Intersectionality

{{SJ}}
{{cquote|'''Lisa:''' It's awful being a kid. No one listens to you.<br>'''Grampa:''' It's rotten being old. No one listens to you.<br>'''Homer:''' I'm a white male, age 18 to 49. ''Everyone'' listens to me — ''no matter'' how dumb my suggestions are!|||''Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy'', ''[[The Simpsons]]''<ref>http://simpsons.fandom.com/wiki/Lisa_vs._Malibu_Stacy/Quotes</ref>}}
'''Intersectionality''' is a theoretical framework which describes how individuals and groups can experience  oppression or [[privilege]] relative to one another, depending on their supposed position within various social categories, such as gender, ethnicity, and sexuality. The term was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989,<ref name="Crenshaw 1989">{{cite journal|last=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum|year=1989|volume=1989|pages=139–67|url=http://philpapers.org/archive/CREDTI.pdf}}</ref><ref>Truth, Sojourner. "Ain't I a Woman" http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/sojtruth-woman.asp</ref><ref>Another useful history can be found in: Collins Patricia Hill, ''Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment''. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print.</ref> specifically as a "common everyday metaphor" that captured the failure of anti-discrimination law to address cases where black women experienced discrimination because of their gender ''and'' their ethnicity.<ref>http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could</ref> Since then, the concept has grown to encompass a veritable plethora of privilege, with activists seemingly keen to elaborate ever finer distinctions between the resulting intersections. As with any currently-fashionable sociological theory, one should ignore the [[Crank|loons]] and zealots, whilst remaining receptive to any useful insights and grains of truth the theory provides. In the case of ''Misogynoir'' (combined sexism and racism), the intersection is frequent and apparent enough to merit its own name.

==Modern rationale==
{{cquote|Intersectional arguments and research findings have had varying levels of impact in feminist theory, social movements, international human rights, public policy, and electoral behavior research within political science and across the disciplines of sociology, critical legal studies, and history.|||Ange-Marie Hancock, Associate Professor of Political Science and Gender Studies<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1537592707070065 Ange-Marie Hancock (2007). When Multiplication Doesn't Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm. Perspectives on Politics, pp 63-79.] doi:10.1017/S1537592707070065.</ref>}}
Individuals do not fit neatly within any one category, but live as people with racial, gendered, abled, sexual, religious, and/or political identities; thus, privileges and forms of oppression are interlinked and cannot be addressed alone.<ref>[http://miriamdobson.wordpress.com/2013/07/12/intersectionality-a-fun-guide-now-in-powerpoint-presentation-formation/ Intersectionality: a fun guide &#91;now in PowerPoint / presentation formation&#93;]</ref> The relationship between a person's various social identities is more important than a single social identity when it comes to implementing [[social justice]]. For example, one might be an upper middle [[class]] black [[cisgender]] (i.e., assigned female at birth, and still identifying as female) [[Heterosexuality|straight]] [[Muslim]] woman registered as a [[Democratic Party|Democrat]]. This individual would experience life as a woman, as a black person, as a cisgender person, as a straight person, as an upper middle class person, as a Muslim, and as a Democrat at the same time, while importantly also facing oppression because of the ''interaction''<ref>[http://courses.washington.edu/smartpsy/interactions.htm Finding Interactions]</ref> of these identities.<ref>[http://funnel.sfsu.edu/students/luyilin/Courses/M420/Lu_Yilin/other/wgs/Crenshaw1991_intersectionality.pdf Kimberlé Crenshaw Stanford Law Review Vol. 43, No. 6 (Jul., 1991), pp. 1241-1299 Published by: Stanford Law Review], Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039</ref> In other words, social identities are not additive, they are ''intersectional''.<ref>[http://www.sfu.ca/iirp/documents/resources/Bowleg%20-%20The%20Methodological%20Challenges%20of%20Qualitative%20and%20Quantitative%20Intersectionality%20Research.pdf Lisa Bowleg. When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research. 2008, Volume 59, Issue 5-6, pp 312-325] DOI:10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z</ref>

