trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Imam Mahdi

{{Sources needed}}
{{Islam}}
The '''Imam Mahdi''', also known as the Hidden Imam, is just this guy, you know?

Specifically, he's a guy who will bring the return of the true Imamate in the doctrines of the Twelver sect of [[Shi'a]] [[Islam]]. Why the Imamate had to go away in the first place has never been explained, but, presumably, it just needed some time away to sort out its relationship with [[Allah]].

The Imam Mahdi is in no way a [[messiah]] whatsoever.

But seriously, Imam Mahdi is the twelfth and last Imam according to the doctrines of the Isna Asheri or Twelver Shia (Isna Asher literally means twelve in Arabic). It goes that his father, Hasan Al-Askari, could not and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari did not have a son]. While the Twelvers deny this claim, they also believe that Mahdi's mother did not show signs of pregnancy and that Mahdi disappeared immediately after he was born (you do the math). Mahdi only appeared once, when he was five years old, to do the prayer on his father's deathbed and then disappeared again for good; well, until he resurfaces and fills the world with justice and happiness (the Islamic version of happily ever after). Twelvers also believe that Mahdi will come back on a Friday which is the Muslim world's equivalent of Sunday. So, basically, he will come back on a weekend and ruin it once and for all for everybody.

Last but not least, Twelvers believe that Mahdi will come back accompanied by Jesus, and together they will kill all the non-believers before they make the world a peaceful place to live. So yeah, Jesus will be there too.

In 2015, former Iranian president [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] alleged that the United States was attempting to apprehend the Hidden Imam. During a speech to clerics, he asserted that U.S. academic institutions were extensively researching to locate the sacred figure.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210825224122/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2015/iran-150622-rferl01.htm</ref>

==References==

{{stub|Islam|Islam}}
[[Category:Muslims]]

Categories: Muslims
Immaculate conception

{{christianity}}
'''Immaculate Conception''' is the [[Roman Catholic]] version of the Virgin<sup>[sic]</sup> Mary's conception without [[original sin]]. It is nothing to do with the [[pregnancy|impregnation]] of said female by the "Holy Ghost".

The Immaculate Conception is considered a key tenet of Roman Catholicism, and explains why no element of [[Jesus]]' nature was stained by original sin. However, despite having a long tradition, it was frequently debated and argued over within the church until 1854 when pope Pius IX decided to put it down in writing (and it wasn't until Pius XII's encyclical of 1943 that Mary was declared to be free of all sin).<ref>{{wpa|Immaculate Conception}}</ref> The notion of Immaculate Conception was stated ''[[ex cathedra]]'' and is accordingly held to be unalterable and infallible; it is one of only two infallible Papal revelations for Catholics. To deny the Immaculate Conception is thus [[heretic]]al.  

[[Duns Scotus]] famously argued for the Immaculate Conception on the grounds of [[Goddidit|potuit, decuit, ergo fecit]] — God could have done, it would have been good for God to do so, so God must have done it.
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|religion}}

[[Category:Catholicism]]

Categories: Catholicism
Imprecision fallacy

{{logicnav}}
An '''imprecision fallacy''' (also an '''error in sampling''') occurs when evidence used is not representative of the group because it is imprecise in some way.

For example, in an [[apex fallacy]], only the cream of the crop are considered when generalizing all members of a group; clearly, the top performers are not representative of the group at large, and thus cannot be generalized.

It is an [[informal fallacy]].

==See also==
*[[Statistics#Sampling bias]]

==External links==
*[https://www2.palomar.edu/users/bthompson/Errors%20in%20Sampling.html Errors in Sampling], Bruce Thompson

{{stub|logic}}

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Imprecision fallacies| ]]
[[Category:Informal fallacies]]

Categories: Imprecision fallacies, Informal fallacies
Income redistribution

{{Economics}}
'''Income redistribution''', in its most basic form, is the taking of income from one person to be given to someone else.  This could be anything from the ''complete'' confiscation of a person's income to give to someone less fortunate than them (seen in no current [[West]]ern nation), to a [[tax]] on the vast majority in order to support a minority of completely [[Disability|disabled]] people.

