trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Reverse psychology

{{Psychology}}
 
'''Reverse psychology''' is a persuasion technique used mostly on children. It also works on many adults with limited intellect. Basically, there are two ways to apply reverse psychology:
#Tell somebody that you forbid them to perform a task that you want them to perform;
#Order somebody to perform a task that is the polar opposite of the task you want them to perform.
For example, not only does [[Rush Limbaugh]] never (well, almost never) tell his audience to call politicians to protest their actions, '''he makes a point of telling his audience over the air''' that he never tells them to call politicians to protest their actions.  Within a few minutes, said politicians' phones, fax machines and e-mail boxes are flooded with messages from irate [[dittohead]]s.

Reverse psychology usually relies on exploiting an individual's assumed distaste for [[authoritarianism]]. In the case of Rush Limbaugh, his claims that they should "never" do something that serves to remind the audience that they ''could'' do that thing.

==See also==
*[[Just asking questions]]
*[[Streisand Effect]]&mdash;which is something of a "reverse reverse psychology" without being [[psychology]]

{{stub|psychology}}
[[Category:Psychology]]

Categories: Psychology
Review article

{{sciencenav}}
In contrast to other types of research papers, a '''review article''' or '''survey paper''' is a [[scientific publication]] that does not make new data available, but aims to synthesize the state of knowledge about a certain question or field of research. It typically has a very long reference list.
Conversely, review papers are usually also cited much more frequently than other papers in the same field. The intention of the authors is often to point their peers towards unresolved problems, and to suggest directions for research to take in the immediate future.

In several areas of science, journals exist that specialize in publishing reviews. They can generally be recognized by tell-tale elements of their titles, such as "progress," "trends," or "reviews." In some cases, they are prestigious enough to publish by invitation only. An example is the "Trends in XYZ" group of biology journals.<ref>http://www.trends.com/</ref>

Another type of review paper is called a [[meta-analysis]], which &mdash; rather than simply summarizing current knowledge &mdash; attempts to synthesize results from different analyses by combining data and using statistics across studies to obtain a hopefully more powerful result.

==See also==
*[[Peer review]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Types of medical studies]]
[[Category:Research terms]]
{{stub|science}}

Categories: Science, Types of medical studies, Research terms
Revival meeting

{{christianity}}
A '''revival meeting''' is a week-long (or longer) series of daily services held in some [[Christian]] [[church]]es (usually ones of the [[fundamentalist]] or [[Pentecostal]] variety).  Often such meetings will involve a visiting [[evangelist]] from out of town.  One traditional image of such meetings is the "tent revival", where an evangelist sets up a large tent and [[preacher | preaches]] nightly, although this form of revival meeting has become less common. Another variant involves the {{wpl|camp meeting|"camp meeting"|,}} where church members go to a weekend or week-long retreat to be immersed in {{wpl|sermon|sermonizing|.}} Revival meetings aim to "revive" church members into living more "[[holy]]" lives and into rekindling their religious [[faith]], as well as to attract the curious to attend and (hopefully) [[evangelism | convert]].  

The Pentecostal movement began during a series of revival meetings in 1906 in Azusa, [[California]], where the intense services led to incidents of [[speaking in tongues]] and [[faith healing]]s, reports of which attracted many visitors. [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018) got his first big boost into fame by holding a tent revival in 1949. In some ways revival meetings served as religious predecessors to [[large group awareness training]]<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = McWilliams
 | first1 = Peter
 | author-link1 = Peter McWilliams
 | title = Life 102: What to Do when Your Guru Sues You
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EsfPAAAACAAJ
 | publisher = Prelude Press
 | publication-date = 1994
 | isbn = 9780931580345
 | access-date = 30 July 2019
}}
</ref>
and [[Amway]] motivational meetings, which have both copied many of the same practices.

[[Snake handling]] is usually not part of such meetings, popular [[stereotypes]] to the contrary. However, revivals are usually much more emotionally and [[Spirituality | spiritually]] intense than the usual Sunday [[church]] service, and in some churches may involve a concerted effort at [[spiritual warfare]], [[faith-healing]], [[exorcism]]s, etc., while in other churches a heavy dose of [[Hell| hell-fire-and-damnation]] sermons aim to scare the [[devil]] out of you. Sometimes they just involve a lot of [[love bombing]].

