Pseudoarchaeology

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{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the [[Archaeology|actual science of archaeology]].}}[[File:Graham-Hancock.jpg|thumb|right|165px|[[Graham Hancock]], notable pseudoarchaeologist]]
'''Pseudoarcheology''' is a [[pseudoscience]] focused on the study or promotion of [[archaeology]] in ways which do not meet the basic standards of the [[scientific method]].  Pseudoarcheology often involves the study of real archeological objects such as [[pyramid]]s and the [[Stonehenge]] monument, but ascribes alleged mystical powers or [[supernatural]] origins to them.  Belief in [[ancient astronauts]], or in mythological locations such as [[Atlantis]], are sometimes part of pseudoarcheology. [[Indigenous Aryans theory]] propagated by [[Hindutva]] advocates is an example of pseudoarchaeology.<ref>Witzel, Michael (2006), "Rama's realm: Indocentric rewritings of early South Asian History", in Fagan, Garrett, ''Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public'', Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30592-6.</ref>

==Biblical archaeology==
{{main|1=Old Testament#Evidence for the Old Testament|3=Evidence for the Exodus|5=Global flood#Real and unreal "great floods"}}
{{cquote|[[Paul|Saint Paul's]] {{wpl|Epistle to the Galatians}} had transmitted God's promise to the Jewish patriarchs, as an unbroken patrimony, to the Christians, and in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries you could hardly throw away an orange peel in the [[Israel|Holy Land]] without hitting a fervent excavator. {{wpl|Charles_George_Gordon|General Gordon}}, the biblical fanatic later slain by the {{wpl|Muhammad_Ahmad|Mahdi}} at {{wpl|Siege_of_Khartoum|Khartoum}}, was very much to the fore. {{wpl|William_F._Albright|William Albright of Baltimore}} was continually vindicating [[Joshua]]'s Jericho and other myths. Some of these diggers, even given the primitive techniques of the period, counted as serious rather than merely opportunistic. Morally serious too: the [[French]] Dominican archaeologist {{wpl|Roland de Vaux}} gave a hostage to fortune by saying that "if the historical faith of Israel is not founded in history, such faith is erroneous, and therefore, our faith is also." A most admirable and honest point, on which the good father may now be taken up.|||[[Christopher Hitchens]], ''[[God Is Not Great|God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything]]''<ref>Page 103.</ref>}}
While — in modernity — the archeology of the Near and Middle East has become a serious and respectable academic field in itself, without which our understanding of the spurious and man-made nature of [[Torah|various]] [[Bible|religious]] [[Qur'an|texts]] would be severely diminished, prominent scholars in the field of "biblical archaeology" such as Professor of Ancient History and Archaeology {{wpl|Eric H. Cline}}, author of ''Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction'' (published by Oxford University Press and winner of the 2011 Biblical Archaeology Society's "Best Popular Book on Archaeology"),<ref>[http://gwanth.blogspot.com/2011/08/dr-eric-cline-wins-2011-biblical.html Dr. Eric Cline Wins 2011 Biblical Archaeology Society Publication Award - Best Popular Book on Archaeology]</ref> takes the time to warn and warn again of the rampant interest in the field from well-funded pseudoscientific cranks out to prove whichever of the abrahamitic myths they happen to subscribe to personally, stating:<ref>''Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction'' (2009), ISBN 0-19-534263-1, page 71-72.</ref>
{{quotebox| While biblical archaeologists working today are generally more interested in learning about details of daily life in the ancient biblical world than proving or disproving the accounts in the Bible, many [[faithful|lay people]] have these [[Dunning-Kruger|priorities reversed]]. They want to know: Did the Flood take place? Did Abraham and the Patriarchs exist? Were Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed by fire and brimstone? Did the Exodus occur? These were some of the original questions in biblical archaeology that intrigued the earliest pioneers of the field. They still resonate today but are far from being answered by biblical archaeologists.

In fact, solutions and answers to such questions are more frequently proposed by [[Apologetics|pseudo-archeologists or archaeological charlatans]], who take the public's money to support ventures that offer little chance of furthering the cause of knowledge. Every year, "[[Pseudoscience|scientific]]" expeditions embark to look for the Garden of Eden, Noah's Ark, Sodom and Gomorrah, the Ark of the Covenant, and the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. These expeditions are often supported by prodigious sums of money donated by gullible believers who eagerly accept [[Creationism|tales spun by sincere but misguided amateurs or by rapacious confidence men]].

