Large group awareness training

{{sociology}}
{{Sources needed}}

[[Sociology | Sociologists]] coined the term '''large group awareness training''' (LGAT) to refer to seminars and meetings incorporating [[self help]], [[pop psychology]], and [[business]] motivational techniques.<ref>
An early use of the phrase "large group awareness training" occurs in 1987:
{{cite journal
| last1                 = Lieberman
| first1                = Morton A.
| title                 = Effects of large group awareness training on participants' psychiatric status
| url                   = http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.4.460
| journal               = The American journal of psychiatry
| publisher             = American Psychiatric Association
| publication-date      = 1987
| volume                = 144
| issue                 = 4
| pages                 = 460-464
| issn                  = 1535-7228
| access-date           = 2018-09-06
| quote                 = Three studies evaluated the impact of group awareness training (GAT) on psychiatric status.
}}
</ref>  

Attendees pay a sum to attend, often having learned of the LGAT through[[testimonial | word of mouth]]. Within the context of 50 to 300 people attending for the same purpose, the organizers of these meetings promise to help attendees achieve personal "breakthroughs",<ref>{{wpa | Epiphany (feeling)}} </ref> a more positive outlook on [[life]], or better social and business skills.

The classic LGAT seminar stretched over 60 hours: over a Wednesday night, plus all day Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. It seemed for the most numerous breakthroughs, it worked to keep attendees as detached as possible from the outside world for the duration of the training.  The two-weekend training format mostly replaced the older 60 hour intensive, reducing some of the [[cult]]ic aspects.

==History==
Researchers often trace LGATs back to a late-1960s seminar called Mind Dynamics.<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20090202205826/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/eldon.braun/awareness/mind.htm Mind Dynamics - Alexander Everett]."  2009 February 2.</ref>  

{{wpl|Alexander Everett}} started Mind Dynamics in 1968. It was fairly non-confrontational but placed heavy emphasis on claims to teach [[ESP]], [[clairvoyance]], and [[faith healing]] using the "power of the mind".  

{{wpl|William Penn Patrick}} started another seminar, {{wpl|Leadership Dynamics||,}} in 1967, around the same time.  Leadership Dynamics was confrontational to an extreme and used, for example, sexual humiliation of participants and other bizarre rituals such as making people lie in coffins.  

William Patrick also headed a [[pyramid scheme]], {{wpl|Holiday Magic||,}} (founded in 1964) and required its employees to attend Leadership Dynamics.  Patrick discovered Mind Dynamics and bought a partial interest in it, and had his employees attend Mind Dynamics as well.  

All three companies fell around the same time.  Holiday Magic was shut down as an illegal pyramid scheme (rather than for having a name that sounds like a bad romance-novel), Leadership Dynamics was hit by multiple lawsuits from participants who suffered emotional distress from its extreme methods, and Mind Dynamics was facing civil action by the state of [[California]] for making false medical claims.

As the Mind Dynamics/Leadership Dynamics empire imploded (1967?), former Mind Dynamics trainers started [[Erhard Seminars Training| Erhard Seminars Training]] (EST or est, 1971), PSI Seminars, and {{wpl|Lifespring}} (1974). Mind Dynamics' Alexander Everett soon went back into business with his own seminar, Inward Bound.  

Lifespring is defunct but spawned numerous offshoots still active today.  PSI is still active.  Erhard Seminars Training, which incorporated a heavy [[Zen]] influence, became the most popular of its ilk during its heyday in the 1970s owing to est getting a sort of "radical chic" reputation in places such as Hollywood, northern California's Marin County, and Aspen, Colorado, but was dogged by controversy over Erhard's use of ego-stripping methods and denial of bathroom breaks, and later over tax issues; 

After paid consulting with the similar<ref>James R. Lewis,[https://books.google.com/books?id=GNzHAwAAQBAJ The Earth School: The Movement of Inner Spiritual Awareness]. Controversial New Religions (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. p. 136. ISBN 9780199315314.{{quotebox|In 1978, John-Roger and Russell Bishop developed Insight Training Seminars (Insight Seminars)...Insight is clearly related to Erhard Seminars Training (est), though est has been far more controversial.}}</ref> {{wpl|Insight Seminars||,}} est was repackaged in 1985 as "The Forum".  Erhard left the USA in 1991 and turned over his organization to his family and business associates who ran it as "Landmark Education" (or Landmark Forum) - subsequently re-named "Landmark Worldwide".

Most groups labelled as LGATs can be traced back to Mind Dynamics via one of its offshoots, with Lifespring offshoots being the most numerous, but others exist which came from other sources, for example Harry Palmer's Avatar, a splinter from [[Scientology]].  

