Jimmy Carter

[[File:Jimmy_Carter.jpg|thumb|165px|Jimmy Carter, photographed 3 minutes before the beginning of his presidency's next major crisis.]]{{uspolitics}}
{{cquote|The existing and long-standing use of the word 'evolution' in our state's textbooks has not adversely affected Georgians' belief in the omnipotence of God as creator of the universe. There can be no incompatibility between Christian faith and proven facts concerning geology, biology, and astronomy. There is no need to teach that stars can fall out of the sky and land on a flat Earth in order to defend our religious faith.|||Jimmy Carter<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/01/30/georgia.evolution/ Carter slams Georgia's 'evolution' proposal], CNN, , 30 January 2004</ref>}}

'''James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr.''' {{lived|1924|2024}} was the 39th [[POTUS|President]] of the [[United States]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/12/29/jimmy-carter-president-dead/ WaPo article on his death]</ref> He was the last gasp of the [[FDR|New Deal Coalition]], which was replaced by [[New Right (United States)|Reagan Republicanism]]. A moderate [[Democrat]] who accomplished some [[privatization|now-ignored reforms]], Carter's presidency was plagued by events largely outside of his control. He was the [[Republican]]s' [[strawman]] of the "failed [[left wing|left]]" and was often used in hostile comparisons to [[Barack Obama]] and [[Joe Biden]].

Carter interestingly enough voted for [[Bernie Sanders]] in the [[2016 Democratic Party presidential nomination|2016 primaries]].<ref>Jennifer Calfas, [http://time.com/4771955/jimmy-carter-bernie-sanders-hillary-clinton/ Jimmy Carter Reveals He Voted for Bernie Sanders in the Primary]. ''Time'', 9 May 2017.</ref> Did we also mention how long the guy kept on going? He had remained quite active even in his latest years and outlived both [[George H.W. Bush]] and [[Ronald Reagan]]. This made him the oldest individual to have ever been president, with second place going to the elder Bush, who was born four months earlier but who Carter outlived by several years. Having left office in 1981, he was also the president with the longest post-presidency at 43 years, beating [[Herbert Hoover]]'s record by over a decade(!).

==Civil rights==
Although there were signs that Carter was perhaps not quite as segregationist as typical Southern governors even from the beginning, Carter's early political history did not suggest that [[civil rights]] would be a strong concern of his.<ref name="latimes">[https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0906-berman-carter-civil-rights-20150906-story.html "Op-Ed: How Jimmy Carter championed civil rights and Ronald Reagan didn’t"] by Ari Bermanm, 2015 September 3</ref> During his early political years, Carter concealed any thoughts that might be supportive of civil rights in order to protect his business and political prospects.<ref name="wsjcivil">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-jimmy-carter-was-silent-on-civil-rights-11600437234 "When Jimmy Carter Was Silent on Civil Rights"] by Jonathan Alter, Wall Street Journal, 2020 September 18</ref> Carter's successful 1970 campaign for Governor of Georgia was rife with [[dogwhistling|less blatant types]] of [[racism]]<ref>Schaub, Michael (September 29, 2020). [https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/918289286/his-very-best-calls-jimmy-carter-perhaps-the-most-misunderstood-president 'His Very Best' Calls Jimmy Carter 'Perhaps The Most Misunderstood President']. National Public Radio. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> such as coded messages<ref name="wsjcivil"/><ref>Torpy, Bill (March 27, 2018). [https://www.ajc.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/the-political-grudge-carl-sanders-takes-his-grave/pkv07kyoXFdg3rEI9OrlwI/ The political grudge Carl Sanders takes to his grave]. Atlanta News Now. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref>, and was aided by support from white supremacists such as {{wpl|Lester Maddox}} and [[George Wallace]].<ref name="TBTAlters">Bancroft, Colette (October 30, 2020). [https://www.tampabay.com/life-culture/arts/books/2020/10/30/jonathan-alters-portrait-of-jimmy-carter-shows-his-very-best/ Jonathan Alter’s portrait of Jimmy Carter shows ‘His Very Best’]. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</ref> 