== See also ==

* [[Jesus Camp]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Christianity}}
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Christianity]]

Categories: California, Christianity
Reyna Chicas

{{christianity}}
'''Reyna Chicas''' is the charismatic leader of a small [[Pentecostal]] group of Salvadoran immigrant women and [[children]] in [[California]] identified as an apocalyptic [[cult]] in the U.S. press. The sudden disappearance of the group preceded other alarming behaviors suggesting possible mass suicide led to a 22 hour police manhunt in the San Gabriel Mountains and Antelope Valley that ended on September 20, 2010. Nobody died, but Chicas was placed into "involuntary mental health evaluation" for a short period, while her kids were placed in protective custody.<ref>[http://www.ktla.com/news/landing/ktla-palmdale-mass-suicide,0,5432971.story Children of Palmdale Religious Sect Leader Put in Protective Custody]</ref>

==External links==
*[http://archive.is/MLqVV The Mysterious California Cult] by Christine Pilesek (Sep 21, 2010 3:16 AM EDT) ''The Daily Beast'', archived from 7 Jul 2013 14:02:52 UTC.
*[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1313461/California-cult-Reyna-Chicas-mass-suicide-fears.html Hospitalised for her own safety: California 'cult' leader kept under 72-hour supervision after sparking mass suicide fears] ''[[Daily Mail]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|religion}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chicas, Reyna}}
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Cult leaders]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: California, Cult leaders, Living people
Rhythm method

{{sex}}
{{cquote|There's a name for people who use the rhythm method - ''parents''.|||Clete Adelman, MiraCosta College}}
The '''rhythm method''' is a method of [[birth control]] involving [[abstinence|abstaining]] from unprotected sex except on days when a woman is believed to be "infertile" determined only by calendar-based calculations. '''Natural family planning''' is a newer, more scientifically refined entry into abstinence methods of birth control. NFP does not rely merely on following the calendar. Women using NFP are taught to monitor some or all of: changes in their cervical mucus, a fall in their basal body temperature, as well as the dilation and closure of their cervix to determine approaching fertility and its passing.

==Proponents==
[[File:Duggar Family 2007-1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The {{#choose:arrhythmic|broken metronome}} family]]
It is used by:
# People without easy access to other forms of birth control;
# People who choose not to use other forms of birth control, often because of religious beliefs or belief in natural remedies and methods in general;
# People who want to have kids.

Natural Family Planning is assessed by Planned Parenthood's Alan Guttmacher Institute to have a perfect use effectiveness rate of 91%, and an actual user rate of 75%.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Craig A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUJsCgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Human Sexuality: Personality and Social Psychological Perspectives |date=2007-08-08 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-5063-2012-0 |language=en}}</ref> The method can work well for couples in a stable relationship who are smart enough to learn the various indicia of fertility. Effectiveness increases if barrier methods are employed on each end of the "heading-toward-or-away-from-fertility" days, and intercourse is avoided during the 3-4 days of peak fertility. Catholics, and some fundamentalists, of course, are not allowed to combine NFP with "artificial" contraception.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{stub|sexuality}}

[[Category:Sexuality]]

Categories: Sexuality
Ribosome

{{biology}}
{{cquote|''Ribosomes are little square shaped objects, they hold protein and send it to the nucleus so the cell doesnt blow up :)''|||Wikipedia vandalism<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ribosome&diff=next&oldid=326015879]</ref>}}

A '''ribosome''' is an [[enzyme]] complex responsible for constructing polypeptides, the constituent molecules of [[protein]]s. It is found in all [[cell]]s. Due to the importance of the ribosome, it is one of the most studied enzymes. A rough structure of the enzyme was obtained in the 1970s, but only recently has technology moved to get a precise crystal structure of the cell. In short: it is essential!

