Grievance studies hoax

[[File:Thumbnail of video Academics expose corruption in Grievance Studies.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Lindsay and Pluckrose laughing at their hoax papers while having published papers written by John Glynn, a fraud<ref>[https://areomagazine.com/2019/09/08/letter-from-the-editors-on-retracting-the-essays-of-john-glynn/ Letter From the Editors: On Retracting the Essays of John Glynn] by Helen Pluckrose (September 8, 2019) ''Areo''.</ref>]]
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The '''grievance studies hoax''', also sometimes dubbed '''Sokal Squared''', was a stunt conducted by {{wpl|James A. Lindsay}}, {{wpl|Helen Pluckrose}} and {{wpl|Peter Boghossian}} in which they spent months studying and writing in order to create 20 articles filled with false information in fields they believed to be 'grievance studies'.<ref name=vox2018>[https://www.vox.com/2018/10/15/17951492/grievance-studies-sokal-squared-hoax The controversy around hoax studies in critical theory, explained], Zack Beauchamp, ''Vox''</ref> Such fields included {{wpl|gender studies}} and {{wpl|queer studies||,}} among others; the authors hoped to expose the low standards in these disciplines and willingness to publish [[bullshit]] if it comported with the reviewers' beliefs.

The authors then submitted these articles to various [[peer-reviewed]] journals in a relevant field to see if the articles would get published or rejected. The [[hoax]] unraveled and had to come to an abrupt end in October 2018 when a ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' reporter started noticing some fishy aspects about "Helen Wilson", one of the fabricated academics listed as an author on one of the papers. In total, 7 of the submissions were accepted and 4 of those were published before retraction, 5 more were still under review when the hoax ended, and 9 were rejected outright.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/new-sokal-hoax/572212/ What an Audacious Hoax Reveals About Academia], Yascha Mounk, ''The Atlantic'', October 5, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wweek.com/news/schools/2018/10/09/a-portland-state-university-professor-made-up-a-study-of-dog-on-dog-sexual-assault-and-got-the-hoax-published/ A Portland State University Professor Made Up a Study of Dog-on-Dog Sexual Assault—and Got the Hoax Published], Aaron Mesh, ''Willamette Week'', October 9, 2018</ref><ref>{{wpa|Grievance Studies affair}}</ref>

Since the hoax, the members of the group began raising eyebrows by making extensive connections with right-wing publications to promote their work including [[Jordan Peterson]],<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWhuQOVTFGw</ref> and [[Glenn Beck]].<ref>https://www.glennbeck.com/glenn-beck-podcast/peter-boghossian-james-lindsay-episode-41</ref> This process arguably climaxed with the founding of a new website called ''New Discourses'' under the ownership of a notoriously racist Christian nationalist organization called Sovereign Nations<ref>https://twitter.com/ETVPod/status/1292144346704293892</ref> as the exclusive outlet for their work and members opening collaborative projects with [[Discovery Institute]] grifters in favor of Donald Trump's anti-Critical Race Theory policies.<ref>https://twitter.com/ConceptualJames/status/1303163467386499072</ref>

==History==
Lindsay and Boghossian attempted a similar hoax in 2017. The goal was to get a nonsensical paper titled ''The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct'' published in ''NORMA'' (a respected gender studies journal), but failed. After being rejected from other journals, they were asked to pay $625 to get their paper published in a low-quality, publishing-mill journal titled ''Cogent Social Sciences''.<ref>[https://www.salon.com/2017/05/22/why-the-conceptual-penis-hoax-was-a-bust-it-only-reveals-the-lack-of-skepticism-among-skeptics/ Why The Conceptual Penis Hoax Was A Bust], Phil Torres, ''Salon'']</ref> Lindsay himself stated the hoax "mostly failed". However, he succeeded in impressing anonymous donors enough to pay him to assemble a team to work "90 hours a week" in order to create the eponymous ''Sokal Squared'' hoax.<ref name=vox2018 />

==Results==
One of the more widely publicized claims by the hoaxers was that one of their papers accepted for publication, specifically in the feminist social work journal ''Affilia'', was a rewritten version of a section of ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' from an intersectional feminist perspective.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/arts/academic-journals-hoax.html Hoaxers Slip Breastaurants and Dog-Park Sex Into Journals], Jennifer Schuessler, ''New York Times''</ref><ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/duped-academic-journal-publishes-rewrite-of-mein-kampf-as-feminist-manifesto/ Duped academic journal publishes rewrite of ‘Mein Kampf’ as feminist manifesto], Amanda Borschel-Dan, ''Times of Israel''</ref> ''Affilia'' put out a statement in response, noting, "The article does not espouse racism, anti-Semitism, or any other fascist ideology; the parallels to Mein Kampf were limited exclusively to word choice in the descriptive text." But because the hoaxers submitted the paper under false identities, the journal's statement also said, "In light of this situation, Affilia is investigating changes to current protocol to improve accountability processes."<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/pb-assets/cmscontent/AFF/Affilia_Statement.pdf Affilia statement]</ref> David Banks compared the article's text to that of the ''Mein Kampf'' chapter it was supposedly based on and "couldn’t find a single phrase that matched." He also pointed out that the message of the hoax article was quite different from that of ''Mein Kampf'': "This isn’t an article demanding concentration camps for men, it’s just a pedantic argument about neoliberalism."<ref>[https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2018/10/09/nothing-squared-is-still-nothing/Nothing Squared is Still Nothing], David Banks, Cyborgology</ref>

