Diploma mill

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[[File:PatriotU Crop.jpg|thumb|165px|Pictured: [[Patriot Bible University]]. We've seen rest stops bigger than that, although we have never seen a bathroom produce [[Kent Hovind|as big a turd.]]]]
{{scam}}
A '''diploma mill''' or '''degree mill''' is a bogus "school", "college", or "university" run by [[charlatan|charlatans]] and for naïve minds. Diploma mills confer fictional "degrees" that are not recognized by any other educational institutions or bodies. Large numbers of gullible people get duped into signing up for these, often seriously expensive, programs. The term is seen as pejorative by the [[cranks]] operating the mills.

Large numbers of charlatans also sign up in order to expand their qualifications. A good number of [[Creation science|creation "scientists"]] such as [[Kent Hovind]] and [[Carl Baugh]] have used diploma mill degrees as fraudulent cudgels to intimidate would-be debate opponents with their "[[Credentialism|credentials]]". 

Diploma mills damage the reputation of distance education, and indeed qualifications in general, for everyone who isn't a fraud.

The [[United States]] is a diploma mill haven: the U.S. does not have a federal law prohibiting diploma mills and does not regulate the use of terms like "university" or the names of degrees. A mail-box company granting a "degree" of ''Executive MBA'' from ''Cheeseburger University'' would be perfectly legal. While there is a central authority for accreditation, its enforcement powers are lacking.

==Contrast with real degrees==

Many people receive advertisements for "colleges" offering the opportunity to earn college degrees (usually for personal advancement) with little or no work.<ref group=note>[[Ben Goldacre]] managed to get a degree for his cat, who had been dead for a few years at the time.</ref> These degrees, of course, typically do not represent a substantial learning opportunity and do not give the "students" the knowledge and skills represented by a traditional degree. The dedication of four academic years to achieving a bachelor's degree at a genuine college or university is also a life-changing experience whose effects are difficult to replicate with other experiences, which explains why a bachelor's degree from even a mediocre college or university suggests virtues that many employers cherish (such as recognizing that there is more to life than "sex & drugs & rock-n-roll"), and a degree from a diploma mill is worthless. 

Earning a real degree implies a dedication of time, effort, and often great cost at some rigorous study at an institution at which one can flunk for inadequate performance or academic misconduct and receive no recognition of achievement, often with considerable hardship. To be sure, many vocational schools that offer a certificate in a desirable trade never claim that their degrees are comparable to academic degrees, so such schools are not diploma mills. Even before entering a truly good university or college, one typically must prove that one has appropriate preparation and talent through college board scores and adequate grades at a lower level. All that matters to a diploma mill is that one have the means of paying for the worthless degree.      

What gives a real qualification or degree its power is the fact that it is recognised by other institutions or authorities worldwide.<ref group=note>So in case you don't learn anything, at least it gets you qualified for job(s). Not that it would get you hired, just "qualified".</ref> Anyone can sign a piece of paper saying that they have a qualification in "being a badass," but unless the "Departments of Badass" at "Badass Universities" all over the world recognise that piece of paper as meaning something, it means ''precisely nothing''. ''Real'' educational institutions that are recognised as being able to give degrees and qualifications are [[Academic accreditation|''accredited'']]; meaning that their curriculum and standards have been examined and approved by an appropriate board of experts and we can be reasonably sure that the person holding the piece of paper can do what that piece of paper says they can. The closest analogue is perhaps military service, but to get the most of that, one must do dedicated, competent service and use the opportunities for travel, training, and (paradoxically) formal learning appropriately. The Armed Services of the United States themselves strongly encourage formal learning in certifiable college-degree programs... and, of course, those who derive some benefit from military service will clearly learn than there is more to life than "sex & drugs & rock-n-roll" and will have shown the ability to cope with hardships.

==Contrast with real correspondence schools==

There are many accredited institutions that teach degree courses by correspondence. A degree from the Open University is highly respected by [[United Kingdom|UK]] employers, as it not only shows qualifications in a field but that you are the sort of person who can start a years-long process and successfully finish it while working a day job. The University of New England does similar courses in [[Australia]], Morocco, and the US. For-profit schools like the University of Phoenix, the Lincoln Technical Institute,<ref>[http://www.lincolnedu.com/ Lincoln Tech: Trade Schools & Vocational Training Programs]</ref> DeVry University, and {{wpl|Purdue University Global}} have a somewhat worse reputation,<ref>Christina H. (20 July 2010). [http://www.cracked.com/article_18660_why-you-should-beware-schools-from-late-night-tv-ads.html "Why You Should Beware of Schools from Late Night TV Ads"]. ''[[Cracked.com]]''.</ref> but are still presently accredited.

