trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Life Extension Foundation

{{foodnav}}
{{hatnote|Were you looking for the cryonics company [[Alcor Life Extension Foundation]]?}}
The '''Life Extension Foundation''' ('''LEF''') is an organisation primarily concerned with pushing dubious [[dietary supplement]]s, in the cause of greatly advancing the average lifespan of humanity, or a portion thereof. It is headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, [[Florida]], and was founded by longtime transhumanist and "life extension advocate" Saul Kent {{lived|1939|2023}} and William Faloon {{lived|1954}} in 1980.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E5D7123BF93BA1575AC0A961958260|title=Technology makes us optimistic; They want to live|publisher=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=2008-02-07|last=Heard|first=Alex | date=1997-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1129295,00.html|title=Stephen Valentine talks about the battle to conquer death |publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2008-02-07|last=Rose|first= Steve| location=London | date=2004-01-23}}</ref>

It claims its primary purpose is funding research. It sells dubious supplements claimed to be for anti-aging and preventative medicine purposes, as well as "sports performance."

It used to be a nonprofit, but was so egregiously oriented to its sales focus that the IRS revoked its nonprofit status in May 2013 ... retrospective to 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of Examination|url=http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-wd/1331008.pdf|publisher=Internal Revenue Service|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> Forbes tax blogger Peter J. Reilly noted that "The IRS’ problem with the Foundation is [...] an entirely worldly one: it asserts the membership organization’s operations seem to be too entwined with the for-profit Life Extension Buyers Club."<ref>{{cite web|last=Reilly|first=Peter J|title=IRS Kills Tax Exemption Of Foundation Pushing Eternal Life|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterjreilly/2013/08/20/irs-kills-tax-exemption-of-foundation-pushing-eternal-life/|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> LEF filed a Complaint for Declaratory Judgment on August 7, 2013, in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, challenging the IRS' allegations;<ref>Case 1:13-cv-01219, United States District Court for the District of Columbia</ref> the case is pending.

The Life Extension Foundation puts a lot of effort into supporting "[[health freedom]]," so that it can keep pushing dubious supplements.

==External links==
*[http://www.lifeextensionfoundation.org/ Life Extension Foundation website]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Food}}
{{foodbox}}

[[Category:Florida]]
[[Category:Food woo promoters]]

Categories: Florida, Food woo promoters
Light

{{fork}}
*[[Radiation#Electromagnetic|Electromagnetic radiation]]
*[[Speed of light]]
*[[Starlight problem]]
*[[Light woo]]
*[[c-decay]]
*[[Faster-than-light travel]]
*[[Renewable energy#Solar energy]]
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Qur'an/The Light]]
*[[Photon]]
*[[Ultraviolet]]
*[[Microwave]]s
*Light Yagami, protagonist of ''[[Fun:Death Note|Death Note]]''
Lightning rod

[[File:Lightning_Rod_Meteora.jpg|thumb|upright|A typical lightning rod. Note that this is ''not'' an example of a political lightning rod.]]{{Politics}}
A '''lightning rod''' or '''lightning conductor''' is a strip of highly conductive metal attached to the roofs of tall buildings, leading down their sides into the ground. Its purpose is to protect the building from lightning strikes that could otherwise cause serious damage.<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/lightning7.htm How Stuff Works: How lightning works]</ref> The term has been adopted for some political usage, although the definition used is based on the misconceptions of how lightning conductors work — that they actively attract, rather than safely diffuse, lightning strikes.

Some religious communities, such as the [[Amish]], hold that building owners should refrain from installing such protection on their property, as lightning strikes are a manifestation of [[Divine retribution|God's disfavor]].{{fact}} That God may have demonstrated favor towards such a famous rationalist as [[Benjamin Franklin]] by inspiring him to invent it remains unaddressed. Also not addressed is the odd tendency of God to show disfavor towards especially tall structures (though maybe he's still leery of another [[Tower of Babel]]).

==Political use==
In modern political usage, the term has been adapted to mean a person who espouses a particularly strong version of some idea in order to attract the energies and efforts of the opposition. Normally, their views are not taken seriously by the more moderately positioned people on their own side of the political spectrum, but they are often appreciated for the distraction they provide, or the apparent sane light that they show their moderate counterparts in.

