2015 United Kingdom general election

{{UKpolitics}}
The '''2015 UK general election''' was one of the more surprising results in recent history – the incumbent [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] managed to increase their numbers despite ramming through punishing spending cuts ('[[Austerity]]') while their former coalition partners (the [[Liberal Democrats]]) came close to electoral death for the exact same reason. The main 'winners' here were the [[Scottish National Party]]; who managed to take almost all the Scottish seats, which made the 'continuing [[New Labour]]' under [[Ed Miliband]] score the worst results (in seats) since 1987&nbsp;— as as well as being one of those few elections where the ruling party managed to increase their majority in a general election (something also achieved in [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019]]). It is, however most notable for being the direct prelude for the political bowel obstruction which became [[Brexit]], as well as being the first in which social media played a significant part of campaigning.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32582513 Final verdict: Voters' views on the digital election] ''BBC News'' 5 May 2015</ref>

==Background==
Under [[Nick Clegg]], the Liberal Democrats bet their very political lives on one fundamentally flawed assumption and for the throwing of a single die. The assumption was that [[UK General Election, 2010|the previous election]] had heralded the start of a 'new era' of three-party coalition politics at Westminster, and their die was to be a referendum on their generational pet project&nbsp;— that of electoral reform. If one or both worked out well, they would be forgiven for supporting the Conservatives under [[David Cameron]] while they adopted slash-and-burn tactics on the [[welfare state]] on the premise that the debt-loads incurred during [[Gordon Brown|the previous government]] was ''not'' due to banking greed and mismanagement but in fact there being too many libraries in Wolverhampton<ref>[https://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2019/09/15/austerity-is-the-idea-that-the-global-financial-crash-of-2008-was-caused-by-there-being-too-many-libraries-in-wolverhampton/ Alexi Sayle: 'Austerity is the idea that the global financial crash of 2008 was caused by there being too many libraries in Wolverhampton'] ''Funding the Future'', 15 September 2019</ref><ref group=note>Aka that it was classic 'government overspending' rather than having to bail out private concerns which had become '[[too big to fail]]' which had caused the issue.</ref>.

Alas, events turned out differently.

The Conservatives did ''not'' believe political coalitions would become the norm going forward, which granted them the freedom to politically fuck over the Liberals&nbsp;— which they did, with near impunity. They also managed to 'square the pitch' in their favour before the Referendum by picking the worst alternative to '[[first past the post]]' to be on the ballot: [[Instant Runoff Voting#UK referendum|that of 'Instant Runoff Voting' termed 'Alternative Vote']].<ref group=note>'A miserable little compromise' - Nick Clegg</ref>. The result was predictable; the Liberals promptly lost over half of their public support for going directly against their previous policies repeatedly<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/harriet-harman/10-broken-lib-dem-promise_b_3925441.html Ten broken Lib Dem promises] ''Huffpost UK'', 14 September 2013</ref> and then lost the Referendum by a landslide.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-13297573 Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote] ''BBC News'', 7 May 2011</ref>

Meanwhile, when not trying to sabotage their coalition partners, the Conservatives were busy showing their true colours; ditching 'the green crap',<ref>[https://www.newstatesman.com/chart-of-the-day/2022/01/the-green-crap-cut-by-david-cameron-has-added-2-5bn-to-uk-energy-bills The “green crap” cut by David Cameron has added £2.5bn to UK energy bills] ''The New Statesman'', 20 January 2022</ref> slashing social spending while trying to fob off the duties onto [[Charity|charities]] and/or volunteers ('[[Small government|The Big Society]]')<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jan/20/the-big-society-civil-exchange-audit-shows-coalition-contempt-and-hypocrisy Why the ‘big society’ is now just a hashtag for coalition hypocrisy] ''The Guardian'', 20 January 2015</ref> while admitting it was ideologically-motivated and to be permanent <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/nov/11/david-cameron-policy-shift-leaner-efficient-state David Cameron makes leaner state a permanent goal] ''The Guardian'', 12 November 2013 </ref> and pandering to the followers of [[Nigel Farage|Mr Farage]] by turning up the heat on good-old [[xenophobia]].<ref>[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/immigration/ The increasingly hostile environment to immigration is unjust and short-sighted] ''LSE Blogs'', 20 August 2014</ref> Whether it was merely an attempt to steal [[UKIP]]'s clothes or an organised effort to distract the plebs from a sluggish economy<ref>[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/austerity-past-present-and-future/ Austerity in the UK: past, present and future] ''LSE Blogs'', 11 March 2015</ref> with stagnant living standards, increasing [[Economic inequality|inequality]] and declining public services remains debatable. 

