Magic

[[File:Hieronymus Bosch 051.jpg|thumb|right|250px|"The Conjurer" by Hieronymus Bosch]]
{{hatnote|This article is about magic that humans can do. For godly magic, please see [[creationism]].}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[magical thinking]], the thought process that believes that correlation is the same as causation.}}
{{magic}}
{{cquote|Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.|||[[Arthur C. Clarke]]}}
{{cquote|'''MAGIC''', ''n.'' An art of converting superstition into coin.|||Ambrose Bierce, ''[[The Devil's Dictionary]]'' (1911)}}

'''Magic''' (or "'''Magick'''"<ref group=note>As Neopagans, modern [[occult]]ists and ''Final Fantasy XII'' fans are fond of calling it.</ref>) is the alleged ability to manipulate [[supernatural]] forces. Technically speaking, [[prayer]] falls under the definition of magic, as it is often done with a specific outcome in mind. Stage magic, which has historically overlapped with [[Woo]] magic, is the art of making things happen that appear to be impossible. It is an ancient art, used over the centuries for both entertainment and [[deceit]], and knowledge of magical techniques figures heavily in the modern [[skeptical]] community as a means of detecting fraud amongst those who claim [[paranormal]] powers or phenomena.

==Stage magic==
===Types===
Magic is of several types, depending on the scale and techniques used. Most magicians start off with sleight of hand techniques, which are meant to mimic [[teleportation]] and [[telekinesis]] effects on a small scale, while others specialize in {{wpl|mentalism}}, which imitates the claimed effects of [[psychic]] powers, particularly [[clairvoyance]] and [[telepathy]]. Stage magic is magic on a larger scale, including seemingly impossible escapes ([[Harry Houdini]], a well-known [[Rationalism|rationalist]] in his own right, was the master of these), survival tricks, and large-scale apparent teleportation effects. In addition to these techniques, there are also different subgenres and styles including (but not limited to): Street magic that's influenced by guerilla performers in cities; Gospel magic that's used to evangelize children; Comedic magic, as made famous by [[Penn & Teller]] and Bizarre magic that emphasizes story-telling and/or horror elements.

The classic setup is a male magician who does the patter; telling jokes and sleigh of hand tricks (and usually getting all the credit), alongside one or more female assistants, who tend to be trained dancers; petite, flexible and able to distract the audience.  It's all a bit [[sexist]].

===Secret===
Overall, unlike in the scientific community, the tricks used in creating magical effects tend to be closely held, with exposure of the mechanism considered a form of treason to the magical community. Penn & Teller have made a long career of apparently exposing tricks but have avoided criticism from the professional community by only exposing secrets to tricks they developed themselves. Magician Leonard Montano drew strong criticism from the magical community for doing the ''Breaking the Magicians' Code'' specials on the [[US]] Fox network in the 1990s, largely for exposing other peoples' effects [[Copyright|without their permission]]. Another example would be the widespread practice of placing torrents of whole videos (even DVD rips) detailing the exact mechanisms of commercial magic tricks for public use upon the [[Internet]], where college students with no money can easily download them; the puerile practice of [[YouTube]] exposure by kids with webcams is even more widespread. 

All the same, Penn and Teller believe that even if you show how a trick is done, the level of skill and practice required to perform it well still makes it seem special and mysterious to the layman.

===Fraud===
Stage magic has also been used fraudulently; much of the [[Spiritualism|Spiritualist]] movement of the 19th century was based on fraudulent use of magic by people who claimed to be [[medium]]s, and in modern times self-proclaimed "psychics" such as [[John Edward]], [[Sylvia Browne]], and [[Uri Geller]] use mentalist techniques such as [[cold reading]] deceptively to fleece the desperate and credulous ("talking to the dead" has long been a conceit of would-be [[psychics]], meaning that many such people are preying on those vulnerable after a loss of a loved one). 

===Skeptics===
Several of the best-known skeptical authors, including [[Martin Gardner]], [[James Randi]], and [[Penn & Teller]] are trained magicians, as is debunker [[Derren Brown]]. Skeptical magicians have been critical to exposing the bad behavior of alleged psychics and [[faith healing|faith healers]]; Randi's two biggest trophies are [[Uri Geller]] and [[Peter Popoff]]. Randi's team has, at various times, convinced serious and well-regarded [[scientist]]s that they are psychic or possess other paranormal powers,<ref>[http://www.banachek.org/nonflash/project_alpha.htm Project Alpha], The Skeptical Inquirer Summer 1983
</ref> while simply using the tricks of a magician. These men, among others, believe that while scientists are generally [[logic]]al folk, they do not understand the trickery used by magicians, and can therefore still be fooled by it.

