Bottled water

{{bronze}}
[[File:Fiji Water logo.svg|thumb|165px|Not to be confused with artisan tap water (or maybe it should).]]
{{cquote|Hwhat in hydration!?|||A common complaint}}
{{waternav}}
'''Bottled water''' is essentially a dirtier, ridiculously expensive<ref group=note>Like, a 4000% markup ridiculously expensive</ref><ref>{{a|http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39490829/ns/business-personal_finance/t/items-ludicrous-markups/|10 items with ludicrous markups}} by Aaron Crowe (2012) ''ABC News''.</ref> version of municipal [[water]] resold in plastic containers.<ref>{{a|http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3523303.stm|Soft drink is purified tap water}} On Monday, 1 March, 2004. ''BBC''</ref>

Somehow, The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, [[Nestlé]], and many other companies have convinced half of all [[United States|Americans]] to buy water for 1 to 6 [[United States dollar|USD]] a gallon in bottle form,<ref>{{a|http://www.nrdc.org/Water/Drinking/bw/chap2.asp|The Truth About Tap: Lots of people think drinking bottled water is safer. Is it?}} from Natural Resources Defense Council</ref> instead of tap water, for a fraction of a USD penny per gallon,<ref>{{a|http://www.cityofchesapeake.net/Government/City-Departments/Departments/Public-Utilities-Department/Chesapeake-Water/story_of_water/costs.htm|The Story of Water}} from ''City of Chesapeake''</ref><ref name="michaelshermer">{{a|http://www.michaelshermer.com/2003/07/bottled-twaddle/#more-37|Bottled Twaddle}} by Michael Shermer, published July 2003</ref> all because of the influence of marketing and the publicized tap water contamination scares. Check your gas prices while you're at it, society.

==Contents==
[[File:Fiji_water1.jpg|thumb|right|Nothing [[Appeal to nature|more natural]] than a {{wpl|polyethylene terephthalate}} {{wpl|thermoplastic polymer}} container on a beach!]]
{{cquote|Bottled water is the marketing trick of the century.|||John Jewell<ref name="theweek">{{a|https://theweek.com/articles/447517/bottled-water-marketing-trick-century|Bottled water: the marketing trick of the century}} from ''The Week''</ref>}}
For the most tasteless and odorless substance on the planet, companies market bottled water products as having intrinsic high quality with a silky smooth texture and taste, despite a lack of any substantiative differences between it and normal water.<ref name="theweek"/><ref name="quickbooks eek"/><ref>{{a|http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/29/AR2008062901872_2.html|Bottled water}} from ''The Washington Post''</ref> In [[Michael Shermer]]'s article ''Bottled Twaddle'', he reminds us just how taste-deaf our tongues actually are when it comes to nasty, boring water:<ref name="michaelshermer"/>

{{quotebox|The most telling taste test was conducted by the Showtime television series ''[[Penn & Teller: Bullshit!]]''. The hosts began with a blind comparison in which 75 percent of New Yorkers preferred city tap to bottled waters. They then went to the Left Coast and set up a hidden camera at a trendy southern California restaurant that featured a water sommelier who dispensed elegant water menus to the patrons. All bottles were filled out of the same hose in the back of the restaurant; nevertheless, Angelenos were willing to plunk down nearly $7 a bottle for L'eau Du Robinet (French for "faucet water"), Agua de Culo (Spanish for "ass water") and Amazone ("filtered through the Brazilian rain forest’s natural filtration system"), declaring them all to be far superior to tap water. There’s no accounting for taste.}}

''Penn & Teller: Bullshit!''{{'}}s experiment illustrates the power of {{wpl|suggestion||;}} the only aspect affecting the taste of the water is the assumed quality through deceptive presentation.

===Bacteria===
It pays to be warned of what you may consume, though. In 2016, at least 14 different brands of bottled water recalled their products due to ''E. coli'' contamination, the presence of which suggests the additional presence of animal or human waste.<ref>{{a|http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/22/bottled-water-e-coli-contamination_n_7640010.html|14 Brands Of Bottled Water Voluntarily Recalled Due To Potential E. Coli Contamination}} from ''The Huffington Post''</ref>

===Hazardous waste===
In one extreme case, "water, flaunted as 'spring water,' was pumped from a water source next to a hazardous waste dumping site."<ref>https://www.banthebottle.net/articles/7-bottled-water-myths-busted/</ref><ref>www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-bottled-unsafe-drinking.htm</ref><ref>http://www.rd.com/health/diet-weight-loss/rethink-what-you-drink/</ref>{{Better source|s}}

