Paleontology

{{Sciencenav}}

'''Paleontology''' (also spelled '''palaeontology''') is the study of [[fossil]]s, which are the mineralised remains of living things, although a few remains have been preserved relatively intact by natural processes. Paleontologists also get useful information from ichnofossils or trace fossils, which are the marks left behind in rocks by living things (tracks or footprints), and from fossil faeces (coprolites), worm trails etc.

Academic circles generally regard palaeontology as a specialist school of [[geology]] and/or the intersection of geology and [[biology]]. Palaeontology is often practiced as an "amateur" science, meaning that people can pick up fossils from the ground ''without writing papers on them'', often ''selling them in shops''. This makes academic palaeontologists unhappy, so they often call themselves even longer and more specific names (like "palaeo[[botany|botanists]]" or "palaeobehaviourists") to distinguish themselves from the amateurs.

[[Young earth creationism| Young-earth creationists]] don't like paleontology because (like many real [[science]]s) it provides hard evidence that life [[evolved]] over billions of years, and makes a laughingstock of the idea that the Earth was created over the course of six days, approximately six to ten thousand years ago. Paleontology is one of the most common targets for attacks from creationists, because they don't understand the [[genetics |genetic]] evidence for [[evolution]] or the theory of [[common descent]], but they ''have'' watched ''[[Jurassic Park]]''. Astute observers of the [[Creation Museum]] will notice that, out of [[Branches of science you have to ignore to believe in young Earth creationism |all the different sciences which provide evidence for evolution]], paleontology is almost the only one they bother to attack.

According to [[Richard Dawkins]], we don't need palaeontology to prove evolution any more, because we have plenty of other evidence for evolution, although palaeontologists (as one might expect) disagree with this statement.<ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2010/04/27/in-defense-of-paleontology/ In defense of paleontology], ''Science Blogs'', April 27, 2010</ref> One certainly cannot deny that the [[fossil record]] has been extremely relevant in the [[Evolution#History |history of evolutionary theory]]; it provided very strong evidence for early pioneers in the field (particularly because fossils make comparative anatomy much, much easier).

==History==
Although observations of fossils were documented for centuries beforehand, paleontology became a useful scientific branch in the late 1700's when Georges Cuvier utilized comparative anatomy to demonstrate that some fossil [[species]] did not resemble modern ones.  Fossil [[evidence]] has helped define the geological time scale and contributed to our understanding of evolutionary paths.  The word "paleontology" was coined in 1822.

[[Radiometric dating]], invented in 1905, allowed paleontologists to more accurately date fossil finds.<ref group=note>Strictly speaking, you can't put a radiometric date on a fossil, because the vast majority of fossils are found in sedimentary rocks, and radiocarbon dating is only practical when used on igneous rocks. However, comparative stratigraphy fills that gap.</ref> In about the 1960's paleontologists began using [[Molecular biology|molecular phylogenetics]] to aid in their understanding of historical evolution.

==Significant paleontological discoveries==
* Gunflint Chert stromatolites--[[Minnesota]], [[Blue-green algae|cyanobacterial]] accretionary structures, 1.9 to 2.3 billion years ago (BYA)
* Ediacaran biota--worldwide, trace fossils of earliest known [[Pre-Cambrian]] multicellular organisms, 635 to 542 MYA
* Chengjiang Maotianshan shales--Yunnan Province ([[China]]), rare soft tissue fossils from middle Lower [[Cambrian]], 525 to 520 MYA
* Burgess Shale--[[British Columbia]], early soft-parts fossils from middle Cambrian, 505 MYA
* ''[[Tiktaalik]]''--northern [[Canada]], a [[transitional fossil]] between fish and early tetrapods from the Late [[Devonian]], about 375 MYA
* ''[[Archaeopteryx]]''--southern [[Germany]], a transitional fossil between [[dinosaur]]s and [[bird]]s from the Late [[Jurassic]], 150 to 145 MYA
* Laetoli footprints--Tanzania, preserved upright-walking [[hominid]] footprints discovered in 1976 by Mary Leakey, 3.5 MYA
* Lucy--Ethiopia, an ''[[Australopithecus]] afarensis'' fossil found in 1974 by Donald Johanson, about 3.2 MYA

==Careers in paleontology==
Industrial paleontologists can be found conducting research for the petroleum industry.  [[Academic]] paleontologists typically work as college or university [[professor]]s.  Paleontologists can work as museum preparators or on [[government]] surveys.  They can work in the fields of [[climate change]] or historical biology.

