trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Ray

{{disambig|1=}}
[[File:Manta birostris-Thailand3.jpg|thumb|right|500px|At least this ray's not a [[creationist]].]]
A ray is a type of fish closely related to [[shark]]s. It might also refer to:
==People==
*[[Ray Comfort]]
:*[[Thunderf00t debates Ray Comfort]]
*[[Ray Kurzweil]]
*[[Gene Ray]]
*[[James Arthur Ray]]
*[[James Earl Ray]]
*[[David Ray Griffin]]
*[[Barbara Ray]]
*[[Paul Ray Ramsey]]
*[[Chris Ray Gun]]

==Woo==
*[[N-rays]]
*[[Q-Ray]]

==Religion==
*[[Muslamic ray guns]]

==See also==
*[[Raymond]]
Raymond

{{disambig}}
*[[Ray Kurzweil]], relatively sane
*[[Ray Comfort]], young-Earth creationist
*[[Raymond Buckland]], Wiccan
*[[Janice Raymond]], trans-exclusionary radical feminist
*[[Eric S. Raymond]], wingnut programmer
*[[Gladys Osborne Leonard]], psychic medium, and her son Raymond, dead person
*[[Joseph McCarthy|Joseph Raymond McCarthy]], red-baiter supreme
Reaction

{{fork}}
*In [[chemistry]], an interaction involving one or more substances that results in a change to their [[molecule|molecular]] or ionic structure, releasing or consuming [[energy]]
*In [[geology]], a process during [[geology#Metamorphic rocks|metamorphism]] where a group of minerals transforms into different minerals that are more [[Thermodynamics|thermodynamically]] stable in the new heat/pressure conditions
*In [[politics]], a [[reactionary]]
*In [[physics]], the description of all forces having reactions opposite to the action
*In pseudophysics, a claim for [[perpetual motion]] that there can exist a [[Reactionless|reactionless thruster]]
*In [[psychology]], a [[Freudian]] term, the defense mechanism known as the [[reaction formation]]
*A form of [[YouTube]] content that involves a streamer watching another video with their audience, interspersing it with their own commentary. [[HasanAbi]] is one famous reaction streamer, and reaction content often has concerns with [[plagiarism]] and [[copyright]]
Reality-based community

{{uspolitics}}
The phrase "'''reality-based community'''" first appeared in an October 17, 2004 ''[[New York Times]]'' article by Ron Suskind titled "Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush".

It apparently originated as a ''derisive'' term: Suskind quoted a member of the [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] who used the phrase to refer to the community of people who did not buy into the notion that Bush and his team were able to [[creationism|create]] their own [[reality]]. Unsurprisingly, the intended targets of the slur instantly embraced it as a badge of honor: they began to describe themselves with the phrase "a proud member of the reality-based community".

The full quote read:
{{cquote|The aide said that guys like me were "in what we call the reality-based community," which he defined as people who "believe that solutions emerge from your judicious study of discernible reality." ... "That's not the way the world really works anymore," he continued. "'''We're an [[empire]] now, and when we act, we create our own reality.''' And while you're studying that reality—judiciously, as you will—we'll act again, creating other new realities, which you can study too, and that's how things will sort out. We're history's actors ... and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do."|||Unnamed [[White House]] aide<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/17/magazine/17BUSH.html?ex=1255665600&en=890a96189e162076&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland | title= Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush | work= New York Times | date= 17 October 2004 | author= Ron Suskind}}</ref>|align= center|width= 95%|f-size= 93%}}
The quote was subsequently widely attributed to [[Karl Rove]].<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Karl_Rove Karl Rove quotes]</ref><ref>[https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/speech/danner.htm "Words in a Time of War: Taking the Measure of the First Rhetoric-Major President,"] Mark Danner. May 10, 2007</ref>

Apart from the introduction of the phrase "reality-based community", the quote is also interesting in that it highlights the fact that the kind of people with whom the reality-based community is being contrasted — [[messiah|messianists]] who believe themselves to [[:Category:We're on a mission from God|be on a mission]] from [[God]]<ref>{{wpa|Faith-based community}}</ref> — do not believe that "solutions emerge from (the) judicious study of discernible reality".<ref group=note>A humanities professor at an R1 university in the [[American]] [[The South|South]] considers the aide's use of [[postmodern]] anti-foundationalism and admission of [[hegemony]] not only [[ironic]], but also entertaining.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Brexit]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|United States politics}}
[[Category:United States politics]]
[[Category:Neologisms]]

