Santiago de Compostela

{{christianity}}
'''Santiago de Compostela''' (or '''Santiago''' to its friends) is a major centre of Roman Catholic pilgrimage and the capital of Galicia (the one in [[Spain]], not the one in [[Poland]] and [[Ukraine]]). The destination of the Camino de Santiago or Way of St James, it has attracted tourists for more than a thousand years, who hope to visit the bones of the Apostle James and have a nice walk in the hills.

==St James the Moorslayer==
[[File:Santiago Matamoros, 18th century.jpg|thumb|left|St. James barefoot in his pink dress, slaying Moors. ''Totally'' not the Jack from a deck of cards. (Oddly, his next opponent seems unconcerned.)]]
The city's name comes from "Sanctu Iacobu" (Vulgar [[Latin]] for "St James") and it is a centre for venerating the [[Apostle#James_son_of_Zebedee|Apostle James, son of Zebedee]] (St James the Great), who is not coincidentally the patron saint of Spain. Spanish legend holds that prior to his death James popped over to Spain for a while and preached there, until the [[Virgin Mary]]'s ghost visited him in Zaragoza and told him to lay off the sangria and get the hell back to Judea. Where he was crucified.

Legend has it that after his death, his body was carried in a self-steering [[angel]]-powered boat the length of the Mediterranean Sea, round the west coast of Iberia, and deposited on the Galician coast at Iria Flavia (now {{wpl|Padrón|Padrón,}} best known for its green capsicums famed for their roulette-style variations in heat). His body was mysteriously encased in rock and later equally mysteriously moved inland to Santiago where it would be found almost 800 years later. 

Santiago was in the northern part of Spain that was never properly conquered by the Moors during the early 8<sup>th</sup> century Umayyad invasion of Iberia. It was thus important in the Christian fightback or Reconquista. Hence the "discovery" of James's bones at Santiago de Compostela around 813 or 814. A monk called Pelayo followed a star and found a marble sarcophagus (which seems to have gone unnoticed until then), containing bones which were identified by local bishop Teodomir and confirmed by King {{wpl|Alfonso II of Asturias|Alfonso II of Asturias.}}<ref>[http://reliquarian.com/2013/03/09/the-way-of-saint-james-pilgrimage-to-the-tomb-of-a-son-of-thunder/ The Way of Saint James: Pilgrimage to the Tomb of a “Son of Thunder”], Reliquarian.com, 2013</ref> James became an important figure for [[Islam|Muslim]]-bashing Spaniards, appearing in battlefield visions as Santiago Matamoros (St James the Moorslayer) and leading the Spanish to victory at the Battle of Clavijo, an entirely fictional military engagement which supposedly took place in the noted winemaking region of La Rioja.<ref>{{wpa|Saint James Matamoros}}</ref>

Confusingly, James's arm was allegedly stolen from {{wpl|Constantinople}} by Bishop Martin of Pairis Abbey in Alsace during the hilarious Fourth [[Crusade]].<ref>"Abbot Martin's theft of relics, April-May 1204" and "List of Relics Stolen by Abbot Martin" by Gunther of Pairas, in ''Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291'', Jessalynn Bird, Edward Peters, James M. Powell, University of Pennsylvania Press, 26 Mar 2013, pp 60-63</ref><ref>{{wpa|Pairis Abbey}}</ref> This arm may have remained at Pairis or passed into the possession of Garnier, who was {{wpl|Bishop of Troyes}} from 1207 to 1223.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HjnvCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT207&ots=LIfSS2P_0i&dq=arm%20james%20pairis&pg=PT207#v=onepage&q=arm%20james%20pairis&f=false The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context], Michael J Angold, Routledge, 17 Nov 2015</ref> One might call this a rather unusual form of arms trafficking.

