Faith healing

{{bronze}}[[File:Faith healing at Llandrindod Wells Methodist Church (4404430594).jpg|thumb|right|165px|Faith healing at Llandrindod Wells in 1950 — "[[Victim_blaming|You gotta ''WANT'' it!]]" sez the healer.]]{{altmed}}
{{cquote|You don't see faith healers working in hospitals for the same reason you don't see [[psychic]]s winning the lottery.|||Anonymous}}
'''Faith healing''' is a form of medical [[woo]] that attempts to cure a wide range of ailments primarily through personal [[prayer]] and [[intercessory prayer]], sometimes augmented by [[faith]]-based rituals. [[God]] is capable of curing all diseases and injuries that could ever affect anybody, assuming [[God|He]] is willing.

Faith healing is a somewhat distinct form of [[alternative medicine]], relying ''entirely'' on faith (e.g. as the case with [[psychic surgery]]). This can be contrasted with other alt-med practices that rely on some manner of ''supposedly'' medically active ingredient (as is claimed in [[homeopathy]] and [[Ayurveda]]). 

Occasionally, faith healing pops up in the [[peer-review]]ed literature — usually focused around whether [[intercessory prayer]] for a patient can improve their health or recovery ([[Prayer#Efficacy|which the same studies show it can't]]). Like with [[hypnosis]], it is difficult to define both a placebo and a [[control group]] against faith healing (considering the whole practice ''is'' the placebo), and as such, the [[falsifiability]] of the practice of faith healing is notoriously unimpressive.

[[Anecdotal evidence|Anecdotes]] and [[testimonial]]s are central to the faith healing industry — this, despite being of ''very'' limited use to science, partially because most people who turn to faith healing are already using (or have tried) other treatments, are [[Spontaneous remission|likely to improve without intervention]], or suffer from a condition which is [[Psychosomatic|psychologically induced]] (often [[Nocebo effect|exacerbated by the believer]] until "faith healed").

==Efficacy==
{{cquote|Roomy loomy, lama nama noomy! This boy is healed! (eh?) Now, to the naked eye it would appear that this boy has not been healed; but I can assure you, this boy's spirit has been healed! Inside this tangled, mangle frame is a healed little boy. His spirit is healed! Hallelujah!|||"Hellalujah", [[Insane Clown Posse]]}}
If your [[god]] is in the mood to heal you, faith healing is 100% effective. If you are unworthy, for whatever reason, then it is still effective because it is God's wish you don't get well. This is, [[Empiricism|empirically]] and pragmatically speaking, no different than the statement "faith healing doesn't work", but it forms a [[escape hatch|convenient excuse]] for proponents and practitioners.

===Comparison to placebo effect===
{{cquote|If you are that person [who received a diagnosis of 6 months to live, but whose cancer went into remission], you are more likely to believe that God cured you, this invisible force, creator of the universe, cured you, than that you had [[Hanlon's razor|three idiotic doctors]] [[Misdiagnosis|diagnose]] you. […] I taught physics to pre-med students who became doctors. Not all of them are smart, I assure you.|||[[Neil deGrasse Tyson]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100827054524/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/quotes-by-neil-degrasse-tyson/pseudoscience-quotes Pseudoscience quotes], Hayden Planetarium.</ref>}}

Faith healing is obviously not what you would consider [[science]]. The actual causal effects are limited to the [[placebo effect]]. However, since the placebo effect produces testable and reproducible results pertaining to faith healing, researchers have done studies on the subject — and have shown that it has little effect other than to increase one's [[spirituality|spiritual]] health.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21495524</ref> So, when properly controlled for, and when [[Confounding variable|confounding factors]] such as [[cherry picking]] and [[selective reporting]] are removed, faith healing does pretty much nothing. In this regard, faith healing performs exactly as well as any other form of alternative medicine — that is, it fails the meaningful definition of a working treatment.

It may be possible that faith healing works as a placebo (much like other non-active forms of alternative medicine such as [[homeopathy]] or [[Reiki]]), causing patients to truly believe that they are being healed. Placebo treatments work in a complex manner — someone receiving a treatment may consciously or subconsciously alter their habits and improve their health or the treatment will just cause them to think positively and at least feel much better until the illness [[Spontaneous remission|disappears]] on its own. Beyond this effect, which can be extremely powerful, there is no evidence to suggest that faith healing works. In particular, experiments on [[prayer]] have found no increase in people's recovery from surgery — despite prayers being said for them. With regards to serious illnesses, the placebo effect may not be as much use.

