Anti-environmentalism

{{enviro}}
{{cquote|Oh, so Mother Nature needs a ''favor!?'' Well, maybe she should have thought about that when she was besetting us with droughts and floods and poison monkeys! Nature ''started'' the fight for survival, and now she wants to quit because she is ''losing?'' Well, I say, hard cheese!|||Mr. Burns, ''The Simpsons''<ref>Tim Delaney, ''Simpsonology: There's a Little Bit of Springfield in All of Us''. Prometheus Books, 2008. {{isbn|9781591025597}}.</ref>{{rp|239}}}}
'''Anti-environmentalism''' is a term referring to the [[political]] reaction and industry backlash against the burgeoning [[environmentalist]] movement of the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century. The [[rhetoric]]al tactics used by anti-environmentalist groups are sometimes referred to as "'''green-baiting'''" in reference to the tactic of [[red-baiting]] and the style of argumentation is often referred to as "'''tobacco science'''" in reference to the [[tobacco]] industry's [[A comparative guide to science denial|notorious]] [[denialist]] campaigns. The trend is also sometimes referred to as "brownlash", a play on "[[Blowback|backlash]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100429215623/http://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/metascience.html Manipulating Public Knowledge], University of Wollongong</ref>

Anti-environmentalist figures and organizations rarely, if ever, use this term. They prefer to either present themselves as "[[pseudoskepticism|skeptics]]" or as "[[Bullshit|concerned environmentalists]]" trying to refute "[[Whistleblower|alarmist]]" elements within their ranks, more or less [[concern troll]]ing actual environmental groups. Anti-environmentalism is, essentially, '''environmental denialism'''.

In France, some have referred to [[Lyndon LaRouche|Larouchyism]] as being a virulent anti-environmentalist political ideology.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140128083418/http://lesdonquichottes.skynetblogs.be/archive/2012/11/30/cheminade-s-p-solidarite-et-progres-ou-science-et-politique.html</ref>

==Notable campaigns==
In the [[United States]] and the rest of the world, there were (and still are) a number of notable anti-environmental campaigns:

===Denialist===
{{main|Denialism}}
*Denial of [[global warming]].
*Denial of risks related to [[DDT]].
*Denial of [[acid rain]].
*Denial of the role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in creating a gigantic hole in the [[ozone layer]].

===Anti-wilderness===
{{cquote|"Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." … Then [[God]] blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."|||''Genesis 1:26''}}
The Sagebrush Rebellion (1970s-1980s) and Wise Use (1990s-present) movements were not denialist ''per se''. The movements opposed federal wilderness designation and National Park expansion, and called for existing public lands to be opened up to logging, mining, ranching, off-road vehicles, and [[oil]] drilling. They were especially popular in western [[U.S.]] states, like [[Alaska]] during the height of local opposition to the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act; [[Utah]], [[New Mexico]], [[Nevada]], and [[Arizona]]; and more recently the Pacific Northwest during the {{wpl|northern spotted owl}} controversy. The Wise Use name came into usage and replaced the Sagebrush Rebellion name after the 1988 Multiple Use Strategy Conference organized by Ron Arnold, but was essentially a continuation of the same movement.<ref>[http://brooklynrail.org/2006/05/books/the-perversion-of-wise-use The Perversion of 'Wise Use'], ''The Brooklyn Rail''</ref> These groups remain active and popular in parts of the west, and it could be argued that something similar is happening in the east as well with such groups as [[West Virginia]]'s hilariously-named "Friends of [[Coal]]".

===2013 Greenpeace Arctic arrests===
In September 2013, Greenpeace activists occupied Gazprom's Prirazlomnaya drilling platform in an attempt to stop Arctic drilling. One day later, the Russian authorities forcibly took control of the Arctic Sunrise, the ship that the Greenpeace activists have been using, by boarding it from a helicopter with a party of fifteen Federal Security Service officers in balaclavas, armed with guns and knives. At the time of the boarding, the Arctic Sunrise was in Russia's Exclusive Economic Zone but not within the safety zone around the oil rig, and permission was not sought to board it from the Arctic Sunrise's flag state, the Netherlands. The captain was separated from the crew, while other crew members and activists were held in the mess room. It is alleged that [[Torture|crew members and activists were punched and kicked]] during the forced boarding. These arrests provide cover for the Russian denial of anti-environmentalism.