However, in his inaugural speech, signaling a turning point in Carter's stance on race, he shocked Georgians by declaring that "the time for racial discrimination is over".<ref name="TBTAlters"/> Essentially, since 1970, Carter has tried to make up for what he ''didn't'' do regarding [[civil rights]] before 1970.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jimmy-carter-and-a-lifetimes-response-to-race-jonathan-alter/ Jimmy Carter and a lifetime's response to race] by Jonathan Alter, CBS News, 2020 September 27</ref> His accomplishments in office included appointing several minority members to his governor and presidential cabinets<ref name="latimes"/> and signing an order to strengthen and expand the capacity of historically Black colleges.<ref>[https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12232-historically-black-colleges-and-universities Executive Order 12232—Historically Black Colleges and Universities], issued by Jimmy Carter on August 8 1980, archived at The American Presidency Project</ref> Indeed, he was often seen as part of the "New South" trend alongside the likes of Terry Sanford ([[North Carolina]]) and Albert Brewer ([[Alabama]]).

==Get Carter==
The South still voted [[Dixiecrat]] until '76. Carter ran as [[Born again|born-again]] Southern Baptist, a [[Centrism|centrist]], and a "[[Populism|local businessman]]"{{efn|Carter was a millionaire peanut farmer before becoming governor of [[Georgia]].}} who avoided talk of racial issues. As a result, he (barely) won [[Louisiana]] and [[Florida]]. He wasn't well-liked by his party, and due to ongoing stagflation issues, within a short time he wasn't well-liked in the South either.

While he wasn't a radical, he was way to the left of Reagan, who shifted the [[Overton window]] way to the right of where it had been. It's because Carter performed badly in his 1980 bid for reelection, the same way McGovern did. It played into the narrative of a "conservative [[silent majority]]", which nearly killed the [[New Left]], way before Clinton and the whole [[third way]] movement got to its remains. 

===Separation of Church and Mind===
{{cquote|Carter, probably inadvertently, taught the lesson that you can mobilize a large contingency by presenting yourself, honestly or not, as a Bible-fearing, evangelical Christian. Up until that point, religious beliefs were other people's concerns. There has been a conscious takeover of the electoral system by the public relations industry, which now sells candidates the way you sell commodities. And the image of a God-fearing, believing person of deep faith who is going to protect us from the modern world is one you can sell.|||[[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>Chomsky, ''Imperial Ambitions: Conversations on the Post-9/11 World'', 2005.</ref>}}

The [[Religious Right]] is why we won't be seeing another [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]] any time soon. Any Republican nominee will have to at least ''pretend'' to like them. That's one genie that's not going back in the bottle for a generation or three, not unless the religious demographics of right-leaning Americans change dramatically.

Ironically, it may have been Carter who uncorked it first. In 1980, he called some kind of conference on the "[[Family values|American family]]" and invited a variety of groups, ranging from [[feminism|feminists]] to [[Southern Baptist]]s. The latter saw it as their chance to make a huge showing,{{efn|They had been slowly politicizing behind the scenes since the early 70s, largely in regards to desegregation.}} and they mobilized like mad, [[Silent Majority|dwarfing]] all the other groups. That was their debut, and then along came Reagan.<ref>Irwin, Victoria, [http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0213/021317.html "Factions seek control of family conference"], Christian Science Monitor (1980).</ref>

Carter was a rarity in the modern era: a relatively [[progressive]] [[evangelical]]. This meant that he was far more committed to anti-[[racism]] policies (including opposition to [[segregation]]) than many evangelicals were comfortable with. (Indeed, as noted above, the [[Religious Right]], which was to a large degree formed by evangelicals to help keep segregation alive, rejected Carter in the 1980 election in favor of the [[dogwhistle|dog-whistlin']] [[Ronald Reagan]]).<ref>[https://www.salon.com/2025/01/09/how-jimmy-carters-so-called-betrayal-of-evangelicals-led-to-maga/ "How Jimmy Carter's so-called betrayal of evangelicals led to MAGA"] by Amanda Marcotte, Salon, 2025 January 9</ref> On [[abortion]], Carter personally opposed it, but nonetheless did not seek to overturn [[Roe v. Wade]].<ref name="ctjudge">[https://www.christianitytoday.com/2025/01/jimmy-carter-judgment-seat-america-church-russell-moore/ "Jimmy Carter at the Judgment Seat"] by Russell Moore, Christianity Today, 2025 January 8</ref><ref>[https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/jimmy-carter-religion-christian-far-right-rise-rcna186047 "How Jimmy Carter helped the religious right’s rise to power"] by Neil J. Young, MSNBC, 2025 Jan 9</ref> Further distancing himself from other evangelicals, Carter was also generally in favor of [[LGBTQ]] rights and women's [[equality]].<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/31/us/jimmy-carter-evangelical-christians-cec/index.html "Jimmy Carter embodied the ‘road not taken’ by many White evangelical Christians"] by John Blake, CNN, 2024 December 31</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/jimmy-carter-early-progress-gay-rights-political-climate-rcna93119 "Carter was the first president to move the needle, albeit slowly, on gay rights"] by Matt Lavietes, NBC News, 2024 December 30</ref> 

