trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Geloftevolk

{{race}}
The '''Geloftevolk''' (People of the Covenant) are a small group of ultra [[right-wing]] nutjobs who refuse to accept the new, democratic [[South Africa]] and insist that one day, [[God]] will reinstate [[apartheid]] and thus the natural order of things. In many respects, they make the [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]], right-wing [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]] (AWB) look like a bunch of tree-hugging pansies.

They take their name from the covenant allegedly struck between God and the early settlers (Voortrekkers) before the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838. The settlers won the battle and dedicated their lives to God and the pursuit of separate ethno-racial development from then on.

Amongst the other claims of the ''volk'' are:<ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article710258.ece/In-search-of-a-volk Sunday Times - In Search of a Volk]</ref>
* [[NATO]] is preparing to install an interim government in Pretoria and FW de Klerk hopes to lead it; and
* the new South African flag is the [[Mark of the Beast]].

However, given that fewer than 100 people turned up at a meeting of the ''volk'' that was timed to coincide with the delightful old apartheid holiday of Kruger Day, it seems unlikely for them to succeed at anything.

==See also==
*[[Orania, South Africa]]

==External links==
*[http://geloftevolk.blogspot.com/ What now passes for their home page] - in Afrikaans, but Google translate should help provide some laughs.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{stub|politics}}

[[Category:Apartheid]]
[[Category:Fundamentalists]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:South Africa]]

Categories: Apartheid, Fundamentalists, Racism, South Africa
Gematria

[[File:Cabalistic-Gematria.png|thumb|right|165px|Final page of Johann Henning's ''Cabbalologia'' (1683)]]{{judaism}}
{{hatnote| This article is about Hebrew gematria based on what you might have heard about in an encyclopedia. For the vastly different version practised by [[conspiracy theorists]], see [[new gematria]].}}
'''Gematria''' (from Greek ''geometria'') originated as an Assyro-Babylonian-Greek system of alphanumeric code/cipher later adopted in the writing of [[Hebrew]] scripture that assigns numerical value to a letter/word/name/phrase in the belief that words or phrases with identical numerical values bear some relation to each other or bear some relation to the number itself as it may apply to nature, a person's age, the calendar year, or the like. In short, it is [[numerology]] as it applies to words, particularly Hebrew and scripture.

This will likely sound very familiar to anyone who has come across the average numerologist. Indeed, many numerologist theories owe themselves to gematria. Gematria is one of the oldest forms of these kinds of alphanumeric ciphers. Similar systems, some of which were derived from or inspired by Hebrew gematria, have been used in other languages and cultures, i.e. Greek isopsephy, Arabic abjad numerals, and English gematria. Gematria is common in [[Kabbalah]] practice; it involves seeking out patterns in numbers and texts, and derives originally from the practice of writing numbers using ancient letters and adding up the letter values of various significant words. It's a form of [[Torah]], [[Bible]], and [[Qur'an]] [[exegesis]].

==English Demonstration==
Using 'the key' 74 of A=1, B=2, C=3… Z=26, we have…

*simple = S19+I9+M13+P16+L12+E5 = 74 
*English = E5+N14+G7+L12+I9+S19+H8 = 74 
*gematria = G7+E5+M13+A1+T20+R18+I9+A1 = 74  
*connect = C3+O15+N14+N14+E5+C3+T20 = 74

==See also==
*[[Alphabet]]
*[[The Bible Code]]
*{{wpl|English qaballa}}
*[[Kabbalah]]
*[[New Age]]
*[[Numerology]]
*{{wpl|Nomarikon}}
*{{wpl|Isosephy}}

==References==
*Rosten, Leo, and Lawrence Bush, ''The New Joys of Yiddish''. New York: Crown Publishers, 2001, ISBN 0609607855.

