Sexual objectification

[[file:Skyy_vodka_2.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Legs and vodka, ya?]]{{sex}}
'''Objectification''' is a term to describe seeing [[human]] beings as objects. Representations show people not as individuals, but as things to be owned, sold, used, etc.

'''Sexual objectification''' is the objectification of persons generally based on their [[sex]]ual attributes. [[Women]] are far more likely than [[men]] to be objectified and judged by a perceived sexual attractiveness rather than [[values]] such as intellectual ability.<ref>Dawn M. Szymanski, et al. [http://www.apa.org/education/ce/sexual-objectification.pdf Sexual Objectification of Women: Advances to Theory and Research]. ''The Counseling Psychologist'', 39(1) 6-38. 2011.</ref><ref>[http://finallyfeminism101.wordpress.com/2007/03/23/faq-what-is-sexual-objectification/ FAQ: What is Sexual Objectification?]</ref><ref>[http://thoughtcatalog.com/madison-moore/2014/02/why-men-objectify-women/ Thought Catalogue - Why Men Objectify Women]</ref> Sexual objectification of women is found in [[media]], in [[advertising]], and not surprisingly, even in [[news]].

A classic example is the marketing of alcohol to men, often showing only select bodily features {{--}} a non-person. Another classical example is the endless characters in television or [[:Category:Films|movies]] who have no name (other than a first name, or "babe"), no background, and no lines to say who they are or why they are on the screen {{--}} they exist merely for the pleasure of the male character or to provide some plot point to demonstrate the male character is strong, kind, sexual, and heroic.

The objectification of women goes hand in hand with the overall male gaze found in media, news, and general [[culture]].

Compare and contrast with {{w|object relations theory}} in [[psychoanalysis]].

==History==
Objectification of women has existed for as long as women have been used for men's sexual pleasure {{--}} at their own expense.<ref group=note>Where women are fully part of the sexual encounter, active and agent in the encounter, they are not being used, and are not mere objects, even, [[ironic]]ally, in submissive role playing where the desired intent is to be an object.</ref> Early examples of the sexual objectification of women include strip tease shows, [[Prostitution|brothels]], and [[porn]]ographic [[art]]. Sexual objectification is also a standard in nonpornographic art to the point it's expected or even encouraged, especially through {{wpl|academic art||'s}} frequent depiction of Venuses. Passive, reclining nude women are such a common standard that Manet received a negative response in his ''{{wpl|Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe||,}}'' a depiction of an unidealized, indifferent woman who gazes back at the viewer, suggesting her own agency, and making the critics uncomfortable. Manet received an even stronger negative response with ''{{wpl|Olympia (Manet)|Olympia}}'' and Olympia's defiant, rather than coy, gaze. ''Olympia''{{'}}s precedents highlight the differences.

Prostitution itself is almost always a way of objectifying the prostitute, especially if she is a sexual slave or is being pimped out. However, high class courtesans often had greater social 
rights
 privileges than other women, such as the secular sector Greek {{wpl|Hetaira||,}} Chinese Yiji, Japanese Oiran, or the religiously employed sacred prostitutes. Goddesses and other powerful female spirits {{--}} like Yakshini or the angels of sacred prostitution {{--}} are often depicted in the forms of statues with rockin' tits of rock. Alternatively, Greek gods were all sculpted as having the ideal bodies; and in later centuries, the brides of Christ would often depict their spiritual husband Jesus as looking particularly dreamy eyed, with his six pack abs framed by a casual robe. 

Even the term "sex object" {{--}} coined by men, not women {{--}} displays the awareness that these images are not about women but about objects.