===Calcium===
If you live in the US or Canada the amount of calcium in your drinking water may vary from 1 to 135 mg/l. This is in contrast to bottled water, which on average has a concentration of calcium averaging 208 mg/l. <ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2488164/</ref> For certain dishes in molecular gastronomy (such as those involving {{wpl|spherification}}) it is required that the calcium content in the fluid to be spherified remains below a certain threshold. On the other hand some other molecular recipes (such as Heston Blumenthal's hot and iced tea <ref>https://thebigfatundertaking.wordpress.com/2010/05/21/28-hot-and-iced-tea-incomplete/</ref>) require a minimum amount of calcium to be present (in the case of the iced tea it requires between 100 and 400 mg/l).

==Plastic leaching and cancer==
{{main|1=Plastic|3=Cancer}}
According to the [[Hearsay|grape vine]], frozen bottled water releases carcinogenic dioxins, reusing water bottles releases carcinogenic DEHA, and heating bottled water releases {{wpl|Bisphenol A||,}} a synthetic estrogen that causes breasts cancer and hormone issues. None of these claims are actually true, except for the last one, kind of.<ref>{{a|http://www.snopes.com/medical/toxins/plasticbottles.asp|Reuse of Plastic Bottles: Does reusing or freezing plastic water bottles cause them to break down into dioxins or carcinogenic compounds?}}</ref> 

The health scare about heated water bottles was partly fueled from journalists taking a 2014 study by the University of Florida out of context.<ref>{{a|http://soils.ifas.ufl.edu/lqma/Publication/Fan-14b.pdf|Effects of storage temperature and duration on release of antimony and bisphenol A from polyethylene terephthalate drinking water bottles of China}} ([http://lqma.ifas.ufl.edu/Publication/Fan-14b.pdf The study was originally located here]). Study conducted by Ying-Ying Fan, Jian-Lun Zheng, Jing-Hua Ren, Jun Luo, Xin-Yi Cui, and Lena Q. Ma</ref><ref>http://www.bottledwatermatters.org/article/chinese-bottled-water-study-misrepresents-facts</ref> The study shows two issues:<ref>[http://www.bottledwatermatters.org/article/chinese-bottled-water-study-misrepresents-facts  Chinese Bottled Water Study Misrepresents Facts]</ref><ref>http://www.9news.com/news/local/verify/verify-is-it-dangerous-to-drink-bottled-water-thats-been-sitting-in-a-hot-car/455231692</ref><ref>http://www.wfmynews2.com/news/local/2-wants-to-know/verify-is-it-dangerous-to-drink-bottled-water-thats-been-sitting-in-a-hot-car/455022712</ref>
#The study was actually conducted in China by Chinese students who sampled Chinese water bottles.
#The finding of the study reported water within the correct ranges of water standards.

Nanoplastics do leach from the plastic bottles into the water, and the levels of nano-plastics in bottled water is much higher than in tap water. The health effects of nanoplastics, if any, are as yet unknown.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/01/08/microplastics-nanoplastics-bottled-water-study/ Here’s what you’re really swallowing when you drink bottled water: A new study finds that ‘nanoplastics’ are even more common than microplastics in bottled water] by Shannon Osaka (Updated January 9, 2024 at 12:47 p.m. EST; Published January 8, 2024 at 3:00 p.m. EST) ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

==Marketing==
{{cquote|Evocative names and labels depicting pastoral scenes have convinced us that the liquid is the purest drink around. But labels can be misleading at best, deceptive at worst. In one notorious case, water coming from a well located near a hazardous waste site was sold to many bottlers. At least one of these companies labeled its product “spring water.” In another case, H<sub>2</sub>O sold as “pure glacier water” came from a public water system in Alaska.|||''Reader's Digest <ref>{{a|http://www.rd.com/health/diet-weight-loss/rethink-what-you-drink/|Reader's Digest}}</ref>''}}

[[File:Fiji water ad.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|A typical ad for typical water. Don't worry, it's not bottled in Cleveland.<ref>(July 20, 2006) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/20/AR2006072000322.html?noredirect=on Cleveland Takes Offense at Fiji Water Ad]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved August 5, 2019.</ref>]]

[[Appeal to nature|Depictions of exotic mountains, crisp glaciers, and other beautiful imagery often depicted on bottles invoke a sense of purity and freshness]]. This eases a consumer's mind and convinces them they're making a better and healthier dietary decision.<ref name="theweek"/><ref name="quickbooks eek">{{a|http://quickbooks.intuit.com/r/marketing/5-marketing-lessons-from-the-bottled-water-industry/|5 marketing lessons from the bottled water industry}} from ''Quickbooks''</ref>

