Germ theory denialism

{{DenialismSide}}
[[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Scanning electron microscope image of ''Vibrio cholerae,'' the bacterium that causes cholera.]]
Some [[alternative medicine]] advocates deny the validity of [[germ theory]] in medicine, believing that despite many, many validations of the relevant work of [[Ignaz Semmelweis]], Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, [[Louis Pasteur]], Kiyoshi Shiga ''et al'', [[bacteria]] and [[viruses]] are not the causative agents of infectious disease.

Typically, they argue that microorganisms are symptoms rather than causes of illness. While many cloak their denialism in other [[alternative medicine]] specialties such as [[naturopathy]] or [[chiropractic]], others are more strident, often invoking [[conspiracy theories]] by the medical establishment and accusing Louis Pasteur in particular of fraud.

Rarely, some even deny that germs exist at all.<ref name="GaintyTheConversation">{{Cite news |last=Gainty |first=Caitjan |date=July 5, 2021 |title=Germ theory denialism is alive and well – and taking the nuance out of scientific debate |work=The Conversation |url=https://theconversation.com/germ-theory-denialism-is-alive-and-well-and-taking-the-nuance-out-of-scientific-debate-163408 |access-date=January 20, 2023}}</ref> Denying the existence of viruses in particular is more common among deniers of germ theory. People who deny the existence of germs altogether (on the grounds that, for example, [[How do you know? Were you there?|"I can't see it with the naked eye, so it isn't real"]]) might be more accurately termed "microbe deniers", or some such, even if they technically also deny the accuracy of a germ theory of disease.

==Terrain theory==
Terrain theory is one of the most prominent and long-lasting forms of germ theory denialism. It dates back to 19th century [[France]] when Claude Bernard and Antoine Béchamp, two {{wpl|Pleomorphism (microbiology)|pleomorphist}} rivals of [[Louis Pasteur]], attempted to explain disease as caused by failures in the body's internal regulation, when the body's internal environment or ''terrain'' is upset.<ref name="SAGEPubMattingly">{{Cite book |last=Mattingly |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wptjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics |date=2022-09-21 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4833-4771-4 |pages=331–335 |language=en}}</ref> They suggested that microbes are created by the body (or made dangerous) when it falls ill, rather than being the cause of disease. This put them in conflict with Pasteur's germ theory, and is the basis for modern versions of terrain theory.<ref name=arstechnicalterrain>[https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/deep-dive-into-stupid-meet-the-growing-group-that-rejects-germ-theory/ Deep dive into stupid: Meet the growing group that rejects germ theory], Ars Technica, Aug 7, 2021</ref><ref name=wiredterrain>[https://www.wired.com/story/the-19th-century-crank-who-tried-to-tell-us-about-the-microbiome/ The 19th-Century Crank Who Tried to Tell Us About the Microbiome], Wired, June 15, 2018</ref><ref name="GaintyTheConversation"/>

One modern version, popular on [[Facebook]] and other social media, holds that there is only one real disease, toxemia, caused by toxins and living an "unnatural" lifestyle. Microbes and viruses are symptoms of this, not the cause; followers believe viruses are debris produced by ailing cells. For believers, the secret to health is to avoid "[[vegetarianism|meat]], [[milk|dairy]], eggs, breads, pasta, [[soy]], nut and seed oils, potatoes, [[garlic]], [[onion]]s, cereals, [[salt]], fermented foods, [[coffee]], [[supplement]]s, [[alcohol]], [[tobacco]], and any other intoxicating substances" and definitely no "drugs, medical treatments, and [[vaccine]]s".<ref name=arstechnicalterrain/> While a few items on that list may be harmful (e.g. alcohol), avoiding all of them is not recommended.

Modern terrain theory proponents will sometimes deny that viruses exist at all, claiming that what is observed is actually something else entirely (such as an {{wpl|exosome (vesicle)|exosome|).}} Of these, some especially focus on the shortcomings of [[Koch's postulates]] (developed in the late 19th century) with regard to viral infections. However, modern germ theory has built on Koch's postulates significantly; they have been supplanted largely by the {{wpl|Bradford Hill criteria}} or else a fusion between that and Koch's postulates (see also {{w|Molecular Koch's postulates||).}}<ref name="GorskiSBMJan2021"/><ref name="SAGEPubMattingly"/> Robert Koch himself acknowledged the shortcoming of his first postulate, when he discovered subclinical cases of cholera and typhoid fever.<ref name=Koch1893>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02284324 |title=Ueber den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Choleradiagnose |trans-title=About the current state of the bacteriological diagnosis of cholera |language=de |journal=Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten |volume=14 |pages=319–38 |year=1893 | vauthors = Koch R |s2cid=9388121 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2077681 }}</ref><ref name="bio.libretexts.org">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-20|title=10.1E: Exceptions to Koch's Postulates|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Epidemiology/10.1%3A_Principles_of_Epidemiology/10.1E%3A_Exceptions_to_Kochs_Postulates|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref>

