Self-diagnosis

[[File:Fake Autism Test Results.png|thumb|right|One or two online tests don't make it official.]]
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{{cquote|A physician who treats himself has a fool for a patient.|||Dr. William Osler (1849-1919)<ref>[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Osler Wikiquote: William Osler]</ref>}}
'''Self-diagnosis''', as the name would suggest, is when one attempts to diagnose oneself or family and friends when experiencing certain symptoms, typically with the help of symptom checkers or lists of symptoms found in books and, increasingly, the [[internet]]. With the proliferation of social media, this may also include symptoms provided in viral social media posts.

Symptom checkers may be useful for finding what one should do (e.g. whether to go to a pharmacy, book an appointment with their doctor, call an ambulance, etc.), but in and of themselves they are useless and potentially dangerous as they may result in the individual using ineffective treatments whilst snubbing help which ''is'' effective. Alternatively, the [[Placebo#Nocebo_effect|nocebo effect]] may make the person's condition feel even worse, resulting in them worrying more than is necessary.

The problem with this is that even when the symptom checker one is using is from a trustworthy source, the vast majority of people have no medical training and thus may have difficulty noticing things that a professional doctor or nurse may notice (it doesn't help that some different diseases may have similar symptoms) and also may not have access to equipment which may help them determine the cause of the symptoms.

==Patterns in self-diagnosis==
[[Psychiatry|Psychiatric]] self-diagnosis is popular. People are more likely to diagnose themselves with mental conditions such as:
* [[Autism]]/Asperger syndrome
* [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
* Bipolar disorder
* Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
* [[Personality disorder]]s

More far-fetched examples include self-diagnosing with [[dissociative identity disorder]], or self-diagnoses that otherwise include [[New Age|existential woo]] such as "[[otherkin]]" and "[[therian]]" identities (which are not supported by scientific evidence), and other purported phenomena such as [[indigo child]]ren. While some otherkin people openly admit they're just doing it for fun or to cope while they're going through a hard time, other times these people are serious.

Some people self-diagnose simply because they lack opportunity for a formal diagnosis, there is stigma in seeking aid, or because other people refuse to help them. For example,
* The expense of seeing a doctor (e.g. in the US) is so high that many undiagnosed people or people suffering from mysterious symptoms had to make do with the internet.
* Fear that they could lose certain rights or life opportunities by attaining an on-record diagnosis. In some places, this is an actual possibility for certain diagnoses (e.g. autism<ref>Devon Price (August 4, 2022). [http://archive.today/2023.09.16-020817/https://devonprice.medium.com/seeking-an-autism-diagnosis-heres-why-you-might-want-to-rethink-that-530e79c272a0 "Seeking an Autism Diagnosis? Here’s Why You Might Want to Rethink That."] ''Medium''.</ref>).
* Women<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jan/05/are-women-with-autism-being-failed-by-nhs Is the NHS failing women with autism?] ''The Guardian''</ref><ref>[https://www.additudemag.com/add-in-women/ ADD in women] ''ADDitude Magazine''</ref> have tales about struggling to get doctors to take their symptoms seriously.
* African Americans have huge issues with untreated and undiagnosed mental illnesses due to mental health issues being relatively more stigmatized in their communities.<ref>[http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/african-american-mental-health Black & African American Communities and Mental Health] ''Mental Health America''</ref>
* Minors with unhelpful or [[Child abuse|downright awful]] parents may not be able to see a doctor in order to seek proper diagnosis and treatment. Self-diagnosis on the internet can simply be a symptom of people desperate for answers.
In these situations, a change of circumstances (like a more understanding doctor or better health insurance) may lead to the person getting an accurate medical diagnosis.

And then other people have less logical reasons for self-diagnosing.
* They need a [[scapegoat]] for issues with their own life.
* They have [[Hypochondria|illness anxiety disorder]] (formerly known as hypochondria), and worry excessively about their health.
* They don't feel special, and think self-diagnosing will fix that.
* They're attention-seeking, and either haven't realized that they can just ask people to hang out with them, or have parents that are [[Child abuse|so legitimately awful]] that the child fakes a disorder in the hopes of finally getting some attention.

==Attitudes towards self-diagnosed people==
===Mistreatment===
People who self diagnose may be mocked, especially online. Unfortunately, this can mean that teens who don't know any better, or people who actually do have a mental illness or disability, may be targeted unfairly.

