trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Sola fide

{{title-italics}}{{christianity}}'''''Sola fide''''' ([[Latin]] for "by faith alone"<ref group=note>Latin ablative case. The nominative case, ''sola fides'', is properly pronounced /'sola 'fides/</ref>) expresses the [[dogma|doctrine]] — taught in most branches of [[Protestant]] [[Christianity]] — that states that one earns [[salvation]] solely by acceptance of [[Jesus]]' execution by the Roman authorities as a sacrifice for the [[sin]] of humanity, and that one's works of good will or [[charity]] have no bearing on one's right to a place in [[Heaven]]. This doctrine stems from [[Martin Luther]]'s interpretation of the words of [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] on salvation, which claims that good works are not sufficient to achieve salvation in the eyes of [[YHWH]].<ref group=note>{{bible|Romans|9|30|33}} being one example of Paul's teaching.</ref> ''Sola fide'' has been encapsulated as a single [[Bible]] verse, [[John 3:16]], basically implying that all the other parts of the Bible don't matter.

''Fide'' does not actually mean "by faith", anyway. Latin does not have a word for the English concept of "faith"; it is at best only a bad approximation. ''Fide'' is better translated as "by duty", "by loyalty", or "by fidelity", rather than as "by faith". Remember, Romans would have considered "faith" (as we understand the word to mean today) as [[superstition]].  

Not all Christian denominations accept the doctrine of ''sola fide''. The [[Roman Catholic Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the Oriental Orthodox Church, which are the oldest major Christian traditions, have rejected ''sola fide'', treating heaven as a [[meritocracy]] of the faithful. The Catholic Church anathematized those who believe in faith alone at the 16th Century Council of Trent soon after the rise of Luther, while all historic churches consider the notion a [[heresy]] as well. Catholics consider faith without reason nothing more than superstition.<ref group=note>See also: [http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_14091998_fides-et-ratio.html Pope John Paul II, ''Fides et Ratio''] "Deprived of reason, faith has stressed feeling and experience, and so run the risk of no longer being a universal proposition. It is an illusion to think that faith, tied to weak reasoning, might be more penetrating; on the contrary, faith then runs the grave risk of withering into myth or superstition."]</ref>

Interestingly enough, {{bible|James|2|24}} seems to fly in the face of this doctrine, as it specifically says man is justified by works and not by faith alone. [[Martin Luther]] wasn't fond of the [[Epistle_of_James|book of James]], referring to James as an "epistle of straw" (a reference to burning heretics at the stake), By some accounts, Luther even wanted that book removed from the Bible.  

==See also==
*[[Fideism]]
*[[Indulgence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{stub|religion}}
[[Category:Latin phrases]]
[[Category:Religious terms]]

Categories: Latin phrases, Religious terms
Solferino fallacy

{{war}}The '''Solferino fallacy''' is the assumption that [[war]] is something that just naturally happens, and laws are enacted from the outside to try to regulate it.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25660075 Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum], Frédéric Mégret, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 100 (MARCH 29-APRIL 1, 2006), pp. 121-123, via JSTOR</ref> It is a misunderstanding of what international humanitarian law, like the Geneva Conventions, is and how it operates. The fallacy lies in the proposition that war is natural. While ''conflict'' may be natural, "war" is a specific type of conflict which is actively defined, delineated, and legitimized by implicit social understandings and explicit legal regulations. In other words, war is a [[social construct]], even if military conflict, in general, is not.

A particularly common example of the Solferino fallacy is the "war is hell" argument, which states that since "war is hell", any effort to regulate it should be abandoned. In this argument, you assume your conclusion at the very beginning: since your understanding of war is that it's hell, then of course by your understanding of it, regulations are pointless. An objector can justifiably respond that this might be what you think war is, but what the mainstream understanding of statesmen construes as war (in jargon, what "international actors" perceive it as) is something with specific limits that does not need to be &mdash; indeed, shouldn't be &mdash; hell. They can, therefore, be held accountable to these standards, since it is not a natural force they are attempting to control, but something which they themselves define and initiate.

It ''is'' possible to build analytically justifiable arguments about why international humanitarian law is ultimately meaningless: the Solferino fallacy only characterizes specific, but common, arguments that don't hold water.