===Terrain in germ theory===
The idea that the "terrain" (environment) that microbes act within influences the presentation of diseases is not completely incompatible with a germ theory of disease; the {{wpr|microbiome||,}} for instance, is increasingly important for our current understanding of health and diseases.<ref name="GaintyTheConversation"/> The overall strength of a person's immune system can also cause a disease's symptoms to present more or less severe.<ref name="GorskiSBMJan2021"/>

What is at fault in "terrain theory" is not a re-emphasis on the influence of environment factors in the presentation of certain diseases (though certain interpretations or conclusions following this may be at fault, e.g. attempts to discredit vaccines, or to promote unproven [[quack medicine]] as a fix), but rather a denial that specific germs cause specific infectious diseases where there is evidence for that, and an attempt to replace those explanations with only environmental explanations while assuming that "must" be the root cause of any disease, even where this is empirically unproven.<ref name="GorskiSBMJan2021"/>

==Who believes this tripe?==
Germ theory deniers pop up in a number of different locales:

*Following the arrival of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], germ theory denial saw an explosion in interest stemming from [[COVID-19 denialism]].<ref name="GorskiSBMJan2021">{{Cite news |last=Gorski |first=David |date=January 4, 2021 |title=Germ theory denial in the age of the COVID-19 pandemic |work=[[Science-Based Medicine]] |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/germ-theory-denial-in-the-age-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |access-date=January 20, 2023}}</ref><ref name=arstechnicalterrain/>
*Some [[HIV denial]] advocates also partially or completely discount germ theory.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060421221846/http://www.gnn.tv/A02138 No Panic - Dr. Stephan Lanka on Bird Flu, AIDS and the Corruption of Medicine]. Archived from Guerilla News network, 24 February 2006.</ref>
*Germ theory denialists are generally [[Vaccine hysteria|antivaxers]] as well, which makes a kind of perverse [[anti-intellectual]] sense. Béchamp himself was anti-vaccination.<ref name="GorskiSBMJan2021"/>
*[[Food woo|Dairy cranks]] who support the use of [[raw milk]] over pasteurized are sometimes attracted to germ theory denial for rather obvious reasons.<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/p/CiAjOsrszpC/ Weston A Price] on Instagram, 2 September 2022.</ref>

Curiously, few of these people have shown a willingness to drink a glass of pathogen. Those that do will not always learn their lesson from the expected result.

The label "germ theory denialism" is often applied to systems of [[alternative medicine]] which claim that if a person is in optimal/perfect health then that person's immune system will be 100% effective at fending off all infections, and thus 1) anyone following said system has no need of vaccines, and/or 2) anyone who has a bacterial infection should use said system's means of "boosting the immune system" to fight off the infection rather than using any antibiotics. Proponents of these systems reject the notion that they're germ theory denialists on the grounds that they acknowledge that germs play a causative role in infections. That said, there ''are'' systems of alternative medicine which claim that germs play no causative role in any illnesses, and that instead that the presence of germs is the ''effect'' of certain forms of illness. Similar to the "not outright denialist"-alties, US Senator Thom Tillis (R) is against requiring food servers to wash their hands after using the bathroom,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/thom-tillis-tackles-germ-theory|title=Thom Tillis tackles germ theory|author=Steve Benen|work=MSNBC}}</ref> though you'd think the fact that said food servers have ''just touched their genitals'' and possibly urine or feces would be reason enough to require them to wash before handling your food. [[Andrew Schlafly#Hygiene|Andrew Shlafly]], on the other hand, claims that hand washing amounts to a [[phobia]], though one might believe Andy to be [[Psychological projection|projecting]] just a bit here. Both of these national health hazards think that hand-borne pathogens are of no great concern to public health, despite plenty of evidence to the contrary.

