Obama citizenship denial

[[File:Billboard Challenging the validity of Barack Obama's Birth Certificate.JPG|thumb|right|165px|All over the damn internet.]]
{{silver}}{{DenialismSide}}{{conspiracynav}}{{cquote|Our story begins in the 2009 color scheme, with our hero Raiden protecting President [[Barack Obama|Barfsack O'Crumbo]]. He's touring his birthplace of [[Kenya]].|||Narrator, ''An Incorrect Summary of Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance''<ref>[https://youtu.be/41v3L0zCkNY An Incorrect Summary of Metal Gear Rising | Part 1] Max0r on [[YouTube]], 2021.</ref>}}
{{cquote|The president is a Kenyan. The president is a [[Islamophobia|secret Muslim]]. The president (why not?—after all, every little bit helps) is the unacknowledged love child of [[Malcolm X]].|||[[Christopher Hitchens]]<ref>[http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/01/hitchens-201101 Tea'd Off: Forfeiting a both-houses Republican victory, rational conservatives ignored or excused the most hateful kind of populist claptrap (e.g., the fetid weirdness of Glenn Beck’s 9/12 Project). The poison they’ve helped disseminate will still be in the American bloodstream when the country needs it least.] by Christopher Hitchens (December 9, 2010) ''Vanity Fair''.</ref>}}
'''Obama citizenship denial''' or '''birtherism''' is a phenomenon that began during the [[2008 U.S. Presidential Election|2008 US Presidential campaign]] as an attempt to discredit [[Barack Obama]] by claiming that he was not born in the [[United States]] or that his father was not a US citizen at the time of his birth and that being born in the US is a requirement for being elected President.{{efn|Article 2, Section 1, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution states: "No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States."}} The bogus suspicion was initially shopped around to the media by aides to Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign and then spread by [[People United Means Action|bitter Hillary Clinton supporters]] who opposed the concession of the [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] nomination to Obama and taken up by the usual [[far-right]] [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]].

Despite solid evidence that it is outright wrong and its failure to succeed in any legal challenge, the idea is quasi-mainstream. Most likely, this is because it gives an acceptable outlet for racist impulses: it's a few short steps from "he's ''[[racism|black]]''" to "he's ''[[xenophobia|not one of us]]''" to "he's ''[[No True Scotsman|not really an American]]''." 

Even if Obama was born in [[Kenya]] as alleged by the wingnuts, it would still not change anything about his citizenship or eligibility for the Presidency since the term ''natural born citizen'' — lifted and incorporated into the US from the legal system of the British Empire — included anyone born to one or more citizen parents, even if the birth itself occurred on foreign territory. Since this is the only external reference for the meaning of the term at the time that the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] was written (damn liberals and their original intent!) and even the birthers themselves don't go as far to call the citizenship of Obama's mother into doubt, this means that Obama would still have been a natural-born citizen, so the supposed [[manufactroversy|debate]] is still a complete waste of time and utterly pointless.

The evidence that Barack Obama is a natural-born US citizen is so overwhelming that disputing it constitutes a form of denialism rather than a mere conspiracy theory. [[Donald Trump]] claimed birtherism as a long-held belief until suddenly flip-flopping in September 2016, personally blaming Hillary for having started the [[manufactroversy]] and claiming [[Dunning-Kruger_effect|''he'' was now the one to "finally end it"]].<ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37394883 US election: Clinton security should be disarmed, says Trump] (17 September 2016) ''BBC News''.</ref> According to the [[BBC]], "there is no evidence to link Mrs Clinton to the birther conspiracy".<ref name="BBC"/> While that statement is literally true — there is no record of Clinton claiming that Obama is not a natural-born US citizen — McClatchy Washington Bureau Chief James Asher reported being approached with the birther story during the 2008 primaries by Sidney Blumenthal, a long-time Clinton confidante and senior aide to Clinton's 2008 campaign.<ref>[http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article102354777.html  2 Clinton supporters in ’08 reportedly shared Obama 'birther' story] by David Goldstein (September 16, 2016 07:29 PM; Updated September 16, 2016 09:31 PM) ''McClatchy''.</ref>

==Background==
[[File:BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Barack Obama's birth certificate. He was born in Hawaii. Get over it.]]
The [[reality]] is that Obama was born in Honolulu, [[Hawaii]], at Kapiolani Hospital, on August 4, 1961,{{efn|Hawaii was admitted as a state on August 21, 1959.}} to an immigrant Kenyan father ({{wpl|Barack Obama, Sr.}}) and American mother ({{wpl|Ann Dunham}}). However, spin propagated on [[conservative talk radio]] and other media outlets claim that Obama was not born in Hawaii or that Obama was a dual citizen at birth (even if born in Hawaii) because his father was a Kenyan citizen at the time of Barack II's birth. The original rumors are attributed to Hillary Clinton supporters, usually southern Democrats, most notably [[People United Means Action]]. Motives for such smears continuing despite evidence to the contrary are usually attributed to bitterness that the [[Republicans]] lost the election or that they just couldn't stand a [[racism|black man]] running the White House. The fact that Obama's father came from Kenya and thus, in a way, Obama could be considered Kenyan, as he does indeed have relatives there, is the closest thing to any truth for this theory.