Paleontology is a broad science requiring knowledge of [[geology]], [[evolutionary biology]], [[archaeology]], [[zoology]], [[genetics]], [[ecology]], and [[Phylogeny|systematics]].  It uses techniques drawn from [[biochemistry]], [[mathematics]], and [[engineer]]ing.

Paleontology is an unusual field in that amateurs also may make important contributions.

==Noted paleontologists==
* [[wikipedia:Louis Agassiz|Louis Agassiz]]
* [[wikipedia:Georges Cuvier|Georges Cuvier]] was the "father of paleontology", discovered that [[extinction]] is a real thing as well as inventing the field of comparative anatomy.
* [[Stephen Jay Gould]]
* Colin Patterson
* [[David Raup]]
* Robert Bakker
* [[wikipedia:John Ostrom|John Ostrom]] was the first to argue that dinosaurs were warm-blooded, active animals that were also ancestral to birds, instead of the sluggish lizards as had been previously imagined.
* [[Edward Drinker Cope]]
* [[wikipedia:Othniel Charles Marsh|Othniel Charles Marsh]]
* [[wikipedia:Charles Doolittle Walcott|Charles Doolittle Walcott]] was the guy that discovered the [[wikipedia:Burgess Shale|Burgess Shale]].
* [[Richard Owen]].
* William Diller Matthew
* [[wikipedia:Henry Fairfield Osborn|Henry Fairfield Osborn]] was an incredibly infuential paleontologist of his day, described hundreds of species (including, among others, [[wikipedia:Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus]] and [[wikipedia:Ornitholestes|Ornitholestes]]).
* [[wikipedia:George Gaylord Simpson|George Gaylord Simpson]], one of the most influential paleontologists of all time, he was the first to show that the fossil record supports the predictions of natural selection, rather than orthogenesis or neo-Lamarkism.<ref>''Tempo and Mode in Evolution'', Simpson, George Gaylord, pub. 1942</ref>
* Richard Lydekker
* Barnum Brown
* [[Charles Darwin]]
* [[Thomas Huxley|Thomas Henry Huxley]]
* Joseph Leidy

==Paleontological organizations==
* The Paleontological Society [http://www.paleosoc.org/]--North America, includes professionals and amateurs, [[Scientific publication|publishes]] ''Paleobiology'' and [http://www.journalofpaleontology.org/ ''Journal of Paleontology''] ([[Scientific journal|journals]])
* [http://www.palass.org/ The Paleontological Association]--[[Britain]], publishes [http://www.palass.org/modules.php?name=palaeo&sec=publications&page=68 ''Palaeontology''] (journal) and [http://www.palass.org/modules.php?name=palaeo&sec=newsletter ''Palaeontology Newsletter'']
* [http://www.vertpaleo.org/ The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology]--publishes [http://vertpaleo.org/Publications/Journal-of-Vertebrate-Paleontology.aspx ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'']
* [http://www.museumoftheearth.org/ Paleontological Research Institution]--maintains Museum of the Earth, publishes [http://www.museumoftheearth.org/publications/booklist.php?catID=50 ''Buletins of American Paleontology''] and [http://www.museumoftheearth.org/publications/booklist.php?catID=71 ''Palaeontographica America''] (scientific journals), [http://www.museumoftheearth.org/publications/booklist.php?catID=46 ''American Paleontologist''] (professional/amateur quarterly membership magazine), and [http://www.museumoftheearth.org/publications/pubdetails.php?pubID=299 ''Evolution & Creationism: A Very Short Guide, 2nd ed.''] (handbook)

