Levitation

[[File:Daniel-Dunglas-Home-levitation.jpg|right|thumb|165px|Serial 
woo-meister
 levitator [[Daniel Dunglas Home]] is here depicted amazing a number of gentlemen in his parlour with his powers to cause things to rise.]]{{pseudosciencenav}}'''Levitation''' refers to raising an object against the force of [[gravity]] in such a way that it remains suspended without any physical contact with any form of floor or object resting on a floor.<ref group=note>Physical contact with air or other forms of "invisible" matter that do not support weight (i.e. {{wpl|Gas|gases|)}} is technically allowed, but anything that is naturally light enough to not be receptive enough to gravity to require some special effort to remain out of contact with a floor (again, mainly gases) is generally not said to be "levitating".</ref> It is quite possible to do this without leaving the realm of [[physics]], {{sl|From fiction to non-fiction|the most usual case}} being magnetic levitation, where the force of [[Electromagnetism|magnetism]] is used for this purpose. It is also functionally identical to hovering in {{wpl|flight||,}} which can be done by helicopters and hummingbirds, though the term "levitation" is practically never used in these cases.<ref group=note>"Flight" and "levitation" tend to be considered very different things, even if they are functionally mostly-identical (e.g. something denser than air managing to suspend itself above the ground in defiance of gravity). While the exact distinction is dependent on who you ask and what you're talking about, the dividing line tends to be that flight involves exerting clear and continuous physical effort (which can include manipulating or interacting with air through purely-physical means) to remain above the ground, such as the beating of {{wpl|Wing|wings}} (as in birds, bats, 
[[dragon]]s,
 and insects), the expulsion of energized gases (as in airplanes and rockets), or the rapid rotation of blades or other extensions (as in helicopters), while levitation involves being suspended in midair by some sort of non-physical (or apparently non-physical or matter-transcendent) force such as magnetism, [[magic]], psychokinesis, or [[Anti-gravity machine|anti-gravity]].</ref>

In terms of [[pseudoscience]], levitation refers to the ability to manage this raising by [[Psychic|the power of the human mind]] (e.g. [[psychokinesis]]). This has never been demonstrated {{---}} much less [[Reproducibility|repeated]] {{---}} under controlled conditions and is consequently a pseudoscience. 

==From fiction to non-fiction==
{{wpl|Earnshaw's theorem}} is a well-established theory stating that {{wpl|paramagnetic materials}} cannot levitate in mid-air in a static environment. It was considered for a long time that magnetic-based levitation was impossible, until in 1984; the {{wpl|spin-stabilized magnetic levitation}} top was patented by {{wpl|Roy M. Harrigan||.}}<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US4382245 Levitation device] US patent #4382245</ref><ref name=gray>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090913124217/http://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2004-02/ignorance-maglev-bliss Ignorance = Maglev = Bliss: For 150 years scientists believed that stable magnetic levitation was impossible. Then Roy Harrigan came along.] by Theodore Gray February 1, 2004. "This spinning top, which hovers above a magnetic base, was patented in 1983 by a Vermonter named Roy Harrigan."</ref> The theorum wasn't wrong, according to Theodore Gray:<ref name=gray/>

{{quotebox|It turns out that Earnshaw's theorem is absolutely correct, but it has a couple of loopholes […] It turns out that precession (the rotation of a spinning object’s axis of spin) creates an island of genuine stability in a way that does not violate Earnshaw's theorem, but that went completely unpredicted by physicists for more than a century.}}

Physicists were shocked to find that levitation was a reality, all because of a misinterpretation of the theorem. The second loophole involved {{wpl|diamagnetism||:}}<ref name=gray/>

{{quotebox|His theorem only applies to ferromagnetism, the common north/south pole type of magnetism found in most magnets. Diamagnetism is a purely repulsive magnetic force exhibited to varying degrees by all materials in the presence of a magnetic field. Simply drop a chip of graphite, for example, onto a block of magnets and it will float in midair forever.}}

Harrigan's patent resulted in the creation of a toy called the {{wpl|Levitron||,}} one variety of which can be seen here:
{{video|youtube|GMVtlNbMwHw}}

==Fake levitation==
===Stage Magic===
Levitation has been a long-standing element of stage magic, with various tricks being based on objects and people seemingly defying gravity. In reality, these tricks use things like strings or metal poles<ref>[http://rebelmagic.com/the-levitating-woman-stage-trick-revealed/ The Levitating Woman – Stage Trick Revealed]. ''Rebel Magic''.</ref> to make something look like it's floating.