In response to the rumors, the Obama campaign created a website called Fight The Smears<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111212002348/http://www.fightthesmears.com/ Fight The Smears] (archived from December 12, 2011).</ref> which published a scanned copy of Obama's short-form birth certificate.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20111227013157/http://fightthesmears.com/articles/5/birthcertificate Barack Obama's Official Birth Certificate] ''Fight The Smears'' (archived from December 27, 2011).</ref> He later allowed [[FactCheck.org]] to handle and photograph<ref>[http://www.factcheck.org/UploadedFiles/birth_certificate_5.jpg Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II]  ''FactCheck.org''.</ref> the original artifact. However, for some idiots, that wasn't enough to prove that Obama was born in the US.<ref>[http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/2009/07/obama-scrubs-the-web-of-all-birth-docs.html Obama Scrubs the Web of All Birth Docs] (July 11, 2009) ''Atlas Shrugs'' (archived from August 3, 2009). Note: This is [[Pamela Geller]]'s website.</ref> This tempest in a teapot led to the State of Hawaii confirming to the press the weekend before Election Day that it did hold Obama's long-form certificate, a sure and indisputable indication that Obama was born in Hawaii and was thus a natural-born citizen as required by the Constitution.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218221800/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/presidentialrace/2008337771_rumorside01.html Hawaii: Obama born in U.S.] (November 1, 2008 at 12:00 AM) ''AP'' via ''The Seattle Times'' (archived from December 18, 2008).</ref>

Despite the straight and simple facts, many Americans still insist on following the spin. [[Common sense]] dictates that the imagined conspiracy would have to be absurdly large, requiring a young Obama (or his parents, or some shadowy agency, playing into {{wpl|The Manchurian Candidate|"Manchurian candidate"}} conspiracy theories) to plant a birth certificate in Hawaii, fabricate at least two birth announcements in newspapers at the time (in 1961 no less, when the very idea of an African-American President was considered absurd), falsify college records, bribe immigration officers, and somehow fool election officials. Furthermore, the entire mainstream political establishment, including the [[Republican Party]], would have to be complicit as they have refused to challenge Obama's qualifications. But common sense has, sadly, never been a large part of the general human thought process. 

These people were largely ignored until the summer of 2009, when cable news channels started to give them serious airtime with a dearth of news stories and 168 hours to fill in a week.

[[People United Means Action]] is the group of "Hillary supporting Democrats" who started the rumors that Barack Hussein Obama wasn't really a naturally-born U.S. citizen. The first of these to publicize this rumor (as opposed to spreading it via [[Chain letter|chain emails]] and blogs) and file a frivolous lawsuit based on it was Pennsylvania attorney {{wpl|Philip J. Berg||}} {{lived|1944}}, also a [[9/11 conspiracy theories|9/11 Truther]]. [[Crank magnetism|This is not a coincidence.]]

==Birthers==
Those who maintain the idea that Obama is not qualified to be president, [[cognitive dissonance|usually in the gnashing teeth of all available evidence]], are often called "'''birthers'''." There are several prominent birthers whose constant — though loopy — agitation keeps this brain-dead story going. If nothing else, they serve as amusement to the sane.

==Arguments==
These are the most common objections raised by birthers, mostly in response to the charge that they have lost contact with the fact-based world. The original argument is perhaps best explained by ''[[WND]]'':<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221201805/https://www.wnd.com/2011/01/248117/ 'Birther' arrested during reading of Constitution in House: Woman shouts 'except Obama' as congressman reads section on presidential eligibility] (01/06/2011 at 11:57 AM) ''WND''.</ref>
{{quotebox|The Constitution, Article 2, Section 1, states, "No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President."

Some of the challenges question whether he was actually born in Hawaii, as he insists. If he was born out of the country, Obama's American mother, the suits contend, was too young at the time of his birth to confer American citizenship to her son under the law at the time.

Other challenges have focused on Obama's citizenship through his father, a Kenyan subject to the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom at the time of his birth, thus making him a dual citizen. The cases contend the framers of the Constitution excluded dual citizens from qualifying as natural born.

Additionally, questions have been raised about Obama's move to [[Indonesia]] as a child and the passport he used to travel to [[Pakistan]] as a young man.}}

===The birth certificate===
[[File:No-obama.jpg|thumb|right|200px|There's no way a black guy was born here!]]
At the heart of every birther's claim is the need to see Obama's birth certificate. Despite multiple images (officially released scans and the FactCheck.org photographs) being available on the internet, birthers claim that Obama ''still'' has not produced adequate evidence he was born in Hawaii — an incredible stretch of denial by any standards. As a result of the images of a birth certificate (and thus its entire contents) being available, a new claim developed: that the "short form" birth certificate produced is supposedly available to ''anybody'', even those born out of state or overseas.

Nevertheless, birthers continually demand that Obama release the original long-form certificate "with the doctor's signature." This has never been asked of a President before, and none have ever had to produce one. The birthers further claim that the Certification of Live Birth (the short-form birth certificate) is not good enough to obtain a range of things from a passport to entry to pre-schools, depending on who is making the claim.{{efn|This is reminiscent of [[Jim Crow laws]] designed to prevent [[African Americans]] from voting, which eventually resulted in the [[Voting Rights Act]].}} However, the certificate produced states at the bottom that it is  "''Prima facie'' evidence of the fact of birth in any court proceeding." As often happens with conspiracy theories, there is a small amount of truth to the argument- however, it's blown out of proportion and misapplied here. Some short form or "abstract" birth certificates from certain specific places are not accepted by the federal government, including for passport issuance (examples being California and Texas<ref>[https://abroad.tamu.edu/StudyAbroad/media/Study-Abroad-Image/Birth-Certificate-Info-Sheet.pdf Texas A&M Study Abroad factsheet]</ref>, where abstract birth certificates lack sufficient info; or until recently Hudson County, NJ where all birth certificates, long or short form, were declared unacceptable in 2004 due to corrupt country registrars in the 1990s/early 2000s.<ref>[https://hudsoncountyview.com/after-nearly-two-decades-jersey-city-residents-can-now-obtain-birth-certificates-at-city-hall/ After nearly two decades, Jersey City residents can now obtain birth certificates at City Hall]</ref>). The problem with this idea is that most jurisdictions, including Hawaii, have never been subject to such a restriction.

