trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Hindsight bias

{{sources needed}}{{psychology}}{{cquote|Hindsight is 20/20.|||Common saying<ref group=note>Though most people think 20/20 is excellent vision, it actually refers to "normal" vision, which might actually be above average. {{wpl|Visual acuity|It's complicated|.}}</ref>}}
'''Hindsight bias''' is the effect whereby people think that past events were predictable, or at least more predictable than they actually were. This is because after an event, the probability of it happening is, naturally, 100%. The bias arises because people ignore the things that ''didn't'' happen or the things that didn't cause the event — known as the "availability heuristic". This allows people to point to specific causes of an event (such as a catastrophe) and ask, "Why wasn't something done about it?"

==Examples==
Numerous cases of hindsight bias can illustrate the phenomenon, but the {{wpl|Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|loss of the space shuttle ''Challenger''}} in 1986 and the [[9/11]] attacks of 2001 provide well-known examples:

*In the case of the space shuttle, investigators attributed the failure of the vehicle to a faulty rubber "O-ring" on one of the shuttle's solid-fuel boosters.<ref group=note>The manufacturers would say, with some justification, that the O-ring was not faulty as such, but that it was used in weather that was outside the declared temperature range of the equipment. It was not intended to be used at freezing temperatures. Which don't ''usually'' occur in Southern Florida. Usually.</ref> After the tragedy, inquiry found that this fault was reported as a potential problem, but ignored. Those affected by hindsight bias view this as practically criminal, as the fault was known long before the event, but they completely ignore the hundreds, if not thousands, of other reports that had the same probability of causing the destruction of the shuttle. 
*In relation to the attacks on the World Trade Center, several reports of "something big" were milling around intelligence agencies; however, prior to the attack itself there were many reports of "something big", many of which led to nothing.

Any assessment of how people react to information or intelligence regarding a potential event should be done without the benefit of the knowledge that the event actually happened.

Hindsight bias with events such as these makes it easy to formulate [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] by claiming that because a government "knew in advance" of an attack or similar, "they" let it happen. In reality, "they" didn't really "know in advance" at all, as the probability of something happening was low.

==See also==
*[[Selective reporting]]
*[[Texas sharpshooter fallacy]] - using the same data to form and prove a hypothesis
*[[Improbable things happen]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Historian's fallacy}}
*{{wpa|Hindsight bias}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Cognitive biases}}{{logfal}}

[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Informal fallacies]]

Categories: Cognitive biases, Informal fallacies
Hippocrates Health Institute

{{Altmed}}
The '''Hippocrates Health Institute''' is a self-styled "leader" in the field of "natural & alternative health care" based in [[Florida]]. Mostly, though, it's a spa, offering massages, facial treatments, and fitness therapy, as well as such enticements as wheatgrass scalp treatment and colon hydrotherapy.<ref>[https://hippocrateswellness.org/the-resort/explore-experiences/ Explore Experiences.] Hippocrates.</ref> It also sells [[essential oil]]s and EMF protection gear, as well as a variety of [[nutritional supplement|nutritional supplements]].<ref>[https://store.hippocratesinst.org/ Store.] Hippocrates.</ref>  More recently, they have sold a combination of [[homeopathy|homeopathic]] formulas and dietary supplements claimed "to help  combat both the effects of Covid-19, and to [[Detox]] after taking the [[Vaccination]]".<ref>[https://store.hippocratesinst.org/products/detox-19 Detox-19 Kit.] Hippocrates.</ref>

==Cancer death==
A young girl who was undergoing "treatment" at the institute had parents who refused [[chemotherapy]] and surgery for her condition. She died in January, 2015.  As a result, the director of the institute, a [[naturopath]], was ordered to stop practicing medicine.<ref>CBC News [http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/brian-clement-hippocrates-health-institute-director-ordered-to-stop-practising-medicine-1.2968780 Brian Clement, Hippocrates Health Institute head, ordered to stop practising medicine]</ref>  The order was later rescinded because the prosecutor's office deemed there to be insufficient evidence to pursue a trial.<ref>[http://doubtfulnews.com/2015/03/hippocrates-health-institute-director-ordered-to-cease-and-desist/ Hippocrates Health Institute “cease and desist” is withdrawn (UPDATE)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]
[[Category:Florida]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Alternative medicine promoters, Florida
Hippolyte Baraduc

[[File:Baraduc.png|thumb|right|165px|Hippolyte Baraduc]]
{{Paranormal}}
'''Hippolyte Baraduc''' (1850–1909) was a [[France|French]] physician and [[parapsychologist]]. He is most notable for his claim that a misty form leaves the human body at the moment of death which he believed was evidence for the [[soul]].

