Ken Johnston

{{conspiracynav|1}}
'''Ralph Kennedy Johnston''' (now using the forename '''Ken''') is a retired aerospace worker, ex-US Marine cadet and so-called "[[NASA]] [[Whistleblower]]." His principal claim to fame within the NASA-hating community is that he refused to follow orders and destroy an extensive collection of 8×10" glossy photoprints from the Apollo program.

==Career==
Johnston was born in Corpus Christi, [[Texas]] on 2 October 1942<ref>Johnston 2018, p.87</ref> and studied at Oklahoma City University. He enlisted in the US Marines in August 1962 and reported to Pensacola, [[Florida]], as a Marine cadet for flight training in September 1964. He left the Marines in August 1966.

As a qualified avionics technician, Johnston was hired by Grumman Aircraft, principal contractor for the Apollo Lunar Module, to assist with cockpit and instrument development and training in Houston. He has described his status at that time as a "civilian astronaut consultant pilot."

From 1969 to 1972, during the Apollo Program, he was employed by Brown & Root, principal contractors to NASA for management of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory, where all the moon rocks were stored, curated, cataloged, and, in some cases, distributed to scientists who had successfully applied to carry out analysis in their own labs. An important part of Johnston's duty was to package and ship lunar samples to science labs, together with photographs documenting their exact location and orientation ''in situ''. As such, he had in his office several sets of photographs taken by Apollo astronauts with their chest-mounted Hasselblad cameras. When the moonrock distribution wound down, he was instructed by Bud Laskawa, his boss, to destroy what remained of the photo archive, but he kept one set as a personal collection.

Johnston applied to NASA for the 1977 astronaut selection for duty as a Space Shuttle astronaut but was turned down on the basis of inadequate academic qualifications. The ideal astronaut was no longer a jet jock but a highly-educated person with useful skills. Accordingly, Johnston obtained a Ph.D. in [[metaphysics]] from the Reform Baptist Theological Seminary in Denver, [[Colorado]], and began using the title "Dr. Johnston".<ref>[http://www.jamesoberg.com/Conklin_dean-of-seminary_skinny.pdf Details] from an investigation by [[James Oberg]]</ref><ref>[https://ufocongress.com/ken-johnston/ Disclaimer on Johnstons' page at UFO Congress]</ref> However, by the time NASA was recruiting again, Johnston says he was considered too old. He did, however, join NASA's educational outreach program as a "Solar System Ambassador" &mdash; a purely voluntary appointment.

In 1980, Johnston was hired by Martin Marietta and sent to Vandenburg AFB in California to be part of a team adapting that site for launching the Space Shuttle. As a result of the Challenger disaster in January 1986, the Vandenburg plan was scrapped, and Johnston was laid off with the rest of that team. His last job in aerospace was with Boeing in Seattle, where he was designated as a human factors engineer.<ref>Johnston 2018, pp. 15-17</ref>

===Military rank===
Johnston styles himself "Lieutenant Colonel USAF/CAP" for certain public occasions.<ref>[https://questers.ca/conferences/spring-conference/ See Canadian Society of Questers Spring 2018 Conference billing]</ref> The rank is an honorary title within the Civil Air Patrol<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol#Senior_members CAP Senior members ranks]</ref>
—Johnston has never been an officer of the US Air Force.

==Mars One==
{{main|Mars One}}
In mid-2013, Johnston was one of the 2,761 applicants for the one-way-only trip to [[Mars]], offered by the now defunct Mars One scam.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nbcnews.com/science/more-2-700-pay-chance-take-one-way-trip-mars-8C11115364 |title = More than 2,700 pay up for a chance to take a one-way trip to Mars|last=Boyle |first=Alan |newspaper=NBC News |date = 9 September 2013 |accessdate = 4 December 2013}}</ref> He was short-listed as one of 1,058 "quarter-finalists" on 30 December 2013<ref>[http://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2014/01/08 Ken Johnston announces his preliminary selection] on [[Coast to Coast AM]] 8 January 2014</ref> but failed to make the 100 cut in February 2015.<ref>[http://www.mars-one.com/news/press-releases/the-mars-100-mars-one-announces-round-three-astronaut-candidates "Mars One Announces Round Three Astronaut Candidates"]</ref><ref group="note">Even if he'd been selected for the very first expedition, he would have been 81 years old.</ref>