These ventures, which usually originate outside the confines of established scholarly institutions, engender confusion about what is real and what is fake. By practicing pseudo-archeology rather than by using established archeological principles and real [[science]], the archaeological charlatans bring discredit to the field of biblical archaeology.}}

Eminent biblical scholar {{wpl|Michael Coogan}} and author of ''The Old Testament: A Very Short Introduction'' (published by Oxford University Press) also chimes in to underscore the inherent fail in pursuing pseudo-archaeology to try and prove the patently false myths recorded in scripture:<ref>''The Old Testament: A Very Short Introduction'' (2008), ISBN 978-0195305050, page 31.</ref>

{{quotebox|Correlating the meager textual references with the extensive archaeological discoveries has been controversial, to say the least, and similar problems exist for almost every excavated site whose ancient identification is known. As a result, it is now clear that archaeology cannot "prove" the Bible's historicity.}}

A textbook example of this exact [[crank]]ery is the slow but steady stream of nonsensical [[Noah's Ark sightings]] every few years.

==Hoaxes==
A related area of pseudoarcheology consists of hoaxes claimed to be new archaeological finds.  Among the most infamous of these hoaxes was the Kensington runestone "found" in Minnesota.

==Selective use==
The selective use of archaeological data to support pre-existing religious beliefs (while [[Confirmation Bias|ignoring data that contradicts their claims]]) also falls under pseudoarcheology.  This can include, for example, the use of archaeology to support [[creationism]] and other kinds of [[biblical literalism]],{{efn|The field of {{wpl|biblical archaeology}} contains a fair number of these, e.g. {{wpl|Bryant G. Wood}} whose tortuous attempts at re-dating the destruction of Jericho to fit with [[Book of Joshua|biblical accounts]] was debunked in a 5-part series at YouTube<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLw-sbZFAk8EECYKMlraI6TcxJIZ90GDDo The Fall of Jericho]  The Bible Skeptic</ref> Wood's ideas are of course neither [[peer review]]ed nor accepted by actual archaeologists, incl. by biblical archaeologists who don't already share [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Wood's preconceptions]].}} the claims of [[British Israelism]], or to support the [[Book of Mormon]] claims about the ancestry of the American Indians.  The finding of [[Kennewick Man]] in eastern [[Washington]] state in the late 1990s caused a round of pseudoarcheological speculation about his origins, with Mormon apologists believing that the find backed up their claims about ancient inhabitants of the Americas, while a [[neopagan]] "[[Asatru]]" group believed it backed up their beliefs that ancient Viking explorers had once thrived in what is today the U.S. (as opposed to [[Native American|"discovering"]] {{wpl|L'Anse aux Meadows|"Vinland",}} [[Canada|eh?]], and buggering off back to [[Greenland]]).

==Ancient astronauts==
{{main|Ancient astronauts}}
The idea that such artifacts as the Egyptian pyramids, Stonehenge, the statues of [[Easter Island]], Mayan hieroglyphs and the [[Nazca lines]] are all evidence of ancient extraterrestrial visitors to Earth was popularized by [[Erich von Däniken]], who wrote the pseudoarcheological book ''Chariots of the Gods'' in 1968.

==Hyperdiffusionism==
{{main|Hyperdiffusionism}}

Diffusion, the influence of one culture on another, undoubtedly happens. But "hyperdiffusionism" extends this phenomenon beyond reasonable bounds to "explain" how "primitive" societies could achieve things. For example, hyperdiffusionists rationalise the [[pyramid]]s of Mesoamerica as being built by immigrants from [[Ancient Egypt | Egypt]], some two thousand years earlier, by unknown means, leaving no traces, when the Mesoamerican pyramids differ in shape and in purpose from Egyptian ones. Such theories may stem from the belief that the indigenous peoples of [[America | the Americas]] (for example) were incapable of such achievements on their own.

==See also==
*[[Pseudohistory]]
*[[Nationalist pseudohistory]]
*[[Ancient astronauts]]
*[[Solutrean hypothesis]]
*[[Bosnian pyramids]]
*[[Yonaguni Monument]]

==External links==
*[http://pseudoarchaeology.org/ Pseudoarchaeology Research Archive (PARA)]
*[http://www.fakearchaeology.wiki/index.php/Welcome_to_the_Fake_Archaeology_Wiki Fake Archaeology Wiki]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
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[[Category: Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Pseudoarchaeology|*]]

Categories:  Pseudoscience, Pseudohistory, Pseudoarchaeology