Magdalene laundry

{{Christianity}} 
A '''Magdalene laundry''', also known euphemistically as a '''Magdalene asylum''', was a house for [[women]] who had "fallen" from "[[morality|moral]] correctness".  

The "asylums" were named for [[Mary Magdalene]], the supposed [[prostitute]] who apparently repented her sins and became one of [[Jesus Christ]]'s closest followers.  Such institutions originated in the middle of the 19th century as rehabilitation<ref>{{wpa | rehabilitation}}</ref> centers for prostitutes.  However, the victims of the Magdalene laundries could not expect to be forgiven as Mary Magdalene was.

The [[Roman Catholic Church]] in [[Ireland]] and elsewhere operated a network of laundries, run by the [[Nun | Sister]]s of a range of orders.<ref>{{wpa | Religious order (Catholic)}}</ref>  Many women lived and died in these institutions with little hope of escape.  The only way they could be freed was by being claimed by a relative.  Often, family members were told that the women had moved away, and would be impossible to find because they had assumed new identities.<ref>{{wpa | Personal identity}}</ref>

== World presence ==
In many countries, supposedly fallen women were abused in Magdalene institutions.  The worst-known cases were run by the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland, where conditions amounted to [[slavery]].  Magdalene institutions also existed in [[England]], [[Scotland]], North America and [[Australia]].  The Magdalene laundries in Ireland created a purgatory for the women and girls trapped in them ([[#External links|see below]]).

== Victims ==
Irish women "guilty" of having illegitimate children were sometimes forced to live as virtual slaves in the Magdalene asylums. Some ended up there simply because they were considered "in moral danger". By the 20th century, unwed mothers, [[rape]] victims and generally "wayward" women were considered eligible inmates.

According to Roman Catholic teaching, virginity is a matter of the mind and the will; those who are forced to have sex unwillingly remain virgins.  The Church therefore ignored its own teachings in putting rape victims in these asylums.  Because they ignored it, they could benefit from the unpaid forced labour of the unfortunate women throughout their lives.

Women were also sent to them because they were considered too pretty, too ugly, too clever or too silly. Again, according to Roman Catholic teaching, this was the way [[God]] made them.  It does not seem reasonable to punish women for being the way God made them.  Again, the Church profited from ignoring its own teachings.  

A wide range of innocent women and girls were sent to Magdalene laundries because someone in authority felt they were sexually active or might become sexually active.  A wide range of women and girls who were strong enough to wash clothes were sent to a life of grinding misery in Magdalene laundries, while the Roman Catholic Church profited from their unpaid labour.

One reason women and girls who were considered ugly or silly were sent to the asylums was because, supposedly, they were vulnerable to seduction, and men were vulnerable to temptation by them.  Physically or mentally [[disability|handicapped]] women and girls were not sent to Magdalene laundries.  These women would certainly seem to be as vulnerable to seduction as the unattractive or silly.  However, disabled women would not be capable of washing clothes.  Since the Church could not profit from their unpaid labour, and would have had to pay to provide for them, they were not institutionalized.

==Exploitation of workers==
The working day would start at 5 o'clock in the morning and consisted of hand-washing, drying, and ironing clothes from orphanages, churches, and prisons. Bedtime was at 7 o'clock in the evening. This continued six days a week.  [[Slavery|They were given food and accommodation but received no remuneration for their work]].  The scrubbing was intended to wash away the women's sins. However, no matter how much the women washed, they were considered dirty and sinful throughout their lives.

==Failure of Irish democracy ==
[[Ireland]] joined the [[Europe|European Union]] in 1973, and should have abided by the European Convention on Human Rights.  The Irish government was [[democracy|democratic]], but even democracies can sometimes oppress minorities. In the case of Ireland, up to the 1960s and even beyond, the wall of [[Separation of church and state|separation between Church and State]] was very low, thin, and porous, and it can be argued that the Roman Catholic Church effectively controlled Irish society and culture. The devout were offended by the very idea of opposing or criticizing Catholic [[priest]]s and the Church hierarchy, believing that they depended on them for [[Catholic sacraments|sacraments]] which they were taught were necessary for [[salvation]]. Those who wished to fix or draw attention to the Church's abuses faced the very real possibility of becoming pariahs in Irish society, and thus were often [[Chilling effect|too afraid to speak up]]. As a result, in some ways the Church was more powerful than the State in Ireland.

==Abuse of victims==
The Magdalene victims suffered oppressive work conditions and they sometimes had their heads shaved or were made to fast. 

