Suharto

[[File:President_Suharto,_1993.jpg|thumb|165px|right|Pops in 1993]]
{{politics}}
'''Suharto''' {{lived|1921|2008}} was an [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] [[dictator]] who ruled his nation with an iron fist from 1967 to 1998. The scale of corruption instigated by Suharto and his family during those 31 years was like nothing the world had seen before or since,{{efn|Except maybe for Libya under [[Gaddafi]], who siphoned away some US$200 ''billion'' from his country before he was killed by a mob in 2011.<ref>Paul Richter, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190702182750/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-xpm-2011-oct-21-la-fg-kadafi-money-20111022-story.html As Libya takes stock, Moammar Kadafi's hidden riches astound]. Archived from ''Los Angeles Times'', 21 October 2011.</ref>}} and estimates of the scale of theft by the family range from US$15-35 billion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm | title=Suharto tops corruption rankings |work=BBC News | date= 25 March 2004 | accessdate=4 February 2006}}</ref>

==How it all began==
Suharto was born into a humble Central Javanese family during the Dutch colonial era. He served in the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colonial security forces (KNIL) from 1940 to 1942, and the [[Japanese]]-run Indonesian security forces for the whole period of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia from 1943 to 1945 during [[World War II]]. Following independence in 1945 he rose to the rank of Major General and quietly built a power base within the military during the years of rule by Indonesia’s first president, {{wpl|Sukarno||.}}

By the time of an attempted coup by allegedly left-leaning generals in 1965, Suharto’s military power was such that he personally led the successful counter-push. Under his leadership the Indonesian army implemented an anti-[[communist]] purge resulting in between 500,000 and 2 million civilian deaths. The [[CIA]] later described this as "one of the worst mass murders of the 20<sup>th</sup> century”.<ref> David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (2007). ''The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance?''</ref> The [[irony]] of the last statement is clear for all to see as the US government tacitly supported Suharto as an anti-communist at a time when the [[Domino theory]] drove so much of American foreign policy. In the ensuing chaos Suharto seized power from Sukarno and in 1968 the world was presented with President Suharto.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/obituaries.johngittings Suharto]</ref>

==The New Order and how the family filled its boots==
Suharto appointed a gang of mostly US-educated Indonesian economists to formulate policies for what became known as the {{wpl|New_Order_(Indonesia)|New Order}} period. Heavily state-controlled [[capitalism]] was the new dish of the day and the Suharto family and cronies miraculously found themselves in control of many of the companies which benefited hugely from this. Suharto was able to maintain power by making sure that no subordinates were themselves able to consolidate power &mdash; no vice president served more than one term and province-level military generals were frequently rotated to different provinces. Suharto’s [[authoritarian]] hand was in every pie and his political power was monetised in the most extreme manner.<ref>J. Panglaykim and K.D. Thomas, "The New Order and the Economy"</ref>

In the 1990s before the 1998 Asian financial meltdown, the Suharto family controlled 25 so-called foundations with majority stakes in many of the nation’s largest corporations. Everything from timber concessions and [[palm oil]] plantations to cement factories to toll road operators to banks was controlled by the family. 

Social engineering was widespread with an apparent desire to depoliticise Indonesian society. Many civil society groups were formed with grandiose aims of fostering community support for the positive betterment of the nation. In reality these groups were controlled by Suharto’s politic groupings and they merely ensured the continuance of his absolute power. 

Institutionalised state [[racism]] became endemic with the Indonesian Chinese community bearing the brunt of this. The Chinese written language was banned, allegedly on the fear of infiltration from the [[People's Republic of China]]. Ethnic Chinese were forced to assume Indonesian names. While President Suharto was publicly proclaiming his desire to control the “conglomerates” (a [[dog whistle]] term in Indonesia for wealthy Chinese businessmen), in reality his family interests were closely allied with those very conglomerates and skimming their customary percentage.

==The crash==
The political power all came to an end in 1998. Indonesia was hardest hit of all Asian nations by the monetary crisis of 1997-98. This, combined with yet another rigged election in 1997 which returned Suharto to power with his customary five year term, was just too much for the Indonesian populace. Social unrest was extreme and political opponents suddenly found their voice. Suharto tried desperately to cling to power even offering to resign at the end of his latest elected term but ultimately he had nowhere to hide and resigned in May 1998.

