trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Ethical altruism

{{philosophy}}
'''Ethical altruism''' is the philosophical doctrine of living for others rather than for oneself. In its most extreme form, [[altruism]] calls for self-destruction for the sake of others, but most altruists adhere to [[Auguste Comte]]'s moderate beliefs. Ethical altruism is more extreme than "normal" or layman's altruism because it does not value the self except as a way of helping others. In common language, altruism is simply any act that helps others out of generosity rather than for one's own interests.

==Sensible ethical altruism==
{{cquote|He who trims himself to suit everyone will soon whittle himself away.|||Raymond Hull<ref>[https://goodmenproject.com/guy-talk/you-cant-pour-from-an-empty-cup-cmtt/ You Can't Pour From an Empty Cup!] - The Good Men Project</ref>}}

People who take ethical altruism to the extreme risk self-destruction. If you push yourself to the extremes trying to do the maximum amount of good, then you're likely to become physically and/or emotionally exhausted, and then you won't be able to do much good for anyone. As the saying goes, "you can't pour from an empty cup."<ref>[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/prescriptions-life/201609/self-care-101-you-can-t-pour-empty-cup Self Care 101: You Can’t Pour From an Empty Cup] - Psychology Today</ref>

A rational ethical altruist will need to meet their own basic needs before helping others if they want to be effective. This means taking ensuring that they get adequate sleep, nutrition, relaxation, and social interaction. Once all needs are met, remaining time can be spent helping others (Bonus points if you can find a way to help others that meets your physical or emotional needs in the process, like an ethical [[perpetual motion]] machine). An efficient altruist should also stay mindful of their needs so they can take breaks as necessary and avoid burnout.<ref>[https://misslunarose.home.blog/2020/01/20/positive-negative-action/ Positive and Anti-Negative Action and Activist Burnout] - Autistic Dreams</ref>

An efficient altruist should also consider using their strengths to do maximum good. For example, if you're an excellent writer with no carpentry experience, then your skills would probably be better put to use writing on wikis than building [[voluntourism|potentially unsafe houses]].

==Criticism==

Altruism is criticized a lot for its serious subjectivity: in a society where one values oneself only as a means for other people, who in turn value themselves as means for other people, then nobody will appreciate the help they get and nobody will "receive" the benefits of an exclusively altruistic society. Altruism is also criticized by [[Objectivism|people]] who feel the opposite: that one ought to live exclusively for oneself. Most people are neither [[Ethical egoism|egoists]] nor altruists simply because neither philosophy is very practical.

==See also==
*[[Auguste Comte]]
*[[Consequentialism]]
*[[Effective altruism]]
*[[Ethical egoism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Consequentialism]]
[[Category:Morality]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Categories: Consequentialism, Morality, Philosophy
Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church

{{sources needed}}
{{drugs}}
The '''Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church''' is a complete misnomer. It is not [[Ethiopia|Ethiopian]], it is not Coptic (which is a native [[Egyptian]] form of [[Christianity]] that split off from [[Catholicism|Rome]] before the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] did), it has nothing to do with [[Israel|Zion]], and probably isn't a church. Instead, it is a "Christian" spin-off of the [[Rastafari]] movement. Founded in [[Florida]] in 1975 by Thomas Reiley (aka Brother Louv) the church presented the idea that the [[eucharist]] wasn't wafer and wine but was instead [[marijuana]]. This meant that they "needed" to import pounds of high-grade cannabis from Jamaica, which the Feds intercepted. They have since sought the same protection that some Native Americans have, which allows them to use Peyote in religious rituals.  

==External links==
*[http://www.ethiopianzioncopticchurch.org/ Their home page]
*[http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/potbible.htm Why Jesus wants you to get high]

{{stub|religion}}

[[Category:Cults]]
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Florida]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]

Categories: Cults, Drugs, Florida, Misnomers
Ethnocentrism

{{stub|sociology}}
{{sociology}}
{{cquote|The more we claim to discriminate between cultures and customs as good and bad, the more completely do we identify ourselves with those we would condemn. By refusing to consider as human those who seem to us to be the most “savage” or “barbarous” of their representatives, we merely adopt one of their own characteristic attitudes. ''The barbarian is, first and foremost, the man who believes in barbarism.''|||{{wpl|Claude Lévi-Strauss}}|Race et histoire}}
'''Ethnocentrism''' is the act of making judgments about other ethnic groups based solely upon the social mores and practices of one's own ethnic group.  People with an ethnocentric worldview tend to believe in the superiority of their own [[race]] and the inferiority of other races.  

