Moral equivalence

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'''Moral equivalence''' is a form of [[equivocation]] and a fallacy of relevance often used in political debates.  It seeks to draw comparisons between different, often unrelated things, to make a point that one is just as bad as the other or just as good as the other.  It may be used to draw attention to an unrelated issue by comparing it to a well-known bad event, in an attempt to say one is as bad as the other.  Or, it may be used in an attempt to claim one isn't as bad as the other by comparison.   Drawing a moral equivalence in this way is a [[logical fallacy]].

==Examples==

===Just as bad as...===
{{cquote|All such arguments boil down to saying that half a loaf is the same as no bread.|||[[George Orwell]]<ref>http://georgeorwellnovels.com/essays/the-lion-and-the-unicorn-socialism-and-the-english-genius/</ref>}}

* Use of the term, "the moral equivalent of [[war]]", to refer to any grand crusade somebody wants society to undertake.

=====It's Godwin time!=====
{{main|Godwin's Law}}
* [[PETA]] drawing a moral equivalence between the consumption of meat and the [[Holocaust]] in an ad campaign.{{cn}}
* The term [[Axis of evil]], drawing a moral equivalence between Iraq, Iran, and North Korea with the original [[Axis]] of [[World War II]].

===Just as good as...===
* [[Ronald Reagan]] claiming the Contras in [[Nicaragua]] were the moral equivalent of the Founding Fathers.  Note that people like [[Howard Zinn]] would agree.
* While Reagan was drawing a moral equivalence between the Contras and the Founding Fathers, ironically his ambassador to the United Nations, Jeanne Kirkpatrick, meanwhile published an article, "The Myth of Moral Equivalence" in which she chastised those who treated the NATO and Warsaw Pact blocs as having no moral difference between the two.

===Not as bad as...===
The "[[not as bad as]]" argument is always popular with people who know perfectly well they're doing something immoral. Being fully aware of this problem, they feel compelled to attempt to justify it, and they do so by pointing to other, usually worse, immorality. It is practically synonymous to the idea of "the lesser of two evils".

* Claiming that [[Nazi]]sm wasn't as bad as [[Communism]], by drawing a moral equivalence between the [[Holocaust]], and the mass deaths under [[Mao]]'s Great Leap Forward, [[Stalin]]'s purges and gulags, and [[Pol Pot]]'s killing fields.
* Claiming that communism is not so bad compared to [[Nazism]], by insisting that the ends justify the means, and thus drawing a moral equivalence between Nazis who were forthright about their ethnic policies vs. hypocritical communists. Or claiming communist objectives were good, even if corrupted or taken too far, while Nazi ones were simply inherently evil. 
* [[Germany|German]] Neo-Nazis underplay the severity of the [[Holocaust]] by claiming that neither side in World War II was morally superior because the Allies also committed atrocities, such as the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] and the [[fire-bombing of Dresden]], which they call a "bomb holocaust". This usually entails inflating casualty figures for Allied atrocities while also downplaying those for the Holocaust, in order to make them seem equally bad.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/post-war-myths-the-logic-behind-the-destruction-of-dresden-a-607524.html 'Post-War Myths': The Logic Behind the Destruction of Dresden] (February 13, 2009) ''Der Spiegel Online''</ref> This is a pretty standard tactic from the revisionist school of [[Holocaust denialism]], and [[List of atrocities cited by Holocaust deniers|it's not the only atrocity that they try to make a moral equivalence to]].
* [[Slavery]] in the southern United States wasn't so bad because slaves were treated better than workers in northern factories and company towns — or the counter-use of the same examples, that conditions during the early Industrial Revolution were not that bad because the people were at least free to choose their jobs, unlike in slavery.
* Adherents of any [[religion]] pointing out atrocities committed in the name of other religions, as a way of saying the atrocities committed in the name of their own religion weren't so bad (sometimes used in conjunction with a [[no true Scotsman]] argument that the atrocities committed in the name of their own religion weren't committed by "real" Muslims, etc.)
* U.S. foreign policy during the 1980s, which drew a distinction between "authoritarian" [[dictator]]ships and "totalitarian" dictatorships, saying one was less bad than the other and the U.S. could morally work with "authoritarian" dictatorships as allies (such as the military dictatorships in [[Latin America]]) but had a moral obligation to oppose "totalitarian" dictatorships (such as the Soviet Union).
* US President [[Barack Obama|Barack H. Obama]] mentions former US President [[George W. Bush]]'s deficit spending in response to and as a way to dismiss criticism of his own deficit spending. Note: Deficit spending is arguably good during a depressed economy, depending on where it's spent,<ref>Horney, James R., and Stone, Chad. "[http://www.cbpp.org/research/dont-let-the-ideal-prevent-the-necessary?fa=view&id=3101 Don't Let the Ideal Prevent the Necessary: Why Offsets Are Not Needed for Temporary Economic Recovery Legislation]." Center on Budget and Policy Priorities].</ref> so Obama may be excused depending on how his argument is framed.
* "[[Smoking]] may be a bad thing, but it's not as bad as [[global warming]]/car exhausts/body odor, etc."
* Drawing a moral equivalence between Native Americans and U.S. settlers by pointing out that natives were equally as guilty of committing acts of violence against the settlers.

==See also==
*[[Godwin's Law]]
*[[Logical fallacy]]
*[[Two wrongs make a right]]
*[[I'm not prejudiced, but...]]
*[[Slippery slope]]
*[[Tu quoque]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

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[[Category:Fallacies of ambiguity]]

Categories: Fallacies of ambiguity