Gambler's fallacy

{{bronze}}{{logicnav}}
The '''gambler's fallacy''' (also the '''Monte Carlo fallacy''' or the '''fallacy of statistics''') is the [[logical fallacy]] that a [[random]] process becomes less random, and thus more predictable, as it is repeated. This is most commonly seen in [[gambling]], hence the name of the fallacy. For example, a person playing craps may feel that the dice are "due" for a certain number, based on their failure to win after multiple rolls. This is a false belief, as the odds of rolling a certain number are the same for each roll, independent of previous or future rolls.

The fallacy is a fallacy of [[false cause]] and an [[informal fallacy]].

==Form==
{{syl
|2=Random event '''X''' just happened.
|4=Random events "even out" by active self-correction.
|5=C|6=Random event '''X''' is more/less likely to happen.
}}

===Reverse===
The Reverse Gambler's Fallacy is a misunderstanding of the laws of [[probability]], most notably the law of large numbers, to imply that independent random variables can show trends that can be extrapolated to the future (or to the past).

For instance, given four successive results of "heads" for a series of fair coin tosses, instances of the fallacy make the gambler think that a result of "heads" is more probable for the next toss (the coin "favors" heads) or that a result of "tails" is more probable ("the odds need to even out"). Sometimes, the gambler may consider that he or she is on a 'winning streak', or is having good luck, that will continue.

You do not commit this fallacy if you predict the trend will continue ''because'' you suspect the underlying variables are not random and/or independent of one another. For example, if you suspect the coin toss is not a fair (i.e. unbiased) trial, you do not commit this fallacy if you predict the next toss will yield another head (though you may be making the [[Texas sharpshooter fallacy]] in suspecting bias in the first place).

===Inverse===
You commit the '''Inverse Gambler's Fallacy''' if you deduce, from an unlikely outcome of a random event (e.g. a dice roll), that many such events (dice rolls) probably occurred before.

For example, if you roll two dice and get double sixes, and then reason as follows:

#It is unlikely that double sixes would be thrown in a single roll.
#It is more likely that double sixes would be thrown in a long series of rolls.
#So someone has probably been throwing these dice before I came along.

The Inverse Gambler's Fallacy is frequently mentioned in discussions of [[Universe#Multiverse|multiple universes]] and the [[anthropic principle]]. For example, many people reason thus:

#It is unlikely that a single [[universe]] would happen to have [[physics]] capable of supporting [[life]].
#It is more likely that such a universe would exist if there are multiple universes.
#So, there are probably multiple universes.

Amongst [[philosopher]]s studying anthropic reasoning, it has been debated whether this particular argument is or is not a fallacy. Although structurally similar to the fallacious example at the top, some, such as {{wpl|Nick Bostrom||,}} note the following: In the latter case we wouldn't be here to observe the "dice roll" (i.e. the laws of physics) if it was anything other than "double sixes" (i.e. a "fine-tuned" universe). Thus, this argument is not the same.

Instead, they suggest the following analogy:
:Suppose you're told that a pair of dice will be rolled until a double six appears. You will then be allowed into the room to see the double six. You are summoned to the room and see the double six. Should you conclude that there were probably some previous rolls?

In this case, yes.

==Further examples==
The lack of predictability holds most clearly for coin-tossing &mdash; if one tosses 1,000 "heads" in a row, the odds of the next toss are still 50:50, even though people may think "tails" is more likely because of the lack of tails in the past.{{efn|However, the ''demonstrated history'' of a very long chain of identical results may very well call the randomness of the underlying process into question, by [[Bayesian inference]]. To challenge the presumed fairness of the coin, or the presumed inability of the flipper to determine the outcome, ''based on consistent historical evidence of improbable results'', is not fallacious.}} In one respect, this is because we're often unfamiliar with what a truly random sequence can look like. We expect a random sequence of heads and tails to look evenly distributed between the two options, such as HHTHTTHTTH, while the sequence HHHHHTTTTT looks less random. While the latter might have more order as there are more combinations that are evenly distributed than combinations where all the heads are clustered together, it is not any ''less likely'' a combination. We simply infer that this is not random because of the higher order, even though this is mathematically incorrect. By the fact that we perceive a sequence such as HHTHTTHTTH as more random than HHHHHTTTTT, we expect a more closely packed alternation between heads and tails. A string of one result is ''expected'' to switch to the other within three or four coin tosses, not continue on as a streak.