==Magick==
'''Magick''' 
is a form of woo
 is a term sometimes used by the more spiritual [[pagan]] believers for what happens when magical thinking becomes religious in nature, but it's not "[[politically correct]]" to call it a [[prayer]]. It is not to be confused with stage magic, where everyone knows it's really a trick. (Of course, as with anything with [[neopagan]]s, there are various shades of [[belief]] here -- some think that trying to come up with a difference in terms is ridiculous.) [[Special pleading|Remember, it's totally different from prayer.]] Honest.

===Crowley===
{{main|Aleister Crowley}}
While many neopagans claim that Magick is the "proper" spelling, used to distinguish "real" magic from stage magic, the K on the end was in fact added by [[Aleister Crowley]] in the early years of the 1900's for his Thelema religion. The distinction made by Crowley was that "magick is the art and science of causing change in accordance with will." He argued that, in essence, this made every act a magickal act. In practice, magick is viewed by its practitioners as being any alleged supernatural act, ranging from [[transcendental meditation]] to [[Drugs|tripping the light fantastic with a handful of magic(k) mushrooms]]. As such it is not a belief system in itself, but simply the practice of [[mind]] alteration. Ultimately, by this definition, both [[psychiatric]] and [[psychological]] counselling systems fall under its remit, resulting in considerable confusion about whether any proponent suggesting a visit to the shrinks (or "head shrinker") should be taken literally or metaphorically. Note that by this definition "magick" exists solely in the physical world and is in no way by definition [[supernatural]].

===Chaos magic===
'''{{wpl|Chaos magic|Chaos magic(k)}}''' is a very unique offshoot of this kind of magic that emerged in the 1970s. Influenced by the work of {{wpl|Austin Osman Spare}}, chaos magic attempted to reject the religious and dogmatic elements of other forms of magick. One of the main views of chaos magicians is that belief tempers perception, and that manipulating this is the heart of magic. In other words, most of the magic is in your head. It takes advantage of the various [[cognitive biases]] we have and exploits them deliberately. In this way, chaos magic can almost be read as the open manipulation of the [[placebo effect]] and [[confirmation bias]].  It's been described as [[postmodernist]] magic and compared to [[Discordianism]]. Perhaps the most famous practitioner is comic book writer {{wpl|Grant Morrison}}, whose work has often included such occultic themes.

==Anthropological magic and magical thinking==

Many cultural anthropologists use the term "magic" to describe common belief structures found between cultures.  James Frazier is usually accredited with labeling the different kinds of "magic" found in cultures.  He noted that most forms of ritual and belief systems could be categorized under either "homeopathic magic" or "contagious magic."

Homeopathic magic is based on perceptions of similarity between ritual objects/procedures and that which they are said to act upon.  Contagious magic is based on the belief that items once in contact with one another retain some sort of essence of the original contact.  A voodoo doll is an example of homeopathic magic, as it resembles the individual whom it is supposed to affect.  Holy water is an example of contagious magic as it is the Priest's blessing which is said to "sanctify" it.  Anthropologists, then, use the term "magic," as a category of beliefs and/or rituals rather than as a supernatural phenomenon.

{{wpl|Isaac Bonewits}} came up with "laws" of magic in his 1971 ''Real Magic'' which were used in a RPG supplement called ''Authentic Thaumaturgy'' which presents 26 "laws" of magic.<ref>The Law of Knowledge, Self-Knowledge, Cause & Effect, Synchronicity, Association, Similarity, Contagion, Positive Attraction, Negative Attraction, Names, Words of Power, Personification, Invocation, Evocation, Identification, Infinite Data, Finite Senses, Personal Universes, Infinite Universes, Pragmatism, True Falsehoods, Synthesis, Polarity, Dynamic Balance, Perversity, and Unity.</ref>  "The Laws of Magic are not legislative laws but, like those of physics or of musical harmony, are practical observations that have been accumulating over the course of thousands of years, with remarkable similarity in almost every known human culture. Even those who rightly remain skeptical to the reality of "psychic phenomena" and the systems of magic developed to control them may find these Laws an interesting and detailed guide to what psychologists and anthropologists refer to as “[[magical thinking]].”"<ref>Authentic Thaumaturgy. (1978, 1998) Steve Jackson Games ISBN 1-55634-360-4</ref>

Everyone can exhibit beliefs in these forms of magic.  For example, many people would prefer a book that was signed by its author rather than a perfect forgery, and most would attribute to it more value.  Though one could argue this is because others attribute more value to it, the physical contact by the actual signature vs. the perfect forgery is an example of "contagious magic" increasing the value of something regardless of the fact that there is no inherent difference between the genuine and the forgery.  Similarly, people will be more prone to value works by an already famous author (or their direct descendant as in the case Adrian Conan Doyle) which is "association".  In a similar vein many people would be reluctant to buy houses where a famous murderer lived, own their goods or even touch things they owned.  We somehow feel that these, really quite normal things, are somehow magically tainted by their previous owners.

