Apex fallacy

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An '''apex fallacy''' (also '''semantic apex fallacy''') occurs when someone evaluates a group based on the performance of ''best'' group members, ''not'' a representative sample of the group members (e.g., evaluating how well women are doing by looking only at national leaders). Conversely, the '''nadir fallacy''' occurs when someone evaluates a group using the ''worst'' group members.

The fallacy is a [[conditional fallacy]]. When not fallacious, the "apex" ''can'' be representative of a group, though then it wouldn't really be much of an "apex"; alternately, through regression analysis, the apex-ness of the sample can (theoretically) be 
magicked away
 [[statistical]]ly controlled for. When fallacious, the fallacy is one of [[overgeneralization]] and fallacious [[composition]]; if the sample was explicitly chosen because of its anomalous status, it’s [[cherry picking]].

The invocation of the "apex fallacy" is highly prevalent in the [[manosphere]], where it is used as a critique of feminism.

The fallacy is a [[selective attention]] fallacy.

==Form==
{{syl
|2=Of entities in set X, all entities in subset Y are Z.
|4= (''[[Enthymeme|unstated]]'') Y is representative of X.
|5=C|6=All entities in set X are Z.
}}

This fallacy hinges on P2. If Y ''is'' representative, then there is no fallacy; if not, then the conclusion does not follow.

In apex fallacies, Y will be the unrepresentative cream of the crop; in nadir fallacies, Y will be the unrepresentative flotsam.

==Examples==
{{syl
|2=The world's best long-distance runners come from [[Africa]].
|4= (''unstated'') Those runners are representative of Africans.
|5=C|6=[[Racialism|All Africans are good long distance runners]].
}}

This is an apex fallacy because not all Africans are good long distance runners.<ref name=UD>http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Apex+Fallacy</ref><ref>[http://www.sportsscientists.com/2013/04/the-kenyan-success-genetic-controversy/ The Kenyan success genetic controversy] by Ross Tucker (13 April 2013) ''The Science of Sport''.</ref>

{{syl
|2=I know a guy who cheats the [[welfare]] system.
|4=(''unstated'') That guy is representative of welfare recipients.
|5=C|6=[[welfare queen|All welfare recipients cheat the system]].
}}

This is a nadir fallacy because not all welfare recipients cheat the system. In fact, the vast majority of welfare recipients are more results of others cheating the system than those cheating the system.

And, the example most beloved of [[MRA]]s:

{{syl
|2=The most powerful people in the world are men.
|4=(''unstated'') Those powerful people are representative of men.
|5=C|6=[[Patriarchy|All men are powerful]].
}}

This is an apex fallacy because not all men are powerful.<ref name=UD />

==Manosphere use==
{{main|Manosphere}}
The manosphere argues that part of feminism falls for the apex fallacy. The use is exemplified by the "Stoner with a Boner" blog:<ref>https://stonerwithaboner.wordpress.com/2012/03/11/what-is-the-apex-fallacy/</ref>

{{quotebox|[An] apex fallacy is the idea that we assign the characteristics of the highest visibility members of a group to all members of that group.<ref group=note>In fact, this would be the [[spotlight effect]].</ref>

Women have looked up, and seen that the top of society is made up of men that hold power. They then attribute that characteristic to all men. The line of thinking goes, all CEO’s are men (mostly true), therefore all men are CEO’s (not even close). Feminists fail to look at the men at the bottom of the pyramid.}}

This statement is true: The existence of powerful groups of men ''does not'' prove that the average man is more powerful than the average woman.

However, reducing feminism to this fallacy is a [[strawman]] against feminism. Feminists claim (among other things) that society is biased to make it ''easier'' for men to ''gain'' power.  Feminists use statistics and point to actual systematic sexism (eg, the [[gender wage gap]]), rather than merely saying "hey look, the wealthiest/most-powerful people are men". Thus, they don't fall prey to the apex fallacy — because they aren't just looking at the apex, but rather the rest of the pyramid, too. Ultimately, this [[Fallacy fallacy|abuse of the apex fallacy]] denies the relative [[privilege]] of males over females.

