trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Mark Ludwig

{{crenav|1}}
'''Mark Ludwig''' {{lived|1958|2011}} was a [[United States|American]] [[physicist]] and [[intelligent design]] advocate.

==Biography==
Ludwig had a PhD in [[physics]] and was an expert on the subjects of computer viruses and artificial life; His books on these topics were well-received.<ref>[http://ivanlef0u.fr/repo/madchat/vxdevl/vdat/ivludwig.htm Interview with Mark Ludwig]</ref> He later wrote a book opposing [[evolution]] and advocating [[intelligent design]] which has not received good reviews from other scientists.

==Intelligent design==
Ludwig is known for his book ''Computer Viruses, Artificial Life and Evolution'' (1993) which is one of the first intelligent design books. According to biologist Gert Korthof his book "starts with a scientific study of computer viruses and Artificial Life, transforms into a defence of intelligent design and ends with a confession of belief in the [[supernatural]]." Korthof explains that Ludwig was a qualified [[physicist]] with expert knowledge of computer viruses but without sufficient training in biology and he misunderstood and misrepresented [[biology]].<ref>[http://wasdarwinwrong.com/korthof77.htm Review by Gert Korthof]</ref><ref>[http://home.planet.nl/~gkorthof/feedback/Reply_Mark_Ludwig.htm Mark Ludwig: Intelligent Design Theorist - Fact or Fiction? ]</ref>

==Reception==
Ludwig's book on intelligent design has been rejected by scientists yet is often [[quote mined]] by religious [[creationists]] in an attempt to prove that [[evolution]] is under attack and falling apart.<ref>[http://www.reasons.org/articles/evolution-as-mythology-part-2-of-5-evolution-is-not-a-scientific-theory Creationist Article]</ref><ref>[http://www.doesgodexist.org/NovDec96/ComputerVirusesArtificialLifeAndEvol.html Computer Viruses, Artificial Life and Evolution]</ref> Some Christians also believe that Ludwig disproved [[atheism]] as he presented evidence that life could not have come about by chance.<ref>[http://xwalk.ca/crutches.html The Crutches of Atheism By Guy Cramer]</ref> These claims of Ludwig have however been rejected by the scientific community.<ref>[http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/addendaB.html#Ludwig Bad Science, Worse Philosophy: the Quackery and Logic-Chopping of David Foster's The Philosophical Scientists (2000)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{crebox|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ludwig, Mark}}
__NOTOC__
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Intelligent design creationism]]
[[Category:Physicists]]

Categories: Authors, Intelligent design creationism, Physicists
Marshall Protocol

{{altmed}}
'''The Marshall Protocol''' is the brainchild of Ph.D. electrical engineer Trevor Marshall.  It claims to be a therapy for chronic inflammatory disease.

It bears no relation to the Marshall Plan (the economic reconstruction plan enacted in Western Europe after World War 2).

== Vitamin D, is the jury still out? ==

One of the Marshall Protocol's claims is that taking [[Vitamin D]], even if you have a Vitamin D insufficiency, can actually harm your immune system.

There is some clinical and chemical evidence which suggests Vitamin D deficiency may be the consequence, rather than the cause, of several diseases.<ref>[http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e4695/rr/597916 Vitamin D: some perspective please], ''BMJ''2012;345:e4695, Rapid Response tab</ref>  The Marshall Protocol takes this ball and runs with it, claiming that bacteria and Vitamin D gang up on your body's Vitamin D nuclear receptors (VDR) to shut your immune response down.  So, instead of taking Vitamin D if you have both an inflammatory condition and a vitamin D deficiency, the Marshall Protocol recommends taking long-term doses of antibiotics (like minocycline) and olmesartan (a medication for high blood pressure).

These claims are based on computer models of molecular activity<ref>http://mpkb.org/home/publications/marshall_days_of_molecular_medicine_2007</ref><ref>http://mpkb.org/home/patients/assessing_literature/in_vitro_studies</ref><ref>http://mpkb.org/home/patients/assessing_literature/animal_models</ref>, rather than ''in vitro'' or ''in vivo'' studies.  It's one thing to use molecular modeling to open up promising avenues of research; it's quite another to use it as the basis for making actual clinical recommendations.  The suggestion to take antibiotics when no positive tests for bacterial infection have been made is particularly disturbing, as overuse of antibiotics can breed [[antibiotic resistant bacteria]].

