Euphemism

[[File:The-rifleman wood.jpg|thumb|165px|"So, Billy... You ever cradled a grown man's wood in your arms before?"]]
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{{cquote|Kent, the young people today… They think comedy is dirty words. It's not — it's words that ''sound'' dirty!|||Krusty the Clown, ''The Simpsons''<ref>S12E123, "Day of the Jackanapes", ''The Simpsons''</ref>}}
A '''euphemism''' is a word or phrase used as a way of saying something without actually saying it directly. Some euphemisms are metaphors, while others are only substituting one word for another.

Euphemisms may be used to avoid offence, to put a certain 'spin' on a situation, or to avoid referring directly to something which is considered [[taboo]], such as [[sex]], [[death]], or bodily functions. Sometimes they are used [[Code word|to conceal the true meaning of a conversation]] [[Weasel word|when discussing something in public]]. This explains the origin of many of the slang words for illegal [[drugs]].

Ironically, the word "euphemism" (from a Greek phrase meaning "to speak words of good omen") was itself a euphemism for remaining silent — obviously, the best way to avoid saying something that might be taboo or offensive is to just keep your mouth shut. 

==Euphemisms: sex and anatomy==

There are probably more [[sexual]] and anatomical euphemisms than any other kind. Some of them, such as "making love" or “seeing someone else”, are used to refer to sexual subjects politely and without causing offense. Others are cruder and exist largely for amusement, such as "spanking the monkey" and many, many other euphemisms for [[masturbation]]. Really, combine a verb and a noun (or two “nouns“), and chances are someone used it at one point or another to refer to some sex act of some kind, even if (or especially if) the reference was extremely obtuse. Chopping the wood? Washing the dog? Waxing the convertible? Reloading the rifle? Sandblasting the picket fence? Admit it, they all sound dirty.

There are also many euphemisms that are meant to de-sex other parts of the anatomy — and, by extension, things that are reminiscent of those other parts of the anatomy.{{efn|[[George Carlin]] performed at least one routine about these euphemisms.}} Many of these euphemisms were products of the Victorian Era. For instance, a leg of poultry became a "drumstick", thighs became "dark meat", and breasts became "white meat". A woman's legs became mere "limbs".{{efn|This euphemism, virtually forgotten today, was referenced in the 1935 film ''Mississippi''. W.C. Fields played a late 19<sup>th</sup> century riverboat captain who, while talking to a woman, said "legs". He quickly realized what he had said, tipped his cap and said, "Pardon me, madam. 'Limbs.'"}}

==Euphemisms: Alcoholic beverages, drunkenness, and alcoholism==
[[Alcohol]] and its use inspire euphemisms. Alcoholic beverages can be called such items as "sauce" and "antifreeze" (although antifreeze itself would be more hazardous than alcoholic beverages, and ironically alcohol itself is used as an antidote for antifreeze poisoning). Someone drunk might be "buzzed" or "tired". A heavy drinker (the usage itself a euphemism for "[[alcoholism|alcoholic]]", which was [[Euphemism treadmill|itself originally a euphemism]] for “drunk”) might still call himself a "social drinker" as opposed to a "problem drinker". Taken to an extreme, essentially any noun can be used euphemistically to mean "drunk"; for example, "Last night I got totally gazeboed with my friends." or "Joyce left the party pajamaed."

Alcoholics may have their own euphemism for a temporary time of sobriety: "on the wagon".

==Euphemisms and spin==

Euphemisms are used extensively in politics, media, and public relations, often to whitewash or downplay negative subjects.  An example is using words like "casualties" or "fatalities" to refer to deaths in a war or disaster.{{efn|This usage also has the downside that it is impossible to understand how many of the cited ''casualties'' were [[death]]s unless explicitly stated. ''Dead'' and ''wounded'' are really more precise.}} These words arguably dehumanise the subject of death to some extent, and are often used in the context of reducing people's lives to a statistic. Military jargon has developed many such phrases, such as "[[collateral damage]]" to refer to putatively unintended civilian deaths in a conflict. An early example of this is the phrase "[[concentration camp]]", which was coined by the British during the Second Boer War (1899-1902), since it was thought to be more neutral-sounding than "prison camp", although it later assumed even worse negative connotations for its use in World War II and after. Vietnamese and Lao communists called their harsh and frequently lethal concentration camps "re-education camps" for persons associated with the previous, non-communist régimes, a term that is also being used by the [[Chinese Communist Party]] for the camps where the Uyghurs are being sterilized, indoctrinated, and forced to culturally assimilate (see [[Uyghur genocide]]). 

