Nobel Prize

[[File:President Barack Obama with the Nobel Prize medal and diploma.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Barack Obama with his Nobel Prize medal and diploma]]
{{sciencenav}}
{{cquote|I feel I've done very well out of not getting a Nobel prize. If you get a Nobel prize you have this fantastic week and then nobody gives you anything else. If you don't get a Nobel prize you get everything that moves. Almost every year there's been some sort of party because I've got another award. That's much more fun.|||Jocelyn Bell Burnell, who discovered [[pulsar]]s [[Sexism|but whose supervisor won the Nobel]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/06/jocelyn-bell-burnell-british-astrophysicist-overlooked-by-nobels-3m-award-pulsars British astrophysicist overlooked by Nobels wins $3m award for pulsar work] by Ian Sample (6 Sep 2018 00.01 EDT; Last modified on Thu 6 Sep 2018 05.01 EDT) ''The Guardian''.</ref>}}

A '''Nobel Prize''' is a really cool thing you get for being a [[scientist]], a humanitarian, or someone else who adds significantly to the lives and knowledge of [[humanity]] — unless you're a [[mathematician]], [[geology|geologist]], or [[computer]] scientist.<ref group=note>Mathematicians get the Fields Medal instead as long as they're under 40. Geologists get the Vetlesen Prize, while computer scientists get the [[Alan Turing|Turing]] Award.</ref>

The prize was founded by the inventor of dynamite, '''Alfred Nobel''' {{lived|1833|1896}}.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/od/dstartinventions/a/Alfred_Nobel.htm Alfred Nobel and the History of Dynamite]</ref> After reading an obituary of himself, prematurely published by a [[French]] newspaper in 1884 and terming him a "merchant of death", he had a mild attack of conscience and sought to make amends. No, not by giving up the dynamite business, but instead using his wealth earned from manufacturing dynamite to endow the creation of the prizes upon his death in 1896.<ref>[http://archive.today/DUrKI#selection-715.63-718.0 Nobel Prizes, 107 Years Old], Progressive Policy Institute</ref>

There are prizes for chemistry, physics, medicine, economics, and the controversial Peace Prize.

Notably, no [[young earth creationist]] [[Pseudoscience|"scientist"]] has ever managed to get any of these. However, hated liberals [[Al Gore]] (the only person ever to win an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]], <small>[[2000 U.S. presidential election|a Presidential election]]</small>, and a Nobel Peace Prize) and [[Jimmy Carter]] have.

People tainted by the foul aroma of nefarious deeds have also received Nobel Prizes: [[Henry Kissinger]] (a long list of [[war crimes]], overthrowing of democratically elected governments, and complicity in various [[genocide]]s and other [[crimes against humanity]]), [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] (Rohingya [[genocide]]), [[Mother Teresa]] (various), {{wpl|Yasser Arafat}} ([[terrorism]]), and Peter Handke (genocide [[denialism]]) also got them. The Nobel Peace Prize can be viewed as something of an insult, no matter who you are.

In 2009, [[United States]] President [[Barack Obama]] was randomly selected from among just under seven billion people to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, which was being awarded that year to anyone who was ''not'' [[George W. Bush]].

==Current Prizes==
The 5 prizes were established by Alfred Nobel in 1895 and first awarded in 1901. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was created only in 1968, with the first prize in 1969; it was an idea originally conceived by Sweden's central bank (Sveriges Riksbank) to promote its tricentenary.<ref name=local/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130305075529/http://www.riksbank.se/en/The-Riksbank/Economics-prize/ The Riksbank’s Prize in Economic Sciences] ''Sveriges Riksbank'' (archived from March 5, 2013).</ref>
*Nobel Prize in [[Chemistry]] — Awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
*Nobel Prize in [[Physics]] — Awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
*Nobel Prize in [[Physiology]] or [[Medicine]] — Awarded by the Karolinska Institutet (the top-ranking medical university in Sweden)
*Nobel Prize in [[Literature]] — Awarded by the Swedish Academy (but not "of Sciences")
*Nobel Peace Prize — Awarded by a committee elected by the ''[[Norway|Norwegian]]'' Parliament.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/ The Nobel Organizations], Nobelprize.org</ref> The last point is often missed. 
*Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences — The Nobel Prize in Economics was established only in 1969, almost 70 years after the others, by Sweden's central bank. Nonetheless, the laureates are selected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (the same institution that selects the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry<ref>https://www.nobelprize.org/the-nobel-prize-organisation/prize-awarding-institutions/ The Nobel Prize awarding institutions]</ref>) according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901,<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize In Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel]</ref> and the  Nobel Foundation recognizes it as a Nobel Prize.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/about/ Who we are and what we do]</ref>

Presumably the Norwegians got saddled with the Peace Prize task because, at the time Nobel came up with it, Norway was not a sovereign state and the Norwegian parliament was less likely to be entangled in foreign policy affairs that could influence the vote than the Swedish would have been. This is of course not the case anymore today, and cries about "political" votes are almost as common as Nobel prizes themselves.
Since 2012,<ref>[http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/for-nobel-winners-a-smaller-cash-prize/ For Nobel Winners, a Smaller Cash Prize], ''The New York Times''</ref> each prize is worth +7,500,000 Swedish kronor (1,100,000 [[USD]]).