This view appears to be widely held by MRAs<ref name=WP>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ranze/Apex_fallacy</ref><ref>http://therationalmale.com/tag/apex-fallacy/</ref><ref>http://www.reddit.com/r/MensRights/comments/1d5bni/wikipedia_article_for_apex_fallacy_deleted/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130206005845/http://emmatheemo.wordpress.com/2013/01/14/male-apex-fallacy/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150215044544/http://just-smith.tumblr.com/post/48846105599/apex-fallacy</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121228034918/http://www.absurdexperience.org/?p=207</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160811192235/http://www.genderratic.net/?p=1281</ref> and by one Dr. Helen Smith,<ref name=WP /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20091118005410/http://www.magic-city-news.com/Bernard_Chapin_102/The_Apex_Fallacy_An_Interview_with_Dr_Helen_Smith10920.shtml</ref> friend of [[Paul Elam]].  In fact, the term "apex fallacy" is so popular among the manosphere that is almost singularly used by MRAs or their critics. (With a few exceptions.<ref>https://hbr.org/2013/03/whats-worse-glass-ceilings-or-glass-cellars/</ref>)

===Frontman Fallacy===
In the 1990s, [[New Zealand]] [[MRA]] Peter Zohrab created the Frontman Fallacy, defined as:<ref>http://www.dadsnow.org/essay/ZOHRAB1.HTM</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20101113020317/http://nzmera.orconhosting.net.nz/14frntmn.html</ref><ref name=WHTM />

{{cquote|the mistaken belief that people (men, specifically) who are in positions of authority in [[Democracy|democratic systems]] use their power mainly to benefit the categories of people (the category of “men”, in particular) that they belong to themselves.}}

Again, "frontman fallacy" appears to only be used on MRA websites. Zohrab himself has written that [[School_shooting#.C3.89cole_Polytechnique_.281989.29|Marc Lepine]], school shooter of 14 women, was "not only not sexist, as the media stated – he was actually fighting sexism" and was "protesting against various issues which are aspects of Feminist sexism".<ref name=WHTM /> Perhaps as a result, MRAs rarely cite Zohrab as the intellectual forefather of one of their favorite talking points.

===Wikipedia===
The idea was laughed off [[Wikipedia]], the encyclopedia where anything is "notable" if you try hard enough.<ref name=WHTM /><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Apex_fallacy</ref> MRAs were butthurt that Wikipedia did not recognize the two (!) reputable sources they could find; immediately, they [[persecution complex|cried censorship]].<ref name=WHTM>http://wehuntedthemammoth.com/2013/04/29/how-bad-ideas-get-started-the-apex-fallacy-the-frontman-fallacy-and-the-murderer-marc-lepine/</ref>

===Urban Dictionary===
Of note, the most downvoted UD entry happens to be the least wrong one (although it [[strawman]]s MRAs):<ref name=UD />

{{cquote|[The apex fallacy is] A [[pseudoscientific]] term created by the [[misogynist]]s who call themselves "Men's Rights Activists" to justify their claim that just because men control almost all the positions of power (the "apexes") doesn't mean that any discrimination against women happened.

''Normal human: "You ever notice all 45 [[President of the United States|American presidents]] have been men?"''

''Misogynist: "That's the apex fallacy, I can find 45 poor guys, too! Therefore, women have just as much power as men — no, even more power than men! [[Child support]] is theft! All rape reports are false!" *foams at the mouth*''}}

==See also==
*[[Manosphere glossary]]
*[[Spotlight fallacy]]
*[[Fallacy fallacy]]
*[[Cherry picking]]
*[[Overgeneralization]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Imprecision fallacies]]
[[Category:Men's rights movement]]

Categories: Imprecision fallacies, Men's rights movement