Categories: United States politics, Neologisms
Rebecca Carley

{{vax}}
'''Rebecca Carley''' is a former medical doctor who was found mentally unfit to practice medicine in 2003<ref>[http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/carley1.html License Suspension of Rebecca Lee Carley, M.D.] by Stephen Barrett (February 11, 2004) ''Quackwatch''.</ref> after urinating and defecating on herself in front of a police officer.<ref name=quackfiles>Literally. [http://quackfiles.blogspot.com/2005/04/rebecca-carley-md-disgrace-to-medicine.html Rebecca Carley, MD, a Disgrace to Medicine]</ref> She later became a spokesperson for the [[anti-vaccine]] movement. In addition to rambling incoherently at anti-vaccine conventions, Rebecca Carley continued to practice medicine (without a licence) online and via the phone to both people and pets.<ref name=reversingvaccineinduceddiseases>[http://web.archive.org/web/20120507141510/http://www.reversingvaccineinduceddiseases.com/services Dr. Carley does consultations] Reversing Vaccine Induced Diseases (archived from May 7, 2012).</ref> She claimed to be able to cure just about everything from asthma and [[autism]] to [[multiple sclerosis]] and Parkinson's Disease.<ref name=reversingvaccineinduceddiseases/>

She maintains a stream of consciousness website in the style of [[Time Cube]] complete with self-authored political cartoons of mosquitoes and a [[Kent Hovind]]-like money challenge for anyone to come on her internet radio show and prove vaccines are safe. The rules of the contest are not made clear, nor is the reality of the money. All we know is that her "listeners will decide the truth." She spammed her "challenge" to several medical organizations and uses auto-replies as proof that they promised to respond but never did.<ref>[http://www.drcarley.com/ Rebecca Carley's homepage]</ref>

In all seriousness, Rebecca Carley is clearly very mentally ill. All her licences were revoked because of her extreme mental disturbances. The fact that the anti-vaccine movement is so quick to embrace her and shop her "[[credentials]]" around is proof either of malicious liars or complete idiots. Either way, it should be obvious Carley and any organization that promotes her has ''no'' business giving advice about how to keep children healthy. 
 
==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carley, Rebecca}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Physicians]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Anti-vaccination movement]]

Categories: Living people, Physicians, Pseudoscience promoters, Anti-vaccination movement
Rebuttable presumption

{{law}}
{{Sources needed}}

A '''rebuttable presumption''' is a term used in law to reflect a situation where a fact is assumed to be true but may be rebutted with evidence.  In criminal law, it is an example of when the onus of proof shifts from the prosecution to the defendant.

The standard of evidence needed to rebut a presumption depends on the substantive law.  Usually, a presumption can be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence.  However, the presumption that a [[patent]] is valid can be rebutted in court only by clear and convincing evidence.

A classic case of this is the presumptions regarding possession of [[drugs]], and whether "intent to supply" is added to the charge.  This usually goes on the circumstances that the drugs were found in and their amount—no evidence of the defendant actually dealing is usually required for "intent to supply" to be added to the charge.  For instance, if someone possesses more than half an ounce of [[marijuana]] the person is presumed to have the drugs for the purpose of supply, although the threshold amounts might vary from place to place.  However, if the accused is able to show (and the onus is on him) that he has that amount for his personal use (i.e., he smokes a lot of weed) then he can escape with just a possession charge.

{{stub|law}}

[[Category:Law]]