Here's a list of refreshing terminology for overpriced, unfiltered tap water:

*"Designed to make a difference"<ref>{{a|http://www.textart.ru/advertising/slogans/bottled-water.html|Dasani}} from ''Textart''</ref>
*"The secret is in the Alps"<ref>{{a|http://www.textart.ru/advertising/slogans/bottled-water.html|Evian}} from ''Textart''</ref>
*"Purified spring mineral water"<sup>[Every bottled water ever]</sup>
*"A water that belongs on the wine list"<ref>{{a|http://www.textart.ru/advertising/slogans/bottled-water.html|Acqua Panna}} from ''Textart''</ref>

===Alternative to soda===
While being vastly inferior to tap water in every way, bottled water was initially positioned as an alternative to [[High-fructose corn syrup|unhealthy sodas]]. In a [[Hispanic]]-targeted sweepstakes, {{wpl|Nestlé}} challenged families to replace sugary drinks with water for a possible cash prize:<ref>{{a|http://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/nestle-challenges-hispanics-drink-more-water-102313/|Nestle challenges Hispanics to drink more water}} from ''Adweek''</ref>

{{quotebox|The campaign also uses regional radio to support in-store promotions, grassroots events and the La Promesa sweepstakes at [http://www.vivesanamentenestle.com Vivesanamentenestle.com]. Consumers can register their pledge to remove one sugary drink from their family’s diet each day and replace it with water. In doing so, they are automatically registered in the contest with over $20,000 in prizes, including a grand prize trip for four to Miami, and dinner with {{wpl|Cristina Saralegui||.}}

Rodriguez said Hispanic consumers have played an important role in growing the brand’s popularity since it was launched in America nearly seven years ago. It is now the best-selling bottled water brand by volume, according to [http://www.beveragemarketing.com/ Beverage Marketing Corp]. In the brand’s most recent marketing efforts, Nestle did not run general market advertising but focused instead on Hispanic ads using the first campaign featuring Cristina Saralegui. Since those ads broke in 2008, the brand’s awareness and purchase intent levels have quadrupled among Hispanics, Rodriguez said.}}

===Convenience===
Bottled water is marketed as a convenient alternative to tap water.<ref name="theweek"/><ref name="quickbooks eek"/> Obviously, it's much easier to spend money like a dope instead of planning ahead and filling up a container at home to carry with you, or stopping at a refill station once you run out. Unfortunately, the bottled water craze has resulted in fewer public drinking fountains, therefore, giving positive feedback to the cash cow industry.<ref>{{a|http://blog.sfgate.com/gleick/2010/09/22/time-for-a-drinking-water-fountain-renaissance/|Time for a drinking fountain}} from ''SF Gate''</ref><ref group=note>Fortunately, there are various refill schemes around the world aiming to combat this: http://refillambassadors.com/refill-apps/</ref>

==Regulation==
===United States===
In the U.S., bottled water is regulated by the {{wpr|Food and Drug Administration}} while tap water is regulated by the {{wpr|Environmental Protection Agency||.}}<ref>{{a|http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/2009/07/t20090708a.html|Bottled water}} from ''U.S. Department of Health & Human Services''</ref> It doesn't sound like much, but once you consider how the regulation process goes, the EPA goes much further to ensure the water is safe for drinking.

The FDA has two means of testing bottled water, testing it themselves<ref name="fda.gov testimony">[https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm170932.htm Regulation of Bottled Water] by the U.S. FDA</ref> and to have companies do it for them.<ref>{{a|https://www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm046894.htm|Bottled water}} from ''U.S. Food and Drug Administration''</ref> For the latter, it goes by an honor system; therefore, companies can lie about the regulations they're not abiding by. According to studies, bottled water often fails to meet EPA standards of mercury, thallium, and thorium amounts.<ref>{{a|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10728111?|Bottled water}} from ''U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information''</ref><ref>Ikem, A., Odueyungbo, S., Egiebor, N.O., & Nyavor, K. (2001). "Chemical quality of bottled waters from three cities in eastern Alabama". ''Science of the Total Environment'' 285 (1-3): 165–175. doi:{{a|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969701009159|10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00915-9}}</ref> As for the FDA's plant inspections, fairly loose regulations are also present. Here's some quotes, straight from the administration's website:<ref name="fda.gov testimony"/>

