trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Hominid

{{evolution}}[[File:Fossil hominids.jpg|thumb]]
"'''Hominid'''" is the informal name for any member of the zoological taxonomic family {{wpl|Hominidae||.}} It is widely used in two contexts:
# Paleoanthropology traditionally used the term to refer to modern humans and their ancestors and relatives back to the split from the ancestry of chimpanzees, and other modern non-humans<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=hominid hominid]</ref> like [[Neanderthal]]s.<ref>[http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/collections/museum/hominid/hominid_index.shtml This museum exhibit] on hominids does not include gorillas.</ref> More recently, the term "hominin" has been gaining in popularity<ref>[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=hominid%2Chominin&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Chominid%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Chominin%3B%2Cc0 Chart of comparative usage-frequency]</ref> for these human relatives, as the informal term for a member of the taxonomic tribe ''Hominini''.  In this version, the Hominidae are divided into the Pongini, representing the [[orangutan]]s; and the Hominini, containing the {{wpl|Gorilla|gorillas}}, [[chimpanzee]]s, and humans, and their extinct relatives. (Wikipedia prefers "hominan", the informal term for a member of the subtribe Hominina, for Wikipedia includes chimpanzees and [[bonobo]]s in the same tribe with humans.)
# In taxonomy, "{{wpl|Hominid|hominids}}" can refer to [[human]]s, as well as to the '''{{wpl|Great ape|great apes}}''', including [[chimpanzee]]s, {{wpl|Gorilla|gorillas}}, [[orangutan]]s, and to their evolutionary ancestors back to the split from the ancestry of {{wpl|Gibbon|gibbons}} (the "{{wpl|Lesser ape|lesser apes}}").  Biologists prefer this technical definition, as per the [[Linnaean taxonomy | Linnaean System of Classification]] - which groups organisms together by their ancestry. In older taxonomies, the only modern representatives of the Hominidae were humans, and a distinct subfamily (Pongidae) dealt with the great apes.

==Hominini==
[[File:Homo skull changes.png|center|thumb|750px|Evolution of the shape, size, and contours of the human (''Homo'') skull]]
''Hominini'' is a subtribe of the Hominids which contains the genera ''{{wpl|Sahelanthropus|Sahelanthropus}}'', ''{{wpl|Orrorin|Orrorin}}'', ''{{wpl|Ardipithecus||,}}'' ''{{wpl|Kenyanthropus||,}}'' ''{{wpl|Australopithecus||,}}'' ''{{wpl|Paranthropus||,}}'' ''[[Chimpanzee|Pan]]'', and ''[[Homo]]''. In other words, it contains the group of all bipedal [[ape]]s. The genus first emerged some seven million years ago. The only currently living members of Hominini are ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', ''Pan troglodytes'', and ''Pan paniscus''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|evolution}}

[[Category:Hominids]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Biology]]

Categories: Hominids, Evolution, Biology
Homo

{{fork}}
==Species==
*''[[Homo sapiens]]'' (human)
*''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' (Neanderthals)
*''[[Homo erectus]]''
*''[[Homo ergaster]]''
*''[[Homo floresiensis]]
*''[[Homo habilis]]''
*''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''
*''[[Homo rudolfensis]]''

===Related topics===
*[[Hominid]]
*[[:Category:Hominids]]

==Homosexuality==
*[[Homosexuality]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[:Category:Homosexuality]]

==Other==
*[[Homo economicus]] — a theoretical ideal human used in [[economics]]: real people don't behave this way
Homo ergaster

[[File:Almost humans exhibit at ICP in Sabadell (23).JPG|thumb|right|Partial reconstruction of an ''H. ergaster'' fossil skull]]
{{title-italics}}
{{evolution}}
'''''Homo ergaster''''' was similar to ''[[Homo erectus]]'' and might have been an African subspecies of ''H. erectus'' or a distinct species; palaeontologists are not sure.  ''H. ergaster'' lived less than two million years ago.