A precursor to the concept of sexual objectification can be found in the thought of [[Immanuel Kant]], who wrote, "sexual love makes of the loved person an Object of appetite; as soon as that appetite has been stilled, the person is cast aside as one casts away a lemon which has been sucked dry."<ref>[[Immanuel Kant]], ''Lectures on Ethics,'' Louis Infield (trans.), (Harper and Row, 1963), pp. 162 - 68.</ref> But, to Kant, this kind of "objectification" only occurs outside the context of monogamous [[marriage]], and appears as part of his argument against [[prostitution]] and [[adultery|concubinage]], and in favor of his predetermined position to support monogamous marriage. "Coverture", the mystic union of husband and wife {{--}} or something very much like that {{--}} is what makes legally enforced<ref group=note>Kant defines marriage as "sexual union in accordance with law".</ref> monogamous marriage [[magic]] and keeps objectification at bay: "the two persons become a unity of will".

As [[feminism]] and feminist authors begin opening up discussions about women, about agency, and overall [[equality]], the issue of objectification became a serious topic for [[academic]]s. De Beauvoir's groundbreaking work ''The Second Sex'' is in no small part predicated on exploring the idea that women are mere objects for men's manipulation and not, themselves, agents in the world {{--}} even if they are in their own life.

==Academic description==
According to philosopher Martha Nussbaum, sexual objectification of women positions them in relation to men:
*as a tool for another's purposes (instrumentality); 
*as if lacking in agency or self-determination (denial of autonomy, inertness);
*as if owned by another (ownership); 
*as if interchangeable (fungibility); 
*as if permissible to damage or destroy (violability); 
*as if there is no need for concern for their feelings and experiences (denial of subjectivity)<ref>Martha C. Nussbaum, [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2961930 “Objectification”], ''Philosophy and Public Affairs'', v. 24 no. 4 (1995), pp. 279–83.</ref>

Catharine MacKinnon relates sexual objectification to the [[Marxist]] idea of [[Other|alienation]]: "Objectification in Marxist materialism is thought to be the foundation of human freedom, the work process whereby a subject becomes embodied in objects and relationships. Alienation is the socially contingent distortion of that process, a reification of products and relations which prevents them from being, and being seen as, dependent on human agency. But from the point of view of the object, objectification ''is'' alienation."<ref>Catherine MacKinnon, "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State," in ''Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader'', Stevi Jackson and Sue Scott, eds., (Columbia, 1996; {{Isbn|0231107080}}), p. 187</ref>

Objectification of women involves the act of disregarding the personal and intellectual abilities and capabilities of a woman; and reducing a woman's worth or role in society to that of an instrument for the sexual pleasure which she can produce in the [[mind]] of another. This is ubiquitous in culture, permeating advertising and popular entertainments, as well as of course being present in porn. Objectification contributes to women's body image and all the issues therein. It also is a large part of the problem with [[rape culture]], and why it is so hard to see rape culture in society. In general, there is significant adverse effects on women who are alleged to be surrounded by dehumanizing [[propaganda]].<ref>Janet Lee, "Menarche and the (hetero)sexualization of the female body," ''Gender & Society'', v.8 no. 3 (1994), pp. 343–362.</ref>

That's not to say men aren't negatively affected either. In a study by the University of Padova, men exposed to sexually objectifying media were more likely to engage in sexual harassment afterwards and endorse anti-female stereotypes.<ref>[http://pwq.sagepub.com/content/38/3/398.abstract Objectifying Media: Their Effect on Gender Role Norms and Sexual Harassment of Women]</ref>

==Objectifying others==
Are women the only victims of objectification? Of course not. Sex sells. Sexy calenders can also depict hot dudes to satisfy some fantasies of those attracted to those bodies. There are even ads specifically designed to flip the "male gaze" on its head and objectify men. These ads, of course, are largely tongue in cheek, and are often done fully aware of the objectification {{--}} intending, successfully or not, to highlight the absurdity of ads for men that do the same to women. And even in instances of male objectification, there is still an awareness of the man. Rarely is his face removed, rarely is he shot from the back showing only his butt or his chest.

