Medina

[[File:Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Prophet's Mosque exterior with the Green Dome visible.]]
{{cquote|Medina is a sanctuary from that place to that. Its trees should not be cut and no heresy should be innovated nor any sin should be committed in it, and whoever innovates in it a heresy or commits [[sin]]s, then he will incur the curse of Allah, the [[angel]]s, and all the people.|||[[Muhammad]], Hadith No. 409, Vol 9.<ref>[https://sunnah.com/bukhari/29 Virtues of Madinah]. ''Sunnah.com''</ref>}}
{{Islam}}
'''Medina''', known in Arabic as '''Al Madinah Al Munawwarah''' (المدينة المنورة, or "The Enlightened City"), is a city in the Hejaz region of [[Saudi Arabia]] that is widely considered the second holiest site in [[Islam]]. Its religious significance mostly derives from the presence of the ''Masjid al-Nabawi'', the Prophet's Mosque, which was personally commissioned by [[Muhammad]] and now serves as his burial place. Although it's not required like the [[hajj]], many pious Muslims undergo the ''ziyarat'', a pilgrimage to Medina and other sites that were significant in Muhammad's life.<ref>{{wpa|Ziyarat|}}</ref>

Probably even moreso than [[Mecca]], Medina served as the prophet's home for most of his post-Islamic life. When he kick-started the Islamic religion, he and his followers eventually had to flee Mecca due to persecution by its [[pagan]] religious authorities.<ref>Peters, Francis Edward (1994). ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam''. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1876-5. p. 169</ref> He eventually ended up in Medina, where the infighting city leaders petitioned Muhammad to help them sort things out by using his legal skills to draw up a [[constitution]] to ensure fairness for everyone.<ref name="cofmed">[https://understandingislam.today/the-constitution-of-medina-and-muhammad/ The “Constitution of Medina” and Muhammad]. ''Understanding Islam.''</ref> Muhammad naturally used the opportunity to put himself in control of the city and begin the process of converting its population to Islam. Medina had long been on unfriendly terms with Mecca, and this eventually culminated in a [[war]] which left Medina victorious.<ref name="wari">[https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/islam-ascendant/ Islam Ascendant]. ''Lumen Learning.''</ref> Muhammad then used that as a springboard to unify most of Arabia before his death in 632 CE.

Although many religiously significant sites remain in Medina, the city was not spared from the Saudi regime's [[iconoclasm]] and many of its historic buildings and artifacts were destroyed.

==Notable landmarks and locations==
===Masjid al-Nabawi===
{{cquote|Whoever visits me after my death is like he who had visited me during my life. When a person stands at my grave reciting blessings on me, I hear it; and whoever calls for blessings on me in any other place, his every need in this world and in the hereafter is fulfilled and on the day of Qiyamah I shall be his witness and intercessor.|||Alleged statements by Muhammad.<ref name="sacham">[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/madinah-masjid-e-nabwi/rawdah-mubarak-sacred-chamber Rawdah Mubarak (Sacred chamber)]. 'Islamic Landmarks.''</ref>}}
The Masjid al-Nabawi, or the Prophet's Mosque, is the second holiest site in Islam. The original structure was ordered to be built by Muhammad himself shortly after his arrival in Medina in 622 CE. Back then, the ''qibla'', or direction of prayer, was towards [[Jerusalem]], and the building had to be extensively remodeled after Muhammad decided that the qibla was to be facing Mecca instead.<ref>[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/saudi-arabia/medina-prophets-mosque Prophet's Mosque, Medina]. ''Sacred Destinations.''</ref> After Muhammad's death, his corpse was left where he had passed, in his wife Aisha's house.<ref>Ariffin, Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed (2005). ''Architectural Conservation in Islam : Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque''. Penerbit UTM. pp. 88–89, 109. ISBN 9789835203732.</ref> The mosque was ordered to be expanded by later caliphs to incorporate his tomb within it. His tomb lies next to the tombs of the first two caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar in the southeast corner of the mosque, identifiable by the distinctive green dome placed above it.<ref>Petersen, Andrew (11 March 2002). ''Dictionary of Islamic Architecture''. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 9780203203873.</ref> The "Sacred Chamber" where the prophet and his two companions are buried is blocked off by golden gates with viewing ports; there is an empty space for a fourth tomb due to the traditional Islamic belief that someday [[Jesus]] will be interred there.<ref name="sacham"/>

Since then, the structure has been expanded numerous times to make room for the ever-increasing numbers of religious pilgrims who wish to see the tomb of the prophet. The mosque became the model for later Islamic architecture.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prophets-Mosque Prophet's Mosque]. ''Britannica.''</ref>

