Ultracrepidarianism

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{{cquote|Ne supra crepidam sutor iudicaret. (The cobbler should not judge beyond the sandal.)|||Apelles of Kos, {{wpl|Ne supra crepidam|according to Pliny}}}}
{{cquote|If you don’t understand the basics of a subject, it’s easy to form conclusions that seem logical, but these same conclusions seem silly to those who have a deeper understanding of a subject.|||[[User:PalMD|Peter Lipson]]<ref>https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/put-your-fears-in-perspective/</ref>}}
'''Ultracrepidarianism''' is the tendency for people to confidently make authoritative pronouncements in matters above or outside one's level of knowledge. Often, those pronouncements fall entirely outside the ultracrepidarian's realm of legitimate expertise.

Another expression of ultracrepidarianism, as instantiated by those with an actual expertise ''in something'', is the tendency to [[Golden hammer|start treating ''all other'' fields as somehow being ''sub-categories'' to your own field]]: [[Epistemology|epistemologists]] saying "it's all epistemology in the end", [[Mathematics|mathematicians]] saying "it's all mathematics in the end", [[Physics|physicists]] saying "it's all physics in the end", [[Psychology|psychologists]] saying "it's all psychology in the end" (et cetera) and thus proceeding to apply ''their'' methods to a completely different field which [[Dunning-Kruger_effect|they hardly realize they don't understand]].

The lesson is that being ''an expert'' means being an expert ''at something'' — and "something" is ''specific'', not ''universal''. In other words, various forms of expertise are not interchangeable.

==Explanation==
{{cquote|Don't assume that because somebody has ''one'' intellectual skillset, they have another — that those tools apply to ''all'' types of intelligence, thinking or claims. They don't.|||[[Steven Novella]], ''[[The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe]]''<ref>[http://www.theskepticsguide.org/podcast/sgu/1 Episode 1] (17:55)</ref>}}
If the quoted "authority" has no expertise in the relevant field, then their authority is irrelevant to the truth of the matter.

For example, a claim that "the [[speed of light]] is about 299,792,458 meters per second{{efn|Nitpicker's corner: technically it's ''exactly'' 299,792,458 meters per second (more specifically, ''unstructured light in a vacuum''), per the SI definition of the meter.}}" could be supported with the statements of [[physicist]]s who've studied the issue; it could ''not'' be supported with the statements of a manufacturer of crayons, or even those of a biologist or chemist (that is, persons who are legitimate scientists, but in a different field). 
[[File:RevolutionaryXKCD.png|thumb|right|500px|"[[Scientific dogma]]" is often challenged by people who have no clue about the field they're criticizing. The comic's mouseover text: "I mean, what's more likely – that I have uncovered fundamental flaws in this field that no one in it has ever thought about, or that I need to read a little more? Hint: it's the one that involves less work."]]
Of course, this is a gross simplification. The value of the speed of light is derived from the definition of the meter, established (most recently) in 1983 by the 17<sup>th</sup> General Conference of Weights and Measures. Its value is generally-accepted basic scientific knowledge, an easily findable and learnable fact; even the most bloody-minded, hostile, and mean-drunk physics professor imaginable is not going to ding a Ph.D. candidate for not citing a source for it. Anyone who doesn't feel the need to reinvent the wheel by measuring the speed of light for him/herself can look it up in a standard reference — or even by googling "speed of light". 

Stating it requires no particular expertise. Strictly speaking, [[Bill Nye]], in stating the value of the speed of light, is resting the statement on the authority of the 17<sup>th</sup> General Conference just as much as the average microbial [[geneticist]] or gherkin importer would be, and either one could and would refer a person who questions the value to any standard reference.

The important point here is that the speed of light is so well researched, demonstrated, and accepted that its value is non-controversial. Ultracrepidarianism would enter the picture if a microbial geneticist (or a gherkin importer), rather than someone in a relevant field of physics, were to claim that the currently-accepted value for the speed of light is meaningfully incorrect. Or, of course, if a physicist were to challenge work in [[sociology]] (unless perhaps the challenge was based on faulty [[statistics]], as both physicists and sociologists make great use of statistics in their work).