Carter was a member of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], but later left the denomination because of its treatment of [[women]].<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=95311&page=1#.UEMp8fJV6tI Jimmy Carter Leaves Southern Baptists], ABC News</ref> Despite the increasingly wide rift between Carter's politics and the [[reactionary]] politics of the Religious Right, Carter tried to maintain ties with the evangelical community up to the very end.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2024/12/31/nx-s1-5243251/jimmy-carters-complicated-relationship-to-the-church "Jimmy Carter's complicated relationship to the church"] by Jason DeRose, NPR, 2024 December 31</ref> Indeed, in spite of the political differences, [[Jerry Falwell Jr.]] unexpectedly invited Carter to give the commencement speech at [[Liberty University]] in 2018.<ref>[https://www.liberty.edu/journal/article/welcome-president-carter/ "Jimmy Carter Finds Common Ground, Friendship at Liberty University"], press release, Liberty University, 2018 June 8</ref>

===Economy===
[[File:AirlineDeregulationAct.png|thumb|right|300px|Jimmy Carter signs the {{wpl|Airline Deregulation Act||.}}]]
Carter was to the right of the Democrats in Congress at the time and had a lot of trouble passing legislation because of it. He most notably killed single-payer by trying to negotiate with [[Ted Kennedy]] [[Obamacare|to water it down and make it more moderate, even though the Democrats controlled both houses.]]

As Carter came into office, the nation was recovering from the 1973–75 [[recession]]. Payrolls grew by record numbers in both 1977 and 1978, resulting partially from Carter's fiscal stimulus package, and partly due to record growth in entrants to the workforce. Despite a recession in 1980, Carter's one-term presidency netted 10.5 million new jobs. However, the labor force grew at a nearly equal pace,{{efn|Mainly fueled by the Baby Boomers reaching adulthood and moving from college into the labor force}} preventing unemployment from falling by any significant degree, remaining over 6% for most of his presidency. For this reason, as well as the effects of high [[inflation]] such as reduced real income and wage stagnation, the public did not gain confidence in the economy.

Thanks to major [[Vietnam War|war debts]] left by [[Richard Nixon]] and the growing effects of the formation of OPEC (namely their [[oil]] embargo leading to a sharp uptick in prices), the Carter presidency was marked by an economic downturn. For this reason, he was not reelected in 1980, although the [[Iran]] hostage crisis may have contributed hugely. Carter gave a famous speech in July 1979 about a "crisis of confidence" during the height of the 1979 [[energy crisis]] and "stagflation", inflation combined with lagging economic growth, which became known as his "malaise" speech (even though he never used the word). This appeal to pessimism may also have contributed to his defeat. Though he is often accused today of having high deficits, in reality, he had a much better record on the debt than his [[Ronald Reagan|successor]].<ref>[http://zfacts.com/p/318.html National Debt Graph by President]</ref>

Despite the seeming downturn on the economy back then, Carter had various successes in economic policy. For instance, his airline [[deregulation]] bills led to lower fares and greater flight frequencies that netted travelers some $6 billion in annual benefits (in 1977 dollars!) from deregulation, while airline earnings increased by $2.5 billion a year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winston |first=Steven Morrison and Clifford |date=-001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00 |title=The Economic Effects of Airline Deregulation |url=https://www.brookings.edu/book/the-economic-effects-of-airline-deregulation/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the deregulation of the airline industry also led to decreased wages for airline workers.<ref>Myers, Jonathan A., "[https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/econ_plan-b/8 Airline Labor Relations and the Wage Effects of Deregulation"] (2005). ''Economics Graduate Students Plan B Research Projects.'' 8.</ref> The quality of the flights also dropped, though most travelers are seemingly willing to sacrifice comfort for lower fares.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rose |first=Nancy L. |date=2012-05 |title=After Airline Deregulation and Alfred E. Kahn |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.102.3.376 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=376–380 |doi=10.1257/aer.102.3.376 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref>