===Examples===
*[[Ann Coulter]]
*[[Al Sharpton|Rev. Al Sharpton]]
*[[Glenn Beck]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[category:political euphemisms]]
[[category:neologisms]]

Categories: political euphemisms, neologisms
Limited hangout

{{media}}
"'''Limited hangout'''" is [[Intelligence (government)|intelligence]] [[jargon]] for a form of [[propaganda]] in which a selected portion of a scandal, [[criminal]] act, sensitive or classified information, etc. is revealed or leaked, [[Lying by omission|without telling the whole story]].  The intention may be to establish credibility as a critic of something or somebody by engaging in criticism of them while in fact [[Coverup|covering up]] for them by omitting many details; to distance oneself publicly from something using innocuous or vague criticism even when one's own sympathies are privately with them; or to divert public attention away from a more heinous act by leaking information about something less heinous.

This is a common tactic used by political [[extremist]] groups [[Horseshoe theory|on both ends]] of the [[political spectrum]], as well as by [[Watergate|government intelligence agencies caught in scandals]].

==Examples==
The [[Catholic Church]]'s public response to their [[Child sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church|pedophilia scandals]].<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A44668-2002Apr24.html</ref>

The term entered the popular discourse around the time of the [[Watergate]] scandal, when [[Richard Nixon]] and several advisers were caught discussing whether to release selected bits of the Watergate scandal to obscure the actual role of the [[White House]] in the burglary.

==Counter-examples==
[[Conspiracy theorists]], in their [[paranoia]], tend to be over-sensitive to seeing "limited hangouts" where none exist. For example, [[9/11]] and [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theorists]] are notoriously fractious, often accusing ''each other'' of being part of the cover-up by only revealing selective information.

[[Selective reporting]] is a sort of flip side of a limited hangout, deliberate overreporting of minor events to make a political point or stir up [[moral panic]].

==See also==
*[[Cherry picking]]
*[[Quote mining]]
*[[Straw man]]
*[[Weasel word]]
*[[Willful ignorance]]
*[[JAQing off]]
*[[Sheeple]]
*[[WAKE UP]]
*[[Handwave]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Propaganda]]
[[Category:Neologisms]]

Categories: Propaganda, Neologisms
Linda Gottfredson

[[File:Linda Gottfredson ISIR Distinguished Contributor Interview.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Gottfredson in 2016]]
{{race|1}}
'''Linda Gottfredson''' {{lived|1947}} is a professor emeritus of educational psychology at the University of Delaware. Her legitimate research focuses on {{wpl|industrial and organizational psychology}} and individuals' career decision-making. For instance, she is well known for her theory of "circumscription and compromise" to explain why people choose certain jobs.<ref>[http://www.sidewaysthoughts.com/blog/2013/06/did-you-inherit-your-career-gottfredsons-theory-of-circumscription-and-compromise/ Did you inherit your career? Gottfredson's theory of circumscription and compromise]</ref> 

She has been a prominent proponent of the [[pseudoscience]]s of hereditarianism and [[racialism]], as both relate to [[IQ]] tests, for over 30 years. She also likes defending [[Scientific racism|scientific racists]] like [[Arthur Jensen]] and [[J. Philippe Rushton]] as well as railing against [[affirmative action]].<ref name=splc>[https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/linda-gottfredson Linda Gottfredson], [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]</ref> She was interviewed by [[Stefan Molyneux]] on the putative link between race, [[evolution]], and intelligence in 2015.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072458/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZPsXYo7gpc</ref>

Outside of her academic research, she is mainly known as the author of the "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" letter that was published in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' in 1994, and signed by 52 other researchers. It was subsequently published in ''[[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]]'' in 1997.<ref name=splc/> She is also known as a major recipient of grant money from the notorious [[White supremacy|white-supremacist]] organization the [[Pioneer Fund]], which got her in quite a bit of trouble with the University of Delaware in the early 1990s. She was temporarily banned from receiving money from them while on the University's faculty, but in 1992 an agreement was reached that lifted the ban.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230045/https://www.the-scientist.com/news/u-delaware-reaches-accord-on-race-studies-60023 U. Delaware Reaches Accord On Race Studies], the Scientist, July 6, 1992</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gottfredson, Linda}}
{{stub|psychology}}
[[Category:Psychologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Racialism pseudoscientists]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:White supremacists]]

Categories: Psychologists, Living people, Pseudoscience promoters, Racialism pseudoscientists, Racists, White supremacists
Linking to authority

{{sources needed}}
{{logicnav}}

'''Linking to authority''' describes a form of [[deceit]] people use online and in print. If a person uses a link as a reference to any claim, it appears to have authority backing it. In the form of books, these come as footnotes or endnotes that reference another print or online source.

