Incest

{{hatnote|This article covers genetically homogeneous breeding amongst humans. For plants and other animals, see [[inbreeding]].}}
[[File:Carlosiielltimomonarcadq.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Charles II of Spain, poster-child of Habsburg inbreeding.]]
{{sex}}
'''Incest''' is the activity of people having sex with close relatives. It's opposed by just about everybody<ref group=notes>Probably except the ones who are doing it, and even then, they probably oppose it for everyone ''else''.</ref> — including most [[liberal]]s/[[atheist]]s/[[skepticism|skeptics]]/[[rationalism|rationalists]] and [[fundamentalism|fundamentalists]] — although the reasons vary from the adverse effects of [[inbreeding|incestual reproduction]], to [[Argumentum ad verecundiam|"God forbade it"]], to [[Argument from disgust|personal disgust]], which overlaps with other historical sex taboos.

An additional problem with most anti-incest arguments is that they tend to focus only on procreative sex (that's not even starting on the ethical question of [[eugenics]]), ignoring the likely possibility that many incestuous couples don't want, or even can't have, children (like gay couples, or those that use [[birth control]]). Humans do in fact engage in recreational sexual intercourse after all.{{fact|joke}} Hence, the genetic argument against ''marriage'' between relatives represents a [[false dichotomy]].

==Occurrences==
Incest is quite common in Greek mythology. Zeus, the king of gods and men, and his wife, Hera, the white-armed queen of heaven, are siblings. ''Oedipus Rex'' is a tragedy involving incest. In the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, [[Adam and Eve]] (the first humans) had offspring who reproduced with each other, namely [[Cain]] and his sister.<ref>''Cain and Abel in Text and Tradition: Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the First Sibling Rivalry'', John Byron - 2011, page 27</ref> This means that [[God]] necessitated the first instance of incest by requiring it of Adam and Eve's children. [[Abraham]] also practiced incest with his half sister Sarah ({{bible|Genesis|20|12}}), and there would have been a substantial amount of incest going on after the [[Global flood|Flood]] since all of humankind that remained was a single family.

Most of the [[United States|USA]], all of [[China]] and one or two other countries are strict in their incest laws in not permitting first cousins (those possessing at least one common grandparent) to marry. 

[[File:CousinMarriageWorld.svg|thumb|left|375px|From {{wpl|Cousin_marriage#Current_status|Wikipedia}}]]
'''Laws regarding first-cousin marriage around the world'''
{{legend|#000099|First-cousin marriage is legal}}
{{legend|#ec8028|Legality dependent on religion or culture}}
{{legend|#FF0000|Statute bans first-cousin marriage}}
{{legend|#ff7777|Banned with exceptions}}
{{legend|#990000|Criminal offense}}
{{legend|#b9b9b9|No data}}
{{clear}}

== The science ==

The biological result of too much incest based reproduction can be the manifestation of normally rare and undesirable diseases, named Autosomal Recessive Disease. Said diseases require two recessive genes, but with a dominant gene, these diseases are otherwise unexpressed.<ref>http://www.webmd.com/children/tc/autosomal-recessive-disease-topic-overview</ref> 

In the instance that two people who both a have a recessive disease gene (but aren't inflicted with it) reproduce, the chance of passing on only one copy of the gene to the offspring is 50% and obtaining the disease is 25%.<ref name="arrier-test-for">http://www.webmd.com/baby/carrier-test-for-autosomal-recessive-diseases</ref> This can be observed in the Punnett square below:

{| class="wikitable"
!
!D
!'''d'''
|-
!D
|DD
|D'''d'''
|-
!d
|D'''d'''
|'''dd'''
|}

In the case that two humans produce an offspring and one has a recessive gene for a disease and one does not, the chance of passing it on is still 50%; however, the chance of the offspring having the disease is zero. This can be observed in the Punnett square below:

{| class="wikitable"
!
!D
!'''d'''
|-
!D
|DD
|D'''d'''
|-
!D
|DD
|D'''d'''
|}

Why is this important? Because following from the second square, if one parent has a single copy of the recessive gene, there is a 25% chance a boy and a girl born to the parents will both carry the gene. If the incidence of that gene in the general population is, say, 1%, you can see that the siblings, if they copulate, are at much greater risk of having a child born with the disease than if they mated with strangers.  