Looking at how the odds work, we can see why the expectation of a change is wrong and why the gambler's fallacy is fallacious. The odds for any particular combination of ten coin flips is as follows:

<math> 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 \times 1/2 = 1/1024 \,</math>

This is true for ''any'' potential combination. Therefore the combination HHHHHHHHH'''T''' is precisely the same as HHHHHHHHH'''H'''. Illustrated another way, we can look at the probability from the perspective ''after'' the first 9 flips. This is:

<math> 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1 \times 1/2 = 1/2 </math>

All the 50:50 probabilities have changed into 100% certainties. This is because probability represents uncertainty. After a fact, we no longer have any uncertainty &mdash; if we've flipped nine coins, they can be on the table ahead of us with a clear result, we're no longer unsure which ones will land heads and which ones will land tails because they've already done so. While flipping 9 heads in a row is a significantly unlikely event, as it's just one potential combination out of 512 it is no more special (except for the perceived ordering) than any other combination. After the event occurs, however, the probability of it occurring is 1.

Similarly, the odds of winning the lottery don't increase or even decrease every time you play &mdash; even though people may think that they haven't won a small prize for a while so one should be due. In this case, the root of the fallacy is revealed; people believe random events become "overdue" if their occurrences lie outside the given odds. The odds of an asteroid impact causing an [[extinction level event]] might be worded as "one every 65 million years" but this doesn't magically increase the certainty once 65 million years have passed.

The name "gambler's fallacy" comes from the fact that this can often lead to people wasting [[money]] on gambling just because they think they're on a losing streak that they ''must'' break sooner or later. Slot machines suffer the same fate, with people insisting that some machines are "hot" and "due" for a big payout because that's how they're programmed. This simply isn't true, as probabilities can be read from manufacturing specifications and legal documents showing no such programming.<ref>[http://vegasclick.com/games/slots/ Michael Bluejay &mdash; All about Slot Machines]</ref> This isn't helped by the [[selective reporting]] of people who do go on such losing streaks only to turn it around later, while the ones who continued their streaks stayed silent &mdash; or turned their [[luck]] around later anyway.

==Contrary examples==
The Gambler's Fallacy doesn't always apply as a fallacy &mdash; there are plenty of incidents where past actions do affect the next move. In card games, from poker to blackjack, cards already played are sometimes not available for the next hand, or draw &mdash; so odds have obviously been changed. Hence a "card counter" is a player who assigns a value to each played card to keep track of probability changes as cards are dealt and used, taking advantage of [[statistical]] opportunities when they appear. However, this is not a true exception to the rule as the odds ''really are'' different each time around due to the act of cards being used up &mdash; if you draw an ace from a complete deck of cards, a 4 in 52 (7.6%) chance, then the odds of drawing an ace ''again'' are changed to 3 in 51 (5.8%), as there are fewer cards available. These are examples of <i>dependent</i> events; the gambler's fallacy is properly understood as only applying to <i>independent</i> ones.

This is also the case with [[black swan]] type events. As these high impact, and often unfavourable, events are unpredictable it's not easy to know what one will strike, or when, or how they will be initiated. However, once it has struck then the problem and cause may be identified (in fact this application of hindsight is part of the definition of "black swan") and solved. The odds of ''that specific event'' ever happening again are reduced significantly. For example, while the [[9/11]] terrorist attacks happened precisely because no one (other than the perpetrators) thought they were possible, the reactionary moves to lock and secure cockpit doors as well as tighten airport security to [[security theater|comical levels]] means that an identical attack is far less likely, if not impossible. Of course, the odds of those incidents that are still genuinely outside the realm of our [[common sense]] experience haven't been affected.

To muddy the waters further, some [[Video game]]s (and other digital products) use a pseudo-random generator that works like the gambler's fallacy.<ref name=playdota>[http://www.playdota.com/forums/showthread.php?t=7993 Pseudo Random Distribution]</ref> In these instances, a random event is in fact due after enough failures to achieve it.

Finally, while black swan events do still apply, actual casinos deal in high enough volume relative to individual gamblers (and with a high enough take) that a casino manager can realistically expect that the house will always (eventually) win.

==See also==
*[[Clustering illusion]]
*[[Improbable things happen]]
*[[Pareidolia]]
*[[Post hoc, ergo propter hoc]]
*[[Risk]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Gambler's fallacy}}
*{{wpa|Inverse gambler's fallacy}}
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20060711170902/http://www.cuyamaca.net/bruce.thompson/Fallacies/gamblers.asp Gambler's fallacy], Bruce Thompson
*[http://www.fallacyfiles.org/gamblers.html The Gambler's Fallacy], [[Fallacy Files]]
*[http://vegasclick.com/gambling/fallacy.html Exposing the Gambler's Fallacy], VegasClick
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Gambler's Gambler's], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
*[http://skepdic.com/gamblers.html gambler's fallacy], [[Skeptic's Dictionary]]
*[https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/the-gamblers-fallacy Your logical fallacy is the gambler's fallacy], [[YLFI]]

==Notes==
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==References==
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{{Cognitive biases}}{{logfal}}

[[Category:Causation fallacies]]
[[Category:Informal fallacies]]
[[Category:Statistics]]

Categories: Causation fallacies, Informal fallacies, Statistics