trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Philippa Stroud

{{UKpolitics}}
'''Philippa Stroud''', '''Baroness Stroud''' {{lived|1965|}} is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and Pentecostal [[Christian]], who believes that [[homosexuality]] is caused by [[demon]]s and can be "cured" by [[prayer]]. She somehow wangled her way into the upper reaches of the party, and was an adviser to [[David Cameron]] when he was party leader. Cameron is presumably either aware of her views (taking him close to [[homophobia]]) or ignorant of them (which smacks of carelessness).<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/may/02/conservatives-philippa-stroud-gay-cure Rising Tory star Philippa Stroud ran prayer sessions to 'cure' gay people]</ref> Her hobbies include knitting, reading and [[European witch-hunts|witch burning]].<ref group=note>Allegedly, m'lud</ref>

Stroud is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Alliance for Responsible Citizenship, a right-wing organisation associated with psychologist and [[ultracrepidarian]] of renown [[Jordan Peterson]], with whom she shares many views. She is also a member of the Centre for Social Justice, a right-wing think tank that claims to have decided over 70 current conservative policies. She has also been busy founding the New Frontiers church, whose guest speakers have included one Bill Surbritzky. No doubt his claims that homosexuality, [[smoking]] and swearing are all caused by demons went down well.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2010/may/03/religion-conservatives Bigotry and homelessness]</ref> In 2023, journalist Eleanor Mills called her "the most powerful Right-winger you've never heard of."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/11/05/baroness-stroud-jordan-peterson-arc-alliance-citizenship/ Baroness Stroud: ‘Jordan Peterson and I believe we can all be part of building something better’] The Telegraph, November 05, 2023</ref>

Her attempt to become Member of Parliament for Sutton and Cheam, in the suburbs of south [[London]], in the [[UK General Election, 2010|2010 election]], was, fortunately, a failure. ''Unfortunately'', however, she was then made a [[House of Lords|life peer]] in 2015.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stroud, Philippa}}
[[Category:British politicians]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Homophobes]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pray the gay away]]

Categories: British politicians, British people, Christians, Homosexuality, Homophobes, Living people, Pray the gay away
Phillip Greaves

{{sex}}
'''Phillip Greaves''' {{lived|1963}} is a self-published [[author]] and suspected [[Pedophilia|pedophile]] who has written several books including ''The Grand Delusion: What Has "God" to do With It?'', and various other books advocating for [[atheism]] and [[libertarianism]].

However, Greaves is most infamous for ''The Pedophile's Guide To Love And Pleasure: A Child-Lover's Code Of Conduct'', which was sold on Amazon for a period of time before finally being removed from sale. Greaves subsequently served a short probation sentence after mailing a copy of the book to a "customer" in Florida, who was actually a local sheriff. Distributing depictions of sexual acts involving minors is a crime in Florida.<ref name="greaves">Aletse Mellado, [http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/04/07/florida.obscenity.arrest/ "Author of pedophilia book pleads no contest, gets probation"], [[CNN]], 8 April 2011</ref>

Greaves attempted to defend himself by denying that ''he'' was a [[pedophile]] and said that "I only have sex with grown-ups". He said the purpose of the book was harm reduction, in order to prevent adult-child sexual relationships from becoming abusive. (Greaves believes they aren't ''inherently'' so, and that "true pedophiles love children" and would never hurt them). The book gives advice to pedophiles on how to attract children, but also gives guidelines on what types of contact are "acceptable" and "not acceptable" in Greaves' view (which is not, ''not'', '''''not''''' the view of the law).<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12994248 "Philip Greaves gets probation for 'paedophile guide'"], [[BBC]] News, 7 April 2011</ref>

[[PETA]], predictably enough, responded by saying that Amazon's ''real'' mistake was not distributing a book advocating pedophilia and criminal activity, but rather ''removing the book without also removing books on [[dog]] fighting''. Seriously.{{cn}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greaves, Phillip}}
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paedophilia]]

Categories: Atheists, Authors, Libertarians, Living people, Paedophilia
Phillip Johnson

{{crenav}}
'''Phillip E. Johnson''' {{lived|1940|2019}} was a UC Berkeley law professor and considered the founder of the [[intelligent design]] movement. Johnson became a [[born again]] [[Christian]] after his [[divorce]],<ref>[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/barbara_forrest/wedge.html ''The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism Is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream]'', Barbara Forrest. Chapter 1, Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics, MIT Press, 2001</ref> and then suddenly was led to believe that [[science]] did not support the [[theory of evolution]]. Of course it had absolutely nothing to do with his conversion.