Just like a degree where you show up for class, these are real degrees that involve hard work over a number of years. You may be a paying customer, but you have to actually pass your course for real.

==Non-accredited courses and fraud==

In the United States, the Secretary of Education maintains a [[Academic accreditation|list of recognized accreditation agencies]] whose decisions are accepted as legitimate. The governments and universities of other countries may also recognize them. However, it is easy for a school to operate ''without'' accreditation and almost entirely without oversight and regulation, and thus their degrees and qualifications are essentially meaningless. There are also a number of agencies who offer "accreditation" to such schools, but as these are unrecognized by the government and other global bodies, their accreditations are almost worthless.

Unfortunately, this can constitute fraud at several levels. Compare to the case of people buying or selling a "novelty" fake ID, it's not illegal to ''own'' a fake ID,<ref group=note>With some exceptions, ''e.g.'' a fake FBI ID in the US.</ref> it's illegal to ''use'' it. Using degrees and qualifications obtained from unaccredited institutions is similar; if someone tries to pass off the PhD they got for $800 from the Internet as something that actually took them three years working in a lab, resulting in a 50,000 word thesis that they defended every single word of, they're in trouble.

===Using fraudulent credentials===

[[File:Fake Doctor Carl Baugh.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Incoherent [[Young Earth creationism|Young Earth creationist]] [[Carl Baugh]] claims to have degrees in [[Theology]] and advanced degrees in [[science]], but they're all [[bullshit]].<ref>Glen J. Kuban, [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/paluxy/degrees.html A Matter of Degree: Carl Baugh's Alleged Credentials]. talk.origins, 1989.</ref>]]The schools are offering fraudulent credentials by misrepresenting the value of the "degrees" awarded, but at the same time, many of the students are also ''fully aware'' of the negligible value of their credentials. Nevertheless, they use them to misrepresent their knowledge and skills to employers, licensing boards, clients, customers, and students. If you see someone being interviewed on TV about the miracles of nutrition or [[homeopathy]] or espousing the wonders of the [[global flood]], and they have "Dr" or "PhD" in their title, it's likely that these credentials came from a diploma mill.<ref group=note>There are notable exceptions, ''e.g.'' [[Jason Lisle]] or [[Kurt Wise]], however.</ref> Often, they'll make a big show of their titles in order to [[Credentialism|intimidate people into thinking they're right]].

For some reason, people with ''real'', i.e., fully accredited, qualifications don't tend to display them too frequently or prominently. [[Ben Goldacre]] often doesn't flaunt the "Dr" to which he's entitled, [[Richard Dawkins]] is hardly ever listed as "Prof" except in very formal circumstances. Internet entertainer Stuart Ashen is actually a doctor of psychology, but describes himself as a "failed psychologist and internet [[cunt]]",<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow9SHsnFG2U Neo Double Games review (DS Rip off)] by ashens (Mar 28, 2006) ''YouTube''.</ref><ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/Ashens/comments/cm3ryj/what_are_the_origan_of_the_failed_psychologist/ What are the origan<small><sup>sic</sup></small> of the "failed psychologist and Internet cunt" quote] by Boober_Calrissian (2019) ''Reddit''.</ref> as opposed to "Dr. Ashen". Actual experts tend to care more about their field itself than about [[credentialism]] and will generally at least listen to arguments from those without a qualification, in case they have something interesting and apposite to say. The [[Dunning-Kruger effect]] comes into play on this one: those who are ignorant are extremely proud of their phony doctoral credentials, whereas those who are knowledgeable are far more humble about it.