The birthers ignore two critical facts in their quest to insist that the certificate that has been produced still doesn't qualify:
#The requirements for obtaining a certificate of live birth vary from state to state. A Hawaiian certification would be adequate to get a passport.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101103014610/http://hawaii.gov/health/vital-records/vital-records/index.html About Vital Records] ''Department of Health, State of Hawaii'' (archived from November 3, 2010). The Department of Health says you can use it for a passport. "Certified copies of these records may be issued to authorized individuals and used for such diverse purposes as school entry, passports…"</ref>
#The certificate says he was born in Honolulu – if he was born in another state or another country, it would state the ''actual location of his birth'' on the certificate, not Honolulu.<ref>[http://conwebwatch.tripod.com/stories/2009/wndbirthlies.html WorldNetDaily's Obama Birth Certificate Lies: Numerous claims have been discredited, but WND pretends they never were, deceiving its readers and making a mockery of journalism.] by Terry Krepel (Posted 7/28/2009; Updated 8/10/2009) ''Conwebwatch''.</ref>

Birthers also ignore that various people have access to, and have seen, the original certificate rather than just a photograph or image (which should be the same thing, really).

{{cquote|I, Dr. Chiyome Fukino, director of the Hawai'i State Department of Health, have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawai'i State Department of Health verifying Barrack (sic) Hussein Obama was born in Hawai'i and is a natural-born American citizen.|||Dr. Chiyome Fukino, Director of the Hawai'i State Department of Health<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090731094323/http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20090727/BREAKING01/90727082/Obama+Hawaii+born++insist+Isle+officialsObama Hawaii born, insist Isle officials] by Dan Nakaso (Updated at 2:57 p.m., Monday, July 27, 2009) ''Honolulu Advertiser'' (archived from July 31, 2009).</ref>}}

====Certification of live birth====
An early claim was that Obama's birth certificate was a ''Certification of Live Birth'', not a ''Certificate of Live Birth'', and various claims were made from it not being of the same legal standing to it being a forgery. Apparently, not seeing the word they expected to see confused the birthers; this is reminiscent of the hair-splitting done by [[sovereign citizen]] types. Hawaii is considering changing the certificate's name to align it with other states.

====Why not release the long-form certificate?====
[[File:BarackObamaLongFormBirthCertificate-Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The long-form certificate, signature and all.]]
In any argument with birthers, it is not long before they fall back on "why doesn't Obama just release his long-form certificate if he has nothing to hide"? This is the typical conspiracy-based thinking; they assume Obama's birth certificate is being hidden, and then they start "[[just asking questions]]."

The answer is that ''Obama's short-form certificate is sufficient to prove he was born in Hawaii''. As they are true [[Kool-Aid drinker|Kool-Aid drinking]] conspiracy theorists, no amount of evidence is going to convince birthers that Obama is legitimately the President of the United States. If he produces a long form, they will claim it is a fake or that a government official is being paid bribes. Once sold on a conspiracy, the theorist is unlikely to abandon it as [[cognitive dissonance|all evidence to the contrary]] is just part of the larger conspiracy.

Although the short-form certificate ''should'' have been sufficient, Barack Obama went ahead and '''released the long-form certificate''' in April 2011,<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/04/27/obama.birth.certificate/index.html Obama releases original long-form birth certificate] by Alan Silverleib (April 27, 2011 10:02 p.m. EDT) ''CNN''.</ref> in both .pdf and coffee-mug formats.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110704025204/http://store.barackobama.com/made-in-the-usa-mug.html Made In The USA Mug] ''BarackObama.com'' (archived from July 4, 2011).</ref> Sadly, but predictably, this has not ended the "debate".<ref>[http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2012/03/joe_arpaio_really_thinks_presi.php Joe Arpaio ''Really'' Thinks President Obama's Birth Certificate is Fake] by Matthew Hendley (March 1, 2012 | 2:46pm) ''Phoenix New Times''.</ref>

