Stigmata

[[File:Francis.jpg|thumb|right|165px|St. Francis of Assisi, receiving the stigmata via what appears to be a cross-shaped laser gun with a Jesus-shaped focusing dish. Some other monk in the background, just ignoring the light show.]]{{christianity}}'''Stigmata''' are the appearance of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ's]] [[crucifixion]] wounds on the bodies of [[Christianity|believers]].

==Appearance==
The stigmata appear as holes, often bloody, through the palms of the hands (or, more rarely, wrists), and the soles of the feet. In some cases the stab wound, where the centurion pierced the dead Jesus's side, also appear, and sometimes cuts around the scalp and forehead, corresponding with the crown of thorns.

The first recorded stigmatic, and one of the very few cases endorsed by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] as a genuine [[miracle]], was Francis of Assisi in the thirteenth century, who reportedly received the stigmata after a divine vision of an angel giving him the five wounds of Christ. Naturally it's much too late to verify his stigmata rigorously, which might account for his endorsement by the Church.

There have been several recorded cases in the centuries since, and many within the last century. Stigmatics are almost invariably Roman Catholics, and often ascetics such as [[monk]]s or nuns. Sometimes they have been preachers or [[mysticism|mystic]]s operating outside the church's approval.

According to some accounts, stigmata can exhibit some unusual, and allegedly [[supernatural]], tendencies, such as remaining consistent for long periods, without either healing or rotting. Reportedly, sometimes they give off a sweet, perfume-like smell.

Most stigmatics suffer the physical pain associated with their wounds, although a few claim to have received them without suffering. Some, on the other hand, apparently experience the full pain of stigmata in the relevant parts of their body, with no external appearance of wounds at all. These are known as "phantom stigmata".

==Suggested explanations for stigmata==

===They're a divine miracle===
[[File:Stigmata_1.0.jpg|thumb|I got out of the bath (May 27 2010) and this was on my hand. Seriously. I hope it does not grow. I did nothing to my hand today to create a small puncture wound. I AM ON A MISSION FROM GOD now or something.]]
This is the classic Christian explanation of the stigmata. Stigmatics, and those who believe in them, see the stigmata as a great gift from [[God]], despite the accompanying pain.<ref>See, for example, "Stigmata and Blood Sign Miracles", at [http://www.thenewmystics.com/Articles/1000040754/Sons_of_Thunder/Articles/Teachings/2008_Archive/Stigmata_and_Blood.aspx Sons of Thunder]</ref> However, the inconsistent appearance of stigmata, which differ from one stigmatic to another, is difficult to account for. Stigmata most frequently appear on the palms and backs of hands, although historians now believe that crucifixion victims would be pierced through the wrist rather than the hand itself.<ref name=straight>"What's the deal with stigmata?", at 
[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1163/whats-the-deal-with-stigmata The Straight Dope]</ref> And the whole thing seems a poor "reward" to bestow on his most devoted admirers.

===Stigmata are self-inflicted in a deliberate attempt to deceive ===
Stigmatics may inflict the wounds on themselves, or otherwise [[Deceit|fake them]], in a bid for attention, acceptance, or fame. This has proven to be the case in numerous examples. One remorseful sixteenth-century stigmatic confessed to faking her stigmata. Another stigmatic was caught painting fake wounds on herself.<ref name=fake>"Stigmata, easily faked", at [http://www.skeptically.org/skeptics/id2.html For Skeptics]</ref><ref name=index>See "Stigmata" at [http://www.apologeticsindex.org/627-stigmata Apologetics Index]</ref> When modern stigmatics have submitted themselves to observation from [[skeptic]]s, it has often been noted that their wounds only start to bleed after times that they have been alone, as if something had occurred that needed to be kept hidden from view.<ref name=straight/><ref name=fake/>

===Stigmata are self-inflicted by [[delusion]]al individuals===
It is possible that some stigmatics may be mentally unbalanced enough to have inflicted these severe wounds on themselves while remaining unaware, or in denial, of their actions. Certainly it is notable that most of history's recorded stigmatics were also ecstatics, individuals who experienced trances and reported divine visions. Some were also known for their severe flagellation, behaviour which modern secular psychology would describe as [[masochism]] or self-harm. Individuals with these tendencies, and a morbid fascination with the iconography of the [[Crucifixion]], could subconsciously enact their religious fantasies on themselves by creating stigmata.<ref name=index/>

===Stigmata are a [[psychosomatic]] condition===
If a person has strong enough faith in their relationship with God, and wants to have stigmata strongly enough, their body may respond with physical symptoms. This has been proposed many times, but remains controversial. It is not a plausible explanation for open wounds, since there is no explanation for the imagination's ability to create such damage within the external body. It may be a reasonable explanation for cases of phantom stigmata, where the stigmatic feels the pain of crucifixion wounds but has no external marks. This theory's application to other cases, such as stigmatic bruising or spontaneous bleeding, remains more dubious.<ref name=straight/><ref>"Stigmata" at [http://strangegr.tripod.com/strangeandparanormalactivities/id31.html Strange and Paranormal Activity]</ref>

===Some cases are misdiagnoses of something else===
Cuts, bruises, or other marks received coincidentally in characteristic places such as the palms or feet, might easily be mistaken for stigmata by zealous Catholics. One theory proposed in 1935 asserts that St Francis's stigmata could have actually been purpura, a rare complication of [[malaria]] in which hemorrhages of blood appear symetrically on the hands and feet.<ref>"St Francis' Stigmata", ''[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883261,00.html Time Magazine]'', 11 March 1935.</ref> Some modern stigmata cases could be linked to rare medical conditions which involve unexplained bruises or spontaneous bleeding.<ref>"Stigmata? Nameless Condition, Mysterious Bleeding", ''[http://a.abcnews.com/Health/Story?id=6123794&page=1 abc News]'', 28 October 2008.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Marian apparition]]
*[[Mind over body]]
*[[Jesus#Puzzling details about Jesus' crucifixion|Puzzling details about the Crucifixion]]
*[[Religious pareidolia]]
*[[Shroud of Turin]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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[[Category:Bible woo]]
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Psychology]]

Categories: Bible woo, Christianity, Psychology