Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

[[File:Abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-11.png|thumb|right|165px|Caliph Ibrahum, humble servant of Allah, sporting a looted Rolex watch during his inaugural sermon. The Imam of the Grand Mosque in Mosul where this photo was taken had been murdered by Daesh just prior.<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/world/imam-of-mosul-mosque-executed-before-caliph-gave-sermon-20140708-zsztq.html</ref> ]]
{{islam}}
{{cquote|Islam was never the religion of peace. [[Islam]] is the religion of war. |20px|20px|''Islamic State {{wpl|Grand Poobah}} Caliph Ibrahim al-Badri aka al-Baghdadi''<ref>From [https://web.archive.org/web/20150520002933/http://www.memrijttm.org/in-new-audio-speech-islamic-state-isis-leader-al-baghdadi-issues-call-to-arms-to-all-muslims.html Islamic State (ISIS) Leader Al-Baghdadi Issues Call To Arms To All Muslims, MEMRI, May 14, 2015].</ref>{{Better source}}}}

'''Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi''', real name '''Ibrahim bin ‘Awad bin Ibrahim al-Badri ar-Radawi al-Husseini as-Samara’i'''<ref group=note>Multiple birth names have been reported, the most widely-accepted is '''Ibrahim ibn Awwad al-Badri al-Samarrai'''. The surname '''al-Husseini''' was likely adopted later into life.</ref> {{lived|1971|2019}}, was 
an austere religious scholar
 a mysterious figure and self-declared Emir of the State of Islam in Iraq and Syria, or "[[DAESH]]", alleged descendant of the [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]]<ref group=note>Disputes exist to Ibrahim's use the surname al-Hussaini to convince followers of a relationship to the Prophet Muhammad's bloodline. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821130015/http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/2013/12/16/feature-01]</ref><ref group=note>Statistically speaking he almost certainly is.[http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/05/the-royal-we/302497/]</ref>, Commander of the Faithful (''Amir al-Mu'minin'') and [[Caliph]] of all [[Muslim]]s.<ref>[http://pietervanostaeyen.wordpress.com/2013/07/15/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-a-short-biography-of-the-isis-sheikh/ Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi – a Short Biography of the ISIS Sheikh], July 15, 2014 by Pieter Van Ostaeyen.</ref> He was known under multiple pseudonyms and ''noms de guerre'', including '''Abu Du'a'''<ref group=note>As shown on U.S. Government wanted posters</ref> and '''Caliph Ibrahim al-Badri'''.

Baghdadi's accession to the office of caliph did not occur without controversy; the title of "Commander of the Faithful"<ref group=note>''Amir al-Mu'minin'' invokes a hadith by a companion of the prophet, {{wpl|Abu Hurairah}} who said, "Whoever obeys me has obeyed God and whoever rebels against me has rebelled against God. And whoever obeys the amir [al-mu'minin] has obeyed me and whoever rebels against the amir has rebelled against me, and indeed the imam is a shield behind whom one fights and by which one seeks protection."</ref> was disputed by the [[Taliban]] boss {{wpl|Mullah Omar}} and his al-Qaeda and Afghan veteran supporters until his death was belatedly announced two years after the fact.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150129081430/http://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/entry/349-baghdadi-vs-omar-the-islamic-state-hints-at-fight-with-the-taliban</ref> Daesh proponents who put forth Baghdadi as the leading protagonist cite Imam {{wpl|Ahmad ibn Hanbal}}'s ''[[hadith]]'': 
{{Cquote|Whoever overcomes them by the sword such that he has become Caliph and is called ''Amir al-Mu'minin'', it is not permitted for anyone who believes in God to remain and not recognize an Imam, regardless of whether he is pious or immoral.}}

== Personal history ==
===Background===
Baghdadi is believed to be an Iraqi national born in the city of Samarra in 1971. He attended the University of Baghdad where in 1996 he earned a bachelor's degree in Islamic studies. He proceeded to further [[Qur'an|Koranic studies]] and obtained a Masters degree in 1999, and a PhD in 2007, both from the Saddam University for Islamic Studies in Iraq.<ref>BBC; William McCants, March 8, 2016: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35694311 Who is Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi?]</ref> He is said to have founded (c.2003) his own small insurgent group, the Jaysh Ahl al-Sunna, active in Samara, Diyala and Baghdad. He was held captive by U.S. Forces-Iraq at Camp Bucca near Basra from February until December 2004 as a "civilian detainee" but eventually was recommended for an "unconditional release" by a Combined Review and Release Board.  While in Bucca, Baghdadi made contact with several of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s ex-military and intelligence commanders from the [[Ba'ath Party]] who were to became Baghdadi's deputies in the organization Daesh.