==Pilgrimage==
[[File:Basílica de Santiago 02.JPG|thumb|right|The Basilica of St. James of Compostela.  Spanish Baroque at its fanciest.]]
Santiago de Compostela is the endpoint of the {{wpl|Camino de Santiago}} or Way of St James, which refers to several pilgrimage routes that run from all over Europe through northern Spain to the city. The route was established by the 11<sup>th</sup> century and has been popular ever since: the conquest of [[Jerusalem]] by Saladin in 1187 made alternative and easier sites of pilgrimage even more important for those who didn't want to be killed by angry Arabs. Hundreds of thousands of people still make the journey each year, though many now enjoy it as a hiking or cycling route rather than in the hope of salvation. Camino de Santiago is also Spanish for the Milky Way; apparently our entire galaxy was formed by dust kicked up by the footsteps of pilgrims.<ref>[https://www.caminodesantiago.me/community/threads/walking-beneath-the-milky-way-different-languages.36589/ Walking beneath the Milky Way &mdash; different languages], caminodesantiago.me</ref> That ranks right up there with claiming the sky is blue because of light reflected from the ocean.

Scallops are a Galician seafood, and the scallop shell is commonly associated with the pilgrimage and became an early form of souvenir/proof of your piety. Needless to say, there are multiple stories to explain this, generally involving somebody being washed up on the beach covered in shells. The shape of the shell, with its grooves converging at a point, acts as a crude map of the pilgrimage routes converging on Santiago. For those who believe all Christian tradition reflects older [[pagan]] practices, the scallop has been linked to [[pagan survivals|pre-Christian fertility rites]].<ref name=cw>[http://caminoways.com/the-scallop-shell-and-the-camino-de-santiago The scallop shell and the Camino de Santiago], CaminoWays.com</ref><ref>[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/romanesque1/a/pilgrimage-routes-and-the-cult-of-the-relic Pilgrimage Routes and the Cult of the Relic], Khan Academy</ref>

==Cathedral and relics==
Tradition dates the first church on the site to king Alfonso II in the early 9<sup>th</sup> century, but Santiago's present cathedral was started in 1075 and consecrated in 1211, with later additions. It reputedly holds [[relic]]s of St James and of two of his followers, Theodorus/Theodoric and Athanasius<ref>Information on who these guys were is astonishingly vague</ref>. There is also a piece of the [[True Cross]] in a 9<sup>th</sup> century gold crucifix.<ref name=sd/> It is one of many sites formerly associated with the [[Holy Prepuce]]<ref group=note>At least according to Wikipedia - {{wpl|Holy Prepuce}} - but sourcing is vague and may be circular</ref>.

Some of the bones of St James have been given away as souvenirs. One legend says that Charlemagne asked to be given the holiest bone and received James' forehead, as the place Jesus would have kissed.<ref>[http://musmon.com/en/content/64/en/CatedralDeSantiagoDeCompostela/13 The chamber and St. James' relics], musmon.com</ref> It's not clear if this is historically possible as Charlemagne died in 814; if true it's disturbing as it would suggest St. James's skull was smashed apart so as to be able to give pieces to visiting dignitaries. The remaining bits of James were hidden in 1700 and not rediscovered until 1879, being re-identified by Pope Leo XIII in 1884.<ref name=sd>[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/spain/santiago-cathedral Santiago Cathedral], Sacred-Destinations.com</ref> It's unclear what it is about these frequently lost and rediscovered bones that makes them so obviously Jamesian (maybe they write in {{wpl|Henry James|really long sentences}}?) The bones are now housed in a silver coffer under the altar in the crypt,<ref name=sd/> and they're unlikely to give you any bits to take away with you: the relic-manufacturing business just isn't what it used to be.

==Not to be confused with==
If you think having two Galicias is confusing, look at this list:
* Santiago de Chile, the capital of [[Chile]]
* Santiago de León de Caracas, the capital of [[Venezuela]]
* Santiago de Querétaro, briefly capital of [[Mexico]] and scene of Emperor Maximilian I's last stand
* Santiago de Cuba, the second-largest city in [[Cuba]]
* Santiago de los Caballeros, the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic, which claims to be the first Santiago of the New World (founded in 1495)
*''Sátántangó'', "a 1994 [[Hungary|Hungarian]] apocalyptic art drama film"<ref>{{wpa|Sátántangó}}</ref>
* Stan Turner, a defender for Port Vale in the 1950s

==See also==
*[[Fátima]]
*[[Marian apparition]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Santiago de_Compostela}}
*{{wpa|Camino de Santiago}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Spain]]

Categories: Spain