Shoehorning

[[File:Shoehorn_20101109.jpg|165px|thumb|right|A shoehorn.]]
{{logic}}
{{cquote|Shoehorning is the process of force-fitting some current affair into one's personal, [[political]], or [[religious]] agenda. So-called [[psychics]] frequently shoehorn events to fit [[vague]] statements they made in the past. This is an extremely safe procedure, since they can't be proven wrong and many people aren't aware of how easy it is to make something look like confirmation of a claim after the fact, especially if you give them wide latitude in making the shoe fit. It is common, for example, for the defenders of such things as ''[[The Bible Code]]'' or the "[[prophecies]]" of [[Nostradamus]] to [[John Hogue|shoehorn events to the texts]] rather than truly predict anything.|||''[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skepdic.com/shoehorning.html |title=shoehorning — The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com}}</ref>}}
'''Shoehorning''' is using [[evidence]] or events to support an idea if the data does not support its conclusion. The process is often forceful, requiring either a very loose use of the [[fact]]s and definitions or intentionally hiding, [[selective reporting|selectively reporting]], or [[cherry picking]] certain aspects of a fact. Often, the most blatant examples involve using evidence to support a [[crank]] theory and then, should that evidence prove later to be erroneous, [[Falsifiability|using the converse to ''also'' support the same crank theory]], usually invoking [[conspiracy theories]].

Shoehorning is very common in prophecy, [[astrology]], and conspiracy theories.

==A lesson in shoehorning==
{{cquote|It means… whatever you want it to mean.|||[[X-Files|Agent Mulder]]}}
Shoehorning is a fun and rewarding hobby. The following steps can be used to predict anything that has happened in the past:
# Choose a major historical event, or a famous person.
# Read a large book, ideally a vague and contradictory book, noting anything that could possibly be related to this person or event (no matter how vaguely)
# Ignore the literary and historical context of the text you're citing and [[Confirmation bias|anything that doesn't support your assertion]].
# Make a [[green ink|very]] [[Haig's law|ugly]] [[webshite|website]] in order to share your insights with the world (professional loons recommend randomly coloured and sized text, and random line-breaks).<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20101230182012/http://home.flash.net/~evt/rapture.htm The Rapture and World War III]. Lunacy goes hand-in-hand with poor web design.</ref>

==Prophecy==
The prophecies of [[Nostradamus]] are hopelessly vague, although many can be related to events of his time. This is similar to how verses from [[Revelation]] can be shoehorned in to current events, but understanding the historical context makes it easier to understand that the author was writing about his own time period. [[True believer]]s will engage in the process of prophecy in reverse, by reading his quatrains to see if any could possibly [[Correlation does not imply causation|correlate]] with an event that has already taken place. Robert T. Carroll of ''The Skeptic's Dictionary'' cites the following example:

<blockquote>"The year 1999 seven months
From the sky will come the great King of Terror.
To resuscitate the great king of the Mongols. Before and after [[Mars]] reigns by good [[luck]]. (X.72)"<ref>[http://www.skepdic.com/nostrada.html The Skeptic's Dictionary entry for Nostradamus]</ref></blockquote>

Carroll found the following interpretation on an astrology website (now defunct):

{{quotebox|"Could the crash of John F. Kennedy Jr.'s [[airplane]] in July of 1999 fulfill the line "from the sky will come "the great King of Terror"? Could the human fear of [[death]] and bodily injury be the intended definition of "the great King of Terror"? It might be possible."}}

The writer has taken the date, which does correlate with Kennedy's death, and then shoehorned the rest of the quatrain to fit their belief. As is common with shoehorning, they've ignored references that would contradict their claim. How are Mongols and Mars related to Kennedy's plane crash? One could argue that this quatrain predicts the Kargil conflict between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], since there were [[war]] planes involved in the fighting, and Mars is the Roman god of war. This is arguably more logical, yet this hypothetical Kargil prophecy still doesn't account for the Mongol reference. Another example is found in the frequently incorrect reading of the word ''"Hister"'', found in a Nostradamus quatrain, to be a reference to [[Adolf Hitler]]. Shoehorning of this quatrain is only possible if one doesn't know that Hister was the [[Latin]] name for the Danube River, thus not a reference to Adolf Hitler.<ref>{{wpl|Hister|Explanation of Nostradumus' usage of the word ''Hister''}}</ref> However, in another great example of shoehorning, this can be reinterpreted as referring to Hitler because the Danube was near where Hitler was born.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100704205521/http://www.nostradamus101.com/prophecies/part2/P2 Nostradamus 101 - Hitler (Century 1, Quatrain 35)]</ref><ref>{{wpl|Inn River|Wikipedia - Inn River}}, a ''tributary'' of the Danube. Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn. Also note that [[Pope Benedict XVI]] was also born on this river. We're saying nothing…</ref>

