Argument from incredulity

{{logicnav}}{{cquote|At what point did you reject the hypothesis that you're too dumb to understand how good the idea is?|||[[Dilbert]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150919113913/http://dilbert.com/strip/2011-06-14 Dilbert Comic Strip on Jun. 14, 2011], Archived</ref> (some years after announcing that (his conception of) evolution set off his "bullshit detector")}}
The '''argument from incredulity''' is a [[logical fallacy]] that occurs when someone decides that something did not happen or does not exist because they cannot personally understand the workings.

The fallacy is an [[argument from ignorance]] and an [[informal fallacy]].

==Alternate names==
*argument by lack of imagination
*argument from personal incredulity

==Form==
{{syl
|2=One can't imagine how '''X''' could be true.
|4=([[Enthymeme|unstated]]) If '''X''' is true, then one could imagine how '''X''' could be true.
|5=C|6='''X''' is false.
}}

==Explanation==
The fallacy lies in the unstated premise. If a state of affairs is impossible to imagine, it doesn't follow that it is false; it may only mean that imagination is limited. Moreover, if no one has yet managed to imagine how a state of affairs is possible, it doesn't follow that no one will ever be able to.

If there is positive evidence for the conclusion, then, of course, we have other reasons for accepting it, but a lack of proof it is true is not proof it is false. (Where 'proof' means the cogency of evidence that compels acceptance of a truth, or the process of establishing the validity of a statement by derivation from other statements in accordance with principles of reasoning.)

Forbidding this type of reasoning is not the same as a reasonable "presumption" (such as the presumption of 'No guilt' in court) like this:
:Any proposition like "There is X" is reasonably presumed false (not argued false, just presumed false, taken for granted) unless proven true.
This is a basic principle of logic since the burden of proof can never be shifted to the negation in any case.

==Examples==
:The [[Big Bang Theory]] doesn't make any sense to me, therefore it could not have happened.

===Creationism===
*:"Scientists are at a loss to explain the evolution of the [[platypus]] by [[Darwinian]] [[evolution]]. [Unwritten assumption: If it was of a Darwinian origin, scientists should know how it happened.] Therefore, it didn't evolve."

As an example, [[creationism|creationists]] incessantly use some difficult-to-explain facet of biology as "proof" of a creator. The problem is that, though there is no non-design explanation for how precisely a certain organ could have [[Evolution|evolved]] at the moment, one may be discovered in the future. Contrary to the instincts of many creationists, lack of an explanation does ''not'' justify confecting whatever explanation one would prefer. The inexplicable is just that, and does ''not'' justify speculation as proof.

Sometimes creationists compute the astronomical odds against a [[molecule]] having a certain structure from the simple probability of ''n'' [[atoms]] arranging themselves so. They gloss over the fact that [[Chemistry|chemical laws]] trim most of the extraneous possibilities away. For instance, there are many ways to theoretically arrange hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms in a molecule, but in reality, most of what forms is H<sub>2</sub>O. Note that the creationist's fundamental error is not his ignorance of this fact, but the assumption that there is nothing more to know.

[[Michael Behe]] argued that assuming, through [[methodological naturalism]], that no god played with evolution, is an argument from incredulity.<ref>Michael Behe 2003. [http://www.arn.org/docs2/news/behepseudogene052003.htm A Functional Pseudogene?: An Open Letter to Nature]</ref>

A "Christian Cynic" writes:<ref>https://thechristiancynic.wordpress.com/2007/06/11/arguments-from-personal-incredulity/</ref>
{{quotebox|
{{syl
|2=I cannot imagine how [[human being]]s, as complex as they are, evolved from a unicellular organism.
|5=C|6=Therefore, [[common descent]] is false.
}}

Of course, the missing premise is:
{{syl
|4=If common descent was true, I would be able to imagine how human beings evolved from a unicellular organism.
}}

and with its inclusion, the argument is [[Logical validity|formally valid]]. Its [[soundness]], therefore, depends on the veracity of the missing premise, and most people (myself included) would dispute it based on the fact that current evidence should make it much easier to imagine the evolution from unicellular organism to complex multicellular organism by the examination of [[transitional forms]].}}

Strangely, the cynic never attempts to imagine how complex it would be for God to tinker with the [[genes]] of innumerable [[animals]] and achieve the desired result.

