Corporal punishment

[[File:Adventures of Tom Sawyer-pg079.png|right|thumb|165px|An illustration from Adventures of Tom Sawyer drawn by Trueman Williams]]
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'''Corporal punishment''' is the use of violence, specifically [[pain]], as a form of [[punishment]]. Usually this involves striking an offender in some way.

Corporal punishment has been widely used throughout history by many governments, as well as schools, armies, navies, employers, and parents. It remains common to many societies, although the laws restricting it differ widely.

Corporal punishment is controversial because in a free, just, and modern society, dealing with people through violent means does not square with the notion of inviolable [[human rights]]. There is also considerable debate over whether it should be used on children, although the evidence is overwhelmingly negative.

==Child disciplinary issues==
Most Western democracies have outlawed corporal punishment in schools and 36 countries worldwide have banned it in the home as well.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150524174700/http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/progress/prohib_states.html States with Full Abolition] ''Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children'' (archived from May 24, 2015).</ref> In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], where some corporal punishment in the home is still legal, a survey suggested that a majority of parents supported the right to ''smack'' their children, although a minority understood the legal situation.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article644804.ece Times Online:Majority of parents admit to smacking children]</ref> The [[United States]] has not banned it at the federal level, but many of its states have (more often in schools than in the home).

Some parents claimed that smacking a child provided a shock to them that remedied bad behaviour, but this must be balanced with the possible problem that a child grows up to believe that violence is a way to solve disputes. There is obviously a difference between an occasional light smack and beating a child on a regular basis, but according to developmental psychologist Liz (Elizabeth) Gershoff, the [[Scientific consensus|consensus]] is that "the more children are physically punished, the worse their behavior, the worse their mental health."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/on-parenting/spanking-study-twins-behavior-genetics/2021/04/08/53a7e1ee-961a-11eb-b28d-bfa7bb5cb2a5_story.html Americans are still spanking their kids. A new study shows how harmful that is.] by Caitlin Gibson (April 12, 2021 at 6:00 a.m. PDT) ''The Washington Post''.</ref> Proponents have also used the argument that they were hit as a child, yet "turned out fine", a [[Logical fallacy|fallacious argument]] ([[anecdotal evidence]] as well as potential [[survivorship bias]] and possible inaccurate self-evaluation that downplays the severity of the experience). A child being disciplined by corporal punishment may grow up believing that it is the right of a parent to be able to hit their children.<ref name="article">https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/corporal-punishment-in-the-home-parenting-tool-or-parenting-fail/</ref> The context in which the punishment takes place is also important, since the parent's punishment may be more influenced by their own emotional state<ref name="science" /> rather than a rational determination of the action necessary to correct the behaviour of a child. It's a bit like allowing a judge to preside over a court case (and act as the jury) in which the defendant is on trial for punching the judge shortly before the trial began. It's difficult to guarantee an impartial appraisal of the case.

This form of punishment is less effective than other forms of discipline, especially in the long term,<ref name="science">http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/4/723</ref> but has many more drawbacks.<ref name="science" /> It can also paradoxically lead to worse behavioral problems as a reaction to the punishment. This raises the question of why a parent would risk using corporal punishment rather than practice with other forms of discipline. One reason may be the lack of self-control and the ability to stay calm, as parents who corporally punish their children often do so out of anger.<ref name="science" />

Most pro-spanking material is based on anecdotes<ref name="article" /> and one badly done positive study.<ref name="article" />

===The evidence===
The fact-based debate on spanking is over: it's unequivocally bad.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768154/ Spanking and Child Development: We Know Enough Now To Stop Hitting Our Children] by Elizabeth T. Gershoff (2013) ''Child Dev. Perspect.'' 7(3):133–137. doi:10.1111/cdep.12038.</ref><ref>[https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20183112/37452/Effective-Discipline-to-Raise-Healthy-Children?autologincheck=redirected?nfToken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children] by Robert D. Sege et al. (December 01 2018) ''The American Academy of Pediatrics''.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/on-parenting/spanking-study-twins-behavior-genetics/2021/04/08/53a7e1ee-961a-11eb-b28d-bfa7bb5cb2a5_story.html Americans are still spanking their kids. A new study shows how harmful that is.] by Caitlin Gibson (April 12, 2021 at 9:00 a.m. EDT) ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956797620968532?journalCode=pssa Twin Differences in Harsh Parenting Predict Youth’s Antisocial Behavior] by S. Alexandra Burt et al. (2021) ''Psychological Science'' 32(3):395-409.
doi:10.1177/0956797620968532.</ref> Instead of learning not to misbehave, kids learn not to get caught, and they may feel resentful or afraid. Being hit makes kids more anxious, and that anxiety can turn into aggression. (And if you hit your child and then tell them that hitting is wrong, what did you expect?) While the immediate effects may seem positive, it leads to worse behavior in the long term.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/08/16/harmful-effects-spanking-toddler-can-trigger-bad-behavior-even-10-years-later/562203001/ Harmful effects of spanking a toddler can trigger bad behavior — even 10 years later] - USA Today</ref>