==Moral ideas==
A few anti-environmentalists are more concerned about the suffering of animals in the wild<ref>https://foundational-research.org/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering/#Humans_Already_Impact_Nature</ref><ref>http://reducing-suffering.org/habitat-destruction-not-preservation-generally-reduces-wild-animal-suffering/</ref> and less about ecological services, biodiversity, scientific and cultural value, and the romanticized idea of "freedom". This, and the presence of predators in the wild, is often used as an argument for "humanely raised meat" and against [[veganism]]. Whether it is an [[appeal to nature]], or the idea that mass-domestication as a means for profit/food that destroys forests at an unsustainable rate is actually good for sentient life, is often vague.

Meanwhile, some optimistic [[transhumanism|transhumanists]] think animals in the future can be made happy.<ref>https://www.abolitionist.com/</ref> This value system is sometimes more consistent with environmentalism (and veganism<ref>https://www.abolitionist.com/humanityplus/MeatWorld.pdf</ref>) because long-term technological progress is the main goal, and the wise use of natural resources is necessary for human society to do that. Acknowledging the importance of [[biodiversity]] as a resource in a utopia, and a patience based on the (kinda depressing) idea that we've only caused a tiny fraction of the world's total suffering through inaction/conservation, is one way to combine environmentalism and [[utilitarianism]].

If someone discovers the technological equivalent of [[Noah's Ark]] that could preserve all memetic, genetic, and scientific information about the biosphere, however, we'd be obliged to make a flood of mass-euthanasia to stop ecological competition.

Many anti-environmentalists are simply anthropocentric thinkers who [[willful ignorance|willfully ignore]] the many lessons of the environmental sciences. Typical of anti-enviromentalists is to compound the ideas that "''short-term'' environmental destruction doesn't matter in the ''long'' run" with conjectures like "exploitation or not, we're ''already'' doomed in the long run".

Revealingly — in the sense that a presumed environmental collapse is invoked to justify any and all extreme actions one may please — anti-evironmentalism [[Horseshoe theory|isn't even all that different]] from the [[fringe]] [[Hard green]] mindset.

Then there are also a small demographic of Christian fundies that consider it an insult to God not to use the fossil fuels given to them and that climate change means that the [[Second coming]] is going to appear at an earlier moment. That, despite Jesus having explicitly told that he doesn't perform miracles just because people want it.

Finally, there's actually one sub-group which at least is morally coherent in their anti-enviromental staces: Efilism (life spelled backwards). They tend to have an extreme interpretation of that negative utilitarianism brought by Arthur Schöpenhauer (birth as a grave misfortune), but applied to every form of life on this planet. As a binary opposite of environmentalism, they seek to wipe out every form of life (humans included) on Earth to avoid the existential suffering they carry intrinsecally, taking our cursed world to a peaceful Venusian/Martian sterilized state. Unlike VHMENT, they claim not to be anthropocentric, although they don't believe in a "voluntary" extinction (at least beyond humans).