==Soul==
[[File:Soul Photograph.jpg|thumb|left|Photo taken by Baraduc of his wife Nadine 20 minutes after her death. The photo shows a misty form which Baraduc believed was his wife's soul leaving her body.]]
According to Baraduc, at the moment of [[death]] a misty form will leave the body, taking a vague shape and then disappearing. Baraduc believed the misty form to be the departing soul.

Baraduc's wife Nadine became ill in 1907. He set up photographic material at his wife's bedside where he waited with her to pass away. Just after her death he had taken a photograph which revealed three misty forms floating above Nadine. Baraduc took another photograph fifteen minutes later and the three misty forms had formed together into a large luminous white ball. Baraduc later claimed the ball floated away and disappeared.

Baraduc wrote that human thought, characteristics of the [[mind]] and the [[soul]] projects itself in a form into space. Even though Baraduc was certain he had photographed the soul, others have not been convinced. Some professional photographers have suggested that the effect observed in his photographs could have been caused by tiny pinholes in the bellows behind the lens of the camera.

==Published works==
*''The Human Soul'' (1913)
*''La Force Vitale, Notre Corps Vital, Fulidique, une Formule Barometrique'' (1905)
*''Les Vibrations de la Vitalité Humaine'' (1904)
*''Note Sommaire sur la Décondensation Cérébrale'' (1901)
*''Méthode de Radiographie Humaine'' (1897)
*''Photographie des Etats Hypervibratoires de la Vitalité Humaine'' (1897)
*''Iconographie de la Force Vitale Cosmique Od'' (1896)

==References==
*Marina Warner ''Phantasmagoria: Spirit Visions, Metaphors, and Media into the Twenty-first Century'' Oxford University Press, 2008 ISBN 0199239231

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardauc, Hippolyte}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Paranormal]]

Categories: Authors, Paranormal
Historical contingency

{{sources needed}}{{evolution}}
'''Historical contingency''' is an important idea in [[biology]] and [[evolution]]<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287070/</ref>. It is the theory that the paths that life can evolve on are constrained by historical events that are often [[random]]. This was perhaps most succinctly described by [[Stephen Jay Gould]], when he proposed the [[thought experiment]] of rewinding the tape of evolution backwards and replaying it. The question is: "would life evolve in the same way or in some very different manner?" This idea cuts to the heart of many issues surrounding the inevitability of humanity and [[Free will|determinism]]. 

Historical events that can constrain evolutionary pathways are varied. They can include things that work at the genetic level such as [[genetic drift]], [[population bottleneck]]s, neutral selection, exaptation, and [[potentiating mutation]]s, but also external phenomena in the environment, such as climate cycles and meteorites. 

Recent work by biologist [[Richard Lenski]] has looked at the role of potentiating mutations in historical contingency. The ability for multiple neutral mutations to add up and eventually allow for a [[beneficial mutation]] provides a vivid counter-example to the [[intelligent design]] [[propaganda]] of [[Michael Behe]]'s book ''[[The Edge of Evolution]]''.
==See also==
*[[Lenski affair]]
*[[Predestination]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|evolution}}
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:biology]]
[[category:evolution]]
[[Category: Lenski affair]]
[[Category:Thought experiment]]

Categories: Science, biology, evolution,  Lenski affair, Thought experiment
Hoax-Slayer

{{skepnav}}
'''Hoax-Slayer''' was a website dedicated to debunking fake emails, either of the "your distant relative died in Africa" variety, or the political "look what [[Islamophobia|these evil muslims]] do to their children" sort. 

Hoax-Slayer began in August 2003 after Brett Christiansen started a Yahoo! group about email scams — the website was inspired by the group, which he closed in 2004 to concentrate on the site and its newsletter.

