Bystander effect

{{sociology}}
The '''bystander effect''' is the sociological theory that people will sit and do nothing in the face of an event, even dangerous or tragic ones. Although everyone would like to think that they'd do something in the face of a problem, the results of some experiments show otherwise.<ref>https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/bystander-effect</ref> On the other hand, a study from 2019 that analyses video footage of public cameras shows that in 91% of all cases, victims of violence and aggression are helped, suggesting intervention may be the norm.<ref>[https://www.science20.com/news_staff/bystander_effect_debunked_in_91_of_real_world_cases_someone_helps-239169 ''Bystander Effect Debunked - In 91% Of Real World Cases Someone Helps'']</ref>

==History==

In 1964, Kitty Genovese was murdered in an attack that lasted over half an hour and attracted numerous witnesses. Because the multiple witnesses were perceived to have done nothing to halt the attack or call for help, the case prompted a lot of research into the bystander effect, and it is still used as a parable to describe it despite the gross exaggerations of the media.<ref>http://heroicimagination.org/public-resources/social-influence-forces/bystander-effect-and-diffusion/</ref> 

However, the attack and the behaviour of the witnesses has been subject to massive exaggeration, making it almost mythical in scale and scope. According to newspaper reports, 38 witnesses "saw" the event and did nothing — but in reality, all but a handful weren't, in fact, eyewitnesses or first-hand witnesses to the attack. Further, and despite the popular claims, the police ''were'' called and several of the witnesses did move to help.<ref>[http://nypost.com/2014/02/16/book-reveals-real-story-behind-the-kitty-genovese-murder/ Debunking the myth of Kitty Genovese]</ref>

==Contributing effects==

There are a few effects that contribute to the overall bystander effect.

===Pluralistic ignorance===

If one person doesn't know something, it's quite likely that ''everyone'' doesn't know it too. This is obvious when you think about it, but people often forget it, which is what causes the bystander effect.<ref group=note>This is only a rule of thumb, as different people have various levels of knowledge in different fields. Even if most people in a group don't know something, there might be a handful of people who do. This is why taking the advice of experts who ''do'' know things (especially through [[Scientific method|empirical study and observation]]) is important — particularly in matters that affect large numbers of people, such as [[global warming]], and/or are crucial for quality and continuation of life, such as [[vaccination]]. ''Don't let anybody [[Anti-intellectualism|tell you otherwise]]'' (but do beware of [[credentialism]]).</ref> People take their cues of what to do in a situation (whether it be dealing with someone who appears to be injured or if the building is on fire) from others. We often are clueless as to key information. If the crowd in general seem calm, then someone is unlikely to react. The trouble with this is that this applies to ''everyone'' — and so the people in that unreacting crowd are likely to be thinking the same thing, trying to take their cues from others while trying to look as unflustered as possible.<ref>https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-social-thinker/200911/why-don-t-we-help-less-is-more-least-when-it-comes-bystanders</ref>

===Diffuse responsibility===

Diffuse responsibility refers to how, in a crowd siutation, people are happy to assume that a task is ''someone else's'' responsibility. When everyone in a crowd begins to think like this, absolutely nothing will get done; everyone assumes that someone else will call the police, or help. This is one of the more serious causes of the bystander effect, but it is also the easiest to overcome: with a little determination, ''you'' can overcome it and take the first move. Another option is to point to someone and tell ''them'' to sort it. It may be unfair, but this breaks the diffusion of responsibility pretty quick.<ref>https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/happiness-in-world/201006/the-diffusion-responsibility</ref>

The smallest number a crowd needs to be for diffuse responsibility to apply is, remarkably, 3.<ref>Darley JM, Latané B. "Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility". ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', 1968, 8(4): 377-383.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Crowd psychology]]

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==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Categories: Psychology, Sociology