Sometimes cited as a reason for the lack of a Prize in mathematics is a story about Nobel's wife having an affair with a mathematician, but it's [[Urban legend|just a story]]. Nobel never married and didn't even have a wife.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/science/nobel.asp No Nobel Prize for Math], ''Snopes'', March 2 2001</ref>

==The dismal science prize==
Besides having been created by the Swedish National Bank as a birthday party favor,<ref name=local/> the economics prize comes with substantial criticism.
Unlike the other prizes in science (chemistry, physics, physiology), economics is not considered a "[[hard science]]", but is included among the [[social science]]s, and consequently the field of economics is more subject to observer [[bias]].
*[[Human rights]] lawyer {{wpl|Peter Nobel||,}} a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel, criticized the creation of the prize. He stated that the prize was "a [[PR]] coup by economists to improve their reputation" and that Alfred despised people who valued profits over societal well-being.<ref name=local>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014012248/http://www.thelocal.se/2173/20050928/ Nobel descendant slams Economics prize] (28<sup>th</sup> September 2005 12:24 CET) ''The Local'' (archived from October 14, 2007).</ref>
*[[Friedrich Hayek]] criticized the prize even as he was awarded it in 1974, stating during his awards speech, "It is that the Nobel Prize [[Argument from authority|confers on an individual an authority]] which in economics no man ought to possess. This does not matter in the natural sciences. Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But the influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally."<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/hayek/speech/ Friedrich von Hayek: Banquet speech] ''The Nobel Prize''.</ref> Hayek accepted the prize anyway because: [[Money|Moolah]]!
*Several of the prize recipients have been criticized for various reasons:
**Hayek: several of the awards committee members belongs to the same society that Hayek had founded, the {{wpl|Mont Pelerin Society||,}}<ref>''The Nobel Factor: The Prize in Economics, Social Democracy, and the Market Turn'' by Avner Offer & Gabriel Söderberg (2016) Princeton University Press. ISBN 069116603X.</ref>{{rp|104–105}} Both former Swedish Minister for Finance {{wpl|Kjell Olof Feldt}} and former Swedish Minister of Commerce and Industry (and Nobel co-recipient with Hayek) {{wpl|Gunnar Myrdal}} wanted the award abolished because of Hayek's prize, whom they considered a [[reactionary]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090630015308/http://www.samuelbrittan.co.uk/text172_p.html The not so noble Nobel Prize] by Samuel Brittan (19/12/03) ''The Financial Times'' (archived from June 30, 2009).</ref>
**[[Milton Friedman]] received the award in 1976. Friedman had been rightfully accused of supporting [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s military [[dictatorship]] in [[Chile]] after he spent a 6-day consulting trip to Chile in 1975. Four previous Nobel winners wrote to ''[[The New York Times]]'' protesting the award.<ref>"Letters to the Editor: The Laureate" (24 October 1976) ''The New York Times''.</ref>{{rp|166}}
**{{wpl|Robert Aumann||,}} who was awarded the prize in 2005, was criticized for using [[game theory]] to argue against dismantling [[Israeli]] settlements in occupied [[Palestine]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101215202811/http://www.ejpress.org/article/4556 Anti-Israel protests against Nobel prize award] (11/Dec/2005 16:43) ''European Jewish Press'' (archived from December 15, 2010).</ref> Not surprisingly, Aumann is a [[Jewish]] Israeli citizen: [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] or [[confirmation bias]]?
**{{wpl|William Nordhaus}} won the 2018 for his economic models of [[climate change]]. Based on criticism of his methodology using smoothing (thus ignoring catastrophic events connected with climate change such as icecap melting) and other methodological issues, he has been accused of grossly underestimated the economic costs of climate change.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344034609_The_appallingly_bad_neoclassical_economics_of_climate_change The Appallingly Bad Neoclassical Economics of Climate Change] by Steve Keen (2020) ''Globalizations'' 18(1):1-29. doi:10.1080/14747731.2020.1807856.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2025/jun/24/tipping-points-climate-crisis-expert-doomerism-wealth ‘This is a fight for life’: climate expert on tipping points, doomerism and using wealth as a shield: Economic assumptions about risks of the climate crisis are no longer relevant, says the communications expert Genevieve Guenther] by Jonathan Watts (24 Jun 2025 07.00 EDT) ''The Guardian''.</ref><ref>''The Language of Climate Politics: Fossil-Fuel Propaganda and How to Fight It '' by Genevieve Guenther (2024)‎ Oxford University Press. {{isbn|0197642233}}.</ref> Apparently, unlike with the physical science prizes, [[scientific consensus]] is not necessary for the economics prize.
**Three winners have been [[libertarians]]: Hayek, Friedman, and James M. Buchanan (1986), all of whom had close ties to the [[Cato Institute]],<ref>[https://www.cato.org/people/nobel Nobel Laureates at Cato] ''Cato Institute''.</ref> an institute that promotes ideas that would have been contrary to Alfred Nobel's intent (as per Peter Nobel),<ref name=local/> i.e., promoting profits over societal well-being (specifically, Cato opposes the [[welfare state]], [[universal healthcare]], [[public schools]], [[Environmental Protection Agency|environmental regulation]])
*In 1994, following the awarding of the prize for work in game theory ({{wpl|John Forbes Nash Jr.|John Nash|),}} the scope of the economics prize was expanded to include all of the social sciences, which just increases the problematical nature of the prize since both economics<ref name="chang">Chang, Andrew C., and Phillip Li (2015). “Is Economics Research Replicable? Sixty Published Papers from Thirteen Journals Say ”Usually Not”,” ''Finance and Economics Discussion Series'' 2015-083. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2015.083.</ref> and [[Psychology#Psychology in crisis|psychology]]{{efn|Daniel Kahneman in 2002 for integrating psychology into economics}} have a reproducibility problem.