Johnson popularized the term "intelligent design" in its current form in his book ''{{wpl|Darwin on Trial}}''. Johnson decided to present evidence in the form of a trial and to use legal standards of admissibility as the ideal criterion to vet [[evidence]]. Legal criteria for evidence are very different than the standards applied in science; for starters, most legal evidence is [[Anecdotal evidence|anecdotal]] in nature, incorporating none of the standards of [[randomized controlled trial]]s, [[reproducibility]] of experiments, or [[Double blind|double-blind studies]] that characterize scientific evidence. 

Johnson, and others who have taken a similar approach for a full range of [[woo]] and [[crank]] ideas, abused the difference in the standards of evidence to overstate their case. Johnson claimed that if he can prove evolution "false" under legal standards (which, essentially, amounts to not having an ironclad and irrefutable proof that the theory of evolution is true), this somehow applies to scientific standards. The whole exercise is a futile gesture, since [[creationism]] and intelligent design have failed both in the realm of science and in the realm of law. Johnson's big idea was shown the door in the ''[[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]]'' court case.

==AIDS denialism==
Johnson and was an [[HIV denial|AIDS denialist]], like [[Jonathan Wells]] (both were [[Discovery Institute]] Fellows). Johnson had written several articles denying the link between HIV and [[AIDS]].<ref>http://www.virusmyth.com/aids/index/pjohnson.htm</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design]]'' &mdash; a book recycling many of his arguments

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Phillip}}
{{Crebox}}
[[Category:Creationists]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Discovery Institute]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:Intelligent design creationism]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]

Categories: Creationists, Christians, Discovery Institute, HIV/AIDS, Intelligent design creationism, Living people, Pseudoscience promoters
Philosopher's stone

[[File:Dschinnistan.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Der Stein der Weisen'' (1786)]]
{{pseudosciencenav}}
The elusive '''Philosopher's stone''' is believed to be the object of [[medieval]] [[alchemy|alchemists']] quest for the transmutation of base metals such as [[lead]] into [[gold]]. We now have the science and even the [[Large Hadron Collider|technology]] to achieve this sort of thing,<ref>[http://chemistry.about.com/cs/generalchemistry/a/aa050601a.htm Turning Lead into Gold]</ref> though it costs rather more to build and operate than the difference in price between lead and gold.

The phrase "Philosopher's stone" may also be used to refer to any general goal that is currently unattained but if achieved, would allow for major breakthroughs in science/energy-production/wealth-accumulation/etc.<ref group=note>See, e.g., [[Cold fusion]].</ref> It can also be a metaphor for [[enlightenment]] and reaching the pinnacle of human abilities.<ref>[http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PhilosophersStone TV Tropes:Philosophers Stone]</ref> Various esoteric teachings use the term to refer to this or that fantastic thing which may potentially be achieved.

Interestingly enough, [[Asia]]n [[Tao]]ist [[philosopher]]s spent a lot of effort seeking the [[Herbal supplement|elixir of life]] in a quest for [[immortality]]. Viewed from a great distance, the two are not dissimilar. Another close analogue would be the wish-fulfilling jewel Cintamani, featured in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]].<ref>René, Guénon; ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qEQQht2Y2CQC Symbols of Sacred Science]''; Page 277</ref>

==See also==
*[[Harry Potter]]
*[[Holy Grail]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|pseudoscience}}

[[Category:Esotericism]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Magic]]
[[Category:Medieval_history]]
[[Category:Mythology]]

Categories: Esotericism, Pseudoscience, Magic, Medieval_history, Mythology
Philosophical intuition

{{sources needed}}{{philosophy}}
'''Philosophical intuition''' is what philosophers use to work out what assumptions to start their arguments with and to judge the result at the end. It's basically introspecting and checking your feelings to see if what you just said makes sense to you and hence (since humans are ''more or less'' cognitively similar) your readers.

