Voynich manuscript

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[[File:Voynich_Manuscript_%28156%29.jpg|thumb|right|It even has a centerfold!]]
The '''Voynich manuscript''' is a text generally assumed to have been written in the first half of the 15th century, in a seemingly unknown and curiously repetitive language. Despite the language's statistical similarity to real, known languages, the text has so far defied all attempts at translation or deciphering. The drawings and [[mathematical]] figures add an air of intrigue, and the work is often assumed to be some form of religious or pseudo-religious mystical text. Consequently, it has attracted some attention from the [[wingnut]] theorists.

==The manuscript and its "language"==
[[File:Voynich Manuscript (160).jpg|thumb|right]]The text is 240 pages (though there are several missing pages) written on vellum, many pages including intricate illustrations of plant-like designs or mathematical figures. The language in the text is currently unreadable. It is either a constructed language, or a cipher. No experts in ciphering or linguistics have given a compelling reason to favor one possibility over the other. If it is a cipher, the most popular theory is that it is a monoalphabetic, letter for letter shift. 

Scholars of both cryptography and linguistics have found ample interest in studying the text, even if they feel it is a [[hoax]], simply because the process itself presents many questions that become intrinsic to the very notions of "how do you break a code, or crack a new language?"

The plants illustrated in the text have no connection to any real-world plants (with a few exceptions). The mathematical figures do not seem to correspond to any real-world formula or symbolic principle, either.

According to Yale University, the current holders of the manuscript, there are 6 conceptual divisions:<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100616120729/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/voynich.html</ref>
#Botanicals;
#Astronomical and astrological drawings and charts (again, they correspond to nothing we can identify);
#A biological section, including many female nudes with swelled abdomens. The women are bathing in tubs connected by tubes, which look strongly reminiscent of human organs.
#Nine cosmological medallions;
#Pharmaceutical drawings of over 100 different herbs;
#Pages of text, possibly recipes.

==History==
Its modern life began in 1912 when it was acquired by a Polish revolutionary turned Anglo-American antiquarian book dealer, Wilfrid Voynich (husband of Ethel Lilian Voynich, author of ''The Gadfly'', etc.), after whom it is now named. 

The managers of the [[Jesuit]] Villa Mondragone in Frascati sold the manuscript (and a number of others at the same time) to him to help raise [[money]] for repairs to the Villa. The Jesuits, in the best mystery novel tradition, appear to have inherited it from Athanasius Kircher S.J. several centuries earlier. Before Kircher, the cookie trail of clues leads back to the Imperial Court of Rudolf II in Prague before the crumbs finally run out, still 150 years or more after its vellum's radiocarbon date. Nearly everything else about its prior history remains largely speculative.{{fact}}

==Woo==
===Early woo===
In the 17th century, early owner Georg Baresch concluded that its author must have "acquired some Egyptian treasures of medicine" from a visit "to the oriental regions"{{fact}}; while in the 20th century, Wilfrid Voynich concluded that only {{wpl|Roger Bacon}} could have been its author, and similarly that John Dee must have carried it to Rudolf II's Court.{{fact}}
===Aliens===

Not surprisingly, given that it's filled with star charts, exotic unknown plants, and mathematical formulas no one can correlate with any math known today, the "[[Extraterrestrial|aliens]] among us" crowd loves this book,<ref>http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/esp_ciencia_manuscrito02.htm</ref> suggesting that it is clear evidence aliens not only have been here, but they've been here recently. The Internet Site ''[[Above Top Secret]]'' has "conclusive evidence" that no one could know how the universe worked in the 1400's. "Flip the pages" and "that spiral looks just like a galaxy arm"<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110213054919/http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread661599/pg1</ref> (or you know, the arm of any spiral). "Aliens, or a mad genius?" (Minus the "genius", perhaps?)

===Alchemy===

The "lower half of the internet" seems quite abuzz that this is an alchemical text from some super-secret brotherhood that coded its findings so no one would have record of them.<ref>See [https://web.archive.org/web/20110213054919/http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread661599/pg1 The Unwashed Masses comments thoughout the 4 pages] on [[Above Top Secret]]</ref> This is actually a decently rational idea of what the text might be, but not to the extent that it possesses any ''real'' alchemy secrets.

===Prophecy===

In 2011, a Finnish businessman named Veikko Latvala claimed to have read the manuscript, not by conventional cryptographic means, but by divine revelation.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/12/02/prophet-god-claims-solved-mystery-voynich-manuscript/</ref> He claimed it to be a book of prophecy to which he alone was given the key,<ref>http://skeptophilia.blogspot.com/2011/12/voynich-manuscript-redux.html</ref> which sounds much like [[Book of Mormon|another book we've heard of before]].

==Non-Woo Hypotheses==

*A team at the University of Alberta applied a computer-based system to the Voynich Manuscript's writing. The team's conclusion is that the language used in the Manuscript is most likely Hebrew, with the opening passage "She made recommendations to the priest, man of the house and me and people".<ref>https://www.ualberta.ca/science/science-news/2018/january/ai-used-to-decipher-ancient-manuscript</ref>

*Another hypothesis was put forward by Ahmet Ardıç, who has a hobbyist interest in languages. Working on the idea that the document is written using a dialect of Old Turkish, he and his son claim to have translated as much as 30% of the manuscript as of yet. Sadly, the most "in-depth" source so far is a YouTube video of his, though he has stated that a paper on his ideas was submitted to John Hopkins University.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6keMgLmFEk&t=0s</ref> This paper was rejected, on the basis that the claims dealt in pseudoscience. The team has yet to release their findings. 

*In 2010, Gordon Rugg of Keele University, in the UK, showed how 16th-century cryptographic processes could be used to produce asemic text (i.e., meaningless text that looks vaguely like a language) with similar structure to the Voynich Manuscript.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0161-110491892755</ref> While Rugg notes a variety of possible motives, from for-profit forgery to a hobby project,<ref>https://hydeandrugg.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/hoaxing-the-voynich-manuscript-part-1/</ref> a letter to New Scientist after it reported on his work in 2016 likened the manuscript to the 20th-century {{wpl|Codex Seraphinianus||,}} which is written in asemic text for artistic reasons.<ref>https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23230961-400-1-editors-pick-compare-mystery-and-a-known-fake/</ref> In the latter case, the manuscript is essentially the literary equivalent of a {{wpl|folly}} or {{wpl|artificial ruins||.}}

Third-party verification of these hypotheses is still pending, with the usual uncertainty implied.

==External links==

* A [http://awesta.sibirjak.ru/files/Voynich.pdf 54MB, PDF copy of the manuscript].
* [http://www.ciphermysteries.com/ Nick Pelling's research site]: contains much information, unlike this page.
* The [http://www.crystalinks.com/voynich.html Crystalinks article] lists possible theories as to authorship etc, which partially overlaps with the Wikipedia article.
* The most likely [http://xkcd.com/593/ explanation].

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

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