==Techniques and rhetoric==
===Astroturfing===
{{main|Astroturf}}
*''Heavy'' use of astroturf: When a [[scientific consensus]] becomes apparent, [[corporation]]s bankroll [[experts for hire]] to spread [[propaganda]] through [[front group]]s. These are often established [[think tank]]s or ones set up for the express purpose of denialism, often having [[Orwellian]] [[:Category:Misnomers|names]] like "[[S. Fred Singer|Science and Environmental Policy Project]]" or "[[Tim Ball|Friends of Science]]". These projects tend to fund "research" by the few remaining [[cranks]] who stand against the consensus along with "policy experts", sometimes employing generous amounts of [[credential]]-fudging.<ref group=note>This can be compared and contrasted with [[politicization of science]] and [[policy-based evidence making]] in that a powerful organization is [[War on Science|attempting to interfere with the scientific process]] (i.e. [[Scientific method|the methodical collection of]] [[Empiricism|accurate information about reality]] and its dissemination to the public and/or utilization in [[technology]] and policy) in order to advance its own agenda. However, since the parties with the biggest stake in [[Deceit|the (public) acceptance of misinformation]] in this case tend to be corporations rather than nations, [[Politics|the ''government'' per se]] is not necessarily going to be involved (though corporations [[Lobbying|do like to drag the government in]] in order to claim extra force and clout).</ref> This is sometimes [[MIC|mockingly]] referred to as the "denier-industrial complex".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005192828/http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2011/10/03/335022/organized-climate-change-denial/ Organized Climate Change Denial "Played a Crucial Role in Blocking Domestic Legislation," Top Scholars Conclude], Think Progress</ref> One study found that over 90% of books published in the past two decades espousing "environmental skepticism" were published by [[conservative]] think tanks.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080906122149/http://blog.case.edu/singham/2008/07/18/the_propaganda_machine_and_climate_change The Propaganda Machine and Climate Change], Case Western Reserve University</ref> ExxonMobil has played a large role in funding denialist think tanks and political initiatives.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070109214423/http://ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/exxon_report.pdf Smoke, Mirrors, and Hot Air], Union of Concerned Scientists</ref>
*Use of said front groups to publish their "research" rather than going through the [[academic]] [[peer review]] process and heavy use of [[public relations|PR]] tactics and [[Fear, uncertainty, and doubt|FUD]] campaigns. (See also [[uncertainty tactic]].)
*[[Lobbyist]] groups such as the US Chamber of Commerce (the biggest) buying politicians to vote against environmental regulations and hype their [[propaganda]].<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/25/nation/na-climate-trial25 US Chamber seeks trial on global warming], LA Times</ref> This can also involve regulatory capture and the use of "[[Citizens United|soft money]]" to help stack [[government]]al regulatory and [[scientific]] organizations with industry-friendly "experts" (e.g., [[Dubya]]'s [[Release the data#Getting it right|suppression of climate science]]).
*[[Greenwashing]] and promotion of dubious "solutions" like "[[clean coal]]". Some of the really [[crank]]y types will hype [[abiotic oil]].
*Use of [[SLAPP suit]]s against environmental groups and [[scientist]]s.

===Stereotyping===
{{main|Stereotype}}
*Conflating actual environmental problems with the [[nature woo]] peddled by some environmental groups (e.g., [[aspartame]] scares, [[Greenpeace|rejectio]]n of [[GM crops]] as "Frankenfoods").
*[[Stereotype|Conflating all environmentalists]] with dirty effin' [[hippie]]s, [[Luddite]]s, or [[hard green]]s like [[Pentti Linkola]]. This generally involves representing them as a "[[Gaia hypothesis|Gaia worshiping cult]]" or representing environmentalism as a "[[secular religion]]". This tactic works especially well for propagandizing to the [[Religious Right]] and social conservatives, as environmental concerns can be portrayed as a bogeyman that threatens to supplant [[Christianity]]. This can also play on the belief that [[John Shimkus|gawd will save us from environmental disaster]] or that the [[Rapture|end is nigh]]. ([[Creationist]] propaganda organs like the [[Discovery Institute]] have also hopped on board the climate denial bandwagon, which should tell you something.)
*Dismissing environmentalism as a [[socialist]] or [[communist]] movement in disguise — "red greens" or "watermelons" (a watermelon is green on the outside but red on the inside), who supposedly use environmentalism as to render anti-[[capitalist]] sentiments more palatable.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091212095810/http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/12/watermelon_marxists.html "Watermelon Marxists"], [[American Thinker|American Stinker]]</ref><ref>[[James Delingpole]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121100642/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100064423/on-the-anniversary-of-climategate-the-watermelons-show-their-true-colours/ "On the anniversary of Climategate the Watermelons show their true colours"], ''[[The Telegraph]]''</ref> (The film ''[[The Great Global Warming Swindle]]'' leans heavily on this stereotype.) (Note also that "watermelon" is also used as a [[snarl word]] by environmentalists, including members of actual Green Parties, who use it to accuse leftist members of the movement of being more concerned with traditional socialist economic goals than with environmental protection, and many actual socialists, calling people they see as attempting to use green politics to "hide" their true socialist colors "watermelons" to imply that they are cowards.)
*Representing conservation as merely [[leftist]] ideology (breaking [[irony meter]]s for those who remember [[Richard Nixon|''who'']] instituted the [[Environmental Protection Agency]]). This involves conflating ideologies like eco-socialism with environmentalism as a whole — environmentalism equals socialism, [[communism]], [[Marx]]ism, etc. This also helps to appeal to conservatives who enjoy [[hippie]]-punching and old farts [[Red-baiting|who forgot]] that the [[Cold War]] ended 30 years ago.
*Attempting to tie environmental advocates to some [[evil]] plot by [[ecoterrorism|ecoterrorist]] outfits. Yes, [[terrorism-baiting]] even has a play here.
*Any environmental regulations will most assuredly destroy the economy forever. Wonder what a significant amount of [[economist]]s think about a carbon [[tax]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130601084958/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/03/12-taxing-carbon-gale Oh noes!]</ref>
*Painting environmentalists as [[Voluntary Human Extinction Movement|evil misanthropes]] and "[[environmental classism|environmental classists]]". Apparently, they are also all busy-bodies who just want to micromanage your life.<ref>Perhaps nothing exemplifies this as well as the recent [http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2011/may/24/government-banning-incandescent-light-bulbs/ "war on light bulbs".]</ref>
*Common [[snarl word]]s: Alarmist, [[Godwin's Law|eco-fascism]], [[Lulz|eco-imperialism]], eco-Marxism, [[Godwin's Law|enviro-Nazi]], enviro-weenie (not even ''trying'' with this one), [[warmist]], etc.

