trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Institute for Historical Review

{{Nazism}}
The '''Institute for Historical Review''' (IHR) is an [[United States|American]] publisher with a misleading name, controversial for its associations with [[holocaust denial]] and holocaust [[revisionism]]. The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] regards the IHR as a hate group, and a  "pseudo-academic organisation" whose purpose is to "promote Holocaust denial and defend Nazism". 

==History==
The IHR was founded in 1978 by David McCalden of the [[National Front]] and [[Willis Carto]] of the [[Liberty Lobby]], and served as an outlet for [[antisemitism]], publishing texts on Holocaust denial and [[Cultural Marxism|Judeo–Bolshevism]]. In 1979, the IHR offered a $50,000 reward for proof that gas chambers existed in [[Auschwitz]] and for the purpose of killing people. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau, wrote to the IHR but his account of captivity was ruled not to be sufficient evidence. This led to a lawsuit with Mermelstein in 1981, represented by lawyer William John Cox. After four years and two courts, it was ruled that the Holocaust was an established [[fact]] that did not require additional evidence to prove, and the IHR was ordered to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein, publicly humiliating Carto in the process. During the trial, the IHR's office was subject to firebombing, which destroyed most of its text and audio archive. In the early 1990s, Carto was forced out of the IHR, and was sued for $5 million dollars for embezzling funds.

Since then the IHR has had a change in its focus. With holocaust ''denial'' no longer being legally defensible, it became a publisher of ''[[negationism]]''. With negationism, authors and publishers can drive a "[[teach the controversy]]"-type narrative that basic facts are heavily disputed among [[historians]]. Its current director, Mark Weber, has been quoted as accepting the deaths of millions of Jews, but insists that the figures of 10, 6 and 2 million is an on-going debate among historians,<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/holocaust-denial-advert-california-bart-transportation-transit-ad-train-a8535091.html Independent — "California public transportation company allows adverts from Holocaust denial group"].</ref> though his claims the Holocaust is a [[hoax]] [[religion]] and his continued support for [[Neo-Nazis]] suggests that he is not being honest.<ref>[https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/mark-weber SPLC Center - "Mark Weber"].</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nippon Kaigi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Antisemites]]
[[Category:Denialist organizations]]
[[Category:Holocaust denialists]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazis]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory promoters]]

Categories: Antisemites, Denialist organizations, Holocaust denialists, Misnomers, Neo-Nazis, Pseudohistory promoters
Intelligent falling

[[File:Intelligent falling.JPG|239px|right|thumb|Jesus could crush the universe in his fist if he felt like it, [[Jack Chick|Mr. Chick]]!]]{{crenav}}
'''Intelligent falling''' (or '''IF''') is a [[parody religion|parody]] of [[intelligent design]] (ID) that holds that [[gravity]] is actually the hand(s) of [[God]] pushing objects 
down
 toward each other.

==Creation==
Intelligent falling was created on [[Usenet]] in 2002 as a parody of intelligent design.<ref>https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/alt.atheism/NNW8exUOu7Y/EoBKW2xuw5IJ</ref>

In its original version, intelligent falling also stated that the rate of change in the horizontal component with time is equal to {{bible|1 Corinthians|1|10}}.

==Comparison with intelligent design==
In some senses, the idea of intelligent falling has more substance than the idea of intelligent design (granted, that's not hard, and it doesn't say the nicest things about ID). Although biologists know very well [[evolution|how life developed]], gravity still lacks a coherent and totally reliable explanation. And yet, no one's pushing to have intelligent falling put on the curriculum. (Hmm... perhaps there is a lesson there about [[God of the gaps|gaps in scientific knowledge]].) Or maybe they should, given that 
intelligent design
 [[creationism]] [[global flood|sometimes]] requires intelligent falling to be coherent.

==Acceptance by fundamentalists==
{{main|Poe's law}}
Although it was originally intended to be satire, some [[fundamentalist]] [[Christian]]s, such as [[Jack Chick]],<ref>[http://www.chick.com/reading/tracts/1049/1049_01.asp?wpc=1049_01.asp&wpp=a "Who is He?"] Jack Chick</ref> have actually taken up the idea.

