Materialism

{{sources needed}}{{Philosophyscience}}
''If you came here looking for obsession with money and/or things, see [[consumerism]].''

'''Materialism''' is the philosophical stance that "all that exists", or is real, is material — that is, it consists of the various forms of [[matter]] and [[energy]] as we know them (and possibly of other forms of "material" that we just don't know about yet). In modern parlance, the word "physicalism", which includes not only matter and energy, but also such physical forces as wave/particle relationships and non-material forces produced by particles, is often preferred. [[Creationists]] tend to bandy the word "materialism" and the pejoratively-intended moniker "materialist" around — usually in a vaguely defined manner.

Accusations of materialism in [[science]] tend to confuse two differing meanings of the word:

# '''Ontological materialism''' is the belief, or assumption, that only material matter and energy exist. For the ontological materialist, anything immaterial must be the product of the material. In principle, all immaterial phenomena must be reducible to (explicable by) natural laws. A modern scientific picture of the world and all the scientific evidence has shown that ontological materialism is the most truthful and evidence-based worldview.
# '''Methodological materialism''' is neither a [[belief]] nor an assumption but a restriction on method. Briefly stated, it holds that a non-material assumption is not to be made. Science, for example, is necessarily methodologically materialist. Science aims to describe and explain nature. Diversion into the "[[supernatural]]" or into the preternatural begins to address matters that are not natural and to obfuscate the natural. Such matters, according to current scientific evidence, either contradict all the known laws of physics, or are the result of stage magic trickery.

Methodological materialism is a defining characteristic of science in the same way that "methodological woodism" is a defining characteristic of carpentry. Science seeks to construct natural explanations for natural phenomena in the same way that carpentry seeks to construct objects out of wood. In operating in this manner, neither discipline denies the existence of supernatural forces or sheet plastics, their usefulness or validity. The use of either supernatural forces or sheet plastics is simply distinguished as belonging to separate disciplines.

Many scientists are also ontological materialists. [[Richard Dawkins]] espouses ontological materialism when he claims a completeness of science. [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]], on the other hand, is a methodological materialist only.

Both forms of materialism are very closely related to [[philosophical naturalism|philosophical]] and [[methodological naturalism]] and at first glance seem almost identical. Materialism and naturalism differ only in that while naturalism assumes or studies the ''observable'', materialism assumes or studies the observable and ''material''.

==Confusion with consumerism==
People often confuse materialism with [[consumerism]], leading creationists and fundies to claim that all atheists are shallow and money-worshiping. This tendency is probably due to religions often presenting a [[false dilemma|dichotomy]] between the depraved material world and the supposed [[Heaven|far]] [[Nirvana fallacy|better]] [[spiritual]] [[Woo|world]].<ref group=note>This is similar to [[iconoclasm]] and bans on [[idolatry]].</ref>

==See also==
*[[Methodological naturalism]]
*[[Philosophical naturalism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]

Categories: Philosophy, Philosophy of science