trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
A Just Russia

{{sources needed}}
[[File:A Just Russia.svg|thumb|165px|The flag of controlled opposition.]]
{{politics}}
'''A Just Russia''', also translated as "Fair Russia", is a [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]] party that is one of [[Russia]]'s four parties currently represented in the parliament (State Duma). A member of A Just Russia is an "Eser." The party, part of the "systemic opposition" in Russia, is considered to be pro-Kremlin.

==But are they just?==

It was created by a merger of the Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice and the Russian Party for Life. It is nominally social-democratic and claims to be conservative, but it lies like every other Russian political party. It is left-wing but still nationalistic. This is the Russian [[Green Party]], as the Green party merged with it in 2008. It makes up ~11% of the electorate. 

In the 5th State Duma (2007-2011), they had a whopping 38 seats out of 450, 2 less than the far-right [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]]. In the 2011 election, they came ahead of the LDPR and now hold 64 seats, the third largest of the four parties represented in the Duma, behind [[United Russia]] and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.

Before 2011 this party supported [[Vladimir Putin]] and was often considered opposition in name only. This changed in 2011 when their leader Sergey Mironov fell with Putin and was deposed as the head of the Federation Council, the Russian upper house. As a result of the "anyone but United Russia" election tactic in the December 2011 election, the party nearly doubled its representation in the Duma, perceived as the least of four evils.

Other notable figures in A Just Russia include Oksana Dmitriyeva, a competent economist who often saved United Russia's half-baked financial reforms from complete failure, and Gennady Gudkov, a vocal opponent of fraud at the 2011 election and supporter of protest rallies that have been ongoing in Russia since the election finished.

{{stub|politics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Just Russia, A}}
[[Category:Russian political parties]]
[[Category:Social democratic political parties]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]

Categories: Russian political parties, Social democratic political parties, Misnomers
A priori and a posteriori

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A priori'' and ''a posteriori''}}{{Philosophyscience}}
'''''A priori''''' and '''''a posteriori''''' are two categories of obtaining knowledge ([[epistemology]]). Depending on who you ask, only one is valid and the other is [[bullshit]], or both are useful. In philosophy, ''a priori'' knowledge is constrasted with ''a posteriori'' knowledge, ''a priori'' knowledge being the backbone of deduction and [[rationalism]] and ''a posteriori'' knowledge being gained through observation and forming the basis for [[empiricism]].

==A priori==
''A priori'' (literally "from before") is a [[Latin]] term used in formal [[logic]] (and [[philosophy]]) to mean a fact that is assumed to be true prior to any empirical research. ''A priori'' conclusions are usually reached through reasoning rather than observation and are the centerpiece of (philosophical) [[rationalism]]. Mathematical statements are typically regarded as a priori, as the conclusion is deduced from the statement (eg. 'there were 2 apples on the tree, now there are 2 more' means that we know there are 4 apples on the tree, without having to empirically examine it).
At the most [[Solipsism|solipsistic]] level, the only ''a priori'' statement that a tough skeptic can be assured of is "I think, therefore I am" ("''cogito ergo sum''"),<ref>[[René Descartes]], ''Principles of Philosophy''.</ref> although it can be argued that even Descartes' [[thought experiment]] had the ''a priori'' assumption that a thought requires a thinker.

In [[science]], the deduction of [[hypotheses]] can be described as an effort resting on ''a priori'' knowledge, while theory development and testing necessitate ''a posteriori'' knowledge.

==A posteriori==
''A posteriori'' ("From the later") is a Latin phrase used in formal logic (and philosophy) to denote knowledge that is derived from empirical observation (experience). While it has nothing to do with one's posterior, some people [[Argumentum ex culo|manage to extract "knowledge" from their posteriors]]. As the logical basis for induction, it is extensively used in the [[scientific method]] and in most courtrooms.