The [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] were quite prolific at making spin-heavy euphemisms ({{wpl|Glossary of Nazi Germany|this Wikipedia article on Nazi terminology}} includes many). For some extreme examples, they used "protective custody" (''Schutzhaft'') for an arrest likely to result in brutal treatment in prison if not murder, "special treatment" (''Sonderbehandlung'') not to suggest 'privileged treatment' of a captive but instead [[extrajudicial execution|summary execution]], and "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') as a benign-sounding answer to some philosophical exercise but in practice the [[Holocaust]].<ref group=note>Naturally, TV Tropes' article on the subject of [[genocide]] bears the title "[https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FinalSolution Final Solution]".</ref> Similarly, during the Iraq War, "enhanced interrogation" arose as a euphemism for [[torture]], and arguably [[Modern art and architecture|the Second Viennese School]] was using “emancipation of the dissonance” as a euphemism for emancipation ''from the concept of'' dissonance.

A typical sentence at the end of a trial in the [[Stalin apologetics#The Great Purge|Great Purge]] was "ten years without the right of correspondence". The convict would be astounded by the superficial leniency of the sentence, but the absence of any right to correspond would be rigidly enforced. The convict was quickly executed by gunshot, precluding any possibility of corresponding with anyone, ever.

==Euphemisms and political correctness==
Many [[politically correct]] terms are euphemisms, created to avoid offence by being indirect about a sensitive issue, such as a person's race or disabilities, or to replace a more offensive phrase. This is the focus of many of the critics of political correctness, who claim that it is disingenuous and intended only to cloud language with pointless subtleties. In most cases, however, the new terms are coined because previous words or phrases have become unacceptable, via the process known as the "euphemism treadmill".

==Euphemism treadmill==
[[File:EuphemismTreadmill.jpg|thumb|right|An illustrative example of the euphemism treadmill: signs above the peanut-row seats on a Minneapolis city bus, 1980s and current.]]

It quickly becomes apparent what a euphemism means and why it is being used. Hence, it rapidly takes on all the connotations of the original word or phrase it was used to replace. Consequently, new euphemisms are created as a substitute, and they in turn take on the original connotations and are gradually replaced with newer euphemisms. This phenomenon is known as the "euphemism treadmill".<ref>[http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-04-06/news/1994096202_1_dutch-words-language The Game of the Name], Steven Pinker</ref>

Examples of the euphemism treadmill include the many words used to describe people with mental disabilities; "idiot", "imbecile", "moron", and "cretin".  Historically, the first three referred to people with [[IQ]]s in the range of 0-20, 20-49, and 50-69 respectively,<ref>[http://www.iqcomparisonsite.com/IQBasics.aspx IQ Comparison Site — Basics.] Also note that the progression of idiot/imbecile/moron is alphabetical.</ref> while "cretin" was a medical term referring to stunted physical and/or mental growth caused by either a deficiency of thyroid hormones or a prolonged deficiency of iodine.<ref>{{wpa|Cretinism}}</ref>  

These terms were all used historically for people with various kinds of mental impairment. Eventually, they became used more widely as general pejoratives — hence they were replaced in a medical context during the twentieth century with phrases such as "mentally [[retard]]ed" and "spastic". Again, these came to be used out of context as offensive insults, to the point where they were considered decidedly [[politically incorrect]], and were replaced by newer phrases such as "mentally challenged" and "special needs", some of which have ''also'' come to be used offensively. Meanwhile, the original terms such as "idiot" and "moron" have entirely lost their clinical connotations, and are used freely to describe people whose behavior or opinions we find to be "stupid" without actually implying that they are disabled. The story of this treadmill is an excellent example of how "[[political correctness]]" often makes terms more and more ambiguous under a series of catch-alls: the specific "idiot", "imbecile", "moron", and "cretin" are blanketed with the still DEFMP{{efn|Descriptive enough for most purposes. Pronounced "def-mip".}} term "retarded". That word is then blanketed by the quite ambiguous ({{IdEst}}, too ambiguous to have much meaning in environs where a specific definition is required) "special needs", covering such a wide range as [[Autism|Asperger's syndrome]] (even the high end of the spectrum) and blindness (where the necessity for modified needs comes from a physical, as opposed to mental or social, problem). What will blanket this is as yet unknown, but it reminds one of George Orwell's [[1984]] in the way that concepts of [[liberty]] and [[equality]] are lumped under "[[thoughtcrime|crimethink]]" and objectivity and [[rationalism]] under "oldthink" by the government to be "[[Newspeak|politically correct]]".{{efn|Read the appendix to ''1984'', which details the vocabulary and syntax of Newspeak.}}

"Pinhead" is another once-popular term{{efn|Gabba Gabba Hey.}} that has experienced a resurgence thanks to [[Fox News]] personalities [[Glenn Beck]] and [[Bill O'Reilly]].{{efn|"Pinhead" seems to be O'Reilly's favorite epithet for people who hold opinions that oppose his own. He even sells "Don't Be A Pinhead" T-shirts and "No Pinheads" welcome mats on his website.}} The term "pinhead" originally referred to a person with {{wpl|microcephaly||,}} a birth defect that causes the circumference of a person's head to be at least two standard deviations smaller than average for a person of the same sex and age. Most people with microcephaly have shorter life spans and diminished mental abilities.