Ethnocentric people also tend to be [[bigotry|bigots]] and [[xenophobia|xenophobes]].  Not to mention [[ignorance|ignorant]].

==Biblical ethnocentrism==
{{cquote|The God of the Old Testament is arguably the most unpleasant character in all fiction: jealous and proud of it; a petty, unjust, unforgiving control-freak; a vindictive, bloodthirsty ethnic cleanser; a misogynistic, homophobic, racist, infanticidal, genocidal, filicidal, pestilential, megalomaniacal, sadomasochistic, capriciously malevolent bully.|||[[Richard Dawkins]]|the God Delusion}}
Expressions of ethnocentrism in [[the Bible]] – in particular the [[Old Testament]] – are extremely prevalent. While [[Judaism]] teaches that the Jewish status as being a "chosen people" and the like does not preclude the fact that God may (and ''does'') have relationships with other peoples, the perceived claims of some superiority are often seized upon by [[Anti-Semitism|antisemites]] to make a distinction between the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]s, {{bible|Leviticus|18|22}} notwithstanding. A choice selection is as follows:
*Israelites are a "chosen people"  by God above all the other peoples of the world.<ref>{{bible|Leviticus|7|6}}</ref>
*Israelites boast of genocide against whole peoples and kingdoms.<ref>{{bible|Joshua|6|21}}; {{bible|Joshua|10|37}}; {{bible|Deuteronomy|20|16}}</ref>
*Israelites are commanded to murder all the people of the lands where they intend to live and to kill all the people of foreign nations that do not submit themselves to slavery.<ref>{{bible|Deuteronomy|20|10-18}}</ref>
*Israelites are forbidden to make slaves of their own people, but are encouraged to enslave non-Israelites whom they may pass down as slaves to their descendants forever.<ref>{{bible|Leviticus|25|44-46}}</ref>
*Israelites are forbidden to intermarry or "mix their seed" with other peoples.<ref>{{bible|Deuteronomy|7|2-3}}; {{bible|Ezra|9|12}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Afrocentrism]]
*[[Americentrism]]
*[[Ethnocracy]]
*[[Eurocentrism]]
*[[Nationalism]]
*[[Racism]]
*[[Racialism]]
==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

[[Category:Sociology]]
[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]

Categories: Sociology, Culture, Discrimination
Eugene Koonin

[[File:Eugene Koonin.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Koonin in 2013]]
{{Evolution}}
'''Eugene V. Koonin''' {{lived|1956}} is a Senior Investigator at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, [[United States|USA]]. He is a recognised expert in the field of [[evolution]]ary and computational biology.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Koonin/ Eugene V. Koonin]</ref>

==Biography==

Koonin gained a Master of Science in 1978 and a PhD in 1983 in Molecular [[Biology]] from the Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, [[Russia]].<ref>[http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~ppevzner/B4B/koonin.html Eugene Koonin at the National Center for Biotechnology Information]</ref> 

==Evolution==

He is the author of the controversial book ''The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution'' (2011).<ref>[http://www.frontiersin.org/Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology/10.3389/fgene.2012.00135/full Book Review]</ref> According to Koonin, recent research in [[genome]] evolution and systems [[biology]] has replaced many tenets of the [[neo-Darwinian synthesis]]. He calls for a [[Extended evolutionary synthesis|post-evolutionary synthesis]] which incorporates this new data.<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:0Vr2n6NhigcJ:www.asbmb.org/uploadedFiles/Koonin.pdf+Eugene+Koonin+evolution&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShV-3SBv_QOQjjFtyYDZ7V1nACJThswd27uAO4qIQtJzF_XkR9U2jx6w9ERQAM-GvQMWPsMSCC6AmQRzmf4VlLyKvYKqK9Yd_Ya3aZFB92vm8GL8MppiEsglPGX8Nw11Pr3sJL0&sig=AHIEtbQoJ_iNCEDlafcAj8-cyCr62ENsfA Systems biology and the prospect of a Post-modern Evolutionary Synthesis]</ref> He has written that the new synthesis will be characterized by the pluralism of many processes and patterns in [[evolution]] that defies any straightforward generalization.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784144/#R19 The Origin at 150: is a new evolutionary synthesis in sight?]</ref> 