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

== External Links ==

* [http://mpkb.org/ Official site]
* [http://marshallprotocol.com/ Other official site]
* [http://autoimmunityresearch.org/ Official site designed to take tax-deductible donations]
* [http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/the-marshal-protocol/ Science-based Medicine article critiquing the Marshall Protocol]

[[Category:Engineer woo]]

Categories: Engineer woo
Martin Durkin

Martin Durkin is a professional [[Bullshit|bullshitter]], [[pseudoscience]] peddler, [[crank]], climate change denier and some say, a 
documentary
 film maker. He is the managing director of WAG TV responsible for travesties such as [[The Great Global Warming Swindle|The Great Global Warming Swindle]]<ref>[http://www.desmogblog.com/video-abc-australias-tony-jones-dissects-debunks-martin-durkin ABC Australia's Tony Jones Dissects, Debunks Martin Durkin]</ref><ref>[http://www.durangobill.com/Swindle_Swindle.html Durango Bill’s Debunking the Deniers of Global Warming]</ref> and Against Nature. The latter causing [[United Kingdom|UK]]'s [[Channel 4]] to issue a prime-time apology for airing it.<ref>[http://www.badscience.net/2007/03/against-nature-channel-4-tonight Against Nature – Channel 4 Tonight]</ref> His favourite party trick is to fool real [[scientists]] and experts that he is a serious documentary maker, then [[Cherry picking|dissect footage of their interviews so as to fit]] into his [[wingnut]] ideology.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,184160,00.html Getting your science from charlatans by the Guardian]</ref> This is then backed up with further interviews with [[crank]]s and [[Experts for hire|corporate shills]]. His documentaries give new meaning to the word "irresponsible" and are little more than platforms for science and [[environmentalism|green]] bashing. He also runs a blog www.martindurkin.com, that frequently engages in science and green bashing. Not surprisingly, he has earned praise from fellow science and green basher [[Steve Milloy]].

Occasionally, WAG TV does produce good documentaries like [[Discovery Channel]]'s "How Do They Do It?" and "Secret Intersex", provided Durkin is only the executive director, i.e. has no input in the making process.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|pseudoscience}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Durkin, Martin}}
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Global warming denialists]]
[[Category:Shysters]]
[[Category:Film-makers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Pseudoscience promoters, Global warming denialists, Shysters, Film-makers, Living people
Mary

{{fork}}.
*[[Mary Magdalene]], who may have done sexy things with [[Jesus]]
*[[Mary (Mother of Jesus)]], who [[virgin birth|somehow got pregnant]].
*[[Mary Baker Eddy]], who, much like [[L. Ron Hubbard]], started a religious cult.

==Lesser known==
*[[Mary Lou Bruner]] — batshit crazy [[Texas]] politician
*''[[Mary Celeste]]'' — a merchant ship that showed up with its crew missing
*[[Mary Landrieu]] — former Senator from [[Louisiana]]
*[[Mary Marshall]] — [[Canadian]] [[medium]] with a bad sinus problem
*[[Mary Stewart Relfe]], who made a load of silly prophecies.
*[[Mary Whitehouse]] — [[Christian]] pro-[[censorship]] campaigner

==See also==
*[[Joseph]]
Mary Baker Eddy

[[File:Mary_bakker_eddy.jpg|thumb|165px|Encouraging the death of sick children since 
1875
 the advent of modern medicine]]{{altmed}}
{{cquote|[g]rasping, sordid, penurious, famishing for everything she sees – money, power, glory – vain, untruthful, jealous, despotic, arrogant, insolent, pitiless where thinkers and hypnotists are concerned, illiterate, shallow, incapable of reasoning outside of commercial lines, immeasurably selfish|||[[Mark Twain]]}}
'''Mary Baker Eddy''' {{lived|1821|1910}} was an [[United States|Amercan]] religious leader. She was the founder of [[Christian Science]] and the [[author]] of its guidebook ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]]''.  It claimed that, by understanding how we were merely the reflection of [[God]], we could remove our injuries and diseases.  She did not quite believe that things such as disease did not exist, as is often said, merely that spiritual methods were preferable to rational ones.