The term "Solferino fallacy" originates, indirectly, in the 1859 {{wpl|Battle of Solferino||,}} a key turning-point in the development of humanitarian law. More specifically it refers to the 1861 ''{{wpl|Geneva Conventions#History|Memoirs of Solferino|,}}'' a work about the battle which sparked an international movement that culminated with the First Geneva Convention. The ''Memoirs of Solferino'' were designed to expose the brutality of war and thus call for laws to be instituted to regulate it. By framing the subsequent debate in these terms, the ''Memoirs'' committed the first explicit instance of the Solferino fallacy. 

Formally, the Solferino fallacy is an incorrect understanding of war and to some extent an example of the generalized [[naturalistic fallacy]]. It is usually incorporated in a type of [[presupposition]], and is also similar to a [[spotlight fallacy]] in that it assumes that characteristics that pertain to particular types of military conflict apply to all kinds of military conflict (and hence to war). 

==See also==
* [[War crimes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fallacious arguments]]
[[Category:War crimes]]

Categories: Fallacious arguments, War crimes
Song of Solomon

[[File:Llyfr Caniad Solomon - Caerwynt 2.jpg|thumb|165px|right|It was probably much more explicit than this.]]
{{Sources needed}}
{{Biblenav}}
The '''Song of Solomon''', also known as the '''Song of Songs''', is supposed to be the [[sex]]iest book of the [[Bible]].<ref group=note>There are probably limitations on how sexy a man can be when [[masturbation|he's solo]].</ref>

''{[http://youtu.be/ypyiAT1RelU cue Barry White]}''

Also known by its alternative title, "Scriptural Sexytime Hawtness," the Song of Solomon follows the relationship of a man and a woman from courtship to (ahem) [[sexual intercourse|knowledge in the Biblical sense]]. The book is often [[PIDOOMA|interpreted]] as allegorical,<ref group=note>That is, ''not [[Biblical literalism|literal]]''</ref> representing the relationship between [[God]] and the [[Judaism|Israel]]ites and/or [[Christ]] and the [[church]]. This serves the purpose of squaring the presence of an [[porn|erotic poem]] in the Biblical canon with the disdain for [[marriage]] and sex exhibited by several [[New Testament]] figures, and with the form of [[Plato]]nic [[dualism]] ([[mind]] good, [[matter]] bad) that had found its way into [[Christian]] doctrine. However, a more straightforward reading of the text leaves little doubt as to what's gettin' on.

Although the more boorish [[Exhibitionism and voyeurism|voyeurs]] will be disappointed in the book, it contains several beautifully poetic pick-up lines. Be warned, [[rational]] ladies!

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Song of Solomon]]

==External links==
*[http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/sofs/sex_list.html Best of Song of Songs]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:Blasphemy (probably)]]
[[Category:Old Testament Wisdom]]
[[Category:Old Testament]]
[[category:Porn]]

Categories: Blasphemy (probably), Old Testament Wisdom, Old Testament, Porn
Sonia Sotomayor

[[File:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg|thumb|165px|Mrs Sotomayor goes to work.]]
'''Sonia Sotomayor''' is an associate justice of the United States [[Supreme Court]]. In 2009, Mrs. Sotomayor was nominated by [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] to fill the vacancy left by Justice David Souter's departure from the Court. Following her confirmation, Mrs. Sotomayor was elevated from the [[United States]] Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, where she had joined in the controversial "[[reverse discrimination]]" case of ''Ricci v. DeStefano''.<ref name='counter'>[http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16607796868444447139&q=Ricci+v.+DeStefano&hl=en&as_sdt=20000000002 530 F. 3d 88 (2d Cir. 2008)], ''rev'd,'' [http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8509283780298736470&q=Ricci+v.+DeStefano&hl=en&as_sdt=20000000002 129 S.Ct. 2658 (2009)].</ref> This opinion almost caused many [[conservative|conservatives']] brains to explode and [[Rush Limbaugh]] and [[Newt Gingrich]] called her a racist.