==See also==
*[[Axiom]]
*[[Begging the question]]: a related [[logical fallacy]]
*[[Common sense]]
*[[Ultimate end]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|A priori and a posteriori}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Latin phrases]]
[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]

Categories: Latin phrases, Logic, Science, Philosophy of science
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam

{{Islam}}
'''Abdullah Yusuf Azzam''' (1941-1989)  was a [[Palestine|Palestinian]] activist who headed Maktab al-Khadamet al-Mujahidin al Arab (Office of the Services to the Arab Mujahidin), or MAK, a network designed to send soldiers from Muslim countries to fight the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]]. MAK's main financier was the before-he-was-famous [[Osama bin Laden]], whom Azzam had met at the King Abdul Aziz University.<ref>Reza Aslan, ''How to Win a Cosmic War'', p.115</ref>

"It was Azzam who, more than anyone else, helped popularize the burgeoning [[Jihad|Jihadist]] movement", writes Reza Aslan. "His widely-read periodical, ''Al-Jihad'', published in 1984, spread the ideology of global jihad to every corner of the Muslim world".<ref>Reza Aslan, ''How to Win a Cosmic War'', pp.115-6</ref> 

Azzam is said to have joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in the 1950s and first met the younger [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] in Cairo the early 1970s.<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20150417110929/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA446154 p. 15].</ref> 

==Assassination==

Azzam and his two sons were assassinated in November 1989. His killer or killers have not been identified, but two theories exist.

The first theory is bin Laden whacked Azzam himself to become the undisputed leader of global jihad. Azzam wanted to continue on the local-level against apostate Muslim regimes while bin Laden, all full of himself after allegedly destroying [[Soviet Union|one superpower]], wanted to take jihad global and destroy [[United States|the remaining superpower]]. 

The second theory is bin Laden's deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, spread rumours that Azzam was a U.S. spy knowing that this would lead someone to kill him. Al-Zawahiri viewed Azzam as a rival for leadership in the jihadist movement and for bin Laden's financial support.<ref>Reza Aslan, ''How to Win a Cosmic War'', p.117</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azzam, Abdullah Yusuf}}
{{stub|Islam|Islam}}
[[Category:Islamic extremism]]
[[Category:Islamic fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Muslims]]

Categories: Islamic extremism, Islamic fundamentalism, Muslims
Abel

{{sources needed}}[[File:Feofan Abel.jpg|right|thumb|165px|An icon of Abel]]{{biblenav}}
'''Abel''' is the [[mythology|mythical]] second son of the equally mythical [[Adam and Eve]] from [[Genesis]], the first book of the [[Bible]].  He has the distinction of being the "first" person on record to be murdered. The murder was committed by his older brother, [[Cain]], who made the mistake of offering a [[vegetarian]] [[sacrifice]] to [[YHWH|Yahweh]].

==The story==
As punishment for Adam and Eve wanting to be more like him (i.e. knowing something was right or wrong ''before'' doing it rather than after) [[YHWH|Yahweh]] cursed the very soil, which caused it to grow thorny weeds. Adam had to work his butt off just to put food on the table. When his first-born son Cain was old enough, he pitched in with dad and helped out in the field like a good boy.

Adam's snotty second-born son, Abel, preferred to just walk around the hills with his sheep, which could not even be eaten because Yahweh did not authorize a meat diet for humanity until after the [[Global Flood|Flood]] ({{bible|Genesis|9|3}}). The only thing Abel could do with the [[sheep]] he spent all his time raising was offer them to [[Yahweh]] as a burnt holocaust. So Abel became the second person (after Yahweh made Adam and Eve some fur coats) to perform the act of killing.

One day Cain brought to Yahweh, in good faith, some of the fruit of the ground he had actually managed to grow (despite the soil being cursed) to offer in thanksgiving to the one who cursed it, but Yahweh had no respect for his offering, despite Cain being the first-born and natural heir to Adam's priestly ministry, because it didn't involve blood at all. So Cain, scratching his head and trying to figure out the rules, decided to kill his brother. Perhaps the killing pleased the Lord, because he saw to it that Cain would never really be punished for his deed: supposedly he would become a vagabond, but (per {{Bible|Genesis|4|16-17}}) he settled down with a family and founded a city, and [[God]] insured that no one would kill him for what he had done (so much for [[capital punishment]]!).

==See also==
*[[Old Testament oddities]]

{{biblebox}}

[[Category:Biblical figures]]
[[Category:Old Testament]]
[[Category:Christian mythology]]

Categories: Biblical figures, Old Testament, Christian mythology
Abigail

{{fork}}
*Abigail Shapiro, [[Ben Shapiro]]'s equally [[wingnut]]ty sister
*[[Abigail Shrier]]; [[transphobic]] "[[journalist]]" and promoter of the [[bullshit]] "[[rapid-onset gender dysphoria]]" meme
*[[Philosophy Tube]], or Abigail Thorn; a [[British]] [[Youtuber]], [[philosopher]], and actress who discusses political issues through a [[leftist]] lens informed by her philosophy training
Absolute Beginners

{{mrm}}'''Absolute Beginners''' are a community in the [[Germany|German]] [[incel]]osphere who also describe themselves as AB's. They define an Absolute Beginner as someone who has had few or no romantic experiences.