In his paper titled ''Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?'' he wrote that "Darwinian and [[Lamarck]]ian modalities of evolution appear to be important, and reflect different aspects of the interaction between populations and the environment."<ref>[http://www.biology-direct.com/content/4/1/42 Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?]</ref>

==See also==
*[[James A. Shapiro]]

==External links==
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/groups/koonin/publications/ Koonin's Group Publications]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koonin, Eugene}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Authors, Biologists, Living people
Eugene Windchy

{{crenav|1}}
'''Eugene G. Windchy''' is an [[United States|American]] [[creationist]] (or at least, anti-[[evolution]]) author, notable mostly for his 2009 book, ''[[The End of Darwinism: And How a Flawed and Disastrous Theory Was Stolen and Sold]]''. It was approvingly quoted by [[Pat Buchanan]] in an opinion piece<ref>[http://www.theusdaily.com/articles/viewopiarticle.jsp?id=2278&type=Opinion Making a Monkey Out of Darwin]</ref> that drew the attention of various anti-creationists, including [[PZ Myers]], who called Windchy a "creationist crank" in his reaction to Buchanan's piece.<ref>[http://www.alternet.org/story/141059/old_fossil_takes_on_darwin/ Old Fossil Takes On Darwin]</ref>

==Other deeds==
According to the biography provided on his publisher's website, in the 1960s Windchy was Assistant Science Adviser for the U.S. Information Agency. He left that job to "investigate" the {{wpl|Gulf of Tonkin incident|Gulf of Tonkin incidents}} (a naval confrontation which was the justification for an escalation of US involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]).<ref>[http://www.xlibrispublishing.co.uk/bookstore/author.aspx?authorid=35370 Eugene G. Windchy Biography]</ref> The result of his investigation was his 1971 book, ''Tonkin Gulf''.

==See also==
*[[Richard William Nelson]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|creationism}}
{{crebox|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Windchy, Eugene G.}}

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Authors, Living people
Eva Carrière

[[File:Cardboard cut out with Eva C.png|thumb|right|165px|Carrière, nude, with cardboard cutout figure King Ferdinand of Bulgaria (censored—you can find the original online if you're so inclined; she had a nice rack).]]
{{Psychic}}
'''Eva Carrière''' (born '''Marthe Beraud''') also known as '''Eva C''' was a 19<sup>th</sup>-century [[France|French]] [[spiritualist]] [[medium]].

==Fraud==
Gustav Geley investigated the mediumship of Carrière and concluded she was genuine, but after his death photographs were discovered which showed fraud. Wires could be seen running from Carrière's head supporting fake [[ectoplasm]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena'' Visible Ink Press, 2007 ISBN 1578592097</ref> Baron Schrenck-Notzing also investigated Carrière and believed the ectoplasm she produced was genuine.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3381523/ Policing Epistemic Deviance: Albert von Schrenck-Notzing and Albert Moll]</ref> The Schrenck-Notzing experiments were bogus as scientific controls were scarce and there was evidence that Eva was freeing her hands.<ref>Peter H. Aykroyd, Angela Narth ''A History of Ghosts: The True Story of Séances, Mediums, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters'' Rodale Books, 2009, p. 62 ISBN 1605298751</ref>

Carrière claimed to materialise a spirit known as "Bien Boa". However, a man called Areski admitted in a 1906 newspaper article that the entire thing was a [[hoax]] and that he had dressed up as Boa. Carrière had used cut out face clippings from the French magazine Le Miroir as her ectoplasm faces.

Ruth Brandon in her book ''The Spiritualists'' (1983) documented the fraud of Carrière throughout her career.<ref>Ruth Brandon. ''The Spiritualists''. New York: Alfred E. Knopf, Print. 1983.</ref>

==Sexual activities==
Eva has been described as "perverse and neurotic".<ref>''Spirit Summonings'' Time-Life Books, 1989, p. 64</ref> She was well known for running around the séance room [[naked]] indulging in [[sexual]] activities with her audience. According to Kalush and Sloman (2006), "[Juliette] Bisson would, during the course of the pre-séance examaination, introduce her finger into Eva's [[vagina]] to ensure no "ectoplasm" had been loaded there beforehand to fool the investigators. The whole procedure was so enjoyable for Eva that she often stripped nude at the end of a séance and demanded another full-on gynecological exam."<ref>William Kalush, Larry Ratso Sloman'' The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero'' 2006, p. 419</ref>