{{stub|religion}}

{{biblebox}}

[[Category:Bible woo]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Numbers]]

Categories: Bible woo, Judaism, Numbers
Gender-equality paradox

{{gender}}
The '''gender-equality paradox''' is the counter-intuitive finding, reported by Stoet and Geary,<ref name="main">{{cite journal|title=[https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617741719 The Gender-Equality Paradox in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education]|last1=Stoet |first1=Gijsbert|last2=Geary|first2=David C.|year=2018|pages=581-593|volume=29|number=4}}</ref> that countries with a higher level of [[gender]] equality tend to have less gender balance in disciplines such as [[science]], technology, [[engineering]] and [[mathematics]] (STEM), than countries with a lower level of gender equality.

==Stoet and Geary's study==
Using an international database on adolescent achievement in science, mathematics, and reading, Stoet and Geary showed that girls performed similarly to or better than boys in science in two of every three countries, and in nearly all countries, more girls appeared capable of college-level STEM study than had enrolled. [[Paradox]]ically, the sex differences in the magnitude of relative academic strengths and pursuit of STEM degrees rose with increases in national gender equality.

==See also==
* [[Pay gap]]
* [[Sexism]]

==External links==
* {{wpa|Gender-equality paradox}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|gender}}
Gender expression

{{Sources needed}}
{{gender}}
[[Gender expression]] is the manner in which individuals perform their [[gender]] roles.  That is to say, an individual may identify as a particular gender, but that individual may express that [[gender]] in various ways.

For instance, [[Chuck Norris]] and [[Michael Moore]] are both male, and to the best of anyone's knowledge, both unquestionably identify as male.  However, both express this gender far differently from each other, although there are commonalities between the two.  Again, both Norris and Moore express their gender in a much different way from a [[Rudolph Giuliani|drag queen]], even though all three identify as male.

[[Judith Butler]], in their book ''Gender Trouble'', stated "There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender; ... identity is performatively constituted by the very "expressions" that are said to be its results."[http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-butl.htm]  This strongly suggests that what we perceive as gender has little direct attachment to the deeper gender identity of the individual.  Many of our expressions of gender are culturally based performances, according to Butler, and while many take these for granted as part of the natural gender, in fact they are overlaid on gender and not truly connected.  

An example of this cultural difference is the longstanding assumption in Western culture that males are better at math and hard sciences than the arts-oriented females.  Neither is based very closely on actual test results, and are in fact cultural assumptions based on gender.  Individuals may live up to these expectations [[self-fulfilling prophecy|precisely because they are part of the expected performance]] of their gender roles, rather than anything inherent in gender itself.

Persons who do not have a gender expression conforming with [[Sex assignment at birth|sex assigned at birth]] tend to receive copious amounts of discrimination. This can either be discrimination in its own right or [[transphobia]], depending on whether the person has a cisgender gender identity or no.


{{stub|Gender}}

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:Gender]]
[[Category:Social justice]]

Categories: Anthropology, Culture, Sexuality, Human rights, Gender, Social justice
Gene-centered view of evolution

{{evolution}}
{{Sources needed}}
The '''gene-centered view of evolution''' is the idea that [[natural selection]] acts on individual [[gene]]s via their [[phenotype]]s, thus segregating the most proficient genes for propagation.

==Wha?!?==
The "old world" view of [[Darwin]]ian natural selection is that the fittest organisms are punched through, with little explanation as to why or how (other than they are the most useful/best adapted).  The problem with this [[theory]] is that offspring are often as different as unrelated members of the [[species]]. The gene-centered view of [[evolution]] attempts to resolve the mystery as to why some [[allele]]s make it while others don't by looking at the segregation of <u>genes</U> over time. There is a rowers analogy that one can use to understand this concept, but it is best taken head-on.  

==Attempt of explanation==
Rather than look at the organism as a whole, this view holds that it is better to look at the benefit of each gene individually. This view also holds that the best genes will segregate by virtue of natural selection, thus creating the best organism for the conglomeration of genes provided. As lesser genes die off and are taken over by the fittest, the organism, as a whole, becomes more fit for survival.