==Sexism==
{{main|Sexism}}
There has been an issue with sexism in determining who gets a Nobel Prize, regardless of actual merit. For instance, Jocelyn Bell, the discoverer of the [[pulsar]], didn't win the Nobel Prize, but her supervisor did. Bell herself has viewed sexism as playing a part in why she didn't receive the Prize:

{{quotebox|The fact that I was a graduate student and a woman, together, demoted my standing in terms of receiving a Nobel prize.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/27/opinion/pulsars-jocelyn-bell-burnell-astronomy.html She Changed Astronomy Forever. He won the Nobel Prize for it] by Ben Proudfoot (July 27, 2021) ''The New York Times''.</ref>}}

While Bell was "only" a graduate student at the time she discovered a pulsar, other people have won the Prize for discovering things, such as {{wpl|Koichi Tanaka||,}} who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2002 while only possessing a bachelor's degree.<ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1104/p06s01-woap.html Japan's newest star: a chemist] by Jonathan Watts|first=Jonathan (November 4, 2002) ''The Christian Science'' Monitor''.</ref>

{{wpl|Lise Meitner||,}} one of the discoverers of {{wpl|nuclear fission||,}} was also denied the Prize despite playing a pivotal role in one of the most important discoveries in 20th-century physics. Instead the Prize went to her research partner {{wpl|Otto Hahn||.}}<ref> {{cite web | last=Miller | first=Katrina | title=Lise Meitner, the 'Atomic Pioneer' Who Never Won a Nobel Prize | website=The New York Times | date=2023-10-02 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/science/lise-meitner-fission-nobel.html | access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref>

The overlooking of women's contributions to science, medicine and invention has long existed, and is known as the {{wpl|Matilda effect||,}} named after [[Women's suffrage|suffragist]] and [[abolitionist]] {{wpl|Matilda Joslyn Gage||,}} who first described it in 1870.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/gage-woman-as-inventor/page/2/mode/2up ''Woman as Inventor''] by M. E. Joslyn Gage (1870) ''Woman Suffrage Association''.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/285482 The Matthew Matilda Effect in Science] by Margaret W. Rossiter (1993) ''Social Studies of Science'' 23(2):325-341.</ref>

==Ignoble winners==
No, it's not the [[Ig Nobel Prize]], but people have done bad things with their prizes.