Shoehorning is also practiced by [[psychics]], who may make hundreds of predictions, and when one of them turns out to be true, they will cite it as evidence of their powers, while ignoring all the erroneous predictions. This can be distinguished from the aforementioned prophecy in that followers of prophecy attribute the predictions to ''somebody else'' (like the aforementioned Nostradamus), while psychics tend to make their own predictions.

==Punishment from God==
{{main|Divine retribution}}
Natural disasters are a rich source of shoehorning for religious lunatics. Taking the Asian Tsunami of 2004 as an example, here is a list of people who've linked this to God's plan.<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/tsunami04c.htm Religioustolerance.org examines religious claims of the 2004 Tsunami being God's wrath]</ref>
#([[Buddhist]]) Sri Lankan Buddhists speculated that the sea gods may have been angered by their politicians.
#([[Christian]]) A [[Salvation Army]] officer in Sri Lanka explained that their officers and clergy had their lives spared.
#(Christian) Tina M. of Holy Love Ministries blamed [[abortion]].
#([[Islam]]) [[Imam]]s in [[Indonesia]] blame Muslims who are not correctly observing the requirements of Islam.
#(Islam) Imam Muzammil Siddiqi, head of the Islamic Shura Council of Southern California, explained the tsunami as being a test.
#(Islam) Sheik Fawzan Al-Fawza claimed that [[God]] sent the tsunami to punish the [[Sex|fornicators]], specifically those [[evil]] [[homosexual]]s.
#(Islam) [[Saudi]] cleric Muhammad Al-Munajiid appears to be blaming [[Christmas]] parties.
#([[Judaism]]) Sephardic Chief [[Rabbi]] Shlomo of [[Israel]] blamed our wrongdoing.

This is a short summary, and few of them explain why God would [[punishment|punish]] people in such an arbitrary fashion. If we accept that he's annoyed with homosexuals, wouldn't [[San Francisco]] have been a better target? Far be it for us to tell God how to do his job, but the destruction of all the gay clubs in [[London]] by freak tornadoes would surely have sent a clearer message. Shoehorning works around awkward facts by ignoring them, or explaining disparities as being [[Mysterious ways|God's mysterious plan]].

==Politics==
This is a fun little exercise. Just take the political views of old dead people who ''everyone'' knows are good or bad: [[Thomas Jefferson]] good, [[Adolf Hitler]] bad. Next, shoehorn the good person's beliefs into your own modern political or religious beliefs. [[Nazi analogies|Shoehorn the beliefs of your political opponents into Hitler and Nazism]].

[[Marxist]]s are known for their ongoing attempts to shoehorn the whole of history into the framework of [[bourgeois]]-versus-proletarian class-struggle, in accordance with the dictum of Marx, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." As Marxism has diversified into [[identity politics]], a thousand different variants on this shoehorning are now practiced under the ''aegis'' of [[conflict theory]], with racial, ethnic, and gender-based conflicts replacing the bourgeois-proletarian divide.

Demonizing political opponents by bringing up parallels to Hitler is so common that [[Godwin's Law]] has been coined in response.

Within the [[Religious Right]], it is common to try to shoehorn modern Religious Right views (many of which date only to the [[fundamentalist]] movement of the 1920s, or to [[televangelism]] of the 1970s and 1980s) into the [[Founding Fathers|Founding Fathers of the United States]]. See, for example, [[David Barton]] and [[W. Cleon Skousen]]. The Religious Right is by no means the only offender. Among the more ludicrous, [[hard green]] writer Christopher Manes (in his 1990 book ''Green Rage'') devotes a chapter to shoehorning Thomas Jefferson together with radical environmentalism.

==See also==
*[[Astrology]]
*[[The Bible Code]]
*[[Nostradamus]]
*[[Prophecy]]
*[[Sovereign Press]]: An obscure but fascinating exercise in shoehorning to the extreme.

==External links==
*[http://www.skepdic.com/shoehorning.html The Skeptics Dictionary on Shoehorning]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Evaluating arguments]]

Categories: Evaluating arguments