Fat acceptance movement

{{sources needed}}[[File:Weight Not Worth.png|thumb|right|165px|Wheaton's law applies no matter what someone's size is.]]
{{SJ}}
{{cquote|This may surprise you, but you can't buy me off with food. I'm sick of all your stereotypes and cheap jokes. The overweight individuals in this country are just as smart and talented and hard-working as everybody else! And they're gonna make their voices heard! All they need is a leader!|||Homer Simpson, ''King Size Homer''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUB5UQ9uLfI&feature=youtu.be&t=46</ref>}}
The '''fat acceptance movement''', also known as '''fat activism''' or '''fativism''', is a social movement that works to change attitudes towards fat people, be they people who are simply larger than the thin ideal<ref name="thin ideal">Low, K. G.; Charanasomboon, S.; Brown, C.; Hiltunen, G.; Long, K.; Reinhalter, K.; Jones, H. (2003). [http://www.sbp-journal.com/index.php/sbp/article/view/1228 "Internalization of the Thin Ideal, Weight and Body Image Concerns"]. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31: 81–89. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.1.81</ref> typical of modern Western society, or people who are actually [[obesity|obese]]. While advocating for realistic attitudes about body shape and size is not the same thing as addressing attitudes towards people who are obese, the two are often conflated. The '[[Health at every size]]' (HAES) concept is often brought up in debates and discussions about the movement.

Either way, all reasonable people can agree that '''fat-[[shaming]]''' is dangerous and, in a number of cases, counterproductive.<ref>[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0070048 Perceived Weight Discrimination and Obesity. Angelina R. Sutin, Antonio Terracciano. July 24, 2013.] DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070048</ref><ref name="Jackson">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20891/full Perceived weight discrimination and changes in weight, waist circumference, and weight status.]  Jackson, Sara E, Rebecca J. Beeken, and Jane Wardle. ''Obesity'', September 11, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/oby.20891</ref>

Unfortunately, this movement is a mix of valid points and utter [[woo]], just like its counterpart on the other extreme, the [[pro-ana]] movement.{{fact}}

==Rejection of idealized body types==
[[File:Marilyn_Monroe_postcard.JPG|thumb|right|Marilyn Monroe, the "ideal" body type]]
The first group of "fat activism" has more to do with issues of body image in the modern world.  There is a strong push to define "healthy" and "at weight" as being extremely thin, especially when talking about [[women]]. These definitions do not account for a person being larger because they carry muscle mass, and often cast healthy but larger people as "overweight" because their bodies do not conform to the maxim<ref name="thin ideal"></ref> that one can never be too rich, nor too thin.

Further, what is a "healthy" weight is often debated, and affected by many other factors of a person's life. Though being overweight, even obese, if you gained that weight in an unhealthy way, increases your chances of developing health problems, it does not necessarily mean you have health problems at that point in time.

An added myth is that non-medical practitioners think one can diagnose health problems by looking at people's bodies. For many prognoses, this is not the case;{{fact}} one cannot know if another person has liver damage,{{fact}} is mildly dehydrated,{{fact}} is hypertensive,{{fact}} has high cholesterol,{{fact}} etc., merely by looking at another person's body type. Frankly, if it were true, that would make diagnostics a lot easier. Though being extremely fat warrants testing for a variety of conditions, being fat does not automatically mean one has any medical conditions, so "sight" diagnoses and unsolicited health advice are not necessarily warranted without symptoms of other illness.

==Thin privilege==
The concept of thin [[privilege]] is important in the modern fat acceptance movement as a [[social justice]] cause.  This draws attention to the (often unacknowledged) social advantages held by people of average size over fat people, and the prejudice and discrimination faced by overweight people.

Negative stereotypes hurt fatter people. They can be thought of as greedy, lazy, unkind, sloppy, ugly, and un-sexy.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/freekvermeulen/2011/03/22/the-price-of-obesity-how-your-salary-depends-on-your-weight/#795a9e3e3d9a The price of obesity: How your salary depends on your weight]</ref> These prejudices put fat people at an unfair disadvantage.