Christian Science "reading rooms" dot the United States and several other countries, locations where the religion's theological claims may be studied and meditated upon.<ref>http://www.yelp.com/biz/jointly-maintained-christian-science-reading-room-los-angeles</ref> They are also established online.<ref>http://spirituality4.me/</ref> The Boston-based ''Christian Science Monitor'' is a globally respected newspaper and has won numerous awards for its journalism, including many Pulitzers.<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/About/Advertise/Awards</ref>

In many ways, however, the church Baker Eddy founded is the largest collection of [[faith healing|faith healers]] on the [[planet]]. Christian Science parents have lost their children to medical neglect and come to rue the faith,<ref>https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/faith-healing-religious-freedom-vs-child-protection/</ref> and some have been successfully prosecuted for manslaughter<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/06/us/in-child-deaths-a-test-for-christian-science.html?pagewanted=all</ref> or reckless homicide.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2009/05/15/may-15-2009-faith-healing-court-cases/2961/</ref> So, this grandmotherly-looking lady has a lot of blood on her hands, as she encouraged medical neglect among her followers.

==External links==
*[[wikisource:en:Author:Mary Baker Eddy|Works of Mary Baker Eddy on Wikisource]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|religion}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eddy, Mary Baker}}
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Cult leaders]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]

Categories: Christians, Cult leaders, Pseudoscience promoters, Authors, Alternative medicine, Alternative medicine promoters
Mary Landrieu

[[File:Mary_Landrieu_Senate_portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|Landrieu - Official portrait, 2009]]

'''Mary Landrieu''' {{lived|1955}} is the former senior US Senator from [[Louisiana]]. Viewed as a flaming [[liberal]] in her home state,  by national standards she was one of the most [[conservative]] [[Democrats]] in the Senate.<ref>The American Conservative Union gave her a 40% score in 2007</ref> This means she voted for tax cuts, is against the estate tax, and supports drilling in the Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge. She did however, vote to repeal "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]" (DADT).<ref>[http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/111/senate/2/281?ref=politics The New York Times: Senate Vote 281]</ref> [[Nepotism|In typical Louisiana fashion]], her brother was Mayor of New Orleans and Lt. Governor, and her father was also mayor of New Orleans. Ultimately, she was defeated by Republican Bill Cassidy in the [[2014 U.S. midterm elections]].

==Controversies==
In a move known as "The Louisiana Purchase", Landrieu voted for the 2009 Healthcare bill, but only after $300 million in aid was secured for her state. Before that, she opposed the bill.<ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/2009/10/15/landrieu-public-option/]</ref> Right-wing activist [[James O'Keefe]] was caught breaking into her office on 25 January 2010. She was also considered one of the most corrupt Senators, after securing $2 million for a reading group that supported her reelection.<ref>[http://www.citizensforethics.org/index.php/press/entry/crew-releases-fourth-annual-most-corrupt-members-of-congress-report/ 2008 Citizens For Ethics Report]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Blue Dog Democrats]]
*[[David Vitter]], her even more conservative counterpart

==External links==
*[http://thinkprogress.org/2009/10/15/landrieu-public-option/ SourceWatch entry]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Landrieu, Mary}}
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Government incompetence]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Former United States Senators, Government incompetence, Liberals, Living people
Mary Marshall

{{Psychic}} [[File:Fake ectoplasm of Mary Marshall.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Marshall with fake [[ectoplasm]].]]
'''Mary Ann Marshall''' (1880-1963), also known as '''Mary M''', was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[medium]]. She is most notable for a photo depicting tissue coming out her nose with a picture of [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s face in it which she claimed was his [[spirit]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010423031331/http://photographymuseum.com/doylefalg.html The Mediumship of Mary Marshall]</ref>

==Biography==
Little is known about Marshall; she was of [[Scotland|Scottish]] and [[Ireland|Irish]] parentage but later moved to Winnipeg, [[Canada]] after [[World War I]] where she joined the Hamilton mediumship group. Some websites seem to have confused this Mary Marshall with another British medium with the same name who lived between 1842-1884.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090817090034/http://www.answers.com/topic/mary-marshall Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology: Mary Marshall]</ref>

==Photos==
Photographs taken at the [[séance]]s with Marshall were taken from 1928-1933 by the surgeon, and [[parapsychologist]] Dr. Thomas Glendenning Hamilton (1873-1935).<ref>[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/55/psychicresearch.shtml Psychic Research in a Winnipeg Family: Reminiscences of Dr. Glen F. Hamilton]</ref> As a [[spiritualist]], Hamilton believed that the photos were genuine evidence for spirits.<ref>[http://www.islandnet.com/~sric/Hamilton_Thomas_Glendenning.pdf Thomas Glendenning Hamilton (1873-1935)]</ref> However the photographs reveal that the [[ectoplasm]] of Marshall in her seances were made of cloth, tissue, and magazine cut outs of people.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, Mary}}
[[Category:Paranormal]]
[[Category:Canadians]]
[[Category:Psychics]]