===Religious views===
====Judaism====
Solomon's Carpet is an extra-[[Biblical]] [[Hebrew]] legend that King Solomon had a flying carpet that was 60 miles long by 60 miles wide.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13842-solomon#anchor14 Solomon: Solomon's Carpet] by Emil G. Hirsch et al. (1906) ''Jewish Encyclopedia''.</ref> {{wpl|Magic carpet}} legends have also appeared in Arabian (''One Thousand and One Nights'') and Russian folklore.

====Christianity====
{{main|Christianity}}
[[Jesus]] provides the most well-known case of levitation in Christianity by walking on [[water]] to his disciples.<ref group=note>This technically was not levitation per se, since Jesus was still making physical contact with the surface of the water (and water, unlike air, generally supports a human's weight well enough for them to float at or near its surface). What makes this similar to levitation is that the surface tension of water is ''not'' strong enough to support a human's weight to the degree required to stand on it without sinking at all.</ref> He is also mistaken for a spirit at first, which gives another example of a levitating creature in [[Christianity]].<ref>See {{bible|Matthew|14|22-33}}.</ref>

More specifically, [[Catholicism]] considers levitation to be a symptom of [[Demonic possession|possession by demons]], and cause for [[exorcism]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011230042821/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_exor2.htm Demonic Possession & Oppression; Exorcism: Roman Catholic beliefs & practices] Religious Tolerance</ref> Except when Jesus or [[wp:Levitation of saints|the saints]] did it, presumably.

====Islam====
Solomon's carpet also appears in {{Qur'an|21|81}} and {{Qur'an|34|12}} according to [[Sunni]] [[Qur'an]] commentator Tafsir Ibn Kathir.<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Sources/Legends/flying_carpet.htm Fables and Legends of the Quran: Solomon’s Flying Carpet] by Sam Shamoun</ref>

====Hinduism====
{{main|Yogic flying}}

==Galleries==
===Fake===
<gallery>
File:Agnes Guppy-Volckman spiritualist.png|Agnes Guppy-Volckman, spiritualist
File:Colin Evans fraud in 1938.jpg|Colin Evans fraud in 1938
File:CopperfieldFlying.svg|Explanation of David Copperfield’s flying illusion
File:Howard Thurston performing a levitation illusion.jpg|Howard Thurston performing a levitation illusion
File:Marc und Alex Levitation FAP 0199 1024.jpg|Magicians performing a levitation trick
File:JeffreySmithYogicFlying.jpg|Yogic "flying"
</gallery>

===Real===
<gallery>
File:October 19, 2012- Acoustic Levitation for Medicine (8125198677).jpg|Acoustic levitation was developed by [[NASA]] to simulate microgravity
File:Asymmcapa.png|Design of a simple ionocraft
File:FlyingLifterv2.png|An ionocraft levitating
File:Superconducting levitation and candle on a magnet.JPG|Superconducting levitation and candle on a magnet
File:Mgntbhn.jpg|Magnetically levitating train
File:Frog diamagnetic levitation.jpg|Magnetically levitated frog<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080617133213/http://www.physics.org/facts/frog-really.asp</ref>
File:Hovercraft-MVPP10.jpg|Hovercraft
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Anti-gravity machine]]
*[[Flying carpet fallacy]]: a type of [[Balance fallacy|false equivalence]] using [[orientalism]] as a device
*[[Hyperloop]]: a proposal by [[Elon Musk]] to use magnetic levitation for high-speed transport
*The [[Ig Nobel Prize]], which awarded the 2000 prize in physics for magnetic levitation of a frog
*[[Ionocraft]]: a type of ionic levitation that uses the {{wpl|Biefeld–Brown effect}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19961225084010/http://www.natural-law-party.org.uk/ Natural Law Party]
*[http://www.levitationday.com/ Levitation Day - January 4<sup>th</sup>]
*{{wpa|Levitation}}
*{{wpa|Levitation (paranormal)}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|pseudoscience}}

[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Parapsychology]]

Categories: Pseudoscience, Parapsychology