In some countries, especially the US, body weight is related to [[classism]] and income disparities. People in poverty may not be able to afford healthy food or gym memberships. They may lack the time to exercise or prepare healthy meals. In the US, people who live in the poorest counties are the most prone to obesity.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198075/  James A. Levine "Poverty and Obesity in the U.S.," Diabetes, November 2011; 60(11): 2667–2668.]</ref>

With current trends in the widening income gap between the upper and working class<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733121/ Wider income gaps, wider waistbands? An ecological study of obesity and income inequality]</ref> and with confounding factors such as lengthening work hours (especially in sedentary "desk job" positions), unhealthy sleep cycles, limited time, money, knowledge, or resources to cook or prepare healthful foods<ref>[http://blackgirlsguidetoweightloss.com/the-op-eds/my-thoughts-on-is-junk-food-really-cheaper/ Black Girl's Guide to Weight Loss]</ref> (including the convenience of fast food and the misconception that it is ultimately "cheaper" to eat out<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/opinion/sunday/is-junk-food-really-cheaper.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all& "Is Junk Food Really Cheaper?", ''New York Times'']</ref>), and a lack of knowledge or educational resources on what constitutes a healthful diet and lifestyle, it may not be as easy for people to reach or maintain the oft-idealized "healthy" weight. For many, poor health and obesity intersects heavily with poverty, food insecurity, and low-wage jobs.<ref>[http://frac.org/initiatives/hunger-and-obesity/why-are-low-income-and-food-insecure-people-vulnerable-to-obesity/ Why Low-Income and Food Insecure People are Vulnerable to Overweight and Obesity]</ref> Obese people in poverty may lack the time and money it takes to lose weight.

{{cquote|I had worked in a day care centre before and was qualified for the position, but they told my friend they weren’t going to hire me because I was too big.|||Shavonne Patrice Owens<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20161130-fat-people-earn-less-and-have-a-harder-time-finding-work Fat people earn less and have a harder time finding work]</ref>}}

As if that isn't bad enough, fat people may find themselves in a catch-22: poverty can cause weight gain, and fat people get paid less. Fat people have lower wages,<ref>[http://www.jeffreyhunger.com/uploads/3/4/4/8/34481134/27._major_tomiyama___hunger.pdf The Negative and Bidirectional Effects of Weight Stigma on Health]</ref> and they face hiring discrimination.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853419/ Obesity Discrimination in the Recruitment Process: “You’re Not Hired!”]</ref><ref>[https://www.marketwatch.com/story/only-15-of-hiring-managers-would-consider-hiring-an-overweight-woman-2017-12-11 Only 15% of hiring managers would consider hiring an overweight woman]</ref>

Discrimination against fat people is still legal in most of the US.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20161130-fat-people-earn-less-and-have-a-harder-time-finding-work Fat people earn less and have a harder time finding work]</ref>

===Microaggressions===
[[Microaggression]]s related to size can include things like:
* Receiving unsolicited advice or cruel remarks from family members, friends, or even strangers
* Name-calling
* Getting a fat-shaming lecture at the doctor's office instead of having a dialogue about healthier habits
* Judgmental stares and comments if they eat in public
* Stores and brands that won't include clothes in their size
* Fashion double-standards: when a fat woman dresses casually and doesn't wear makeup, she's stereotyped as "lazy", while a thin woman doing the same will be seen as "cute" and "comfy."

Over time, fat people may begin avoiding doing things like eating in public or visiting the doctor for fear of being shamed.

===Criticism===
Some opponents of the fat acceptance movement may claim that people are simply whining about [[First world problems]] because size discrimination is not as bad as racism, sexism, or anti-LGBT+ prejudice. This view ascribes autonomy to those who are overweight or obese, claiming it is self-inflicted; they are responsible for their condition due to a lack of self-control. However, many people in the States live in what's called a "food desert," where quality food is hard to access and the only food that's cheap and affordable is poor-quality processed and fast food.<ref>https://notes.nap.edu/2011/01/25/living-in-a-food-desert-how-lack-of-access-to-healthy-foods-can-affect-public-health/</ref> Many of these food deserts are found in low-income areas, meaning there's a class (and therefore race) aspect to obesity that often gets overlooked or deliberately ignored by "critics" of the fat acceptance movement.<ref>https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2021264</ref><ref>https://www.nrdc.org/bio/nina-sevilla/food-apartheid-racialized-access-healthy-affordable-food</ref><ref>https://sojo.net/magazine/april-2017/grocery-store-inequity</ref>

There is also the idea that telling people to "love their body" can be oversimplifying the issue. People with serious illnesses, people with serious body image issues, people who have self-harmed, [[transgender]] people with body dysphoria, and others may have complicated relationships with their bodies. Some people with eating disorders or other body image issues may even be perfectly aware that their body is viewed as ’beautiful’ by others, or that their behaviours and thoughts are irrational and unhealthy, but are unable to stop due to the intense anxiety and compulsive, addictive thought patterns associated with their condition. Rather than just telling them what to do, the movement could help them to work through it.<ref>[https://everydayfeminism.com/2014/04/new-directions-bopo-movement/ 5 New Directions for the Body-Positive Movement]</ref>

Blogs such as "This is Thin Privilege" have often been singled out for complaining too much.