===List of germ theory deniers===
'''All-in deniers'''
{{collist|
*Thomas S. Cowan — alt-med practitioner who co-wrote ''The Contagion Myth: Why Viruses (including "Coronavirus") Are Not the Cause of Disease'' ([[Special:Booksources/9781510764620|ISBN 9781510764620]]) and subsequently had his medical license relinquished.<ref>Barbara Feder Ostrov (February 5, 2021). [https://calmatters.org/health/2021/02/conspiracy-theory-doctor-surrenders-medical-license/ "Conspiracy theory doctor surrenders medical license"]. ''CalMatters''.</ref>
*Pete Hegseth — [[Fox News]] contributor who confided he hasn't washed his hands in ten years because "germs are not a real thing".<ref name="GaintyTheConversation"/>
*[[NaturalNews]], of course.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223542/http://www.naturalnews.com/031254_Germ_Theory_hoax.html The Germ Theory Hoax on the next NaturalNews Talk Hour] by Jonathan Landsman (February 09, 2011) ''NaturalNews'' (archived from (February 11, 2011).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100224033522/http://www.naturalnews.com/022332_disease_medicine_germs.html Is Modern Medicine Founded on Error?] by Gabriel Donohoe (December 07, 2007) ''NaturalNews'' (archived from February 24, 2010).</ref><ref>[http://www.naturalnews.com/036219_germ_theory_human_body_bacteria.html Germ theory delusions collapse as new science reveals healthy people carry 10,000 different germ strains at all times] by Ethan A. Huff (June 19, 2012) ''NaturalNews'' (archived from June 19, 2012).</ref>
*E. Douglas Hume, an early 20th century animal welfare advocate
*[[Rudolf Steiner]],<ref>[https://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/steiner.html Rudolf Steiner's Quackery] by Roger Rawlings (July 23, 2012) ''Quackwatch''.</ref> [[Anthroposophy|anthroposophist]] and father of [[Waldorf education]]
*Woody Harrelson<ref>Rebecca Ford (May 24, 2022). [https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/05/woody-harrelson-anti-mask-anarchist-cannes-interview-triangle-of-sadness "Woody Harrelson on Working Through the Pandemic, Even Though He Thinks Masks Are 'Absurd'"]. ''Vanity Fair''.</ref>
}}
'''Adjacent'''
{{collist|
*[[Peter Doshi]], senior editor for one of the world's top medical journals, once stated "influenza viruses appear to be a minor contributor" to flu.<ref>Peter Doshi (June 10, 2013). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23553143/ "Influenza vaccines: time for a rethink"]. ''JAMA Internal Medicine''.</ref><ref name="SimpsonZombie">Michael Simpson (December 5, 2014). [https://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/zombie-anti-vaccine-lie-peter-doshi-appeal-authority/ "The zombie anti-vaccine lie–Peter Doshi and the appeal to authority"]. ''Skeptical Raptor''.</ref>
*[[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], known to flirt with it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Tara C. |date=2024-10-12 |title=HIV Denial in the COVID Era |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10461-024-04528-3 |journal=AIDS and Behavior |doi=10.1007/s10461-024-04528-3 |issn=1573-3254}}</ref> He once said: "I do not believe that infectious disease is an enormous threat to human health."<ref>Ariel Wittenberg (December 11, 2024). [https://www.eenews.net/articles/bioweapons-and-cover-ups-the-untruths-behind-rfk-jr-s-disease-claims/ "'Bioweapons' and cover-ups: The untruths behind RFK Jr.'s disease claims"]. ''E&E News''.</ref><ref name="ThreatToHealth">Nikki McCann Ramirez and Miles Klee (June 27, 2023). [https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/rfk-kennedy-anti-vaccine-panel-conspiracies-hiv-spanish-flu-1234779689/ "RFK Jr. Claims 'Vaccine Research' Likely Responsible for HIV and the Spanish Flu"]. ''Rolling Stone''.</ref> He insists on referring to terrain theory as "miasma theory", despite the fact these are separate ideas. No one knows why he insists on it, but [[NPR]] was somewhat willing to play along for whatever reason.<ref>Rob Stein (June 14, 2025). [https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/06/14/nx-s1-5429732/ancient-miasma-theory-may-help-explain-health-secretary-robert-f-kennedy-jr-s-vaccine-moves "Ancient miasma theory may help explain Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s vaccine moves"]. ''NPR''.</ref> One theory for why he confused the two is that a worm ate part of his brain.
*[[Bill Maher]] parroted a myth that Louis Pasteur had renounced germ theory in a sort of "[[deathbed conversion]]",<ref name="GorskiSBMJan2021"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.randi.org/showpost.php?p=941704&postcount=23|title=International Skeptics Forum &mdash; View Single Post &mdash;  Bill Maher says vaccines don't prevent disease|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSg6lG3cvTE|title=More medical conspiracy from Bill Maher|date=17 October 2009|publisher=|website=YouTube}}</ref> though Maher nonetheless claims he is "not a germ theory denier".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/bill-mahers-medical-meltdown-turns-off-guests-confuses-audience/|title=Bill Maher's Medical Meltdown Turns Off Guests, Confuses Audience|date=18 October 2009|publisher=Mediaite}}</ref>
*[[Andrew Schlafly]] — handwashing is a compulsive phobia,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190522203829/http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge&diff=794045&oldid=794030 Conservapedia: Talk:Biblical scientific foreknowledge] by Aschlafly (11 July 2010) ''Conservapedia'' (archived from May 22, 2019).</ref> and [[Jesus]] told us so ({{bible|Matthew|15|2}})<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190522203834/http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge&curid=66412&diff=888799&oldid=888798 Conservapedia: Biblical scientific foreknowledge] by Aschlafly (11 July 2010) ''Conservapedia'' (archived from May 22, 2019).</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://theness.com/neurologicablog/germ-theory-denial/ Germ Theory Denial], [[Steven Novella]]
*[https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/germ-theory-denialism-a-major-strain-in-alt-med-thought/ Germ theory denialism: A major strain in "alt-med" thought], ''[[Science-Based Medicine]]''
*[https://www.popsci.com/health/germ-theory-terrain-theory/ This pseudoscience movement wants to wipe germs from existence], ''Popular Science''
*[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10461-024-04528-3 HIV Denial in the COVID Era], ''AIDS and Behavior''

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Anti-vaccination movement]]
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Food woo]]
[[Category:Germ theory denialism| ]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Anti-vaccination movement, Denialism, Disease, Food woo, Germ theory denialism, Pseudoscience