===Peer-reviewed science===
{{main|Peer review}}
While a few studies have shown an effect,<ref>Byrd RC. Positive therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in a coronary care unit population. ''South. Med. J.'' 1988;81:826-9.</ref><ref>Harris WS, Gowda M, Kolb JW, Strychacz CP, Vacek JL, Jones PG, Forker A, O'Keefe JH, McCallister BD. A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of remote, intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients admitted to the coronary care unit. ''Arch. Intern. Med.'' 1999;159:2273-8.</ref> these studies have come under extensive criticism. Most studies have shown a null effect or even that prayer can be detrimental!<ref>Aviles JM, Whelan SE, Hernke DA, Williams BA, Kenny KE, O'Fallon WM, Kopecky SL. Intercessory prayer and cardiovascular disease progression in a coronary care unit population: a randomized controlled trial. ''Mayo Clin. Proc.'' 2001;76:1192-8.</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2139373/ The Deity in the Data]</ref>

==Christianity==
[[Christianity]] is by and large the religion most often associated with faith healing, to the extent that an entire denomination (the [[Christian Science]] denomination) is devoted to the idea of faith healing. Often, faith healing in Christianity accompanies [[Biblical literalism]]. However, that mainly applies to Protestant denominations, as one biblical passage that was scrapped out of Protestant denominations, {{Bible|Sirach|38|1|15}}, which is still read by Catholics, clearly states that belief in God and belief in medicine are compatible. After all, he allowed the creation of the doctor and the plants that heal the sick.<ref>[https://www.bible.com/bible/416/SIR.38.1-15.GNBDC]</ref>

===Theological justifications===
[[Christian Science|Christian Scientists]] believe that faith healing was proven when [[Jesus]] healed a sick woman by faith alone, the logic apparently being "If the Omnipotent God can do it then so can I."<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=mark%205:25-29;&version=47; Mark 5:25-29]</ref> They also believe that the material world is an illusion, and that this will ultimately lead to a true spiritual understanding of God, and that fear, [[ignorance]], and [[sin]] are the causes of all illness.

The Church of the First Born cites {{bible|James|5|14}}:<ref name=Alter>https://web.archive.org/web/20141206055905/http://www.alternet.org/belief/shocking-numbers-children-die-america-when-their-parents-turn-faith-based-healing</ref>
{{quotebox|If any be sick, call for the elders of the church, let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord.}}

The organization Children's Health Is a Legal Duty (CHILD) estimated that since 1976, at least 82 children linked to the Church of the First Born have died from lack of medical treatment.<ref name=Alter />

===Televangelism===
{{main|Televangelism}}
Faith healing is most closely linked to [[televangelist|televangelists]], who often use it to fleece millions of dollars from vulnerable people. Almost all of the major televangelists make faith healing a major component of their "services". [[Pat Robertson]] talks to God on his show the ''[[Christian Broadcasting Network|700 Club]]'' and announces [[miracle|miraculous]] and spontaneous [[healing]]s right before asking for donations. [[Benny Hinn]]'s whole ministry is based around his "miraculous" healings with full-blown stage shows where he brings up sick people and pushes them to the ground, screaming "be healed." Hinn also offers the chance to the television audience by placing his hands up in front of the camera and asking people to touch their hands to the screen and be healed. [[Peter Popoff]] had a neat trick of being able to announce the address of his 
patients
 victims before "healing" them. He was able to milk millions from his followers until [[James Randi]] revealed that Popoff was using a radio earpiece to pick up prompts from his wife instead of God.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7BQKu0YP8Y James Randi busting Peter Popoff]</ref>

===Twelve stepping===
{{main|Alcoholics Anonymous}}
Twelve Step addiction recovery programs are also based on faith,<ref>Twelve-Step-Based Programs[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64351/]</ref> specifically Christianity (though this is generally [[Denial|denied]] by [[Alcoholics Anonymous]]).<ref group=note>AA likes to pretend to be secular so it can be buddy-buddy with the government without technically violating the [[Establishment Clause]].</ref>

Despite eschewing [[Evidence-based medicine|evidence-based guidelines]] for tackling the recovery process, Twelve Steps has become one of the more popular rehab programs in America. As of 2016, about 74% rehabilitation centers were using Twelve Steps in their recovery programs.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170611041209/http://drugtreatmentcentersalbany.com/2017/02/break-addiction-twelve-steps-albany/</ref>

==Dangers of faith healing==
{{main|What's the harm (logical fallacy)}}
{{cquote|You’ve killed two of your children… not God, not your church, not religious devotion — you.|||Judge Benjamin Lerner<ref>http://time.com/8750/faith-healing-parents-jailed-after-second-childs-death/</ref>}}
Faith healing may seem like a joke when televangelists practice it, but in the real world, it is deadly.