Stylistically influential [[Norwegian]] writer {{wpl|Knut Hamsun}} won the prize for literature in 1920. Hamsun openly supported [[Nazi Germany]]. His 1917 book, ''Markens Grøde'' (''Growth of the Soil'') was admired so much by Nazis (echoing the Nazi slogan "''Blut und Boden''") that the book was distributed to Nazi soldiers fighting in Norway. [[Propaganda]] minister [[Joseph Goebbels]] invited him to stay in Berlin in 1943, and Hamsun gifted him his Nobel prize.<ref>[https://thecritic.co.uk/novelist-nobel-laureate-and-nazi/ Novelist, Nobel laureate and Nazi: Which of these three facts is the most important?] by Richard Holledge (11 March, 2025) ''The Critic''.</ref> 

[[Venezuela]]n opposition leader {{wpl|María Corina Machado}} won the 2025 Peace Prize for attempting to claim her rightful 2024 election victory over [[authoritarian]] [[Nicolás Maduro]]. In exile, Machado attempted to appease the jealous authoritarian warmonger Trump, perhaps thinking he would help install her as president of Venezuela. In exchange for the prize, Machado received nothing but empty words.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/15/maria-corina-machado-says-she-presented-trump-with-her-nobel-peace-prize-medal María Corina Machado presents Trump with her Nobel peace prize medal] by Tom Phillips & Hugo Lowell (15 Jan 2026 22.30 EST) ''The Guardian''.</ref> Three days later, Trump wrote a letter to Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre, threatening invasion of [[Greenland]] because he had not won the prize outright.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/19/donald-trump-greenland-threats-nobel-prize-snub-letter Donald Trump links Greenland threats to Nobel snub as EU trade war looms. US president tells Norwegian PM he no longer feels obliged to think ‘purely of peace’ as relations with Europe plunge into chaos] by Jon Henley and Patrick Wintour (19 Jan 2026 13.05 EST) ''The Guardian''.</ref>

==The Peace Prize==
===Peace Prize Nominations and the fringe===
[[File:P202512005DT-0618 President Donald Trump participates in the FIFA World Cup drawing.jpg|thumb|right|165px|The prize of the disembodied forearms rising from the grave<ref>[https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RaisedHandOfSurvival Raised Hand of Survival] ''TV Tropes''.</ref><ref>[https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LastGraspAtLife Last Grasp at Life] ''TV Tropes''.</ref>]]
Unlike something such as the Oscars, a nomination for Nobel Peace Prize is essentially meaningless&nbsp;— only winning it counts. This is because the the list of people who can nominate candidates is enormous,<ref>[https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/nobel-peace-prize/nomination/criteria-for-nominators Criteria for nominators] ''The Nobel Peace Prize''.</ref> including any current member of any national assembly, just about any university professor, and many others.

The fact that the nomination process is free and easy has led to some rather strange nominations for the Peace Prize. These include [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-tookienobel4dec04,1,1344488.story Who Doesn't Have a Nobel Prize Nomination?], ''LA Times''</ref> [[Hugo Chávez]], and [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>[https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-worlds-worst-nobel-peace-prize-nominees The World’s Worst Nobel Peace Prize Nominees: From Rush Limbaugh to Josef Stalin, we round up a rogue's gallery of the worst Nobel Peace Prize nominees.] (10.10.13 5:45 AM ET) ''The Daily Beast''.</ref> <small>Oh, and [[Donald Trump]],</small> whose [[MAGA]] sycophants are very hangry for him to get the prize.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/oct/11/donald-trump-nobel-peace-prize Pity poor Trump, whose Nobel hopes were dashed by common sense. Maga supporters are upset the president didn’t receive the peace prize. One thing’s for sure: it’s all about him] by Dave Schilling (11 Oct 2025 07.00 EDT) ''The Guardian''.</ref> In 2025, Trump was so desperate to get a peace prize that he coerced the president of {{wpl|FIFA||,}} Gianni Infantino, to create a "peace prize", against FIFA rules, and award it to Trump. Uncoincidentally, FIFA is scheduled to have its 2026 football World Cup in the United States.<ref>[www.theguardian.com/football/2025/dec/09/gianni-infantino-donald-trump-fifa-peace-prize Gianni Infantino accused of breaking Fifa rules with Trump’s peace prize] (9 Dec 2025 12.42 EST) ''The Guardian''.</ref> Fittingly, the prize itself is rather hideous with disembodied forearms reaching up from the base.

The secretive nature of the {{wpl|Nobel Peace Prize#Nomination and selection|Prize's nomination and selection process}} has also opened up for [[Kevin Annett|willing cranks]]<ref>[https://americannationalmilitia.com/reverend-kevin-annett-is-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize/ Reverend Kevin Annett is nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize] (May 8, 2013) ''American National Militia'' (archived from May 10, 2020).</ref> to fraudulently claim that they've been nominated, when clearly, they have not been.

