Benjamin Rush

[[File:Benjamin Rush Painting by Peale.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Benjamin Rush]]{{pseudoscience}}
'''Benjamin Rush''' {{lived|1746|1813}} was an [[America]]n physician and signatory of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]].

He strongly believed in [[bloodletting]] (in his case, this meant removing up to 75% of the patient's blood), [[mercury]], and [[Colonic|colon cleansing]]. While his methods have been blamed for [[George Washington]]'s death, his student was actually the only one who ''opposed'' more bloodletting. One source says:
{{quotebox|Powell describes Rush as "a ready victim of every trap self-discretion could lay" who found security in the good opinion of others. He kept his theory of treatment and ignored the facts. "He recognized no error except in others."<ref name=louis2>[http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/14/6/462.full ''Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis: Master of the spirit of mathematical clinical science''], Qual Saf Health Care 2005;14:462-464 doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.016816.</ref>}}

He also created Dr. Rush's Bilious Pills" (a.k.a., "thunderbolts" or "thunderclappers"), which aside from an awesome name for a band, were an olde-timey "cure" for [[syphilis]]. The pills were in fact a potent laxative made from 50% mercurial compound, jalap root (''Ipomoea purga'') and chlorine.<ref>[https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/pharmacy-fun-fact-august-14 Pharmacy Fun Fact: August 14] (Aug 14, 2020) ''Pharmacy Times''.</ref> These were given to Lewis and Clark's expedition for medicine, which also has helped modern historians to trace their route using scientific testing on what they left behind.<ref>Brown, David E. (6 June 1999). "What They Carried". New York Times.</ref>

Though he was an [[abolition]]ist, Rush believed in "scientific" [[racialism]], and that blacks suffered from a disease called "negritude", which could be cured by becoming white.<ref>[http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/mental01.htm  In Our Own Voices: African American Stories of Oppression, Survival and Recovery in the Mental Health System], Vanessa Jackson.</ref>

For quite a long time, the official seal of the American Psychiatric Association featured a profile of Rush due to his influential work on what he called "diseases of the mind". He was a proponent of the idea that mental illnesses are real as opposed to [[mental illness denial]] and believed they had a biological component, though his ideas were pretty far off about what exactly this was (he blamed abnormal circulation and [[Heroic medicine|humoural]] imbalances). He also had a prominent role in the reform of mental asylums and pioneered the disease model of addictions rather than seeing them as a moral failing. He supported treatments which today we would call horribly abusive (though common for the time). Perhaps due to his mixed legacy, the APA recently adopted a new logo which features a stylized brain with the Rod of Asclepius (the symbol of medicine that you've seen on ambulances and such). This is arguably unfair; Rush, like all people, was a product of his time, and while he held views that ''today'' are objectionable, what needs to be evaluated is not how good he was in comparison to ourselves but how much better he made society.

==See also==
*[[Drapetomania]]

==External links==
*[http://archive.org/details/101283172.nlm.nih.gov ''Medical inquiries and observations''], volume 4, which contains the full text of his ''Defence of Blood-letting as a Remedy for Certain Diseases''. In PDF format.
*[http://bobarnebeck.com/defence.html ''A Defence of Blood-letting, as a Remedy for Certain Diseases''], an incomplete transcription, but it's in HTML format and easier to view.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rush, Benjamin}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Founding Fathers]]
[[Category:Herbal medicine]]
[[Category:Physicians]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Racists]]

Categories: Authors, Founding Fathers, Herbal medicine, Physicians, Pseudoscience promoters, Racists