===Not getting help===
The primary danger is that people will outright reject conventional and proven treatments and will instead stick ''only'' to faith healing. This can prove deadly in some circumstances where the illness is serious and medical attention is ignored completely.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080327124628/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,341574,00.html Police: Girl Dies After Parents Pray for Healing Instead of Seeking Medical Help] This example is an 11-year old girl who died after her parents refused to provide her medical treatment for her (treatable) form of a diabetes-related illness.</ref>

===Misdiagnosis===
Travis and Wenona Rossiter were convicted of first- and second-degree manslaughter in the death of their daughter, Syble, after the 12-year-old died from untreated {{wpl|diabetic ketoacidosis||;}} the Rossiters assumed Syble had come down with the flu. The conviction has a 10-year minimum sentence.<ref name=Alter /><ref>http://www.medicaldaily.com/oregon-faith-healing-parents-charged-manslaughter-daughters-death-diabetes-255240</ref> Wenona Rossiter stated:<ref name=Alter />

{{quotebox|I always prayed that God would allow the body to naturally take care of itself. […] I had no idea – the day my daughter died – that the body was destroying itself. […] It's been hard. Especially hearing from the doctors. It just tore me up inside that as a mother, I had no idea that that was going on.}}

===Death count===
{{cquote|Many histories revealed that symptoms were obvious and prolonged. Parents were sufficiently concerned to seek outside assistance, asking for prayers and rituals from clergy, relatives, and other church members. For example, a 2-year-old child {{wpl|Pulmonary aspiration|aspirated}} a bite of banana. Her parents frantically called other members of her religious circle for prayer during nearly an hour in which some signs of life were still present.|||CHILD<ref name=CHILD172 />}}

Innumerable examples of children dying to faith healing exist.<ref name=Alter />

The organization Children's Health Is a Legal Duty (CHILD) estimated that around 300 children have died in the US since 1975 due to people putting ''too much'' faith in faith healing. CHILD identified 172 cases between 1975 and 1995 in which a child died and evidence suggested that medical care was exempted for religious grounds; of these, CHILD estimated that 140 would have had a 90% survival rate with medical intervention and an additional 18 would have had a 50% survival rate.<ref name=Alter /><ref name=CHILD172>http://www.childrenshealthcare.org/PDF%20Files/Pediatricsarticle.pdf</ref>

A study of child fatalities from faith-healing sects found that there 172 reported deaths between 1975 and 1995. Of these 172, 23 were attributed to the Church of the First Born, 12 to End Times Ministry, 64 to Faith Assembly, 16 to Faith Tabernacle, 28 to Christian Science, 18 to other denominations, and 11 were unaffiliated.<ref>[http://childrenshealthcare.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Pediatricsarticle.pdf Child Fatalities From Religion-motivated Medical Neglect] by Seth M. Asser and Rita Swan (1998). ''Pediatrics'' vol. 101, no 4., 625-629.</ref>

The Faith Tabernacle Congregation and [[First Century Gospel Church]], to which the Schaibles (below) belong, are responsible collectively for the deaths of at least 22 ill children since 1971.<ref>http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Faith-Healing-Churches-Linked-to-Two-Dozen-Child-Deaths-208745201.html#ixzz3XVum0vAP</ref>

[[Idaho]] is one of the most lax states for laws on faith healing, which amounts to shielding parents from felony charges of negligent homicide, manslaughter, or capital murder when their children die from medical neglect.<ref name=sottile>[https://www.hcn.org/issues/50.3/culture-idaho-protects-the-rights-of-faith-healers-should-it Idaho protects the rights of faith healers. Should it? A debate rages over the extent of religious freedom in the face of preventable deaths.] by Leah Sottile (Jan. 8, 2018) ''High Country News''.</ref> A count of graves in the Peaceful Valley Cemetery, which is owned by the Followers of Christ sect, a church with only about 1000 members<ref name=swenson>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/07/10/a-religious-oregon-couple-didnt-get-medical-care-for-their-newborn-the-child-died-and-now-theyre-going-to-prison/ A religious Oregon couple didn’t believe in medical care. After newborn’s death, they’re headed to prison.] by Kyle Swenson (July 10, 2018 at 5:35 AM) ''The Washington Post''.</ref> and which opposes modern medicine and encourages faith healing, found that 35% of graves from 2002-2013 were from children or stillborn babies.<ref name=sottile/> In [[Oregon]], five pairs of parents from the Followers of Christ have faced criminal charges over failing to secure medical attention for their children over a period of 9 years, at least two of which involved deaths of children.<ref name=swenson/>

Estimating the numbers of preventable deaths in closed communities that reject medicine like the [[Amish]] is very difficult.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090209224359/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1877352,00.html When Parents Call God Instead of the Doctor]</ref>

All of these numbers, of course, don't include adults who may have intentionally kept themselves from medical treatment and certainly don't include the probably tens of thousands more worldwide in places where culture hasn't necessarily caught up with the medical technology available.