Perhaps Carter's most important economic legacy was appointing Paul Volcker as the chairman of the FED. Volcker, who challenged the Keynesian thought which held that the "high" unemployment of the 1970s demonstrated that inflation arose from costpush and supply shocks. Volcker gave credibility to the FED and raised interest rates. As a result, the double-digit inflation caused by the OPEC was tackled. Indeed, there was a recession, but as the expectations were high, the economy quickly roared back and was soon growing strongly.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Volcker Disinflation |date=2008 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/monetary-policy-of-the-federal-reserve/volcker-disinflation/3348875015C6CFA40628D99ADC20D597 |work=The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve: A History |pages=150–171 |editor-last=Hetzel |editor-first=Robert L. |series=Studies in Macroeconomic History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88132-6 |access-date=2023-02-20}}</ref>

===War===
[[Image:Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978.jpg|thumb|250px|Jimmy Carter (center) at a peanut butter recipe contest, with Israel's Menachem Begin and Egypt's Anwar Sadat.]]
{{cquote|A vote for Carter, Reagan or [John] Anderson is a vote against the actual interests of the country. But for those who like to vote against their interests, I would pass over the intelligent but unadventurous Anderson as well as the old actor who knows nothing of economics ("Parity?"), foreign affairs ("Well, I've met the King of Siam"), geography ("Pakistan?"), history ("Fascism was really the basis of the New Deal") and return to office the incoherent incumbent on the ground that he cannot get it together sufficiently to start a war...|||[[Gore Vidal]], "The Real Two Party System" (1980)}}

On foreign policy, he was probably the best recent US president (a low bar). Carter notably put a stop to [[gunboat diplomacy]] in [[Latin America]], becoming the only U.S. president in the 20th century since [[Herbert Hoover]] to do so. He signed the Panama Canal treaties which returned the Canal Zone to [[Panama]], which was the source of further right-wing angst and demagoguery even though it was the [[Reality|right thing to do]].{{efn|And at any rate, the Canal wasn't really relevant anymore.}} However, gunboat diplomacy was soon revived under Saint Ronnie, and America's reputation on foreign policy has stagnated ever since.

Unfortunately, Carter did, due to the support of the budding [[neoconservative]] movement, begin a long trend of meddling in the [[Middle East]]. He issued the Carter Doctrine, meaning that the United States would protect its, *ahem* [[Oil|interests]] around the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf]]. He funded the Mujahideen to undermine the socialist government of Afghanistan. Reagan continued and expanded a hawkish policy for the Gulf, and every president since has taken a keen interest in countries surrounding the Gulf.

It's pretty clear in hindsight that, if he had one real fuck-up in the [[Middle East]] (though he does deserve a shit-ton of credit for pulling off the {{wpl|Camp David Accords||),}} perhaps it would be that, even if taking in the notorious [[Shah]] of Iran for chemotherapy was at least ''somewhat'' humanitarian sounding, giving him a huge welcome on international television could have been a little bit of rubbing it in for Iranians who had been forced by the [[CIA]] to accept his [[dictatorship]]. [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Whoops]], and ''Argo''.

However, the really boneheaded move on the whole Iran mess (at least if one only looks at 1979), namely sending [[Khomeini]] into the entire spectacle, was an idea of the French and mostly pushed by them. In one of the many meetings where Iran was discussed, the French side proposed letting Khomeini into Iran under the headline "Let's think the unthinkable." Truer words never spoken, eh?

===Never forget===
He also had a notorious encounter with a rabbit (or was it a hare?) while president that was well-publicized in the media at the time. Initially, the [[White House]] Press Office didn't want the photograph published for fear it would lead to the media portraying him as "even afraid of a rabbit". Instead, the press ended up nicknaming the erstwhile lapine "the Killer Rabbit" in reference to some obscure film by [[Monty Python|a little-known British comedy troupe]].