It has been conventional for centuries to assume philosophical intuition is a reliable [[black box]]. However, the trouble with treating the output of introspection as a reliable source of useful knowledge is that it doesn't work. The ancient Greek philosophers were quite sure that knowledge was better if unsoiled by real-world interactions; this is why they didn't invent science, which involves a step where you test your idea against the real world. Introspection leads to things like asserting that the [[philosophical zombie]] [[thought experiment]] proves [[dualism]].

With the burgeoning study of [[cognitive bias]]es, it turns out we can (a) analyse philosophical intuitions (b) see that they're frequently provably full of shit.<ref>Janet Levin, 2004. "[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16389891 The evidential status of philosophical intuition.]" ''Philosophical studies'' '''121''' ''3'', pp193-224</ref> Our intuition remains what we have to perceive philosophical relationships; we do, however, need to apply due caution and correction to the output of our stupid brains.

This has particular application to [[apologetics]], which tends to try to prove the existence of a [[god]] with arguments that reduce to either [[god of the gaps]] or stimulating philosophical intuition with an [[intuition pump]]. The latter frequently reduces to coming up with arguments that feed their own cognitive biases.

A development over the last few years of the realization that philosophical intuition is crap is in the creation of "experimental philosophy". Basically, an individual philosopher will go "it seems like the reason I should save a child drowning in a kiddie pool in the yard that I happen to be walking by is because I have a moral obligation to those near me". The philosopher will then use this as a premise leading up to a philosophical argument in favor of a social contract theory of ethics. But, do people ''actually'' feel this way? A person delving in experimental philosophy would through some means (generally surveys) try to find out if people actually accept that we would save the child because of a moral obligation. If not, you may have found a theory of ethics that no one agrees with or is willing to follow.

==See also==
*[[Common sense]]
*[[Folk science]]
*[[God of the gaps]]

==External links==
*[http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com/2011/11/one-more-take-on-role-of-intuition-in.html One More Take On the Role of Intuition in Philosophy], Massimo Pigliucci

==References==
{{reflist}}
Phlegon

{{christianity}}
'''Phlegon of Tralles''', generally just '''Phlegon''' (unknown lifespan, 2nd century CE) was a [[Greece|Greek]] writer during the rule of the emperor Hadrian.

Phlegon recorded a great earthquake in Bithynia, on the coast of the Black Sea in what is today [[Turkey]]. [[Quote mining|Intrepid]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Christian apologetics|apologist]] {{wpl|Origen}} (184/185 – 253/254 CE) decided that because Phlegon wrote about an earthquake and an eclipse, this must have been a reference to the darkness and earthquake following the [[Crucifiction|crucifixion]] of [[Jesus]]:

{{quotebox|Now Phlegon, in the thirteenth or fourteenth book, I think, of his Chronicles, not only ascribed to Jesus a knowledge of future events (although falling into confusion about some things which refer to Peter, as if they referred to Jesus), but also testified that the result corresponded to His predictions.<ref>Origen, ''Against Celsus'' (''Contra Celsum''), [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Origen/Origen_Against_Celsus/Book_II/Chapter_XIV Book II, Chap. XIV]</ref>}}

However, judging from the quote of Phlegon contained in a work by later apologist {{wpl|Eusebius}} (260/265 – 339/340 CE), this is simply wrong:

{{quotebox|Indeed Phlegon, who is an excellent calculator of olympiads, also writes about this, in his 13th book writing thus:
"However in the fourth year of the 202nd olympiad [32 CE], an eclipse of the sun happened, greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour [around noon] day turned into dark night, so that the stars were seen in the sky, and an earthquake in Bithynia toppled many buildings of the city of Nicaea."<ref>Eusebius, ''Chronicle'' (''Chronicon''), [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm Book II]</ref>}}

How anyone could take a reference to an earthquake and eclipse in Nicea, 900 kilometres from Jerusalem, as evidence for the earthquake described in {{Bible|Matthew|28|2}} (and ''only'' there) is more a sign of the shaky state of the "evidence" for the fantastic events in the New Testament, even in the age of the Church Fathers than anything else.