==Clarke's Law==

{{cquote|Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.|||[[Arthur C. Clarke]], in his 1973 revision of "Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination" (1962)}}

While earlier writers had suggested similar ideas such as "Witchcraft to the ignorant, … simple science to the learned"<ref>Brackett, Leigh  "The Sorcerer of Rhiannon", ''Astounding'' February 1942, p. 39.</ref> and "...a performance that may some day be considered understandable, but that, in these primitive times, so transcends what is said to be the known that it is what I mean by magic",<ref>Fort, Charles (1932) ''Wild Talents''</ref> Clarke presented a version that was easily quotable and understandable.

Clarke gave an example of the third law when he said that while he "would have believed anyone who told him back in 1962 that there would one day exist a book-sized object capable of holding the content of an entire library, he would never have accepted that the same device could find a page or word in a second and then convert it into any typeface and size from Albertus Extra Bold to Zurich Calligraphic", referring to his memory of "seeing and hearing Lynotype machines which slowly converted ‘molten lead into front pages that required two men to lift them’".<ref>Philip Gooden (2015). ''Skyscrapers, Hemlines and the Eddie Murphy Rule: Life's Hidden Laws, Rules and Theories''. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 9781472915030.</ref>

Similar examples have appeared in the ''Star Trek Next Generation'' series.  In "Contagion", Picard talks about the Iconians "traveled without the benefit of spaceships, merely appearing out of thin air on distant planets."  When Wesley comments "Sounds like magic," Picard responds "Well, we would appear magical to Stone Age people."

In "Who Watches the Watchers", the concept is explored even further:

{{quotebox|
'''PICARD:''' Someone invented a hut. Someone invented a bow, who taught others, who taught their children, who built a stronger hut, built a better bow, who taught their children. Now, Nuria, suppose one of your cave dwelling ancestors could see you as you are today. What would she think? 

'''NURIA:''' I don't know. 

'''PICARD:''' Put yourself in her place. You see, she cannot kill a hornbuck at a great distance. You can. You have a power she lacks. 

'''NURIA:''' Only because I have a bow. 

'''PICARD:''' She's never seen a bow. It doesn't exist in her world. To you, it's a simple tool. To her, it's magic.
}}

This has resulted in its own set of [[woo]] like [[ancient astronauts]] being used to explain nearly every incident of magic or supernatural beings. 

Of course, Clarke's law does not say that technology, however advanced, is magic.  The people who built and operate the putative technology would understand exactly what real scientific principles were being used. Only those who lack that understanding would mistake it for magic.

==From beyond the third dimension==
{{cquote|If a fourth-dimension creature existed it could, in our three-dimensional universe, appear and dematerialize at will, change shape remarkably, pluck us out of locked rooms, and make us appear from nowhere.|||[[Carl Sagan]]<ref>Sagan, Carl  (1980) ''Cosmos'' pg 219</ref>}}
The concept of higher ''spatial'' dimensions<ref group=note>Not to be confused with Einstein's notion of a 4D spacetime, in which ''time'' is the 4th dimension.</ref> has allowed "[[supernatural]]" to effectively mean something akin to "[[The Dragon in My Garage|existing outside of our perception]]" — thus opening the flood gates for all sorts of [[woo]] — because, [[Begging_the_question|assuming this is correct]], how could you say that magic ''isn't'' the result of someone somehow challenging fourth (or higher) dimensional powers?

Thankfully, this sort of "[[Deepak_Chopra|deepakese reasoning]]" falls flat on its face the moment we employ basic reasoning tools, such as — in this case — the requirement of [[falsifiability]], the [[burden of proof]] and [[occam's razor]].

==In a nutshell==
{{video|youtube|VuUtcuktIr4}}

==See also==
*[[Jinn]]
*[[Magical thinking]]
*[[Miracle]]
*[[Neopaganism]]
*[[Psychic]]
*[[Silver Ravenwolf]]
*[[Supernatural]]
*[[Witchcraft]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/435 Miracle Mongers and Their Methods], by [[Harry Houdini]], which exposes a number of magic tricks.

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Esotericism]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Magic|*]]

Categories: Esotericism, Pseudoscience, Magic