Copyright

{{law}}'''Copyright''' is the concept — and in most countries, the law — that when someone creates a text, piece of music, or some other creative endeavor, they initially (read: practically forever) own the rights to any revenues derived therefrom, and the right to control derivative works. They are intended to expire eventually so that the public may make free use of them, though around 70 years after the author's death is a fair amount of time – this is an amount of time works usually stay published{{cn|joke}}.

==Duration of copyrights==
The duration of copyright protection varies, depending on the country and the nature of the work, but it's reasonable to assume that copyright will protect a work long after the death of its author. This is an odd change in the intent of copyright law, since it was originally devised to allow authors a set period of time in which they exclusively can profit from their work; historically copyright terms have often been extended when major works were to fall out of copyright. To the point that copyright only expires in theory.  British copyright law began in 1710 <ref>http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html</ref> and U.S copyright law in 1790. The American Copyright law provided fourteen years of protection that could be extended for a further fourteen years.<ref>United States Constitution, Article I, Section 8, clause 8. ... "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."</ref><ref>[http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/firsts/copyright/ Original U.S. Copyright law of 1790]</ref> (The British law gave the first fourteen years copyright to the '''publisher''' of the work and gave an additional seven to the author to a total of twenty-one years) 

Current copyright law for written works in the U.S. last until the author's death, plus seventy years (or a fixed 95 years from publication<ref group=note>Or 120 years from a work's <u>creation</u>, whichever term is shorter. As few works are published more than 25 years after their creation, the "publication date + 95 years" tends to be the shorter term of the two.</ref> if the author is an artificial person such as a [[corporation]] or the work is the result of a collaborative effort). The current term was adopted so that it would be equal to the European Union's, which in turn (as the European Communities) adopted such a larger term in 1993 in order to make it both equal in all its member states (of these, Germany adopted it first in ''1965''!) and so the copyright's protection would effectively protect both the author and the first two generations of his/her descendents.<ref name="copyhype">Terry Hart (July 15, 2014), [http://www.copyhype.com/2014/07/a-brief-history-of-us-copyright-term/ "A Brief History of US Copyright Term"] (Copyhype).</ref>

In fact the United States was late to arrive to a "life plus ''x'' years"-style copyright term and was outside international norms for most of its history.<ref name="copyhype"/> The first of those terms was France's 1793 life-plus-10-years term (passed by a parliament which had as a member, among others, [[Thomas Paine]]);<ref name="copyhype"/> they were followed by England, who first extended it to life of the author or 28 years (whichever was longer) in 1814 and then, in 1842, to life-plus-7-years or 42 years (whichever was longer).<ref name="copyhype"/> By the end of the 19th century, several countries (e.g. Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Turkey, Greece, Venezuela, Chile and Brazil) had such a term - at the turn of the century, this group of countries was more than half of the 37 countries which had copyright law -, and in some (Mexico and, for a while, Sweden), it was actually ''perpetual''.<ref name="copyhype"/>

The first U.S. attempt at a "life plus ''x'' years" copyright was in 1906 (with the ''x'' equalling 50) and later, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1930 and 1940 (with the ''x'' remaining the same).<ref name="copyhype"/>

By the 1950s the U.S. was alone with the Philippines in not having such a term.<ref name="copyhype"/> In 1955 Congress started a large-scale revision of copyright law, which by 1965 already had a proposal for life plus 50 years but other disputes unrelated to terms delayed its approval, and by 1976 (going into effect in 1978) such a copyright term was now law.<ref name="copyhype"/> (Meanwhile, there were 9 interim extensions, still not in the "life plus ''x'' years" form, so copyright holders would not lose their rights.<ref name="copyhype"/>) Then in 1997 Congress extended it to life plus 70 years and the attended whining about [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] and copyright terms (debunked at [[The Walt Disney Company#Copyright extension myth (and the reality)|The Walt Disney Company § Copyright extension myth (and the reality)]]) began.

==What does copyright law protect?==
Copyright law is about protecting application, use or promulgation of one's "intellectual property". It applies to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete and fixed in a medium. The novel ''The Return of The King'' is protected by copyright, but this would not prevent someone from writing an oddly similar story, so long as it's not a case of lifting characters and/or locations from the original novel. Some elements of published works may also be protected by trademark law, making it illegal to write a novel featuring a heavy breathing character named Darth Vader. Publishers and authors vary in their acceptance of derivative works, such as ''fan fiction'', but it's reasonable to assume that 
Lucasfilm
 [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] would frown upon the creation of a pornographic story featuring Darth Vader screwing an ewok.