==See also==
*[[Intelligent design]]
*[[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]
*[[Poe's Law]]
*[[Scientific storkism]]

==External links==
*[https://www.theonion.com/evangelical-scientists-refute-gravity-with-new-intellig-1819567984 Intelligent falling article] in ''[[The Onion]]''
*[https://en.uncyclopedia.co/wiki/Intelligent_Falling Intelligent falling] in [[Uncyclopedia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{crebox}}
{{apolbox}}
__NOTOC__
[[Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics]]
[[Category:Culture wars]]
[[Category:Intelligent alternatives]]
[[Category:Parody religions]]
[[Category:Science and religion]]

Categories: Apologetics and counter-apologetics, Culture wars, Intelligent alternatives, Parody religions, Science and religion
Internal Revenue Service

{{Uspolitics}}{{cquote|I'm crazy enough to take on Batman, but the IRS? Nooo, thank you!|||The Joker, ''The New Batman Adventures - Joker's Millions''}}

The '''Internal Revenue Service''' is the main federal [[tax]] collection agency in the [[United States]].

Everybody hates the IRS, but most would probably hate it a lot worse if there were ''no'' IRS.  It's a [[Catch 22]] and you can't win.  

The IRS has been notoriously labeled as a force to be reckoned with as it has served a role in imprisoning Wesley Snipes (only to be released by the Expendables<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPSTZzs66P8</ref>) and taking down the most untouchable criminals like Al Capone.<ref>https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/al-capone</ref> 

The IRS is a bogeyman in most [[tax protester]] arguments, who claim the IRS is not really a legitimate agency or that IRS regulations make payment of taxes optional.  The IRS considers these arguments frivolous and the courts agree.

The IRS's notoriety even allowed the professional wrestler Mike Rotunda to elicit major heel heat as ''"Irwin R. Schyster"'', a taxman gimmick in the early to mid 1990s. 

Though there is one man who seems to appreciate the IRS for what it is.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn_Zln_4pA8</ref>  And hey, at least they nailed [[Kent Hovind|this guy]].

==See also==
*[[Section 501(c)]]
*[[Sean David Morton]]

{{stub|government}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tax]]
[[Category:United States government]]

Categories: Tax, United States government
International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology

{{altmed}}
The '''International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT)''' is a [[quack]] organization based in [[Canada]] that promotes [[dental woo]].<ref>[http://www.dentalwatch.org/org/nonrec.html IAOMT flagged at DentalWatch]</ref> They were responsible for the "smoking tooth" video that frequently gets passed around in [[alternative medicine|altie]] circles. [[Technobabble|Their name sounds official to lure people into their belief system]]. Their main issue is [[mercury amalgam fillings]], which they claim can cause all sorts of neurological conditions such as Parkinson's and [[autism]]. They sell filling removal kits for "dentists" along with various other [[nature woo]], mostly [[vitamin supplement|vitamin supplements]]. The organization also opposes [[water fluoridation]], claims to put out [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] "research," and supports "[[health freedom]]."

==External links==
*[https://www.iaomt.org/ Official web site]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ylnQ-T7oiA Smoking tooth video] and [http://quackfiles.blogspot.com/2005/04/smoking-teeth-truth-gets-smoked-out.html debunking].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|alternative medicine}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]
[[Category:Dentists]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoting organizations]]

Categories: Alternative medicine promoters, Dentists, Pseudoscience promoting organizations
International Democrat Union

{{Politics}}
The '''International Democrat Union''' is an international organization for friendship and cooperation among mainstream conservative parties around the world.

It was founded on June 24, 1983 by prominent figures around the world, including [[Margaret Thatcher]], then British Prime Minister; [[George H.W. Bush]], then Vice President of the United States; {{wpl|Helmut Kohl}} then Chancellor of Germany; and {{wpl|Jacques Chirac}}, then mayor of Paris.

The IDU comprises 73 full and associate members from 63 different countries.