==Paleontology and creationists==
In order to reconcile paleontological discoveries with their [[belief]] in [[biblical inerrancy]], [[Creationism|creationists]] have misrepresented [[fact]]s about the [[fossil record]].  Creationists [[Creationist claims|claim]] that the fact of gradual evolution would have resulted in the presence of innumerable transitional forms in the fossil record.  For example, the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] publication ''[[Life--How did it get here?  By evolution or by creation?]]'' notes:

{{quotebox|Millions of bones and other evidence of past life have been unearthed by scientists, and these are called fossils.  If evolution were a fact, surely in all of this there should be ample evidence of one kind of living thing evolving into another kind. (p. 19)}}

The claim explicitly assumes that fossilization is a common event and that all past evolutionary activity is recorded by it.  This assumption is demonstrably false. <ref>See [[talk.origins|Talk Origins']] response to the claim that transitional fossils are lacking. [http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CC/CC200_1.html]</ref>  Additionally the claim makes the assumption that evolution is gradual.  Although the fact of evolution is nearly universally accepted among paleontologists, there are disagreements as to the mode and tempo of evolution.  Note that a [[Punctuated equilibrium|punctuational]] model of evolution would explain the rarity of transitional forms.

Contrary to the claim there are transitional fossils.  See our [[list of transitional forms]].  When such transitional fossils are identified, creationists have then attempted to suggest that they are not sufficiently transitional or even that they are [[Deceit|fraudulent]], as for example ''Australopithecus'' or ''Archaeopteryx''.

Similarly, creationists claim that the fossil record reveals that species appear suddenly, as in the [[Cambrian explosion]], and do not change much during their lifespan, and that this observation is not consistent with [[prediction]]s generated from the tenets of evolution.  In reality the degree of suddenness in these cases is overstated, and species do in fact change over long periods of time.<ref>See Talk Origins' response to the claim that the Cambrian explosion shows all kinds of [[life]] appearing suddenly. [http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CC/CC300.html]</ref>  This claim also depends on the assumption that evolution occurs at a consistent and gradual rate.

Creationists claim that patterns in the fossil record can be better explained as being the results of [[Global flood|Noah's flood]]. <ref>Woodmorappe, John (April 1, 2000). [http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/tj/v14/n1/fossil "The fossil record:  Becoming more random all the time"].  [[Answers in Genesis]].</ref> However, this claim requires the [[Denialism|denial]] of many observations of the fossil record, such as geographic and stratigraphic distribution of species.

Thus paleontology is one of several [[branches of science you have to ignore to believe in young Earth creationism]].

===Quote mining===
To support their claim that paleontologists themselves believe the fossil record fails to provide evidence for the [[theory of evolution]], creationists cite [[Quote mining|quotes taken out of context]]. See for example [[List of fallacious creationist quotes#Stanley.2C_Steven|the many misquotes]] of evolutionary biologist [[Steven M. Stanley]].

==See also==
*[[Petrified forest]]
*[[Evidence against a recent creation]]
*[[Dinosaur denialism]] — people who discredit this entire field for their stupid conspiracy theories

==External links==
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/index.php Online exhibits], University of California Museum of Paleontology.
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/paleontology/ Paleontology News], ScienceDaily.com.
*{{wpl|Paleontology | Paleontology}}, [[Wikipedia]].
*{{wpl|List_of_fossils | List of fossils}}, Wikipedia.
*Chang, Kenneth (June 29, 2009). [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/science/30muse.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1 "Paleontology and Creationism Meet but Don't Mesh"].  The [[New York Times]].
*[http://www.terradaily.com/reports/The_Society_Of_Vertebrate_Paleontology_Speaks_Out_On_The_Creation_Museum_999.html "The Society Of Vertebrate Paleontology Speaks Out On The Creation Museum"].  TerraDaily.  July 26, 2007.
*Morris, John D.  [http://www.icr.org/article/5145/ "The Real Nature of the Fossil Record"].  [[Institute for Creation Research]].
*{{wpl|Cambrian#Cambrian_dating | Cambrian dating}}, Wikipedia

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Paleontology| ]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Evidence against a recent creation]]
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Science]]

Categories: Paleontology, Biology, Evidence against a recent creation, Geology, Science