Sunni

{{Islam}}{{Sources needed}}
'''Sunni Islam''' is the largest denomination in [[Islam]], and is largely regarded as the more orthodox branch, although since about 70% of Muslims are thought to follow Folk-Islam, most among whose who identify as Sunnis are probably not orthodox themselves. In theory, their beliefs are based on the Quran and the [[Kutub al-Sittah]], the main collection of hadiths. In truth, many Sunnis converted to Sunni Islam, by oral traditions and follow a strongly [[Sufism]] influenced approach on Islam, mixed with their Pre-Islamic local beliefs. Sunnis make up roughly 90% of the world's Muslims.<ref>[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country], ''The Central Intelligence Agency''</ref>
The name itself comes from ''sunnah'', stored in a collection of works (''hadith'') that are the supposed dubious sayings and actions of [[Muhammad]] himself as claimed by his 12,000 companions which is somewhat analogous to the so called sayings of Jesus transmitted to his alleged followers recorded in numerous and conflicting Gospels (as opposed to the [[Moses|carving of tweets in stone themselves]]).<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml "Sunni and Shi'a"], ''[[BBC]]''</ref>

==Bodies of law/Schools of thought==
There are three major schools of thought and four major schools of law in Sunni Islam that differ predominately in how they understand non-Qu'ranic questions of [[faith]] (eg., the nature of [[Allah]] and the existence of free will), as well as the way particular rituals are practised, and perhaps most significantly to non-Muslims, how they interpret and apply the ''[[Sharia|Shari'ah]]'' (Islamic Law). Each school was started by famous Muslim scholars who established their schools based on specific ideas about the [[fiqh]] (legal interpretations of the Shari'ah). 
[[File:MuslimDistribution3b.JPG|thumb|300px|Distribution of Sunni Schools of Thought]]

*'''Hanafi''' - Muslims of [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], Central Asia, the Muslim areas of Southern [[Russia]], the Caucasus, most of the Muslim areas of the Balkans and [[Turkey]] and parts of [[Iraq]], all follow this school of jurisprudence. It is also the dominant school of Muslims in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]].

*'''Maliki''' - adopted by most North African and West African countries like Morocco, Algeria, [[Libya]], [[Nigeria]] and others except Egypt, Horn of Africa and Sudan. Also, the Maliki madhab is the official state madhhab of [[Kuwait]], Bahrain and the [[United Arab Emirates]].

*'''Shafi'i''' - Muslims in [[Indonesia]], Lower [[Egypt]], Malaysia, [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]], [[Somalia]], [[Kenya]], Tanzania, [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], Coastal Maharashtra/Konkan and Kerala in India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, [[Palestine]], [[Yemen]] and Kurds in the Kurdish regions follow the Shafi'i school.

*'''Hanbali''' - This school of jurisprudence is followed predominantly in the Arabian Peninsula.

*'''Zahiri''' - another school that was followed almost exclusively in Al-Andalus before the Reconquista. It is presently followed by small minorities in Morocco and Egypt.

==Beliefs==

===Six articles of Belief===
There are six articles of Belief that all Muslims agree with:
#Belief in God (Allah), the one and only one worthy of all worship (''{{wpl|tawhid}}'')
#Belief in the [[Angel|Angels]] (''{{wpl|mala'ika}}'')
#Belief in the Books sent by Allah (''{{wpl|kutub}}'') (including the Qurʾān and for Sunni, the ''Hadith'')
#Belief in the Prophets sent by Allah (''{{wpl|rusul}}'')
#Belief in the Day of Judgment (and therefore, [[afterlife]]) (''{{wpl|qiyama}}'')
#Belief in [[Predestination]] or Allah's will<ref>In šāʾ Allāh</ref> (''{{wpl|qadar}}'')

===Five Pillars of Islam===
For followers of Sunni Islam, the Five Pillars of Islam are the core of their faith.
#Saying the ''Shahadah'', the Muslim creed: ''La ilaha ill'allah wa muhammadun rasulu'llah'', which means "there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet".
#Performing ''Salat'', or prayer, five times per day. For Sunni, this is a direct personal communication with Allah, and is not a focused ritualized set of words, but rather a practice similar to meditation in that the prayer should be a focus on the mind of Allah. Traditionally, the observant attempts to face Mecca when praying, but if he or she cannot, they may symbolically face Mecca by placing an image or object that reminds them of [[Mecca]] on the wall they are using.
#''Sawn'' is the fasting done during [[Ramadan]], to remind oneself of the obligations to family, to God, to community; to sacrifice for family, God and community. It consists of abstaining from food, drink, sex and tobacco from sunrise to sunset, when the fast is broken with a small meal.
#''Zakat'' and ''Sadaqah'' are the giving of [[charity]]. ''Zakat'' is a fixed portion of one's wealth, as an understanding that your blessings are not your own, even your own hard work, but are in fact a blessing of Allah's. Islam specifies who may and may not receive ''Zakat'' funds. ''Sadaqah'' is voluntary, and in any amount at any time and for any reason and to anyone in a moment of need.
#Hajj, the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca which every able Muslim is required to do at least once a lifetime.