{{quotebox|Intersectionality reveals what is not seen when categories such as gender and race are conceptualized as separate from each other. The move to intersect the categories has been motivated by the difficulties in making visible those who are dominated and victimized in terms of both categories. Though everyone in capitalist Eurocentered modernity is both raced and gendered, not everyone is dominated or victimized in terms of their race or gender. Kimberlé Crenshaw and other women of color [[Feminism|feminists]] have argued that the categories have been understood as homogenous and as picking out the dominant in the group as the norm; thus ''women'' picks out white bourgeois women, ''men'' picks out white bourgeois men, ''black'' picks out black heterosexual men, and so on. It becomes logically clear then that the logic of categorical separation distorts what exists at the intersection, such as violence against women of color. Given the construction of the categories, the intersection misconstrues women of color. So, once intersectionality shows us what is missing, we have ahead of us the task of reconceptualizing the logic of the intersection so as to avoid separability. It is only when we perceive gender and race as intermeshed or fused that we actually see women of color.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2007.tb01156.x/abstract LUGONES, M. (2007), Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System. Hypatia, 22: 186–219.] doi: 10.1111/j.1527-2001.2007.tb01156.x</ref><sup>:192-3</sup>}}

There are a great number of categories into which one could be placed which tend to dictate one's chances of experiencing privilege or oppression, such as: 

*[[Gender]] 
*[[Sexuality]]
*[[Nation]]al origin
*[[Criminal]] record
*[[Race]] and [[ethnicity]]
*[[Language|Linguistic]] background
*[[Class|Socioeconomic status]]
*[[Education]]al background
*[[Religion]], ideology, or [[culture]]
*[[Undocumented immigration|Immigrant]], or refugee status
*[[Disability]] status or lack thereof
*[[Fat acceptance movement|Body type]], and appearance more generally

Everyone has an identity in each of these categories or, perhaps more correctly, on each of these spectra. The vast majority of people do not have universal privilege on every single one of these axes of oppression. An individual's privilege is, therefore, a function of where they currently stand. So if they stand at a number of intersecting oppressed identities, they will receive oppression from multiple directions (e.g: [[transmisogyny]] or misogynoir<ref>[http://www.gradientlair.com/post/60973580823/general-misogyny-versus-misogynoir Misogyny, In General vs. Anti-Black Misogyny (Misogynoir), Specifically], Gradient Lair</ref> ), as well as the non-additive oppression of the interaction(s) of their identities. Conversely, it is possible for interacting privilege to confer non-additive benefits. Thus, if somebody has privilege on many axes, it is possible for certain benefits to ''cancel out'' or minimise some of their oppression due to affecting the same factors.<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~pager/annals_sequencingdisadvantage.pdf Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and Naomi Sugie. 2009. "Sequencing Disadvantage: Barriers to Employment Facing Young Black and White Men with Criminal Records." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 623(May):195-213.]</ref>

==History of the term==
[[File:All power to the people.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A Stonewall protester holding a banner depicting the intersectional nature of the 1969 riots.]]
Feminists and social justice theorists and activists more broadly have had a concept of intersecting social categories for some time, but it was not until 1989 that the black feminist scholar Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw first coined the term.<ref name="Crenshaw 1989"></ref> Since then, it has had a profound effect on how social critics and academics, and specifically feminists (being part of the bedrock of [[Feminism#The_third_wave:_clashes_of_values_.281980s.E2.80.93present.29|third-wave feminism]]) think, talk, and write about the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2011/october2011/Intersectionality |title=Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies Established |location=New York |date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> 