====The Kenyan birth certificate====
Apparently, one [[Orly Taitz|professional time-waster]] thought they had found the jackpot – Obama's Kenyan birth certificate. [[WorldNetDaily|World
Net
NutDaily]] made big news about it, plastering it all over the front page.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091221043639/http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=105764 Is this really smoking gun of Obama's Kenyan birth? Attorney files motion for authentication of alleged 1960s certificate from Africa (August 02, 2009) ''WorldNetDaily'' (archived from December 21, 2009).</ref> However, many people from [[reality]] have pointed out some major flaws in the birth certificate,{{efn|For example, the document listed his place of birth as the Republic of Kenya, but that was still a British colony, nominally under the Sultans of Zanzibar,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091230075005/http://washingtonindependent.com/53494/birthers-latch-onto-forged-kenyan-birth-certificate 'Birthers' Latch Onto Forged Kenyan Birth Certificate] by David Weigel (8/3/09 8:50 AM) ''The Washington Independent'' (archived from December 30, 2009).</ref> at that time.}}<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/politics/obama/birthers/kenyacert.asp Is This Barack Obama’s Kenyan Certified Registration of Birth? "It's definitely a copy of my certificate. It's so laughable it's ridiculous."] by David Mikkelson (7 August 2009) ''Snopes''.</ref> as it's quite unusual for a Kenyan birth certificate to be issued in [[Australia]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808144054/http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2009/08/04/australia_certificate/ Source for forged Kenyan birth certificate found?] by Alex Koppelman (Aug. 4, 2009 10:01 EDT) ''Salon'' (archived from August 8, 2009). Oh look! Obama happens to be an Aussie!</ref>  When Salim Lone, spokesman for Kenyan Prime Minister Raila Odinga, was asked his opinion of the document, his very brief reply was, "It's a forgery. Kenya only became a Republic in December, 1964. Other arguments could also be marshaled, but they are not needed."<ref>[https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2009/aug/21/orly-taitz/alleged-obama-birth-certificate-kenya-hoax/ Alleged Obama birth certificate from Kenya is a hoax] by Robert Farley (August 21, 2009) ''PolitiFact''.</ref> It happens that an unknown blogger was responsible for the forged document and "punked" the birthers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091225082633/http://washingtonindependent.com/54104/punkin-the-birthers-priceless Punkin' the Birthers: Priceless] by David Weigel (8/6/09 1:18 PM) ''The Washington Indpendent'' (archived from December 25, 2009).</ref><ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=106220 Even WorldNutDaily admits it!]</ref> Orly Taitz claims that it is up to the courts to determine whether it is real.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305153823/http://obamanotqualified.com/hoax-claims_kenyan-birth-certificate-replies.htm  Claims that "Obama's Kenyan Birth Certificate" are a Hoax and my replies to them.] (2009) ''ObamaNotQualified.com'' (archived from March 5, 2010).</ref> Some people have gone as far as to claim that the Kenyan birth certificate is real and the "torn-up" pictures are fake.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100123152238/http://obamanotqualified.com/debunking-the-discrediter-kenyan-birth-certificate.htm Debunking the discrediter Kenyan birth certificate] (2009) ''ObamaNotQualified.com'' (archived from January 23, 2010).</ref>

===Obama's grandmother===
Much has been made of the supposed fact that Obama's grandmother says he was born in Kenya. Others have claimed that she has made a "sworn deposition", saying that he was born in Kenya.

This claim is false from beginning to end. There is certainly no "sworn deposition", but there is a slightly-confusing telephone conversation in which the clearest fact is that his family — grandmother included – insist he was born in the USA. Listen to [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624011823/http://mediamatters.org/rd?to=http%3A%2F%2Fs16v.com%2Famericasright%2F8167169.wma the conversation itself] and decide. If this conversation is evidence of anything, it proves:

#That Obama was born in the USA.
#The lengths to which Obama's detractors will go to distort the facts.
#Mrs. Obama was present at the birth of her son. (Yes, the caller asks that question.)

===Birth announcements===
[[File:Obama birth announcement.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Obama birth announcement, 1961.]]
Obama's birth was announced in the local press in Hawaii, as seen in ''The Honolulu Advertiser''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724072236/http://i478.photobucket.com/albums/rr147/spazeman/obama-birth.gif Births, Marriages, Deaths] (August 13, 1961) ''The Honolulu Advertiser'', Page B-6 (archived from July 24, 2009).</ref> Despite this corroboration of his Hawaiian birth, the birthers are ''still'' not convinced. While WorldNetDaily dismissed it as merely indicating that the birth had been registered in Hawaii, the newspaper received the announcement from the Department of Health Vital Statistics System, claiming that it was issued with the certificate of live birth, which they have already decided is unacceptable to them.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107075500/https://www.wnd.com/2009/07/104678/ Hawaiian newspapers don't prove birthplace] by Drew Zahn (July 22, 2009 at 9:21pm) ''WND'' (archived from November 7, 2012).</ref> People on the more nutty end of the scale claim that the newspaper clipping is, in fact, a plant.<ref>[http://archive.is/nMwbU Obama Birth Announcement Forged] by Jon Carlson (archived from 30 Aug 2013 18:32:55 UTC).</ref> Apparently, Obama's parents wanted to ensure he was a "natural-born citizen" more than 47 years ago in case he ran for President. Naturally, this argument requires a massive stretch of the imagination to even think the idea is plausible. These people begin to make the [[9/11|9/11 Truth Movement]] look positively sane and respectable at this point, and, of course, just like the [[moon landing hoax]], it would have been ''much'' easier and simpler for Obama's family to take the honest than the conspiracy route. Even [[Chuck Norris]] finds this hard to believe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091001030619/http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=105767 What Obama and my wife have in common] by Chuck Norris (August 03, 2009) ''WND'' (archived from October 1, 2009). Chuck Norris kicks the birthers gently.</ref>

===Natural-born citizen===
[[File:Birth certificate bumper sticker.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Birther [[kookmobile]].]]
{{hatnote|{{wpa|natural born citizen of the United States}}}}

The issue of where Obama was born is relevant only if a US birth is required to be a "natural born citizen." However, there is no legal basis for asserting this. No current US legislation uses the term "natural born citizen," and it appears only once in the Constitution, which doesn't provide an exact definition (although basic common sense might suggest that perhaps a "natural born citizen" is someone who is born a natural citizen). The only mention of citizenship is in the [[Fourteenth Amendment]], Section 1, Clause 1:
{{cquote|All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.}}
The only [[Supreme Court]] case that explicitly ruled on the notion of a natural-born citizen was ''United States v. Wong Kim Ark'', 169 U.S. 649 (1898). Unable to find a definition of a natural-born citizen in either the constitution or law, the court ruled that the English definition at the time of independence still applied: <blockquote>
It thus clearly appears that by the law of England for the last three centuries, beginning before the settlement of this country, and continuing to the present day, aliens, while residing in the dominions possessed by the crown of England, were within the allegiance, the obedience, the faith or loyalty, the protection, the power, and the jurisdiction of the English sovereign; and therefore ''every child born in England of alien parents was a natural-born subject,'' unless the child of an ambassador or other diplomatic agent of a foreign state, or of an alien enemy in hostile occupation of the place where the child was born. 
<br><br>
III. ''The same rule was in force'' in all the English colonies upon this continent down to the time of the Declaration of Independence, and in the United States afterward, ''and continued to prevail under the constitution as originally established.''<ref>[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=169&invol=649 U.S. v. Wong KKM Ark] by the United States Supreme Court (Argued: Decided: March 28, 1898) ''FindLaw''.</ref>
</blockquote>
[[TLDR]]: being born in one of the states of the US, as Hawaii had been for two years, makes you eligible to be President once you are 35 and have lived in the country for 14 consecutive years.