==Sociality==
The gene-centered view of evolution arose in part out of attempts to explain the evolution of [[altruism]] and [[society|sociality]] among various animals including [[human]]s. Nothing in Darwin's original [[hypotheses]] about natural and sexual selection explains, for example, why worker bees would die defending the hive. The fact that the bees are sisters or half-sisters born of the same queen means that each bee in the hive shares most of her genes with her sister bees. One approach is the gene-centered view. The altruistic behavior of the bees does the individual insect no good, but allows the [[genetic]] lineage to continue.

==See also==
*[[Richard Dawkins]]

[[Category:Evolution]]

Categories: Evolution
Gene flow

{{Sources needed}}{{evolution}}
'''Gene flow''', also known as '''gene migration''', occurs when [[allele]]s migrate or flow between one population to another. This is a mechanism by which new variants can be added to otherwise limited gene pools. Gene flow can decrease overall genetic diversity and variation between two separated populations (the primary means by which [[speciation]] can occur), but it can act as a mechanism for evolutionary change.

Gene flow is common in plants that fertilise by pollen, which is spread long distances via wind, animals or insects. Barriers that prevent these mechanisms from occurring can limit gene flow and contribute to the separation of populations, increasing their genetic diversity. For example, some species of plants either side of the Great Wall of China are shown to have increased genetic variation because gene flow between them is impeded by the wall. Other plant species that primarily pollinate by the wind exhibit less variation as the Great Wall doesn't act as much of a barrier for that mechanism.

==Gene flow in humans==
Gene flow in humans occurs when someone with differing genes breeds into a population. This leads to their genes being added to the collective gene pool.
{{stub|evolution}}

[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Genetics]]

Categories: Evolution, Genetics
Generation America

{{uspolitics}}
'''Generation America (Gen A)''' is a [[right wing]] [[astroturf]] organization that bills itself as a trustworthy alternative to the [[AARP]].  It was founded in 2009 as a way of 
exploiting
 
feeding off the fears of
 serving members of the [[Tea Party movement]] who without a shred of [[irony]] — or seemingly without a scintilla of insight — were seen marching with protest signs that read "Keep your government hands off my Medicare."<ref>Cesca, Bob.  [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bob-cesca/get-your-goddamn-governme_b_252326.html "Keep Your Goddamn Hands Off My Medicare!"], ''[[Huffington Post]]'', posted 5 August 2009, accessed 17 April 2012.</ref>

Gen A advocates for the typical buzzword bullet points:
* Small Government
* Free Enterprise Solutions
* Personal Freedom

Gen A is operated by '''Generation American Voice''' -- or maybe it's the other way around.  It really isn't clear which begat which.  Gen A-Voice also advocates for a broader slate of bullet point causes:
* Repeal of [[Obamacare]]
* Promotion of [[American exceptionalism]]
* Defeat of cap and trade legislation
* Make the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] [[tax cuts]] permanent

As a come-on to prospective members, Gen A offers many services offered by AARP, such as insurance and membership discounts.

Gen A tends to limit its advertising to [[conservative talk radio]] and magazines.  Otherwise, its actions and advocacy is mostly off-the-radar.  Its website lists three corporate officers:
*Michael Young – Chairman
*Tim Young – Board Member
*Patrick Boykin – Board Member and Executive Director

There is very little analysis of Gen A available on the internet.  Even [[Wikipedia]] has no article on Gen A or Gen A-Voice.

==External links==
* [http://www.generationamerica.org/ Gen A homepage]
* [http://www.genavoice.org/ Gen A-Voice homepage]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WFzUf5gjiQ A commentator known for his thoughtful, well-reasoned arguments discusses his support of Gen A]
{{stub|United States politics}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Right-wing activists]]

Categories: Right-wing activists
Generation Rescue

{{vax}}

'''Generation Rescue''' is a not-for-profit (or for sanity/safety) [[Vaccine hysteria|anti-vaccine]] organization, run by anti-vaccine nut-for-profit [[Jenny McCarthy]]. According to their website, they are:

{{cquote|Dedicated to [[miracle|recovery]] for children with [[autism]] spectrum disorders by providing guidance and support for medical treatment to directly improve the child's quality of life for all families in need.}}