Now, [[Labour Party|Labour]] ''should'' have been the folks to directly oppose these policies, but they failed to do so, partly because they generally agreed with most of them<ref>[https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/labour-will-keep-austerity-says-miliband-1545352 Labour will keep austerity, says Miliband] ''The Scotsman'', 11 February 2014</ref> but more critically that their 2010 defeat had knocked the stuffing out of them and like the Conservatives after [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]] they had no real guiding philosophy or new ideas to offer the nation despite having the evidence of failure in front of them. Which meant that in Parliament, the main opposition to Austerity came from the SNP (6 seats), [[Plaid Cymru|Plaid]] (3 seats) and the sole Green Party MP. Behind that stood Farage and his [[cranks]] and loons on the right, who were having a grand time portraying the country [[Britain is full|as having too many immigrants]] and encouraging a '[[Zero sum game|zero-sum]] mentality' regarding things like housing, service provision and employment.<ref>[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/immigrants-access-to-social-housing-perception-and-reality/ Despite what many believe, there is no evidence that immigrants have preferential access to social housing] ''LSE Blogs'', 3 June 2014</ref><ref group=note>The idea that there is a finite and fixed amount of supplies, and so to give ''more'' to another means ''less'' for you.</ref>

The other political event of note was that of the Scottish 'independence referendum' of 2014; it can be assumed that Cameron believed he could stitch-up [[Alex Salmond]] in a similar manner he did Clegg; however, while they managed to score a victory with 'Project Fear'<ref>[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13194407.admit-man-coined-project-fear-label/ I admit it: the man who coined Project Fear label] ''The Herald'', 21 December 2014</ref> the blade ended up going into a flailing Scottish Labour's back than anything else. It also perhaps convinced the Conservatives that binary-choice referenda was the way to deal with prickly political issues; like the fact they'd been trailing in the polls since 2011 by 5-10 points to Labour…

==Campaign==
Once again, all three main party manifestos were pretty samey; Labour criticised the various cuts but supported Austerity, while the Conservatives assured folks they'd be more cuts to come. Liberals tried to play some perverted '[[false balance]]' game between the pair, which entailed supporting Austerity but not promising more cuts&nbsp;— yeah, this was one ''depressing'' election. In their carbon-copy of [[Tony Blair|Blair]]'s 1997 'Five Pledges',<ref group=note>Perhaps the granddaddy of inane soundbite pledges.</ref> Miliband decided to do similar, but this time with a massive bit of granite as backup. Naturally, this ended up being mocked and called 'the Ed Stone'.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/dec/22/the-ed-stone-ed-milibands-monumental-folly-labour-election-limestone The Ed Stone: where is Ed Miliband’s monumental folly now?] ''The Guardian'', 22 December 2015</ref>

Polling was suggesting another 'hung parliament', experts predicting that chances were the Conservatives would be the largest party, but Labour would have more options for partners; leading Cameron to decry a possible Labour government as a '[[Appeal to fear|coalition of chaos]]' as loudly as possible while he would be the 'strong and stable' option.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/17/david-cameron-labour-snp-coalition-of-chaos David Cameron warns of Labour-SNP 'coalition of chaos'] ''The Guardian'', 17 April 2015</ref><ref>[https://news.sky.com/story/tory-poster-puts-labour-in-salmonds-pocket-10368568 Tory poster puts Labour in Salmond's pocket] ''Sky News'', 9 April 2015</ref>. Which was truly, deeply ironic due to the storm Cameron kicked off in early 2013…

Feeling the breath of Farage on his neck<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/27/why-ukip-scares-the-tories The party that came in from the fringe: why Ukip scares the Tories] ''The Observer'', 27 April 2013</ref> (UKIP scoring 15%+ in polling) and the tips of the Tory Right's blades in his back,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-22419219 Tory MP Jacob Rees-Mogg calls for Conservative/UKIP pact] ''BBC News'', 5 May 2013</ref> Cameron decided on another wheeze&nbsp;— the promising of an 'in/out' referendum on British membership of the [[European Union]] in the next parliament.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21148282 David Cameron promises in/out referendum on EU] ''BBC News'', 23 January 2013</ref> At the time, it looked like another 'smart move' from the shiny-faced pseudo-commoner; making it somewhat difficult for UKIP to be a spoiler against sitting Conservative MPs, yet allowing them to continue doing so in traditional Labour areas, particularly in her {{wpl|Red wall (British politics)|'Rustbelt'}}&nbsp;— where hordes of disaffected voters were open to the appeals of economic [[populism]], [[nationalism]] and bashing of '[[elite]]s'.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/10/north-east-avoid-becoming-britains-detroit The north-east of England: Britain's Detroit?] ''The Guardian'', 10 May 2014</ref>