== Key member parties==
* [[Political parties of Canada#Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party of Canada]]
* European People's Party
** Austrian People's Party
** [[Political parties of Germany#Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]
** Christian Social Union in Bavaria
** [[Political_party#France|The Republicans (France)]]
** 
[[Viktor Orban|Fidesz]]
 (no longer in this group starting from 2021)
* Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe
** [[Conservative Party (UK)]]
* U.S. [[Republican Party]]
* [[Benjamin Netanyahu|Likud (Israel)]]
* [[Liberal Party of Australia]]
* [[Kuomintang]] (Taiwan)
* [[United Future Party]]
* 
[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)]]
 — it is a founding member and does not appear to be a member at present.
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==See also==
* [[Conservatism]]
* [[Neoconservatism]]
* [[Socialist International]]

[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Organizations]]
[[Category:International organisations]]
[[Category:Political parties]]

Categories: Conservatism, Organizations, International organisations, Political parties
International Transformation Network

{{christianity}}
'''Transform Our World,''' formerly known as the '''International Transformation Network''' (ITN) is an extreme [[evangelical]] movement which promotes [[reparative therapy|treatment for homosexuals]] as well as [[faith healing|miraculous healing]]. While a minor group in the [[United States]], they have a significant presence worldwide, particularly in [[Africa]]. Their connection to [[homophobic]] elements in [[Uganda]] is particularly noteworthy.

==Organization==
The ITN is part of Harvest Evangelism, led by Ed Silvoso. As the name suggests, the main concern of ITN is the "transformation" of [[homosexuals]] into [[heterosexual]]s. In the case of ITN, this is done through [[exorcism]] via [[baptism]]. They have also [[Spiritual warfare#Spiritual mapping|placed "blessings" on cities]] to reduce [[crime]] and [[poverty]], and have recorded alleged [[miracle]] [[healing]]s of [[HIV/AIDS]].

The ultimate goal of the ITN is the complete "transformation" of all elements of society. While this may be unrealistic, the ITN does hold considerable sway in the governments of some countries. For example, Silvoso has claimed that the Philippine National Police Force is directing its officers to take courses in transformation principles.<ref>[http://www.alternet.org/story/145362/uganda%27s_%22kill_the_gays%22_movement_organizing_in_newark,_nj Uganda's "Kill the Gays" Movement Organizing in Newark, NJ], AlterNet</ref> However, the main power base of the ITN is in Africa, with an entire branch of the organization dedicated to the continent.

==The ITN and Uganda==
Silvoso and the ITN have very close ties to the government of Uganda. Representatives of the ITN have met with members of the Ugandan government, including President Yoweri Museveni and his wife. MPs from the Ugandan government have appeared in videos produced by the ITN-connected Sentinel Group and attended ITN conferences.<ref>[http://www.talk2action.org/story/2010/1/15/134445/911/ Video Exposes Antigay Western Theocratic Effort "Transforming" Uganda], Talk To Action</ref>

The ITN's position in Uganda is particularly troubling given the proposed Anti-Homosexuality Bill of 2009. The bill — which would add "aggravated homosexuality" and "promotion of homosexuality" to the criminal code, the former as a [[death penalty]] offense<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/10/15/uganda-anti-homosexuality-bill-threatens-liberties-and-human-rights-defenders Uganda: ‘Anti-Homosexuality’ Bill Threatens Liberties and Human Rights Defenders], Human Rights Watch</ref> — was introduced by David Bahati and Benson Obua-Ogwal, who are both connected to ITN through the College of Prayer Uganda.<ref>[http://www.talk2action.org/story/2009/12/4/134435/084 Rick Warren's Dissertation Advisor Leads Network Promoting Uganda Anti-Gay Bill], Talk To Action</ref>

==External links==
*[https://transformourworld.org/ Official site]
*Bruce Wilson's documentary [http://www.vimeo.com/8762603 Transforming Uganda]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Homophobia]]

Categories: Homophobia
Internet Infidels

{{Internet}}
'''Internet Infidels''' ('''infidels.org''') is a website that promotes [[metaphysical naturalism]], which they define as the hypothesis that the natural world is a closed system.<ref>http://www.infidels.org/infidels/</ref> The site is one of the oldest on the Internet promoting atheism and related subjects, and is a classic in the genre.