==Sunni leadership==
Sunni believe that the relationship between Allah and any Muslim is a personal relationship and does not require any kind of divinely appointed priest or intercessor to act on the Muslim's behalf. This is often compared to the differences separating Protestants and Catholics, with Shia being closer to Catholic and Sunni closer to Protestant.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Grieve|title=A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics: The Complete Introduction|date=7 Feb 2013|publisher=Hachette UK|location=The Development of Islam: Shi'a and Catholics|isbn=9781472107558}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=John L. Allen, Jr.|title=The Future Church: How Ten Trends are Revolutionizing the Catholic Church|date=10 Nov 2009|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780385529532|pages=442–3|edition=unabridged}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=John MacDonald|editor2-last=Quenby|editor2-first=John|title=Intelligent Faith: A Celebration of 150 Years of Darwinian Evolution|date=2009|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=9781846942297|page=245|edition=illustrated}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=J. W. Rogerson|author2=Judith M. Lieu|title=The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies|date=16 Mar 2006|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199254255|page=829|edition=reprint}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Janet Hubbard-Brown|title=Shirin Ebadi|date=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438104515|page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=John Coatsworth|author2=Juan Cole|author3=Michael Hanagan|author4=Peter C. Perdue|author5=Charles Tilly|author6=Louise A. Tilly|title=Global Connections|date=16 Mar 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521761062|page=26|edition=illustrated}}</ref> Comparisons can also be made to the [[Church of England]]'s {{wpl|Bangorian Controversy}} in the 18th century, and the debate between the democratic Whigs and the royalist [[Tory|Tories]] over whether the appointment of priests required divine i.e. royal mandate.

Traditionally, male elders act as guides and teachers for Muslims on their path, as well as scholarly experts on the Qur'an, the Hadith, and the fiqh, but had little or no political or enforceable authority. Muslims who did not follow the guidance of the leaders of a particular mosque might be removed from the mosque, but that was the extent of authority.

In modern contexts, however, political leaders have cloaked themselves in the garb of the religious, to add authenticity to their claims, and attempt to justify their "rule", their decrees, and their (often extreme) versions of fiqh upon the members of their community.

The religious structure of Sunni mosques and communities is as follows (listed from most common to most authoritative):

At the mosque or community level:
*A ''Sahib'' is any honorable and religious man whom the community holds in high regard. He holds no formal title in the mosque, but is often turned to for advice both secular and religious. It is a similar term to a "church elder". The Arabic word originally meant "lord" or "land owner".
*''Mujtihad'' or ''Mufti'' is a specialist in Islamic law, and is questioned in civil disputes such as divorce, property disputes, debt resolution, and other family and community matters. (Compare [[Rabbi]].) In Islamic countries where [[Sharia]] is no longer the ruling law over such disputes, the ''mufti'' is often also a trained professor or specialist in civil law. In modern contexts where a call to adherence to a more extreme interpretation of Sharia is made, it is often the muftis who gain power in communities, and who are fully complicit in enforcement of such extreme ordinances as stoning to death for apostates, requirements of stricter standards for clothing and personal appearance, and the horrific notion of [[honor killings]].
*The ''Mullah'' is the cleric who has studied the Qur'an, who leads the Friday prayer, and most importantly, the one who helps people in their relationship with Allah. He is distinct from the mufti in that he is not concerned with daily civil life, but the spiritual life of the people.

At the Country or "School of Thought" level.
*''Imam'', in Sunni Islam, generally refers to the founder of the various schools of thought, and in some cases with well-known historical scholars of the Qur'an.
*The Grand Mufti is the highest religious leader in a country, be it a secular or Islamic country. In the modern world, the Grand Mufti may be appointed by the leadership of a country, or may be elected by the voting populace.<ref group=note>This vote is probably by the Mufti or the members of mosques, but it is very unclear</ref> Nations such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia frequently have Grand Muftis whom the government might interact with, or that only one section of the Muslim population accepts, since there is no official "Grand Mufti" position and there is no formal declaration of it.
*The term [[Caliph]] (''khalifa'') is sometimes encountered. This was the leader of the Islamic world, generally during the Ottoman empire and prior. Although the office of caliph no longer exists, some Muslims (mainly more hardline or fundamentalist Sunnis) call for the re-establishment of the caliphate as a political authority that rules over the entire Islamic world. See [[theocracy]].

==Relationship with early Protestantism==
*''{{wpa|Protestantism and Islam}}''
The Franco-Ottoman alliance of 1535 marked the beginning of official Ottoman involvement in European politics. The Ottoman empire supported the Calvinist reformation in Transylvania Hungary and France,<ref>The Ottoman Empire and early modern Europe, by Daniel Goffman p.111</ref> with the survival of Lutheranism in the north made possible by the military pressure placed on Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by the Ottoman empire to the south.<ref> Singer and Galati quoted in Jack Goody, ''Islam in Europe'' Polity Press, 2004, p.42</ref> England meanwhile supplied the Ottomans with the material for manufacturing ammunition despite a papal embargo across continental Europe. Sultan Murad III wrote to Queen Elizabeth I that Protestantism and Sunni Islam, "had much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols,"<ref> Karen Ordahl Kupperman The Jamestown project Harvard University Press, 2007, p.40</ref> written in reference to the intercession of saints and the use of religious imagery in churches,<ref> Jack Goody, ''Islam in Europe'' Polity Press, 2004, p.42</ref> not their religions maintaining lucrative sites of pilgrimage like Mecca and Canterbury. Even after the {{wpl|Battle of Lepanto}} marked the end of an era both for naval warfare and Ottoman expansion, the Ottoman's continued to counter the reclaiming of Protestant territories by the Catholic house of Hapsburg through their support.<ref> "The Ottoman state and its place in world history" by Kemal H. Karpatm p.53</ref>

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Articles needing RWification]]
[[Category:Islam]]

Categories: Articles needing RWification, Islam