Magnetic monopole

{{Physics}}
A '''magnetic monopole''' is a hypothetical elementary particle that acts as an isolated magnet, for example, a north pole without a south pole, and ''vice versa''. This means that a monopole would have a net "magnetic charge".

Though there's no evidence of their existence, [[Grand Unified Theory|grand unified]]<ref>'t Hooft, Gerard (1974). "Magnetic monopoles in unified gauge theories". [http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/4686/14058.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm2x4LX_eJNsPM_RpYB_NTqZQD1ptQ&nossl=1&oi=scholarr]</ref> and [[String theory|superstring]] theories predict them, and expect them to be rare (nucleons are expected to outnumber monopoles by at least 29 orders of magnitude),<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole#Searches_for_magnetic_monopoles</ref> which makes monopoles still consistent with physics.

==Properties==
===Known===
While there have been no confirmed observations of magnetic monopoles, some properties of such particles can be deduced from known principles. For example, monopoles must have quantized magnetic charge, at least in a universe where electric charges exist (such as this one); likewise, electric charge must be quantized (as it is observed to be) if there exist magnetic charges.<ref>Paul Dirac, "[http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsa/133/821/60.full.pdf Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field]," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 1931. Equation (9) in that article can be simply rearranged to require <math>\frac{2 q_{\mathrm e} q_{\mathrm m}}{\hbar c}</math> (in Gaussian-cgs units) be equal to an integer for ''any'' electric charge q<sub>e</sub> and ''any'' magnetic charge q<sub>m</sub>. The equivalent expressions in ampere·meters and webers are <math>\frac{q_{\mathrm e} q_{\mathrm m}}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 \hbar c^2}</math> and <math>\frac{q_{\mathrm e} q_{\mathrm m}}{2 \pi \hbar}</math> respectively.</ref> Because they act as "sources"/"sinks" of the magnetic field<ref name='sources', group = "note">This not to say that <math>\mathbf B = 0</math> in the absence of magnetic monopoles, but rather that magnetic flux through a closed surface enclosing a region containing a magnetic monopole would not equal zero, which it does for regions without. In mathematical terms, <math>\nabla\cdot\mathbf{B} = 0</math> holds in the absence of magnetic monopoles, but at the location of a magnetic monopole, it does not. This can be envisioned as magnetic monopoles serving as beginnings or ends for magnetic field lines, just as electric field lines begin at positive electric charges and end at negative electric charges. For a hopefully somewhat more informative analogy with air being heated/cooled, see the lead section of Wikipedia's article on {{wpl|divergence|divergence|.}} Instead of air flowing into/out of a region, magnetic flux is.</ref> (the B-field, that is, which is sometimes referred to as magnetic flux density), magnetic monopoles would also invalidate the present form of {{wpl|Gauss's law for magnetism||,}} which reads

:<math>\nabla\cdot\mathbf{B} = 0</math>

and require that it be modified as follows to admit magnetic charges:

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Gauss's law for magnetism (with magnetic monopoles)
|-
! scope="col" width="200px" | Gaussian-cgs units
! Weber convention
! Ampere·meter convention
|-
|| <math>\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = 4 \pi \rho_{\mathrm m}</math>
|| <math>\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = \rho_{\mathrm m}</math>
|| <math>\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = \mu_0\rho_{\mathrm m}</math>
|}

The similarity to {{wpl|Gauss's law}} (the electric one) is not coincidental.

===Speculative===
By observing the magnetic moment of muons, a lower limit of 120 GeV can be placed on the mass of any magnetic monopoles. A substantially greater lower bound can be placed by negative experimental results if one makes certain theoretical presumptions.<ref name='pdg'>D. Milstead and E.J. Weinberg, [http://pdg.lbl.gov/2013/reviews/rpp2012-rev-mag-monopole-searches.pdf Magnetic Monopoles].</ref> Similarly, negative results can place limits on the flux of monopoles in our general region of space. Given that our galaxy has a background magnetic field of roughly 3×10<sup>-10</sup> T, monopoles with a mass less than about 10<sup>11</sup> GeV would be accelerated to very nearly the [[speed of light]] if loose out in space. Whee! Given estimates of certain cosmological parameters, a maximum can also be set on the number so accelerated in a given time, allowing a limit to be placed on our galaxy's monopole density.<ref name='pdg'/>

==Searches==
Physicists have been looking for these suckers since the 1930s, with only an occasional interesting (but impossible to confirm) potential detection here and there such as the so-called Valentine's Day monopole. At present, the Monopole and Exotics Detector at the Large Hadron Collider is searching for monopoles using, of all things, special plastic sheets.<ref>http://moedal.web.cern.ch/content/nuclear-track-detectors This works because monopoles are highly ionizing and would therefore leave some fairly distinctive damage in their wake.</ref> As discussed above, the negative results of previous searches can tell us about the properties of any monopoles which might one day be found.

==The wootastic stuff==
[[File:CuttingABarMagnet.svg|thumb|This is what actually happens when you break a bar magnet.]]
Of course, as with any only somewhat understood physics concept, [[bullshit]] accumulates around monopoles.