Categories: Law
Red

{{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color: red">Red</span>}}
<font color=red>Red</font> is a commie color! Supposedly, it's to honor the blood of the proletariat, but it may just be because the [[Russia]]ns like red, in fact, Russian word for red (''krasnyj'') is related to the Russian word for beautiful (''krasivyj''). It also has a number of other meanings.
{{fork}}
*Red Army — the [[communist]] forces of the [[Russian Civil War]]
*[[Red-baiting]] — an attempt to accuse opponents of being communist
*[[Red Dawn]] — 80s [[Cold War]] propaganda film
*[[Operation Red Dog]] — the [[KKK]]'s attempt to overthrow the Dominican government
*Red dye — a [[food dye]] sometimes derived from [[insect]]s
*[[Red heifer]] — a type of cow the [[Old Testament]] recommends for slaughter
*[[Red herring]] — trying to bring up a completely unrelated issue in a debate
*[[Red Ice Creations]] — [[alt-right]] [[webshite]]
*[[Red-Letter Christians]] — a group of progressive [[Christian]]s
*[[Red Lynx]] — a population [[genetics]] simulator
*[[Red mercury]] — supposedly a powerful substance
*[[RedPanels]] — alt-right webcomic that is basically a precursor of [[StoneToss]]
*[[Red pill]] — a reference to the film ''[[The Matrix]]''; is often used (erroneously) to indicate converting to alt-right/[[manosphere]] views
*[[Red Pill Religion]] — anti-[[atheist]] blog
*Red planet — [[Mars]]
*[[Red Queen's race]] — a situation where advances on all sides are equal
*[[Red room]] — places on the [[dark web]] where you can supposedly watch [[murder]] or [[torture]]
*Red shift — the tendency of the wavelengths of light emanating from objects moving away from the observer to become longer due to the [[Doppler effect]]
*[[Red state]] — [[U.S.]] states that typically vote for [[Republican]]s
Red Lynx

{{Sources needed}}
{{Evolution}}
'''Red Lynx''' is a population [[genetics]] simulator written in client-side Javascript by Dr. Reed A. Cartwright. It involves the manipulation of a number of [[evolutionary]] forces to explore their effects on the proportion of two alleles &ndash;A and a&ndash; in the population.<ref>The [https://cartwrig.ht/apps/redlynx/ cartwrig.ht page]</ref>

==Variables==

The user has control over a number of variables in the simulation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Description
! Minimum Value
! Maximum Value
|-
| Generations
| The number of generations that the simulation runs for
| 0 
| 10000
|-
| Population Size
| The size of the population in the simulation
| 10
| 1000000
|-
| Initial Frequency
| The initial frequency of allele A
| 0%
| 100%
|-
| Selection Strength
| The selection strength in favour of allele A
| -1
| 1
|-
| Dominance
| How dominant allele A is
| -2
| 2
|-
| A → a Mutation Rate
| The chance of A mutating into a
| 0
| .01
|-
| a → A Mutation Rate
| The chance of a mutating into A
| 0
| .01
|-
| Migration Rate
| The rate of migration into the system being modelled
| 0%
| 100%
|-
| Migrant Allele Frequency
| The percentage of migrating organisms that carry the allele A
| 0%
| 100%
|}

==Examples==

===Default settings===
Under the default settings, the frequency of A is set at 50% and there is no selection pressure. You can experiment with unadulterated [[Genetic drift]], like so:

[[File:LynxDrift.png]]

You can then alter the population size and number of generations, to see how they change what is observed.

===Selection pressure===
By decreasing the initial frequency down to 1%, increasing the selection pressure to, say, 10<sup>-3</sup> (1.e-3) and raising both the population and the number of generations to their maximums you can see (after a possibly considerable wait) the shape of the curve produced by the action of positive selection from a small starting population:

[[File:LynxSelection.png]]

==See also==
*[[Cellular automaton]]
{{fun|Red lynx}}

==External links==
*Use Red Lynx on:
**[https://cartwrig.ht/apps/redlynx/ Cartwrig.ht]
**[http://pandasthumb.org/sims/ The Panda's Thumb]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{crebox}}

[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Creationism]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Science]]

Categories: Evolution, Creationism, Genetics, Biology, Science
Red pill

{{fork|}}
[[File:Red pill, blue pill.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Laurence Fishburne, from his role as Morpheus in ''The Matrix'']]
The terms '''red pill''' and '''blue pill''' originated in the film ''[[The Matrix]]'' (1999). In the film, "taking the red pill" means choosing to break out of [[Simulated reality|the virtual reality dreamworld]] in which humanity has been imprisoned by their robot overlords, while "taking the blue pill" means remaining a literal slave to the machine. In political contexts, "taking the red pill" has come to mean "[[Wake up|waking up]]" and refusing to be one of the [[sheeple]], which usually involves [[War on Science|rejecting accepted]] [[science]] or [[Morality|basic human decency]].