For each recessive gene carried by a parent, there is a 25% chance that both siblings will inherit it, and a 25% chance both siblings will pass that gene on to their child if they had one, thus in total there is a 6.25% chance that the child will be born with whatever defect the recessive gene caused.  Now remember that most adults actually carry many of these deleterious (aka bad) Autosomal Recessive genes, <ref group=notes>The only reason most children are born healthy is that each gene is rare enough that it's statistically unlikely for both parents to be carriers for the same recessive gene.</ref> with any child conceived by siblings facing a 6.25% chance of being born with a disease for ''each'' received gene carried by either of the sibling parents, and the odds of a child born from incest with immediate family members being born with some sort of disorder become unfortunately quite high.

As a matter of reference in the case of first cousin matings, there is a 1.5625% chance of a child being born with a defect for each deleterious Autosomal Recessive gene the shared grandparent had. This means that first order cousins having children is only 1/8 as dangerous<ref group=notes>Remember that first cousins presumably only share one set of grandparents, unlike the example with siblings, so they have half as many potential recessive genes to worry about passing on as siblings have</ref> as matings with immediate family (siblings or parent/child) in terms of risk of the child being born with one of these recessive disorders. For reference, the rate of birth defects for children of first cousins is about the same as that of two unrelated people with a woman naturally conceiving in her early 40s.

== Some studies ==
Debuted in an experiment conducted in 1994, the "smelly T-shirt" test illustrates humans utilize their sense of smell to determine a mate.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/sep/08/can-you-smell-perfect-partner</ref> From the study, it was concluded that women were more attracted to "men who were most genetically different from them".<ref name="listverse">http://listverse.com/2014/05/22/10-incendiary-facts-about-incest/</ref> A study from 2006 showed genetically similar partners to be more likely to cheat. These studies conclude that genetic difference indicates the overall satisfaction and compatibility of partners.<ref>http://psych415.class.uic.edu/Readings/Garver,%20Histocompatability%20-%20sexual%20responsivity%20in%20couples,%20PsySci,%202006.pdf</ref> These mechanisms evolved into humans to increase the chances of genetically different mates producing offspring to help maintain a genetically diverse population.

To make this more complicated, there is also the (possibly pseudoscientific?) concept of {{wpl|genetic sexual attraction}}, which is a sort of accidental side effect of genetics that causes an individual to be genetically predisposed to finding someone who shares their genetics attractive.<ref group=notes>Put simply, your mother's genes told her that your father's genes were HOT, and your father's genes told him that your mother's genes were HOT, and so they did the horizontal tango and made you. You inherited your mother's attraction to your father's genes and your father's attraction to your mother's genes; which means your genes will tell you that someone sharing your mother and father's genes, like say your brother, is HOT.</ref> To prevent this potential attraction from leading to incest, the {{wpl|Westermarck effect}} evolved, which ensures that anyone you grow up with during the first 6 years of your life will not be attractive to you. Since a child usually grows up with their immediate family, this will ensure that they will never develop a sexual attraction to those family members. Adult siblings meeting for the first time after being separated at birth, who are not 'inoculated' against the genetic sexual attraction by the Westermarck effect, often report developing an attraction to the sibling as a result<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2003/may/17/weekend7.weekend2</ref><ref name="listverse"/>.

Whether or not the same thing that works with plants could work with humans is very much open to debate, but some hereditary diseases have a higher occurrence in some populations, and as such, children with diverse ancestry have a lower chance of suffering from them.