==Origin==
[[Pliny the Elder]] records the Greek artist Apelles' willingness to accept a cobbler's criticism of his rendering of a sandal, but rejection of other artistic advice, saying, "''ne supra crepidam sutor iudicaret'''", meaning "Let the cobbler not judge beyond the crepida". This is where the "crepida" (a Greek sandal) in ultracrepidarian means; taken literally, it would mean "one who goes beyond the crepida".

A plain English adage, "cobbler, stick to your last", means essentially the same thing; ''last'', in this case, is the mold a shoe is formed around.

==Examples==
{{collist|2|
*[[Mike Bara]] (aerospace technician, [[NASA]] [[conspiracy theories|conspiracies]] and other [[pseudoastronomy]])
*[[Ben Carson]] (neurosurgeon, [[medical woo]])
*[[William Dembski]] (PhDs in [[mathematics]] and [[philosophy]], advocating [[intelligent design]] and general [[creationist]] apology)
*[[Grover Furr]] (professor of Medieval English literature, historical-negationist Soviet history)
*[[Helen Joyce]] (mathematician, anti-[[trans]] crankery)
*[[Michio Kaku]] (physicist, science woo including [[JAQ]]ing about [[UFOs]])
*[[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] (environmental lawyer, medical crankery)
*[[Ray Kurzweil]] (computer scientist, [[diet woo]] and weird [[futurist]] predictions)
*[[C. S. Lewis]] (philologist, Christian apologism)
*[[Thunderf00t|Phil Mason]] (chemist, [[anti-feminist]] crankery) 
*[[Kary Mullis]] (biochemist, various crank ideas including [[HIV/AIDS denialism]] and [[alien]]-related claims)
*[[Linus Pauling]] (chemist, medical woo)
*[[Jordan Peterson]] (clinical psychologist, medical woo and general regressive crankery)
*[[Pierre-Marie Robitaille]] (radiologist, weird pseudoastronomnical theories)
*[[Abigail Shrier]] (lawyer, anti-trans crankery)
*[[Kathleen Stock]] (philosopher, anti-trans crankery)
*[[Nassim Nicholas Taleb]] (statistician, anti-[[GMO]] crankery)
*[[Sam Harris]] (neuroscientist, self-proclaimed philosopher, made incorrect statements concerning other fields e.g. physics)
*[[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] (astrophysicist, incorrect statements concerning other fields e.g. math)
*{{wpl|Jared Diamond}} (physiologist-turned-ornithologist-turned geographer-turned brown people expert, author of the 1997 popular history book ''Guns, Germs and Steel'' aka [[Geographical determinism|"it's all geography in the end"]])
*The Weinstein brothers, [[Eric Weinstein|Eric]] and [[Bret Weinstein|Bret]], both of flaunt their credentials (PhDs in mathematical physics and evolutionary biology, respectively) to vindicate their crackpot conspiracy theories on the liberal establishment and vaccines
*[[Shill]]s and/or [[experts for hire]], such as the late [[S. Fred Singer]] and [[Frederick Seitz]], also tend to fall into this category.
}}

==See also==
*[[Stopped clock]]
*[[Inverse stopped clock]]
*[[Nobel disease]]
*[[Dunning-Kruger effect]]
*[[Delusions of grandeur]]
*[[Credentialism]]
*[[Igon Value Problem]]
*[[Appeal to authority]]
*[[Appeal to celebrity]]
*[[One-way hash argument]]

==External links==
*[http://alexpeak.com/twr/hdykteir/ George Orwell Versus the Flat Earth], discussing an article by Orwell about the relationship between non-experts and scientific knowledge.

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Academia]]
[[Category:Appeals to authority]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]

Categories: Academia, Appeals to authority, Pseudoscience promoters