Jonas Salk

[[File:Jonas Salk 1988.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Salk speaking before the [[Centers for Disease Control]] at the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the polio vaccine]]
{{biology}}{{cquote|Could you patent the sun?|||Jonas Salk}}
'''Jonas Edward Salk''' {{lived|1914|1995}} was an [[United States|American]] chemist and virologist who developed the world's first successful polio [[vaccine]]<ref group=note>A failed attempt to develop a vaccine had been made by physician {{wpl|Maurice Brodie|''Maurice Brodie''}} in 1935. It didn't confer immunity and many children tested had an allergic reaction to it.</ref> which was made available in 1955. In 1952, the disease impacted almost 58,000 people in the United States alone.<ref>Ochmann, Sophie; Roser, Max (10 October 2017). "Polio". https://ourworldindata.org/polio ''Our World in Data''. Retrieved 2020-01-08.</ref> Of the roughly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis.<ref>[https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/Documents/Diseases%20and%20Conditions/Polio%20.pdf Polio Fact Sheet] ''Pennsylvania Department of Health''</ref> In 1960, he founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Jonas Salk went on to write a few books detailing his [[Biology|biophilosophy]] and would spend his later years studying [[AIDS]] and trying to find a cure for it. Despite not winning a [[Nobel Prize]] for his remarkable achievement, he is generally regarded as a genuine hero who positively impacted the lives of countless people.

==Early life==
Salk was born to [[Jewish]] parents in [[New York]]. He earned a B.S. in [[chemistry]] at the City College of New York before going on to earn a medical degree at New York University. Salk was the first member of his family to attend college. He became heavily involved in and fascinated with scientific research, preferring it to a potential career as an actual physician.<ref>Tan, Siang Yong; Ponstein, Nate (2019-1). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6351694/ Jonas Salk (1914–1995): A vaccine against polio]". ''Singapore Medical Journal.'' 60 (1): 9–10. /</ref> In 1942, Salk went to the University of [[Michigan]] where he helped develop an [[influenza]] vaccine used in [[WW2]].<ref>"[https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/jonas-salk Jonas Salk | Lemelson-MIT Program]". ''lemelson.mit.edu''. Retrieved 2020-01-08.</ref>

==Poliomyelitis==
[[File:Polio cases deaths infections.png|thumb|left|Thanks, Jonas.]]
Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening [[disease]] caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from [[person]] to person and can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis (inability to move parts of the body). Most who contract the disease will not exhibit signs of it, though they can still infect others. Those that do show symptoms may experience headaches, stomach pain, fever, and sore throat. Polio is spread from person to person via oral contact with fecal matter or from coughing, hence it tends to be found in places with very poor [[water]] sanitation. Additionally, the poliovirus prefers warmer climates.

Because polio can only impact humans, it can in theory be eradicated, and at present, it still only exists in 3 nations.<ref group=note>Those nations being [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Nigeria]].</ref><ref>"What is Polio?". ''www.cdc.gov.'' 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2020-01-21.</ref> The first evidence of polio comes from mummies in [[ancient Egypt]] with deformed limbs. References towards a disease like polio appear as early as the 18<sup>th</sup> century but the disease was not named and identified until the 19<sup>th</sup>.<ref>Baicus, Anda (2012-08-12). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3782271/ History of polio vaccination]". ''World Journal of Virology.'' 1 (4): 108–114. doi:10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.108. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/title/world-journal-of-virology/oclc/920431829 2220-3249].</ref> The first major epidemic in [[American]] history was in 1916, infecting about 27,000 people and killing roughly 7,000 of them.