===Common misconceptions===
It is often believed that chopping a run-of-the-mill bar magnet in half will yield one piece with just a north magnetic pole and one piece with just a south magnetic pole. In reality, doing so yields two new magnets, each with a north pole and a south pole, as shown. This misconception likely stems from misunderstanding of the concept of {{wpl|ferromagnetism||,}} an effect which occurs because individual [[electron]]s act as small magnetic dipoles due to their {{wpl|spin (physics)|spin|.}}<ref group = "note">In fact, any particle with spin angular momentum '''''S''''', charge ''q'', and mass ''m'' has a magnetic moment of <math>\frac{g_s q}{2m} \mathbf{S}</math> where ''g<sub>s</sub>'' is a constant specific to the type of particle called the {{wpl|G-factor (physics)|g-factor|.}}</ref> {{wpl|Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity|Hund's rule}} tells us that the first half of the electrons in any given set of {{wpl|atomic orbital|orbitals}} of equal energy (that is, enough to occupy each orbital singly) will (likely) have the same spin, meaning that those dipoles will be aligned with each other, whereas any further electrons will necessarily have spins opposite those of the electrons they share orbitals with due to the {{wpl|Pauli exclusion principle||,}} and therefore antiparallel magnetic moments. Because of this pattern of alignment, atoms of certain materials (those with unpaired electrons, especially those with lots of them) will act as magnetic dipoles; {{wpl|exchange interaction}} causes these atom-sized dipoles to be aligned in ferromagnetic materials, and when this alignment occurs more or less throughout the object in question, you get a good old two-poled magnet. Note that at no stage in that process was there a magnetic monopole, even though the simplistic red half/white half drawings often used to explain magnetism might seem to suggest otherwise; nonetheless, it appears that a magnetic south pole is a "[[proving (homeopathy)|proven]]" [[homeopathy|homeopathic]] remedy.<ref>http://www.homeoint.org/seror/nosodes/magnetispolusaustralis.htm</ref>

It is also sometimes thought that magnetic monopoles are necessary for the existence of magnetic fields. This may be due to misunderstanding of what is meant by "sources" of the magnetic field, a phrase which is, to be fair, somewhat confusing.<ref name='sources', group = "note"/> Magnetic monopoles are not necessary for the magnetic field to be nonzero. For example, as discussed above, electrons have a nonzero magnetic moment (let's call it '''''μ'''''), and the contribution of this magnetic moment to the magnetic field is approximated by

:<math>\mathbf{B} = \frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi}\left(\frac{3\mathbf{r}(\boldsymbol{\mu}\cdot\mathbf{r})}{|\mathbf r|^5}-\frac{\boldsymbol{\mu}}{|\mathbf r|^3}\right)</math>

where '''r''' is position relative to the guilty electron and ''μ''<sub>0</sub> is a constant known as the {{wpl|vacuum permeability||.}}

===Creationist abuse===
[[Answers in Genesis]] claims that the acceptance of the [[Big Bang]] requires the existence in large numbers of magnetic monopoles.<ref>[https://answersingenesis.org/big-bang/does-the-big-bang-fit-with-the-bible/ ''Does the Big Bang Fit with the Bible?''] Answer? Yes, if you take you head out of AiG's literalist arse.</ref> This is plainly dishonest. It is true that certain grand unified theories predict that magnetic monopoles would have been produced in large quantities in the hot early universe. However, [[Big Bang#Inflation|cosmic inflation]], a phenomenon which also explains other notable peculiarities of the Universe (flatness and the horizon problem), provides a simple answer to what happened to them (scattering them all over the Universe (not just the ''observable'' Universe) in the ''very'' short period of time inflation is thought to have lasted), ''without'' a need to shout [[Goddidit]] as AiG would like.<ref group = "note">Interestingly enough, in the early history of the big bang theory, it was seen by supporters of steady-state theory as an importation of religious concepts into physics, largely because it posited a beginning of time, though the fact that it was put forth by a [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] priest may have [[anti-Catholicism|increased suspicion]]. Eventually, though, big bang cosmology came to be favored due to an overwhelming body of supporting evidence.</ref> The notion of a Big Bang can be (and originally was) derived without reliance on such GUTs, meaning that acceptance of a Big Bang model does not itself necessarily imply acceptance of even the existence of magnetic monopoles.

===Conspiracy theories===
Naturally, anything we can't find that's been predicted is being hidden by the gummint.<ref>http://pesn.com/2004/06/05/HighEnergyMagneticMonopole/</ref> {{lie}}

As with pretty much everything physics-related, enough people think of them as another reason the [[LHC]] will destroy the world that CERN has gone out of their way to explain that they really won't:<ref>http://press.web.cern.ch/backgrounders/safety-lhc</ref> essentially, while there might be some hypothetical concerns with the very massive monopoles predicted by certain GUTs, such particles are ''far'' (read: '''''far''''') too massive to be created in collisions of such energies as those seen at the LHC, and in regards to lighter monopoles which the LHC could conceivably synthesize, anything it can produce is already produced by everyday cosmic ray collisions, which have yet to destroy the world.{{nofact}}

And then there's one Miles Mathis, who attempts to explain their apparent absence by arguing for the nonexistence of not only magnetic but ''electric'' charge.<ref>http://milesmathis.com/mono.html</ref>

==Similar particles==
===Quasiparticle monopoles===
Certain quasiparticles acting as sources of the H-field have been observed.<ref>http://arxiv.org/pdf/0710.5515v2.pdf</ref> These should not be confused with the elementary particles discussed above, and lack the interesting theoretical ramifications thereof.

===Dyons===
Dyons are hypothetical particles which have both electric and magnetic charge. While the magnetic charge would still be quantized as normal, the electric charge could potentially have allowable values other than those for particles lacking magnetic charge.<ref>Schwinger, Julian (1969). "A Magnetic Model of Matter". [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/165/3895/757.short]</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~steinh/0411036.pdf A more scientific analysis of the cases for and against the present inflationary cosmological model]. Note that the author does not feel the need to appeal directly to his religious convictions for an explanation when [[methodological naturalism|natural explanations will suffice]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fundamental particles]]

Categories: Fundamental particles