==Community==
The community named itself after a David Bowie song of the same name.<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/leben-ohne-sex-selbsthilfe-fuer-erwachsene-jungfrauen-a-571107.html</ref> The community was founded in the 1990s.<ref>http://www.fr.de/wissen/gesundheit/medizin/leben-ohne-sex-als-erwachsener-sexuell-unerfahren-a-795129</ref> Some AB communities have an age-cut of 20.<ref>Maja Roedenbeck: And who kisses me? Absolute Beginners – When love is waiting for you, Berlin 2012, p. 54</ref> Absolute Beginners usually range in age from the 20s to the 40s.<ref name="AB" >{{cite web|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/beziehungen-zuletzt-gekuesst-im-kindergarten-1410279-p2.html |title=Beziehungen: Zuletzt geküsst im Kindergarten|publisher= }}</ref> According to one sex consultant, there are one to two million AB's in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605030924/http://www.wochenblatt.de/nachrichten/regensburg/regionales/Sarahs-Sexgefluester-Spaeter-Einstieg-in-die-Liebe;art1172,447623 |title=Sarahs Sexgeflüster: Später Einstieg in die Liebe|website=wochenblatt.de|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Für die Liebe ist es nie zu spät: Absolute Beginner — wenn Sie das erste Mal noch vor sich haben'' by Monika Büchner (2016). J. Kamphausen Verlag. ISBN 3958830927.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170905235511/http://absolute-beginner-wiki.net/index.php?title=Hauptseite Absolute Beginners' encyclopedia]
* [https://www.abtreff.de/index.php?sid=60c597ce90665af806b9158698bc505c Absolute Beginner's forum]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
__NOTOC___
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Incelosphere]]
[[Category:Germany]]

Categories: Sexuality, Incelosphere, Germany
Absolute zero

{{significantly problematic}}[[File:2 Helium.png|thumb|right|165px|Liquid helium at 4 kelvins]]
{{Physics}}
'''Absolute zero''' is the theoretical temperature at which all thermal vibration ceases, about 273 degrees below zero Celsius (or 459 degrees below zero Fahrenheit). The Kelvin scale was defined to reflect this, with absolute zero being 0 K (zero kelvins, not zero *''degrees kelvin'').  In practice, the [[laws of thermodynamics]] ensure that absolute zero can never be reached, although it can be closely approached as a limit with careful laboratory procedures. [[Quantum mechanics]] tells us that there is a finite amount of energy even at absolute zero, called [[zero-point energy]]. This is why liquid [[helium]] can't be frozen at normal pressures.

Through the general expansion of space, the [[Universe]] overall has cooled to just 2.7 kelvins. The superconducting magnets in the [[Large Hadron Collider]] are colder still, with operating temperatures of just 1.9 K<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8309875.stm LHC gets colder than deep space], BBC News, 16 October 2009</ref> and the Herschel Space Observatory has to be cooled further to 1.4 K with 2,000 litres of liquid helium despite being in the depths of space.

Scientists have been able to cool a large group of molecules to 350 nanokelvins (i.e., 0.00000035 kelvins).<ref>[http://www.colorado.edu/news/r/663270cf5a0b168bfcfc17575ec9fa6b.html CU and NIST Scientists Create First Dense Gas of Ultracold 'Polar' Molecules], NIST Press Release 16 September 2008</ref> This is often described in a [[pop science]] way of describing the distance between absolute zero and room temperature as the distance between London and New York, with the lowest achieved temperature then being a hair's width.