==Some of her hijinks==
<gallery>
File:Eva C medium 2.png|With an "ectoplasm"
File:Eva C medium 1.png|
Eating a frog
 With a different "ectoplasm"
File:Eva C fake ectoplasm made from newspaper.gif|With newspaper "ectoplasm"
File:Ektoplasma.gif|With a third "ectoplasm"
File:Medium-Eva-Carriere-1912.jpg|With a fourth "ectoplasm" and an alleged luminous film failure
File:Bien Boa fake spirit.gif|"Bien Boa"
</gallery>

==References== 
{{reflist}}   
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrière, Eva}}
[[Category:France]]
[[Category:Paranormal]]
[[Category:Psychics]]

Categories: France, Paranormal, Psychics
Eva Jablonka

{{Evolution}}
'''Eva Jablonka''' is a [[geneticist]] known for her work in epigenetic inheritance.

Born in 1952 in [[Poland]], she emigrated to [[Israel]] in 1957. She is a professor at the Cohn Institute for the History of Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University.<ref>[http://www.tau.ac.il/~cohn/staff/eva-jablonka.htm Eva Jablonka, Cohn Institute]</ref> Jablonka has called for an [[extended evolutionary synthesis]].

She has written two books with Marion Lamb ''Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: the Lamarckian Dimension'' (1995) and ''Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life'' (2005).

In her paper ''Soft inheritance: challenging the modern synthesis'' (2008) she came to the conclusion that epigenetic [[Neo-Lamarckism|Lamarckian]] and [[Saltationism|saltational]] processes have a role in evolution and [[neo-Darwinism]] does not offer a satisfactory theoretical framework for evolutionary biology as it does not acknowledge the evidence for these evolutionary processes.<ref>Jablonka, Eva and Lamb, Marion. (2008). ''Soft inheritance: challenging the modern synthesis.'' Genet. Mol. Biol. vol. 31, n.2. pp. 389-395</ref> Jablonka accepts [[natural selection]] and is not an anti-Darwinist; rather, she believes both [[Darwinism|Darwinian]] and [[Lamarckism|Lamarckian]] evolutionary mechanisms have a place in evolution to be incorporated into an extended evolutionary synthesis.

==Publications==
*Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb. (1995). ''Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: the Lamarckian Dimension''. 
*Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb. (2005). ''Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life''.

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7ckZ7SmfhE Epigenetics in Evolution with Dr Eva Jablonka]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jablonka, Eva}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Authors, Biologists, Living people
Event Horizon Telescope

[[File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg|165px|thumb|The first image of a black hole, taken by EHT.]]
{{Sciencenav}}

The '''Event Horizon Telescope''' project is an international collaboration which captured the first direct visual image of a [[black hole]]. The project used a synchronized array of eight telescopes, to create a virtual Earth-size telescope which was used to capture the image.

== Participating telescopes ==
* {{wpl|Atacama Large Millimeter Array}}
* {{wpl|Atacama Pathfinder Experiment}}
* {{wpl|IRAM 30m telescope}}
* {{wpl|James Clerk Maxwell Telescope}}
* {{wpl|Large Millimeter Telescope}}
* {{wpl|Submillimeter Array}}
* {{wpl|South Pole Telescope}}
* {{wpl|Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1907/ Astronomers Capture First Image of a Black Hole (eso1907)]
{{stub|astronomy}}
EvoWiki/Database dump

{{reference material|
[[EvoWiki]] is now a [[RationalWiki:EvoWiki|project]] of the [[RMF]].

Article originally [http://evolutionwiki.org/wiki/EvoWiki:Database_dump here].}}

The EvoWiki uses the [http://www.mysql.com mySQL] database software, which runs on many platforms with many frontends (e.g. the web).  In theory the EvoWiki can therefore be ported to a different frontend, or, using the [http://www.wikimedia.org WikiMedia] software and [http://www.php.net PHP] engine it could be mirrored, or distributed on CD ROM.

Due to time constraints, not all database dumps are made available, if you want a more recent database contact <nowiki>[[user:Steinsky]]</nowiki>.  The latest database dump is:
* [http://www.evowiki.org/evowiki.070906.sql.gz 2007-Sep-06 (89.9 MB gzip)]
EvoWiki/Discussions/Archive

{{reference material|
[[EvoWiki]] is now a [[RationalWiki:EvoWiki|project]] of the [[RMF]].