On the more unambiguously wacky side, her senior thesis in college contained some ranting about how she'd supported Puerto Rican independence; to describe this position as fringe is charitable.<ref>http://ninthjustice.nationaljournal.com/2009/06/grading-sotomayors-senior-thes.php</ref>

Justice Sotomayor is the 3rd woman, and the 1st unambiguous Hispanic ({{wpl|Benjamin Cardozo}}, ethnically a [[Spain|Spanish]]/[[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Jew]] and appointed in 1932, comes first, but labeling him as Hispanic is not universally agreed on) to sit on the Supreme Court. At the time of her confirmation, she had more legal experience than anyone else on the Court.

{{clear}}
==See also==
*[[Rove's Law]]
==References==
{{reflist|1|80%}}

{{stub|law}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sotomayor, Sonia}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: United States Supreme Court Justices, Living people
Sonnenkrieg Division

{{Alt-right}}
'''Sonnenkrieg Division''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] organisation founded some time in 2018. The origins of Sonnenkrieg (German for "sun war") lie with the collapse of the alliance between [[System Resistance Network]] (a post-ban splinter of [[National Action]]) and the American group, [[Atomwaffen Division]]. Sonnenkrieg formed from SRN members that still supported the alliance.<ref>[https://twitter.com/jake_hanrahan/status/968663581700100097?lang=en Twitter: Looks like System Resistance Network, the new iteration of the banned UK neo-Nazi group National Action, has severed ties with Atomwaffen having previously been casting themselves as their UK wing. It’s due to the satanic direct Atomwaffen went in].</ref>

==Operations==
Based on information available to the press, Sonnenkrieg is led by Andrew Dymock, an alleged former member of National Action, with propaganda pictures made by alleged former SRN member Oskar Koczorowski. In December 2018, the [[BBC]] went public about a months-long investigation which infiltrated a far-right Discord server, in which members posted artwork calling for the assassination of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and the murder of police.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46460442 '''BBC''' - British Neo-Nazis suggest Prince Harry should be shot]</ref> The police were contacted, and three arrests were made on 6 December.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46465903 '''BBC'''  - Police investigating right-wing activity arrest three men on terror charges]</ref>

It was proscribed by the British government in February 2020, with the Home Office calling it a "right-wing terrorist group".<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/order-to-proscribe-far-right-terrorist-group-comes-into-force Order to proscribe far-right terrorist group comes into force], UK government press release, 28 February 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56803647 US neo-Nazi group should be banned in UK, home secretary says], BBC News, 19 April 2021</ref> The Australian government introduced a similar ban in March 2021; home office minister Peter Dutton explained: "They have a presence that we’re particularly worried about in the UK, but their reach goes into the minds of young people and Australians here".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/mar/02/australia-plans-to-add-far-right-group-sonnenkrieg-division-to-list-of-terrorist-organisations Australia plans to add far-right group Sonnenkrieg Division to list of terrorist organisations], The Guardian, 2 Mar 2021</ref><ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/australia-bans-far-right-extremist-sonnenkrieg-division/a-56947377 Australia bans far-right extremist Sonnenkrieg Division], Deutsche Welle, 22 Mar 2021</ref>

==References==
<references/>
{{stub|Nazism}}
[[Category:Neo-Nazism]]

Categories: Neo-Nazism
Sonya Fitzpatrick

{{Psychic|1}}
'''Sonya Fitzpatrick''' {{lived|1940}} is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[crank]] and ex-model claiming to have the [[Animal communicator|ability to talk to animals]] (mostly pets), whether they are alive or dead. She had a show on Animal Planet called ''The Pet Psychic'' that ran for less than a year. With the show now cancelled, she now prattles on satellite radio.<ref>[http://www.sonyafitzpatrick.com/on-the-air.shtml Listen at your own risk]</ref> She has published two books and refers to herself as "the most experienced and trusted animal communicator in the world".<ref>[http://www.sonyafitzpatrick.com/about-sonya.shtml About Sonya]</ref> 

==External links==
*[http://www.sonyafitzpatrick.com/ Her website]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Parapsychology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fitzpatrick, Sonya}}
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Psychics]]

Categories: British people, Pseudoscience promoters, Radio, Living people, Psychics
Sound healing

{{altmed}}
'''Sound healing''' is the use of specially crafted sounds in an attempt to induce positive [[medical]] or [[spiritual]] effects. Some sound healers claim to allow listeners to expand [[consciousness]], "repair [[DNA]]", or [[Brainwave woo|alter brainwave states]], among many other claims. While studies using EEG and various neuroimaging techniques have shown that [[meditation]] may alter brainwave activity, sound does not and cannot alter DNA. 