==Comparison with other homo types==
[[File:Homo skull changes.png|center|thumb|750px|Evolution of the shape, size, and contours of the human (''Homo'') skull]]
''H. ergaster'' had several features found in modern humans and might have been a direct ancestor.<ref>''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' has also been suggested as our direct ancestor</ref> The pelvis of ''H. ergaster'' was narrow as in modern humans and the rib cage had a modern human shape.  The narrow pelvis caused problems for mothers giving birth.  The brain of the newborn evolved to be undeveloped so the head was small enough to pass through the narrow pelvis and the nuclear family might have come into being as mothers needed additional support caring for their undeveloped infants.  One specimen of ''H. ergaster'' had ‘narrow cheek teeth’ and ‘a smaller dental arcade’, suggesting that food was processed with stones and needed less chewing.  The brain of ''H. ergaster'' was larger than that of typical ''H. erectus'' and tools found with ''H. ergaster'' were more advanced.

==See also==
*[[Hominid]]

==Sources==
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/h/homo_ergaster.htm Homo ergaster]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/leaving_home1.shtml Leaving home - 2 million years ago, Homo ergaster]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|evolution}}
{{evonav}}
__NOTOC__
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Hominids]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Transitional fossils]]

Categories: Evolution, Hominids, History, Biology, Transitional fossils
Homo rudolfensis

{{title-italics}}
[[File:Homo rudolfensis.jpg|right|thumb|165px|Rudy.]]
{{evolution}}

'''''Homo rudolfensis''''' is a true [[transitional form]] linking [[australopithecine]]s and [[human]]s; examples date from 1.8 million years ago or earlier.  Researchers have found very primitive stone tools contemporary with ''H. rudolfensis'', but we cannot prove which species made them.

==Morphology==
[[File:Homo skull changes.png|center|thumb|750px|Evolution of the shape, size, and contours of the human (''Homo'') skull]]
''H. rudolfensis'' might have been a type of australopithecine with a larger brain, <ref>[http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-rudolfensis Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: ''Homo Rudolfensis'']</ref><ref>[http://australianmuseum.com/Homo-rudolfensis Homo rudolfensis]</ref> the exact point of transition between ''Australopithecus'' and ''Homo'' being inevitably arbitrary. ''H. rudolfensis'' had a larger brain than ''[[Homo habilis]]'' <ref>[http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/hfs5.html handprint.com: ''Homo rudolfensis'']</ref> and some development of Broca’s area, later associated with speech though we do not know whether ''H. rudolfensis'' could talk.  Furthermore, the areas of the brain which modern humans use for logical thinking, future planning and decision making were developed in ''H. rudolfensis''.  It was taller than a typical australopithecine, about as tall as modern humans.<ref>[http://www.mesacc.edu/dept/d10/asb/origins/hominid_journey/rudolfensis.html ''Homo rudolfensis'': A New Kind of Animal] </ref><ref group=note>As soft tissue does not fossilise readily, it is not currently known if ''H. rudolfensis'' had a very shiny nose. </ref>

==''Homo habilis'' and ''rudolfensis'' compared==
''Homo rudolfensis'' is very similar to ''[[Homo habilis]]'' and some scientists see ''H. rudolfensis'' as a type of ''H. habilis''.  One might have been the male and the other the female. <ref>[http://archaeologyinfo.com/homo-rudolfensis/ archaeologyinfo.com: ''Homo rudolfensis'']</ref> Comparing patterns of dental wear for ''H. rudolfensis'' and ''H. habilis'' suggests the two had different diets and may indicate different species. <ref>[http://www.becominghuman.org/node/homo-rudolfensis-essay Becoming Human: ''Homo rudolfensis'' Essay]</ref>  Recent fossil finds suggest that ''Homo rudolfensis'' was a distinct species and not a different type of ''Homo habilis''. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19184370 New human species identified from Kenya fossils]</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Homo erectus]]''
*''[[Homo ergaster]]''
*''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''
*''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]''
*[[Cro-Magnon]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
__NOTOC__
[[Category:Hominids]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Transitional fossils]]