==Modern welfare==
[[File:Incomes-compare.svg|thumb|left|Comparing a range of yearly salaries in the US - pointing out the disparity between welfare-level incomes of $10,000, "middle" incomes of $42,000 and those of top CEOs (measured in the millions). The sheer scale of the differences has long been used as a supporting factor for income redistribution.<ref>Based on numbers from [http://cdn.front.moveon.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/sun-full.jpg this hilariously misleading graph.]</ref>]]

The modern [[welfare state]] is based, to some extent, on a modest amount of income redistribution.  In the [[United States]], the popular [[Social Security]] program operates as a modest income redistribution program, giving money from taxes to widows, retirees, and the disabled.

==Opposition==
When presented this way, most people have no issues with income redistribution.  However, many [[conservative]]s and [[libertarians]] oppose any form of income redistribution as theft.{{cn}}  One set of reasoning is that if one man takes money from you he is a thief, if a hundred men take money from you they are a [[crime]] family, and if ten thousand men take money from you they are a [[government]]. This is coupled with the belief that the [[moral]]s of taking money do not change depending on the number of people doing the taking (from one thief to a ten thousand strong government).   

The other rationalisation of the opposition to income redistribution is that it is punishing people for being productive and earning money while [[Welfare queen|rewarding those who are not productive]]. (With "productive" meaning "playing [[golf]] while some other people do all the actual work," presumably.)

==See also==
*[[Social contract]]
*
Social democracy
 [[Socialism]] -- what opponents frequently call it
*[[Tax protester]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|economics}}

[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Political terms]]
[[Category:Social justice]]

Categories: Economics, Political terms, Social justice
Independent Institute

{{denialism}}The '''Independent Institute''' is a [[libertarian]] [[think tank]] which, according to its website, has offered the world "25 years of enlightening ideas" thus far. Its lighthouse logo is a reference to the debunking of the idea that lighthouses are [[public good]]s.<ref>[http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=757 The Lighthouse as a Private-Sector Collective Good], 1 October 2003, Fred E. Foldvary.</ref> The Institute is known for pushing various brands of [[crank]]ery, including Robert B. Stinnett's<ref>[http://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=514 Robert B. Stinnett profile], Independent Institute</ref> work advancing the [[Pearl Harbor conspiracy theory]] and [[Thomas DiLorenzo]]'s<ref>[http://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=544 Thomas DiLorenzo profile], Independent Institute</ref> [[neo-Confederate]] rambling. Being a good libertarian think tank, the Institute also [[denialism|denies]] [[global warming]], hawking books by noted deniers such as [[Patrick Michaels]].<ref>Roy E. Cordato. [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=875 Review of ''Climate Coup: Global Warming’s Invasion of Our Government and Our Lives''.] ''Independent Review'', Spring 2002.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Cato Institute]]
*[[Competitive Enterprise Institute]]
*[[Heartland Institute]]
*[[Peter Thiel]] — their billionaire former research fellow<ref>[https://www.independent.org/aboutus/person_detail.asp?id=456 "Peter A. Thiel"]. ''Independent Institute''.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|denialism}}
[[Category:Austrian school]]
[[Category:Think tanks]]
[[Category:Denialist organizations]]
[[Category:Global warming denialists]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
[[Category:Thielsphere]]

Categories: Austrian school, Think tanks, Denialist organizations, Global warming denialists, Libertarianism, Thielsphere
Indohyus

{{italic title}}
[[File:Indohyus BW.jpg|thumb|Its name means "India's pig," but it's a whale. (Really.)]]
'''Indohyus''' is a [[fossil]], found in 2007, of a chevrotain-like mammal believed by some [[Palaeontology|paleontologists]] in the [[Evil Liberal Science Conspiracy]] to be a [[transitional form]] between land-dwelling mammals and the ancestor of whales.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/dec/20/sciencenews.evolution From Bambi to Moby Dick]</ref> (It's not a direct ancestor to whales, but related to the direct ancestor.)

Although the living animal would have had no resemblance to any modern whale, it already had several skeletal adaptations diagnostic to all ancient and modern whales, resembling Pakicetus instead.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110818231116/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/12/indohyus.php Indohyus] by PZ Myers (December 19, 2007 8:26 PM) ''Pharyngula'' (archived from May 16, 2008).</ref> The structure of the inner ear has features only seen in cetaceans, and bone density and isotopic analysis seem to indicate it spent a lot of time in the water, wading in the shallows, or perhaps ducking underwater to evade terrestrial threats.