Babies died of malnutrition though the convents that were charged with their care received generous state funding. Older children died of preventable infections.  There are suspicions about at least three other large "mother and baby homes", where 56% of children died though the national average was 15%. How widespread child neglect was is unknown as of 2014.<ref>Susan Lohan, [http://www.irishexaminer.com/analysis/tuam-mother-and-baby-home-is-a-scandal-of-church-and-state-271013.html Tuam mother-and-baby home is a scandal of church and state]. Irish Examimer, 5 June 2014.</ref>
One of the most famous cases is that of the Mother and Baby Home for unwed mothers in Tuam, Galway, which was run by the Bon Secours order. In 2016 and 2017, after some years of inquiry, excavation began on the site and the bodies of several hundred infants and young children, some buried in a septic tank, were found. Exact details are still unclear but over 800 corpses were found. The order now owns a private healthcare company, to add to the horror.<ref>Dan Barry, [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/28/world/europe/tuam-ireland-babies-children.html The Lost Children of Tuam]. ''The New York Times,'' 28 October 2017.</ref>

==Denial, publicity, and closure==
In 1998, an order of nuns in Dublin sold part of their convent to a real estate developer. The remains of 133 women were discovered, buried in unmarked graves on the property, and the scandal became local and national news in 1999.

The nature of these institutions was exposed in an RTE (state-run Irish television) series by reporter Mary Raftery in 1999.  Despite convening a government inquiry commission, attempts to obtain compensation for the victims of the system have proved frustrating.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25311-2004Mar25_2.html Washington Post: Ireland Still Coming to Terms With Legacy of Schools' Abuse]</ref>

The last Magdalene laundry was officially closed in 1996.<ref>Sources differ over the date. All but one source says 1996, however.</ref> The Church has made no reparations to the women who were incarcerated, most of whom, rendered incapable of fending for themselves in society, now live in government and private institutions.

In November 2002, the movie ''The Magdalene Sisters'' was released to critical acclaim and even the Vatican was concerned enough to call down damnation on the film. Earlier that year, there was also a British mini-series, ''Sinners''.

==Magdalene asylums in Australia==
The system in [[Australia]] was less severe in some ways.  Girls there could be as young as 14, but they were released when they reached the age of 18 at the latest. In Australia the nuns did not use violence themselves.  Rewards like the chance to play games or to watch films were sometimes given, and sometimes withheld as a means of control.  The girls were less closely supervised than those in Ireland and sometimes did violence and other bad things to each other.

==Other variations on the principle==

==={{anchor|Hephzibah House}}Hephzibah House (US Protestant version)===

Not wanting to be outdone by the European [[wingnut]]s, Ron and Patti Williams created ''Hephzibah House'' in 1971, initially for homeless or addicted women.<ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com Hephzibah Girls] &mdash; a blog documenting the abuses at Hephzibah House</ref> But soon, young women seen as not "godly" enough by their [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] families were sent to be {{wpl| Re-education through labor|re-educated through labor}}.

In addition to the 'usual' physical and spiritual abuse, from survivor testimonies, it appears that the place took a strange interest in the girls' bodily intake and output.<ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/p/survivors-stories.html Hephzibah Girls: Survivor Statements]</ref> Drinks and food were strictly monitored,<ref>A general impression can be gathered by [http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/search?q=food a search for ''"food"''] on the Hephzibah Girls blog.</ref> as were urine and excrement, which led to a very strict toilet timetable.<ref>See for instance [http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/2011/05/potty-dance.html ''The Potty Dance''], Hephzibah Girls, Friday, February 1, 2013</ref> Survivors also mentioned that menstruation among the 
inmates
 women was either rare or completely absent<ref>A general impression can be gathered by [http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/search?q=period a search for ''"period"''] on the Hephzibah Girls blog.</ref> with one survivor speculating that hormones were mixed into the milk to stop the women from menstruating.<ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/2009/04/7-13-08-my-name-was-karen-glover.html ''Karen Glover: Survivor''], Hephzibah Girls, Wednesday, April 1, 2009. </ref> However, another survivor mentioned that menstruation was monitored and that she noted down a fake menstruation cycle (despite having stopped menstruating) out of fear of punishment,<ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/2009/04/my-name-is-andrianne-mccree-and-i.html ''Andrianna McCree: Survivor!''], Hephzibah Girls, Wednesday, April 1, 2009</ref> while other survivors mentioned stress,<ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/2012/03/connie-white.html ''Connie White''], Hephzibah Girls, Monday, March 5, 2012</ref><ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/2009/04/when-i-was-12-my-mother-filed-for.html ''Renee Showers (Bowles): Survivor!''], Hephzibah Girls, Saturday, April 4, 2009</ref> and such punishments as being put on half rations,<ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/2008/11/monica-atkinson.html ''Monica Atkinson: Survivor''], Hephzibah Girls, Tuesday, November 11, 2008</ref> which is another possible explanation of some cases as food deprivation to the point of starvation will stop women from menstruating (at the same time some of the 
victims
 women were forced to eat overly large portions of unsavoury food<ref>[http://hephzibah-girls.blogspot.com/2009/04/my-name-is-marissa-joungblood-and-i.html ''Marissa Joungblood: Survivor!''], Hephzibah Girls, Wednesday, April 1, 2009</ref>).