A few birthers have attempted to cite the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century treatise ''Le droit des gens''{{efn|Known, somewhat confusingly, as ''The Law of Nations''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lawnationsorpri00vattgoog/page/n4/mode/2up '''The Law of Nations: Or, Principles of the Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns ''] by by Emerich de Vattel (1797) C. G. and J. Robinson. New edition.</ref>}} by Emerich de Vattel. Vattel claimed that an ''indigène'' (translated in the 1790s into English using the term "natural-born citizen"){{efn|And this is the important bit: ''after'' the writing of the US Constitution. The first English translation was in 1760, but the phrase "natural-born citizen" didn't appear till the 1797 translation, and [[Benjamin Franklin]], at least, read it in the original French. Earlier versions left the word "indigènes" untranslated.<ref>[http://obamaconspiracy.org/2009/05/de-vattel-revisited De Vattel: revisited] by Dr. Conspiracy (May 6, 2009) ''Obama Conspiracy Theories''.</ref>}} is someone born to citizen parents within the nation in question. Exactly how this reconciles with the USA's rather straightforward ''jus soli'' policy as stated in the Fourteenth Amendment is something of a mystery, especially given that if the ''Law of Nations'' was truly the law of the land, it would be regularly cited in court cases; considering that Vattel was a proponent of "[[natural law]]" and the founders worked from [[English]] [[common law]], this is a pretty big gap. "Most modern legal interpretations have concluded that you can be a natural born citizen without actually being born in one of the 50 United States."<ref>https://www.thoughtco.com/presidents-not-born-in-the-us-3368103</ref>

If you want to mess with a birther, try asking, "What other type of 'born-citizen' can you be? If not 'natural-born,' can Obama be 'artificially-born'?" This won't wake up the birther but should confuse them, allowing you to say, [[Gotcha_argument|"GOTCHA!"]] and walk away with a big smile on your face.

===Naturalization Act of 1790===
[[File:BirthCertificate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Obama is [[Jesus]] confirmed.]]
The more legal-minded birthers, on occasions, fall back on the Naturalization Act of 1790 in their argument of what constitutes a natural-born citizen. In particular, the clause:
{{cquote|And the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States<ref>{{wpa|Naturalization Act of 1790}}</ref>}}
There are three problems with this argument:
#Obama's father was resident in the United States before his son's birth.
#The Naturalization Act of 1790 was superseded by the Naturalization Act of 1795, then the Naturalization Act of 1798, and finally repealed in 1802. The only mention of natural-born citizen is in the 1790 act. As a result, this is not current US law and has not been since 1795.
#The Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court cases mentioned above state that any person born in the United States is a citizen, regardless of where their parents were born and their legal status at the time (unless they are attacking the US or a foreign diplomat). An article of the Constitution, including an amendment, takes priority over any act that may have been in force up to that time.

===1981 Pakistan trip===
Obama traveled to Pakistan back in 1981 to visit family. The Birthers insist that travel to Pakistan in 1981 was not possible using a US passport, and therefore Obama must have been traveling using another passport – presumably from a country with strong Muslim ties. Of course, this is rubbish; there were no restrictions then.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/politics/obama/passport.asp Barack Obama’s Passport: Barack Obama traveled to Pakistan in 1981 using a non-U.S. passport?] by David Mikkelson (14 July 2009) ''Snopes''.</ref>

===Indonesian school enrollment===
Another attempt at denial of Obama's citizenship attempts to make the claim that Obama is not eligible because Obama's stepfather, {{wpl|Lolo Soetoro||,}} had enrolled young Obama (as "Barry Soetoro") in the [[Indonesia]]n school system, listing him as an Indonesian citizen, and because his mother renounced U.S. citizenship by moving to Indonesia in the first place. Aside from no proof of Ms. Dunham renouncing her citizenship, the young Obama would not have been affected even if she had. Furthermore, Mr. Soetoro's incorrectly listing his stepson's citizenship as Indonesian on some school forms would not affect the latter's actual U.S. citizenship status.

In supporting case law, ''Perkins v. Elg'', 307 U.S. 325 (1939) ruled that living outside of the US as a minor, regardless of one's parents' citizenship status, did not cause one to lose one's birthright citizenship and declared Elg "to be a natural born citizen of the United States."{{efn|The case of Marie Elizabeth Elg is a very interesting when considering what it means to be a US citizen. Elg was born in 1907 to two [[Sweden|Swedish]] nationals who emigrated the US in 1906, only her father had been naturalized by her birth. She was taken back to [[Sweden]] in 1911 by her mother and her father returned in 1922. She emigrated to the US in 1929, with a US passport. In 1935 she was threatened with deportation as an [[illegal alien]]. The court ruled that she was a natural born citizen, despite her parent repatriating when she was a minor, as she had chosen to be a US citizen herself as an adult.<ref>[http://supreme.justia.com/us/307/325/case.html Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325 (1939)] ''Justia: US Supreme Court''.</ref>}} All arguments centered around Obama's stepfather, or even a possible adoption, are irrelevant.