Overeating, and consequently fatness, can also be criticized on environmental grounds because if it is widely promoted or ignored it can lead to a huge increase in carbon emissions.

==When "body positive" is actually negative==

===Skinny shaming===
{{cquote|Boys like a little more booty to hold at night|||Meghan Trainor's not-so-feminist song "All About That Bass"<ref>[http://feministing.com/2014/08/06/why-meghan-trainors-body-acceptance-anthem-all-about-that-bass-is-disappointing/ Why Meghan Trainor's body acceptance anthem "All About That Bass" is disappointing]</ref>}}

Some people claim to be "body positive" when they're actually only being positive towards their own body type. Apparently they haven't realized that "body positive" doesn't just mean fat people.

"Body positive" celebrity Meghan Trainor writes songs viewed by critics to celebrate bigger girls while insulting the smaller ones. In response to these critics, she said, "I didn't work this hard to hate on skinny people, I wrote the song to help my body confidence — and to help others."<ref>https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/meghan-trainor-bottom-top-article-1.1999201</ref> 

She has made comments trivializing Demi Lovato's eating disorder <ref>[http://www.idolator.com/7570286/meghan-trainor-eating-disorder-demi-lovato '''Meghan Trainor Says She Wasn’t “Strong Enough” To Have An Eating Disorder, Demi Lovato Responds''' ''Idolator'']</ref>.

Skinny-shaming ads like "real women have curves" seek to change the ideal body, rather than discard the idea of an "ideal" body type altogether.<ref>[https://everydayfeminism.com/2014/04/new-directions-bopo-movement/ 5 New Directions for the Body-Positive Movement]</ref>

Skinny-shaming is bad (duh),<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-womens-blog-with-jane-martinson/2013/aug/05/skinny-shaming-fat-size-appearance '''Why is skinny-shaming OK, if fat-shaming is not?''' ''The Guardian'']</ref><ref>https://womenofegyptmag.com/2019/08/07/skinny-shaming-the-other-side-of-the-coin/</ref> and it's not just [[reverse discrimination]]. It has roots in [[sexism]],<ref>[http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/10/skinny-shaming-not-reverse-discrimination/%20 '''4 Reasons Why We Need to Stop Thinking of Skinny-Shaming as ‘Reverse Discrimination’''' ''Everyday Feminism'']</ref> and it can involve [[ableism]] when people are criticized for a perceived illness.

On the other hand, there are critics of the concept of "Skinny-Shaming"<ref>https://thecurvyfashionista.com/skinny-shaming/</ref>
Ultimately, skinny-shaming is not as widespread as fat-shaming.<ref>[http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/fat-shaming-and-body-shaming.html Fat shaming and body shaming], ''Bullyingstatistics.org''.</ref>

=== Science denial and conspiracies ===
Some people forget that, when advocating for social change, you also need to keep your facts straight. This can lead to pitfalls like:

*Failing to recognize the difference between adopting healthier habits and developing an eating disorder.<ref>[http://everydayfeminism.com/2013/04/five-differences-between-diets-and-anorexia/ '''Five Subtle Differences Between Diets and Anorexia''' ''Everyday Feminism'']</ref>
*Forgoing medical science or disregarding medical advice from accredited doctors in favor of [[alternative medicine]]<ref>[http://www.boomerpdx.com/haes-and-the-naturopathic-doctor/ HAES and the Naturopathic Doctor]</ref> or other potentially unhealthy [[woo|woo-y]] practices.
* Claiming that they're doing "intuitive eating"<ref>[http://www.bodylovewellness.com/free/intuitive-eating-101/ Intuitive Eating 101], ''BodyLoveWellness''</ref> when they're actually not making an effort.
*Spreading medical myths, such as the claim that burning more calories than one consumes (also known as "calories in/calories out") does not lead to short-term weight loss.<ref>[http://danceswithfat.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/calories-incalories-out-science-says-no/ Ragen Chastain: Calories In/Calories Out? Science Says No] (if you have a faulty understanding of thermodynamics)</ref>
*Buying into [[conspiracy theories]] or falling into conspiratorial thinking (Big Pharma is making up conditions to make you paranoid!<ref>[http://www.bigfatblog.com/pre-diabetes-fake-disease "Pre-Diabetes: a Fake Disease?"], ''Big Fat Blog''.</ref><ref>[http://www.salon.com/2012/10/25/why_the_war_on_fat_is_a_scam_to_peddle_drugs/ "Why the War on Fat is a Scam to Peddle Drugs"], ''Salon''</ref> Doctors don't care about health, but profits!<ref>[http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/06/19/1217298/-The-War-on-Fat-People-Doctors-Enlist "The War on Fat People: Doctors Enlist"], ''Daily Kos''</ref> I'm being unfairly denied surgery/treatment because doctors can't/refuse to do their jobs!<ref>[http://thisisthinprivilege.tumblr.com/post/72858018914/i-always-thought-the-losing-weight-for-surgery-was-due '''This is Thin Privilege Tumblr'''], question by user itissteph about losing weight for surgery</ref><ref>[http://withasmoothroundstone.tumblr.com/post/98258207090/theyre-telling-my-friend-she-cant-get-routine '''They’re telling my friend she can’t get routine cancer surgery…''' ''withasmoothroundstone's Tumblr'']</ref> )