Ironically, the directors acknowledge that the original film can be an allegory for [[gender transition]], the red pill then being the decision to come out as [[trans]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-53692435 The Matrix is a 'trans metaphor', Lilly Wachowski says] (7 August 2020) ''BBC''.</ref> The Wachowskis, the writers and directors of ''The Matrix'', did in fact undergo gender transition several years after the film was released.<ref>[https://www.themarysue.com/the-matrix-trans-lens/ Lilly Wachowski Acknowledges Re-Examination of The Matrix With Lens Focused on Transness] by Jessica Lachenal (Apr 5<sup>th</sup>, 2016, 5:04 pm) ''The Mary Sue''.</ref>

This can specifically refer to:
*[[Manosphere glossary#Blue pill|"Blue pill" used in the manosphere]]
*[[Manosphere glossary#Red pill|"Red pill" used in the manosphere]]
*[[Alt-right glossary#Red pill|"Red pill" used in the alt-right]]
*[[Daily Plane|"Red pill" used in flat Eartherism]]
*"[[TERF glossary#Peak_trans|Peak trans]]," the same concept in TERF and transphobe spheres

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Transgender]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]

Categories: Transgender, Misnomers
Reductio ad absurdum (français)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Reductio ad absurdum'' (français)}} 
{{sources needed}}
{{hatnote|This is a French translation of [[Reductio ad absurdum]].}}
{{logicnavFR}}
La locution latine '''''Reductio ad absurdum''''' désigne la réduction à l'absurde d'une hypothèse ou d'un argument en poussant les conclusions jusqu'à un certain niveau où elles deviennent impossible à soutenir (car contradictoires), invalidant ainsi l'assertion.

Ce raisonnement trouve ces racines dans la méthode de Socrate, il a été utilisé tout au long de l'histoire des mathématiques, de la logique et de la philosophie.

Pour donner un exemple, discréditer la théorie de la mémoire de l'eau soutenue par les homéopathes en indiquant que si l'eau avait une mémoire, alors n'importe quelle eau effectivement trouvée dans la nature aurait déjà acquise toute les propriétés bénéfiques comme néfaste est une forme de ''reductio ad absurdum''.
==Validité et usage fallacieux==

L'utilisation de ''reductio ad absurdum'' est valide logiquement pour peu que l'argument/l'hypothèse rendue absurde soit effectivement présent dans la thèse réfutée (sinon paralogisme de [[homme de paille|l'homme de paille]]).

[[Argument from adverse consequences|L'''argumentum ad consequetiam'']] ressemble au ''reductio ad absurdum'' sauf que la conséquence n'est pas absurde, elle est juste néfaste d'une manière ou d'une autre, est n'est donc pas valide pour établir des vérités.

==Dans les mathématiques==

Dans les mathématiques et en [[Logique#Logique formelle|logique formelle]], le ''reductio ad absurdum'', aussi connu sous le nom de preuve ou de raisonnement par l'absurde est l'établissement de la vérité d'une propriété en montrant que sa négation aurait des conséquences absurdes.

<math>((\lnot A \rightarrow B) \land \lnot B) \rightarrow A</math>

(''Non A'' implique B et ''non B'' implique A)

C'est une méthode de preuve clef depuis Euclide.

exemple :

hypothèse à démontrer : le seul ensemble tel que tous les éléments lui appartenant ne lui appartiennent pas (A) est l'ensemble vide

Soit S un ensemble vérifiant A, on suppose S non vide, alors il existe x appartenant à S et n'appartenant pas à S, donc S doit être vide, donc l'hypothèse est démontrée.
==Voir aussi==
{{otherlang
|pagelang=fr
|en=Reductio ad absurdum}}

[[Category:français]]
[[Category:Arguments]]
[[Category:Latin phrases]]
[[Category:logique]]

Categories: français, Arguments, Latin phrases, logique
Reflexology

[[File:Reflexology of the Hand.JPG|thumb|250px|right|A reflexologist catcher's mitt, depicting which areas the coins from the patient's pockets need to hit to score maximum income.]]
{{altmed}}
'''Reflexology''' is the belief that [[Massage|massaging]] specific areas of the feet or hands can cure diseases or relieve pain in other parts of the body. Allegedly, different areas of the feet correspond to different parts of the body. To relieve pain or heal a disease, reflexologists massage the area of the foot that supposedly corresponds to the part of the body in question. There isn't any proof that this is true.

Reflexology is based on the belief that the human body contains an energy field called "[[Chi|Qi]]". Practitioners claim to manipulate the fundamental "life energy" "Qi" through reflexology techniques. This claim has no scientific basis. An alternate claim is that nerve channels going to the various parts of the body are also additionally used in the foot—that is, the [[brain]] is wired in such a way that the nerves in the toes are treated the same as the nerves on the head.  