Prior to the holistic-humanistic personal-growth movement of 1955-1975, the fore-bearers of LGATs can be traced to {{wpl|Dale Carnegie||'s}} public-speaking seminars, Outward Bound-type [[wilderness therapy | wilderness programs]], [[Christian]] [[revival meeting]]s, and [[Amway]] motivational meetings.

==Controversy==
LGATs were often controversial 1960s-1990s coinciding with the exposure of abuses in other cultic activity, especially in [[California]].  

Some have been accused of being cults.  Some were and are guilty of using morally dubious practices, such as pressuring people to sign up for (and pay up front for) future seminars near the end of the current seminar, at a time when most attendees are giddy and "on an emotional high" from the training just past.  The best trainings don't pressure and make clear signing up for the next seminar is 100% the choice of each individual.

The most dubious aspect of LGATs is probably their "one size fits all" approach; many people find them helpful and swear by them, but some people who have had psychological issues or past traumatic experiences (e.g., [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]) have attended LGATs and found that it made their problems worse or reawakened bad memories which they would have preferred not to have revisited.  

For example, Lifespring attendees were expected to openly discuss past problems to the group, including those they had kept private up to that point, and were then harangued by the trainer to "take personal responsibility" for them having happened to them ([[blaming the victim]]). In another part of the training, Lifespring attendees had to disrobe to bikinis and bathing suits while the trainers [[Shaming|denigrated]] their [[sex]] lives and made fun of [[fat]] bodies. The bad media publicity and inevitable lawsuits from these practices eventually led to Lifespring's demise.

Several of them teach a [[New Age]] philosophy and often make a concerted effort to break participants away from their old belief systems as part of the training — which can make the programs difficult and objectionable to those holding strong beliefs.  

In addition, LGATs exist which are closely associated with, or led by former members of, cults like [[Scientology]], the [[Unification Church]] and supposed cults like John-Roger's {{wpl|Movement of Inner Spiritual Awareness||.}}  For example, {{wpl|Sterling Management}} is a LGAT run by the Church of Scientology and promoted to doctors and dentists; Avatar is a LGAT led by a former Scientology leader.

Another variant on LGAT which is particularly controversial is the practice of [[wilderness therapy]] for at-risk youth.  While many of these are basic team-building and motivational programs such as the reputable Outward Bound, a cottage industry of shady wilderness therapy operations has sprung up in the past couple of decades promising instant "behavior modification" which are little more than abusive teen boot camps — some of them shut down by state regulators after tragic deaths.

[[Promise Keepers]] has sometimes been characterized as an LGAT, and LGATs in general share a close resemblance to [[religious]] [[revival meeting]]s (and, for that matter, to military basic training).  [[Amway]] motivational meetings likewise are a close cousin of LGATs.  

In general, the danger is groups dynamics can be used against participants by unscrupulous facilitators to hinder and dampen individual choice and value-based objections to what is being told the participants.  LGATs may incorporate a variety of practices, some of them rooted in [[pseudoscience]] or non-[[peer-review]]ed pop psychology.  Such a combination is obviously not for everyone.

==Uses and usefulness== 
Many people claim to find LGATs helpful, but attending should be a matter of personal choice after researching the seminar in question and determining whether it is right for them. In addition, people's [[testimonial]]s about the program's effectiveness ''for them'' do not in themselves constitute any sort of proof the program will be useful for anyone else.  

Some of the more confrontational programs, especially those using ego-stripping methods during the training, have had occasional reports of psychological breakdowns by participants, and recently (2005?) a LGAT run by [[James Arthur Ray]] had three people die in a so-called "sweat lodge".  Where the "one size fits all" approach becomes especially morally dubious is when people are required to attend (for example, as a condition of employment).  

Many corporations have used forms of LGATs as "team-building" or "sales motivation" exercises for their employees.  Employees have found the often New Age philosophy taught clashed with their own religious beliefs, or the programs unexpectedly and objectionably intense and in-your-face.<ref>Margaret Singer.  "[http://web.archive.org/web/20110719011210/http://caic.org.au/psyther/lgat/singer.htm Intruding into the Workplace]." ''Cults in Our Midst''. Jossey-Bass Publishers.  1995.</ref>

==External links==
*[[The Skeptic's Dictionary]] on the "[http://skepdic.com/lgsap.html large group awareness training program (aka self-help and actualization movement)]."

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Self help]]
[[Category:Sociology]]

Categories: Psychology, Self help, Sociology