Here are some of the side effects of spanking, according to over 80 studies spanning decades:<ref name="time">[http://healthland.time.com/2012/02/06/why-spanking-doesnt-work/ Why Spanking Doesn’t Work] - TIME </ref>
* Increased disobedience<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031395514001175?via%3Dihub Corporal Punishment] - Pediatric Clinics of North America</ref>
* Lower [[IQ]]<ref name="time" />
* Less gray matter in the brain<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/23/health/effects-spanking-brain/index.html Spanking the gray matter out of our kids] - CNN</ref>
* Aggression, and thinking hitting people is an acceptable way to solve problems<ref name="apa" />
* Antisocial behavior<ref name="apa">[https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/04/spanking The case against spanking] - American Psychological Association</ref>
* [[Deceit|Lying]]<ref name="time" />
* Mental health issues (including anxiety, depression, and [[addiction]]<ref name="time" />)
* A worse relationship with the perpetrator<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/12/health/no-right-way-to-spank/index.html There's no 'right way' to spank a child] - CNN Health</ref>
* Higher risk of dating violence<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/health/spanking-dating-violence-study/index.html Spanking can lead to relationship violence, study says] - CNN</ref> or child abuse<ref>[https://www.livestrong.com/article/213859-long-term-effects-of-physical-punishment-on-a-child/ The Long-Term Effects of Physical Punishment on a Child]</ref> later on

Essentially, spanking will give you the exact type of outcome that you ''don't'' want for your child.

Spanking is a risk factor for other, harsher forms of physical abuse.<ref name="article" /><ref name="science"/> "Physical punishment doesn't work to get kids to comply, so parents think they have to keep escalating it. That is why it is so dangerous," explains Elizabeth Gershoff.<ref name="apa"/>

===Tips for parents===
[[File:Buster Brown spanking.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Such disciplinary measures were part and parcel with child-rearing back in the day. Nowadays, it's a definite no-no.]]
Want your kid to behave without cowering in terror? Good for you, you're a decent person!

Some parents might be at a loss for what to do when their kids misbehave. Luckily, there's plenty of advice out there for strategies you can use to get your lovable miscreants to rethink their behavior:
* Address the need they're trying to express. For example, if your kid is whining about being tired while at the store, tell them they can sit on the bench near the checkout and wait for you.
* Talk to them about what they did. Ask why, and let them tell their side of the story. Explain why their behavior was wrong. Discuss a better way for them to handle it in the future.
* Startle them nonviolently. A firm "no" or the "clap-growl" technique (loudly clapping your hands and then making a stern comment) is enough to halt a naughty toddler.
* Redirect them. Show them something interesting, or give them an alternative.
* Tell them to choose between 2 good options. For example, if your kid is whining about showering, ask them if they want to do it now or in the evening.
* Have them make amends to anyone they wronged. Talk together about what would be a good way to make it up to the person.

Praising kids for behaving well also makes a difference. For example, you can say "thank you for getting ready so quickly!" or "you did a great job politely telling your brother to stop!"

==Corporal punishment in American schools==
[[File:Corporal punishment in the United States.svg|thumb|right|States that allow corporal punishment in public schools are in red. Note that corporal punishment in private schools is legal in every state besides [[New Jersey]] and [[Iowa]].]]
As of 2024, seventeen American states allow corporal punishment in public schools, and, in the 2005-2006 school year, about a quarter million American children were subjected to corporal punishment.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100314233923/http://www.stophitting.com/index.php?page=statesbanning U.S.: Corporal Punishment and Paddling: Statistics by State and Race] ''The Center for Effective Discipline'' (archived from March 14, 2010).</ref><ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/US/spanking-school-19-states-corporal-punishment-legal/story?id=15932135 ABC News]</ref> Black children are more likely to receive corporal punishment.<ref>[https://theweek.com/articles/760987/longterm-effects-corporal-punishment The long-term effects of corporal punishment] - The Week</ref>

==Corporal punishment in homeschooling==
{{main|Homeschooling}}
Among [[fundamentalist Christian]]s who [[homeschool]] their children, corporal punishment is common.<ref name=jamison>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/interactive/2023/christian-home-schoolers-revolt The revolt of the Christian home-schoolers: They were taught that public schools are evil. Then a Virginia couple defied their families and enrolled their kids.] by Peter Jamison (May 30, 2023 at 8:52 a.m.) ''The Washington Post''.</ref> Bible verses cited as justification include:<ref name=jamison/>
*{{bible|Proverbs|13|24}}: He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes.
*{{bible|Proverbs|19|18}}: Chasten thy son while there is hope, and let not thy soul spare for his crying.
*{{bible|Proverbs|22|15}}: Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of correction shall drive it far from him.
*{{bible|Proverbs|23|13|14}}: Withhold not correction from the child: for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die. Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell.
*{{bible|Proverbs|29|15}}: The rod and reproof give wisdom: but a child left to himself bringeth his mother to shame.