However, following the links or reading the referenced material often reveals the deceitful nature of the claim. Sometimes a quote has been [[quote mining|mined]], sometimes the linked article has little to do with the claim, or even sometimes argues the exact opposite point that the claim makes.

Playing on the notion that few of their followers will bother checking their work, or reading the referenced pieces, this form of deceit gives the author an aura of respect and their claim weight where none exists. [[Conservapedia|You know where the best examples are]].

==See also==
*[[Appeal to authority]]


{{stub|logic}}{{logfal}}

[[Category:Appeals to authority]]
[[Category:Deceit]]
[[Category:Fallacious arguments]]

Categories: Appeals to authority, Deceit, Fallacious arguments
Lipids

{{biology}}
'''Lipids''' are a group of biological macro-molecules that include fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids as well as many [[oil]]s. Because they are hydrophobic (also known as lipophilic; insoluble in [[water]]), they constitute a very important component of [[cell]] membranes, cell signaling, mechanical support (as adipose tissue), thermal insulation and energy storage (as fats).

This word is sometimes used in advertising to avoid the word "fats", in the (probably accurate) belief that a beauty product's target audience will have failed [[science]] at [[school]].

==See also==
*[[Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease]]
*[[Trans fat]]

{{stub|biology}}
[[Category:biology]]
[[Category:advertising]]
[[Category:Chemicals]]

Categories: biology, advertising, Chemicals
Lipsology

[[File:Aparatología fija.jpg|thumb|right|165px|I see orthodontic fees in your future!]]
{{pseudosciencenav}}
'''Lipsology''' is the practice of analyzing the characteristics of a person's lips in order to discern their personality. Like [[phrenology]], [[palmistry]], and [[graphology]] &mdash; which also examine certain physical traits as a means to deduce one's [[psychology]] and [[morality]] &mdash; this is nothing more than [[pseudoscience]].

The "art and science of reading lip prints" was devised by Jilly Eddy, after she noticed apparent "correlations between personalities and lip print characteristics."  This, in turn, was based on her hobby of collecting lip prints the way others might collect autographs.<ref>http://www.lipsology.com/about/ Lipsology.com "About" page; Retrieved 24 Feb 2014.</ref> Unsurprisingly, this makes Eddy the "world's leading expert" in lip print interpretation. It is unclear (without forking out cash for her self-help book) what benefits may be derived from having one's lip prints interpreted by an expert.

{{Cquote|It can help you understand yourself and others in new ways and give you direction to act on what you learn by offering valuable insights, affirmations, and encouragement|30px|30px|Lipsology press pack, "Fact Sheet"}}

Given that just about any leisure activity might legitimately make the same claim, along with various forms of [[woo]] that employ [[cold reading]] and similar techniques and pass it off as something else, testing Eddy's claim face-to-face is probably a waste of good lipstick. Testing it cold by sending her a pucker print on a piece of paper without any other contact or identifying information is tempting, but she appears not to offer this service.{{cn}}

Eddy herself appears to use lipsology as a form of ice-breaking, novelty party entertainment. For a fee, naturally.<ref>http://www.lipsology.com/services/events/ Lipsology.com "Events" page; Retrieved 24 Feb 2014</ref>

==See also==
*[[Phrenology]]
*[[Iridology]]
*[[Copromancy]]

==External links==
*[http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/love-lessons/200904/lipsology Lipsology], Pepper Schwartz, ''Love Lessons'' blog at Psychology Today
*[http://glo.msn.com/relationships/what-your-lip-print-says-about-you-5353.gallery?bingQuery=1&gt1=49015 Slide show with examples of lipsology readings.]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Woo]]
[[Category:Personality trait woo]]

Categories: Pseudoscience, Woo, Personality trait woo
Lisa Murkowski

[[File:Lisa Murkowski 1.jpg|thumb|165px|Official photo.]]
{{uspolitics}}
'''Lisa Murkowski''' {{lived|1957}} is a [[Republican]] [[US Senate|Senator]] from [[Alaska]]. She is also the reason that, had [[Ted Stevens]] resigned during the investigation into him, [[Sarah Palin]] would not have had the ability to appoint a replacement. The previous governor had appointed her to fill out the remainder of his term in the Senate (which he'd given up to be governor.) That governor happened to be Frank Murkowski — [[Nepotism|her father]].  