{{quotebox|Because FDA's experience over the years has shown that bottled water has a good safety record,<ref>{{a|http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/bottled_water_recalls_summary_table3.pdf}}</ref> <b>bottled water plants generally are assigned a relatively low priority for inspection.</b> The Agency, however, inspects violative firms more frequently, depending on the number, significance and recurrence of violations. In addition, FDA's field offices follow up on consumer and trade complaints and other leads, as appropriate, on potentially violative bottled water products.}}

The current system in place is not preventative and is, instead, reactive to a violation of unsafe water released to the public... after the fact. Amusingly, a handful of unsafe bottled water cases between the years 1994 and 2006 were not made public for whatever reason.<ref>{{a|http://www.pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2013/02/bottled_water_recalls_summary_table3.pdf|Bottled water recalls}} Information Supplement to ''Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water'' (published by Island Press, April 2010)</ref> Here's one more 
awful
 questionable FDA practice:

{{quotebox|FDA laboratories may test the water for microbiological, radiological or chemical contamination. <b>Individual samples are not tested for all possible contaminants cited in the quality standard</b>, but for selected contaminants, depending on the reason for the sampling. For example, suspected microbiological contamination may result in microbiological analysis. (However, as noted, bottlers are required to maintain testing records to show to government inspectors for all the contaminants in the quality standard.)}}

Keep in mind, the quotes from above are straight from the official dot gov website. The rather lax regulations are likely a reflection of a lack of funding or authority over the issue. Either way, Congress is to blame, not the FDA per se.

Meanwhile, tap water goes through rigorous testing, thanks to the Safe Drinking Water Act.<ref>{{a|http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/labcert/basicinformation.cfm|Drinking water: basic information}} from ''U.S. Environmental Protection Agency''</ref><ref>{{a|http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/07/09/09greenwire-fewer-regulations-for-bottled-water-than-tap-g-33331.html|Fewer regulations for bottled water than tap water}} from ''The New York Times''</ref> The results show tap water has consistently less contaminants than bottled water. Despite highly publicized contaminated tap water incidents, no scientific evidence shows tap water has more toxins than bottled water; in fact, it's the other way around. Despite this, the FDA claims to have higher standards for lead in bottled water by a difference of 10 ppb because "leaching of lead from distribution systems is not a factor for bottled water and, based on its survey data, FDA concluded that bottlers can readily produce bottled water products with lead levels below 5 ppb."<ref name="fda.gov testimony"/> In contradiction, a lot of bottled water available in the United States is tap water, so "leaching of lead from distribution systems" ''should'' be a factor. However, tap water isn't free of contaminates either. According to a study, 94% of sampled tap water was contaminated with plastic fibers, although the health impacts remain unclear.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/06/plastic-fibres-found-tap-water-around-world-study-reveals</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:The Venetian (5779341737).jpg|thumb|150px|Bottled water looming over a hapless fountain it has pumped dry.]]
The UK treats bottled water as food:<ref>https://www.gov.uk/food-standards-labelling-durability-and-composition#bottled-water</ref>
{{quotebox|Bottled waters are split into 3 categories: natural mineral water, spring water and bottled drinking water. Each has their own rules and requirements on exploitation, sale and how they are labelled.}}
Coca-Cola tried to sell bottled mains (tap) water under their 'Dasani' brand in the UK. They recalled and stopped production after {{wpl|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromate#Human health issues|bromate}} was found in the product. ''"Many papers, unhelpfully for Coca-Cola, also reminded readers that while Dasani sells for 95p per 500ml, Thames Water, which supplies homes in the area where the product is sourced and bottled, sells the water at the equivalent of 0.03p per 500ml."''<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/19/foodanddrink</ref>

German law also provides for a different set of regulations for tap water than for bottled water. Needless to say, the regulations for tap water are much much stricter,  but  r.    and in fact, they may even go to your house to measure at the tap whether any pollutants are above the legal limits.<ref>https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinkwasserverordnung</ref>{{better source}} As for another advantage of tap water, in [[Germany]], you won't be slapped by the intentionally onerous 25 cent deposit on throwaway bottles; this is even more expensive than the cheapest one and a half liter of water itself.<ref>{{wpa|Container deposit legislation#Germany|Container Deposit Legalisation}}</ref>{{better source}}

===Russia===
Some areas in Russia have safe-to-drink tap water; others, not so much, though that doesn't stop tour guides from advising tourists to avoid it altogether or some restaurants serving only bottled water.<ref>Sorokina, Anna (Oct 23 2017) [https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/326484-drink-tap-water-russia Is it safe to drink tap water in Russia?] ''Russia Beyond''. Retrieved August 5, 2019.</ref><ref>(April 25, 2016) [https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2016/04/25/moscow-lifehack-can-i-drink-the-water-in-moscow-are-you-sure-a52617 Moscow Lifehack: Can I drink the water in Moscow? Are you sure?] ''The Moscow Times''. Retrieved August 5, 2019.</ref> Although the big cities such as Moscow and St. Petersburg have cleaner water than areas in Central Russia, Siberia, Yamal, and Altai, the pipe infrastructure is pre-Soviet era where some cities have very poor pipe quality, with Kalmykia having 72 percent and Novogorod having 55 percent of pipes not up to modern standards. What doesn't help is that St. Petersburg has contained trace amounts of the ''{{wpl|Giardia lamblia}}'' parasite.