===Recognising fraud===

[[File:McKeith.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Quack]] and pseudo-academic [[Gillian McKeith]] called herself "Doctor" for years until told to cease by the Advertising Standards Authority.<ref>[https://www.badscience.net/2007/02/ms-gillian-mckeith-banned-from-calling-herself-a-doctor/ What’s wrong with Dr Gillian McKeith PhD?] badscience.net, 18 February 2007.</ref>]] While it is extremely easy to get away with essentially faking a credential, it can become a legal issue if that person is in the public eye. The public are deemed to have certain expectations of someone holding the title of "Dr" or "PhD"; someone using these titles without accredited substantiation can be forced to stop doing so. Such a thing happened to [[Gillian McKeith]] when the UK Advertising Standards Agency told her to stop using the titles on her books and TV shows following a complaint by several readers and forum members of Ben Goldacre's ''Bad Science'' blog.

In the United Kingdom, it is also illegal to ''run'' a diploma mill. That is, it is illegal to offer qualifications that purport to be or may be easily confused with a degree from a legitimate British university unless you are on the list of approved awarding bodies maintained by the government. Similar laws exist in [[Malaysia]], [[India]], [[Germany]], and other countries. In some countries, such as [[South Korea]], it is illegal to claim to have a degree if it is from an unaccredited university. [[New Zealand]] law makes it illegal to use the terms "degree" or "university" in reference to unaccredited qualifications.

In 2015, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that many of the diploma mills were run from a single shadowy company called Axact in Karachi, [[Pakistan]]. The company reportedly earns tens of millions of dollars per year. Axact promptly threatened legal action against ''The Times'' following a preliminary posting of the story.<ref>Declan Walsh (May 17, 2015). [http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/18/world/asia/fake-diplomas-real-cash-pakistani-company-axact-reaps-millions-columbiana-barkley.html?_r=0 "Fake Diplomas, Real Cash: Pakistani Company Axact Reaps Millions"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> In May of 2015 Shoaib Sheikh, the CEO of Axact, and 5 other directors were arrested by Pakistani authorities who also sealed Axact offices.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32895981 Pakistan detains Axact chief Shoaib Sheikh over 'fake degrees'] 27 May 2015 ''[[BBC]] News''</ref><ref>Ahmad Tauqir (May 27, 2015). [https://92newshd.tv/axact-ceo-shoaib-sheikh-among-six-axact-directors-arrested-thousands-of-fake-degrees-recovered-from-axact-office/ "Axact CEO Shoaib Sheikh among six directors arrested; Thousands of fake degrees recovered from Axact office"]. ''92 News HD''.</ref> In 2018, Shaikh and 22 of his associates were sentenced to 20 years in prison and fined $140 million as a result of the scam.<ref>Mazhar Farooqui, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190412125319/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-jails-axact-boss-over-140m-fake-diploma-scam-1.2283215/ Pakistan jails Axact boss over $140m fake diploma scam]. Archived from Gulf News, 26 September 2018.</ref>

==Reasons for being unaccredited==

===Legitimate===
Not all unaccredited schools are diploma mills. There are a few legitimate reasons for a school to be unaccredited. For example, the accreditation process takes time and a new school may not have completed the process. The state of [[California]] has an official two-tiered system of education where the Bureau for Private Post-secondary and Vocational Education (BPPVE) supervises and establishes standards for otherwise unaccredited schools.

Some states consider it perfectly legitimate for religious schools to be unaccredited. This makes some sense with seminaries for obscure religions, where there is not yet a large-scale consensus on what is required for ordination, but is also (unfortunately) an easy route for those who want to peddle [[pseudoscience]].

===Quasi-legitimate===

For [[cult|some religious organizations]], 'fake' credentials that won't be accepted elsewhere are a ''feature'', not a bug. [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], for instance, have a number of vocational and higher education schools with their own internal accreditation that virtually no one outside of their organization would ever hear of. This means that if you are a highly skilled professional in the Witnesses, your credentials are only worth anything if you stay in the Witnesses. Witnesses will refuse to act as references for ex-Witnesses, Witnesses are restricted from forming connections with non-Witnesses, and outside higher education is forbidden (though they love to recruit lawyers). Lack of verifiable credentials is just one more barrier to escape.

===Illegitimate===

Some diploma mills attempt to shield themselves using [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], claiming that the accreditation system is a cudgel designed to force schools to teach "accepted" topics and run like the plague from "controversial" topics lest the degrees they issue be rendered mud by the [[Evil Liberal Science Conspiracy]].<ref>For example, the [http://www.icr.edu/about-us School of Biblical Apologetics] at the [[Institute for Creation Research]] was unable to obtain accreditation because of their [[creationist]] beliefs, and states on their website: ''"ICR has prioritized curriculum content and practical ministry needs, rather than adding the expensive costs of academic accreditation politics..."'' Retrieved on 4 December 2015.</ref> Erm... yeah.