Only two of the papers were published in mainstream academic journals, ''Hypatia'' and ''Sex Roles''; the paper making it into ''Hypatia'' was fairly benign, as the core idea was about humor being used to fight oppression and it quoted relevant literature.<ref>[http://dailynous.com/2018/10/03/hypatia-journals-successfully-tricked-accepting-fake-papers/ Hypatia Tricked], Justin Weinberg, Daily Nous</ref> Other journals publishing some of the sillier papers, such as ''Affilia'' and the ''Journal of Poetry Therapy'', are tailored for practitioners rather than academics.<ref>[http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2018/10/why-the-grievance-studies-hoax-was-not-unethical-but-its-not-very-interesting-either/ Why the Grievand Studies Hoax Was Not Unethical But It's Not Very Interesting Either], James Taylor, ''Bleeding Heart Libertarians''</ref>

==Scientific merit==
The authors didn't include a [[control group]] in their experiment, as noted by Sarah Richardson, Harvard Professor of Women's Studies: "By their own standards, we can't scientifically conclude anything from it." (i.e. they did not spend months crafting false papers for economics, psychology, or other fields to compare publication rates).<ref>[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/virginiahughes/grievance-studies-sokal-hoax Here's What Critics Say About That Big New Hoax On Gender Studies]</ref> Science writer Jim Schnabel concluded "the educated public makes a decision based not on the scientific merits of the hoax but on the relative orthodoxy of the hoaxer and hoaxee. In effect, the result of the trick is decided in advance by the power relations of the field." The relative orthodoxy in this case was "not an orthodoxy of scientific legitimacy but rather the emerging consensus of tech bros, [[World Economic Forum|Davos]] billionaires, and alt-right misogynists."<ref>[https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/orthodoxxed/ Orthodoxxed!]</ref>

A number of professors at Portland State University signed an open letter which accused the trio of exploiting "credulous journalists interested mainly in spectacle" to conduct academic fraud and dishonesty. "[B]asic spite and a perverse interest in public humiliation seem to have overridden any actual scholarly goals."<ref>[https://psuvanguard.com/conceptual-penises-and-other-trolling Conceptual Penises and other trolling]</ref>

==Trust and peer review==
It is difficult to see what the hoax proved by getting papers based on fraudulent data published in their target fields. University of Washington Biology professor Carl T. Bergstrom had this to say on the misguided and dishonest nature of the hoax: 

{{quotebox|The worst thing, though, is that the project is uninformative. For self-styled critics of academia, the hoaxers appear woefully naïve about how the system actually works. The entire force of their stunt lies in the fact that they managed to get several satirical papers published. But it makes no sense to judge the health of a field by looking at what an insincere author can get through peer review. Publishing a [[Bad faith|bad-faith]] paper based on fraudulent data proves nothing more about the state of a research field than passing a bad check proves about the health of the financial system.

Peer review is simply not designed to detect fraud. It doesn’t need to be. Fraud is uncovered in due course, and severe professional consequences deter almost all such behavior. Nor is the peer-review process designed to weed out every crazy idea.<ref>https://www.chronicle.com/article/What-the-Grievance/244753</ref>}}

The fact that a team of bad-faith academics willing to fake data could get an article published in a 'grievance study' journal is not particularly scandalous, especially when one of the very reasons dishonest researchers might fake their data in the first place is to help them get their work published. Reflecting on the many documented instances of actual academic fraud, it is difficult to think of a field that couldn't be conceivably duped by a team of academics who are willing to lie and invent data for the sake of duping referees.<ref>{{wpa|List of scientific misconduct incidents}}</ref>   

In short, the peer review process works because referees can trust the author's reporting on data and methodology to be genuine; once you allow the author to lie, then all bets are off. Arguably all 'Sokal Squared' proved was that the peer review system can't detect fraud, something we already knew.

==See also==
*[[Sokal affair]]

==External links==
*[https://areomagazine.com/2018/10/02/academic-grievance-studies-and-the-corruption-of-scholarship/ Article in Areo magazine] by the authors who conducted the hoax describing their results

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Hoaxes]]
[[Category:Postmodernism]]

Categories: Hoaxes, Postmodernism