Systematic reviews have not found reflexology to be effective at treating anything except sore or cold feet.<ref>Ernst E (2009). "Is reflexology an effective intervention? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials". ''Med. J. Aust.'' 191 (5): 263–6. PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19740047 19740047].</ref><ref>Ernst E, Posadzki P, Lee MS (2011). "Reflexology: an update of a systematic review of randomised clinical trials". ''Maturitas'' 68 (2): 116-20. PMID [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111551 21111551].</ref> It's also likely to get you thrown out of a fourth story window if you give it to a gangster's wife.

You can buy reflexology charts and cards in health food stores that purport to show which parts of the feet correspond to which parts of the body. Certain brands of shoes even come with insoles displaying reflexology charts corresponding to parts of the body reflexology supposedly cures.<ref>[https://www.carousell.ph/p/authentic-gibi-school-shoes-genuine-leather-1109655207/ Carousell - Authentic Gibi School Shoes Genuine Leather]</ref> The funny thing is that none of these charts agree with each other. The churlish and closed-minded might infer from this that they were all made up.

==Zone therapy==
Zone therapy is a simple therapy wherein the body is divided by vertical lines into five zones on the left side and five zones on the right side. The primary areas of treatment are the fingers and toes, with each digit corresponding to a different zone on the body as seen [http://www.onlinehomestudies.com/blog/reflexology-zone-therapy/ here] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20160529025655/http://www.academyoffootzonetherapy.com/images/button_promo_mi.png here].

==See also==
*[[Quantum healing]]
*[[Acupuncture]]
*[[Pseudoscience]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Manipulative therapy]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Woo]]

Categories:  Alternative medicine, Chinese medicine, Manipulative therapy, Pseudoscience, Woo
Reform Section 5

{{law}}
'''Reform Section 5''', also known as '''Feel Free to Insult Me''', was a successful British campaign dedicated to the reform of Section 5 of the 1986 Public Order Act. It was launched in May 2012.<ref name=guardian>http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/may/16/why-insults-are-political-issue</ref>  They succeeded, and insulting is no longer illegal under the Public Order Act.<ref name=RS5>[http://reformsection5.org.uk/2013/12/rs5-amendment-will-come-into-force-in-february/ RS5 AMENDMENT WILL COME INTO FORCE IN FEBRUARY]</ref>

In its problematic form, Section 5 contained the following text:

{{quotebox|A person is guilty of an offence if he–
 
(a)     uses threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour, or disorderly behaviour, or
 
(b)     displays any writing, sign or other visible representation which is threatening, abusive or insulting,
 
within the hearing or sight of a person likely to be caused harassment, alarm or distress thereby.}}

The aim of Reform Section 5 was to have the word "insulting" removed from this definition, on the grounds that legislation against insulting people violates the principle of [[free speech]].<ref>http://reformsection5.org.uk/faq/</ref>

The campaign had supporters from both the left and right. Among them were [[Peter Tatchell]], who was previously arrested under this section of the Act; the [[National Secular Society]]; the Christian Institute and Big Brother Watch.<ref name=guardian/>

In December 2013, the Reform Section 5 campaign announced that the Home Office had removed ‘insults’ from Section 5 of the Public Order Act. The amended act came into force on February 1, 2014.<ref>http://reformsection5.org.uk/2013/12/rs5-amendment-will-come-into-force-in-february/</ref>

==See also==
* [[Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006]]

==External links==
* [http://reformsection5.org.uk/ Official website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:British politics]]
[[Category:Freedom of speech]]
{{stub|law}}

Categories: British politics, Freedom of speech
Refuting

{{logicnav}}
'''Refuting''' means to disprove or debunk an assertion, by presentation of facts and/or logical analysis.

One of our delightful IP visitors, however, thinks this:
{{quotebox|[Refuting:] To disagree, or assert the opposite.<br/>

The original meaning was to DISPROVE something, but no one uses that anymoer<br/>

A modern example is "The Prime Minister refuted the suggestion that he was a fool, by saying that he wasn't." ''(sic)''}}
Probably because they disagree with something we said.  Refutation of [[pseudoscience]] and illogic is an essential part of [[RationalWiki]]'s mission. 

==See also==
* [[Backfire effect]]

[[category:logic]]
{{stub|logic}}

Categories: logic