Mass hysteria

{{psychology}}
'''Mass hysteria''', a.k.a. "hysterical contagion", or more generally "psychogenic epidemic", is the phenomenon of multiple people experiencing some of the same symptoms of hysteria. Hysteria is the designation for a malady in which sufferers may present an extraordinary and shifting range of physical symptoms. It is also a colloquial label for '''mass [[delusion]]s''', where large groups of people all claim to have seen impossible events, such as floating saints or the like. Another term used to describe this phenomenon is "collective hysteria".<ref>[https://dictionary.apa.org/collective-hysteria collective hysteria]. APA Dictionary of Psychology.</ref>

Despite all appearances, the World Cup is not an example.

==Female hysteria==
{{main|Female hysteria}}
The word "hysteria" comes from the Greek word for uterus. Among other things, it was believed that the movement of the uterus could cause mental or physical illness in women. And we're not just talking about cramps.

==Mass hysteria==
[[Image:Onozomg.gif|thumb|right|'''[[Socialism]]!!!<br>[[Atheism]]!!!<br>[[Gays]] [[DADT|with guns]]!!!<br>LOLCats!!!<br>It was on [[Fox News|Fox]]!!!<br>It must be [[truth|true]]!!!<br>Save us, [[Jesus]]!!!''']]
Strictly speaking, mass hysteria consists of a large number of people being influenced by a feeling of panic to the point that they begin to experience physical symptoms. These symptoms often mimic the well-documented state of hysteria, but are characterized by their rapid remission and frequent dependence on immersion in the atmosphere of panic.

People have been susceptible to mass hysteria throughout history. German physician Johann Weyer reported an outbreak in Amsterdam in 1566:

{{Quotebox|…[Thirty] children in this city began to be tormented in a strange fashion, behaving as if they were maniacs. They intermittently threw themselves on the ground for periods of a half to one-and- one-half hours at a time. When they finally got up again, [they remembered] nothing unpleasant, but arose as if they had just been sleeping.<ref name=acsh>[http://acsh.org/1999/08/rumble-bronx-mass-hysteria-chemicalization-demonology/ Rumble in the Bronx: Mass Hysteria and the “Chemicalization” of Demonology] American Council on Science and Health, August 1, 1999]</ref>}}

==Mass delusions==
While more properly classified as something quite different from mass hysteria, that label is often used to refer to what are actually mass delusions, or "collective delusions".<ref>Alan J. Stein, [https://www.historylink.org/File/5136 Windshield pitting incidents in Washington reach fever pitch on April 15, 1954]. Historylink, 27 January 2003.</ref> On rare occasions, and often in a manner inspired by [[religion|religious belief]] or common myths such as [[UFO]]s, large groups of people will all witness events that probably did not occur. Witnesses and their believers will often accuse godless skeptics of using the mass delusion explanation to conveniently ignore "evidence" that they find inconvenient, but the prevalence of mass delusions in so many places and on so many contradictory topics makes it hard to work out exactly whose mass hallucination was accurate.

It is possible, of course, that the [[Virgin Mary]] did appear to thousands in Egypt, such as was reported by many advocates of Our Lady of Zeitoun. But it is equally possible that any other mass delusion was real, such as in 1995 when all manner of [[Hindu]] statues apparently began drinking the offered milk of devotees.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030211104912/http://www.milkmiracle.com/ The Hindu Milk Miracle of September 21st 1995]. Archived from milkmiracle.com, 2003.</ref>

==The Mad Gasser of Mattoon==
One of the archetypal<ref>[http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-09-15/ eSkeptic Wednesday, September 15th, 2010]</ref> examples of mass delusion was the {{wpl|Mad gasser|Mad Gasser of Mattoon|,}} a bizarre collection of stories about residents of a small town reporting a phantom home intruder while falling ill from a "sickly-sweet" gas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210105/http://www.eiu.edu/~localite/coles/mattoon/gasser/First%20Victims%20Article.htm "Aesthetic Prowler" on the loose Mrs. Kearney and daughter first victims]. Archived from Daily Journal-Gazette, Mattoon, 2 September 2, 1944.</ref><ref>D. M. Johnson, [https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0062339 The "phantom anesthetist" of Mattoon: a field study of mass hysteria.] The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 40(2), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062339</ref> The police eventually concluded the case was due to mass hysteria, possibly coupled with pollution from a nearby industrial plant.

In 2003, a former resident of the area released a book that hypothesized that there ''was'' a real perpetrator: a brilliant, mentally disturbed chemist who was later institutionalized and wanted to exact revenge against former schoolmates and teachers. Interviews in 2006 revealed that older members of the town had known this all along, but allowed the mass hysteria label to stand as a way of protecting the Gasser's father's reputation as a beloved benefactor of the town.<ref>[http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/83/in_search_of_the_mad_gasser.html In Search of the Mad Gasser | Fortean Times UK]</ref>{{dead link}}

==Misuse==
The term is also frequently misused hyperbolically to refer to any large group of people being wrong or upset about something. For instance, one would be wrong (although reasonable) to say that the strong readership of [[WorldNetDaily]] is an example of mass hysteria. On the other side of the coin, you have certain right-wing pundits such as [[Dennis Prager]] (who, coincidentally enough, is a WND columnist) who abuse the word like no tomorrow, usually by characterizing anything "[[Leftism|the left]]" [[tone argument|is upset at as "hysteria"]], even on subjects that are of genuine importance, such as [[global warming]], or characterizing a relatively [[fringe]] figure/movement as "mass hysteria".<ref>[http://www.jewishjournal.com/dennis_prager/article/man-made_global_warming_why_many_of_us_are_skeptical_part_1_20111026/ Apparently being worried about peanut allergies was also leftist]</ref>

Charles Mackey, a Scottish journalist, made this mistake when he wrote in his 1841 book ''Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds'', about the tulip frenzy of the seventeenth century:

{{Quotebox|At the peak of the 'tulip mania' in February 1637, he wrote, tulip contracts sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsman, and at one point, five hectares of land was offered in exchange for a single Semper Augustus tulip bulb.<ref>Wilson da Silva, [https://web.archive.org/web/20091109195346/https://cosmosmagazine.com/features/print/3113/mass-hysteria Mass hysteria]. Archived from Cosmos, August 2009.</ref>}}
However, while the behavior of "tulip speculators" might have been irrational and foolish on a wide scale, it was neither a mass delusion nor mass hysteria.

==See also==
*[[Dancing mania]]
*[[Hallucination]]
*[[Koro]]
*[[The Monkey Man of Delhi‎]]
*[[Kuzari principle]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Mental health]]
[[Category:Moral panics]]
[[Category:Mental health woo]]

Categories: Mental health, Moral panics, Mental health woo