===Legality===
In {{wpl|Prince v. Massachusetts}} (1944), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 5-4 that parental authority cannot interfere with a child's welfare, even in cases of religious expression:<ref name=Alter />

{{cquote|Parents may be free to become [[martyr]]s themselves. But it does not follow they are free, in identical circumstances, to make martyrs of their children before they have reached the age of full and legal discretion when [[Informed consent|they can make that choice for themselves]].}}

This doesn't seem to bother most faith healers and those who trust them, however. Charges and sentences given to people "acting in faith" — or more specifically, acting in a ''religious'' faith, or even more specifically, a [[fundamentalist]] [[Christian]] faith — are often far more lenient compared to comparable neglect, manslaughter, and even murder charges. The position of the law when dealing with people who are "acting in faith" has been tricky due to the difficulties in striking a balance between objective and universal application of the law, and "respecting" people's religion and their rights to practice it.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/13/AR2009111302220.html?hpid=opinionsbox1 The Washington Post - When a child dies, faith is no defense]</ref>

In the [[United States]], 38 states and the District of Columbia have religious exemptions in their civil codes on child abuse or neglect.<ref name=Alter /><ref>http://childrenshealthcare.org/?page_id=24</ref>

Some parents are charged with negligent homicide for relying on faith healing. However, there are Constitutional objections to this based on the [[First Amendment]].<ref>March 24, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071010/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faith-healing-a-first-amendment-dilemma Faith-healing a First Amendment dilemma]. Retrieved December 9, 2014.</ref>

After a series of incidents with a local religious group resulting in deaths, the state government of Oregon decided in March 2011 that faith healing is not an acceptable defense against neglect charges.<ref>[http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/03/bill_ending_faith_healing_exce.html Oregon House unanimously votes to end faith healing exception]</ref>

In 2009, Herbert and Catherine Schaible lost a two-year-old to pneumonia and were sentenced to ten years probation, which stated that they must seek medical care if another one of their children became sick. In 2014, their 8-month-old son Brandon died from pneumonia. The Schaibles were sentenced to between 3.5 and 7 years in jail.<ref name=TimeSchai>http://time.com/8750/faith-healing-parents-jailed-after-second-childs-death/</ref> Herbert Schaible stated:<ref name=TimeSchai />
{{quotebox|We believe in divine healing, the Jesus shed blood for our healing and that he died on the cross to break the [[devil]]'s power.}}

==Counterarguments==
Given the above, it is worth noting that, by referencing [[Drowning Christian story|a certain old joke]], the core concept of Faith Healing can be refuted without even leaving the realm of Christianity:

{{quotebox|There was once a devout man, let's call him Bob, whose hometown was being flooded. While treading water, another man on a raft floated by and offered to give Bob a lift. Bob said "No thanks, God will save me." Bob later drowned. When he arrived at the pearly gates, Bob asked God "Why didn't you save me?" God replied "Well I sent you a raft, didn't I?"}}

Or, as [[User:Luigifan18|one editor]]'s snarky Irish ancestors put it: God gave you a brain, so for God's sake, ''use it!!!''
==See also==
*[[Deliverance ministry]] &mdash; Its less well known "cousin"
*[[The Men Who Stare at Goats|Faith killing]]
*[[Adam Miller]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14406818 Church HIV prayer cure claims 'cause three deaths'] At least three patients with [[AIDS]] died because [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christian]] pastors told them to stop taking their medication and [[prayer|pray]] instead.
*[http://www.cracked.com/article_21630_6-tricks-i-learned-as-faith-healer-for-scamming-you.html 6 Tricks I Learned as a Faith Healer (for Scamming You)] -- ''[[Cracked]]'' article, September 1, 2014
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120702183357/http://onfaith.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/brad_hirschfield/2009/01/biblical_literalism_kills_--_l.html Biblical Literalism Kills -- Literally], ''Time''
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZeWPScnolo Tim Minchin's song about faith healing]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Woo]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]

Categories: Christianity, Woo, Pseudoscience, Religion, Alternative medicine