], where prices are lower, or to leave Scientology altogether.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|pseudoscience}}
[[Category:Scientology]]
[[Category:Religious terms]]

Categories: Scientology, Religious terms
Clemens Heni

{{Islamophobia|1}}
'''Clemens Heni''' {{lived|1970|}} is a [[Germany|German]] [[Islamophobia|Islamophobe]] and blogger, currently living in Berlin. He is known for virulently spewing invectives against Muslims in Europe and for denying that Islamophobia even exists.<ref>[http://clemensheni.wordpress.com/2011/01/21/forget-about-nazis-talk-about-%E2%80%9Cislamophobia%E2%80%9D/ Forget About Nazis, Talk About “Islamophobia”]</ref> He is also noted for his anti-Palestinian views.<ref>[http://clemensheni.net/2014/11/18/judenmord-muss-sich-wieder-lohnen-denkt-sich-offenbar-gregor-gysi-und-fordert-palaestina-anzuerkennen-gerade-heute/ Judenmord muss sich wieder lohnen – denkt sich offenbar Gregor Gysi und fordert, “Palästina” anzuerkennen – gerade HEUTE]</ref> He also [[ad hominem|accuses]] Jews who are critical of Israeli policies of being "[[No True Scotsman|self-hating Jews]]".<ref>[http://clemensheni.net/2014/11/14/kann-es-juedischen-antisemitismus-geben-max-blumenthal-und-seine-westdeutschen-freundinnen-in-der-partei-die-linke/ Kann es jüdischen Antisemitismus geben? Max Blumenthal und seine westdeutschen Freundinnen in der Partei „Die Linke“]</ref> On his blog, he regularly supports [[wingnut]] anti-Muslim writers of the [[David Horowitz]] and [[Manfred Gerstenfeld]] type.<ref>[http://clemensheni.wordpress.com Clemens Heni]</ref> A fanatical and totally uncritical supporter of the most extreme faction of the Kahanist anti-Muslim and [[racism|anti-everyone-else]] Israeli right wing, he is also noted for having accused all parties in the German Bundestag, from the Left Party to the Christian Democrats, of being "extreme anti-Israelis".<ref>[http://clemensheni.net/2014/11/07/der-tiefpunkt-der-parlamentarischen-demokratie-der-auftritt-von-wolf-biermann-im-deutschen-bundestag-am-7-november-2014/ Der Tiefpunkt der parlamentarischen Demokratie: der Auftritt von Wolf Biermann im Deutschen Bundestag am 7. November 2014]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|internet}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heni, Clemens}}
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Living people
Clinton

{{fork}}

*[[Bill Clinton]] — 42<sup>nd</sup> [[President of the United States]]
*[[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] — Wife of the above. Not 45<sup>th</sup> President of the United States, according to the [[Electoral College]].
*Chelsea Clinton, daughter of the above
* A town in the South Island of [[New Zealand]], about 44 kilometres from [[Al Gore|Gore]]
*[[Clinton body count]] — a [[unified conspiracy theory]] that attributes numerous murders to the Clintons

[[Image:Clinton to Gore2.jpg]]<br />
Clogosphere

{{internet}}
The '''clogosphere''' is the loose-knit internet community of [[crank]]s, [[quack]]s, and [[wingnut]]s who have started blogs advocating [[pseudoscience]], [[conspiracy theories]], [[woo]], and other crazy ideas. The word "clogosphere" is derived from blogosphere but captures the negative aspects of it, "clogging" <strike>rational discourse and impeding cultural progress</strike> the tubes.

[[RationalWiki]] covers the day-to-day activities of the clogosphere at [[RationalWiki:What is going on in the clogosphere?]].

Not to be confused with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clog_dancing an eccentric British sport].

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Webshites]]

{{stub|internet}}

[[Category:Clogosphere| ]]
[[Category:Neologisms]]

Categories: Clogosphere, Neologisms