*:Peter Atkins during his debate against John Lennox demonstrates the fallacy in the inverse. When speaking of the Resurrection of Jesus "...of course it didn't happen, how could it have happened...everyone knows here that's nonsense"

===Science===
"Scientists cannot explain this" (meaning, of course, "''as far as I know,'' science can't explain this"). This variation contains the unwritten assumption that [[scientist]]s are superhuman geniuses and should be able to understand everything unless they are missing an assumption. This undue veneration of scientists is a form of [[scientism]], or using science as an ersatz religion. On top of that, it is simply not true in many cases — scientists do have an explanation, and the speaker just doesn't know it (or sometimes even [[Willful ignorance|only pretends]]).

===Personal incredulity===
{{main|Science doesn't know everything}}
Another form, the argument from ''personal'' incredulity, takes the form "I can't believe P, therefore not-P." Merely because one doesn't believe that, for example, [[homeopathy]] is just a [[placebo]] does not magically make such treatment effective. [[Randomized controlled trial|Clinical trials]] are deliberately designed in such a way that an individual personal experience is not important compared to data in aggregate.  Human beings have extremely advanced pattern recognition skills, to the extent that they are objectively poor judges of probability.

*"This is unexplainable" (meaning, of course, "I can't explain this"). This is the argument from '''personal incredulity''', and it contains the (usually unwritten) assumption that the speaker is a superhuman genius who should be able to understand everything — unless they are missing an assumption. So the superhuman genius concludes that some assumption ('God did it', 'aliens did it', 'psi was involved' or whichever) is true, because it makes things easier to understand. For example:
*:"There is no way I can explain how the human mind really works using conventional physics. (Unwritten assumption: If the brain really was governed by simple physics, I should be able to understand it.) Therefore, it must be tapping into the computational power of the quantum universe."
*:Needless to say, someone making this argument is ''extremely unlikely'' to be a superhuman genius and [[Dunning-Kruger effect|''extremely likely'' to be an imbecile]].

===General incredulity===
Sometimes argument from incredulity is applied to [[epistemology|epistemological]] statements, taking the form "One can't imagine how one could know whether P or not-P, therefore it is unknowable whether P or not-P." This is employed by some (though not all) strong [[agnosticism|agnostics]] who say it is unknowable whether gods exist. The argument in this case is, "No one has thought of a way to determine whether there are gods, so there is no way." The implied major premise, "If there were such a way, someone would have thought of it," is disputable.

==The opposite problem==
{{main|Certum est quia impossibile est}}
[[Tertullian]] wrote around 205 CE "''prorsus credibile est, quia ineptum est''" ("it is by all means to be believed, because it is absurd"); this is often paraphrased in various ways such as "I believe because it is absurd" or "It is certain because it is impossible". Such arguments are viewed by some as a good argument for religious faith. But even the Vatican doesn't accept this, preferring to claim (against all the evidence) that there is nothing silly about [[Roman Catholicism]].<ref>{{wpa|Credo quia absurdum}}</ref> As with the argument from incredulity, ''certum est quia impossibile est'' is not normally a good logical principle to follow.

==See also==
*[[Argument from ignorance]]
*[[Argument from silence]]
*[[Sherlock Holmes fallacy]]
*[[God of the gaps]]
*[[Argument from design]]
*[[Argument from beauty]]

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|ru=Аргумент к недоверию}}

==External links==
* {{wpa|Argument_from_ignorance}}
* [http://skepdic.com/ignorance.html Argument from Ignorance] and [http://skepdic.com/dvinefal.html divine fallacy (argument from incredulity)], [[Skeptic's Dictionary]]
* [https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/personal-incredulity Your logical fallacy is personal incredulity], [[YLFI]]
* [http://www.fallacyfiles.org/ignorant.html Ignorantiam], [[Fallacy Files]]
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fallacies.htm#AppealtoIgnorance Appeal to Ignorance], [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
* Julian Baggini. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100304134537/http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/badmovesprint.php?num=12 "Bad Moves: Arguments from incredulity"].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxNSZl1gJBM "SkeptiFilm Presents- Logical Fallacies- Argument from Ignorance"] uploaded by SkeptiFilm on July 18, 2012 (we apologize for the bad acting)
* [https://youtu.be/-fC2oke5MFg “What’s heavier, a kilogram of steel or a kilogram of feathers?”] - Scottish comedian Limmy neatly captures the fallacy in a series of sketches

==Further reading==
*[[Henry Drummond|Drummond, Henry]], 1904. [http://web.archive.org/web/20031003090913/http://www.ccel.org/d/drummond/ascent/ascent01.htm The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man ], Glasgow: Robert Maclehose and Co. Ltd.,  (Chpt. X has perhaps the first reference to God of the Gaps.)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Arguments from ignorance]]
[[Category:Assessing pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Informal fallacies]]

[[ru:Аргумент к недоверию]]

Categories: Arguments from ignorance, Assessing pseudoscience, Informal fallacies