War crimes

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'''War crimes''' are unwarranted acts of violence committed against unarmed civilians or captured enemy soldiers.

Due to the nature of [[state]] sovereignty and the lack of [[UN|genuinely effective international authorities]], they are almost always prosecuted by the victors against the defeated, while war crimes committed by winners usually go unpunished.

==Rules on the playground==
War crimes are outlined in the International humanitarian law (IHL) which comprises the Geneva and Hague conventions, as well as a collection of unattributed laws and [[Human rights|personal liberties]]. There have been several attempts to establish concrete norms of conduct for belligerents (the so-called ''jus in bello'').

Currently, these rules of warfare are codified in the Geneva Conventions, which have been ratified (but not always respected) by almost all member states of the [[UN]].<ref>ICRC.org: [http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/party_gc List of signatories to the GC and associated treaties]</ref> These norms have evolved over time and nowadays form an extensive catalog of binding rules regarding issues like the protection of noncombatants, care for the wounded, and the treatment of prisoners of war.

The International Criminal Court in the Hague serves as a supranational organ for the prosecution of war crimes, but it does not have worldwide jurisdiction, since not all states have ratified the respective treaty. It has also come under criticism for focusing too heavily on crimes committed in Africa, though its investigations have now expanded to reflect its global role.

==Notable war crime prosecutions==
The [[Nuremberg Trials]] and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo War Crimes Trials) represent the most prominent examples of comprehensive trials against state leaders responsible for war crimes. The Nuremberg Trials are better known in [[Europe]] and [[America]] while the Tokyo War Crimes Trials are better known in [[Asia]].

Also worthy of note are the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, which were established by the UN Security Council after horrific crimes took place in those countries in the 90s. A little known court, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, exhibits an interesting blend of international criminal law and domestic criminal law.

There have been several other ''ad hoc'' courts dealing exclusively with war crimes and other international crimes, such as the Iraqi High Tribunal and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia.

==Recent violations of the laws and customs of war==
*Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009): Individual crimes by both the Sri Lankan military and the rebels.
*Conflict in [[Darfur]] (2003-2010): Due to the nature of the conflict, and the view that it is military against civilians at large, the entire conflict has been charged as both a war crime and as an attempted [[genocide]].
*Conflict in Chad: 300,000 civilians have died in and around Chad, likely as direct targets.
*[[Iraq War]] (2003-2011):
**[[Rape]] and murder of a 14-year-old girl and her family by US troops.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/us/22soldier.html Ex-Soldier Gets Life Sentence for Iraq Murders], James Dao, ''New York Times'' 21 May 2009</ref>
**[[Blackwater]] Baghdad shootings.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/23/us/blackwater-verdict.html Blackwater Guards Found Guilty in 2007 Iraq Killings], Matt Apuzzo, ''New York Times'' 22 October 2014</ref>
**[[Abu Ghraib]] prison incidents.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/10/1/abu-ghraib-the-legacy-of-torture-in-the-war-on-terror Abu Ghraib: The legacy of torture in the war on terror], Maha Hilal, ''Al Jazeera'' 1 October 2017</ref>
*[[Syrian Civil War]] — use of poison gas, [[crimes against humanity]] committed by [[DAESH]], the Syrian Arab Army ([[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]] loyalists) and — to a smaller extent — various other factions
* Death squads in various [[Latin America]]n countries as well as {{wpl|GAL (paramilitary group)|Spain}}during the 1970s and 1980s and sometimes into the 1990s.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/141720.stm Spain's state-sponsored death squads]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/04/world/spain-is-haunted-by-basque-death-squad-scandal.html Spain Is Haunted by Basque Death Squad Scandal]</ref>
*[[The Troubles]] (1970-1997): 
**Civilian massacres carried out by both sides, most notably Bloody Sunday, Ballymurphy, and Kingsmill.
**Many bombings carried out by various paramilitary groups, most notably Enniskillen, Omagh, and Dublin and Monaghan.
*[[Vietnam War|The Vietnam War]] (1954-1973):
**The My Lai massacre, claiming over five hundred women, children and elderly men at the hands of US troops.
**Hue City massacre, where over 4,000 civilians and POWs were summarily executed by the North Vietnamese Army.
*2022 [[Russian]] invasion of [[Ukraine]]
** Ongoing indiscriminate shelling of Ukrainian cities by Russian forces, massacre of civilians in Bucha, Trostyanets, and other towns under Russian occupation, as well as rape.<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/russian-soldiers-ukraine-war-sexual-violence_n_62444d45e4b0e44de9bbcde4 Sexual Violence]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/04/11/world/europe/bucha-terror.html Bucha's Month of Terror.]</ref>
** The separation and forced deportation of Ukrainian children into Russian orphanages and children's camps. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/29/i-was-so-scared-the-ukrainian-children-taken-to-russia-for-financial-gain  ''‘I was so scared’: the Ukrainian children taken to Russia for financial gain''], The Guardian</ref>
*The conflict between [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]], especially in recent years.

==See also==
*[[Crimes against humanity]]
*[[Holocaust]]
*[[Rape of Nanjing]]
*[[Unit 731]]
*[[Comfort women]]
*[[Thirty Years War]]

==External links==
*[https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml Definitions: War Crimes] — United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect

==References==
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[[Category:War crimes| ]]
[[Category:War]]
[[Category:Crime]]

Categories: War crimes, War, Crime