Ideomotor effect

[[File:William Carpenter.jpg|thumb|right|165px|William B. Carpenter]]{{Psychology}}
Actions of an individual can be influenced by suggestion and expectations without the individual being consciously aware of it. This is known as the '''ideomotor effect'''. In motor behavior, there are two parts to the [[brain]] activity. The first is the activity that results in the motor activity; the second is the registration of that activity in the [[Consciousness|conscious]] [[mind]]. The ideomotor effect happens when the second part, the conscious registration, is circumvented.

The effect was first observed by {{wpl|William Benjamin Carpenter}} in 1852, in his investigation of [[dowsing]]. He proposed the ideomotor effect as a third class of unconscious behavior, along with excitomotor (such as breathing and swallowing) and sensorimotor (reflex actions).

The ideomotor effect has been well documented; however, it still remains an effect that is largely unknown to most people, including scientists.

==Examples==
[[File:Osten und Hans.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Clever Hans says, "Neigh!"]]
A classic example of the ideomotor effect in action dates back to the use of a held pendulum as far back as 371 CE. An operator would hold the pendulum and attribute certain meanings depending on which direction the pendulum would swing. Priests used this technique to channel divine messages. [[Alchemy|Alchemists]] used it to determine the composition of an object. The results were very convincing, until [[double-blind]] trials failed to yield the same results.

{{anchor|Clever Hans effect}}The ideomotor effect was responsible for the '''Clever Hans effect'''. This is named after a horse, {{wpl|Clever Hans||,}} who was believed to be able to understand and solve basic arithmetic problems and give the answer by tapping his hoof. It was later found out that the horse had no mathematical abilities at all, but was simply picking up unconscious ideomotor-generated visual cues from his owner which told him when to start and stop tapping.<ref>[http://www.skepdic.com/cleverhans.html Clever Hans phenomenon], [[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]</ref>

Many phenomena have been attributed to the ideomotor effect, including:
*[[Dowsing]]
*[[Ouija board]]s
*[[Automatic writing]]
*[[Facilitated communication]]
*The movement of the table and other objects in [[séance]]s
*An apparent "[[Vitalism|life]] [[Subtle energy|energy]]", or [[Qi|chi]], in [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese medicine]]

==Features==
*'''Action''' &mdash; the actual motion of the pendulum or other object, which is the result of minor unconscious motor activity, usually greatly amplified
*'''[[Psychological projection|Projection]]''' &mdash; the responsibility for the action is connected to something other than the operator
*'''Attribution''' &mdash; because of the projection, the action is attributed to some new science, undiscovered phenomenon, or [[paranormal]] activity
*'''[[Delusion]]''' &mdash; the operator is considered to be someone with an exceptional ability
*'''Self-confirmation''' &mdash; once the ideomotor effect begins to take place, [[Confirmation bias|psychological reinforcement]] can amplify the effect and [[Cognitive dissonance|prevent falsification]] in the mind of the operator

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/apr/27/ouija-boards-dowsing-rods-bomb-detectors The unseen force that drives Ouija boards and fake bomb detectors] by [[Chris French]] (April 27, 2013) ''The Guardian''

==See also==
*[[Pareidolia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Psychology]]

Categories: Science, Psychology