==Coverage==
Hoax-slayer dealt with virus [[hoax]]es, giveaway hoaxes, [[charity]] hoaxes, bogus warnings, petitions and protests, chain letters, celebrity hoaxes, pranks, bad advice, funny hoaxes, unsubstantiated emails, missing child hoaxes, [[phishing]] and pharming scams, [[Advance fee fraud|Nigerian scams]], [[Advance fee fraud|payment transfer scams]], lottery scams, and dating scams. It also provided information about internet security and viruses.

The website was closed down by the owner in May 2021.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/2021*/http://www.hoax-slayer.com/ Site archives]

<!--
* [http://www.hoax-slayer.com/ The site]
* [http://www.hoax-slayer.com/hsblog/ The blog of the site]
* [http://www.hoaxslayer.com/ accept no imitations]
* [http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main/hoax-slayer.com Alexa's Hoax-slayer page]
-->

==See also==
*[[Snopes]]
*[[MythBusters]]

[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Websites]]
{{stub|internet}}

Categories: Internet, Websites
Hojatoleslam Kazem Sedighi

{{islam}}
'''Hojatoleslam Kazem Sedighi''' is a senior [[Iran|Iranian]] cleric and seismologist.  

Among his contributions to seismology is his theorization about a little known cause of earthquakes.  On April 16, 2010 he instructed worshipers in Tehran that they should adhere to strict codes of modesty to protect themselves from untoward seismic disturbances: "Many women who do not dress modestly lead young men astray and spread [[adultery]] in society which increases earthquakes...What can we do to avoid being buried under the rubble? There is no other solution but to take refuge in [[religion]] and to adapt our lives to Islam's moral codes."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8631775.stm BBC News: Iranian cleric 'blames quakes on promiscuous women']</ref>

Sedighi's claim has been the subject of a fascinating natural experiment proposed by [[Jey McCreight]].<ref>[http://www.tonic.com/article/boobquake-in-the-name-of-science-jennifer-mccraight-hojatoleslam-kazem-sedighi/ Boobquake]</ref>  Their tongue-in-cheek experiment requires that women demonstrate the amazing power of their immodesty in the same timezone,<ref>http://travel.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474978200249</ref> which would mean they and their sisters not responsible for an earthquake in [[China#The one on the island|Taiwan]].<ref>[http://beforeitsnews.com/news/36690/Taiwan_Earthquake,_Unrelated_Landslide_Causing_Difficulties.html Taiwan Earthquake, Unrelated Landslide Causing Difficulties]</ref>  However, repeating the same experiment would increase confidence in research findings.   

This is not the first time that [[Islam | Islamic]] preachers have blamed women for natural disasters.  It seems they were also responsible for the Asian tsunami.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article778573.ece Women caused Asian tsunami]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Fatwa]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sedighi, Hojatoleslam Kazem}}
[[Category:Iranians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muslims]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]
[[Category:Rape culture]]
[[Category:Sexists]]

Categories: Iranians, Living people, Muslims, Purity culture, Rape culture, Sexists
Holocaust envy

{{stub|politics}}{{pseudohistorynav}}[[File:PBS Elie Wiesel.jpg|thumb|left|165px|The intersection of PBS hate and Neo-Nazism is beautiful. Also ignorance (or is it mendacity?): it's pronounced "vee-'''zel'''", not "weasel".]]
'''"Holocaust envy"''' is a neologism that describes envy towards the [[Jews]], due to the perception that the international community has endorsed the Jewish people since [[the Holocaust]].

The Holocaust has been a political factor up to present day, as there are Jews and non-Jews who use it to support the claims that [[Israel]] is needed as a Jewish homeland (see [[Zionism]]). Those who use the term ''Holocaust envy'' associate it with Arabs, due to the [[Palestine#Israeli-Palestinian_conflict|Arab-Israeli conflict]].

[[Holocaust denial]] can be traced to Holocaust envy. By denying that the Holocaust has happened, one can try to deprive the Jewish people of international support.

Holocaust envy could be compared to [[fatwa envy]], though they are fundamentally different. While Holocaust envy is a desire to receive compassion or compensation, fatwa envy is a desire to use force. In other words, Muslims are envied since a few Muslims kill, while Jews are envied since many of them were killed. One aspect of the latter is the emphasis some Christians put on the (supposed) persecution of Christians during the [[Third Reich]]. The [[Balance fallacy|problem]] with this argument, however, is that Christians were not persecuted merely for being Christians,<ref group=note>Even the systematic persecution of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] was not due to their religious beliefs, but because these beliefs led them to refuse to comply with [[conscription]], i.e. they were persecuted due to their ''actions'', not simply because of who they were.</ref> whereas Jews were persecuted merely for who they ''were'', and regardless of their actions.