Sound healing is not to be confused with the legitimate practice of {{wpl|music therapy||.}} In short, to put it succinctly, ''sound healing'' is not a ''sound'' therapy.

==Leonard Horowitz==
{{main|Leonard Horowitz|Leonard Horowitz|Solfeggio frequencies}}
One of the more famous sound healers — and [[Crank magnetism|general cranks]] — is [[Leonard Horowitz]], best known for his popularization of the frequency 528 Hz[https://onlinetonegenerator.com/?freq=528 🔊] and of the so-called "[[solfeggio frequencies]]".<ref>[http://www.drlenhorowitz.com/ Horowitz's personal site]</ref><ref>[http://www.thebookof528.com/ The Book of 528]</ref> He has given 528 Hz such epithets as "the universal LOVE constant", asserted that it repairs DNA, and has cherry-picked all kinds of convoluted [[numerology|numerological]] and [[pareidolia|pareidolic]] inferences to attest to 528's magic.<ref group=note>For instance, a mile is 5280 feet, and the [[golden ratio]] is indicated by the symbol φ, which is the initial of the Greek word φιλία, which in English is LOVE, and 528 is the universal LOVE constant!</ref> Conversely, he subscribes to the conspiracy theory of [[A440]] tuning being imposed by the [[Rockefeller conspiracy theories|Rockefeller]] foundation and the [[Nazi]]s, and refers to it as "...an institutionally imposed frequency that resonates in harmony with aggression and in dissonance with LOVE."<ref>[http://medicalveritas.org/musical-cult-control/ Musical Cult Control]</ref> 

Despite the incoherent logic and handwavey babbling that is his work, Horowitz and his "solfeggio" frequencies (396[https://onlinetonegenerator.com/?freq=396 🔊], 417[https://onlinetonegenerator.com/?freq=417 🔊], 528[https://onlinetonegenerator.com/?freq=528 🔊], 639[https://onlinetonegenerator.com/?freq=639 🔊], 741[https://onlinetonegenerator.com/?freq=741 🔊], 852[https://onlinetonegenerator.com/?freq=852 🔊], created via [[numerology]]) are incredibly popular. You can find lots of hour-long 528 Hz DNA-repair spiritual meditation vibration relaxation videos on [[YouTube]]; people enjoy them because the music itself is soothing, not necessarily the tuning system used to derive it.

==See also==
*[[Acutonics]]
*[[Leonard Horowitz]]
*[[Solfeggio frequencies]]
*[[Vibroacoustic therapy]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Pseudophysics]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Sound woo]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Pseudophysics, Pseudoscience, Sound woo
SourceWatch

[[File:ExposedbyCMD.png|thumb|right|165px|The CMD logo]]
{{media}}
'''SourceWatch''' (formerly '''Disinfopedia''') is a [[wiki]] dedicated to profiling [[government]] and corporate [[public relations|spin doctors]]. According to their mission page:
{{cquote|SourceWatch profiles the activities of front groups, PR spinners, industry-friendly experts, industry-funded organizations, and think tanks trying to manipulate public opinion on behalf of corporations or government. We also highlight key public policies they are trying to affect and provide ways to get involved.}}
The wiki is a project of the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD) [[think tank]], which also runs PRWatch. According to CMD, it does not accept government grants or corporate donations.<ref>[http://www.prwatch.org/finances.html CMD funding and donors list]</ref> CMD was founded by [[environmentalism|environmental]] activist John Stauber.

The site suffers somewhat from [[liberal bias]] in that there's not much documentation of [[left-wing]] [[front group]]s, though the wiki is meant to concentrate on corporate [[FUD]] campaigns. Occasionally, some [[anti-science|anti-scientific]] stuff from [[nature woo]]-meisters creeps in and a few editors like to slap [[Koch Industries]] under the funding sections of every front group page. However, the wiki is in general active and well-maintained and collects a lot of good sources and research. Their coverage of [[global warming]] [[denialism]], [[oil]] and [[coal]] interests, and [[tobacco]] front groups is superb.