Roskachestvo serves as the watch dog regulatory agency for Russia's products, funded by the government to promote Russian stuff (something to keep in mind when looking at its research). Products that pass its testing earns a quality seal from it. Russian law categorizes bottled water in two categories: first category water, which is just "cleaner" tap water, and water of the highest category, which not only comes from "natural" sources but has to be "good for your health" to drink it.<ref>[https://russialounge.com/bottled-water-in-russia/ Bottled Water in Russia]. ''Russia Lounge''. Retrieved August 5, 2019.</ref> Notably Roskachestvo has noted that some bottled water categorized as water of the highest category often did not meet quality standards.

==Environmental impact and waste==
[[File:Fiji_water2.jpg|thumb|right|165px|The water ripples you see? That's Mother Earth, crying.]]

In some strange twist, it takes water to produce water bottles. In the best case scenario, it takes 1.26 Liters of water to produce plastic for 1 Liter of water; on average this number is 1.32 Liters.<ref name="Antea Group">{{cite web|title=Water and Energy Use Benchmarking Study|url=http://www.bottledwater.org/public/IBWA%20Water%20and%20Energy%20Use%20Benchmarking%20Report%20-%20Exec%20Summary%20%28Revised%20May%2018%202016%29.pdf#overlay-context=reports-studies|publisher=Antea Group|accessdate=17 July 2017}}</ref> While the amount of water to make bottled water is better than other products such as soda,<ref>Thomas Andrew Gustafson. [http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/10/28/241419373/how-much-water-actually-goes-into-making-a-bottle-of-water How Much Water Actually Goes Into Making A Bottle Of Water?], ''NPR'', 30 October 2013.</ref> it still doesn't negate that companies are wasting water when tap water is a reasonable and more efficient means of getting water. 

The plastic poses another issue: recycling. Sure, water bottles clearly indicate that it's recyclable, but most people don't recycle.<ref group=note>Even if they did, recycling is only fourth place on the [[waste hierarchy]], but by all means let's get them recycling first.</ref> According to IBIS World:<ref>https://www.buzzfeed.com/venessawong/plastic-drinking-problem</ref><ref>https://www.ibisworld.com/procurement-research-reports/</ref>

{{quotebox|
About 6 billion pounds of plastic bottles get thrown away every year, and only about 30% of them are recycled[.] Of that 30%, just one-fifth is processed to create fresh plastic bottles for use in food and beverage.
}}

Plastic bottles can take 450 years to decompose if left in the environment.<ref>{{a|https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf|Marine Debris}} from ''New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services''</ref> You don't want to make the Earth sad, do you?

==Bottled water in emergency response==
=== Natural disasters===
[[FEMA]] recommends using bottled water for emergency kits, although its reasoning behind its usage is questionable:<ref name="FEMA">https://www.ready.gov/water</ref>{{quotebox|It is recommended you purchase commercially bottled water, in order to prepare the safest and most reliable emergency water supply.}}
While bottled water is not the safest, it is very reliable for emergency situations and doesn't need further treatment, unlike tap water.<ref name="FEMA"/> Although, it is best to create your own emergency supply from tap water for safety reasons.<ref group=note>If you need  source for this, you clearly haven't been paying attention.</ref>

=== Contamination ===
In Ohio, Toledo's water supply was affected by Lake Erie's algae blooms hence contaminating the water supply. In response, the city banned tapped water, prompting the Red Cross to supply the half a million of affected citizens with bottled water.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fitzsimmons|first1=Emma G.|title=Tap Water Ban for Toledo Residents.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/us/toledo-faces-second-day-of-water-ban.html?_r=0|website=New York TImes|accessdate=6 November 2015}}</ref> The take away: [[stopped clock|bottled water is a reasonable alternative when it is relatively cleaner than the available tap water]].

== See also ==
*[[Holy water]] {{---}} it's occasionally bottled, often unsanitary, and completely unregulated

==External links==
* {{wpa|Bottled water in the United States}}
* {{wpa|Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

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