Upon his release Baghdadi signed on with Jaysh al-Mujahideen for a time in 2005. Its spiritual adviser, Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Mansour, wrote of the man who would become Caliph:
{{Cquote|I bear witness by God - and there is no other deity except Him - to what I know from familiarity with this imposter who has called himself Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, as he had studied under me with a group of the erudite ones...in the year 2005, then the study was cut off because of my arrest, and I had got to know him very well. He was of limited [[intelligence]], slow to understand, pale in intuitive grasp. For he is not from among the average students of Islamic knowledge ['ilm], and his studies background are academic studies in the government universities, whose standard is emaciated and which have no relation with forming a student of knowledge, let alone a knowledgeable person [referring to Baghdadi's time at the Islamic University of Baghdad].<br>  

Then indeed he was with us till the end of 2005 among the soldiers of our army. He was not among those outstanding in the field, nor was he of the people of assault and patrol, nor was he of special missions, nor do we recall for him an attested incident in reinforcements or confrontation until I was arrested, at which point the man turned on the brothers, became angry, and began stirring up problems in the group...I entreat God that I do not say this for the inclination in my soul, but I would not be recording it were it not for the fact they have written down their testimony/witness in a book and wanted what they wanted from this book...

Thus I confirm...that not only is this Abu Bakr not steeped in knowledge or a capable student of knowledge, but also he is not the master of a single accredited book in ''aqeeda'' [creed] or ''[[fiqh]]'' [jurisprudence], and our brothers from the Iraqi students of knowledge from all the groups and approaches know this very well, and know that there is no link between him and Islamic knowledge, and are aware of the very emaciated level of Shari'a knowledge that the government universities offer."<ref>http://www.aymennjawad.org/2014/12/a-jaysh-al-mujahideen-amir-testimony-on-abu-bakr</ref>}}

===Mujahideen Shura Council===

In 2006 his group became associated with the umbrella organization collectively known in Western media as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)<ref group=note>Technically, the {{wpl|Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)}}</ref>, Islamic State's precursor, led by {{wpl|Hamid Al-Zawi}}<ref group=note>Same as Abu Omar Al-Baghdadi, a different Baghdadi [https://web.archive.org/web/20131007184323/http://www.aawsat.net/2010/04/article55251030]. Abu Bakr took part of Abu Omar's name to denote successorship in the organization.</ref> Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed General Supervisor of its [[Sharia]] Committee and member of the internal self governing Majlis. In 2010 Hamid Al-Zawi<ref group=note>AKA Abu Hamza al-Muhajir, among several others</ref> was killed, Ibrahim Al Badri promptly changed his name to Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi, later adding the tribal additions of Al Hussaini Al Qurayshi designed to position himself as in the line of the Prophet Mohammad. Baghdadi boasts of extensive "security and military experience", and is said to be a former member of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s notorious, elite gestapo organization, the Fedayeen Saddam.<ref>http://www.islamtimes.org/vdci53ap3t1a3w2.ilct.html</ref>

===The Islamic State===
{{main|DAESH}}
[[File:Clipbubakr.jpg|This fake was circulated to create the myth Baghdadi was a war-seasoned leader of men. In fact Baghdadi served as a "letter box" and messenger boy during the insurgency, and worked for the Americans as a negotiator between rival factions to keep the peace in Camp Bucca prison.<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20141110084654/http://theorangetracker.blogspot.com/2014/06/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-and-his-possible.html ''Mr.Orange's War Tracker'']</ref>|thumb|right|350px]]
In a two month period beginning in March 2011, the Islamic State claimed 23 attacks south of Baghdad, all of which were alleged to have been carried out under al-Baghdadi's command. The organisation became the leading insurgency group in post-American occupied Iraq. The Islamic State courted alliances with Sunni tribes<ref>[https://archive.org/details/HMC_DBQ1 DABIQ Magazine, Issue 1], pp. 7-8.</ref> that previously fought alongside American forces against al-Qaeda, but were abandoned by the Americans after they withdrew in December 2011.<ref group=note>See for example [http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/9 1920s Revolution Brigades]; over 130 tribal militia's were said to have participated in Iraq's Awakening Councils, organized by Gens. George Casey and David Petraeus to fight with US forces against al-Qaeda during the insurgency.</ref>