===Columbia University I.D.===
There is a spreading of the idea that Obama had attended Columbia University as a foreign student in 1981. However, several sources, including [[Snopes]], state the "proof" involves a card layout that did not exist in 1981 and has, in fact, been manipulated from an I.D. belonging to Thomas Lugert. A scan of Lugert's I.D. card can be found on his website, with a "Last Modified" date of June 15, '''2007'''.<ref>[http://www.lugert-online.de/Columbia_University/columbia_university.html My study of the English lnguage{{sic}} at Columbia University in New York City from Juli 20, 98 - August 14, 98] by Thomas Lugert (archived from April 30, 2011).</ref> The card with Obama has several tell-tale signs of forgery, such as bad quality, the fact that the cross on the crown in the background has been slightly mutilated, and the text "Foreign Student" does not align properly with the purple band.

===Social Security Number===
Mentioned less frequently is a "controversy" regarding Obama's Social Security Number (SSN), notably that his SSN indicates that it was issued to someone born in Connecticut, not Hawaii {{---}} ergo, it must be stolen, and Obama must be an alien imposter! Here, a kernel of truth has been blown out of proportion. SSNs issued between 1972 and 2011 were indeed linked to geography — specifically, they were linked to the postal ZIP code of the person's mailing address at their time of registration. Obama's does indeed appear to indicate it is linked to Connecticut; however, when Obama registered with Social Security when he was 16 (which was normal until the mid-to-late 1970s, when children started being automatically registered right after birth), he was living in Honolulu, which has a ZIP code of 96814 — one digit off from Danbury, Connecticut's 06814. [[Occam's Razor|In all likelihood, it was a simple clerical error]]. There are also claims that he is using someone else's SSN, usually based on incorrect info from public records databases (e.g., someone with sloppy handwriting miswrites their SSN on a credit card application, and it winds up linking that person with someone else in a database).<ref>http://www.snopes.com/politics/obama/birthers/ssn.asp</ref>

==Court hearings==
[[File:Court ruling regarding case against Obama.pdf|thumb|right|250px|The court ruling concerning the case (PDF).]] 
At least a half dozen lawsuits against the President have been tossed out of court, but on January 20, 2009, [[Orly Taitz]] and Gary Kreep, two of the birther lawyers most opposed to Obama, filed a lawsuit on Inauguration Day. They issued press announcements saying the judge was brave in the face of political heat to accept the case, and now birthers would be able to prove their position.

Their purported goal in going to court was to defend a couple of military activists (encouraged by birthers) who refused to ship to the [[Middle East]] because the orders did not come from a legitimate Commander in Chief. As usual, the birthers made many accusations and offered conspiracy <strike>theories</strike> hypotheses but provided no evidence.

Taitz and Kreep asked for a court order demanding that Kenya produce Obama's birth certificate. The judge reasonably pointed out that even if such a document existed, a subpoena from a US judge would be meaningless in a foreign country. The judge noted that the soldiers had no problem taking orders from Obama until they were ordered to ship out when suddenly they doubted the authenticity of his birth in Hawaii.

When they got their days in court, birthers mostly uttered political rhetoric, and after a few days, the judge ran out of patience, saying they'd presented no evidence, merely accusations.

The judge also pointed out
* they could have filed suit when Obama became a candidate or
* they could have filed suit when Obama was nominated or
* they could have filed suit when Obama won the election, but
* they chose to wait for the day Obama took office,
which (a) provided maximum entertainment and embarrassment for the President but also (b) changed the rules because they were now attempting to unseat a sitting President and (c) filed the lawsuit in the wrong venue.

The disgusted judge severely criticized their lack of evidence and dismissed the case.<ref name="court">[http://rationalwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=File:Court_ruling_regarding_case_against_Obama.pdf&oldid=578041 Captain Pamela Barnett, et al. Plaintiffs v. Barack H. Obama, et al, Defendents] Case 8:09-cv-00082-DOC-AN (Filed 10/29/2009 ) ''United States District Court for the Central District of California''.</ref> In August 2010, the Supreme Court, for the second time, refused to block fines and sanctions against Taitz.<ref name="SCOTA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100817205650/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/16/birther-queen-orly-taitz_n_683188.html Birther Queen Orly Taitz Smacked Down By Supreme Court On 'Frivolous' Litigation Fine] (08/16/10 10:26 AM) ''Huffington Post'' (archived from August 17, 2010).</ref>

As of January 2014, over two hundred cases regarding Obama's citizenship had been brought to court. In every case, the birthers lost. The birthers made over one hundred appeals, but every appeal was denied.<ref>[http://tesibria.typepad.com/whats_your_evidence/BIRTHER%20CASE%20LIST.pdf Birther Scorecard] (Last Updated:  August 11, 2015).</ref>

==Eligibility bill==
Representative Bill Posey sponsored a bill, H.R. 1503, in March 2009 to amend the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, requiring the campaign committee to give documents proving a presidential candidate's eligibility.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr1503/text H.R. 1503 (111th): To amend the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to require the principal campaign committee of a candidate for election to the office of President to include with the committee’s statement of organization a copy of the candidate’s birth certificate, together with such other documentation as may be necessary to establish that the candidate meets the qualifications for eligibility to the Office of President under the Constitution] (March 12, 2009) ''GovTrack''.</ref> The bill had 12 cosponsors and died an untimely death without any votes.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr1503/details H.R. 1503 (111th): Details] ''GovTrack''.</ref><ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr1503 H.R. 1503 (111th): Overview] ''GovTrack''.</ref>