She has since gone on to win a term of her own, in 2004. Some see this as part of riding [[George W. Bush]]'s coattails while others point to Stevens stumping for her.  Either way, to many it removed the taint from the appointment. In 2010 she earned some [[liberal]] kudos by beating the [[Tea Party]]'s anointed candidate for senator Joe Miller, Sarah Palin's handpicked candidate — ''without even being on the ballot paper''.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11781642 Lisa Murkowski defeats Tea Party to win Senate race].  ''BBC News''.  2010 November 17.</ref>

That said, she's not terrible (for a Republican). She's [[pro-choice]], pro-[[stem cell research]], and was one of the first GOP senators to support [[same-sex marriage]]. She also supports S-CHIP, or health insurance for poor kids, and was one of the three Republican Senators (the others being Susan Collins and [[John McCain]]) that voted against repealing the Affordable Care Act in 2017, thereby saving health insurance for millions of people. She earned some ire from the [[Trump]] wing of the Republican Party when she voted to impeach Trump the second time and was the only Republican on the Energy committee to vote to confirm Deb Haaland,<ref>Darryl Fears, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/03/04/haaland-interior-secretary-committee/ ‘I really struggled through this one’: A GOP senator chose history over oil and gas], Washington Post 4 Mar. 2021</ref> which led Trump to threaten to campaign against her in 2022.<ref>Jim Acosta and Aaron Pellish, [https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/06/politics/murkowski-trump-endorsement-alaska-senate-race-2022/index.html Trump says he'll campaign against Murkowski in Alaska next year], CNN 6 Mar. 2021</ref> Indeed, Murkowski faced another challenge from the far-right, this time from Trump-backed Kelly Tshibaka, but she was once again able to prevail, this time with a little help from Alaska's newly-implemented [[ranked-choice voting]].<ref>[https://www.axios.com/2022/11/24/alaska-senate-lisa-murkowski-reelection-tshibaka Murkowski beats Trump-backed opponent in Alaska's Senate race], Erin Doherty, ''Axios'' 23 November 2022</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|politicians}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Murkowski, Lisa}}
[[Category:Moderate Republicans]]
[[Category:Centrism]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Senators]]

Categories: Moderate Republicans, Centrism, Living people, United States Senators
Lisa Williams

{{Psychic}}
'''Lisa Williams''' is a [[magical thinking|magical]] [[England|English]] woman living from [[California]] who lays claim to being a [[psychic]] [[medium]]. Williams is the granddaughter of Frances Glazebrook, who also claimed to be a medium. She has been widely discredited due to her reliance on "[[cold reading]]."

==Television==
Williams has starred in two television shows. In 2004, Williams gave a "reading" to a senior staff member of television host Merv Griffin. As a result, Griffin worked with her to create a show of her own.'' Lisa Williams: Life Among the Dead'' aired for two seasons (2006-2007) on the {{wpl|Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime}} television network. The following year, she began to host ''Lisa Williams: Voices From the Other Side'' five nights a week on the same network. Her shows were also broadcast in the [[United Kingdom]]. The shows followed Williams on a typical day, as she "communicated" with the dead, investigated haunted houses, and conducted other spirit-seeking activities. She claims to have spoken with the spirits of Bob Hope, [[Princess Diana]], Natalie Wood, Marilyn Monroe and Ray Charles.<ref group="note">Anyone else noteworthy? Sure is funny how it's all 20th-century English-speaking celebrities.</ref>

The ethical standards of journalist and television anchorman {{wpl|Matt Lauer}} were questioned when he allowed Lisa Williams to state that a [[ghost]] was standing beside him. Mediums, psychics and similar practitioners scam Americans out of millions of dollars yearly and Lauer "(...) didn’t challenge or investigate a likely instance of public deception; instead, he endorsed and participated in it." <ref>[http://ethicsscoreboard.com/list/lauer.html Matt Lauer and the Medium: Accessory to Deception];[http://ethicsalarms.com/2011/04/09/the-irresponsible-dr-oz-softening-the-public-up-for-charletans/ The Irresponsible Dr. Oz, Softening The Public Up for Charlatans]</ref><ref group="note">As we now know, he was probably busy figuring out how to get her alone so he could try to get in her pants.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sylvia Browne]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|pseudoscience}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Lisa}}
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Psychics]]