==Controversy==
In early 1995, Johnston attended a lecture in Seattle by the [[pseudoscientist]] [[Richard Hoagland]]. After the lecture, he introduced himself and asked if Hoagland would be interested in his Apollo photograph collection, which he described as "unique." Indeed Hoagland was, and they went through the collection together the next day. Hoagland later wrote (of himself, in the third person):
{{QuoteBox2|text=That the extremely limited number of high-quality, first or second-generation copies of the unique photographic record of Man's first voyages to the Moon could be so blithely … destroyed … infuriated him almost beyond words … Hoagland finally had his "smoking gun."|source=Hoagland 2007, p.218}}

===The photographs===
These photographs were not first-generation and may not even be second-generation. Those materials were archived in a completely different building in the Space Center. They are not unique &mdash; to this very day, anyone with a few dollars to spend can request a very high-definition scan of any of them, from the camera negative (if monochrome) or the internegative (if color).<ref>[http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/ JSC Digital Image Collection]</ref> So it makes no sense to call the availability of this material "extremely limited." Hoagland also wrote:
{{QuoteBox2|text=In scanning Ken's priceless Apollo 14 C-prints, [I'd] discovered that the computer could "see" what the human eye could not—incredible geometric detail in the pitch-black areas, like the lunar sky. The sensitivity of modern CCD imaging technology, in even commercially-available image scanners, coupled with the amazing enhancement capabilities of state-of-the-art commercial software &mdash; like Adobe's Photoshop—allowed the invisible detail buried in these supposedly black layers, of these thirty-year-old emulsions, to ultimately be revealed—a "democratization" of technology that no censor at NASA could have possibly foreseen over more than thirty years.|source=Hoagland 2007, p.226}}
That statement is 
absolute poppycock
 a misunderstanding. Of course, scanning cannot reveal "invisible detail" if it truly is invisible. Hoagland has made a career out of trumpeting the fact that his scans of Ken Johnston's collection show things that the "official" scans do not. But, of course, he's comparing, on the one hand, a professionally-scanned image from an original negative or internegative done in a clean room and, on the other hand, a photoprint stored in a ring binder for 23 years, then pulled out and scanned on Hoagland's office scanner, the glass of which is quite clearly contaminated.<ref group="note">In some of his scans, fibers and hairs can be seen. [http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bEFez-KSbCg/UFFuvFFAbBI/AAAAAAAABmU/dzJzD4wi8p8/s512/4816-CU.jpg Here, for example]</ref> For use as Powerpoint™ slides, Hoagland typically slams up the brightness, a procedure guaranteed to reveal any scanner contamination wherever the image is black.

In June 2016, Johnston issued [http://www.kenjohnstonmedia.com/2016/06/ken-donates-archives-to-roswell-ufo.html a press release] noting donations he had made to the [[Roswell]] [[UFO]] Research Center. Appended was a series of examples of what are claimed to be things such as lunar bases, satellite dishes, etc., that are not seen in the "official" NASA photo archives. This collection was curated by Bret Colin Sheppard, who calls himself an anomalist. Once again, scanner contamination is the most obvious explanation for many of the artifacts Sheppard has collected. He does not tell us who carried out these scans or under what conditions. [https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RxA-pOWfiT0/V1Ec2Toa-MI/AAAAAAAAABo/BaYeFOOKvBseQhNxhp5YUUnoss2WE5MPwCLcB/s1600/Dr%2BKen%2BJohnston%2BApollo%2BArchive%2BCollection_Page_489.jpg The scan of AS12-49-7224], for example, includes dirt and a fiber. [https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/AS12-49-7224HR.jpg Here's the NASA scan] for comparison. Features claimed as "a statue" and "ruins" are just large rock formations. In other images, Sheppard draws attention to features that are not substantively different from the NASA official versions.

