trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Maurice Hilleman

[[File:Hilleman-Walter-Reed.jpeg|thumb|left|165px|Hilleman in 1958]]
{{biology}}
'''Maurice Ralph Hilleman''' {{lived|August 30, 1919|April 11, 2005}} was an [[United States|American]] virologist and [[biology|microbiologist]] credited with helping develop over 40 [[vaccines]], many of which are still in use today.  Some of the [[Disease|diseases]] for which he helped discover a vaccine included [[measles]], mumps, [[Hepatitis|hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]], meningitis, pneumonia, chickenpox, ''Haemophilus influenzae'' [[bacteria]], and rubella.<ref>Newman, L. (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC557162/ Maurice Hilleman.] BMJ: British Medical Journal, 330(7498), 1028.</ref><ref>Escobar, Natalie. "[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/you-should-thank-maurice-hilleman-helping-you-live-past-age-10-180965369/ You Should Thank Maurice Hilleman for Helping You Live Past the Age of 10]". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</ref> Hilleman received a Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Chicago in 1944. As a researcher at E.R. Squibb & Sons, he developed his first vaccine, which was used to protect U.S. troops in [[World War II]] from the "Japanese" B encephalitis [[virus]]. He was chief of respiratory diseases (1949–57) at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C., where he began research on the influenza virus. In 1957 he joined what became Merck & Co., Inc. Following his retirement (1984) Hilleman was an adviser to public health organizations, notably the World Health Organization.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maurice-Ralph-Hilleman Maurice Ralph Hilleman | American microbiologist]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</ref><ref>"[https://humanprogress.org/article.php?p=1724 Heroes of Progress, Pt. 11: Maurice Hilleman]". Human Progress. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</ref> Taken all together, Hilleman's innovativeness is believed to have saved tens of millions of children's lives, particularly in the [[developing world]]. Unfortunately, he probably isn't as famous as he deserves to be.<ref>"Nader, Ralph. "[https://www.counterpunch.org/2005/04/16/scientists-or-celebrities/ Scientists or Celebrities?]". CounterPunch.org. 16 April 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</ref> 

==Further reading==
''Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Disease''
==See also==
*[[Vaccines]]
*[[John Enders]]
*[[Jonas Salk]]
==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hilleman, Maurice}}
[[Category:Biologists]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Scientists]]

Categories: Biologists, Medicine, Scientists
Max Baucus

[[File:Max S Baucus.jpg|thumb|160px|Max Baucus.]]
'''Max Baucus''' {{lived|1941|}} is a former senator from [[Montana]], who is a member of the [[Democratic Party]].  His largest campaign contributors are health insurance companies, which brings into question the motivations behind his opposition to [[health care]] reform.<ref>[http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=2010&cid=N00004643&type=I&mem= Open Secrets]</ref>  He was so desperate to get laid that he nominated his 
fuck-buddy
 girlfriend to be the U.S. attorney for [[Montana]].<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/04/baucus-nominated-melodee-_n_381062.html Huffington Post]</ref> He resigned his seat in March 2014 to become the U.S. ambassador to [[China]].

Baucus also served on the Senate Finance Committee, which is responsible for, among other things, the US tax code; another area in which he saw an opportunity to cozy up to corporate interests.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/tim-carney-sen-max-baucus-master-of-revolving-door-heads-for-the-exit Tim Carney: Sen. Max Baucus, master of revolving door, heads for the exit], ''[[Washington Examiner]]'', April 24, 2013, 12:00 AM</ref> In general, Baucus’s staff was something of a lobbyist factory with former staffers prevalent among various K Street outfits after leaving Baucus’s service.<ref>Blumenthal, Paul, [https://sunlightfoundation.com/2009/06/22/the-max-baucus-health-care-lobbyist-complex/ The Max Baucus Health Care Lobbyist Complex], ''Sunlight Foundation'', JUN 22, 2009 5:18 PM</ref> Thus, by 2013, at least 28 former Baucus staffers had become lobbyists.<ref>Lipton, Eric, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/politics/tax-lobby-builds-ties-to-max-baucus.html?pagewanted=all Tax Lobby Builds Ties to Chairman of Finance Panel], ''[[New York Times]]'', April 6, 2013</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|politicians}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baucus, Max}}
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Former United States Representatives]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Former United States Senators, Former United States Representatives, Living people
Max Hermansen