Categories: Hominids, History, Biology, Transitional fossils
Hopi

{{significantly problematic}}{{Needs sources}}
{{pseudohistorynav}}
[[File:Kachina dolls.jpg|thumb|Kachina dolls, sketch from a 19th century anthropology book.]]
The '''Hopi''' are a [[Native American]] people who live in what is nowadays [[Arizona]]. Aspects of their [[mythology]] and [[culture]] have been hijacked by [[woo]]-pushers, most likely because of Frank Waters' popularization of Hopi culture with his 1963 ''Book of the Hopi''.<ref>''Book of the Hopi'' by Frank Waters (1963) Viking.</ref> Waters' book has largely been rejected by serious scholars.<ref>{{wpa|Frank Waters}}</ref>

==Kachina==
In Hopi mythology, Kachina are supernatural beings representing various natural forces and/or ancestral spirits. The term is also used for the traditional dolls and the ritual dancers depicting them. Advocates of the [[ancient astronauts]] 
theory
 
hypothesis
 [[meme]] have tried to use them as supporting evidence for alien visitation in the past, citing the "Kachina-as-teachers" myths and drawing a parallel between the Kachina masks and astronauts' helmets, even though the latter are rarely adorned with feathers. Maybe these ancient astronaut buffoons are thinking of [[cargo cult]]s?

==Prophecies==
Several "prophecies" (or variants of a single one) attributed to the Hopi have been used to support various apocalyptic claims, such as the [[2012 apocalypse]].

It has become a fundamental tenet of woo theology that those wise old Hopi had it right and we should look for a ''Blue Kachina'' in the form of a blue star. This either means the total destruction of the planet, or the impending arrival of the [[extraterrestrials]], or possibly a special offer on tableware in Aisle 6.

Chief culprit for this rubbish seems to be Bob Frissell, who wrote it in a 2003 book ''Something in this book is true''. Frissell says that Chief White Feather told him of eight signs, starting with:

:''This is the First Sign: We are told of the coming of the white-skinned men, like Pahana, but not living like Pahana, men who took the land that was not theirs.''

Well, they got that right, anyway.

==Language==
In the 1950s, Benjamin Lee Whorf (the Whorf in the "[[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]]") claimed that the Hopi language lacked the concept of [[time]] (had “no words, grammatical forms, construction or expressions that refer directly to what we call “time.”) He's wrong, as you might expect.<ref>http://www.native-languages.org/iaq7.htm</ref>

==See also==
*[[Noble savage]]

==External links==
*[http://www.hopi-nsn.gov/ Official website] (yes, they do have one)
*[http://www.2012hoax.wikidot.com/hopi Hopi prophecies], page at 2012hoax.org
*[http://www.welcomehome.org/rainbow/prophecy/prophecies.html Page with purported Native American prophecies, including several Hopi ones]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ancient aliens]]
[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Native Americans]]
[[Category:Woo]]

Categories: Ancient aliens, Anthropology, Native Americans, Woo
Horizon problem

[[File:Horizon problem.svg|thumb|right|165px|Illustration of the horizon problem{{efn|The expansion of spacetime is faster than the speed of light. This means that the most distant objects in the observable universe are much farther away than than 13.8 billion light years, the age of the universe times the speed of light. Hence we can observe an object 15 billion light years away.}}]]
{{crenav}}
The '''horizon problem''' refers to the former mystery of why the [[Universe]] is homogeneous and isotropic despite distant regions of space failing to be causally connected. [[Science]] has since provided an explanation.

==Against rationalists==
When confronted with the [[starlight problem]], [[Young Earth Creationism|Young Earth Creationists]] occasionally [[Whataboutism|counter]] that the [[Big Bang]] theory has a "starlight problem" of its own.<ref>
[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/lighttravel.asp Light-travel time: A problem for the Big Bang] from [[Answers in Genesis]]. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
</ref>
Leaving aside the fact that this argument fails to address the problems with the YEC model, this criticism has been refuted.

Scientific circles know the problem with the Big Bang that the creationists refer to as the horizon problem. The horizon problem states that the universe is homogeneous and highly isotropic (it's largely the same in every direction we look) despite insufficient time for regions far away from each other to "communicate" and become roughly the same in temperature, density, and other properties. This means that a region a few hundred thousand light years away looks similar to a region ten billion light years away. However, an explanation consistent with these and other observations has existed since the early 1980s.