==See also==
*[[Enzyme]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:biology]]

{{stub|biology}}

Categories: biology
Rice puller

[[File:One Anna year-1616.JPG|thumb|right|165px|Two counterfeit Anna coins<ref>[http://coinquest.com/cgi-bin/cq/coins?main_coin=20480 Token: India (East INDYA Company) UK, UKL (Counterfeit) 1616 to 1818] CoinQuest</ref>]]
{{pseudosciencenav}}
{{Sources needed}}
'''Rice pullers''' are a specialty of [[Confidence trick|scammers]] on the [[India|Indian]] subcontinent. They are metal objects which are purported to attract grains of rice. And, seriously, that's about it. It is this [[Magic|magical]] property that makes such items extremely valuable, though it is unclear how it could be especially useful.

==What are they?==
Rice pullers can be any old metal object such as cutlery, bowls, or jewellery. The most prized of all rice pullers is a cheap, crudely faked Anna coin dated 1616, allegedly minted by the East India Company (they minted no such coin in 1616).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160106014850/http://coinquest.com/cgi-bin/cq/coins?main_coin=20480 Token: India (East INDYA Company) UK, UKL (Counterfeit) 1616 to 1818] CoinQuest</ref> Scammers will demonstrate the "[[Magic|power]]" of these objects through unimpressive [[Illusionism|illusionist]] techniques.

[[Deceit|Claims]] are made that a unique mixture of copper and iridium accounts for the metal's magical powers in an attempt to [[Pseudoscience|science]] it all up.

==The scam== 
The scam usually works like this:

# The "trader" will attract numerous "buyers" who are merely shills. This gives a public appearance of the metal being easily saleable at premium prices (up to ₹500,000 for an old spoon, roughly converting to 9,000 USD).
# Interested [[Sucker|parties]] will come forward with their old cutlery and request that they have it appraised and if interested, that the "trader" might purchase it.
# The "trader" will respond that he's had a major crisis of some kind and is no longer buying, but instead needs to sell his stock at bargain basement prices. 
# The target, believing there is a ready market, will leap at the opportunity at making a quick profit and snaps up the "bargain".

The advent of the Internet has enabled this scam to flourish as "traders" flood forums and business directories, making it look like a vibrant and respectable industry.

==External links==
*[http://archive.is/bl6kA "Baba sells fake 'rice puller' for 2cr, flees"], ''The Times of India'', April 9, 2011 (archived copy from 7 Jul 2013 14:02:31 UTC)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026133343/http://metalcorporation.org/page5.htm Metal Corporation (archived link from 2012)], an example trader, whose site includes some wildly [[pseudoscientific]] claims
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vboX6HsUBkY A rice puller demonstration] by Aswin Pathrudu (Mar 10, 2012) [[YouTube]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|pseudoscience}}

[[Category:Currency]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Scams]]

Categories: Currency, Pseudoscience, Scams
Richard Herring

{{skepnav|1}}{{sources needed}}
'''Richard Keith Herring''' {{lived|1967}} is a [[British]] comedian and writer, who was made a patron of The British Humanist Association (now [[Humanists UK]]) in 2010.<ref>[https://humanists.uk/about/our-people/patrons/richard-herring/ Richard Herring] Humanists UK, retrieved January 16, 2025</ref>

==Career==
Herring has made his [[skepticism]] of [[religion]] a part of his comedy, and in 2001 performed a stand up show titled ''Christ on a Bike'', which [[Satire|satirised]] [[Christianity]]. In 2010 he performed a new version of this show titled ''Christ on a Bike: The Second Coming''. He has performed many other stand up comedy tours and has been described by the ''British Theatre Guide'' as "one of the leading hidden masters of modern British comedy".

Herring has been recognised as a pioneer of comedy podcasting. He also co-wrote and co-starred in the comedy TV show ''Fist of Fun'' in 1995, along with Stewart Lee. In 2013, Herring toured with the stand up show ''We're All Going To Die!'', in which he discussed the topic of [[death]] and his view that belief in an [[afterlife]] is not necessary to enjoy life.

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{stub|Skepticism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Herring, Richard}}

[[Category:British comedy]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: British comedy, British people, Comedians, Living people
Richard Kent

{{crenav|1}}
'''Dr. Richard Kent''' {{lived|1946}} is a [[British]] [[evangelical]] [[Christian]] lecturer and retired medical doctor who runs a ministry called ''Free Christian Teaching'', which is part of an umbrella organization called the ''Final Frontier Charitable Trust''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121030/http://www.freechristianteaching.tv/all-about-dr-richard-kent About Dr Richard Kent]. freechristianteaching.tv.</ref>  Thanks to his M.D., he is able to call himself "doctor," which no doubt raises his level of legitimacy among the people who come to hear his lectures on [[young-Earth creationism]]. Kent is either the highest pantheon of the batshit crazy, or he's a fucking genius.