Self-diagnosed people may also be accused of harming people who have been professionally diagnosed with various disabilities and conditions, and of causing these people to not be taken seriously (Though some of these real disabled people have pointed out that they aren't taken seriously in the first place<ref>[https://misslunarose.home.blog/2019/05/09/why-im-not-upset-with-people-who-self-diagnose-autism/ Autistic Dreams: Why I’m not upset with people who self-diagnose autism]</ref>). 

Stemming from this, harassment over whether someone is faking an illness or disability is an issue on social media.<ref>[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/pkb397/illness-faking-accusations-tiktok Is illness appropriation TikTok's most troubling trend?], ''Vice''.</ref> Professionally diagnosed autistic people can be harassed over the validity of their diagnosis if they defend self-diagnosis.

It's worth pointing out that without a paper diagnosis, people can't access special resources at school or work, so they aren't taking away anything from people with confirmed disabilities.

===Acceptance===
Some communities show support and acceptance towards people who self-diagnose such as certain [[neurodiversity]] communities. This is more common in cases where a diagnosis can be difficult to obtain (e.g., autism), or where mental health resources are poor or cost-prohibitive (e.g., inadequate coverage under one's insurance in the United States).

Autistic adults, for example, tend to embrace self-diagnosed autistics as part of their community, assuming that the person is likely autistic but unable to access appropriate resources at the moment.<ref>[https://misslunarose.home.blog/2019/05/09/why-im-not-upset-with-people-who-self-diagnose-autism/ Autistic Dreams: Why I’m not upset with people who self-diagnose autism]</ref> There is some logic behind this. For example, one clinician found that 88% of people who thought they were autistic received an autism diagnosis.<ref>[https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288579 Can screening measures for autism in adults predict diagnosis?]</ref> Thus, someone who thinks they are autistic is probably correct. Although this can be argued to be more related to the fact that in recent years, rates in autism diagnosis have been consistently going up and could be been perceived to be due to the overdiagnosis of the condition.<ref>[https://globalnews.ca/news/5798140/autism-misdiagnosis/ Autism might be over-diagnosed, Canadian research suggests]</ref>
It also is relatively controversial in the autism advocacy community for self-diagnosis to be seen as a valid means of diagnosis, in that it could risk neurotypicals identifying with the condition, and may end up minimizing or misrepresenting the actual struggles individuals who actually have the condition as well as their needs and desires. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarrett |first=Jennifer |date=April 2016 |title=Biocertification and Neurodiversity the Role and Implications of Self-Diagnosis in Autistic Communities |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291949788_Biocertification_and_Neurodiversity_the_Role_and_Implications_of_Self-Diagnosis_in_Autistic_Communities |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref>

===Comparison with factitious disorder===
People who self-diagnose are sometimes accused of being attention-seeking [[Snow#Snowflake|snowflakes]].<ref>[http://nosmag.org/autism-self-diagnosis-is-not-special-snowflake-syndrome/ NOSMag: Autism self-diagnosis is not special snowflake syndrome]</ref> While that may be a matter of opinion, some go further by accusing those who self-diagnose of having [[Factitious disorder|factitious disorder]] (formerly known as Münchhausen syndrome), a condition listed in the DSM-V in which a person fakes illness in order to receive sympathy. With the rise in popularity of [[TikTok]] and other short-form social media, the more common terms used are the less formal "Münchhausen by Internet" or "Digital Factitious Disorder (DFD)"<ref>[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/digital-world-real-world/202111/m-nchausen-internet Münchausen by Internet: What is Digital Factitious Disorder?], ''Psychology Today''.</ref>

However, people with factitious disorder -- at least offline -- are more likely to lie and say that they have a professional diagnosis when they do not.<ref>[https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/munchausen-syndrome Munchausen syndrome] ''Better Health Victoria''</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/real-fake-illness/7585352#transcript Real Fake Illness] ''ABC''</ref> People who self-diagnose tend to be honest about it.{{Citation needed}}

==See also==
* [[Self help]]
* [[Pop psychology]]
* [[Wishful thinking]]
* [[Psychosomatic]]
* [[Confirmation bias]]
* [[Hypochondria]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[category:medicine]]
[[category:alternative medicine]]
[[category:mental health]]
[[category:psychology]]
[[Category:Mental health woo]]

Categories: medicine, alternative medicine, mental health, psychology, Mental health woo