Sheppard's knowledge of aeronautics may be judged from the fact that his book includes a repro of [https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/AS12-47-6890.jpg Apollo 12 photo AS12-47-6890], including a blemish that looks a bit like an underinflated weather balloon. Sheppard uses this as another way to claim that NASA is lying—the Moon landings, he surmises, had balloon assist to ensure a gentle touchdown ''and NASA has concealed this fact''.<ref group="note">In fact,
 no balloon could ever develop lift in the airless environment of the Moon</ref>

===Johnston's ''curriculum vitae''===
It seems that Hoagland somewhat oversold his source. In the first edition of ''Dark Mission'', he wrote this about Ken Johnston:
{{QuoteBox2|text="In early 1995, Hoagland was on a lecture tour in Seattle. It was then that he met Ken Johnston &mdash; a Boeing engineer at the time, and '''a former fighter-jock and test pilot for Grumman Aerospace'''. After his tour of duty in the Marines '''as an F-4 pilot''', Johnston had gone to work at NASA in the mid-1960s '''as the chief Lunar Module test pilot''' at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. |source=''Dark Mission'' First edition, 2007}}

By the second edition, after some investigation by the space commentator [[James Oberg]],<ref>See [http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=144115 this thread] on the ''Unexplained Mysteries'' forum, January 2009</ref> this had become:
{{QuoteBox2|text="In early 1995, Hoagland was on a lecture tour in Seattle. It was then that he met Ken Johnston &mdash; a Boeing engineer at the time, and '''a licensed pilot'''. After his tour of duty in the Marines '''where he trained in planes like the F-4 Phantom''', Johnston had gone to work at NASA in the mid-1960s '''under a contract to Grumman Aerospace''' at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. |source=''Dark Mission'' Second edition, 2009}}

It's not clear whose face the egg was on &mdash; Johnston's or Hoagland's. Maybe both. At any rate, this controversy ended up getting Johnston dropped from the "Solar System Ambassador" program, and thus was born the myth that he was "fired from NASA"<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTN5ZezlUvc Coast to Coast AM 25 December 2011.] "Ken shares his contention that NASA knows there is evidence for both modern and ancient artifacts on the moon, as well as an active base there. He explained that in his position as Photo Control Dept. manager, he had access to highly detailed film and negatives taken during the Apollo missions."</ref> for revealing things NASA would prefer to keep hidden. Hence his entirely unjustified reputation in pseudoscience circles as a hero and a whistleblower. Note that he was never at any time an employee of the Agency.

===Scandal in Assam===
In early 2017, Ken was invited by the Chennai chapter of the Aeronautical Society of India to participate in an international space seminar, inaugurate a Link flight simulator, and give several talks to young students encouraging them to pursue careers in the Indian space program. Several local news reports described him as "a NASA astronaut" and even "chief trainer at NASA". A permanent plaque beside the flight simulator uses the descriptor "NASA astronaut USA". NASA itself heard of this imposture and informed the State Department of the apparent fraud. As a result, Ken was declared ''persona non grata'' and required to leave [[India]]. The shocking turn of events was reported at length on Assam TV.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k4ZPQ_XlvQ Assam TV story including interview with Ken Johnston] Youtube</ref> Note: [[James Oberg]] did write to ASTEC requesting information but not until five days after Johnston went home.<ref>[https://dorkmission.blogspot.com/2017/03/this-just-in-ken-johnston-kicked-out-of.html ''Emoluments of Mars'' blog] reports the scandal</ref>