==Argument refuted==
The explanation, known as '''[[Big Bang#Inflation|inflation]]''', was proposed by Alan Guth and holds that the Universe underwent a brief period of rapid ''accelerated'' expansion very early in its history. Inflation accounts for the observed homogeneity and isotropy of the Universe, as well as the flat geometry of the Universe. Furthermore, inflation predicts very small but observable differences in temperature of the [[cosmic microwave background]] [[radiation]], which have since been confirmed by satellite-based measurements.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/0206mapresults.html NASA article] on WMAP.  Retrieved September 14, 2007.</ref>

The inflationary Big Bang theory continues to be, overwhelmingly, the best scientific explanation for the beginning of the observable universe.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==See also==
*[[Essay:Inflation theory 101]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{crebox}}

[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Creationism]]

Categories: Science, Creationism
Hormone replacement therapy

{{gender}}
'''Hormone replacement therapy''' (HRT) is a therapy for women who have gone through age-related menopause or surgically-induced menopause (removal of ovaries and/or uterus due to disease), thus requiring additional hormones to replace the ones their bodies are no longer producing. There has been considerable concern in recent years due to links between long-term HRT in post-menopausal women and [[breast]] [[cancer]].<ref>[http://www.breastcancer.org/risk/factors/hrt] at Breastcancer.org</ref>{{dead}} Combined estrogen–progestogen menopausal therapy is carcinogenic in the breast and endometrium of women.<ref>[http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/recentpub/mono91.pdf ''IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 91: Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Menopausal Therapy'']</ref>

== HRT in transgender therapy ==
{{main|Gender transition}}
HRT is also prescribed to [[transgender]] individuals, who wish to ease gender dysphoria, improve gender euphoria, or neither at all in order to suppress naturally-occurring hormones and replace them with greater quantities of those which determine secondary-sex characteristics of the opposite physical sex, usually for the purpose of making their body match what they associate with their psychological gender identity.

According to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care,<ref>[https://s3.amazonaws.com/amo_hub_content/Association140/files/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH%20(2)(1).pdf WPATH Standards of Care, 7<sup>th</sup> Version]</ref> a mental health professional (which is loosely defined by the Standards of Care as someone with "[clinical] training [...] within any discipline that prepares mental health professionals for clinical practice, such as psychology, psychiatry, social work, mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, nursing, or family medicine with specific training in behavioral health and counseling") must diagnose a patient with [[gender dysphoria]] and provide a letter approving HRT in order for therapy to commence. However, as this process can take quite a while, and some mental health professionals may have unreasonable expectations, many self-medicate as HRT medications for transgender women are not controlled substances in most countries. However, for transgender men, testosterone is considered a Schedule III controlled substance.<ref>[http://ftmguide.org/bioidenticalt.html Bioidentical Testosterone - Hudson's FTM Resource Guide]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Human carcinogens]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Transgender]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
{{stub|Biology}}

Categories: Biology, Human carcinogens, Medicine, Transgender, Social justice
Howard Ahmanson

[[File:Howard PRimage.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Howard Ahmanson]]
{{crenav|1}}
'''Howard Fieldstead Ahmanson, Jr.''' {{lived|1950}} is the shadowy, reclusive multi-milionaire heir of the Home Savings bank fortune built by his father Howard Fieldstead Ahmanson, Sr. (his reclusion seems to be partially caused by suffering from Tourette’s Syndrome).<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/mar/06/arts.artsnews#:~:text=Howard%20F%20Ahmanson%20Jr%20is%20the%2021st%20century's%20answer%20to%20Howard%20Hughes.&text=Even%20in%20Orange%20County%2C%20California,of%20his%20talking%20for%20him.</ref> Junior uses his money to finance several [[right wing]] [[cults]], [[think tank]]s, and causes. He is a major financial contributor to the [[Discovery Institute]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/us/politicized-scholars-put-evolution-on-the-defensive.html Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive]</ref> He also provided $1,395,000 to the "YES on 8" campaign for [[Proposition 8]].<ref>[http://projects.latimes.com/prop8/ Proposition 8: Who gave in the gay marriage battle?]</ref> In 2014, Ahmanson decided to up the stakes from indirect influence to campaign financing, providing major funding to the House of Representatives campaign of California State Senator Mimi Walters.<ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/dispatches/2013/07/07/republican-candidate-funded-by-reconstructionist/ Republican Candidate Funded by Reconstructionist]</ref>

