Guy Fawkes

[[File:Maska e Gaj Foksit, e stiluar nga David Lloyd.png|right|thumb|180px|Guy Fawkes mask.]]
{{cquote|Guy Fawkes — the only person to enter Parliament with honest intentions.<ref>[http://internationaltimes.it/vote-for-guy-fawkes "Vote for Guy Fawkes"], International Times</ref>}}

'''Guy Fawkes''', also known as '''Guido Fawkes''', {{lived|13 April 1570|31 January 1606}} was an [[England|English]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Terrorism|terrorist]]/"freedom fighter", depending on your sympathies. He is (erroneously) regarded as the instigator of the [[Gunpowder Plot]], a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill King {{wpl|James VI and I}} in 1605. In fact, he was just really the group's explosives expert.

==Involvement in the plot==
[[File:Guy_fawkes_torture_signatures.jpg|thumb|Top: Fawkes' signature on his confession, after suffering two days of [[torture]]. Bottom: Fawkes' signature on another confession that he signed eight days later.]]

Although Mr Fawkes has become a prominent [[History|historical]] figure and possibly the only member of the plot whose name is widely remembered, the conspiracy was masterminded by a small group of Roman Catholics led by one {{wpl|Robert Catesby||.}} Catesby had been (peripherally) involved in the 1601 rebellion led by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, which sought to replace Elizabeth I, then Queen of England, with James, then King of Scotland; the scheme failed and its leaders were executed. Elizabeth died in 1603, and James became king of England but didn't prove any more sympathetic to Catesby or to other Catholics. For a while Catesby hoped for [[Spain|Spanish]] support to set up a Catholic monarchy, but when this approach failed he turned to other tactics.<ref>[https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/the-gunpowder-plot-of-1605/overview/people-behind-the-plot/robert-catesby/ Robert Catesby], Living Heritage, UK Parliament Website, accessed 19 Feb 2020</ref>

Catesby recruited Fawkes, a former soldier and [[Zeal of the convert|zealous convert]] to Catholicism, because Fawkes's experience as a soldier made him a suitable candidate for the high-risk work of setting up the explosives. On 4 November 1605, Fawkes was found in the cellar of the Houses of Parliament with thirty-six barrels of gunpowder. He was arrested and subjected to [[torture]], including on the rack, for two days. He eventually confessed everything and revealed the names of some of his co-conspirators.

Fawkes' execution, by hanging, drawing and quartering, took place on 31 January 1606. Fortunately for Fawkes, he was able to break his own neck while he was being hanged and was already dead when his intestines were taken out and burned. The four parts of his body were sent to four different regions of England and publicly displayed as a warning to others.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/guy_fawkes Guy Fawkes] on the [[BBC]] History website</ref>

Guy Fawkes Night (November 5), an annual festival intended to commemorate the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot and the saving of King James' life, is still enthusiastically celebrated across the [[United Kingdom|UK]] each year with fireworks and with bonfires on which effigies of Guy Fawkes are burned. Effigies of unpopular people and even of politicians are burned too, notably in the town of Lewes.<ref>Stephen Castle,[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/where-burning-effigies-not-just-guy-fawkess-is-part-of-the-fun.html "Where burning effigies (not just Guy Fawkes's) is part of the fun"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 6 November 2016</ref> The evening is still celebrated in similar ways in a few other countries that used to be part of the [[British Empire]] too.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Guy-Fawkes-Day Guy Fawkes Day], ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''</ref> Guy Fawkes Night is not widely celebrated in the [[United States|USA]] nowadays. It was, however, a holiday in colonial America and continued to be celebrated in some parts of the present-day United States into the 19<sup>th</sup> century.<ref>
Dan Stewart, [http://time.com/4094948/guy-fawkes-day-america "When Americans Celebrated Bonfire Night"], ''Time Magazine'', 3 November 2015</ref>

==Other interpretations==
[[File:Guy Fawkes by Cruikshank.jpg|right|thumb|180px|He's not the messiah. He's a very naughty boy.]]
Despite being a convicted terrorist, and one of the most famous ones to boot ([[Osama bin Laden]] has ''nothing'' on Fawkes in the ''Who's Who of Terrorism'' even if bin Laden, unlike Fawkes, actually managed to land a blow), Fawkes often appears in pop [[culture]] as some sort of [[Anarchism|anarchist]] folk hero.  

Much of Guy Fawkes' current popularity ultimately comes from Alan Moore's graphic novel series ''{{wpl|V for Vendetta||,}}'' originally published between 1982 and 1989, and its 2005 movie adaptation. In ''V for Vendetta'', a man in a Guy Fawkes mask sees himself as a spiritual successor to Fawkes as he attempts to blow up Parliament in order to fight against a repressive [[Fascism|fascist]] regime,<ref group=note>Particularly puzzling as said fascist regime would have either abolished Parliament or ignored it completely and destroying the Parliament buildings would just remove a legitimate place of assembly for the regime's opponents.</ref> putting the whole "terrorist or freedom fighter" thing into far more uncomfortable territory. 

Guy Fawkes masks, as seen in ''V for Vendetta'' have become symbols of the [[Anonymous]] movement, as worn within the [[Occupy Wall Street|Occupy]] movement<ref>Glenda Kvek, [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/v-for-vague-occupy-sydneys-faceless-leaders-20111014-1loy6.html "V for Vague: Occupy Sydney's faceless leaders"], ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 14 October 2011</ref> and when protesting against [[Scientology]].<ref>Nick Bilton, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/technology/masked-anonymous-protesters-aid-time-warners-profits.html?_r=0 "Masked Anonymous protesters aid Time Warner's profits"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 August 2011</ref>

The truth is that Guy Fawkes was only fighting to overthrow a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Theocracy|theocratic]] [[dictatorship]] in order to replace it with a Catholic theocratic dictatorship. Ideologically, Fawkes would have had much more in common with a modern [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Christian fundamentalist]] than with any member of Anonymous or Occupy or any people who don't wish to force their beliefs on others. It appears that the people that admire Fawkes the most are the ones who know the least about him.

==Paul Staines==
Guido Fawkes is also the name of a website published by right-wing Irish/British journalist Paul Staines.<ref>{{wpa|Guido Fawkes (website)}}</ref> Staines has campaigned for [[Boris Johnson]], and Guido Fawkes's former deputy editor Hugh Bennett now works for [[Jacob Rees-Mogg]].<ref>James Walker, "[https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/guido-fawkes-founder-behind-campaign-backing-boris-johnsons-tory-leadership-bid/ Guido Fawkes founder behind campaign backing Boris Johnson's Tory leadership bid]', ''Press Gazette'', 28 May 2019</ref><ref>Charlotte Tobitt, "[https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/guido-fawkes-news-editor-made-special-adviser-to-jacob-rees-mogg/ Guido Fawkes news editor made special adviser to Jacob Rees-Mogg]", ''Press Gazette'', 27 August 2019</ref> So he's probably not going to blow up Parliament just yet.

{{otherlang
|eo=Guy Fawkes (Esperanto)}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37750 Text of the 1841 novel ''Guy Fawkes'' by William Harrison Ainsworth on Project Gutenberg]
==Notes==
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==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fawkes, Guy}}
[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Catholics]]
[[Category:Convicted felons]]
[[Category:Coups]]
[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:Terrorists]]

Categories: British people, Catholics, Convicted felons, Coups, European history, Terrorists