===The "alien base" in crater Tsiolkovsky===
Johnston is a popular interviewee on television shows that denigrate NASA.<ref group="note">e.g. ''Aliens on the Moon: The Truth Exposed''  Producer Robert Kiviat, 2014</ref> During these appearances, and in radio interviews, he has made several allegations about deceptive practices within the NASA photographic division. He has maintained that he personally witnessed technicians painting out stars on the camera negatives of Apollo images.<ref group="note">There cannot have been stars in these images. It would be impossible to set a camera to expose correctly for the bright lunar terrain and also the much fainter stars. On a negative, the sky would be transparent and any stars would be black dots. "Painting out" would be a very tricky process. It is far more likely that what Johnston saw was painting out sparkle on reversal or interpositive film, that might have been misinterpreted as stars.</ref> He likes to tell the story of how, at the request of {{wpl|Thornton_Leigh_Page|Dr Thornton Page,}} he showed 16mm film shot by the crew of Apollo 14 as they overflew Tsiolkovsky, a very large and intriguing crater on the back side of the Moon. He says flashing lights were clearly visible in the crater, but the following day when he ran the film again the lights were gone.

There is a problem with that story. Tsiolkovsky is at latitude 20.4 °S, but the inclination of the orbit of Apollo 14 was 14°, so it could not have overflown Tsiolkovsky. The 16mm film from Apollo 14<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Apollo1416mmOnboardFilm Apollo 14 DAC footage, complete]</ref> does not show any such scene, and it is plain from Apollo 14's photographic index map<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/apolloindex/apollo14/as14indexmap01/ Apollo 14 photo index map]</ref> that Tsiolkovsky was never a photographic target. Nevertheless, Johnston's collaborator Bret C. Sheppard wrote and self-published a book<ref>Sheppard (2016)</ref> reiterating the claim in detail. Sheppard is unfamiliar with the terminology and practices of spaceflight, and made several errors in his text.<ref group="note">For example, Sheppard writes that when LMP Ed Mitchell says "I'm all set up for this acquisition. OK, HIGH GAIN, MANUAL, and WIDE" he's referring to camera settings on the Data Acquisition Camera (the 16mm film camera.) In fact, "acquisition" means acquisition of a radio signal from Houston, and the settings are for the high gain antenna to ensure best possible reception.</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Dr. Ralph Kennedy Sr|title=Ken's Moon: The Smoking Gun that Reveals the Dark Secret of NASA |publisher=CreateSpace Amazon self-publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-1535205962}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hoagland |first1=Richard C. |last2=Bara |first2=Mike |title=Dark Mission: The Secret History of NASA |publisher=Feral House |location=Port Townsend |year=2007,9 |isbn=978-1-932-59526-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Sheppard |first=Bret C. |title=Flyover Tsiolkovsky Crater: A Secret Base on the Moon |publisher=CreateSpace self-publishing |year=2016 |pages=104|isbn=978-1541162624}}
*{{cite book |last=Johnston Sr. |first=Ken |title=Regression of a NASA Whistleblower: Selections from a Regression Session with Commentary|publisher=CreateSpace self-publishing |year=2018 |pages=150|isbn=978-1718866003}}

==External links==
*[http://kenjohnstonsrmedia.blogspot.com/ Johnston's web site & blog] 
*[https://archive.org/details/@dr_ken_johnston_sr_ Johnston's online photo archive]
*[https://community.mars-one.com/profile/04415791-80b8-434c-b90b-a8b5e2055f19 Johnston's video application to Mars One]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MyuDVGGj-0 Another Mars One video]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x3I3hX8_pQ Johnston at the Smithsonian, Sacred Mysteries video (1 of 2)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEDfK83X3I4&NR=1 Johnston at the Smithsonian, Sacred Mysteries video (2 of 2)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7YAwZ1bbD0 Richard Hoagland introduces Ken Johnston at the National Press Club], 30 October 2007
*[http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1022/1 Dwayne Day's sarcastic comment on the above event] (very funny)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
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[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]

Categories: Conspiracy theorists, Living people, Pseudoscience promoters