{{Islamophobia|1}}
'''Max Hermansen''' (born May 30, 1960) is a Norwegian [[Islamophobia|Islamophobe]] and [[racism|racist]]. He entered the public spotlight in Norway in 2015 as the self-appointed spokesman of a Norwegian branch of the German [[Eurabia]]-[[Propaganda|peddling]] [[PEGIDA]]<ref>{{wpl|Pegida|PEGIDA}} is an abbreviation of the German ''Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes'', which translates as "Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West<sup><small>or Occident</small></sup>", and invokes the {{wpl|The Decline of the West|imagery}} of {{wpl|Oswald Spengler}}</ref> organization (itself largely inspired by the [[English Defence League]]). Inspired by other Norwegian Islamophobes such as [[Fjordman]] and [[Anders Behring Breivik]], he initiated a one-man demonstration against the presence of Muslims in Norway. In January 2015, he was fired from his job as a teacher over his racist views towards his Muslim pupils, and his employer stated that his views are "too extreme to be acceptable for us."<ref>[http://www.dagbladet.no/2015/01/23/nyheter/pegida/innenriks/politikk/samfunn/37332321/ Pegida-Hermansen får sparken fra lærerjobb], Dagbladet</ref><ref>[http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/pegida-hermansen-droppet-fra-laererjobb/a/23379955/ Pegida-Hermansen droppet fra lærerjobb] ("Pegida-Hermansen fired from teaching job"), VG</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hermansen, Max}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[ Category:Nationalism in Norway]]
[[Category:Racists]]

Categories: Living people, Racists
Maximillien de Lafayette

{{ufology}}
'''Maximillien de Lafayette''' is an alleged "[[ufology|UFO researcher]]" and [[ancient astronauts]] advocate who has appeared on ''UFO Hunters'' and ''[[Ancient Aliens]]''. According to a woman who claims to be his former girlfriend, he was actually a scam artist who re-published text and photos gathered from around the Internet as books.{{fact}}

Prior to striking Ancient Aliens gold, Lafayette had published weighty tomes with such scholarly titles as ''Horrible People, Stars, Times, and Scandals'' and ''Hollywood Earth Shattering Scandals. The Infamous, Villains, Nymphomaniacs and Shady Characters in Motion Pictures''. He even managed to combine ancient astronauts and [[self help]] in what must have been a blockbuster title: ''THE BOOK OF RAMADOSH. 7,000 Year Old [[Anunnaki]] Ulema Techniques To Live Longer, Happier, Healthier, Wealthier'' (because what our alien overlords really wants is for you to give Lafayette all your money).<ref>From [http://web.archive.org/web/20110128090628/http://maximilliendelafayettebibliography.com/ archived version of Lafayette's website] on the WayBack Machine. Also, one cannot help but notice that Lafayette's jumbled and "elongated" titles look a lot like those found at a particularly infamous {{wpl|VDM Publishing|"publisher"}}.</ref>

For the revolutionary see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette here].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lafayette, Maximilien de}}
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{stub|Ufology}}

Categories: Conspiracy theorists, Living people
Maya

{{disambig}}
*[[2012 apocalypse]], also called "Mayan apocalypse"
*[[Native American genocides#Guatemalan genocide|Guatemalan genocide]], also known as the Maya genocide
*{{wpl|Maya civilization||,}} as well as its descendant {{wpl|Maya peoples}}
*{{wpl|Maya Angelou||;}} an [[African-American]] poet, writer, and [[civil rights]] activist
*[[Maya Forstater]]
McWorld

{{Economics}}
'''"McWorld"''' is a term coined by Benjamin Barber to describe what he sees as the result of the ongoing ''McDonaldization'' of the international order.  

In McWorld, jobs are shifted from one country to another until the workforce which accepts the lowest compensation for their labor is found. Corner "Mom & Pop" grocery stores and restaurants disappear as they are replaced by cookie-cutter identical outlets of Safeway, [[Wal-Mart]], Best Buy, Barnes & Noble, Starbucks, fast food franchises and "family dining" restaurants like Olive Garden and Applebee's.  Family farms disappear to be replaced by endless tracts of clone McMansions where every morning and afternoon four lanes of commuters try to squeeze down two-lane country roads to and from work 70 miles away, driving alone in identical SUVs burning $5 a gallon [[oil|gasoline]] pumped from one of two different choices (Exxon-Mobil-Shell or Texachevron-76) into 25 gallon tanks.  