Some of the ideas he espouses in his lectures are [[bullshit|pretty far out there]].  Like for instance that:
# [[Dragon]]s were real.
# Dragons were actually [[great flood|post-Flood]] [[dinosaur]]s.
# These post-Flood dinosaurs had nostrils the size of modern [[horse]]s' nostrils.
# These relatively small nostrils were a carryover from the pre-flood era when there was more [[oxygen]] in the atmosphere.<ref group=note>How could the release of trillions of gallons of water into the ecosystem ''reduce'' the oxygen level in the atmosphere, you ask?  Damned if we know.</ref>
# Therefore, thanks to the depleted oxygen levels in the atmosphere, the nostrils of these dinosaur/dragons would ''CATCH ON FIRE WHENEVER THEY BREATHED!!!''<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9w26JXXpWU Epic Creationist Fail: 'Dinosaurs caught fire by breathing too hard']. potholer54 on YouTube, 2012, at about 4:10 in.</ref>

{{cquote|Their tiny nostrils couldn't let in enough oxygen! What could they do?|||Richard Kent}}

Apparently, it never occurred to Kent that dinosaurs could use their '''mouths''' to breathe. If dinosaurs could breathe fire, they would have had adaptations around their mouths and nostrils to protect their mouth and throat from flame. Nothing resembling such an adaptation has ever been seen. 

==External links==
<!--*[http://www.freechristianteaching.org/ Free Christian Teaching website] legacy webshite -->
*[https://www.freechristianteaching.tv/ Free Christian Teaching]
*[http://www.finalfrontier.org.uk/index.php?main=13&sub=5 Final Frontier Charitable Trust]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|Christianity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kent, Richard}}
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: British people, Christians, Living people
Richard Milton

{{pseudosciencenav}}{{sources needed}}
'''Richard Milton''' {{lived|1943}} is a [[British]] [[journalist]] and [[author]] most well known for his book, ''The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myth of Darwinism''.<ref>''The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myth of Darwinism'' by Richard Milton (1993) Corgi. ISBN 0552141216.</ref>

==Views==
Milton writes that the [[theory of evolution]] is scientifically flawed for many reasons, including that "there are no [[transitional fossils]]". While discussing the inaccuracies of [[radiometric dating]], he said that the [[Earth]] may be as young as 175,000 years; he also discussed other possibilities, making it impossible for his detractors to maintain that he is a '[[creationist]]', rather he is an 'anti-evolutionist'.<ref>[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/milton.html Debate between Richard Milton and Jim Foley]</ref> He also asserted that there is an absence of meteoric-dust on the Earth, which if the Earth was of great age, would be found in much larger quantities than it is.

While Milton did appear on the documentary ''The Mysterious Origins of Man'', which argued that humankind is millions of years old, he himself remains open to the possibility that the Earth is [[young Earth|much younger]].

==Reception==
[[Richard Dawkins]] described Milton's book on evolution as "twaddle that betrays, on almost every page, complete and total pig-ignorance of the subject at hand".<ref>[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/DawkinsReviewFactsOfLife.pdf Review of Richard Milton: The Facts of Life: Shattering the myth of Darwinism] by Richard Dawkins (28 August 1992). ''New Statesman''.</ref>

Creationists often [[quote mine]] and misrepresent Milton's book.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|pseudoscience}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Milton, Richard}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Journalists]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Authors, British people, Journalists, Pseudoscience promoters, Living people
Richard Shelby

[[File:RichardShelbyXtra.jpg|thumb|Richard Shelby in full ... something.]][[Image:chickenhawks.gif|thumb|They so proudly wear this insignia.]]
'''Richard Shelby''' {{lived|1934}} was a [[United States]] Senator from [[Alabama]], with most of what that implies. He was a [[Blue Dog Democrats|Democrat]] for most of his early career, up until his second Senate term, but in 1994, he switched parties and became a Republican. Specifically, he made the switch one day after the [[Newt Gingrich|"Republican Revolution"]] in the 1994 mid-terms, when the GOP seized control of both chambers of Congress for the first time in 40 years. Convenient timing on that.