Denying that lots of body fat is associated with health risks,<ref>[http://thisisthinprivilege.tumblr.com/post/41871302557/i-understand-that-fat-doesnt-equal-unhealthy-but '''This Is Thin Privilege Tumblr'''] This is Thin Privilege claims that obesity doesn't cause health issues.</ref> dismissing adverse health effects as mere [[nocebo]],<ref>[http://www.bodylovewellness.com/2013/09/23/your-fat-is-allegedly-killing-you-weight-stigma-and-the-dangerous-nocebo-effect/ BodyLoveWellness.com]</ref> or claiming other denialist beliefs is a very dangerous message. While it is important that the media be cautious of how it talks about weight issues and work to undo the damage caused by creating unrealistic ideals, it remains equally important that size acceptance/body positive activists, bloggers, and journalists acknowledge the genuine medical issues associated with excess body fat, and not fall into pseudoscientific traps themselves, and (as always) for everyone to keep their critical thinking skills honed.

For instance, Lindy West, a blogger at ''Jezebel'' who has studied and written extensively on body image, once wrote that "the government is literally waging a war on fat people",<ref>[http://jezebel.com/thin-women-ive-got-your-back-could-you-get-mine-1173888442 '''Thin Women: I've Got Your Back. Could You Get Mine?''' ''Jezebel'']</ref> a nonsensical overreach (and terrible misuse of the term "literally", unless the military is actually sending tanks and troops to kill the overweight). The government is trying to instill values of eating healthily and exercising in children, at a time when childhood obesity is steadily increasing.<ref>[http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1856480 "Prevalence and Trends in Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Children in the United States, 1999-2012."] Ashley Skinner. ''JAMA Pediatrics''</ref>  This has nothing to do with a war on fat people or fatness - since a person can be fat and have an active life and eat well, thus, be healthy<ref>[http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1555137 '''Association of All-Cause Mortality With Overweight and Obesity Using Standard Body Mass Index Categories A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.''']</ref> - and everything to do with giving children the knowledge they need to develop healthy lifestyles.

==Civil liberties==
Another claim by fat activists is that regardless of risk people have a "right to be fat".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/18/obesity-nutrition-weight-diversity The Guardian]</ref><ref>[https://blogs.adb.org/blog/choosing-unhealthy-lifestyle-human-right Is choosing an unhealthy lifestyle a human right?], Asian Development Blog</ref> Similarly there is debate over whether people have the right to take drugs and smoke and perform other behaviours that may be harmful.

In a society in which everybody pays for healthcare it may be legitimate to restrict or seek to modify behavior to reduce healthcare costs. Being fat can be compared to other lifestyle choices that may (debatably) incur healthcare costs, although it may be balanced against other rights such as the right to healthcare. But such societies have a highly inconsistent attitude to "unhealthy" or "dangerous" behaviour: some behaviours like [[drug]]-taking and [[smoking]] are frowned upon while others like mountain climbing or horseback riding are considered acceptable. Almost nobody complains about meeting healthcare costs of someone who falls off their horse, although it has been argued that horse-riding is more dangerous than taking [[MDMA]]; the moral attitudes to the two are very different.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/4537874/Ecstasy-no-more-dangerous-than-horse-riding.html Ecstasy 'no more dangerous than horse riding'], The Telegraph, 7 Feb 2009</ref> However, reducing healthcare costs is not the only reason for discouraging unhealthy behaviour, and additionally, there may be a value to society in horse-riding (mounted police, sport, or exercise) that can be argued to outweigh the risk of injury.

==See also==
*[[Health at every size]]
*[[Pro-ana]]

==External links==

*[http://www.obesityaction.org/ The Obesity Action Coalition]
*[http://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/ The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category: Food]]
[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:Ableism]]

Categories:  Food, Identity politics, Social justice, Ableism