While [[Zarqawi]], the founder of Daesh, reluctantly proclaimed allegiance to bin Laden, Baghdadi maintained he never did. Nonetheless in eulogizing the deceased Emir of al-Qaeda killed by American Special Forces, Baghdadi threatened retaliation with blood, destruction and fear.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707070328/http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQI29911E.shtml Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals: Ibrahim ibn Awwad al-Badri al-Samarrai].</ref> Three days later, Baghdadi claimed responsibility for an attack in Hilla, Iraq, that killed 24 policemen and wounded 72 others. On August 15, 2011, a wave of suicide attacks began in Mosul which culminated in over 70 deaths. Shortly thereafter, Baghdadi's pledged on AQI’s website to carry out 100 more attacks in retaliation for bin Laden’s death.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20111211065625/http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=dua Abu Du'a, Rewards for Justice], U.S. State Department.</ref>

As Caliph he has been somewhat partisan in recognizing and accepting the oaths of allegiance given him by non-Arab Muslims.<ref>http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces</ref>

==="Split" with Al-Qaeda===
On April 8, 2013, Baghdadi tried to subsume control over the Jabhat al-Nusra, the Syrian arm of al-Qaeda, run by a former Baghdadi lieutenant, Abu Mohammed al-Julani. Julani rejected the efforts and upheld his oath to al-Qaeda and bin Laden's successor, [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]. On May 23rd Zawahiri rebuked Baghdadi's new entity, Islamic State, and said Baghdadi's operations as ISIS should be confined to Iraq. Baghdadi openly defied Zawahiri's order. Efforts to mend the rift between Daesh and Jabhat al-Nusra failed when al-Qaeda's mediator was murdered by suicide bombers.<ref>[http://time.com/9555/al-qaeda-al-suri-syria-isis/ Al Qaeda’s Top Envoy Killed in Syria by Rival Rebel Group], ''TIME Magazine'', February 24, 2014.</ref>

===Death===
In October 2019, it was reported that he has been killed in a US raid, in which he detonated a suicide vest.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50198123</ref> He was eventually replaced by Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi in that month. In 2022, he would perform the same act as Baghdadi.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/03/world/syria-us-special-forces-raid-intl-hnk/index.html ISIS leader killed in US-led Syria raid, Biden says] by Barbara Starr, Oren Liebermann, Jeremy Herb and Eyad Kourdi, February 3, 2022, ''CNN''</ref> So far, we are still expecting conspiracy theories to pop up.

==His name==
For the benefit of below, here is a brief understanding of Arabic names.
*The <span style="color:red">"Ism"</span>  - The person's personal, which indicates a characteristic the namer hoped they would posess. They are usually Arabic adjectives in common usage.
*The <span style="color:orange">"Laqab"</span>  - Historically, this was another adjective used alongside the Ism. In modern times this represents the person's family name.
*The <span style="color:green">"Nasab"</span>  - The father's name, represented with "bin"/"ben"/"ibn"/"bint". There may be a few Nasabs, depending on how far the namer wished the individual's heritage to be known.
*The <span style="color:blue">"Nisbah"</span>  - The last part of the name indicates a tribe, their city or country. Some people may have a distant ancestor as their Nisbah. Since the Nisbah and Laqab aren't used together in someone's name, then it will assume the Laqab's historical version as a quality.

His birthname, "<span style="color:red">Ibrahim</span> <span style="color:green">ibn Awwad</span> <span style="color:blue">al-Badri al-Samarrai</span>", thus reads as: "''Ibrahim, son of Awwad, the beautiful, from Samarra''"
:From this we gather that his father was called Awwad, that he thought "beautiful" was a good name for his son (though the literal reading of al-Badri is "the moonfaced"), and that they were from Samarra in Iraq.

The longer of his new names is: "<span style="color:red">Ibrahim</span> <span style="color:green">bin ‘Awad bin Ibrahim</span> <span style="color:blue">al-Badri ar-Radawi al-Husseini as-Samara’i</span>"
:From this we gather that his father 'Awad is the son of another Ibrahim, that our Ibrahim is beautiful ("al-Badri") and merciful ("al-Radawi"). He is also a descendent of Hussein, a grandson of Mohammed, and is from Samarra.

The shorter of his new names is much different: "<span style="color:red">Abu Bakr</span> <span style="color:blue">al-Baghdadi al-Qurashi al-Husseini</span>"
:Now his personal name is "Abu Bakr". He is from Baghdad (al-Baghdad), and is descended from Mohammed's Qurashi tribe through Hussein. 

The last two names are ''dripping'' with questionable content and irony, particularly in that he isn't even from Baghdad, let alone from the Qurashi tribe or descended from two Shias in Hussein and Ali.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140720024127/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2014/07/16/4047157.htm</ref> 

==See also==
*[[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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