While Shelby is not as [[evil]] or [[racist]] as his former counterpart, [[Jeff Sessions]], he is still a bit of a nativist, sponsoring legislation to make [[English]] the official language of the United States.  He has also, on at least one occasion, flirted with [[birther]] rhetoric,<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/22/richard-shelby-alabama-se_n_168913.html Huffington Post:Richard Shelby, Alabama Senator, Questions Obama's Citizenship]</ref> though he later backed away from it.<ref>[http://www.al.com/news/press-register/metro.ssf?/base/news/124885897942610.xml&coll=3 Alabama Live:Shelby satisfied Obama's citizenship makes him eligible for office]</ref>

[[Stopped Clock|On the other hand]], he only voted to convict [[Bill Clinton]] on ''one'' of the two ridiculous charges against him, and was one of 8 Senators (the only Republican of the eight) to vote against repealing Glass-Steagall in 1999.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shelby, Richard}}
[[Category:Alabama]]
[[Category:Birtherism]]
[[Category:Chickenhawks]]
[[Category:Former United States Representatives]]
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Lawyers]]
[[Category:Leftists who turned right with age]]
[[Category:Living people]]
{{stub|politicians}}

Categories: Alabama, Birtherism, Chickenhawks, Former United States Representatives, Former United States Senators, Lawyers, Leftists who turned right with age, Living people
Richard William Nelson

{{crenav|1}}
'''Richard William Nelson''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[young Earth creationist]] [[Author|writer]] and internet [[troll]].

==Biography==

Nelson studied at the University of California, Irvine and earned a Bachelor of Science degree majoring in biology. Later, from the University of Southern California (USC) he graduated with a Doctor of Pharmacy degree majoring in pharmacology. He is a Christian creationist and is the author of the anti-evolution book ''[[Darwin, Then and Now, The Most Amazing Story in the History of Science]]'' (2009).<ref>[http://www.darwinthenandnow.com/about/richard-william-nelson/ Richard William Nelson]</ref>

==Creationism==

Nelson is a [[Christian]] [[creationist]] who subcribes to a literal reading of [[Genesis]], yet has pretended on some internet websites, similarly to other creationists such as [[Shaun Johnston]] and [[Hugh Dower]], to be neutral on the creation-evolution "debate" in hopes of selling more copies of his book. However, Nelson has been very dishonest as he has admitted in his articles to being a Christian creationist and has lectured at Christian churches propounding that [[evolution]] is in opposition to the Bible. Anyone who views his website can see he rejects any scientific evidence for evolution. Nelson uses all the familiar creationist arguments such as citing [[Piltdown man]] to discredit evolution and claiming there are no [[transitional fossils]]. According to Nelson "evolution is a dogma" and he rejects it because of the Bible.<ref>[http://www.darwinthenandnow.com/ Darwin Then and Now]</ref>

His book ''Darwin, Then and Now, The Most Amazing Story in the History of Science'' invokes a conspiracy theory similar to [[Jerry Bergman]]'s, that the "Darwinists" have set out to remove [[God]] from science. Nelson claims evolution is a hoax and there is no scientific evidence for it. He believes that the Genesis account of the Bible is factual history and criticises scientists for opposing it.<ref>[http://www.desertchristiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=25&Itemid=44 Genesis Essentials]</ref>

==Quote mining==

Nelson confuses "[[Darwinism]]" with evolution and it is clear he does this deliberately. In his book, and on his website, he has [[quote mined]] thousands of scientists, moved words around, and lied about what many of these scientists actually said to make out evolution is falling apart.

==Trolling==

Nelson has been banned on many forums for [[trolling]]. He has also made fake user names and accounts and pretended to be a female on one forum in an attempt to give his book extra support; it was later revealed this user was himself.

==See also==
*[[Ken Jopp]]
*[[Eugene Windchy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{crebox|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nelson, Richard William}}

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Internet kooks]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trolls]]

Categories: Authors, California, Internet kooks, Living people, Trolls