== Pedophilia ==
Incest is frequently a form of abuse or [[pedophilia]], as the most common occurrence is between siblings (an older sibling preying on a younger) or between a parent and a child. A reasonable explanation for pedophilic incest being common is the accessibility of the victim. Both boys and girls can be the victims of this sort of incestuous abuse by a family member. The perpetrators, whether the victim is boy or girl, are overwhelmingly likely to be male.<ref>[http://www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html "Incest"], ''Pat McClendon's Social Work''</ref>

== Other twists to have in mind ==
Something to point out are notorious cases in the world where two persons met each other, fell in love, got married, but discovered later on with DNA tests that they are in fact genetically related (most often as siblings who were separated and adopted by different families early in their lives). While this implies they have a higher than average chance of conceiving a biological child with genetic defects, it doesn't erase the times they bonded together, and as a result, the way they view each other, as lovers.

While often associated with such things it's important to remember that "incest" does not necessarily indicate pedophilia (underage members with an adult) nor rape (one side is not consenting). One should keep that in mind when discussing the idea of incest itself, so as not to confuse or [[Association fallacy|associate]] it with sexual harassment or violating one's body or lack of [[Informed consent|Informed Consent]].  Finally while most arguments against incest focus on the risk of inbreeding and thus harm done to any resulting child, it's possible, in fact quite common, to engage in sexual activities that could not possibly lead to conception. 

These distinctions are important to talk about when discussing the ethics and potential legality of 'incest'.  When most people refer to incest they are likely thinking of a young child being groomed into a relationship with a parent that results in a baby with chronic health issues resulting from inbreeding being born, something that is pretty easy to argue as immoral.  If, by contrast, you ask whether incest should be illegal in a situation where, say, two sisters in their thirties both choose to engage in a consensual sexual encounter, well, that example isn't quite the same as the first example, is it?

==Law==
Incest between close relatives is illegal in most countries. The European Court of Human Rights has decided that individual nations of the [[European Union]] may enforce laws against incest. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17690997 German incest couple lose European Court case], [[BBC]] News, 12 April 2012</ref> Sex between adult brother and sister is legal in many countries of the EU and in some states of the [[USA]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pij8vQMfgN0 Adult incest is legal in very many countries in EU & world & should be legal in Unenlightened Denmark] on [[YouTube]]</ref>

Even in locations where incest is illegal what constitutes illegal incest may vary.  For instance Maryland law makes it illegal to have "vaginal intercourse" with someone that it's illegal to marry due to close relationships <ref>[https://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2013/article-gcr/section-3-323]</ref>, this would mean that it is still legal for two adult brothers to do whatever they want with each other so long as it's otherwise consensual and legal.  In contrast Alaska makes any form of sexual penetration illegal for individuals over 18<ref>[https://www.womenslaw.org/laws/ak/statutes/sec-1141450-incest#node-35658]</ref>, meaning that our theoretical 'loving' brothers from Maryland had better lay off any bedroom fun when visiting Alaska.  However, since Alaska also has a Romeo and Juliet exemption to their statutory rape laws it's theoretically legal for a brother and sister under the age of 18 and close enough in age to have vaginal intercourse in Alaska, which would be illegal in Maryland.

==Modern instances of inbreeding==

Western society generally considers inbreeding among humans to be distasteful, most countries having criminalized incest. Inbreeding in the form of sexual relations between direct blood relatives is rare, although isolated communities may fall prone to inbreeding if discouraged to marry outside of their small social group. Immigrant communities, and those practicing a self-imposed isolation from the surrounding culture, are a commonplace source of marriage between blood relations, most commonly cousins.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/theres-nothing-wrong-with-cousins-getting-married-scientists-say-1210072.html There's nothing wrong with cousins getting married, scientists say] (Presumably scientists with attractive cousins)</ref>

People living on the remote island of Tristan da Cunha are descended from 15 people, all of whom arrived between 100 and 200 years ago. As a result, there is a fairly high prevalence of genetic disorders. There are an elevated number of people with glaucoma, and in particular there is an exceptionally high rate of asthma. The latter led to scientific inquiry which uncovered the genetic nature of asthma, as three of the original settlers had it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7766656.stm |work=[[BBC]] News |title=Worldwide search for asthma clue |date=9 December 2008 |accessdate=15 March 2012}}</ref>

[[Amish]] communities are isolated from their surrounding modern neighbors, particularly when it comes to relationships, though [[Amish#Abuse among the Amish|abuse]] appears prevalent in some Amish communities. Amish communities typically have a higher incidence of birth defects.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v24/n3/full/ng0300_203.html Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and the Amish], this links to the Abstract</ref> Genetic diversity can be increased by taking husbands and wives from other Amish communities.