[[Dogwhistling|Dogwhistles]] tend to go through a similar process, as they are meant to code bigoted language under a more "reasonable" sounding cover, but eventually the mainstream figures out what the word means and a new dogwhistle has to be found. For instance, [[racialism|racialists]] rebranded themselves as "scientific racists", then when people figured out that was bigoted, they became "race realists", and when people figured out ''that'' was bigoted, they became "human biodiversity supporters".  [[Transphobes]] decided to use the euphemism "[[TERF]]."  When people started to figure out what the term meant, they rebranded as "Gender Critical."

==Disabilities==
In addition to being annoying to everyone else, the euphemism treadmill isn't fun for disabled people, who would really prefer if people stopped using the names for their conditions as insults.{{nofact}}

===Various euphemisms===
More modern euphemisms for disability include:
* Special needs
* Mentally/physically challenged
* Handicapable
* Differently abled
* Diffability
* Diverse abilities

People with disabilities have pointed out that this is getting ridiculous. Campaigns like #SayTheWord and #JustSayDisabled encourage people to stop hiding from the word "disability" already. Saying that someone "is disabled" or "has a disability" is the best usage.

===Ending the treadmill?===
In recent years, people have opted for using scientific language, and choosing [[person-first language]] or identity-first language to describe disability. The disability that was once referred to as "mental retardation" is now more appropriately called "intellectual disability". For example, a person with [[Down syndrome]] is simply called a "person with Down syndrome" instead of a "Downsie" or "mentally challenged individual" or "special superstar" or whatever you could invent. Rather than create new terms to describe conditions while beating around the bush, disability rights activists now focus on preventing the scientific terms for disabilities from taking on offensive connotations. (Because if people stop being jerks, there's no need to move the treadmill.)

Disability communities vary on whether they prefer person-first language or identity-first language.<ref>[https://www.wikihow.com/Write-About-Disability How to Write About Disability] - wikiHow</ref> For example, many [[autistic]] and deaf people dislike person-first language, and see nothing wrong with their disabilities being used as an adjective. The intellectual disability community generally prefers person-first language.

==Libel-avoidance euphemisms==
Due to the constant threat of libel, mainstream [[media]], particularly in the [[United Kingdom]], often uses euphemisms which cannot be proven to be defamatory. "Tired and Emotional", originally coined to describe the fairly habitual state of British cabinet minister {{wpl|George Brown, Baron George-Brown|George Brown}} in the 1960s, and "Jetlagged" are often used to imply drunkenness, without making the direct accusation.

== Religion, blasphemy, and disrespecting certain deities ==
Biblical Hebrews enjoyed strong [[taboo]]s against the strong [[magic]] of using the Name of [[God]] — hence the euphemisms associated with the [[tetragrammaton]]. Some Anglophone ancestors toned "God's blood" down to "'sblood" and "God's wounds" to "zounds". They expostulated "Marry!" rather than invoking the name of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Blessed Virgin Mary]] (BVM), though respelled this way it arguably invokes [[Marriage|holy matrimony]] anyway.

In the 21st century, the frequent use of "God" or "[[Jesus]]" in [[blasphemy|blasphemous]] "cuss"-talk (alone or in various compounds) may encourage sensitive and repectful souls to speak not of "God" but of "the Deity", not using the personal name of "Jesus" but preferring a euphemistic title: "the Christ" or "Our Lord". And "[[Satan]]" or even "the Devil" becomes bowdlerised as "Old Nick" or "Old Scratch".

==See also==
*[[Newspeak]]
*[[Political correctness]]
*[[Snarl word]]
*[[Dog whistle politics]]
*[[Understatement]]

==External links==
*[http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/whether-you-say-freakin-friggin-or-frickin-depends-on-where-youre-from Whether You Say Freakin', Friggin', Or Frickin' Depends On Where You’re From: F-word substitutes vary by region.] — ''Atlas Obscura''

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Euphemisms| ]]
[[Category:Language]]

Categories: Euphemisms, Language