==[[Video_game#Impact_on_attitudes|Sub-(absolute) zero]]==
Yep, it exists, although counterintuitively, temperatures below 0 K are actually very, very hot. In layman terms, under those conditions, matter is still, but much like a compressed spring, is waiting for tiny stimulus which would make it bounce off, resulting in utter mayhem on molecular level.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|science}}
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Cosmology]]

Categories: Science, Physics, Cosmology
Absurdism

{{philosophy}}{{cquote|O my soul, do not aspire to immortal life, but exhaust the limits of the possible.|||Pindar, Pythian iii (quoted by Camus as an epigraph to The Myth of Sisyphus)}}
'''Absurdism''' is an [[atheistic]] stance on the meaning of life, behind the disambiguation of "[[existentialism|atheist existentialism]]" and [[nihilism]]. In the broadest sense, absurdists take the stance that the search for the meaning of life is futile, either because it is unknowable to humans or that it doesn't exist. The [[philosophy]] was popularised by French novelist and philosopher [[Albert Camus]] in the 1950s.<ref>https://www.iep.utm.edu/camus/#SSH5ci</ref>

There are three ways to solve the problem of meaninglessness (assuming that it is a problem). The first is [[suicide]], which is considered to not solve the problem by Camus and [[Søren Kierkegaard]] because the act of ending one's existence is also absurd. The second is [[religion]] or dedication to any other ideal involving a higher purpose of some sort, considered by Camus to be "philosophical suicide" due to the acceptance of [[bullshit]]. The third is acceptance of the absurd: to accept that one's existence is likely meaningless, but to continue living in the face of it &mdash; the ultimate act of rebellion if it were not itself absurd as well. This has been historically likened to the British saying "carry on". 

Absurdism is an underdeveloped philosophy and thus relativistic. The core idea is vague, and the corollary of this is that the absurd means different things to different people. One major divide is whether absurdism states with certainty that there is no meaning, or whether it is just suggested that there is no reason to think there is meaning. Another is whether one can formulate meaning whilst accepting it to be personal and absurd, and another is if belief in a god is contradictory to the philosophy.
==See also==
*[[Douglas Adams]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Absurdism}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|philosophy}}

[[Category:Atheism]]

Categories: Atheism
Abu Ghraib

{{crimenav}}
{{cquote|Whenever you show anger or disgust toward civilians, it's a victory for [[al-Qaeda]] and other insurgents [...] every time you wave at an Iraqi civilian, al-Qaeda rolls over in its grave.|||General James N. Mattis, who remained ignored<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2007/may/17/world/fg-force17 General urges Marines to add a friendly wave to their arsenal], ''LA Times''</ref>}}

'''Abu Ghraib''' is a prison located roughly 20 miles to the west of Baghdad, [[Iraq]],<ref>[http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=33.291667,44.065556&spn=0.01,0.01&t=h&q=33.291667,44.065556 Google Maps]</ref> that was infamous within that country during the [[Saddam Hussein]] era for the [[torture]] that took place there. Then the [[United States]] came in and made the place even ''more'' infamous throughout the globe for the torture ''they'' inflicted there, which came to light through a series of ill-advised photographs, in which some low-level guards rather unwisely posed.<ref group=note>We will not link to them here.</ref> Many of said guards were prosecuted, and some were found guilty. However, [[Donald Rumsfeld|no]] [[George W. Bush|one]] [[Dick Cheney|has]] ever taken full responsibility for the grotesque violations of [[human rights]] committed at Abu Ghraib, and no senior military or government officials have ever received charges.

As of 2006, the prison no longer held prisoners, moving the problem to the new Iraqi government,<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1073597.ece America closes abuse prison], ''The Times''</ref> who have solved the complex issues of historical legacy, and an institutionalized culture of abuse at the site by giving it a new name. In February 2009, "Baghdad Central Prison" was launched.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLL596734 Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison, renamed, reopens], Reuters</ref> 

==See also==
*[[War on Terror]]
*[[Iraq War]]
*[[ISIS]]
*[[The Men Who Stare At Goats]]
*[[Jack Idema]]

==External links==
*[http://www.salon.com/topic/the_abu_ghraib_files/ The Abu Ghraib Files] - ''Salon'''s collection on the torture and abuse.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|war}}

[[Category:United States history]]
[[Category:United States politics]]
[[Category:Government incompetence]]
[[Category:Conservative deceit]]
[[Category:War crimes]]

Categories: United States history, United States politics, Government incompetence, Conservative deceit, War crimes
Academic Freedom Day

{{crenav}}
February 12 is designated as '''Academic Freedom Day''' by the [[Discovery Institute]]. In 2009, the Discovery Institute set aside [[Charles Darwin]]'s birthday as the day to recognize the lack of attention given to [[creationism]] in public schools and academia.<ref>[http://www.discovery.org/a/9001 Discovery Institute Honors Charles Darwin with Academic Freedom Day]. Discover Institute, 4 February 2009.</ref> They even issue a "censor of the year" award; the last such award was given to [[Wikipedia]] in 2018 for stating that [[intelligent design]] is "discredited as [[pseudoscience]]".<ref>[https://freescience.today/censor/ Censor of the year: Wikipedia], freescience.today, 2018.</ref>