Unsurprisingly, the Interwebz also has someone [[Skarka's Law|defending Hephzibah House]] and claiming that all the allegations of abuse are just [[Denialism|libellous inventions]].<ref>The aptly named [https://hephzibahhousedefended.wordpress.com/ ''Hephzibah House Defended''] blog, which charmingly refers to those upset about the tales of Hephzibah House as ''"Hephzibah Haters"'' (yup, it's also capitalised in the original) - truly a great example of the blog's slogan ''"Approaching the Issue of Hephzibah House from Reason and Fact, Rather than Emotion and Innuendo"''</ref> Or they play the good old [[poisoning the well]]/[[ad hominem]]/[[victim blaming]] game.<ref>[http://www.fstdt.com/QuoteComment.aspx?QID=108523 Tim Dunkin] on ''[[RenewAmerica]]'' decided that "the people attacking Hephzibah House" must have made it up because {{quotebox|One of them is a [[Witchcraft|practicing]] [[Wicca|witch]] who [[Satanic Panic|follows occult practices]], as well as having being involved in [[Moral panic|belly dancing]] and was a [[Slut shaming|"sex worker"]] in her younger days. Another writes [[Br3aking Porn|pornographic books]] (both [[Homosexual agenda|homosexual]] and heterosexual), and even [[American Decency Association|utilizes sexual innuendo]] in her [[No Cussing Club|comments]] on the [[Front group|"fundamental" forums]] that she posts to (comments which are, by the way, approved and laughed at by [[Infidel|others]] on these [[Heresy|"good Christian"]] [[False flag operation|forums]]). Another is an out and out [[Red herring|drunkard]]. Yet another one is a [[Homophobia|lesbian]] who tried to run over some [[Fundies|members]] of [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Hephzibah House's]] [[Theocracy|governing church]] with her car while there [[Freedom of speech|"protesting"]] with [[Same-sex marriage|her]] [[Heteronormativity|"wife."]] Another couple (a [[Apostasy|former student]] and her husband) [[No True Scotsman|claim to be]] [[Cafeteria Christianity|"good fundamental Baptists"]] but have [[Conservative correctness|openly stated]] that they have [[Tolerance|no problem]] with engaging in [[Association fallacy|close fellowship]] with these others or [[Brainwashing|having]] them [[Thought Police|influencing]] [[Think of the children|their children]]. [[Conspiracy theory|Aiding and abetting]] the activities of these [[Grassroots|folks]] is a [[Straw man|rabid]] atheist who has [[Shill gambit|frankly stated]] that he wants to [[Persecution complex|attack and destroy]] [[Mark Dice|Christian ministries]].}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

In 2011, the UN Committee Against Torture called on the Irish government to instigate an official inquiry into the Magdalene laundries.  The resulting report showed that around 10,000 women had passed through the laundries in the Irish Republic between 1922 and 1996.  In February 2013, Prime Minister Enda Kenny apologised for the suffering of women in the laundries, although this was not a formal apology on behalf of the government.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21326221 "Irish PM: Magdalene laundries product of harsh Ireland"], BBC News, 5 February 2013.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Child sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church]] Another example where Catholic clergy chose vulnerable victims.

==External links and sources==
*[http://www.netreach.net/~steed/magdalen.html The Magdalene Story] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20050309022430/http://www.netreach.net/~steed/magdalen.html archived] by the [[Wayback Machine]], [http://web.archive.org/web/19991001052525/http://www.netreach.net/~steed/magdalen.html here] is the earliest version from 1999)
*[http://abcnews.go.com/sections/wnt/DailyNews/Ireland_abuse030126.html Wounds Still Fresh For Thousands of Women Enslaved by the Catholic Church] --- ABC News, January 26, 2003 ([http://web.archive.org/web/20040407020829/http://abcnews.go.com/sections/wnt/DailyNews/Ireland_abuse030126.html archived] by the Wayback Machine)
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/08/08/sunday/main567365.shtml The Magdalene Laundry] --- CBS News, August 3, 2003 ([http://web.archive.org/web/20030819131334/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/08/08/sunday/main567365.shtml archived] by the Wayback Machine)
*[http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0318411/combined Internet Movie Database] on ''The Magdalene Sisters''
*[http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,890489,00.html "In God's Name"] --- Guardian Unlimited
*Raftery and O'Sullivan, ''Suffer the Little Children: The Inside Story of Ireland's Industrial Schools'', Continuum International Publishing Group, hardcover, 424 pages, ISBN 0826413374
*[http://www.originsharp.com/papers/id20.html Lily Arthur], an Australian victim, tells her story

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Catholicism]]
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Crime]]
[[Category:Government incompetence]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:Ireland]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Women's rights]]

Categories: Catholicism, Christianity, Crime, Government incompetence, Human rights, Ireland, Purity culture, Sexism, Slavery, Women's rights