Categories: Paranormal, Canadians, Psychics
Masked man fallacy

{{sources needed}}
{{logicnav}}
A '''masked man fallacy''' is a [[logical fallacy]] that occurs when one confuses knowing what a thing ''is'' with knowing what ''every single'' instance of that thing is. It occurs when [[Leibniz]]'s law ({{wpl|identity of indiscernibles}}) is used improperly.

The masked man fallacy is a [[formal fallacy]].

==Alternate names==
*Epistemic fallacy
*Hooded man
*Illicit substitution (of identicals)
*Intensional fallacy

==Examples==
{{ab
|Do you know this masked man?|No.
|But he is your father! Hey folks, Bob doesn't know his own father!}}
<small>This is also an example of information asymmetry as Alice knows something Bob doesn't.</small>

{{syl
|2=I know who Ann is.
|4=I do not know who the masked man is.
|5=C|6=The masked man is not Ann.
}}

==Explanation==
It is not always proper to replace one term for another even if the two terms designate the same thing, nor can one automatically assume that subjective knowledge of one person ([[Black swan|or even of a group]]) is necessarily enough for making accurate, non-contradictory statements or for teasing out inherently contradictory definitions.

Another way of looking at this issue is confusion between the quotation and the referent, equivalence in beliefs and equivalence in reality. Two labels may happen to refer to the same thing in the [[Mistaking the map for the territory|territory]], yet be distinct labels on the map, especially if the one holding the belief does not know about their equivalence.
:masked man = father
:"masked man" ≠ "father"

==External links==
*[https://effectiviology.com/masked-man-fallacy/ The Masked-Man Fallacy: Twisting Arguments Through Invalid Substitutions], [https://effectiviology.com/ Effectiviology]
*[http://www.fallacyfiles.org/illisubs.html The Masked Man Fallacy], [[Fallacy Files]]
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fallacies.htm#Intensional Intensional], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
*[http://lesswrong.com/lw/ok/the_quotation_is_not_the_referent/ The Quotation is not the Referent], [[LessWrong]]

{{logfal}}
__NOTOC__
[[Category:Formal fallacies]]

Categories: Formal fallacies
Masochism

{{Sources needed}}
{{psychology}}
'''Masochism''' is the condition of enjoying one's own helplessness or pain.  It can be sexual or non-sexual.

Some sexual masochists may be aroused or gratified by suffering violence or pain, while others simply enjoy submission to a dominant sexual partner.  Masochists often engage in sexual activity with [[sadist]]s, and many people in the [[BDSM]] scene are both sadistic and masochistic. Sexual masochism is not a mental disorder except in certain rare and extreme cases.

Non-sexual masochism is a tendency of some individuals to seek, usually unconsciously, situations which undermine their happiness and cause them suffering.  It is sometimes regarded as a [[personality disorder]], and may be caused by negative childhood experiences.  Masochistic individuals may be drawn into relationships or situations which will cause them unhappiness, and may have feelings of guilt or confusion when they do experience pleasure.

The term is named after the writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895), who not only practiced sexual masochism himself, but authored several works that glorify the practice; most notably ''Venus in Furs''.<ref>[https://www.headstuff.org/culture/literature/leopold-von-sacher-masoch-poet-of-masochism/ Leopold Von Sacher-Masoch, Poet of Masochism] by Ciarin Conliffe, June 8, 2015, ''HeadStuff''</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Marriage]]
*[[Sadism]]
*[[BDSM]]
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{stub|psychology}}

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]

Categories: Psychology, Sexuality
Mass (physics)

{{Physics}}{{hatnote|For the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] service, see [[Mass (religion)]]}}
'''Mass''' is a fundamental concept in [[physics]], roughly corresponding to the intuitive idea of "how much [[matter]] there is in an object." On a more fundamental level, mass is equivalent to inertia, which is the resistance of an object to change velocity when acted upon by a [[force]]. When measured at the surface of the Earth, "[[weight]]" is the colloquial term for mass (though weight is a force calculated as mass times acceleration due to gravity. The Imperial unit for mass is not the pound, but the slug). In free fall, an object has no weight, but it retains its mass and inertia.