By contrast, their information pertaining to [[animal testing]] is atrocious, calling the whole exercise vivisection. They also downplay and whitewash [[PETA]]'s insanity, hypocrisy, and media stunts, as well as the shenanigans of [[Ecoterrorism|ecoterrorists]] and the radical fringes of the [[animal rights]] movement. Their coverage of [[Big Pharma]] and [[alternative medicine]] is rather inconsistent. Some of their alt-med and pharma pages actually link to good [[skeptic]]al resources like [[Quackwatch]] and [[The Skeptic's Dictionary]] debunking nature woo and quackery. However, some other pages are loaded up with [[Vaccine denialism|anti-vaccination crankery]] and alt-woo references, including some really egregious quacks like [[Dana Ullman]]. Their articles on GM crops and [[Monsanto]] are a mix of [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]], [[Percy Schmeiser|distorted events]], half-truths, and [[Bullshit|outright lies]], with the occasional fact thrown in.

==External links==
*[http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=SourceWatch SourceWatch homepage]
*[http://www.prwatch.org/ PRWatch]
*[http://www.prwatch.org/cmd/index.html About CMD]
*[http://acsh.org/news/2017/04/06/sourcewatch-website-conspiracy-theorists-run-lawyer-lisa-graves-11093 Article critical of SourceWatch] by ACSH

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{wikinav}}
{{keyword|wikikey=SourceWatch}}
[[Category:Journalism]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Propaganda]]
[[Category:Wikis]]

Categories: Journalism, Media, Propaganda, Wikis
South America

[[File:Map of South America.jpg|right|thumb|170px|A nice map.]]
'''South America''' is the place where all the South Americans live. It's also home to llamas, which are like [[goat]]s, only with longer necks and a tendency to spit on things. South Americans eat notably large quantities of meat (especially in [[Brazil]] and [[Argentina]]).

From an [[evolution]]ary standpoint, the continent might have once (before humans showed up and cleaned it out) had a biosphere even more unusual and peculiar than Australia's, including enormous rodents (like capybaras on steroids), ground sloths, and marsupials found nowhere else in the world. Trees like the avocado and the Brazil nut are believed to be remnants of the pre-human ecosystem that supported these large extinct animals, of which the aforementioned capybaras and llamas (and similar camelids such as alpacas and vicuñas) are among the few survivors; however, there's still plenty of strange and unusual things left in the Amazon River basin, even including some of the very few groups of people never contacted by outside civilization. Some commercially important plants, including tomatoes, cacao, [[coca]], some chile peppers, and numerous exotic hardwoods sought by the furniture industry, originate in South America as well.

In addition to the vast [[biodiversity]] of the Amazon basin, South America is also home to the tepuis of Venezuela, immense mesas containing diverse and unusual pocket ecosystems, along with some of the tallest waterfalls in the world. In the 19th century, the tepuis were thought to hold many ancient species such as unknown [[Human-dinosaur coexistence|dinosaurs]] and became the inspiration for [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''The Lost World''; however, although few such throwbacks actually exist, the tepui ecosystems are still very, very interesting for a determined researcher.

==Exports==

Due to its geographical isolation, South America is one of the very few areas where a wine industry has grown up untouched by the phylloxera plant louse that nearly wiped out the European wine industry in the 19th century; as a result Chile and Argentina have become home to orphaned and obsolete grape varieties such as Carmenère and Malbec and have used these varieties to distinguish themselves from the other wine-producing countries of the world. 

South America's other two most famous exports, [[oil]] and [[Cocaine|drugs]], are the basis for the [[North America]]n [[:Category:Economics|economy]], at least partially. Argentina is also a major exporter of prime aged beef products and a major importer of prime aged Nazis, though not as many as some people think.

==Looking for any specific country?==

*[[Argentina]]
*[[Bolivia]]
*[[Brazil]]
*[[Chile]]
*[[Colombia]]
*[[Ecuador]]
*
[[Las Malvinas]]
 [[Falkland Islands]]
*[[France]] (French Guiana)
*{{wpl|Guyana}}
*[[Paraguay]]
*[[Peru]]
*{{wpl|Suriname}}
*[[Uruguay]]
*[[Venezuela]]

[[Category:Geography]]

Categories: Geography