Men are also objectified and marginalized by media outlets. YouTuber cartoon critic John Enter, better known as TheMysteriousMrEnter, once made a video noting that media often portrayed [[Pseudopsychology|males as horny, sex-driven creatures]] and women as being asexual. He also noted that people are disgusted by man to woman harassment, but that it is perfectly acceptable and even amusing for a woman to harass a man. He also mentions that it makes men ashamed to take care of children for not being seen as a [[pedophile]] and that this mentality [[Rape apology|justifies prison rape]].<ref>TheMysteriousMrEnter. (Jan 17, 2017). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeqLXZejkoo Further Thoughts on Peter-Assment.] ''YouTube''. Retrieved December 27, 2017.</ref> It also gives an inherent bad image about women, specifically that women only have sex because of procreation or are abused by their husbands, putting [[abortion]] definitely into question.

Men of color are also often objectified through [[Racism|racist]] stereotypes. In [[United States|American]] culture, one familiar example would be the perennial stereotype of the virile [[Black brute]] that gets applied to [[African American]] men.<ref>F.D. Signifier. (Jul 18, 2022). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RP1YI6Wi6gs The Dangerous Myths of Black Men's Sexuality]. ''YouTube''. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</ref> Another would be [[Stephenie Meyer]]'s depiction of [[Native American]] men as hypersexualized, [[toxic masculinity|toxically masculine]] [[noble savage]]s in her bestselling ''Twilight'' series;<ref>Shannon Brownlee. (May 7, 2020). [https://blogs.dal.ca/cinema/2020/05/07/indigenous-representation-in-the-twilight-saga-film-new-moon-by-lily-coles/ Indigenous Representation in The TWILIGHT Saga Film NEW MOON, by Lily Coles]. ''Dal Cinema and Media Studies''. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</ref> it doesn't help that a lot of the series's Native characters, male ''and'' female, are literally [[Other#Dehumanization|dehumanized]] by virtue of being [[lycanthropy|werewolves]],{{efn|Okay, technically they're a different type of shapeshifter from the classic Hollywood-style werewolf, which ''also'' exists in the Twilight Saga in the form of the "Children of the Moon" who don't show up in the actual story; apparently one major difference is that the series's Indigenous shapeshifters can change form at will, whereas the far deadlier Children of the Moon transform involuntarily during the full moon.<ref>Adrienne Tyler. (Dec 10, 2020). [https://screenrant.com/twilight-movie-quileutes-shapeshifters-not-werewolves-reason/ Twilight: Why The Quileutes Are Called Shapeshifters (& Not Werewolves)]. ''Screen Rant''. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</ref><ref>Adrienne Tyler. (Jul 20, 2021). [https://screenrant.com/twilight-werewolves-children-moon-shapeshifters-difference-explained/ Twilight: The Difference Between Children Of The Moon & Shapeshifters Explained]. ''Screen Rant''. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</ref>}} nor that the Indigenous community in question—the {{wpl|Quileute}} people of [[Fun:Washington|Washington state]]—is a real ethnic group that didn't profit at all from Meyer's famously lucrative franchise.<ref>Cathal Gunning. (Nov 21, 2020). [https://screenrant.com/twilight-quileute-controversy-native-mythology-scandal-explained/ Twilight’s Quileute Controversy Explained]. ''Screen Rant''. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</ref><ref>Shea Vassar. (May 20, 2020). [https://filmdaze.net/twilight-sagas-issue-with-indigenous-culture/ The Twilight Saga’s Issue with Indigenous Culture]. ''Film Daze''. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Family/2013/0710/When-women-look-strong-Marion-Bartoli-and-the-sexism-at-Wimbledon Stand tall, Bartoli.]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-N9daqANcw I'm a sexy woman, so stop objectifying me!] (for an antifeminist take)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Feminism]]
[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]
[[Category:Rape culture]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]

Categories: Feminism, Identity politics, Psychology, Purity culture, Rape culture, Sexuality