Genetic abnormalities are more pronounced in the Arab world, due to the more commonly accepted intermarrying of blood relatives, most commonly between first cousins. Many Arab societies are tribal in nature, thus combining [[isolationism]] and the need to keep it in the family.<ref>[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7573/831 Genetic disorders in the Arab world]</ref>

The stereotypical inbreeding within small towns and redneck societies was parodied in the Mel Brooks movie, ''[[Blazing Saddles]]''. Most of the residents of the fictional town, Rockridge, share the surname "Johnson", and were incredibly dumb - and initially bigoted.<ref>{{wpl|Blazing_Saddles | Blazing Saddles at Rotten Tomatoes}}, Classic Mel Brooks</ref>

The English county of Norfolk is, at least comedically, notorious for inbreeding. A UK MP said, regarding the high incidence of diabetes there: ""I would imagine it is linked to the fact that people in Norfolk are quite inbred, with many not leaving the county"<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1526081/Norfolk-folk-are-sicker-because-they-are-inbred-says-local-MP.html Dr Ian Gibson, the Norwich North MP]</ref> (He later apologised).<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2006/aug/11/politicalnews.uk "It has obviously caused a lot of offence and for that I unreservedly apologise," he said but added: "Words like inbreeding and outbreeding are very professional, genetic terms. ...]</ref>

Then there's [[Iceland]] wherein the government sponsored The Islendiga-App,<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/04/18/new-app-helps-icelanders-avoid-accidental-incest/2093649/ New app helps Icelanders avoid accidental incest] USA Today</ref> which was designed to help members of the Island's small population make sure they're not too closely related to their romantic partners.

==In popular culture==
* About half of all redneck jokes (about rednecks, not by them, though possibly that, too), if redneck jokes can be considered to be "culture".
* Played with in the case of [[Fun:Star Wars|Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia]], but ultimately averted.
* She's my daughter *slap* She's my sister *slap* ''She's my sister and my daughter!''
* Major plot point in George R.R. Martin's book series ''A Song of Ice and Fire'', and its TV adaptation ''Game of Thrones''.
* Half brother, sister incest plays an important part in the 1996 movie ''Lone Star.''
* That Folger's coffee ad.{{fact}}
* In the T.V. series ''Rome'' Octavian has sex with his sister Octavia. Difficult to know if this is based on fact or not.
* In the tactical role-playing SNES video game ''{{wpl|Fire Emblem: Genealogy of the Holy War}}'', incest between cousins is a commonplace occurrence in both parts of the game, and a prominent villain's romantic and sexual relationship with his half-sister is a major plot point.
* In the open-world role-playing game ''{{wpl|Elden Ring}}'', a major plot point involves the demigod Mohg having an incestuous attraction towards his younger half-brother Miquella and kidnapping him, attempting to use him in his plan to foster a new dynasty of demigods. The ''Shadow of the Erdtree'' DLC later revealed that Miquella was the incestous one (but not towards Mohg) and brainwashed Mohg into kidnapping him as part of a greater scheme. 
* Incest is one of the historically favorite activities in the Southern and Midwestern areas of the United States of America.

==See also==
*[[Actions which demand the death penalty in the Old Testament]]
*[[Inbreeding]]
*[[Consanguine marriage]]

==External links==
* [http://www.gardenguides.com/3019-hybrid-delemma.html Garden Guides: The Hybrid Delemma]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Incest| ]]

Categories: Incest