Ozone layer

{{Enviro}}{{Bronze}}
{{cquote|The creature in the sky<br>
Got sucked in a hole, now there's a hole in the sky<br>
And the ground's not cold<br>
And if the ground's not cold, everything is gonna burn<br>
We'll all take turns, I'll get mine too|||{{wpl|The Pixies||,}} "Monkey Gone to Heaven"}}
The '''ozone layer''' is a chunk of the atmosphere located anywhere between 15 km and 35 km above the surface of the earth. The name is a slight misnomer as the  percentage of [[ozone]] (an allotropic form of oxygen) in the layer is only a few parts per million; however, over ninety percent of the free natural ozone in the atmosphere is found within this layer. It varies in thickness throughout the year and across the globe.<ref>[http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/SEES/ozone/class/Chap_1/index.htm If all the ozone in the atmosphere were brought down to the surface (at standard temperature and pressure) it would be approximately 3mm thick.]</ref>

The most notable effect of the ozone layer is to absorb most of the high frequency [[ultraviolet]] light from the sun. This light would be very harmful to most terrestrial life if it reached the earth's surface.

Annual fluctuations occur naturally in the position, thickness and density of the layer.  However, it has been affected by man-made chemicals transported into the stratosphere by air currents. Chlorofluorocarbons, which are inert and harmless in the lower atmosphere, and were used heavily for refrigeration and as propellants in aerosols, are long lasting pollutants which form radicals that catalyze the breakdown of ozone.

==Ozone depletion and the "ozone hole"==
In the second half of the 20th century, an ozone "hole"<ref>[http://www.theozonehole.com/ The Ozone Hole]</ref> has developed above Antarctica each southern spring (August-December), getting larger and lasting longer each year. Technically, it's not a "hole" as such, but a dramatic thinning of the ozone layer. This was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), compounds used in air propellants and refrigerants.  As a result of this, CFCs have been largely phased out of use. While the hole continued to get larger, the '''rate''' at which it did so decreased<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s914411.htm abc.net.au]</ref> before beginning to "heal" in 2016,<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/antarctic-ozone-hole-healing-fingerprints/]</ref> largely thanks to the CFC ban - a great success for the [[environmentalism|environmental]] movement.

Can't do any better than quote NASA:
{{quotebox|Polar ozone losses are directly caused by chlorine and bromine catalytic reactions. The production of chlorine and bromine reactive species is accelerated by chemical reactions that take place on the surfaces of cloud particles. Laboratory chemists realized long ago that some gases were affected by contact with the walls of reaction chambers. These "surface" reactions modified the results obtained for a pure gas reaction with another gas. In an identical fashion, it was realized that the surfaces of individual cloud particles could enable reactions that otherwise would not take place in the stratosphere. As the stratosphere cools to very cold temperatures over the Antarctic during the southern winter, polar stratospheric clouds (PSC's) form. Forms of chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) that do not affect ozone can react on the surfaces of these PSC's and produce chlorine products that can catalytically destroy ozone. These chlorine and bromine catalytic destruction reactions are so fast that all of the ozone over Antarctica between 12 and 20 km is destroyed within a few weeks during the September (Antarctic spring) period.<ref>[http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/SEES/ozone/class/Chap_1/index.htm Nasa (go to section 6)]</ref>}}

==Global warming and the ozone layer==
Because of [[global warming]], the troposphere has been warming while the stratosphere has been cooling due to the [[greenhouse effect]] (i.e., the heat is trapped in the lower atmosphere due to increased carbon dioxide levels). This change in temperature affects the movement of air, speeding it up in some areas. Due to this, less ozone may be produced in the stratosphere, leading to a larger ozone hole.<ref>[http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/ozone-hole-and-gw-faq.html Ozone Hole and Global Warming FAQ], Union of Concerned Scientists</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090204131625.htm Global warming may delay recovery of ozone layer], Science Daily</ref>

==Ozone depletion denialism==
Although various hypotheses about ozone depletion already existed at the time, the first piece of research suggesting a specific link between CFCs and ozone depletion was published by Mario Molina and Sherry Rowland in 1974.<ref>Molina, M. J., and F. S. Rowland (1974), Predicted present stratospheric abundances of chlorine species from photodissociation of carbon tetrachloride,''Geophys. Res. Lett.'', 1(7), 309–312 [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1974/GL001i007p00309.shtml]</ref> Molina, Rowland, and Paul Crutzen were awarded the 1995 [[Nobel Prize]] in chemistry for their work on ozone depletion.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/ 1995 Nobel Laureates]</ref>