===Frame-flipping===
*Pure ''[[ad hominem]]'' attacks on scientists, e.g. "[[Michael Mann]] and the CRU [[Climategate|used 'tricks' to 'hide the decline']]" or "[[Rachel Carson]] killed more people than [[Hitler]]!"
*[[Framing]] deniers as [[Anti-intellectualism|objective whistle-blowers]] working against the "[[Evil Liberal Science Conspiracy|corrupt]]" peer-review process and scientific institutions. This often involves a heaping helping of [[persecution complex]] and creationist-style platitudes like "[[Fun:Irony meter|politicization of science]]", "[[Manufactroversy|the science isn't settled]]", "[[academic freedom]]", "[[release the data]]", and "[[teach the controversy]]".
*The above tactic also has the advantage of making deniers seem like level-headed skeptics. Who could object to "more research" or "considering uncertainties", ya?
*Representing environmental advocates as always wrong, always. Expect to see [[Cornucopian#Reference points|Paul Ehrlich]]'s failed [[prediction]]s cited repeatedly. This often also involves recycling earlier works of denialism, e.g. "The enviro-Nazis were [[Bullshit|wrong about DDT]], now they're wrong about global warming!"
*Toxic sludge is good for you! [[CO2 is Green|CO<sub>2</sub> is plant food]]! DDT will eradicate [[malaria]] forever! The really cranky [[radiation hormesis]] types like [[Art Robinson]] take this to ridiculous extremes: ''[[Nuclear waste]]'' is good for you!
*Use of the terms "junk science" for real science that will inconvenience industry and "[[sound science]]" for bullshit. [[Steve Milloy]]'s "Junk Science" site has helped to promote this usage.
*Use of the "[[science was wrong before]]" gambit, especially if said gambit draws on previous denialist tracts to claim that science was "wrong" about something it actually wasn't.<ref>Watch Rush Limbaugh [https://web.archive.org/web/20110419220159/http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_041811/content/01125112.guest.html deny most of the major environmental problems of the last few decades in one fell swoop.] (If you're a glutton for punishment.)</ref>

==Conspiracy theories==
{{main|Conspiracy theory}}
[[Wingnut|Hard-right]] conspiracy theorists also view environmentalism as a front for any number of the following:<ref>[https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/patriot-organization-freedom-advocates-calls-environmentalism-police-state-precursor/ Earth Worship: Environmentalism seen as police state precursor], [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]</ref>
*A communist takeover
*Creation of a [[police state]]
*The [[New World Order]]/the [[United Nations]]/the [[North American Union]]
*[[Pagan]]/[[Satanic]] cults
*[[Abortion|Population control]]
*[[Genocide conspiracy|Genocide]] against [[Africa]]ns due to a ban on DDT, even though the supposed "ban" left exceptions for fighting malaria.