==Content==
The site contains material describing and defining concepts such as [[atheism]], [[agnosticism]], naturalism and [[secular humanism]].<ref>http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/reason/agnosticism/</ref><ref>http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/secularhumanism/</ref><ref>http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/atheism/</ref> In addition to that, it also contains material arguing that the beliefs of the world's major religions are false. They also have material on paranormal woo like [[Near death experience|near death experiences]].<ref>https://infidels.org/library/modern/keith_augustine/HNDEs.html</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.infidels.org Secular Web: Atheism, Agnosticism, Naturalism, Skepticism and Secularism]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Websites]]
{{stub|internet}}

Categories: Atheists, Websites
Intrinsic good

{{philosophy}}
'''Intrinsic good''' refers to the ethical concept of something that is good in and of itself, simply because it ''is''. This is contrasted with instrumental or inherent good, which are good ''for'' something. The nature and very existence of truly intrinsic good has been subject to much debate, but in the end most people accept that there is intrinsic good because morality would be entirely arbitrary and immaterial without it.<ref>http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/intrinsic.html</ref> Though there are many theories on what is intrinsic good, there are basically two options: the [[Consequentialism|Consequentialist]] and [[Deontological ethics|Deontological]] views.

==In consequentialism==

Consequentialism, the philosophical view that moral judgements are to be made based on consequences of actions, generally holds a hedonistic and eudaemonistic view of intrinsic good, that is, pleasure (simple happiness) and ''eudaemonia'' (human flourishing) are considered good. Consequentialists hope to achieve hedonistic ideals by promoting actions with consequences that maximize pleasure, eudaemonia, or both. This approach is a key concept of [[Secular humanism]].<ref>http://atheism.about.com/od/aboutethics/p/GodlessMorality.htm</ref> Hedonism and eudaemonia are often criticized because they are difficult to measure.

[[Objectivism|Objectivists]] are unique in their rejection of objective intrinsic good, although they claim not to reject but support objective right or wrong. Instead, they claim that good is relative to the furthering of one's life alone, and that nothing ''is'' good itself, but must be good ''to'' someone ''for'' something. This position is criticized for its lack of scientific objectivity and its moral justification of just about everything, if it serves a person's self-interest.

==In deontology==

Deontology is the view that actions are to be judged based on adherence to moral rules such as [[Divine command theory|God's word]] and the [[categorical imperative]]. Deontologists typically value one's duty to the rules as the only intrinsic good. This view is popular because, like all of deontology, it is simple and easy to follow: do what we say, and you're doing it right. Duty can lead to some very strange decisions, but in the case of a more democratic alternative such as [[Social contract]] can be effectivish. It is also criticized because it is unclear exactly what makes the rules ''themselves'' right without resorting to hedonism.

==See also==

*[[Ethics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Morality]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Categories: Morality, Philosophy
Invincible authority

{{logic}}
'''Invincible authority''' is a [[logical fallacy|fallacy]] that occurs when an authority's opinion on an idea is cited as if that authority's support was the only [[evidence]] necessary to uphold said idea.

The fallacy is an [[appeal to authority]] and thus a [[conditional fallacy]].

==Form==
{{syl
|2=Source '''X''' supports '''Y'''.
|4=(''[[Enthymeme|unstated]]'') Source '''X''' is necessarily correct.
|5=C|6='''Y''' is necessarily correct.
}}

==Examples==
*[[Einstein]] [[Deism|believed in a god]], so I'm going to.
*[[YEC|The world was created in seven days]], because the [[Bible]] says so.
*[[Advertisement|[Famous Person X] uses [Product Y]; so will I.]]
*[[Aristotle]] held that some men were fit only to be slaves, therefore [[slavery]] is justified.
*Many [[Christians]] make a [[Special pleading|special case]] for the Bible / [[God]] / [[Jesus]],<ref>[http://seekfind.net/Christians_Do_Not_Need_Logical_Fallacies_But_Unbelievers_Do.html Encyclopedia of Logical Fallacies Encyclopedia of Logical Fallacies] ''SeekFind'' (archived from December 2, 2018). "Those who know Jesus Christ do not need fallacies. All others do."</ref> arguing that everything else can be questioned ''except'' God. Often, this relies on the [[circular reasoning]] that [[Biblical literalism|God inspired the Bible because the Bible says so]].

==Problems==
Such an argument is fallacious because there is no given reason why the authority's word should be accepted as final. The fallacy also faces the issue that only the authority's opinion is considered, while no opposing arguments are.