===Politicization of the Peace Prize===
Some deserving nominees never received the Prize, such as [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (for the Peace Prize) and Jorge Luis Borges (for literature). In Gandhi's case, the Nobel Committee's decision to ''not'' award a prize in 1948, as "there was no suitable living candidate," was, in effect, an award for Gandhi, as the prize is generally not given posthumously.<ref name=gandhi>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate/ Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate] ''Nobelprize.org''.</ref> It was a rather lame excuse since Gandhi had been previously nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, and 1947.<ref name=gandhi/> Just to rub in the [[hypocrisy]] of the Nobel committee, they had already a awarded a prize in literature to Sweden's Erik Karlfeldt in 1931, and would later award a posthumous Peace Prize to [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] in 1996.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/03/nobel-prize-awarded-dead-scientist Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist: Winner of the Nobel prize for medicine had passed away but rules state that award cannot be given posthumously] by Ian Sample (3 Oct 2011 14.24 EDT) ''The Guardian''.</ref>

It has been alleged that the Peace Prize has been highly-politicized, particularly by the [[Catholic Church]] which has a keen interest in it.<ref name=chatterjee>''Mother Teresa: The Untold Story'' by Aroup Chatterjee (2016) Fingerprint!/Prakash Books India. ISBN 9788175993310.</ref>{{rp|361-373}} The committee has shown bias in favor of [[evangelical Christians]] by awarding peace prizes to people whom few others had even heard of, or to people who did nothing to deserve it (self-promoting monk {{wpl|Dominique Pire}} in 1958 and Archbishop of Uppsala {{wpl|Nathan Söderblom}} in 1930).<ref name=chatterjee/>{{rp|367}} The committee also has a history of appeasing the [[United States]] with what have been considered inappropriate awards ([[Theodore Roosevelt]], George Marshall, [[Henry Kissinger]]).<ref name=chatterjee/>{{rp|364-366}}<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/nobel-peace-prize-henry-kissinger-vietnam Nobel panel knew Kissinger Vietnam deal unlikely to bring peace, files show: Accords negotiated by Kissinger and Le Duc Tho in 1973 sealed US exit from war but were soon flouted by North and South Vietnam] (11 Jan 2023 12.28 EST) ''Reuters'' via ''The Guardian''.</ref> The Peace Prize committee single-handedly killed [[satire]] with the award to Kissinger, according to [[Tom Lehrer]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/jul/31/artsfeatures1 'When Kissinger won the Nobel peace prize, satire died'] by Todd S Purdom (30 Jul 2000 20.26 EDT) ''The Guardian''.</ref> The subsequent protests against Kissinger's award resulted in what might have been the first appearance of the phrase "[[Ig Nobel Prize|Ignobel Prize]]" in 1973.<ref name=chatterjee/>{{rp|366}}

===Aspirational failures===
Some of the retrospectively worst winners of the Peace Prize have been aspirational prizes, where the committee hopes that the winner will bring about peace, rather than it being a lifetime achievement award where it's clear that the winner deserved it. Three of the most noteworthy aspirational failures were:<ref>[https://contrarian.substack.com/p/when-a-nobel-peace-laureate-backs When a Nobel Peace laureate backs the bombs: Venezuela’s María Corina Machado gives Trump’s militarized campaign a moral gloss it doesn’t deserve.] by Brian O’Neill (Nov 05, 2025) ''The Contrarian''.</ref><ref name=krebs>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233644316_The_False_Promise_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize The False Promise of the Nobel Peace Prize] by Ronald R. Krebs (2009) ''Political Science Quarterly'' 124(4):593-625. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00660.x</ref>
*[[Myanmar]]'s Prime Minister [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] (1991) — was silent on persecution of Muslims in Myanmar and the genocide of the Rohingya by the military government. Perhaps Aung had little choice in staying silent, but the awarding of the prize likely accelerated oppression by the junta.<ref name=krebs/>{{rp|613-617}}
*[[Ethiopia]]'s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed (2019), who engaged in a two-year war with Tigray starting in 2020, resulting in a humanitarian crisis
*[[Venezuela]]'s opposition leader, María Corina Machado (2025), who days after the announcement called on the Trump administration to attack her own country

Awards the [[Tibetan]] [[Dalai Lama]] (1989) and to exiled lawyer and judge Shirin Ebadi of [[Iran]] (2003) Abadi's award likely caused increased state repression and did not lead to any meaningful peaceful change.<ref name=krebs/>{{rp|610-613,618-621}}

==See also==
*[[Ig Nobel Prize]]
*[[Nobel disease]]
*[[Templeton Foundation]]

==External links==
* ''Time'' magazine's [http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2096389_2096388_2096378,00.html top 10 list of Nobel Prize controversies] 

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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