However, it was in the 1980s, when the ozone hole over the Antarctic was discovered, that [[oil]] and other companies responsible for aerosol emissions mounted a [[denialist]] campaign. Perennial [[experts for hire]] [[S. Fred Singer]] and the crew at the [[George C. Marshall Institute]] provided "expert" testimony before Congress, penned op-eds decrying the ozone "alarmists," and cooked up their own "research" in [[think tank]]s.<ref>[http://www.wunderground.com/resources/climate/ozone_skeptics.asp?MR=1 Skeptics vs. the Ozone Hole], Weather Underground</ref>

===Common talking points===
[[File:Ozone 01.svg|thumb|right|(The Dobson Unit (DU) is a measure of the "thickness" of the ozone layer.)]]
Ozone depletion deniers still rely mainly on these [[PRATT|debunked myths]]:<ref>See [http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/myths/ the debunking of these points at the EPA] for more.</ref>
*'''CFCs can't reach the ozone layer.''' While CFCs are heavier than air, they can reach the ozone layer from the force of tropospheric winds.
*'''It's the volcanoes!''' Volcanic eruptions cannot account for all ozone depletion.<ref>Deniers have gotten a lot of mileage out of volcanoes, recycling this [[PRATT]] from the [[acid rain]] "debate" and [[Ian Plimer|then again for global warming]].</ref>
*'''Ozone depletion only occurs in Antarctica, and so cannot be anthropogenic.''' It's most dramatic in the Antarctic, but ozone depletion occurs all over the world.
*'''Ozone depletion doesn't increase UV levels.''' Ozone absorbs UVB (this can be confirmed with a simple lab experiment) and numerous studies have shown a link to increased UVB levels.
*'''It's caused by chlorine evaporating from salt water bodies, not CFCs.'''  This comes from ''The Holes in the Ozone Scare'', a 1992 book by Rogelio Maduro and Ralf Schauerhammer published by the [[Lyndon LaRouche]] organization. Chlorine is highly reactive and reacts with water in the troposphere, being "rained out" long before it reaches the ozone layer.
*'''The hole was always there, so it's natural!''' This is a [[quote mining|quote mine]] from G.M.B. Dobson's reports on his expeditions in the 1950s where he notes the discrepancy between Arctic and Antarctic ozone levels. No such "hole" was reported then.
*'''But we use chlorine every day in our water and chlorine also destroys ozone and no one worries about that.'''<ref>Plimer, Ian. ''Heaven + Earth: Global Warming - The Missing Science'' (Sydney: Quartet Books, 2009), p.485. What does the ozone hole have to do with global warming? Obvious: the banning of CFCs (and DDT, and white [[asbestos]]) stands as a terrible warning for anti-environmentalists of the public's willingness to accept bans and regulations, so they must do everything in their power to refute these in order to refute current concerns like global warming. If they accepted them, then that would be accepting that science and environmentalism had a point.</ref> This is a claim by Prof. [[Ian Plimer]]. This ignores two facts: 1) Chlorine is highly reactive and, if released at ground level, will react with water in the troposphere and be "rained out" long before it reaches the ozone layer. CFCs are unreactive, so they have no such impediment. 2) "CFCs" don't destroy ozone, it is the chlorine CFCs break down into under the extreme ultraviolet of those altitudes that destroys ozone. Plimer's use of the word "also" suggests he doesn't understand this.

== External links ==
*{{wpa|Ozone layer}}
*[http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=73 Ozone depletion phenomenon page] at the National Academies of Science
*[http://www.wunderground.com/resources/climate/holefaq.asp?MR=1 Ozone Hole FAQ], Weather Underground
*[http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part1.html Ozone hole tour], University of Cambridge
*[http://faqs.cs.uu.nl/na-dir/ozone-depletion/idx.html Ozone FAQ], ICS
*[http://scienceblogs.com/deltoid/cfcs_and_ozone/ Posts about CFCs and ozone] at Deltoid
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20090405032600/http://rpuchalsky.home.att.net/sci_env/dixy_1.txt Robert Parson's debunking of ozone-related chapters in Dixy Lee Ray's ''Environmental Overkill'']
*[http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf Text of the Montreal Protocol]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Climatology]]
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Global warming]]

Categories: Chemistry, Climatology, Denialism, Environmentalism, Global warming