Article originally [http://evolutionwiki.org/wiki/EvoWiki:Discussions/Archive here].}}

Archive [[EvoWiki/Discussions|discussions]]:

* [[EvoWiki/Discussions/Style|Style & layout]]
* [[EvoWiki/Discussions/Promotion|Promoting the site]]
* [[EvoWiki/Discussions/Main Page|Main Page layout]]
* [[EvoWiki/Discussions/Traffic|Site Traffic]]

* [[EvoWiki/Discussions/Archive2004-2006|Archive 2004-2006]]
Evobabble

{{creationism}}
'''Evobabble''' is a term used by some [[creationism|creationists]] to refer to scientific language and [[big words|terms that they don't understand]]. This includes any discussion of [[Transitional fossil|transitional fossils]], rock strata, and [[Radioactive decay|radiometric dating]] methods. This is most likely because very few creationists have either any post-[[homeschooling]] education (not counting [[diploma mill]]s)<ref group=note>Yes, [[Kent Hovind]], we're talking to you.</ref> or can grasp even the most basic science. Unfortunately, most creationists do not understand that the term "evobabble" epitomizes their [[ignorance]].<ref>[http://www.evolutionfairytale.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=2402 An example of the usage of evobabble, oddly not about Evolution, but there you go]</ref>

==Pseudoscientific use of evolution==
Evobabble can be used in another sense, though, parallel to ''psychobabble''. Some people, even those who are apparently otherwise sane and intelligent, pick up poorly-understood concepts of evolutionary science and swing them about wildly in defense of this or that position. When you read a man arguing online that his three girlfriends, who have just caught on to each others' existence, should be understanding about and amenable to the arrangement because he is a male human and male humans are evolutionarily predisposed to mate with as many females as possible, you are reading evobabble in this second sense.

==See also==
*[[Evolutionism]] - another snarl word
*[[Technobabble]] - presumably what the creationists are trying to draw an analogy to
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Language}}
{{crebox}}
__NOTOC__

[[Category:Creationism]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Neologisms]]

Categories: Creationism, Language, Evolution, Neologisms
Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution

{{crenav}}{{title-italics}}
'''''Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution''''' ({{Isbn|9780954358907}}) is an [[intelligent design]] book written by [[United Kingdom|British]] environmental scientist David Swift, it was published by Leighton Academic Press in 2002.

==Overview==

The book claims to have no [[political]] or [[religious]] agenda and to be a critique of Darwinian evolution independent of the American ID movement. The main argument of the book is that research in [[biochemistry]] has revealed complexity at the molecular level, posing fundamental challenges to the neo-Darwinian theory of [[evolution]].<ref>[http://www.arn.org/arnproducts/php/book_show_item.php?id=71 Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution by David Swift]</ref> The book accepts [[natural selection]] and the scientific age of the earth.<ref>[http://www.billbrouard.com/swift.htm Evolution under the microscope]</ref>

==Leighton Academic Press==

The book was published by Leighton Academic Press owned by Swift who has written:

{{quotebox|Leighton Academic Press was set up to publish Evolution under the microscope. This is an exclusively scientific, not religious, critique of the theory of evolution. It is a sad reflection of the academic publishing world that, despite the excellent quality of the scientific arguments presented in this book - which have not been refuted in the several years since publication - none of the many academic publishers who were approached was willing to publish it.<ref>[http://www.leightonacademic.co.uk/home.htm Leighton Academic Press]</ref>}}

==Reception==

Swift is well educated in his own field as he obtained an MSc in Water Resources Technology from the University of Birmingham, but [[Ultracrepidarianism|is not qualified]] in [[biology]] or biochemistry, which are the main topics of his book. The book has not been reviewed by the [[scientific]] community; however, Swift has published other articles on [[intelligent design]] which have been accused of using [[creationist]] arguments and misunderstanding biology.<ref>[http://robertsaunders.org.uk/wordpress/2011/02/07/lack-of-understanding-does-not-equal-evidence-for-design/ Lack of understanding does not equal evidence for design]</ref>

[[Creationism|Creationists]] have supported the book and are even selling it on their own Christian websites,<ref>[http://www.create.ab.ca/evolution-under-the-microscope/ Christian Review] also see [http://www.christian-teachers.org.uk/resourcereviews/213 Christian Website]</ref> which doesn't bode well for the book's "non-religious" line.

==See also==
*''[[Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism]]''
*''[[The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{crebox}}

[[Category:Intelligent design creationism]]
[[Category:Books]]

Categories: Intelligent design creationism, Books