== In creationism ==

[[Answers in Genesis]] reluctantly acknowledged ''Indohyus'' being found.<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2007/12/22/news-to-note-12222007</ref> They stress that it may not in fact be the missing link to whales, presumably to make themselves feel better. AiG considers it "most notable" that "there is often little mention of “missing links” until researchers claim to have found them", though that's basically because scientists don't use the term any more, only journalists and creationists.

==See also==
*''[[Pakicetus]]'', an ancestral whale that was a semi-terrestrial, beachcombing predator.
*''[[Basilosaurus]]'', one of the first "modern-looking" ancient whales.
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{evonav}}

[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Transitional fossils]]

{{stub|evolution}}

Categories: Evolution, Transitional fossils
Infancy Gospel of James

{{biblenav}}
The '''Infancy Gospel of James''' is a pseudoepigraphial gospel dating from the late 2<sup>nd</sup> century CE to the 3<sup>rd</sup> century CE.  The Gospel shares material common with [[Gospel of Luke]] and [[Gospel of Matthew]], and references the Greek [[Old Testament]] ([[Septuagint]]) more than the [[Hebrew]].  As indicated by the title, the Gospel follows [[Mary (Mother of Jesus)|Mary]], the mother of [[Jesus]], from her birth through her marriage to [[Joseph (husband of Mary)|Joseph]] and through the birth of her son.  Like Matthew, the story of Jesus' birth includes the family's survivals of the threat of Herod.

==Plot==
A summary follows<ref>[http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/infancyjames-roberts.html Infancy Gospel of James], translated by Roberts-Donaldson, earlychristianwritings.com</ref>:
*Birth of Mary to Anna and Joachim. (1-5)
*Mary's childhood, with lots of visits to the Temple. (6-8)
*Joseph is chosen by a pigeon and a priest to look after Mary, even though he's old and a widower with children, and she's a little girl. (9)
*Mary gets pregnant and Joseph is upset, but a [[priest]] proves with [[magic]] [[water]] that neither of them have [[sin]]ned, so he's OK with it. (10-16)
*Census as in Luke; off to [[Bethlehem]]. (17)
*Joseph leaves Mary in a cave and goes looking for a midwife. (18)
*He returns with midwife, and Jesus appears out of a glowing light (not Mary's [[vagina]]). The midwife examines Mary and finds she's a [[virgin]]; she rushes off and tells someone called Salome. (19)
*Salome doesn't believe Mary is still a virgin and sticks her finger in you-know-where. Her hand withers and drops off, but an [[angel]] tells her to press it to the baby, and it recovers. (20)
*The [[Magi]] visit, and the massacre of the innocents, both from Matthew. (21-22)
*Herod kills the high priest Zacharias, who is replaced by Simeon. (23-24)

==Authorship==
The book is attributed to [[James, brother of Jesus|James the Just]], who is a 
step-
brother to Jesus through Joseph; however, the text is clearly not of [[Jewish]] origins as the author is unfamiliar with several Jewish customs of the day, and James couldn't have written it in the 140s or later.

==Analysis==
The Gospel of James is highly focused on Mary, and it is the first work that mentions Mary's perpetual virginity.  It also talks of her miraculous birth (perhaps a source of the immaculate conception?) to Joachim and Anna, talks of her time serving in the temple and of her "entrance" into womanhood at which time she was sent from the temple.

It combines the census from Luke with the visit of the Magi and the Massacre of the Innocents from Matthew, and the birth in Bethlehem is common to both. Unlike Matthew and Luke, it makes no effort to get the holy family to Nazareth at the end (Matthew has them Bethlehemites who go to Nazareth after returning from [[Egypt]]; Luke has them natives of Nazareth visiting Bethlehem for the census).

==References==
{{Reflist|90%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James, Infancy Gospel of}}
{{BibleGuide}}
{{apolbox}}

[[Category:Apocrypha]]

Categories: Apocrypha
Infidel

{{religion}} 
{{hatnote|If you were looking for infidelity, see [[Adultery|here]].}}

An '''infidel''' is someone who 
is not Fidel Castro
 doesn't believe what you believe. The word is almost exclusively used in a [[religious]] context and can be summed up more succinctly as "someone who doesn't buy your [[bullshit]]". As a result, it's historically been taken in a [[snarl word|negative]] context.