In April 2010, the [[Arizona]] State House passed a bill requiring everyone running for President of the US in the state to prove their eligibility for the office.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20003039-503544.html Arizona "Birther" Bill Dismissed by White House, Slammed by Critics] by Stephanie Condon (April 21, 2010 / 12:17 PM) ''CBS News''.</ref> The bill has been set aside in the State Senate as it does not have enough votes, even amongst Republicans, to pass.<ref>[http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2010/04/birther_bill_set_aside_by_ariz.php  "Birther" Bill Set Aside By Arizona Senate; Doesn't Have Enough Republican Votes] by  James King (April 29, 2010 | 5:28pm) ''Phoenix New Times''.</ref>

==Other Presidential challenges==
===Senator John McCain===
{{main|John McCain}}
Republican John McCain, Obama's opponent in the 2008 election, was born in 1936 at the Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the [[Panama]] Canal Zone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090519012848/http://www.biography.com/articles/John-McCain-9542249 John McCain Biography] ''Biography.com'' (archived from May 19, 2006).</ref> Panama is definitely a different country than the United States, although the Panama Canal was United States territory until 1979. McCain's parents were there because his father, at the time an officer in the US Navy, was stationed in what was then a US military base. The fact that almost no one objected to McCain's candidacy based on his place of birth would indicate that being born on US possessions or military installations overseas is good enough (while a lawsuit seeking to remove McCain from the California ballot based on his birthplace '''was''' filed by the chairman of the rabidly conservative [[American Independent Party]], a federal judge tossed it out, ruling that McCain was a "natural born citizen").<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26765398</ref> Also, even if the Canal Zone was not a US territory or military base at the time, McCain's parents, both US citizens, would have conferred their citizenship to McCain regardless by {{wpl|jus sanguinis|''jus sanguinis''}} ("right of blood").

===George Romney===
{{main|George Romney}}
George Romney, governor of [[Michigan]] and the father of [[Mitt Romney]], ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968.  George Romney probably had the most cut-and-dried case against his constitutional eligibility of anyone on this list: he was born in [[Mexico]].  His U.S.-born [[Mormon]] parents lived there as expats during the period when several Mormon colonies flourished in Mexico.  The issue was occasionally raised during his campaign, but since he lost the nomination to [[Richard Nixon]], he never had to face a court challenge to his eligibility.

===Barry Goldwater===
{{main|Barry Goldwater}}
The 1964 Republican candidate, Barry Goldwater, was born in 1909 in Phoenix, [[Arizona]] Territory, which was not a state until 1912.<ref>[https://www.biography.com/political-figure/barry-goldwater Barry Goldwater]] (Updated: Jul 23, 2019; Original: Apr 27, 2017) ''Biography.com''.</ref> Although the Fourteenth Amendment counts those born on US territories as natural-born citizens, there was a minor controversy over Goldwater's birthplace.

===President Chester A. Arthur===
{{main|Chester A. Arthur}}
[[Republican]] President Chester A. Arthur spent his one-term presidency dogged by rumors that he was born in [[Canada]]. Arthur was born on October 2, 1829, in a small town 5 miles outside Fairfield, [[Vermont]]. His family moved around a lot and often lied about the year he was born.

During the 1880 presidential campaign, after Arthur was chosen as [[James A. Garfield]]'s running mate, Democrats hired lawyer Arthur Hinman, who set off on a mission to Canada to discredit him. Hinman claimed Arthur was born 47 miles further north in Dunham, [[Quebec]] and had misappropriated the birth records of a brother born in Fairfield and died in infancy.

The state of Vermont did not keep birth records before 1857, nor did the town of Fairfield. Add to this the fact that Arthur kept changing the year he was born, and it's a better story than the one about Obama. Arthur never publicly commented on the rumors, taken by paleo-birthers as a sure sign of his guilt. Hinman cashed in on the rumors with a book, ''How a British Subject Became President of the United States''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090819002815/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32440943/ns/politics-more_politics/ Obama birthplace flap evokes Arthur debate: Ex-president lacked documentation, foe claimed he was born in Canada] (updated 4:14 p.m. PT, Sun., Aug 16, 2009) ''AP'' via ''MSNBC'' (archived from August 19, 2009).</ref>

===Kamala Harris===
{{main|Kamala Harris}}
Since she announced her candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the 2020 presidency, there have been conspiracy theories alleging that Vice President Kamala Harris is ineligible for the presidency. This is based on the false premise that both her parents, who were Jamaican and Indian university scholars, were temporary residents and not permanent residents when Kamala was born and, as such, she did not have natural-born citizenship at birth.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/ana-navarro-cnn-blasts-jacob-wohl-conspiracy-kamala-harris-birther-1300573 CNN Contributor Ana Navarro Calls Out Birther Conspiracy Theory About Kamala Harris] by  Daniel Moritz-Rabson (1/22/19 at 3:48 PM EST) ''Newsweek''.</ref> However, anyone born in the United States, except those born to accredited diplomats, is an American citizen, regardless of the parents’ citizenship or residency status.