The idea of intersectionality grew in large part out of the experiences of people within social justice movements who came to realize that specific forms of oppression that they experienced were not being addressed by the activist movements in which they participated. More specifically, supporters of intersectional social justice have been central to [[LGBT| LGBTQ+ rights]], [[civil rights]], [[feminism|women's rights]], etc., movements, but have often, as is the case with the Stonewall riots, been ignored. They have been ignored both in terms of the specific oppression they face as well as their contributions, which have been whitewashed or ciswashed by the media.<ref>[http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/this-is-how-whitewashing-us-out-of-glbt.html This Is How Whitewashing Us Out of GLBT History Begins]</ref><ref>[http://www.transadvocate.com/interview-with-an-actual-stonewall-riot-veteran-the-ciswashing-of-stonewall-must-end_n_8750.htm Interview With an Actual Stonewall Riot Veteran: The Ciswashing of Stonewall Must End!]</ref><ref>[http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-blatant-examples-of-ciswashing-by-the-media What are the most blatant examples of ciswashing by the media?]</ref><ref>[http://www.autostraddle.com/yet-another-news-outlet-fails-queer-history-101-by-erasing-trans-people-from-stonewall-154998/ Yet Another News Outlet Fails Queer History 101 by Erasing Trans* People from Stonewall]</ref><ref>[http://www.advocate.com/politics/transgender/2013/10/24/does-stonewall-commemorative-plaque-erase-trans-peoples-role-riots Does the Stonewall Commemorative Plaque Erase Trans People's Role in Riots?]</ref>

==Why it is important==
Many progressive movements have conceptual shortcomings that reveal the need for intersectional critiques. Among them are:
*Feminist movements which took "women" to be an undifferentiated category, thus failing to address the experiences of women who did not share the cis, hetero, white, [[ableism|able-bodied]] and middle-class identities of many feminist leaders<ref>[http://aff.sagepub.com/content/25/4/417.short Toward a Continuum of Intersectionality Theorizing for Feminist Social Work Scholarship. Gita Mehrotra. Affilia. November 2010 25: 417-430], doi:10.1177/0886109910384190</ref>
*Anti-racist movements which did not take into account the fact that men and women experience racism differently<ref>[http://aapf.org/projects/intersectionality/ Intersectionality] on African American Policy Forum</ref> or that ethnic minorities face similar oppression due to white dominance<ref>[http://www.intergroupresources.com/intersectionality/ Intersectionality] on Intergroup Resources.</ref>
*The pro-Palestinian movement, which includes Jewish and/or LGBTQ organizations as well as [[Black_Lives_Matter#Support_for_Palestinians_and_BDS|black rights groups]], has caused alarm for intersectionality's role in coalition-building that works to the advantage of the pro-Palestinian cause. <ref>http://palestineinamerica.com/2016/01/intersectional-bds-jvp/</ref>
*Academic research in general, which prior to intersectional analyses, ignored people who did not match the archetype of their "primary" social group<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X07000062 Ange-Marie Hancock (2007). Intersectionality as a Normative and Empirical Paradigm. Politics & Gender, , pp 248-254.] doi:10.1017/S1743923X07000062. </ref>

For example, when RH Reality Check (now Rewire.News) first came online in 2006, they quickly came under fire from journalists representing minorities. They were saying that, not only did the staff not have any women of color, but the articles also focused on issues from a largely white, middle class perspective.  Over the next 8 years, they consciously added journalists who were from minority groups including women of color and transgender women, along with several male writers.  Yet even with their active attempt to recognize and change, the site is still challenged to get better at providing diverse perspectives.<ref>[http://rhrealitycheck.org/article/2013/07/28/women-of-color-and-feminism-a-history-lesson-and-way-forward/ Anthea Butler, a professor of Religious Studies and Africana studies], as well as a journalist for RH Reality Check examines the history of feminism and women of color</ref>

==External links==
*[http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/Intersectionality Intersectionality] on [http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/ Geek Feminism Wiki] 
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10572435/Intersectional-feminism.-What-the-hell-is-it-And-why-you-should-care.html 'Intersectional feminism'. What the hell is it? (And why you should care)]
* {{see-wp|Intersectionality}}
* {{see-wp|Triple oppression}}
*[http://everydayfeminism.com A good website dedicated to intersectional feminism in daily life]

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:Feminism]]
[[Category:LGBT rights]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Social justice]]

Categories: Identity politics, Feminism, LGBT rights, Racism, Sexuality, Social justice