==Corporal punishment of adults==
Some societies in history have allowed citizens to inflict corporal punishment on adults, such as a man beating his wife or his slaves. Nowadays, it is illegal for private citizens to hit adults as punishment, even when doing the same to a child is allowed.

However, forms of corporal punishment for adults, usually whipping or caning, have been used as part of the legal system of many countries, although they are generally considered to be illegal under international human rights law as constituting [[torture]] or inhumane or degrading treatment.<ref>Shubhankar Tiwari and Kaartikay Agarwal, [https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/06/tiwari-agarwal-flogging-punishment/ Flogging as Criminal Punishment in the 21st Century], JURIST – Student Commentary, June 23, 2020.</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] was a prominent user of floggings, but in 2020 its supreme court ruled that it should be abolished.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/25/saudi-arabia-to-end-flogging-as-a-form-of-punishment Saudi Arabia to end flogging as a form of punishment], The Guardian, April 25, 2020</ref> Iran still uses lashes as a punishment, as well as amputation.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/iran-prisoner-flogged-60-times-weekend-and-still-risk-amputation-punishment Iran: prisoner flogged 60 times at weekend and still at risk of amputation punishment], Amnesty International, Feb 17, 2021</ref> Caning has survived into the 21st century in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei — in some cases as a legacy of [[British Empire|British imperial rule]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-39991606 The countries that cane their convicts], BBC, May 23, 2017</ref> In Banda Aceh in Indonesia, flogging is used as a punishment for consensual homosexual acts, adultery, and drinking alcohol.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.id/two-men-flogged-77-times-each-in-cruel-anti-lgbti-punishment/ Two men flogged 77 times each in cruel anti-LGBTI punishment], Amnesty International, Jan 30, 2021</ref>

The [[Bible]] contains several references to flogging, such as {{bible|Deuteronomy|25|2|3}}:

{{quotebox|If the guilty person deserves to be beaten, the judge shall make them lie down and have them flogged in his presence with the number of lashes the crime deserves, but the judge must not impose more than forty lashes. If the guilty party is flogged more than that, your fellow Israelite will be degraded in your eyes. (NIV)<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2025&version=NIV Deuteronomy 25:2], NIV</ref>}}

Notably, flogging (at least of adults) does not seem to be top of the list of Biblical practices that US Republicans wish to reintroduce; it would appear to go against the [[Eighth Amendment]].

The United States Navy abolished flogging in 1850.<ref>[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/brief-history-punishment-flogging-us-navy.html Brief History of Punishment by Flogging in the US Navy]</ref> In the UK, flogging was abolished outside of prisons in 1948, and within prisons in 1967; Delaware was the last US state to abolish flogging, in 1972, although it had not been applied since 1952.<ref>[https://law.jrank.org/pages/737/Corporal-Punishment-Prevalence.html Corporal Punishment], JRank Law Library</ref> Nonetheless, there are still those in the US who call for the reintroduction of flogging as a method of tackling prison overcrowding, notably prison officer turned social scientist Peter Moskos.<ref>[https://washingtonmonthly.com/2011/04/26/bring-back-the-lash/ Bring Back The Lash], Peter Moskos, Washington Monthly, April 26, 2011</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/making-sense/in-defense-of-flogging-controversial-conversation-on-prisons-punishment In Defense of Flogging: Controversial Conversation on Prisons and Punishment], NPR, 2011</ref>

==See also==
*[[James Dobson]]
*[[Capital punishment]]
*[[Child abuse]]
*{{bible|Proverbs|13|24}} and {{bible|Proverbs|23|13|14}}
*''[[To Train Up a Child]]''

==External links==
===Discipline strategies that actually work===
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Teach-Good-Behavior-Without-Harsh-Discipline How to Teach Good Behavior Without Harsh Discipline] - wikiHow
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Discipline-a-Child-Effectively-Without-Spanking How to Discipline a Child Effectively Without Spanking] - wikiHow
* [https://www.wikihow.com/Reward-Your-Child-for-Good-Behavior How to Reward Your Child for Good Behavior] - wikiHow

===Other information===
* {{wpl|Child corporal punishment laws}} - Wikipedia

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Parenting]]

Categories: Christianity, Fundamentalism, Parenting