On McWorld radio, market researchers conduct surveys to determine which songs do the least to "harsh the workplace mellow" and these songs are put into endless rotation on stations across the FM dial, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Clear Channel.  In the 16-screen megaplexes, mindless computer-generated Hollywood crap is shown with the ethic of "get the kids in, show them ''The Clone Wars'', and get them out", and everything that makes every corner of the world unique and wonderful is choked off, bought out, and co-opted by the gray forces of standardization as our [[culture]], our [[religion]], our [[politics]], and every facet of our lives becomes conformed to the principles of the corporate franchise model.

This is, in essence, the ultimate nightmare of anti-[[globalization]] activists. It is frequently used as a setting of cyberpunk literature.

==External links==
*[http://www.amazon.com/Jihad-vs-McWorld-Globalism-Tribalism/dp/0345383044/ ''Jihad vs. McWorld.'']
*[http://www.humanthoughts.org/cgi-local/specific.cgi?filename=corner_store.htm One person's thoughts] on the solution.

[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Culture]]

Categories: Economics, Culture
MeMe Roth

{{foodnav}}'''Meredith "MeMe"  Roth''' is an American activist and [[proll|professional troll]] who is the founder of the anti-[[obesity]] "[[Bullshit|organization]]" the National Action Against Obesity, which would be considered the [[Autism Speaks]] of the health movement if it wasn't composed of only her. She was once referred to as a "bold purveyor of uncomfortable truths" by a writer for ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/may/24/meme-roth-obesity-nutrition The woman who hates fat], The Guardian</ref> in a piece that ended up being against some of her crazy ideals, leading to her issuing "a formal complaint including a request for retraction and formal apology".<ref>Comments for [http://thefeedingdoctor.com/meme-roth-rock-bottom-2/ Meme Roth: Rock Bottom], The Feeding Doctor</ref>

While Roth is slightly less nutty than [[Food Babe|Vani Hari]], she is best known for not even bothering to hide her nutty statements, wrapping up fat-[[shaming]] and food woo into a "well-meaning" package.

== Her campaigns ==
In 2007, she complained on ''[[Fox News]]'' (of all channels) about ''American Idol'' contestant Jordin Sparks, claiming that she was a bad role model to little girls because she was overweight.<ref>[https://www.consumerfreedom.com/2007/05/3366-meme-roth-is-hungry-for-the-spotlight/ MeMe Roth Is Hungry (For The Spotlight)], Center for Consumer Freedom</ref> When people went to criticize her for her obvious fat-shaming, she replied saying she "100%" stood by her statements and then proceeded to appropriate legitimate reasons for fighting against obesity to shoo away people from criticizing her statement.

In 2008, she attacked the Girl Scouts for their tradition of fundraising by selling cookies, calling for a [[boycott]] of Girl Scout cookies demanding that "all civic organizations must cease" raising money by selling scout cookies.<ref>[https://www.consumerfreedom.com/press-releases/230-consumer-group-cookie-boycotter-meme-roth-should-mind-her-own-business/ Consumer Group: Cookie-Boycotter MeMe Roth Should Mind Her Own Business], Center for Consumer Freedom</ref> Most longtime Girl Scout leaders were quick to call shenanigans on her idea.

When a blogger called her out for her behavior, she replied by claiming the [[astroturf]] organizations run by the food/bev industry were after her,<ref>Comments for [http://thefeedingdoctor.com/meme-roth-rock-bottom-2/ Meme Roth: Rock Bottom], The Feeding Doctor</ref> which was technically true, if only they weren't running on a [[stopped clock]].

==See also==
* [[Food Babe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{foodbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roth, MeMe}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Food woo promoters]]
[[Category:Trolls]]

Categories: Living people, Food woo promoters, Trolls
Med Israel For Fred

[[File:Med Israel For Fred 2006-08-07 img01.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Med Israel For Fred rally in 2006]]
{{Islamophobia}}
'''Med Israel For Fred''' (Norwegian for "With Israel for Peace"; also known as '''MIFF''') is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] organization founded in 1978, and which expanded to [[Denmark]] in 2018.<ref>[https://miff.dk/med-israel-for-fred/ Danish Med Israel For Fred website, accessed June 18<sup>th</sup>, 2019.]</ref> It almost exclusively consists of [[conservative]] and [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist Christians]] inspired by [[American]] [[evangelicalism]], whose stated mission is to uncritically support the [[Israel]]i right-wing/far-right. The organization has various ties to the [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] and [[Counter-jihad]] movement in Norway. The organization has published a Norwegian translation of the thoroughly discredited [[historical revisionist]] book ''From Time Immemorial'' by Joan Peters.<ref>[http://torget.miff.no/boker/aktuell-politikk-og-debatt/fra-uminnelige-tider.html Source book].  Or, if you like, [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=no&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Ftorget.miff.no%2Fboker%2Faktuell-politikk-og-debatt%2Ffra-uminnelige-tider.html here's the blurb translated into English].</ref>