==Capitol hillbillies==
Two of his eccentric siblings provided some source of public amusement during his tenure as president. His brother Billy had a brand of [[beer]] named after him,<ref>[https://www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/tih-georgia-day/billy-carter/ Billy Carter], ''Today in Georgia History''</ref> and his sister [[Ruth Carter Stapleton]] was a Christian [[evangelist]] promoting "healing of memories".

Jimmy Carter once filed a [[UFO]] report,<ref>[https://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/18/this-day-in-politics-096937 Jimmy Carter reports UFO, Sept. 18, 1973], Andrew Glass, ''Politico'' 18 Sepptember 2013</ref> which is frequently quoted in books about the subject. The odd thing about this sighting is that he claimed the object was on the ground—which would make it, by definition, ''not'' an Unidentified Flying Object.

==Abortion==
As one might expect for a politician proudly influenced by Christianity, Carter was staunchly opposed to [[abortion]], and had wished the [[Democratic Party]] would become more [[anti-abortion]], stating this on the issue:

{{quotebox|I never have believed that [[Jesus Christ]] would approve of abortions and that was one of the problems I had when I was president having to uphold ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' and I did everything I could to minimize the need for abortions. I made it easy to adopt children for instance who were unwanted and also initiated the program called Women and Infant Children or {{wpl|WIC program}} that's still in existence now. But except for the times when a mother's life is in danger or when a pregnancy is caused by [[rape]] or [[incest]] I would certainly not or never have approved of any abortions. I've signed a public letter calling for the Democratic Party at the next convention to espouse my position on abortion which is to minimize the need, requirement for abortion and limit it only to women whose [lives] are in danger or who are pregnant as a result of rape or incest. I think if the Democratic Party would adopt that policy that would be acceptable to a lot of people who are now estranged from our party because of the abortion issue.<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2012/03/29/jimmy_carter_democratic_party_should_be_more_pro-life.html Jimmy Carter "Democratic Party Should Be More Pro-Life"], ''Real Clear Politics'' 29 March 2012</ref>}}

Of course, this ignored the fact that a far greater number of people would then become estranged ''from'' the Democratic Party "because of the abortion issue" were it to adopt that policy.

==Legacy==
[[File:Carter Center.png|thumb|History's Greatest Monster]]
{{cquote|When he left office, he was able to say with Thomas Jefferson "[D]uring the period of my administration not a drop of the blood of a single citizen was shed by the sword of war."<ref>Walter Rodgers, [http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2009/0105/p09s03-coop.html Stop picking on Jimmy Carter]. ''Christian Science Monitor'', 5 January 2009.</ref>|||}}
{{cquote|In America, his career raised the disquieting thought that it might be impossible for a really effective president to also be a really good man.|||''[[The Economist]]'' obituary, December 2024<ref>[https://archive.ph/1GufC "Jimmy Carter was perhaps the most virtuous of all America’s presidents"], ''The Economist'' Obituary, 2024 December 29, archived on 31 December 2024</ref>}}
Carter was the subject of Robert Indiana's silkscreen, ''An Honest Man Has Been President: A Portrait of Jimmy Carter'', in 1980.

Jimmy Carter became something of a freelance diplomat, often going out to trouble spots to negotiate agreements with hostile regimes or get fighting sides to stop. He was pretty good at it. However, this was often done without the United States government's approval and gave policymakers a giant headache.<ref group=note>Especially ones that [[chickenhawk|prefer war to peace]].</ref> Notably, had Carter gotten his way, the US would have been a leader in [[clean energy]] around the world and the [[Peak oil|current gas prices]] would not be a serious problem.

Due to his preference for peace over war, his [[Nobel Peace Prize]], and his continued humanitarian works since leaving office, Republicans still hated him like poison. Nonetheless, this post-presidential work earned him much greater approval among Americans than he ever held while in office; for this reason, it became popular to call Carter "The Best Ex-President".

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{POTUS}}

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Categories: Anti-abortion activists, Authors, Baptists, Christians, Civil rights, Defeated incumbent Presidents of the United States, Former United States Governors, Government incompetence, Liberals, Presidents of the United States, Protestants, United States politicians