==Salk vaccine==
[[File:Polio.jpg|135px|thumb|left|The polio virus magnified.]]
[[File:SalkatPitt.jpg|165px|thumb|right|Jonas Salk and his cure.]]
Clean municipal [[water]] and new vaccines had dramatically reduced the prevalence of a number of contagious diseases in the developed world. Polio was a major exception which routinely plagued urban American centers during the summer, leaving many dead or permanently disabled.<ref>"[https://amhistory.si.edu/polio/howpolio/ironlung.htm NMAH | Polio: The Iron Lung and Other Equipment]". ''amhistory.si.edu.''</ref> Starting in the 1940s, a large public campaign to find a cure was launched called the March of Dimes. Previously, during the 1930s, scientists had unsuccessfully attempted to develop a vaccine for polio.<ref>Baicus, A. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3782271/ History of polio vaccination]. ''World journal of virology'', 1(4), 108.</ref>

In the 1940s, Salk took up the charge and began his research which would last 7 years before culminating in a massive public health field trial. He had controversially produced a "killed virus" vaccine which other researchers doubted could work given that the only proven method of inoculation before had been to use weakened forms of viruses for other diseases. Despite the unorthodox approach, over the 1950s, polio in America was beaten and the vaccine spread around the world. Salk tested the vaccine on himself and his family before starting the 1954 nation-wide experiment which involved over one million [[children]] ages six to nine. Declared a success in 1955, the government was quick to license the vaccine and enormous amounts of serum were quickly produced.<ref>Francis, T. (1955). Evaluation of the 1954 poliomyelitis vaccine field trial: further studies of results determining the effectiveness of poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk) in preventing paralytic poliomyelitis. ''Journal of the American Medical Association'', 158(14), 1266-1270.</ref><ref>Rose, D. R. "Fact sheet-polio vaccine field trial of 1954." March of Dimes Archives 11 (2004).</ref> From a peak of about 58,000 cases in 1952, the number of cases of polio in the United States dropped to less than 1,000 in 1962.

By the 1960s, the [[Albert Sabin]] oral vaccine was developed and largely replaced the Salk vaccine worldwide. Oral vaccination is still the primary method of inoculation in the [[Third World]].<ref>Horaud, F. (1993). Albert B. Sabin and the development of oral polio vaccine. ''Biologicals'', 21(4), 311-316.</ref><ref>[http://www.virology.ws/2015/09/10/why-do-we-still-use-sabin-poliovirus-vaccine/|"Why do we still use Sabin poliovirus vaccine?"] (10 Sept 2015)</ref> Because of potential problems with the Sabin vaccine, in 1999, a federal advisory panel recommended that the United States return to Salk’s vaccine.<ref>"[https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/jonas-salk-and-albert-bruce-sabin Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin]". ''Science History Institute''. 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2020-01-09</ref><ref group=note>Although very small, a risk for paralysis from the live-virus vaccine does exist.</ref>

==Later research==
Jonas Salk founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in 1960. The institute studies a vast number of scientific topics including [[aging]], [[cancer]], [[Botany|plant biology]], immunology, [[neuroscience]], and [[metabolism]]. Salk spent the end of his life there in the 1980s and 1990s studying HIV/AIDS and working to develop a vaccine for it.<ref>https://www.salk.edu/</ref> A number of prominent scientists worked there as well, including [[Francis Crick]], Sydney Brenner, Terrence Sejnowski, Leo Szilard, Katherine Jones, and Renato Dulbecco.

{{collapse|In a nutshell ([https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCg3_C7BwcV0kBlJbBFHTPJQ])}} 
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==Books==
*''Man Unfolding'' (1972)
*''Survival of the Wisest'' (1973)
*''World Population and Human Values: A New Reality'' (1981)
*''Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason'' (1983)

==See also==
*[[Vaccine]]
*[[John Enders]] led a team that successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue, paving the way for many new vaccines, including polio.
*[[Albert Sabin]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|1|90%|group=note}}

==References==
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[[Category:Biologists]]
[[Category:Jews]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:New York]]
[[Category:Physicians]]
[[Category:Science]]

Categories: Biologists, Jews, Medicine, New York, Physicians, Science