The citizenship 'question' was pushed again by John C. Eastman of the Claremont Institute in a [[JAQ]]-off<ref name=stern>[https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/08/kamala-harris-birther-birthright-citizenship-claremont.html The White Supremacist “Scholars” Pushing the Kamala Harris Birther Lie] by Mark Joseph Stern (Aug 14, 20205:42 PM) ''Slate''.</ref> hit piece published in ''Newsweek''<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/some-questions-kamala-harris-about-eligibility-opinion-1524483 Some Questions for Kamala Harris About Eligibility] by John C. Eastman (8/12/20 at 8:30 AM EDT) ''Newsweek''.</ref> after Harris was nominated as Vice President by [[Joe Biden]]. Even though the 14th Amendment to the Constitution and an 1898 Supreme Court decision clearly stated that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States", Eastman attempted to contort the meaning of four words in the Amendment ("subject to the jurisdiction") that applied only to children of diplomats and to [[Native Americans]].<ref name=stern/>

The Claremont Institute, a purported [[think tank]], has become a "racist fever swamp" and is associated with ''Newsweek'' via Josh Hammer, an editor there and a former fellow at Claremont.<ref name=stern/>

The idea that conservative racists are pushing the bullshit that being born in the US does not make one a citizen strains credulity because other conservative racists have sometimes pushed the exact opposite, the [[anchor baby]] idea concerning [[illegal immigration]].

Curiously, Donald Trump is eligible for British citizenship, since his mother was born in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Hillary Clinton is also possibly eligible since she had a grandparent born in England. Neither one of them two faced any serious questions about eligibility. It appears that birthers only care about the subject of multiple citizenship when they want to, and in the case of Obama, race and perceived ties to Communism are the real reasons why. Birthers don't care about foreign citizenships and loyalties, so much as they care to <i>weaponize</i> them, and this over something they have little control over.

Ironically, in the early days of the republic, foreign citizenships held by the President <i>were</i> a bit of a big deal, but that was because the U.S. hadn't gotten off of its feet yet and (depending on whether or not one was a [[Federalist_Party|Federalist]] or an Anti-Federalist) having a President with loyalties to the French or the British raised fears of a puppet Presidency in the hands of hostile powers.

==Rebirtherism of a Nation==
Trump, who took up the birther cause when it was politically convenient for him (2011) and then dropped it when it was politically irrelevant (September 2016),<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2016/09/16/494231757/without-apology-trump-now-says-obama-was-born-in-the-u-s Without Apology, Trump Now Says: 'Obama Was Born In' The U.S.] by Domenico Montanaro (September 16, 201612:01 PM ET) ''NPR''.</ref><ref name=serwer>[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/05/birtherism-and-trump/610978/ Birtherism of a Nation: The conspiracy theories surrounding Obama’s birthplace and religion were much more than mere slander. They were ideology.] by Adam Serwer (May 13, 2020) ''The Atlantic''.</ref> reignited a new form of birtherism, a vague conspiracy theory known as 'obamagate', against Obama in 2020 as a way to deflect away from Trump's own incompetency.<ref>[https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/5/14/21258641/trump-obama-obamagate-senate-testify-graham-tweet Trump demands Obama be made to testify in the Senate: In his latest tweet, Trump seems to be ordering Sen. Lindsey Graham to put Obama through a kind of show trial.] by Zack (May 14, 2020, 11:07am EDT) ''Vox''.</ref><ref>[https://www.vox.com/2020/5/11/21255214/trump-obamagate-philip-rucker-coronavirus-press-conference It took one question for a reporter to expose Trump’s latest baseless Obama conspiracy theory: Monday’s news conference ended with Trump melting down in response to questions from female reporters.] by Aaron Rupar (May 11, 2020, 6:35pm EDT) ''Vox''.</ref>
{{blockquote|'''Philip Rucker''' (''[[The Washington Post]]''): What is the crime exactly that you’re accusing him of?<BR>
'''Trump''': You know what the crime is. The crime is very obvious to everybody. All you have to do is read the newspapers, except yours.}}

The crime seems to be 'presidenting while black'<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200512052120/https://twitter.com/minhtngo/status/1259981146772746246 The heinous crime of being democratically elected President of the United States while black…] by Minh Ngo (3:58 PM - 11 May 2020) ''Twitter'' (archived from May 12, 2020).</ref> and is more of a Republican ideology or, at best, an amorphous conspiracy theory.<ref name=serwer/>  The fact is that birtherism was never really about where Obama was born.  It was a way to claim he was illegitimate because a black man isn't supposed to occupy our highest office without openly calling him "uppity".

==See also==
*[[Jerome Corsi]]
*[[Ted Cruz#On his place of birth|Ted Cruz]]
*[[Manufactroversy]]
*[[PRATT]]
*[[WND]]

==External links==
{{collist|colwidth=29em|
* [http://www.wnd.com/eligibility All of WorldNutDaily's articles]
* [http://www.orlytaitzesq.com/blog1/ Orly Taitz's blog]
* [http://michaelpatrickleahy.blogspot.com/2009/07/birther-meme-and-death-of-investigative.html Some nuts blog]
* [http://obamatheusurper.wordpress.com/ The Usurpation Chronicles] – another nutter's blog.
* [http://www.obamanotqualified.com/ Obama Not Qualified]
* [http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/5aa7aae6c6/obama-debunks-birther-conspiracy Obama Debunks Birther Conspiracy]
* [http://factcheck.org/2008/08/born-in-the-usa/ FactCheck on birtherism]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth The Psychology of the Birther Myth]
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2292306/ Birtherism is Dead. Long Live Birtherism!]
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/74176180/Qualifications-for-President-and-the-%E2%80%9CNatural-Born%E2%80%9D-Citizenship-Eligibility-Requirement Congressional Research Service's report on Presidential eligibility]
* [http://www.obamaconspiracy.org/ Obama Conspiracy Theories: Fishing for gold coins in a bucket of mud since 2008]
* [https://www.usbirthcertificates.com/articles/birth-certificates-long-form-vs-short-form Birth Certificates: Long Form vs. Short Form]
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Birtherism| ]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Pseudolaw]]
[[Category:Racism]]

Categories: Birtherism, Conspiracy theories, Pseudolaw, Racism