The line between invincible authority and a valid [[argument from authority]] can be difficult to draw; [[Continuum fallacy|this does not mean no distinction exists]]. A sound argument based on citing authorities requires:
#supporting the authority of the authority (e.g., the authority is an expert in the field, has been widely published, and agrees with [[scientific consensus]]) and
#hedging your bets (because [[Inverse stopped clock|even the most qualified authorities make mistakes]]) and asserting that the authority's support merely makes an argument ''likely'' true, not ''necessarily'' true.

Ultimately, however, this fallacy underscores the weakness of citing authorities instead of arguments.

==See also==
*[[Argument from authority]]
*[[Biblical literalism]]

==External links==
*[https://www2.palomar.edu/users/bthompson/Invincible%20Authority.html "Invincible Authority"] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20070204071317/http://www.cuyamaca.net/bruce.thompson/Fallacies/invincible_authority.asp old version]), Bruce Thompson
*[http://www.seekfind.net/Invincible_Authority_Fallacy__Appeal_to_Invincible_Authority.html "Invincible Authority Fallacy"], SeekFind.net (a YEC Christian website)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Appeals to authority]]

Categories: Appeals to authority
Iodine

{{fork}}
[[File:Iodine-evaporating.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Iodine in its pure form exaporating, leaving a trademark purple vapor.]]
*The [[element]] iodine
*[[Salt#Iodine|Iodized salt]]
*[[Iodine tablets]] to protect the thyroid from radioactive {{wpl|iodine-131}}
*[[Electrified atomic iodine]]
*Iodine [[Vitamin and mineral supplements|nutritional supplements]]

[[Category:Chemicals]]
[[Category:Elements]]

Categories: Chemicals, Elements
Iodine tablets

[[File:IodineDistJapan.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Iodine tablets distributed to the US Armed Forces stationed in Japan shortly after the Fukushima disaster]]
{{nuclear}}
'''Iodine tablets''' are a way to minimize the public health impact of [[radioactivity|radioactive]] releases resulting from severe nuclear accidents, such as [[core meltdown]]s. They usually contain 130 mg of potassium iodide (KI), equivalent to 100 mg of iodine. The tablets are distributed to pharmacies, schools and other public institutions near [[Nuclear energy|nuclear reactors]]. In the event of a radioactive release, the tablets are taken by people living in the affected area. The large dose of iodide temporarily saturates the thyroid gland, reducing its absorption of radioactive iodine-131 from food and air. <ref name="cdc">CDC, [https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/ki.htm Potassium Iodide (KI)]</ref>

Iodine-131 is a fission product with a half-life of 8 days, which can be released from a reactor when its containment structure is breached. It is preferentially absorbed by the thyroid, with large doses causing thyroid cancer. Although thyroid cancer is treatable and rarely fatal, it is nonetheless a significant public health burden in populations which were once exposed to large concentrations of iodine-131, such as in the [[Chernobyl]] area.<ref>http://www.greenfacts.org/en/chernobyl/l-2/2-health-effects-chernobyl.htm#0</ref>

==Misconceptions==
Iodine tablets do ''not'' act as a generic countermeasure against radiation exposure. They are only effective as a means to reduce exposure to iodine-131. Taking them more than 90 days after an accident has no effect, since iodine-131 will have almost completely decayed by then. They do not protect against external X-ray, gamma or beta irradiation or the ingestion of radioactive substances other than isotopes of iodine.<ref name=cdc/> This misconception found its way into an episode of ''House M.D.''<ref>[http://house.wikia.com/wiki/Airborne House Wikia: Airborne]</ref>

Iodized salt does not contain sufficient quantities of iodine to act as a substitute for iodine tablets.<ref name=cdc/> Consuming large quantities of it will do far more harm than good, and may be fatal. This misconception led to a run on iodized salt in [[China]] after the [[Fukushima disaster]].<ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-17/world/china.salt.scramble_1_radiation-fears-iodide-tablets-potassium-iodide?_s=PM:WORLD CNN: Chinese scramble to buy salt as radiation fears grow]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vitamin supplement]]
*[[Edgar Cayce]] &mdash; the original iodine [[woo]]-meister

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chemicals]]

Categories: Chemicals