==See also==
* [[Holocaust profit controversy]]
* [[Genocide conspiracy]]
* [[Martyr]]
* [[Palestine]]
*[[Nazis]]
*[[Holodomor]]

==Further reading==
* http://www.jsantisemitism.org/articles/BrahmJSA227.pdf
* http://adamash.blogspot.se/2006/10/weird-thing-called-holocaust-envy.html

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[Category:Holocaust]]
[[Category:Neologisms]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:World War II]]

Categories: Antisemitism, Holocaust, Neologisms, Racism, World War II
Holy

{{religion}}
'''Holy''' or '''sacred''' are [[religious]] terms which strictly mean "designated for [[spiritual]] use". More informally, these terms are used to describe a person, place, or thing that conveys "[[supernatural]]" feelings.

Holy things are held in veneration by followers of the relevant religion, and followers of other religions (or none) are usually expected to respect this. In [[Dualism|dualistic]] terms, what is "holy" is the opposite of that which is "profane".

The Hebrew word [https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/definition/holy.htm קָדוֹשׁ] (transliterated as "qadosh" or "kadosh") is typically translated in the Bible as "holy", but literally means "set aside for a purpose".

==Religious use==
*Holy places can be [[church|churches]], temples, mountains, places a religious leader came from or went to (e.g. [[Mecca]], or the [[Holy Land]]), or places that seem to convey something "other worldly", such as the caves of Lascaux or the wind tunnels in Southern [[Colorado]].

*[[Holy book]]s or holy words are generally writings and sayings which are ascribed to the [[supernatural]] leader or the [[god]](s) of that religion.

*Holy artifacts can be [[relic]]s associated with religious leaders, animal skulls found in odd places, rocks that are oddly colored, or human-made tools of the trade, like the [[Ark of the Covenant]].

*Holy days, found in most religions, are days in which instead of doing ordinary tasks such as working, people get to sit on their rears adoring God or doing whatever else it is their religion considers holy. These holy days have evolved into our "holidays".

==Secular use==
The term "holy" is often applied in the [[secular]] world to things which a group has deemed "off limits" to criticism. Players or coaches of a sports team might be considered "holy" to the locals. Political leaders will speak of a particular [[tax]] plan or omnibus bill as "holy" if they are chastised by another for challenging it. Texts, particular to non-religious groups, might be called "holy" if it is discouraged or disallowed for members of the group to question them.

==See also==
*''[[Holy Blood, Holy Grail]]'' — a [[conspiracy]] book about the [[Holy Grail]]
*[[Holy Grail]] — a hypothetical [[Christian]] relic
*[[Holy Foreskin]] — the "fishes and loaves" of [[circumcision]]
*[[Holy Koolaid]] — a [[freethought]] blog
*[[Holy Lance]] — another relic
*[[Holy Land]] — land of endless war
*[[Holy Land Experience]] — a method for [[Trinity Broadcasting Network]] to extract more money from [[sheeple]]
*[[Holy Spirit]] — part of the [[Trinity]]
*[[Holy water]]
*[[The Sacred and the Profane]]

[[Category:Religious terms]]

Categories: Religious terms
Homeostasis

{{biology}}
'''Homeostasis''' (Latin: ''homeo-'', "similar to"; ''stasis'', "a standing still")<ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/homeostasis</ref> is a steady state (a system that does not stray away from a range of favorable conditions, maintaining a relative constancy) in which processes exert positive and negative control over the variables in a system. In other words, it is a system that remains in a certain range of stability, with certain factors affecting it while also responding to the changes in order for the system to remain more or less the same. A prominent example of such would be our body temperature: for the most part, humans maintain a fairly constant temperature of 37° C (98.6° F for Americans).{{efn|The 37° C measurement was based on a mid-1800s study of Germans, but there is growing evidence of variability.<ref>[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bolivia-indigenous-tsimane-people-average-body-temperature Bolivia's Tsimane people’s average body temperature fell half a degree in 16 years: A new study adds to evidence that 37° Celsius, or 98.6° Fahrenheit, is no longer the norm] by Sujata Gupta (November 13, 2020 at 8:00 am) ''Science News''.</ref>}} If it is cold outside, the body generates heat in order to preserve that temperature internally; if it is a hot day outside, sweat is produced which later evaporates and thus cools the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Urry |first=Lisa A. |chapter=Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function |pages=879 |title=Campbell Biology 11th ed |date=2016 |isbn=0-134-09341-0 |publisher=Pearson}}</ref>

In [[biology]], there are four categories of homeostatic control.