Contrary to their beliefs, enough evidence suggests they only decrease quality of life by turning people away from [[evidence based medicine]].<ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2009/12/more_evidence_that_anti-vaccine_beliefs.php Respectful Insolence: More evidence that anti-vaccine beliefs kill] 30 December 2009</ref><ref>E. J. Gangarossa et al. "Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story". ''Lancet'' 1998</ref> Trying to get rid of a lifelong and predominantly genetic condition through pseudoscientific means isn't going to improve anyone's quality of life—and exposing kids to unverified or [[Chelation therapy|potentially lethal]] procedures is pretty darn awful.

While Generation Rescue isn't good at helping autistic people, it's very profitable for its higher-up supporters. Past actions include:<ref>[https://jezebel.com/jenny-mccarthys-autism-charity-has-helped-its-board-mem-1832461139 Jenny McCarthy's Autism Charity Has Helped Its Board Members Make Money Off Dangerous, Discredited Ideas]</ref>
# Selling hyperbaric oxygen chambers and B12 lollipops, which are owned by past board members
# Peddling a foot bath owned by a corporate sponsor without disclosing the sponsorship
# Paying executive director Candace McDonald over $100,000 per year for at least 3 years in fees

They bear no relation to [[Operation Rescue]], the extreme [[anti-abortion]] group.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|Anti-vaccination movement}}

[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]
[[Category:Autism woo]]

Categories: Pseudoscience, Misnomers, Autism woo
Genesis Park

[[File:House Sparrow mar08.jpg|thumb|right|165px|You bet this isn't the sort of dinosaur they were thinking of.]]
{{crenav}}
'''''Genesis Park''''' despite its name, is not a park, but a [[internet|website]]. A dinosaur-themed [[creationist]] website.<ref group=note>As if we needed one more…</ref>

Their motto? "[[Dinosaurs]]: living evidence of a powerful Creator." Yeah, dinosaurs are {{wpl|Bird#Dinosaurs and the origin of birds|living|,}} all right. Should the dinosaurs ever be successfully captured, we advise not angering your chief programmer.<ref>Crichton, Michael ''Jurassic Park''</ref> Like most other Creationist sites, Genesis Park is rather short on scientific fact, rather long on biblical interpretation, and rather condescending to the "Science" community at large, reinforcing the meme that scientists are trying to get God out of our lives.

Like all good non-virtual theme parks, there is a store where you can buy creationist material. We guess [[YHWH|God]] needs [[money]], too.

==The well-trodden arguments==
*Here there be [[dragon]]s - seriously. Every reference to a "dragon" in mythology is taken to be proof that dinos and man co-existed.
*The [[Loch Ness Monster]] is really a plesiosaur. We know, 'cause we have a doctored picture of it. By the way, that picture of the Chinese "monster" that most of the world thinks is a hoax or a whale - it's not. It's another plesiosaur.
*Alligators were found ''with'' dinos. Therefore science is dumb, 'cause alligators live today. Ohhh, Ahhh... top that, you Darwinists, you.
*[[Carbon 14|Carbon-14]] dating proves dinosaur bones are young.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151212030241/http://www.genesispark.com/exhibits/evidence/paleontological/old-bone/carbon-14-dating-of-dinosaur-bones Carbon-14 Dating of Dinosaur Bones]</ref> This is another common creationist argument based on a misunderstanding of the complexites of physics and geology; see our page [[Carbon dating]].
*[[Out-of-place artifact]]s which must have been put there by the Biblical flood.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120116133143/http://www.genesispark.com/exhibits/evidence/paleontological/artifacts/ Artifacts]</ref> Or pranksters or fraudsters, or like the [[London Hammer]] left underground by miners.

==See also==
*[[Creationism]]
*[[Human-dinosaur coexistence]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20000229140614/http://www.genesispark.com/genpark/home.htm Genesis Park]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|creationism}}
{{crebox}}

[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Cryptozoology]]

Categories: Websites, Dinosaurs, Cryptozoology
Genetic drift

{{sources needed}}{{evolution}}
'''Genetic drift''' is the change in frequency of a neutral [[allele]] in a population over time due to [[statistics|statistical effects]]. 

