Samuel P. Huntington

[[File:Samuel P. Huntington (2004 World Economic Forum).jpg|thumb|165px|Samuel P. Huntington in 2004]]{{politics}}
'''Samuel P. Huntington''' {{lived|1927|2008}} was a highly respected (we don't know why) political scientist in the [[United States]], and the person who popularized the infamous term "clash of civilizations" idea, first in a 1993 article in ''Foreign Affairs'',<ref>[https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1993-06-01/clash-civilizations The Clash of Civilizations?] by Samuel P. Huntington (Summer 1993) ''Foreign Affairs''.</ref>  and then as a book in 1996, to try to predict how the post-[[Cold War]] world would pan out.<ref name=huntington1996>''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order'' by Samuel P. Huntington (1996) Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684811642.</ref> [[Hindsight bias|However]], Huntington's original ''Foreign Affairs'' article was written as a response to [[Francis Fukuyama|Francis Fukuyama's]] [[Panglossian]] ideas about the [[End of History]] (first in a 1989 article in ''The National Interest'',<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027184 "The End of History?"] by Francis Fukuyama (1989) ''The National Interest'' 16:3-18.</ref> later expanded into the 1992 book ''The End of History and the Last Man''<ref>''The End of History and the Last Man'' by Francis Fukuyama (1992) Free Press. ISBN 0029109752.</ref>).

==''Clash of Civilizations''==
[[File:Clash of Civilizations mapn2.png|thumb|left|300px|Nine supposed civilizations]]
Huntington proposed the notion that the world could be divided into nine more or less self-conscious civilizations, separated by cultural fault lines. These nine civilizations were: [[Western world|Western]], [[Islamic]], [[Buddhist]]- except that the Buddhist bloc doesn't really matter, Sinic, [[Japanese]] (sorry, little guy), [[Hindu]], Slavic/[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], [[Latin American]], and 
Black
 non-Islamic, sub-Saharan [[African]] plus majority-African-descended Latin American countries.<ref name=huntington1996/>{{rp|26}}

Critics of the theory have pointed out how close certain nations with different cultures have been. For example, the United States, [[Turkey]], and [[Israel]] all have had close relationships in the past, in spite of the fact that the US is Western, Turkey is Islamic, and Israel, a supposed "lone state". However, proponents of the theory point out how relations between [[Israel]] and [[Turkey]] have rapidly deteriorated in the post-Cold War world and are now extremely hostile.<ref>{{cite web | title=Turkey and Israel are in talks to restore diplomatic ties | date=Dec 23, 2015 | url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-turkey-israel-talks-20151222-story.html | publisher=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Turkey has transitioned from a [[secular]] state to an Islamic [[theocracy]] largely on cultural grounds. Additionally, previously strong Cold War relations between the United States and [[Pakistan]] have completely collapsed to the point that the US was afraid that the Pakistani government would assist [[Osama bin Laden]] in the famed Seal Team 6 assassination.

Although clustered cultural groups, or "civilizations," have not historically been self-conscious units, are not homogenous, and are not easy to draw lines between, the major aspect of Huntington's theory is that civilizations will become self-conscious units. The [[European Union]] arguably reflects this reality (though other such real-world alliances do not: African Union, ASEAN). An additional prediction of the theory is that [[religious]] identity, to the extent that it relates to culture, will become much more important in deciding international alliances. To Huntington's supporters, the attacks on {{wpl|Avijit Roy}} and others in [[Bangladesh]], and the intensity of headscarf debates in [[Albania]], demonstrate that Muslim-dominated societies are developing a collective cultural identity, in spite of historically dramatic differences between them. As a result, secular majority-Muslim nations are experiencing an identity crisis.