As of June 2019, MIFF Norway had approximately 11,000 members, and MIFF Denmark, 400.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190704050417/https://www.miff.no/medisraelforfred/2019/06/18runde-tall-for-miff-i-norge-og-danmark.htm</ref>

==People affiliated with MIFF==
*[[Mona Levin]]
*Conrad Myrland, nutcase-in-chief (and 1998 European junior juggling champion)
*[[Peter Sweden]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190702170819/https://twitter.com/PeterSweden7/status/1146103294936408069 Twitter post mentioning his membership in MIFF]</ref>

==External links==
*[https://www.miff.no Med Israel For Fred webshite]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/medisraelforfred Med Israel For Fred YouTube page]
*[https://www.facebook.com/pg/medisraelforfred/ Med Israel For Fred Facebook page]
*[https://www.instagram.com/medisraelforfred/ Med Israel For Fred Instagram page]
*[https://twitter.com/miffno Med Israel For Fred Twitter account]
*[https://www.facebook.com/miffdanmark/ MIFF Denmark Facebook page]
*[https://twitter.com/miffdk MIFF Denmark Twitter account]
*[https://miff.dk MIFF Denmark website]
*[https://www.change.org/o/med_israel_for_fred_miff MIFF's change.org petition alleging AirBnB discriminates against Jews]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190702210813/https://aswedespeaks.com/2018/08/23/in-recent-news-norway-sweden-south-africa-trump-pompeo/ Blog entry in English mentioning MIFF from ''A Swede Speaks'', a blog by a far-right Swedish-born Norwegian resident]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Islamophobia]]
[[Category:Norway]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]
[[Category:Webshites]]
{{stub|Islamophobia}}

Categories: Fundamentalism, Islamophobia, Norway, Misnomers, Webshites
Media racism

{{race}}
{{expand}}
'''Media racism''' refers to the use of traditional and modern media channels (such as [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]] etc.) to portray a certain demographic of a community in a negative light by inciting fear and preconceptions based on their beliefs, culture and approach to life.  Some characteristics of media racism include these real-life scenarios:  

#During an interview that [[Fox News]] conducted with a well-known religious historian by the name of Reza Aslan who happens to be a [[Muslim]], the news anchor, Lauren Green<ref>http://video.foxnews.com/v/2568059649001/zealot-author-reza-aslan-responds-to-critics/?#sp=show-clips</ref>, continuously failed to recognize his academic contributions to the field and revealed that the story was about just another Muslim preaching about [[Jesus]] and [[Christianity]]. 
#During the takeover of federal buildings at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in [[Oregon]] by a [[Militia movement|white militia]], the Associated Press categorized the event as a peaceful protest<ref>http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b842fb7622034b0881eb32ee5ec88106/peaceful-protest-followed-oregon-wildlife-refuge-action</ref> of people exercising their constitutional rights, rather than portraying the takeover as a form of domestic terrorism carried out by extremists as would have been the case had the group been Muslim or otherwise. 

Since the attacks of [[9/11]], the media channels, particularly right-wing ones, have played a significant role in shifting the social thinking of the average American towards Islamic Extremism. The constant images of instability, violence and danger from various parts of Middle East have contributed negatively to the public’s perceptions about Islam and Muslims in the American society and abroad.<ref>Sharma, Divya. (2008). “Why do they Hate U.S? Exploring the Role of Media in Cultural Communication”. ''The Journal of the Institute of Justice & International Studies'' '''8''', p. 246</ref>.

<gallery>
Daily Mail 2009 08 28.jpg|A [[Poe's Law|real]] ''[[Daily Mail]]'' front page. Did you know that blacks have 18 more kids than middle-class white people and also Kate Moss has even more shoes?
Express_frontpage_230909.jpg|"[[Britain is full|Keep out, Britain is full up]]!" says the self-proclaimed "[[Daily Express|World's Greatest Newspaper]]."
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist|90%}}

[[Category:Islamophobia]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Racism]]

Categories: Islamophobia, Media, Racism
Media was wrong before

{{logicnav}}
The '''media was wrong before''' is the [[fallacious]] idea that if an information source is occasionally incorrect, then it is wholly untrustworthy and none of it should be taken as truth. This is not logically [[valid]] because it is possible for [[inverse stopped clock|information sources to make a stupid mistake and still generally be correct]]. The only way to prove that a source is not trustworthy is to [[Scopie's Law|show an overwhelming pattern of mistakes]]. In short: {{ab|[[CNN]] showed that Sean Spicer obviously lied about inaugural crowds.|Yeah well, CNN bought [[W|Bush]]'s [[WMD]] lies, so they're basically [[fake news]].}}

The idea is closely related to the idea that [[wronger than wrong|right and wrong are relative]]. It is a sister fallacy to [[science was wrong before]].