Traits held by a smaller number of individuals within the population tend to be removed from the population, while traits of the majority tend to become fixed among all members of the population. In this way genetic drift counters the increase in genetic diversity caused by [[mutation]]. Genetic drift occurs within all populations, although it is more pronounced in small, isolated populations. However, since the number of new mutations increases linearly with population size, the number of total new mutations that are eventually fixed by genetic drift is independent of the number of individuals and is proportional to the mutation rate. This constant fixation of neutral mutations by genetic drift, also known as the molecular clock, can thus be used to reconstruct the time at which two related populations became reproductively isolated from each other.   

{{stub|evolution}}

[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Categories: Genetics, Evolution
Genetic hitchhiking

{{sources needed}}
'''Genetic hitchhiking'''  also known as '''genetic draft''' is the process by which an [[allele]] may increase in frequency by virtue of being linked to a gene that is positively selected. In general, genetic hitchhiking can refer to changes in an allele's frequency due to any form of selection operating upon linked [[gene]]s, including background selection against deleterious mutations.

==External links==
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692896/pdf/11127900.pdf Genetic hitchhiking by N. H. Barton]
*[http://www.jstor.org/stable/1309007 Genetic Hitchhiking: A New Factor in Evolution? by Philip W. Hedrick]
{{stub|evolution}}
{{evonav}}
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Genetics]]

Categories: Evolution, Genetics
Genuine but insignificant cause

{{sources needed}}{{lognav}}
A '''genuine but insignificant cause''' is an explanation of an incident that puts forth one factor — usually a minor one — out of several that contributed to the incident as its sole cause. Alternatively, this [[fallacy]] occurs when an explanation is requested, and the one that is given is not sufficient to entirely explain the incident.

The fallacy is a [[causation fallacy]] and an [[informal fallacy]].

==Alternate names==
*Causal oversimplification
*Complex cause
*Fallacy of the single cause
*Reduction fallacy‎

==Example==
An example of this would be if one person asked another why he was 45 minutes late to an appointment, and the other person responded by saying that he had to stop and fill up his gas tank. Since refuelling an average vehicle takes less than 15 minutes, the need to refuel is a genuine cause of his tardiness, but the majority of the cause of his tardiness lies elsewhere.

In this example, only general knowledge is required to determine that the stated cause is insufficient. Often, someone employing this form of fallacious reasoning will form his argument in a way that makes it difficult to determine that the explanation is an insufficient cause of the observed incident.

===You might see these in the wild...===
*By leaving your oven on overnight, you are contributing to [[global warming]]! (True that it emits CO<sub>2</sub>, but not as much as factory or farming emissions.)
*[[School shooting|School shooters]] played violent video games! (True that many have, not true that it can be considered a major cause, if a cause at all.)
*Plastic straws are [[Pollution|polluting]] the ocean! (True that they will pollute the ocean, but plastic straws make up a miniscule portion of pollutants.)

==Avoiding the fallacy==
When giving a partial explanation, clearly indicate that the cause you provide is only one of several and that other factors are definitely involved. If possible, state all major causes when explaining a particular phenomenon in order to provide a strong base of support for your assertion.

==See also==
*[[Correlation does not imply causation]] (when something is present, but not a cause)

==External links==
*[http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/insig.htm Genuine but Insignificant Cause], One Good Move
*[http://www.seekfind.net/Logical_Fallacy_of_Insignificant__Insignificant_Cause__Genuine_but_Insignificant_Cause.html Logical Fallacy of Insignificant ], [[SeekFind]]
*[http://guruconsulting.org/2009/09/23/genuine-but-insignificant-cause/ Genuine but Insignificant Cause], Guru Consulting

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Causation fallacies]]
[[Category:Informal fallacies]]

Categories: Causation fallacies, Informal fallacies