Some "moderate" supporters of Huntington's theory argue that while Huntington's major thesis was correct, i.e., cultural divisions are replacing politically-philosophical divisions as the predominant criteria for international alliances, they also argue that Huntington classified the civilizations incorrectly. Instead, they would use [[statistical]] clustering methods, similar to the ones used in [[genetics]], rather than mere religious and historical identity. Such methods would arguably make some majority-Muslim countries, such as Albania, "Western" rather than "Islamic". Even with clustering methods, some small nations like [[Singapore]] straddle multiple civilizations and don't fit neatly into any category. Finally, Korea should definitely not be classified as "Sinic" ([[Chinese]]) as Huntington had originally done. Korea is difficult to classify, and since [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] have become so incredibly different, one could argue that South Korean civilization is distinct from North Korean "civilization" (if one could call North Korea civilization.) Since the Korean people were only ever independent and unified simultaneously for brief periods of time,<ref>{{wpa|Three Kingdoms of Korea}}</ref> it makes sense that they would diverge.

One major prediction of Huntington's theory that appears to be coming true gradually is the decreased lack of interdenominational fighting between religions. [[Northern Ireland]] has become quite peaceful, and [[Catholics]] have risen rapidly within the [[Religious Right|Christian conservative circles]], something that was unthinkable in the days of Al Smith and [[William Jennings Bryan]]. Additionally, the rise of [[neoconservatism]] was marked by its dramatic inclusion of [[Jews]] into right-wing political circles and the increased identification of Israel as a Western country. Critics of Huntington point out that his lumping in [[Iran]] and the Arab states in a single Islamic civilization is odd because Iran is not only the largest and most powerful [[Shi'a]] state, it's also Persian, not Arabic, which is yet another reason why [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]], [[Salafism|Salafists]] and other [[Sunni]] [[Islamism|Islamists]] consider Iran to be among their greatest enemies. Huntington's theory predicts either that the tensions between Iran (Shi'a) and [[ISIS]] (Sunni) will dramatically subside (unlikely), or that Shi'a Islam will acquire a distinctly Persian identity and separate from its Arabic roots, as Christianity largely separated from its originally [[Middle East|Middle-Eastern]] identity.

==''Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity''==
This is the 2004 book of Huntington's that nobody wants to talk about because he shows his true [[Anti-Catholicism|nativist]], [[xenophobic]] colors.<ref>''Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity'' by Samuel P. Huntington (2004) Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684870533.</ref> He gets really scared that 
the [[Mexicans]] are coming to take urr jerrrrbs
 Latino [[Catholic]] immigrants 
who are, of course, lazy
 might not be able to integrate 
with us good hard-working White Christian folk
 into America's [[Protestant]] [[WASP|Anglo-Saxon]] culture. Did we mention he had the book published in 2004 (not [[Know Nothing|1844]])? Nonetheless, Huntington's theory could be used to predict the political tensions at Live Oak High School where students were only allowed to display Mexican flags on Cinco de Mayo despite the fact that Cinco de Mayo is not even celebrated much in Mexico.

However, the bulk of the evidence<ref>[http://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/03/19/assimilation-and-language/ Assimilation and Language] (March 19, 2004) ''Pew Research Center''.</ref> suggests a reasonably significant degree of Latin American assimilation within three generations so it is quite possible that Huntington's theory does not accurately predict what is actually happening — not surprising since Huntington's analysis was ''not'' data-driven.<ref>[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/book-review-the-price-of-freedom-denied-religious-persecution-and-conflict-in-the-twenty-first-century/ Book Review: The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century] by Rachel Dearlove (July 31<sup>st</sup>, 2011) ''London School of Economics''.</ref><ref>''The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century'' by Brian J. Grim & Roger Finke (2011) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521146836.</ref> Either way, many factors would need to be considered in order to critically evaluate Huntington's theory that immigration from Latin America would cause the United States to identify less with the general Western civilization and more with Latin American civilization. One possibility is that Latin America is becoming more like the rest of Western civilization, and these changes explain the relative ease of assimilation. Another possibility is that America's social infrastructure is actually better at assimilation than is commonly believed. The third, and most counter-intuitive possibility, is that immigrants from Latin America generally want to assimilate into American culture. Currently, there is not enough evidence to test Huntington's theory in this way.

==See also==
*[[End of History]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huntington, Samuel P.}}
[[category:Authors]]
[[Category:Declinists]]
[[Category:Political scientists]]
[[Category:Racists]]

Categories: Authors, Declinists, Political scientists, Racists