==See also==

*[[Evidence for the historical existence of Jesus Christ]]
*[[Jesus myth]]
*[[Josephus]]
*[[Tacitus]]
*[[Pliny the Younger]]
*[[Suetonius]]
*[[Thallus]]
*[[Lucian]]
*[[Hadrian]]
*[[Serapion]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Phlegon of Tralles}}
*[http://infidels.org/library/modern/jeff_lowder/jury/chap5.html#phlegon "Josh McDowell's "Evidence" for Jesus"], [[Internet Infidels]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Historians]]
[[Category:Jesus]]
[[Category:Romans]]

Categories: Historians, Jesus, Romans
Photon

{{Needs sources}}{{Physics}}
A '''photon''' is the particle, wave packet, or "wavicle" by which energy in the form of electromagnetic  ''rays'' is transmitted; it is a type of [[boson]].

==Electromagnetism==
Electromagnetic rays or electromagnetic waves that scientists study range from radio waves with very long wavelength through to very short wave gamma rays or X-rays.  A small subset of electromagnetic waves are what [[human]]s can see and what we call visible [[light]]. Photons are characterised by their (notional) frequency which is directly related to their energy.  Paradoxically more energetic photons have shorter wavelength while less energetic photons have longer wavelength.  There is no theoretical upper limit or lower limit on the frequency of  electromagnetic  ''rays''.

Electromagnetic waves are also called electromagnetic [[radiation]].

==Energy of a photon==
The amount of energy carried by a photon depends entirely on its frequency ''ν'':

:E = h''ν''

The constant h, known as [[Planck's constant]], is an extremely small number &mdash; only 6.6×10<sup>-34</sup> Joule-seconds. This means a single photon's energy is really tiny. A single photon of frequency 5.4×10<sup>14</sup> Hz, the frequency of visible yellow light, has a paltry 3.6×10<sup>-19</sup> Joules of energy. You'd have to have 2.8×10<sup>18</sup> such photons hitting you every second just to receive 1 Watt of light.

==Speed of light==
The [[Speed of light|speed of a photon]], in a vacuum, is [[speed of light|constant]] (generally denoted ''c'') and is the limiting speed of information transfer in the [[Universe]]. The [[theory of relativity]] was largely inspired by contradictions implicit in the invariance of the photon's speed in thought experiments.

==See also==
*[[Higgs boson]]
*[[Quantum physics]]
*[[Subatomic particles]]
*[[Radiation]]

==External links==
*[http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/f/photon.htm What is a Photon?]
*[http://www.howstuffworks.com/light.htm How Light Works]

[[Category:science]]
[[Category:Fundamental particles]]

{{stub|physics}}

Categories: science, Fundamental particles
Photonic water

{{pseudosciencenav}}
'''Photonicwater.com''' makes devices containing glass balls which supposedly "revitalise" [[water]], making it better for [[plants]], [[animals]], ''and'' industrial processes.<ref>[http://www.photonicwater.com/applications.html A link to the unbelievably wide-range of alleged applications for 'photonic water']</ref> Their spiel is sprinkled with a random mixture of actual, but irrelevant, scientific terms such as "biophotons", (which are actually the light faintly emitted from living-things such as animals and plants). They allege that [[Water memory|water has "memory"]], ''à la'' [[homoeopathy]]. They claim muscle tissue is "99% water".<ref>[https://archive.today/ZNqE1 A link to an archive copy of the "photonicwater.com" page which incorrectly states muscle is "99% water".]</ref> In reality, the content of your bladder isn't even that watery. 

Photonic-water devices are promoted by the advocate of all things alternative, Adam Abraham.<ref>[http://americanloons.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-ja-x.html A link to Adam Abraham's listing on the website "Encyclopedia of American Loons"]</ref> He is an [[Anti-vaccination movement|anti-vaccinationist]], who, when he's not urging people to drink [[Miracle Mineral Supplement|"MMS"]] bleach, suggests that they [[urine therapy|drink urine]].<ref>[http://phaelosopher.com/2013/01/02/making-peece-with-ones-self/ A link to Adam Abraham's article on "urine therapy"]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Photon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://photonicwater.com Photonicwater.com]

[[Category:Water woo]]
{{stub|Pseudoscience}}

Categories: Water woo
Phylogeny

{{sources needed}}{{evolution}}{{hatnote|Were you looking for the old practice of [[Phrenology]] (study of bumps on the head)?}}

'''Phylogeny''' is a [[Biology|biological]] term describing the relationships between groups of animals according to their evolutionary heritage, as best understood by information from genetics, paleontology, embryology and anatomy.   

The pattern of [[evolution]]ary relationships within and between groups can be depicted in the form of a branching diagram called [[Cladistics|cladograms]], which are like genealogies of species.

