Perjury

{{Law}}
'''Perjury''' is willfully [[Deceit|lying]] under oath, usually in a court of law, but also under certain other specific circumstances, such as testifying before [[Congress]] (in the [[US]]).

The favorite way to avoid perjury in modern times, perfected by [[Ronald Reagan]] under the sad influences of "plausible deniability" and Alzheimer's Disease, is to claim to "have no [[memory]]".<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-23/news/9001160156_1_iran-contra-testimony-recall Reagan Hazy On Iran-contra: Knowledge Of Diversion Is Denied] by Janet Cawley & Linda P. Campbell (February 23, 1990) ''Chicago Tribune''.</ref>

Famously, of course, [[William Jefferson Clinton]] was caught 
covering his own ass
 in a gentleman's white lie regarding the honor of a young lady wherein he stated "I did not have [[Sex|sexual relations]] with that woman" while being interrogated about other matters (though this was in a press conference, not under oath). As for the actual legal testimony, we at the site will officially call it perjury, even if not actually the case.<ref>[http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-clintonperjury.html]</ref> Fifty million dollars later, it was proved that he had, indeed, interfered with said woman's honor. So 
he was impeached
 Congress initiated [[impeachment]] proceedings against him and later he was acquitted of all charges.

Indictments for perjury are often paired with "obstruction of justice", at least in the US, since the process of lying under oath almost by definition obstructs the course of justice in a case.

==Historically==
In the [[Middle Ages]], oaths were taken on [[relic]]s. Thus, perjury was both a [[religious]] and a [[secular]] transgression, which usually carried the double penalty of [[excommunication]] and forfeiture of legal rights. This in turn meant that the perjurer would be unable to take oaths in future court trials, being instead forced to defend himself through the ordeal, single combat, or similarly less-optimal means. Unless, of course, a [[saint]] descended from the heavens and smote the perjurer dead upon the spot with righteous fury. That happened only rarely, however, and was known as ''Argumentum e silentium''.{{efn|No, this is not a [[fallacy]].}}

In ancient [[Judaism|Judaic]] law (''[[Halakha]]''), it was punished by inflicting upon the perjurer the same [[punishment]] as he had meant to cause against someone else through the perjury.<ref>{{bible|Deuteronomy|19|18|19}}</ref>

==Variations on a theme==
In the United States, perjury (18 U.S.C. § 1621) is not the only form of lying that is criminal.
*Perjury not only requires lying under oath, but it requires that the lie was a material misstatement and that it was willful (that the person knowingly lied when they said the lie).<ref name=murillo>[https://www.lawfareblog.com/law-lying-perjury-false-statements-and-obstruction The Law of Lying: Perjury, False Statements, and Obstruction] by Helen Klein Murillo (March 22, 2017, 9:30 AM) ''Lawfare''.</ref> For these reasons, perjury is extremely difficult to prove,<ref name=murillo/> and prosecutors will often try to prosecute other charges instead.
*Making "false statements" (18 U.S.C. § 1001) is "knowingly and willfully… [making] any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation… [regarding] any matter within the jurisdiction of the legislative branch."<ref name=murillo/><ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1001 18 U.S. Code § 1001 - Statements or entries generally]</ref> It is not required that the statement be under oath, and the law has a broad sweep.<ref name=murillo/>
*Other parts of US Code can also involve lies, including obstruction of justice (18 U.S.C. § 1505 and 18 U.S.C. § 1515(b)).<ref name=murillo/>

==Perjury trap==
The obscure legal concept of a perjury trap was brought into public consciousness in 2018 by the [[Mueller investigation]] due to [[Donald Trump|Trump]]'s lawyer, [[Rudolph Giuliani]], claiming that Special Prosecutor Mueller was trying to catch Trump with a perjury trap should he be interviewed under oath.<ref>[https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/trap-giulianis-perjury-trap-argument The Trap of Giuliani's "Perjury Trap" Argument: Trump's television lawyer has long said that the special counsel is trying to catch the president in a lie if he sits for an interview. That's false.] by Daniel S. Goldman (August 21, 2018) ''Brennan Center for Justice''.</ref>

In law, a perjury trap occurs when a prosecutor calls a witness to testify under oath with the intent of coercing the witness to lie and thereby commit perjury.<ref>[https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1169&context=lawfaculty The "Perjury Trap"] by Bennett L. Gershman (1981) ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review'' 129(624).</ref> Although claims of a perjury trap are common when the testimony is before a grand jury, "…there are no federal cases granting a motion to dismiss because of a perjury trap. Defense counsel should never raise the perjury-trap defense."<ref>[https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1995143091/debunking-the-perjury-trap-myth Debunking the Perjury-Trap Myth] by Billy Joe McLain (2010) ''Texas Law Review'' 88(4).</ref>

Clearly, Giuliani's real fear was that because Trump is a pathological liar,{{efn|Trump has made an average of 12.4 public lies per day while occupying the presidency.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/06/10/president-trump-has-made-false-or-misleading-claims-over-days/ President Trump has made 10,796 false or misleading claims over 869 days] by Glenn Kessler (June 10, 2019) ''The Washington Post''.</ref>}} Trump would not be able to tell the truth under oath.

==See also==
* [[Deceit]]
* [[Scooter Libby]]
* [[Ten Commandments]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:United States law]]

Categories: United States law