As a [[Calvinist]], Ahmanson used to be part of [[R.J. Rushdoony]]'s [[Christian Reconstructionism]] movement. Though he claims not to support the [[death penalty]] for [[homosexuals]], and has said that he "no longer consider[s] [it] essential" to stone people who have committed acts that the [[Old Testament]] deems immoral, he does not think it is immoral for a country to have this law or for someone to follow it. "But I don't think it's at all a necessity."

''TIME'' Magazine covered the Ahmansons in their 2005 profiles of the 25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America, classifying them as "the financiers".

Due to his reclusivity, his wife, Roberta Ahmanson, performs most of his public communication duties on his behalf and is likewise a [[Christian fundamentalist]].

==Quotes==
* My goal is the total integration of biblical law into our lives <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100519150951/http://current.com/news-and-politics/89513280_proposition-8-total-integration-of-biblical-law-into-our-lives.htm Proposition 8, total integration of biblical law into our lives.]</ref>

==External Links==
*[[SourceWatch]]: [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Howard_F._Ahmanson,_Jr. Howard F. Ahmanson, Jr.]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{crebox|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmanson, Howard}}
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Discovery Institute]]
[[Category:Fundamentalists]]
[[Category:Homophobes]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paleoconservatives]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]

Categories: California, Christians, Discovery Institute, Fundamentalists, Homophobes, Living people, Paleoconservatives, Pseudoscience promoters
Hu Jintao

[[File:Hu Jintao at White House 2011.jpg|thumb|165px|Who is he? He is Hu.]]{{ChinesePolitics}}
'''Hu Jintao''' {{lived|1942}} was the [[Dictator|Paramount Leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] from 2002 to 2012, a position formerly filled by Chairman [[Mao Zedong]], [[Deng Xiaoping|Deng]] "[[Tiananmen Square]]" Xiaoping, and a couple of other people who did little of note.  Coming from a humble background, Hu rose through the ranks to head the CCP's Youth League and administrator of an [[Tibet|integral part of China]] before becoming Communist Party's general secretary and the preeminent fashion icon for its legions of hip young bureaucrats. His term as Party General Secretary ended in November 2012, and he was succeeded by [[Xi Jinping]].

In this role he advocated a "[[Military-industrial complex|peaceful development]]" of his country; this involves overseeing construction of their first aircraft carrier, stealth fighter plane, fast attack boats and the largely-defensive weapon of Dong Feng missile.<ref group=note>Which is very, very scary when all you've got to counter this are a couple ''thousand'' [[nuke]]s and a conventional military that costs almost as much as those fielded by the rest of the world combined.</ref>  This was very successful, and so obviously helped to prevent trouble further down the line, and also aided good long-term relations with the [[USA]], and other countries.

Domestically, he promised the Chinese people to build a "harmonious society" that is supposed to alleviate the [[economic inequality|sharp divergences in income and wealth]] that developed in the wake of China's economic opening.  It has also helped to "[[Censorship|harmonize]]" the sharp divergences of opinions held by dissidents such as Liu Xiaobo or Ai Weiwei.<ref group=note>In fact, the term "harmonious society" has become so synonymous with [[Internet]] [[censorship]] in China that the authorities censored the Chinese word for "harmonious" on the internet. In response, Chinese internet users began using a similar-sounding Chinese word which means "{{wpl|River crab (Internet slang)|river crab}}" as a replacement to get around the censors, creating what may have been the first Chinese [[internet meme]].</ref> This has so obviously made the lives of the majority of people better, and made some good progress for [[poor]] people in China who are now living in better conditions than ever.

==See also==
*[[Deng Xiaoping]]
*[[Xi Jinping]]
*[[Mao Zedong]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}
{{stub|Communism}}

[[Category:Asian politicians]]
[[Category:Communists]]
[[Category:Chinese politics]]
[[Category:Dictators]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Asian politicians, Communists, Chinese politics, Dictators, Living people