[[Image:Cladogram.gif|frame|center|A simple cladogram relating five groups of animals by the similarities and differences.]]

Not only is phylogeny important for understanding paleontology, but paleontology in turn contributes to phylogeny. Many groups of organisms are now extinct, and without their fossils we would not have as clear a picture of how modern life is interrelated.
Genetics has been the single most important part of modern plylogeny, reorganizing where some animals go based on genes and ignoring superficial characteristics that suggest closer relationships.  For example, the common bat is actually two distinct phylogenic groups traditionally classified just as "bats", but genetics suggests these bats evolved side by side rather than sharing a common 'bat' ancestor.<ref> Karyotypic evolution in bats: evidence of extensive and conservative chromosomal evolution in closely related taxa</ref>  

==Phylogenetics==
:''Main article:  [[Phylogenetics]]''
Phylogenetics, the genetic science of phylogeny, is one part of the larger field of systematics, which also includes taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying the diversity of organisms.  While they share similar results, the methods used to create their classification systems are quite different. 

Phylogenetics, starts with the mapped gene, and compares how closely it resembles other animal's genes.  The more mapping that is done, the more precise the phylogenetic tree becomes.  

Taxonomy on the other hand, generally begins with the living (or fossilized) animal and compares biological structures, habits, diet, etc., to create relationships.

Because evolution is a fact, both trees look remarkably similar.
==See also==
*[[Linnaean taxonomy]]
*[[Cladistics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{keyword|evokey= Phylogeny}}
{{Evonav}}
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Categories: Biology, Evolution
Physical science

{{sciencenav}}
'''Physical science''' usually refers to the branches of [[science]] that deal with observable, measurable, non-sentient systems, events, phenomena, and properties.  This usually 
means [[chemistry]], [[physics]], and related fields such as engineering, but not [[biology]], which is considered special.

==See also==

:''Some related articles that are encompassed in Physical Science''

*[[Science]]
*[[Scientific method]]
*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Physics]]
*[[Astronomy]]
*[[Big Bang]]
*[[Geology]]

{{stub|science}}

[[Category:Science]]

Categories: Science
Pie and Mash Squad

{{Islamophobia}}
The '''Pie and Mash Squad''' (formerly '''Casuals United''') is a [[British]] anti-[[Islam]] protest group set up by Jeff Marsh in 2009.<ref>http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/archive/the-fringe-of-the-fringe</ref> Officially, it is non-[[racist]] and peaceful; in practice, it is ultimately just the [[English Defence League]] all over again.

The group is closely tied to football fandom, identifying itself as "uniting the UK’s football tribes against the [[Jihad]]ists".<ref>http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/news/article/1761/edl-rejects-barnbrook-approach</ref> Its name derived from the {{wpl|Casual (subculture)|"casual" subculture}} which is associated with football hooliganism.

The Casuals United blog praises [[Enoch Powell]]: "Who still thinks Enoch Powell was wrong? Only left wing anti white morons", it says.<ref><capture>http://casualsunited.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/who-still-thinks-enoch-powell-was-wrong-only-left-wing-anti-white-morons-edl-manchester/</capture></ref> Beyond this, the outfit's dubious racial views extend to its support for a [[white pride]] event run by a family of [[Wales|Welsh]] [[neo-Nazi]]s.<ref>http://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/featured-stories/derek-fender-corner/1022-casuals-united-promote-swansea-nazi-fest</ref>

The group had a falling out with the EDL's [[LGBT]] division<ref group=note>Wait … the EDL has one of those?</ref> after the Casuals United blogger Zoe Marsh (also known as Zoe Smith) posted [[homophobic]] comments.<ref>http://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/featured-stories/derek-fender-corner/816-jeff-marsh-his-17-year-old-blogger-and-homophobic-abuse</ref>

From 2014, the group renamed themselves on [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] as the Pie And Mash Squad.<ref>http://edlnews.co.uk/2014/07/24/all-change-at-casuals-united-jay-butler-brighton/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Combined Ex Forces]]
*[[English Shieldwall]]
*[[Football Lads Alliance]]
==External links==
*[https://archive.is/nBmVR EDLNews: Casuals United and their paedophile division]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Islamophobia}}
__NOTOC__

[[Category:Racism]]

Categories: Racism