An infidel differs from a [[heretic]] in that, according to [[fundamentalists]], the infidel's views aren't even ''close'' to right, while the heretic is generally a believer who's gone a bit astray; however, the [[Capital punishment|punishment]] for both is generally the [[hell|same]].
==Etymology==
The word dates back to the 15th century, possibly derived from French ''infidèle'' or Latin ''īnfidēlis'' from ''in-'' "not" + ''fidēlis'' (from ''fidēs'' "faith")
==See also==
*[[Heresy]]
*[[Heathen]]
*[[Blasphemy]]
*[[Apostasy]]

{{stub|religion}}
[[Category:Religious terms]]

Categories: Religious terms
Infidels

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[infidel]]}}{{islamophobia}}

The '''Infidels''' are a splinter group which broke off from the [[English Defence League]], dedicated to similar anti-[[Islam]] protests but less coy about their ties with the [[racist]] right. The organisation has two factions: the North East Infidels and the North West Infidels.<ref>http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/archive/the-fringe-of-the-fringe</ref>

The North West faction is run by John "Snowy" Shaw. Shaw has reportedly fallen for the [[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], saying that "all true British patriots take the time to read this".<ref>http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/blog/article/1287/infidel-leader-praises-the-protocols</ref> He also had a sideline in llama farming, but was convicted of animal cruelty after letting five of his llamas starve to death; ironically, he had previously opposed [[halal]] food on the grounds of animal welfare concerns.<ref>http://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/cxf-and-the-infidels/771-infidels-leader-john-snowy-shaw-left-llamas-to-starve</ref>

Another leading member of the North West Infidels is Shane Calvert, nicknamed "Diddyman".<ref>http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/blog/article/1911/leading-infidel-arrested</ref> In 2013, Calvert attended a [[white pride]] celebration in Swansea; this event included such charming attractions as the lynching of a large golliwog by people in [[Ku Klux Klan]] uniforms.<ref>http://www.edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/latest-news/1051-infidels-join-nazis-for-swansea-demo?COLLCC=710902231&</ref>

Amongst the other notable members of the two Infidels factions are Shane Martin, who was jailed for threatening staff members of a hopsital,<ref>http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/blog/article/1651/infidel-member-jailed-for-threatening-hospital-staff</ref> and Liam Pinkham, who has posted pro-[[Nazi]] and pro-[[Anders Breivik|Breivik]] material on Facebook.<ref>http://edlnews.co.uk/index.php/latest-news/cxf-and-the-infidels/701-north-west-infidel-nazi-liam-pinkham</ref>

The various Facebook pages associated with the Infidels are home to predictable amounts of bilge, such as this charming offering from the official page of the North West Infidels' Wigan division:

{{quotebox|They say we need to eat five a day to keep us healthy. So does this mean that we should kill five immigrant bastards a day to bring our glorious country back to a health? Rule Britannia and kill some foreign cunts today

one Muslim, one [[Hindu]], one [[Sikhism|Sheik]], one [[Poland|Polski]] and don't forget the fucking black cunt.<ref>http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/blog/article/1790/you-get-judged-by-the-company-you-keep</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Islamophobia]]
[[Category:Nationalism in the UK]]
[[Category:Political action groups]]
[[Category:Racism]]

Categories: Islamophobia, Nationalism in the UK, Political action groups, Racism
InfoVojna (slovensky)

{{hatnote|This article is written in Slovakian.}}
{{conspiracynav}}
Konšpiračný web, ktorý založili [[Norbert Lichtner]] (po tom ako odišiel zo [[Slobodný vysielač|Slobodného vysielača]] a [[Ľubomír Huďo]] (po tom ako odišiel zo [[ZEM & VEK|ZEM & VEKu]]).

Norbert Lichtner kandidoval za ĽSNS do europarlamentu (pred voľbami odstúpil). Huďo v januári 2020 ukončil spoluprácu s InfoVojnou a odišiel do Kulturblogu.[https://www.infovojna.sk/article/lubo-hudo-ukoncil-spolupracu-s-infovojnou]

== Konšpirácie ==

InfoVojna je zakaždým pripravená zdieľať ten najväčší odpad internetu:
 