==Physiological==
These processes regulate and maintain the internal environment of a [[cell]] or an [[organism]]. Each process involves:

:1) A sensory device that monitors the value of a variable
:2) An input from the sensor to an effector whenever the value changes beyond a set threshold
:3) An effector that restores the value of the variable to normal and stops the original input (negative feedback)

Examples of [[physiology|physiological]] homeostasis include the control of blood sugar levels, heart rate, and body temperature.
<br>

[[File:Homeostasis_of_blood_sugar.png|thumb|400px|center|Illustration of homeostasis in regards to blood sugar levels.]]

==Developmental==
These are the processes that control disturbances in developmental conditions, ensuring that the [[fitness]] of the organism is not impaired.

==Genetic==
{{main|Genetics}}
This describes the tendency for species to resist the effects of [[artificial selection]], in order to maintain genetic composition.

==Ecological==
There are some ecological processes that are considered homeostatic, such as the regulation of population density and diversity.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|1|80%}}
<br>
[[Category:Science]] [[Category:Biology]]{{stub|biology}}

Categories: Science, Biology
Homeschoolers Anonymous

'''Homeschoolers Anonymous''' is an online project run by a community of former [[homeschooling]] students. While not opposed to homeschooling in general, the group advocates on behalf of people who were "hurt by certain oppressive groups and ways of thinking" in the homeschooling movement, including the [[Quiverfull]] movement, {{wpl|Generation Joshua}}, and the [[dominionism]] of the {{wpl|Home School Legal Defense Association}}.<ref name=HAAbout>{{cite web|url=https://homeschoolersanonymous.org/about|title=About|work=Homeschoolersanonymous.org}}</ref>

The group's stated objectives <ref name=HAAbout/> include:

# To bring awareness to the suffering many children experience through aspects of certain homeschooling subcultures
# To educate the public about the inner workings and politics of some homeschooling communities
# To provide a voice against some of the extreme positions from within certain homeschool ideologies
# To inspire others to speak up about abuse and control
# To give hope to those who currently suffer from abuse and control
# To bring healing to those who have escaped an abusive or controlling home environment and provide new survivors with resources for developing independence
# To create a community of shared experience program 

Homeschoolers Anonymous is a member of the Minerva Coalition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://womennewsnetwork.net/2014/07/03/when-fundamentalist-religion-battles-education/|title=When fundamentalist religion battles education|work=Women News Network|date=3 July 2014}}</ref>

==External links==
*[https://homeschoolersanonymous.org/ Homeschoolers Anonymous]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/04/11/homeschooled-kids-now-grown-blog-against-the-past.html?source=upworthy1|title=Homeschooled Kids, Now Grown, Blog Against the Past}} - ''Daily Beast'' article on Homeschoolers Anonymous
*{{cite web|url=https://becomingworldly.wordpress.com/2012/12/05/escaping-from-and-advocating-against-bad-homeschooling/|title=How To Escape From Bad Home Schooling}} - by a Homeschoolers Anonymous contributor

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|education}}
[[Category: Homeschooling]]

Categories:  Homeschooling
Homicide

{{fork}}
{{cquote|''Il est défendu de tuer; tout meurtrier est puni, à moins qu’il n’ait tué en grande compagnie, et au son des trompettes.''<BR>
(It is forbidden to kill, therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets.)|||[[Voltaire]]}}
*[[Abortion]]
*[[Capital punishment]]
*[[Euthanasia]]
*[[Extrajudicial execution]]
*[[Filicide]]
*[[Genocide]]
*"[[Homicide bombing]]"
*[[Suicide]]
*[[Suicide bombing]]
*[[Terrorism]]
*[[War]]

==See also==
*[[Animal experimentation]]
*[[Ethnic cleansing]]

[[Category:Crime]]

Categories: Crime