Mercenary

{{sources}}{{war}}
A '''mercenary''', otherwise known in modern day [[Newspeak]] as a '''private defense contractor''', is a soldier who [[Privatization|contracts out their services as a private individual]], as opposed to being part of a [[state]]'s regular armed forces.

Mercenaries were common until the 18th century. During the [[Renaissance]], many [[Italy|Italian]] city-states had no standing armies and relied entirely on mercenary forces. The [[British]] used them during the [[American Revolution]], and everyone used [[Switzerland|Swiss]] mercenaries at one point or another.<ref>{{wpa | Swiss mercenaries}}</ref> (When Stalin asked how many divisions the Pope had, the Generalissimo was thinking of the Pontifical Swiss Guard in its pretty uniforms.<ref>
{{wpa | Pontifical Swiss Guard}}
</ref>) However, even then many thinkers foresaw the dangers in using mercenaries.  [[Machiavelli]] wrote that a mercenary, having no allegiance, will eventually hold the prince who employs them hostage for increasing amounts of [[money]].<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/36/1/12.html Chapter 12] of ''The Prince''</ref>

The widely held image of the notoriously undisciplined, cowardly mercenaries who will switch sides at the drop of a hat and roam the land looting, [[rape|raping]], and [[murder]]ing, however, is (mostly) wrong.  Mercenaries are first and foremost ''skilled professionals'', and a poor reputation tends to reduce the value a mercenary company would have in the future.  This reputation is largely an artifact of the Middle Ages, when mercenaries could be rewarded with land and noble title for their deeds, something the existing nobility was not at all fond of.  Therefore, any and all instances of mercenary disloyalty were played up.  While it is often said that mercenaries only fight for money, it is generally forgotten that in this period most regular soldiers had to fight out of feudal obligation rather than any form of patriotism.

Most (although of course not all) examples of mercenaries deserting their employer or [[terrorism|terrorizing]] the population were and are results of them either not being paid or being allowed or maybe even encouraged to do so by their employer. Wallenstein's historical concept of "war that feeds the war" would be one example; Academi, née [[Blackwater]], in [[Iraq]] might be considered a second one.   

After the rise in the popularity of [[nationalism]] in [[Europe]], the use of mercenaries declined sharply, such that none were used in the great wars of the 19th century or in the world wars of the 20th{{fact}} - apart from cases like the Gurkhas<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Smith
| first1 = E. D.
| title = Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VmrgAwAAQBAJ
| series = Famous Regiments
| publisher = Pen and Sword
| publication-date = 1983
| isbn = 9781473812666
}}
</ref>
and the French Foreign Legion<ref>{{wpa | French Foreign Legion}}</ref> and the {{wpl|Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts|foreign volunteers in the Wehrmacht}}. Mercenaries thrived in [[Africa]] up into the 20th century.  Recently, some people have accused the [[United States]] of using mercenaries, such as the "defense contractors" of [[Blackwater]] and others. People may frown on open mercenaries, but 
bribing
 subsidizing allies to join in your 
Coalition of the Willing
 military adventures counts as OK. And supporting friendly countries to fight your [[war|proxy war]]s for you looks like a Good Thing, because that means fewer of Our Boys come home in body-bags. If the friendly countries use your transferred resources to invest in skilled or keen mercenaries, that's None of Our Business.

The {{wpl|United Nations Mercenary Convention}} outlaws the use of mercenaries and related companies, but has seen lackluster support, with the US, [[China]] and [[Russia]] not signing on to it. Furthermore, it has been criticized for not defining PMCs as mercenaries despite their clear overlap in function and usage. 

More recently the rise of Russian mercenaries [[Wagner Group]], which replaced French troops in [[Mali]] and has been active in the Russian invasion of [[Ukraine]], might at least spur western nations to clamp down on mercenary groups, now they're not making any money off of them.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-60947877 What is Russia's Wagner Group of mercenaries in Ukraine?], BBC News, 16 August 2022</ref> On occasion some PMC's are designated as terrorist organizations. Wagner Group earned such a designation for its actions in Ukraine and African countries. <ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wagner-group-designated-terrorist-organization-uk-officials/story?id=103226543 ABC News Go], Retrieved on November 13, 2023.</ref>

[[Azerbaijan]] has also employed mercenaries (in this case, [[Syrian]] militants provided to Azerbaijan by [[Turkey]]) to use as cannon-fodder in their genocidal and [[irredentist]] 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.<ref>{{cws|https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-55238803|The Syrian mercenaries used as 'cannon fodder' in Nagorno-Karabakh|[[BBC]]}}</ref>

A cottage industry of magazines allegedly about the exploits of modern mercenaries, led by ''[[Soldier of Fortune]]'', sprung up in the 1980s.

==See also==
*[[Conscription]]
*[[Piracy]]
*[[Thirty Years War]], infamous for the widespread usage of mercenaries and the resulting atrocities.
*[[Jack Idema]], American mercenary infamous for running private torture facility in [[Afghanistan]]
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:War]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Economics]]

Categories: War, History, Economics