This ushered in a new era of democracy and reform but it was far from the end of Suharto family power. The family businesses were badly hurt by the financial crisis, but to this day most remain intact. Nobody is really sure quite how much money was stolen but Transparency International put the figure at between US$15 and 35 billion – the single largest heist of all time (and then some).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm Suharto tops corruption rankings]</ref>

Strangely, the Indonesian public never really held Suharto accountable for his actions. This was very apparent with an outpouring of national grief upon his death in 2008. Rather, it was his avaricious children that bore the brunt of public indignation.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/world/asia/28iht-suharto.1.9542684.html?pagewanted=all Suharto's legacy of development and corruption]</ref>

In August 2015, the Indonesian Supreme Court ordered the Suharto family to repay to the state 
a number too large to write
 4.389 trillion Indonesian Rupiah (about US$ 300  million) for funds which were channeled through one of the family-controlled phony educational foundations to companies run by either the family or their cronies.  Only time will tell if the Indonesian government ever sees this money again. Perhaps they will – US$ 300 million is after all just small change for this family.

==The family rogues’ gallery==
[[File:Suharto_family.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mum, dad and 6 children in 1967]]

{{wpl|Tommy Suharto|Hutomo Mandala Putra Suharto (Tommy)}} {{lived|1962}} is the most notorious and flamboyant of all the children. He was convicted in 2000 of paying two hitmen to murder the Supreme Court judge who had convicted him of corruption and was sentenced to 15 years jail time. This gave rise to [[urban legend]]s in Indonesia including that Tommy never actually went to jail and a doppelgänger served the sentence for him. Whatever on that, he was released under special licence after only 6 years. He was the only member of the family to ever be directly convicted for corruption. His business interests include pharmaceuticals, construction and a slew of tourism-related business on the resort island of Bali. He was worth US$590 million in 1998.<ref name=richburg /><ref>George J. Aditjondro, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/asiaecon/stories/sons012598.htm Suharto and Sons]. ''The Washington Post'', 25 January 1998.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180913111849/https://www.economist.com/asia/2006/11/02/lucky-tommy Lucky Tommy]. Archived from ''The Economist'', 2 November 2006.</ref> Tommy then wandered into politics with his own {{wpl|Berkarya Party||,}} with support of [[good old days|old-timers]], New Order [[apologists]] and [[wingnuts]]. His party was unable to exceed parliamentary threshold in {{wpl|2019 Indonesian general election|2019 election|.}}

{{wpl|Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana|Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana ("Tutut")}} {{lived|1949}} fingers in many, many business pies and served as social affairs minister in her father’s last cabinet in 1998. One of her companies defaulting on a loan resulted in the failure of Hong Kong investment bank, Peregrine. Her estimated assets in 1994 were US$455 million.<ref name=richburg /> Tutut, along with brother Bambang, were among those listed in a list of 150 richest Asians in 2016.<ref name=pausacker /><ref name=studwell>Joe Studwell, ''Asian Godfathers: Money and Power in Hong Kong and South East Asia''. Grove Press, 2008, {{isbn|0802143911}}.</ref>{{rp|282}}

Bambang Trihatmodjo Suharto {{lived|1953}} controls large industrial holdings include shipping, trading, oil, gas and hotels. He maintains a rather lower profile than his little brother Tommy. He was worth US$2.18 billion in 1998.<ref name=richburg /> He was listed with sister Tutut as one of the 150 richest Asians in 2016.<ref name=pausacker /><ref name=studwell />{{rp|282}}

Sigit Harjoyudanto Suharto {{lived|1952}} is the first born son of Suharto. Hs is known for his [[gambling]] problem which resulted in dad banning him from gambling abroad.<ref name=pausacker>Helen Pausacker, [https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/the-soeharto-family-where-are-they-now/ The Soeharto family: where are they now?] ''Indonesia at Melbourne'', 23 May 2018.</ref><ref name=studwell />{{rp|281}} He was allegedly popular in Las Vegas, and one can only speculate as to how many millions of the national wealth he gambled away.

Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih (Mamiek) {{lived|1964}} is a real estate developer with an estimated wealth of US$47 million.<ref name=pausacker /><ref name=richburg>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/indonesia/stories/cash052298.htm Cashing In on Years in Power]. ''The Washington Post'', 22 May 1998.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mahathir Mohammad]] - his Malaysian counterpart.
*[[Prabowo Subianto]] - his son-in-law and successor.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
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[[Category:Asian politicians]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]
[[Category:Billionaires]]
[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:Dictators]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Genocide]]
[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Muslims]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:Right-wing activists]]

Categories: Asian politicians, Authoritarianism, Billionaires, Crimes against humanity, Dictators, Fascists, Genocide, Indonesia, Muslims, Racists, Right-wing activists