==Logical flaws==
The "[[media]] was wrong before" idea takes the form:
{{syl
|2='''Source''' was wrong about '''X'''.
|4=([[Enthymeme|unstated]]) If '''Source''' has been wrong before, then '''Source''' should never be trusted.
|5=C|6='''Source''' should never be trusted.
}}

When P2 is explicitly stated, it should be obvious that this idea is wrong.

==Bayesian truth==
{{main|1=Bayesian|3=Wronger than wrong}}
No information source has ''ever'' been perfect. However, it should be obvious that some sources are better than others. For example, you probably have some family or friends or co-workers whom you trust more than others. But it's ridiculous to put all of these sources into the same box of things that are "flawed and totally worthless". As [[Isaac Asimov]] put it:
{{cquote|[W]hen people thought the [[Flat Earth|earth was flat]], they were wrong. When people thought the earth was spherical, they were wrong. ''But if you think that thinking the earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together.''}}

In other words: Yes, information sources are flawed. But you shouldn't throw up your hands and [[Postmodernism|deny all truth]]. Instead, accept that [[truth]] is a gradient and choose sources that get things correct more often or that are more likely to be correct. The better your sources are, the more likely you are to be correct.

==Hanlon's razor==
{{main|Hanlon's razor}}
Most mistakes are probably not made maliciously. For example, CNN and other major American news networks probably didn't popularize the Bush Administration's WMD story because they ''wanted'' [[war]]; instead, it's more likely that they (like [[Congress]]) were lied to. As such, major American news networks shouldn't be seen as ''perfect'', but instead as ''flawed truth-seekers''. [[New York Post|With]] [[Breitbart|some]] [[Fox News|exceptions]], of course.

==See also==
*[[Inverse stopped clock]]
*[[Science was wrong before]]
*[[Stopped clock]]
*[[Wronger than wrong]]
*[[Nirvana fallacy]]

[[Category:Informal fallacies]]
{{logfal}}
[[Category:Clichéed sayings]]

Categories: Informal fallacies, Clichéed sayings
Median lethal dose

{{Chemistry}}
A '''median lethal dose''' (sometimes written as '''LD<sub>50</sub>''') is a medical term for the dose of a chemical that has a 50% chance of killing you, typically a measurement of oral dose per kilogram of mass (for example, 50g/kg). It is used as a measurement to help determine safe doses of potentially harmful chemicals or drugs. It is related to the expression "[[The dose makes the poison]]", where the dose would kill half the population. For inhalation or injection routes, the LC<sub>50</sub> is used to represent the [[median]] lethal concentration in a population. Sometimes, a comparable measure is known and reported called the LD<sub>Lo</sub> or LC<sub>Lo</sub>: the lowest known dose or concentration that caused a death (in humans, usually from accident or suicide). For [[ethical]] reasons, the median lethal dose is rarely known for humans. 

==Examples==
For a simple example, [[MSG]] requires about 16.6g/kg given orally to have an LD<sub>50</sub> in a [[rat]]. So if you had 100 rats at a mass of half a kg (0.5kg) living in the same conditions and fed all of them 8.3g of MSG, 50 would die from MSG poisoning.

On the flip side, stuff like [[Vitamin C]] has an even lower value, being 11.9g/kg. Some chemicals are hard to quantify, such as drinking massive amounts of [[water]] is very difficult as your body tries really hard to remove it from your body (it is assumed to be more than 90ml/kg).<ref>[http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321 Material Safety Data Sheet Water]</ref>

==Sources==

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/ What is RTECS?]</ref> is regarded as the most authoritative source for minimum values of LD<sub>50</sub>, LC<sub>50</sub>, LD<sub>Lo</sub>, and LC<sub>Lo</sub>. Access to RTECS is by paid license, but other sources for these toxicity values can often be found, e.g., Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

==See also==
* [[Toxin]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Toxins]]

Categories: Chemistry, Medicine, Toxins