The previous election had set the precedent of having 'leaders debates', but not the format. And some of the leaders didn't really like this and decided to dick about with the negotiations… ah, who am I kidding, it was Cameron. In the end, the country ended up with a 'non-debate' where Miliband and Cameron got a solo interview with renowned anchor Jeremy Paxman, then a 'seven-way' debate in which Cameron either 'won' or 'lost', depending whether you suspect he was hoping to fly under the radar as it turned into a shouting-match or desiring to look all alpha leader-like while the others appeared as spoilt children.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/03/leaders-debate-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-seven-way-clash Leaders' debate: all you need to know about the seven-way clash] ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2015</ref>

As the final days came around, all the polls were saying the same thing; the election was simply 'too close to call'.<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/03/uk-election-still-too-close-to-call-according-to-latest-polls UK election: still too close to call, according to latest polls] ''Euronews'', 3 May 2015</ref>

==Results==
[[File:Zusammensetzung House of Commons 2015.svg|thumb|right|300px|Post-election composition of the House of Commons.]]
The polling results were incorrect in this case; folks spoke again of the 'shy Tory factor', last seen in [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992]]. Even more oddly, it turned out that they'd been under-estimating the scope of the Liberal collapse, as well as some London-centric myopia regarding how high the SNP had been riding in Scotland post their failed Independence referendum<ref>[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13213154.snp-campaign-made-heaven/ The SNP: a campaign made in heaven] ''The Herald'', 10 May 2015</ref>. Anyway, the result was that the Conservatives had a 'working majority' of 14, something surely Cameron was more than happy to possess, even if it ''was'' brought on the back of a mighty swing of... 0.7%. (Though perhaps not when he realised he'd have to honour his refrendum promise).

How this came about was in fact more complicated than this. The implosion of the Liberal Democrats gave the Conservatives all their gains; for many seats had been held by the 'lending' of votes from Labour supporters because their first choice was weak locally (and thus weren't going to make ''that'' mistake again). Labour in fact made some headway; not just increasing their vote-share but also ''gaining'' 20 seats in England and Wales. However, it was [[Scotland]] that ruined it; Nicola Sturgeon managed to assemble a combination of ardent Independence supporters, anti-Tories, anti-Austerity and disgruntled Labour supporters who'd felt taken for granted for generations<ref>[https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2016/03/the-strange-death-of-labour-scotland The strange death of Labour Scotland] ''The New Statesman'', 2 March 2016</ref> into an SNP coalition which scored a whopping 30% swing, a near-majority of the popular vote and an overwhelming haul of MPs.

In other areas, UKIP turned out to be a 'not quite'; it became the third-largest party in vote-share (12.6%), but only got a single MP. Alas, the perils of being the protest vote along with Cameron's referendum promise. The Greens suffered similar on a smaller scale; over tripling their raw numbers, to have the same single MP. The only other real shift of note was the total collapse of the [[British National Party|BNP]], which gained fewer votes than that electoral powerhouse known as the [[Christian Peoples Alliance|Christian People's Alliance.]] 

[[File:2015 UK General Election Winner%.svg|thumb|right|500px|Results map.]]

{| class="wikitable"

! Turnout: 66.4% (+1.3%) !! Seats !! Change !! Vote % !! Change
|-
| <u>'''Conservatives'''</u> || '''330''' || <span style="color:green">'''+24'''</span> || '''36.8''' || <span style="color:green">'''+0.7'''</span>
|-
| <u>'''Labour'''</u> || '''232''' || <span style="color:red">'''-26'''</span> || '''30.4''' || <span style="color:green">'''+1.5'''</span>
|-
| <u>'''SNP'''</u> || '''56''' || <span style="color:green">'''+50'''</span> || '''4.7''' || <span style="color:green">'''+3.1'''</span>
|-
| <u>'''Liberal Democrats'''</u> || '''8''' || <span style="color:red">'''-49'''</span> || '''7.9''' || <span style="color:red">'''-15.1'''</span>
|-
| <u>'''Other'''</u> || '''24''' || '''+1''' || '''19.9''' || '''+5.9'''
|}

[[File:2015 UK general election constituency map.svg|thumb|left|225px|Map showing constituencies as equal area to better indicate the number of seats.]]

{{clear}}

==External Links==
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2015 BBC 'Election 2015' website], still (mainly) functional.

[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jun/03/undoing-of-ed-miliband-and-how-labour-lost-election 'How Labour Lost the Election'] 'Long Read', ''The Guardian''

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:British politics]]
[[Category:Elections]]
[[Category:UK general elections]]

Categories: British politics, Elections, UK general elections