Talc

[[File:HKU Stephen Hui Museum Rock Talc 滑石 Johnson's Baby Powder.JPG|thumb|right|165px|Talc and its family.]]{{Geology}}
'''Talc''' is a very soft mineral made of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen (Mg<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>); it is at the very end of the {{wpl|Mohs scale of mineral hardness||.}} In fact, it is the softest known mineral, although the alkali metals in their pure forms and some other substances like wax are even softer. It is often sold powdered as '''talcum powder''', combined with corn starch as a part of baby powder. Since talc and [[asbestos]] are commonly formed near each other in nature, there are concerns about asbestos contamination in baby powder, where spreading it in the genitalia (in order to keep underwear dry) can lead to ovarian [[cancer]].<ref name="ACS">''American Cancer Society.'' [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html Talcum Powder and Cancer]. Retrieved January 12, 2020.</ref> These concerns have been dated as far back as the 1960s, though regulations have been addressed, and talcum powder in the market should be asbestos-free.

The {{wpl|International Agency for Research on Cancer}} (IARC) classifies talcum powder containing asbestos as carcinogenic, while asbestos-free talcum powder is not classified; however, when applied to genitalia, it is classified "possibly carcinogenic", based on the very limited [[evidence]].<ref name="ACS"/><ref>[https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-Supplements/Overall-Evaluations-Of-Carcinogenicity-An-Updating-Of-IARC-Monographs-Volumes-1%E2%80%9342-1987 ''Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1–42. IARC Monographs Supplement 7''] (1987) ''International Agency for Research on Cancer''.</ref><ref>[https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono93.pdf ''Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc''] (2010) ''International Agency for Research on Cancer''. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, volume 93.</ref>{{rp|412}}

Despite the asbestos-free products, there have been fears that the talcum powder itself, since it is formed similarly to asbestos, can ''also'' cause cancer. Manufacturers of baby powder, Johnson & Johnson's in particular, have faced 17,000 lawsuits involving allegations that the baby powder, contaminated or not, leads to ovarian cancer.<ref>Raymond, N. (April 5, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-johnson-johnson-cancer-lawsuit/jj-loses-trial-over-claims-linking-cancer-to-asbestos-in-talc-idUSKCN1HC2PL J&J loses trial over claims linking cancer to asbestos in talc]. ''Reuters''.</ref><ref>Bloomberg. (January 6, 2020) "[https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-01-06/johnson-johnson-settles-baby-powder-cancer-case J&J settles California baby powder-cancer case in the middle of jury trial]". ''LA Times.'' Retrieved January 12, 2020.</ref> Scientific evidence for talcum powder causing ovarian cancer, however, is very weak, especially when considering that ovarian cancer is rare to begin with. Most research relies on the limited [[case-control study]] framework, though more recent [[cohort study|cohort studies]] (which are more effective at observing potential cause-and-effect relationships) found no evidence of a link. A study in 2014 found no link.<ref>Houghton, S. C., Reeves, K. W., Hankinson, S. E., Crawford, L., Lane, D., Wactawski-Wende, J., … Sturgeon, S. R. (2014). Perineal powder use and risk of ovarian cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 106(9), dju208. [[doi:10.1093/jnci/dju208]], cited in Medical News Today, "[https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323525.php#does-baby-powder-cause-cancer Does baby powder cause cancer? What to know]". Retrieved January 12, 2020.</ref> One of the largest cohort studies to date (thus reducing recall bias), published in January 2020,<ref>O’Brien KM, Tworoger SS, Harris HR, et al. Association of Powder Use in the Genital Area With Risk of Ovarian Cancer. JAMA. 2020;323(1):49–59. [[doi:10.1001/jama.2019.20079]]</ref> found no relationship between baby powder use and ovarian cancer in a sample size of 252,745 women.

[[Christopher Booker]], a one-of-a-kind [[crank]], believed that talcum powder and asbestos are the same compound lumped as "asbestos". He used this line of thought not to argue that talcum causes cancer, but that asbestos is harmless. No other well-known cranks have really tried arguing that they're the same, mind you.

==See also==
*[[Diamond]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Chemicals]]
[[Category:Crystals]]
[[Category:Geology]]

Categories: Chemicals, Crystals, Geology