Mass is a central concept in classical mechanics and related subjects, and there are several definitions of mass within the framework of relativistic kinematics. In the [[theory of relativity]], the quantity invariant mass, which is close to the classical idea of mass, does not vary between single observers in different reference frames.

Until May 2019, mass was the only basic SI unit defined using a physical artifact. Now, though, it's defined in terms of the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the second (defined in terms of a particular microwave frequency given off by cesium-133). This is important because the basic SI units, let alone the derived ones, are not independent.

As a particularly good example of '''a''' definition of mass, the following is borrowed from {{wpl|Lev Landau| Landau}} and {{wpl|Evgeny Lifshitz| Lifshitz}}.<ref>Landau and Lifshitz, ''Mechanics'', Pergamon Press 1997.</ref> Their ''Mechanics'' is the first volume in a series covering most of physics, so the innocent reader might expect a cuddly welcome, but as the first section is titled "Generalised co-ordinates", the reader gets the sinking feeling that he's doomed. Section 5 is called "The Lagrangian for a free particle", and there we meet mass for the first time in this guise:

:<math>L=\frac{1}{2}mv^2</math>.

L is, in this case, a simplified version of a Lagrangian encountered in the equation before, and mass has not been mentioned. A few lines later, ''m'' is called mass, just to have a name for it. Then we have "The additive property of the Lagrangian shows that for a system of particles which do not interact we have:"

:<math>L=\sum\frac{1}{2}m_av_a^2</math>.

Luckily, this definition of mass is meaningful if we take the additive property into account, but the reader is probably left wishing for a definition based on a metal prototype.

If one is not careful, mass can be converted into [[energy]]. If it's far enough away, it can provide a nice pleasant warm [[Sun|glow]]. If it's too close and not carefully contained, it can [[Nuclear_war|burn]].

==See also==
*[[Gravity]]
*[[Higgs boson]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Physics]]

Categories: Physics
Matrix

{{fork}}
* [[The Matrix (franchise)]]
* [[Pyramid scheme#Matrix schemes|Matrix scheme]]s (aka ladder schemes)
* A [[Manosphere glossary#Matrix / "The Matrix is real"|term used by the manosphere]]
* Valdamar Valerian's ''Matrix'' book series known for their [[fractal wrongness]]
* In [[mathematics]], an array of numbers of which mathematical operations such as addition and multiplication can be performed on
* In [[biology]], the material between [[cell]]s
* In [[chemistry]], the parts of a sample outside of the analyte which is being studied
* In [[geology]], a mass of fine-grained [[crystal]]s within which larger clasts are embedded
* In materials science, something that binds together two or more separate substances into a composite substance
Matter

{{sources needed}}{{Physics}}
'''Matter''' is hard to define but easy to explain. Every object you know is made of matter. That matter, in turn, is composed of [[atom]]s and molecules; atoms are tiny bits of matter that combine with other atoms to make molecules, which are slightly larger bits of matter. In turn, atoms are made of [[proton]]s, [[neutron]]s, and [[electron]]s. (Atoms are also composed of particles known as [[quark]]s and [[lepton]]s, as protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and electrons are a type of lepton.)  

Lumps of 
thousands
 
millions
 
billions
 lots and lots of [[molecule]]s, identical or not, make up the objects you know so well, like trees, [[water]], air, [[life]] forms, etc.

The most experience laypeople often have with the concept of matter is in the "three states of matter." Matter can be solid (having a defined shape and volume), liquid (having no particular shape but a defined volume), or gaseous (having neither defined shape nor volume). This is not, however, the definition of matter.

Matter is related to [[energy]]. There are 9.0 x 10<sup>20</sup> ergs of energy in every gram of matter.

It is theorized that a particle, named the [[Higgs boson]], is what gives matter its mass. Experiments at [[CERN]] using the [[Large Hadron Collider]] have now pretty much [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson#Confirmation_of_new_particle_as_a_Higgs_boson.2C_and_current_status nailed this down].

Idealists dispute the existence of matter, saying instead that what seems like matter is really an "idea" of some sort.

That would then boil down to:
:'''Derrida's Law of Matter: Matter - No matter.'''<ref group=note>With apologies to Derrida, but he said he didn't write to be understood anyway.</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dualism]]
*[[Energy]]
*[[Materialism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
[[category:Physics]]
[[category:Chemistry]]

Categories: Physics, Chemistry