==See also==
*[[War on Science]]
*[[Cornucopian vs. Malthusian debate]]
*[[Global warming conspiracy theory]]
*[[Data Quality Act]]
*[[Doctors for Disaster Preparedness]]
*[[E. Calvin Beisner]]
*[[Frederick Seitz]]
*[[Michael Fumento]]
*[[Gore's Law]]
*[[Shill gambit]], basically the flip-side of this tactic whereby woo-meisters claim actual science to be corporate astroturf.
*[[Useless eaters]], related population control conspiracy theories
*Various (un)think tanks such as the [[Cato Institute]], [[Heritage Foundation]], [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]], and [[Heartland Institute]].
*[[Fringe]] groups such as [[Lyndon LaRouche]]'s organization and the [[Unification Church]].

==External links==
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20090512202053/http://info-pollution.com/myths.htm Info Pollution - Debunking anti-environmental myths]
*[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ Legacy Tobacco Documents Library], UC San Francisco
*[http://defendingscience.org/ Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100228213647/http://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/antienvironmentalism.html Anti-environmentalism/Green backlash], University of Wollongong
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090208174809/http://lightbucket.wordpress.com/2008/04/07/doubt-is-our-product-pr-versus-science/ Doubt is our product: PR versus science], Lightbucket
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/sep/19/ethicalliving.g2 The Denial Industry], [[George Monbiot]], ''The Guardian''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110214115339/http://therevealer.org/archives/5986 Enter the Dragon: How Al Gore, the U.N., Earth First!, and an Episcopalian Bishop are All in Cahoots… with Satan], ''The Revealer''
*[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,721846,00.html Science as the Enemy: The Traveling Salesmen of Climate Skepticism], ''Der Spiegel''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091128011843/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1389 The Manufactured Doubt Industry and the hacked e-mail controversy], Weather Underground
*[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1995/PSCF6-95Wright.html Tearing Down the Green: Environmental Backlash in the Evangelical Subculture], American Scientific Affiliation
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/01/tobacco-industry-e-cigarettes_n_3453821.html "12 Things The Tobacco Industry Doesn't Want You To Know"], from ''[[Huffington Post]]''
*[http://reason.com/archives/2006/09/22/confessions-of-an-alleged-exxo Confessions of an Alleged ExxonMobil Whore], ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]''
*Timothy Boston. [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/89w9r90m;jsessionid=646BEA11EEDFBFE999E1590ADF7DF187#page-1 Exploring Anti-Environmentalism in the Context of Sustainability.] ''Electronic Green Journal'', 1(11), 1999.
*Peter J. Jacques, Riley E. Dunlap and Christaofer Richarde. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729104059/http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/envs501/downloads/Jacques%20et%20al.%202008.pdf The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism.] ''Environmental Politics'', vol. 17, no. 3, June 2008, 349–385.
*Paul Maltby. [http://paep.ca/doc/Ethics%20&%20The%20Environment Fundamentalist Dominion, Postmodern Ecology]. ''Ethics and the Environment'', 13(2), 2008.
*Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729104050/http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/27/2-3/100 Anti-reflexivity: The American Conservative Movement's Success in Undermining Climate Science and Policy.] ''Theory Culture Society'', 2010. 27: 100.

==Bibliography==
*Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway. [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/books/89/8903books.html ''Merchants of Doubt''.] Bloomsbury Press, 2011. ISBN 1-608-19394-2
*Chris Mooney. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050811020451/http://www.waronscience.com/home.php ''The Republican War on Science''.] Basic Books, 2006. ISBN 0-465-04676-2
*David Michaels. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503100949/http://defendingscience.org/Doubt_is_Their_Product.cfm ''Doubt is Their Product''.] Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-195-30067-X

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Fallacious arguments]]
[[Category:Political terms]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Politics]]

Categories: Denialism, Conspiracy theories, Environmentalism, Fallacious arguments, Political terms, Libertarianism, Pseudoscience, Politics