Advance fee fraud

[[File:419_new_poster.png|thumb|right|165px|Lagos Calling!]]{{Scam}}
The entire category of '''advance fee fraud''', particularly the kind involving money smuggling mostly from [[Africa]], but often from other countries as well, is sometimes known as "'''419 scam'''" from a section on [[deceit|fraud]] in the Nigerian criminal code, and the modern version seems to have originated in Nigeria during the 1980s as a form of mail fraud.

==From "France" to "Spain"==
The Nigerian scam derived from the {{wpl|Spanish Prisoner}} scam, in which the mark was supposed to provide funding to get a wealthy prisoner released.<ref name=brunton>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/05/18/the-long-weird-history-nigerian-mail-scam/C8bIhwQSVoygYtrlxsJTlJ/story.html The long, weird history of the Nigerian e-mail scam: 200 years ago, a near-perfect con was already snagging our imaginations—and wallets] by Finn Brunton (May 19, 2013) ''The Boston Globe''.</ref> The Spanish Prisoner con got its name from the [[Spanish-American War]] when Havana and Madrid offered settings for the letter's promises, but the origin dates back to at least the [[French Revolution]], when there were wealthy deposed nobles and gentry aplenty even if only in the imagination.<ref name=brunton/>

{{cquote|MADRID, 7th I—, 19—.<BR>
Gentleman: Arrested by bankruptcy I beg your aid in the recovering of a trunk containing two hundred and fifty thousand dollars deposited at an English station, being necessary to come to Spain to leave free the seizure of my baggage, paying the Tribunal some expenses in order to take to your charge a valise in a secret drawer of which I have hidden a check for two thousand four hundred pounds (twelve thousand dollars) payable to bearer and the receipt for trunk necessary for recovering same in England.

In recompense I shall reward you with the third part of the total amount.

I cannot receive your reply at prison, so it must be sent to my old servant by a cablegram thus addressed

Jose Carlos, Plaza Cortes 8 Primero, Madrid (Spain). Being not sure you may receive this letter, I await your reply to sign my full name.

:::R.

Please reply by cable, not by letter, and by caution sign with this name, "Mir."|||A fictionalized Spanish Prisoner letter from 1910<ref>[http://www.hidden-knowledge.com/funstuff/spanishprisoner/spanishprisoner1.html "The Spanish Prisoner"] by Arthur Train (1910) ''The Cosmopolitan Magazine''</ref>}}

==From "Spain" to "Nigeria"==
[[File:Michael-Neu.jpg|thumb|right|165px|That's funny, you don't look Nigerian!<ref name=phillips/>]]
The modern email version of the scam pops up in your email box constantly &mdash; solicitations from some random dude (or dudette), often in Africa, sometimes from completely different places. Usually they will claim to be an agent for a rich and powerful person, sometimes a cocoa merchant who died in a plane or auto accident (generally described as "ghastly") or a close relative of a deposed [[dictator]]. Sometimes they will tell you that you've won a big overseas [[lottery]]. Sometimes they will claim to be working against advance fee scammers. And sometimes they'll just threaten you with physical violence and demand that you buy them off. In each case, though, they always need a little something from you, as a processing fee, or bank fees, or bribe money, or stain remover.{{efn|No, seriously, stain remover. It's called the {{wpl|Black money scam|"black money" scam|.}}}} The language of the email is often ungrammatical, with poor spelling. This is actually intentional, designed to weed out [[mark]]s, or potential victims, who are too smart to scam (this is also the reason they tend to make absurd or far-fetched claims, such as claiming to be a Nigerian Prince even though Nigeria is a Republic). Often they use religious language, in an effort to put the faithful off their guard and make them more inclined to fall for the scam. (That this sometimes works is an argument against encouraging blind faith and in favor of teaching critical thinking in our schools.)

Another version consists of people who reply to "for sale" ads. They want to send a check for more money than the purchase price, and ask the seller to remit the overage back to them. What happens is the sucker "cashes" the check (often a fake bank money order/cashier's check), forwards the "change" to the "buyer", and then no one ever turns up to collect the goods, and a few weeks later the original check is returned as uncollectable.

==How it works==
[[File:Scam letter posted within South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|165px|The old-school method was still around as of 2014: this letter went through regular mail in [[South Africa]].]]
The basic idea is to appeal to people's basic sense of [[greed]] (that or compassion — whatever works{{efn|Let's be honest — the core of the Nigerian prince narrative is a guy going through hard financial times who's in need of a helping hand. You don't ''need'' to be a greedy son-of-a-bitch to take that bait. Just [[Morality|wanting to do right by a person in trouble]] could be enough. (This opens up the question of what is worse — a scam that exploits greed or a scam that exploits empathy.)}}), and a seemingly logical explanation for why a complete stranger would want to share a fortune — desperation and a need to extract dirty money. The [[sunk cost]] fallacy keeps the mark hooked after a small fee is extracted "to get things moving", and once the mark is hooked, they feel helpless because they're now a partner in crime and feel like they can't go to the authorities.<ref name=brunton/> In Nigeria, this is actually the case, where authorities are unsympathetic to the victims because the victims are viewed as colluding in an attempted crime.<ref name=phillips>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/12/30/more-trouble-for-the-nigerian-prince-louisiana-police-say-they-caught-scams-middle-man/ More trouble for the 'Nigerian prince': Louisiana police say they caught scam's middle man.] by Kristine Phillips (December 30, 2017 at 5:30 PM) ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

==B2B==
The 419 fraud model has subsequently been expanded to exploit corporations. In 2018, the FBI announced the arrest of 74 people, including 29 from Nigeria and 41 from the [[United States]], in connection with 419-style exploitation of corporations.<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/international-bec-takedown-061118 International Business E-Mail Compromise Takedown: Multiple Countries Involved in Coordinated Law Enforcement Effort] (June 11, 2018) ''FBI News''.</ref> The scammers have been combing corporate Securities and Exchange Commission filings and annual reports, then spoofing CEO emails and "play on fears about missing a vital company payment or upsetting a boss's boss."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2018/06/12/its-time-to-stop-laughing-at-nigerian-scammers-because-theyre-stealing-billions-of-dollars/ Nigerian con artist: FBI arrests 74 connected to scams estimated at $3.7 billion] by Cleve R. Wootson Jr. (June 12, 2018 at 2:56 PM) ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

==Winning!==
Collectively, these scammers have won &mdash; Yes, won! &mdash; the 2005 [[Ig Nobel Prize]] for Literature, "for creating and then using e-mail to distribute a bold series of short stories, thus introducing millions of readers to a cast of rich characters".<ref>[http://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html Winners of the Ig® Nobel Prize]</ref> To collect their portion of the prize, all they need to do is show up at a local [[FBI]] office with a copy of their email records.

==External links==
*[http://www.scamorama.com Scamorama] is one of the oldest and most established scam-baiter sites on the web, and makes for entertaining reading.
*[http://www.419eater.com 419eater] is another scam-baiter website.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[category:crime]]
[[Category:Financial fraud]]
[[Category:Numbers]]
[[Category:Scams]]

Categories: crime, Financial fraud, Numbers, Scams