Although some people seem unwilling to admit this, copyright law normally provides [[fair use]] exclusions. These would typically allow an author to quote from works (ranging from books to email messages) for specific purposes, such as criticism. Some organizations and individuals use authors' lack of legal knowledge to bully them in to removing content from websites. This is called a Chilling Effect by the courts, as it is an attempt to chill the free speech/free press rights of the bullied party.  The Chilling Effects Clearinghouse maintains a record of ''cease and desist'' letters sent for this purpose.<ref>[http://www.chillingeffects.org Chilling Effects Clearinghouse and the whacky letters that people send]</ref>

The Swedish-based Pirate Bay Bittorrent tracker site delivered a particularly amusing response to the DreamWorks film studio, when they said ''"It is the opinion of us and our lawyers that you are morons and that you should sodomise yourself with retractable batons."''.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/apr/18/pirate-bay-prison-sentences-sweden Pirate Bay owners pledge to fight again after court jails them for copyright theft]</ref>

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act introduced pretty harsh punishments for copyright violation, and a mechanism by which authors can make a formal ''take-down'' request. [[VenomFangX]], a popular YouTube creationist, was accused of fraudulently filing such requests, as were the [[Discovery Institute]] - probably forgetting that false claims are a federal offense, punishable by up to five years in prison. Surely these well documented claims of wrongdoing are untrue, despite the evidence for them. Good Christians of their caliber would surely not lie and subvert the legal system in order to suppress dissenting views.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nL0T_ySG-U DonExodus2 of YouTube documents lies, damn lies and creationists]</ref>

==How is a work protected by copyright?==
The Berne Convention requires that all copyrightable works be automatically protected by copyright law. This is an almost worldwide agreement, with very few countries yet to sign. There is no requirement to label a work as being protected by copyright, nor is there a need to legally register its existence. Due to this a person can own copyright without knowing it. They can create a work, do nothing about copyright violations and then kick the bucket. Now... the family stops copyright violations against the author's wishes. Yes, the author could put it in public domain, but they didn't know or care about copyright!

==Does copyright feed starving artists?==
While authors do normally benefit from the commercialization of their works, creative artists usually, in their struggle to maintain the [[dualism|mind-body]] connection, often sign away most of these rights in the hope of getting paid at some point, after whomever they sign them away to makes enough money. This is worth remembering when record labels complain that piracy is taking money away from artists. In reality, most artists earn a tiny percentage (if anything) from the sales of their works. Many end up ''owing'' money to their record company for real or imagined "expenses" incurred in producing their material.

Something similar happens to anyone attempting to publish fiction or poetry, as the publisher gives the creator a fee and then claims copyright on the material; in this case, piracy would only harm the creator if it caused the publisher to go bankrupt before the money is transferred to the creator.

Or in other words, piracy doesn't starve artists, but the companies that leech off their creativity. It would starve artists who self-publish, but these types rarely have millions to spend on televised PSAs.
==See also==
*[[DRM|Digital rights management]]
*[[Fair use]]
*[[Conservapedia:Andy's Copyright Threats|RationalWiki's copyright battle]] against [[Andrew Schlafly]]

==External links==
*[http://www.citmedialaw.org/legal-guide/search?filter0=copyright&filter1=**ALL**&filter2=**ALL** Citizen Media Law Project]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990225072719/http://www.negativland.com/albini.html The Problem With Music] An eye-opening look at the finances of the music industry, from Steve Albini (recording engineer for Nirvana, Robert Plant, PJ Harvey, and dozens of others).
* A description of some of the perceived problems with U.S. copyright law, [https://law.duke.edu/cspd/comics/zoomcomic.html explained in comic book form]
*[https://creativecommons.org/ Creative Commons] Non-profit that has created copyright licenses allowing moderated sharing of copyrighted material with the creator's consent.
* [http://www.copyhype.com/2013/09/why-copyright-infringement-is-theft/ A well-argued article] for why copyright infringement indeed ''is'' theft, from a legal standpoint.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory Copyright rules by territory overview from Wikimedia Commons] Because copyright terms are different around the world.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Copyright]]
[[Category:Government incompetence]]

Categories: Copyright, Government incompetence