==Academic Freedom==
[[Intelligent design and academic freedom|"Academic freedom"]] is a buzzword for creationism, arguing that teachers, not school boards or courts, should decide what is best to teach students in a classroom. This crude definition of "academic freedom" follows failed-and-retired memes such as "[[teach the controversy]]" and "strengths and weaknesses," but has usurped a famed scientist's birthday to push anti-science arguments.

==External links==
*[https://freescience.today/organize/academic-freedom-day/ Academic Freedom Day] The Center for [[pseudoscience|Science]] and Culture, Discovery Institute

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{crebox}}{{stub|pseudoscience}}

[[Category:Creationism]]
[[Category:Discovery Institute]]

Categories: Creationism, Discovery Institute
Accuracy and precision

{{sciencenav}}
'''Accuracy and precision''' are measurements within science and [[engineering]] of how well results fit with [[reality]] and how reliable they are. '''Accuracy''' is a concept that describes the degree to which a ''measurement'' approximates the ''actual value'', whereas '''precision''' measures how [[Reproducibility|reproducible]] a result is.

==Low accuracy or precision==
An experiment or test with low accuracy or precision is still useful if the other is reasonably high. A test with low precision can be improved with [[Sample size|more samples]] as each data point will still [[central tendency|average]] out as an accurate value (diagram 1). On the other hand, a test with low accuracy can still be useful if it is precise, because we can conclude that there must be a reproducible and systematic error in the measurement causing the lack of accuracy (diagram 2). In science, this is particularly useful for refining theories and experiments.

==Visual representation==
<center>
<gallery>
File:High accuracy Low precision.svg|Diagram 1: High accuracy, low precision
File:High precision Low accuracy.svg|Diagram 2: High precision, low accuracy
</gallery>
</center>

==See also==
* [[Test sensitivity]]
* [[Overprecision]]

{{stub|science}}
[[Category:Statistics]]

Categories: Statistics
Acharya S

{{significantly problematic}}{{pseudohistorynav}}'''Acharya S''' {{lived|1961|December 25, 2015<ref group=note>No, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160107075320/https://www.giveforward.com/fundraiser/lsn9/u/updates/138747 really].</ref>}} was the pen name of '''Dorothy Milne Murdock''', a "[[crank|researcher]]" and proponent of her own rather dubious version of the already dubious Christ myth theory whose books inspired the 2007 [[conspiracy]] film ''[[Zeitgeist]]''.<ref group=note>It goes without saying that she wasn't a real {{wpl|Acharya|acharya,}} either.</ref>

Rarely using ancient sources, she was known for [[pseudohistory|making claims about]] ancient beliefs that have no basis in our understanding of the ancient world. Her book, ''Christ in Egypt: The Horus-Jesus Connection'',<ref>''Christ in Egypt: The Horus-Jesus Connection.'' Stellar House Publishing. {{Isbn|9780979963117}}</ref> asserts that the myths surrounding [[Jesus]] borrowed heavily from [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] deity Horus, an idea dating back to {{wpl|Gerald Massey|Gerald Massey's}} book ''Ancient Egypt, the Light of the World'' in 1907.<ref>Gerald Massey,
 [https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=t00XAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-t00XAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 ''Ancient Egypt, the Light of the World: A Work of Reclamation and Restitution in Twelve Books, Volume 2.'']</ref> However, she made new claims of her own — that [[Christmas|December 25<sup>th</sup>]] was important in Horus worship, and that he had twelve disciples — neither of these claims [[PIDOOMA|can be substantiated]] by ancient sources.

Her claims about what sources said were generally accurate, but her interpretation of those sources was frequently on [[crack]]. Other mythologists were polite to and about her, but cordially considered her a gibbering fruitbat. If you have any other source on the face of the earth for a claim, you should use that source instead.

==External links==
*{{wpa|Acharya S}}
*[http://www.truthbeknown.com/ Her website]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|Pseudohistory}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S, Acharya}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Bible woo]]
[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory promoters]]

Categories: Authors, Bible woo, Bible, Pseudohistory promoters