Categories: California, Living people, Psychics
List of gods that theists don't believe in

[[File: Russells-teapot-pascals-wager.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Pascal didn't think all the way through [[Pascal's wager|his argument]].]]
{{religion}}
The following is a list of gods that [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic]] theists don't believe in.<ref group=note>This list assumes that these Gods are not believed to be [1] manifestations of God's partial revelation of Himself to their respective peoples ({{wpl|syncretism||)}} or [2] names given to angels, djinn, [[demon]]s, or other non-deity-but-still-supernatural entities.</ref> This can be a fun list to parse through when someone brings up [[Pascal's wager]].

{{clearleft}}

==A brief, incomplete list==
<table class="wikitable">
<tr align="center">
<td width="25%">'''Gods that atheists don't believe in'''<br />'''( ''n'' )'''</td>
<td width="25%">'''Gods that Jews don't believe in'''<br />'''( ''n''-1 )'''</td>
<td width="25%">'''Gods that Christians don't believe in'''<br />'''( ''n''-1 ) or ( ''n''-2 ) or ( ''n''-3 )'''<ref group=note>depending on the status of [[Jesus]], the [[Holy Spirit]], and the [[Trinity]]. (See eg [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].)</ref></td>
<td width="25%">'''Gods that Muslims don't believe in'''<br />'''( ''n''-1 )'''</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>{{:List of gods that theists don't believe in/gods}}</td>
<td>{{:List of gods that theists don't believe in/gods|Judaism}}</td>
<td>{{:List of gods that theists don't believe in/gods|Christianity}}</td>
<td>{{:List of gods that theists don't believe in/gods|Islam}}</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Belief in gods]]
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Deities]]
[[Category:Islam]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Categories: Atheism, Belief in gods, Christianity, Deities, Islam, Judaism, Lists
List of scientifically controlled double blind studies which have conclusively demonstrated the efficacy of homeopathy

{{challenge}}
This is a complete list of scientifically [[Experimental control|controlled]], [[double-blind]] studies that have conclusively demonstrated the efficacy of [[homeopathy]].

{{crickets}}


==See also==
*[[Evidence for the effectiveness of homeopathy]] (''purported'' evidence, debunked)
{{otherlang
|es=Lista de estudios a ciegas y controlados científicamente que han demostrado de manera concluyente la eficacia de la homeopatía
|fr=Liste d'études scientifiquement contrôlées en double aveugle qui ont démontré de façon concluante l'efficacité d'homéopathie
|it=Lista degli studi a doppio cieco scientificamente controllati che hanno dimostrato in modo convincente l'efficacia dell'omeopatia}}

==External links==
*[http://www.howdoeshomeopathywork.com How Does Homeopathy Work?]

{{altmedbox}}

[[Category:Homeopathy]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine lists]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Categories: Homeopathy, Pseudoscience, Alternative medicine lists, Lists
Lista de estudios a ciegas y controlados científicamente que han demostrado de manera concluyente la eficacia de la homeopatía

{{Translation of|Spanish|List of scientifically controlled double blind studies which have conclusively demonstrated the efficacy of homeopathy}}{{challenge}}
Esta es una lista completa de experimentos científicamente comprobados y que han usado la técnica del doble ciego, cuyos resultados demuestran, de forma conclusiva, la eficacia de la homeopatía.

{{crickets}}


==Véase también==
{{otherlang
|pagelang=es
|en=List of scientifically controlled double blind studies which have conclusively demonstrated the efficacy of homeopathy
|fr=Liste d'études scientifiquement contrôlées en double aveugle qui ont démontré de façon concluante l'efficacité d'homéopathie
|it-Lista degli studi a doppio cieco scientificamente controllati che hanno dimostrato in modo convincente l'efficacia dell'omeopatia}}

==Enlaces externos==
*[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doble_ciego Doble ciego] 

*[http://www.howdoeshomeopathywork.com ¿Cómo funciona la homeopatía?]

{{altmedbox}}

[[Category:Español]]
[[Category:Homeopathy]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine lists]]
[[Category:Lists]]

Categories: Español, Homeopathy, Pseudoscience, Alternative medicine lists, Lists