Etymology

{{langnav}}{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[entomology]], the study of [[insect]]s.}}
'''Etymology''' is the study of word and phrase origins. Properly done, it is a critical component to understanding the [[evolution]] of, and relationships between, languages. Bad etymology, on the other hand, is often used by political agitators as a [[propaganda]] tool, often with the intent of smearing the subject denoted by the word or phrase in question or illicitly claiming credit for something the false etymologist has no right to. Bad etymology is a form of [[pseudolinguistics]] that is sometimes used to further [[nationalist pseudohistory]].

==Etyomology==
Etymology derives from the Ancient Greek word meaning 'true sense or sense of a truth' [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%90%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek ἐτυμολογία]
==Importance==
Etymology comprises a significant component in several major dictionaries, including, in English, the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' and the ''American Heritage Dictionary''. (If lexicographers devote lots of space to it, that makes it Really Important.) Etymology also provides the subject matter for countless books of language trivia and wordplay. Word etymologies can serve in historical [[linguistics]] to (very broadly) track migrations of the speakers of language groups based on changes in word meanings, as well as to (very roughly) date branches in a language's family tree. A smattering of etymological lore can help in language learning (e.g., knowledge of [[Latin]] as a basis for learning Romance languages) and provide [[psychological]] insights into different [[metaphor]]-systems and modes of thought.

==Misuse==
{{main|argument from etymology}}
Misuse of etymology is often called the "'''etymological fallacy'''" — confusing the current meaning for its origins.

Word origins can take on a more sinister aspect, however, when people create incorrect etymologies for certain terms (a notorious example in [[United States|US]] culture being the incorrect claim about the phrase "rule of thumb"<ref>http://www.straightdope.com/columns/000512.html</ref>); such false etymologies generally serve a [[politics|political]] or [[religion|religious]] purpose and are generally rejected by mainstream scholarship, but due to their propagandistic and often populist nature (sometimes augmented with a [[conspiracy theory]] or two) often find a tenacious foothold in some sections of popular culture. 

Etymologies are also often affected by [[prejudice]]s and [[superstition]], a very common form of this being "taboo deformation", where the use of a word outside certain contexts is considered either offensive or disrespectful, and the actual word is replaced with either an intentional mispronunciation or a [[euphemism]]. Taboo deformation often exists within a primarily religious context, such as the conversion of the ancient [[Hebrew]] deity name [[YHWH]] (probably pronounced as Yahweh or something fairly close) to ''Jehovah'', or the hypothesized distortion of the Proto-[[Indo-European]] words for "wolf" (''wlkwos'') and "bear" (''rktos'') into mispronunciations such as the [[Latin]] ''lupus'' or euphemisms<ref>[https://www.charlierussellbears.com/LinguisticArchaeology.html Charlie Russel]</ref> such as the Russian ''medved'' ("honey-eater").

==Pre-modern etymology==
While etymology is now a branch of linguistics, in the past the practice often involved coming up with ingenious and flattering explanations of people's names rather than revealing the actual true origin, and hence pre-modern etymologies shouldn't be assumed to be accurate.<ref>Adorjáni, Z. (2014). A Poetic Etymology of a Name in Pind. P. 4. 156–158. Philologus, 157(2), pp. 361-363. Retrieved 5 Mar. 2019, from doi:10.1515/phil.2013.0026</ref> Such a practice is found in classical authors like Pindar and Plutarch, and [[medieval]] writers, such as Jacobus de Varagine's ''Golden Legend'', which offers fantastical origins for the names of saints that relate them to their virtues. Even in cases where a name such as "Sylvester" obviously comes from the Latin for forest and means one who lived in or came from a forest, Jacobus suggests it comes from ''sile''/''sol''=light, and ''terra''=the earth, indicating a light to the world.<ref>{{wpa|Golden Legend}}</ref>

==False etymologies==
On the lighter side,  there are countless "false etymologies" current in the popular imagination, often for words whose derivation is not certain. The origin of words such as ''okay'' and the epithet ''bloody'' are two examples: ''OK'' or ''okay'' has a zillion etymologies of which the zany misspelling "Oll Korrect" may be most probable (but it ''could'' be Finnish, Wolof, Chocktaw, Greek, Occitan, or French), while ''bloody'' is often said to be derived from oaths such as "Christ's blood" without any evidence of these expressions ever being widely used as oaths or of something moving from interjection to intensifier.<ref>{{wpa|List of proposed etymologies of OK}}</ref><ref>"bloody, adj., n., and adv.". OED Online. December 2018. Oxford University Press. (accessed March 05, 2019).</ref><ref>"OK, adj., int.1, n.2, and adv.". OED Online. December 2018. Oxford University Press. (accessed March 05, 2019).</ref>

==Unexpected etymologies==
Many etymologies are striking because they show such great changes from the original meanings. Here are some examples to illustrate the fallacy of assuming that the "original" meaning is somehow the "true" or a privileged meaning:

*''average'' began as  "a duty, tax, or impost charged upon goods", then "any charge or expense over and above the freight incurred", "the expense or loss to owners, arising from damage at sea", "the distribution of the aggregate inequalities" (this is still a term of art in nautical law, where "general average" is a way of sharing the losses among all of the merchants with goods on a damaged ship), and finally, "the arithmetical mean so obtained".

*''explode'' began as "express displeasure at a performer by clapping or hissing, to force the performer off-stage".

*''foreign'', ''forest'', ''forfeit'' and ''forum'' (as well as the French ''hors'' and ''faubourg'') all come from the Latin ''foris'', meaning "out of doors".

*''leave'' began in English as "remain" (as can be seen in its German cognate, ''bleiben''). It originates from a root meaning "sticky".

*''madrigal, matrix, matter, material'' all have their origins in the Latin word ''mater'' ("mother').

*''robe'' began as "something stolen" (as can be seen in its relative, "rob").

* ''to sell'' descends from the Germanic  ''*salā'', meaning "gift".

==See also==
*[[Comparative method]]
*[[Indo-European languages]]
*''[[The Viking and the Red Man]]'' — a crank etymological dictionary
*[[Word magic]]

==External links==
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/#Etymological Etymological], Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophies
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190615213346/http://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies/67/Etymological-Fallacy "Etymological Fallacy," logicallyfallacious.com]
*[http://www.philosophyinaction.com/academic/fallacies.html#conceptual Misuse of etymology], Philosophy in Action
*[http://esgs.free.fr/uk/logic.htm#subject Misuse of etymology], ESGS

==References==
{{reflist}} 

[[Category:Fallacies of ambiguity]]
[[Category:Language]]

Categories: Fallacies of ambiguity, Language