==Some diploma mills==
[[File:Trump University.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|Trump University was a [[scam]] in which people were promised an education in real estate by hand-picked experts in exchange for exorbitant "tuition".<ref>Karen Freifeld, [https://archive.md/2PLtJ New York judge finds Donald Trump liable for unlicensed school]. Archived from Reuters, 16 October 2014.</ref>]]
* [[Alphabiotics]] Training Academy
* [[Cambridge Theological Seminary]]
* [[Columbia Pacific University]]
* [[Hindu University of America]]
* [[Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary]]
* Open International University for Alternative Medicine — an Indian [[alternative medicine]] mill that has bestowed "degrees" on such luminaries as [[Masaru Emoto]] and [[George J. Georgiou]].
* [[Patriot Bible University]]
* [[Trump University]]
* [[Universal Life Church]]<ref group=note>Not to be confused with the "Universal Life Church Seminary", with diplomas obtained through courses ([https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=94874.&lawCode=EDC authorized], and [https://www.ulcseminary.org/faqs/seminaryfaqs.php subjected to peer review])</ref> — It is hardly being seen as a typical mill (lately).

==Famous holders of mill diplomas==

* [[Carl Baugh]] — An incoherent Young Earth creationist who operates the kitschy Creation Evidence Museum
* [[Glenn Beck]] — Seriously. Although, to his credit, he doesn't call himself a doctor very often
* [[Chuck Colson]] — 15 honorary doctorates, mostly from diploma mills
* [[David Duke]] — Thesis topic was "[[Zionism]] as a Form of Ethnic Supremacism"
* [[Kent Hovind]] — Read [[Kent Hovind's doctoral dissertations|the dissertation]]!
* [[Gillian McKeith]] — Used her title when working as a television nutritionist, until she was forced to stop by the [[Advertising Standards Authority]]
* [[Orly Taitz]] — Not the title "doctor" (she is a dentist), but her mail-order unaccredited law degree
* [[Robert Sungenis]] — He has valid lower degrees, but his PhD is from a diploma mill
* [[Hunter S. Thompson]] — Bought a Doctorate of Divinity by mail order from the "Church of the New Truth",<ref>Arthur J. Kaul, [https://web.english.upenn.edu/~despey/thompson.htm Hunter S. Thompson]. english.upenn.edu, undated article.</ref><ref>Ian Johnson, [https://thequietus.com/articles/05707-hunter-s-thompson-interview An Unpublished Interview With Hunter S. Thompson]. ''The Quietus'', 17 February 2011.</ref> and referred to himself as "Dr. Thompson" and a "doctor of journalism" thereafter
* Patrick Wanis — Flashes the title of "PhD", which he got from the Open International University for Alternative Medicine in A.M. (Alternative Medicine — go figure)

==See also==
*[[Alternative medical schools]]
*[[Autodidact]]
*[[Anders Behring Breivik]], who ran a fake degree company{{cn}}
*[[Credentialism]]
*[[Fundie school]]
*[[Homeschooling]], which is basically the same as the parents making up the value of a good education, deluding themselves and others
*[[McDojo]]
*[[Prager University]], which is somehow even more worthless than a diploma mill
*[[Professor of nothing]]
*[[Pseudojournal]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|List of unaccredited institutions of higher education}}
*{{wpa|List of animals with fraudulent diplomas}}
*[http://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/ The Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs] from the U.S. Department of Education
*[https://www.geteducated.com/diploma-mill-police/degree-mills-list List of Degree Mills & Distance Learning Accreditation Reports] from Geteducated.com
*[https://www.geteducated.com/college-degree-mills/204-fake-agencies-for-college-accreditationFake Fake College Accreditation Agencies] from GeEducated.com

== Further reading ==
* Steve Levicroff, ''{{wpl|Name It and Frame It?}}'' Ambler, PA: Institute on Religion and Law, 1993. An excellent resource about unaccredited Christian colleges and universities, exploring the accreditation process and the nature of legitimate and illegitimate unaccredited institutions of higher learning.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|80%}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Diploma mills| ]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Scams]]

Categories: Diploma mills, Education, Pseudoscience, Scams