Islamic tradition holds that a prayer at the Prophet's Mosque is worth 1,000 prayers at any other mosque save for the Great Mosque of Mecca.<ref>Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Qushayrī, approximately 821–875,. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim : with the full commentary by Imam al-Nawawi, Volume two. Nawawī, 1233–1277,, Salahi, M. A.,. London. ISBN 978-0-86037-767-2. OCLC 1151770048.</ref>

===Al-Baqi graveyard===
Once a space with great monuments, the Al-Baqi graveyard suffered total destruction on multiple occasions at the hands of the Saudi royal family.<ref>{{wpa|Demolition of al-Baqi|}}</ref> It was used as a cemetery for Muhammad's closest companions and many of his early followers; stories tell that Muhammad would visit there often to pray over their bodies.<ref>[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/madinah-other/jannatul-baqi Jannatul Baqi]. ''Islamic Landmarks.''</ref> Succeeding Islamic rulers built great structures there to honor the dead, but the after the Saudi takeover they destroyed those monuments and did their best to keep every grave unmarked and anonymous. The Saudis and other followers of [[Wahhabism]] believe that marking graves is a great sin because it encourages reverence.<ref>''Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World''. Marshall Cavendish. 2011. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-7614-7929-1.</ref> Before then, the graveyard was supposed to have resembled a small city with domes and mausoleums to honor the prophet's companions buried around the site.<ref>[https://themuslimvibe.com/faith-islam/in-history/everything-you-need-to-know-about-jannat-al-baqi Everything you need to know about Jannat Al-Baqi]. ''The Muslim Vibe.''</ref>

People buried there include all save two of Muhammad's wives, his infant son Ibrahim, and many of his daughters and closest companions.<ref>{{wpa|Al-Baqi'|}}</ref>

==Saudi destruction==
[[File:Bagicemetry3.JPG|thumb|right|275px|Once a historic holy cemetery, now some bumps in the ground for pigeons to play in.]]
{{cquote|Saudi Arabia has been clearing away its own history for almost a century, going into overdrive in the past 20 years. Wahhabi integralism has led to the elimination of every trace of Islam considered "heretical" across the country, but especially in the holy cities. In this vision art, archaeology and culture become empty words. Not even the memory of the first followers and descendants of Muhammad is respected.|||Edek Osser, ''The Art Newspaper.''<ref>[https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/why-is-saudi-arabia-destroying-the-cultural-heritage-of-mecca-and-medina Why is Saudi Arabia destroying the cultural heritage of Mecca and Medina?]. ''The Art Magazine.''</ref>}}
The Saudi regime follows the brutally iconoclastic interpretation of [[Sunni]] Islam, and their radicalism led them to destroy a huge portion of Medina's landmarks and historic sites. From their very first occupation of Medina in 1806 and again following their final conquest of the city in 1925, the Saudis systematically destroyed much of the city in order to prevent pilgrimages to attractions there.<ref>{{wpa|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|}}</ref> The Saudis hated that the city's holy sites drew pilgrimages, as those religious traditions had not been drawn directly from any scriptures.

The Saudi campaign of destruction caused the removal of such sites as the graves of the martyrs of Uhud, and the Baqi graveyard.<ref name="badsaud">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063137/http://islamicamagazine.com/?p=424 THE DESTRUCTION OF THE HOLY SITES IN MECCA AND MEDINA]. ''Islamic Magazine.''</ref> At the Baqi graveyard were the graves of Muhammad's sons, aunts, and even his father. Many of his wives including Aisha were also buried there. The Saudis temporarily turned the historic graveyard into a garbage dump, demonstrating their disrespect and ensuring that the graves can never again be definitely identified.<ref name="badsaud"/>

The Saudis even considered destroying Muhammad's tomb itself, although they stopped short due to Muslim outcry. They still occasionally float the idea, most recently in 2014 when they proposed dumping his body in an unmarked grave.<ref>[https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/saudi-arabias-proposal-to-destroy-prophet-mohammeds-tomb-and-move-remains-to-anonymous-grave-risks-new-muslim-division-30557589.html Saudi Arabia's proposal to destroy Prophet Mohammed’s tomb and move remains to anonymous grave risks new Muslim division]. ''Belfast Telegraph.''</ref> Hope they don't do it, at the very least because the action would prompt enormous unrest and violence from the Muslim world.

==See also==
*[[Jerusalem]]
*[[Syria]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabia]]

Categories: Cities, Saudi Arabia