* keď policajti zabili Georga Floyda, InfoVojna zdieľala video 
dákej kravy
 Winnie Heartstrong, ktorá jeho smrť spochybňovala (vraj to bolo zinscenované a chce dôkazy)
* [[David_Icke_(slovensky)|Davida Icka]], uvádzajú ako "britského autora a lektora" - proste odborníka; čo vám už nepovedia je, že je to blázon, ktorý verí na interdimenzionálnu rasu reptiliánov (jašterov) a verí, že Mesiac je v skutočnosti vesmírna loď (a so svojimi konšpiráciami zarobil milióny)
* [[Pád Kabaly]]
* konšpiračné videá od [[Carrie_Madej_(slovensky)|Carrie Madej]] (ktorá verí, že hudba dokáže zmeniť DNA)
* konšpiračný film Plandemics s Judy Mikovits

* podľa InfoVojny sa "Kiska údajne v minulosti zúčastnil dodávky zbraní a pokusu o prevrat v Stredoafrickej republike" <ref>Ján Benčík, [https://dennikn.sk/blog/1660868/paserak-kiska-v-afrike/ Pašerák Kiska v Afrike], blog Denníka N, 22.10.2019</ref>
* na [https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_protikorup%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_pochod Veľkom protikorupčnom pochode] vraj hrozí teroristický útok (napísal neznámy autor pod pseudonymom "Katalin Tara")<ref>Dezinformácie Hoaxy Propaganda, [https://dennikn.sk/blog/759860/hoax-zmanipulovany-velky-protikorupcny-pochod/ Hoax: Zmanipulovaný Veľký protikorupčný pochod], blog Denníka N, 10.5.2017</ref>
* obľúbený zdroj je exSISkár [[Pavol Forisch]], ktorý má "zaručené informácie zo zákulisia" (a asi sa živí výrobou falzifikátov a diskreditačnými kampaňami)
* na InfoVojne sa zviditeľnila nulitná advokátka [[Adriana Krajníková]]<ref>Vladimír Šnídl, [https://dennikn.sk/2109308/cim-advokatka-krajnikova-ocarila-faceboook-opakuje-slovo-nulitne-na-zviditelnenie-vyuzila-klientov-i-tehotnu-zenu/ Čím advokátka Krajníková očarila Faceboook. Opakuje slovo „nulitné“, na zviditeľnenie využila klientov i tehotnú ženu], Denník N, 29.10.2020</ref>
==Referencie==
{{reflist|4|80%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:InfoVojna}}
[[Category:Slovensky]]

Categories: Slovensky
Instapundit

{{media}}
'''Instapundit''' is a blog by Glenn Reynolds, professor at the University of Tennessee College of Law.  It became popular immediately after [[9/11]] due to his hawkish stance on the [[War on Terror]].  For a couple of years his was the most popular blog on the internet.  He claims to be a [[libertarian]] but his point of view is much closer to that of [[Neal Boortz]] or [[Eric S. Raymond]]: libertarian only when convenient (he supports [[same sex marriage]] and the legalization of [[drug]]s), but otherwise strictly a [[conservative]] [[Republican]] who is short on public policy analysis, long on war cheerleading, and with a sizable hate-on for [[liberal]]s.

==Original content? Original schmontent!==

Instapundit has very little original content.  Much like the [[Drudge Report]], it is less a weblog than a news aggregator site sending traffic to real articles on other sites.  Original content appears to be limited to a few words:

* Heh
* Indeed
* Read the whole thing

Instapundit was a big booster of [[Glenn Beck]]'s 2009 campaign against Obama, the [[Going Galt]] nonsense, and some "[[Tea Party]]" protests apparently cut from the same stuff.

On the plus side, he does have good taste in music.   But since when was that an excuse?

==Stopped Clock==
Aside from the aforementioned pro-drug legalization stance, he is strongly opposed to the abuse of eminent domain, and he supports reforming the criminal justice system as well. He rarely talks about this on Instapundit, though. He also mocked the controversy surrounding Janet Jackson's nipples at the 2004 Superbowl Halftime show.

==External links==
*[http://www.instapundit.com/ Heh, indeed. Read the whole thing.]
*[http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/04/04/muslims/index.html Glenn Greenwald trashes Reynolds. Heh, indeed.]
*[http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2006/04/heh_indeed.html Heh. Indeed.]
*[http://freethoughtblogs.com/dispatches/2014/03/26/the-broken-criminal-justice-system/ One of his stopped clock moments. Read the whole thing.]]

[[Category:Blogs]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]

Categories: Blogs, Libertarianism