Arthur Koestler

[[File:Arthur Koestler (1969).jpg|thumb|right|165px|Arthur Koestler, looking a bit pissed off, in 1948.]]
{{Paranormal}}

{{cquote|''Koestler loved science, but science didn't love him back.''|||Anonymous}}

'''Arthur Koestler''' (1905–1983) was a [[Hungary|Hungarian]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] [[author]], [[journalist]], and [[parapsychologist]]. Though perhaps best known as a novelist, Koestler also promoted some very wacky ideas.

==Life==
Arthur Koestler was born to a Jewish family in Budapest. Involved with the [[Zionist]] movement, he lived in Mandatory Palestine in the late 1920s, and became a journalist. Later, in Berlin, he joined the [[Communist]] Party of [[Germany]]. Years later, he resigned after he grew disillusioned with the party, witnessing the course of the [[Soviet Union]]. He published his first novel, ''The Gladiators'' in 1938. During [[World War II]], he was interned at a [[concentration camp]] in Southern [[France]]. Eventually, Koestler became a British citizen, and was employed by {{wpl|Information Research Department}}, the anti-communist propaganda department of British Foreign Office. In his final years, Koestler struggled with Parkinson's disease and leukemia. He and his wife, Cynthia, died by suicide together.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-20th-cent-present-biographies/arthur-koestler</ref>

===Allegations===
Koestler was accused of rape and/or sexual assault by one of his biographers, David Cesarini.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/21/arthur-koestler-robert-mccrum</ref> Film-maker {{wpl|Jill Craigie}} alleged that he assaulted her at a party in 1951, the revelation of which prompted activists to remove a bust of his at Edinburgh University.<ref>https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/culture/53786/the-limits-of-genius</ref>

==Controversial views==
===Evolution===
He was the author of the controversial book ''The Case of the Midwife Toad'' (1971) which defends the [[Lamarck]]ian experiments of the Viennese [[biologist]] {{wpl|Paul Kammerer||.}} According to Koestler, Kammerer's experiments on the midwife toad (''Alytes'' spp.) may have been tampered with by a [[Nazi]] sympathizer at the University of Vienna. In the book, he came to the conclusion that a kind of modified 'Mini-Lamarckism' may occur as an explanation for some limited and rare [[evolutionary]] phenomena. 

Koestler had criticised [[neo-Darwinism]] in a number of his books but he was not anti-evolution.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/01/02/specials/koestler-toad.html Can Genes Learn? Arthur Koestler Thinks So]</ref> He has been described as a [[Neo-Lamarckism|neo-Lamarckian]] and he attempted to duplicate the Lamarckian experiments of Kammerer but had to terminate his experiments due to lack of funds.<ref>[http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af7_1.pdf Arthur Koestler's Osculation with Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism by Harry Gershenowitz]</ref>

===''The Thirteenth Tribe''===
''The Thirteenth Tribe'' (1976) is a book by Koestler, which advances the thesis that Ashkenazi [[Jew]]s (of which Koestler himself was) are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from [[Khazar]]s, a Turkic people. The book forms part of the [[Khazar myth]] and has been criticised by historians, linguists, and scientists.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190621082529/https://forward.com/opinion/382967/ashkenazi-jews-are-not-khazars-heres-the-proof/ Alexander Beider, "Ashkenazi Jews are not hazars: Here's the proof," ''Forward'', September 25, 2017. Accessed July 11, 2019.]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190611214611/https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644 James Xue, Todd Lencz, et al., "The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history," ''PLOS Genetics'', April 4, 2017. Accessed July 11, 2019.]</ref>

Regarding the purpose of writing the book, Koestler's biographer Michael Scammell wrote that Koestler told the French biologist Pierre Debray-Ritzen that he "was convinced that if he could prove that the bulk of Eastern European Jews (the ancestors of today's Ashkenazim) were descended from the Khazars, the racial basis for [[anti-Semitism]] would be removed and anti-Semitism itself could disappear".<ref>Michael Scammell ''Koestler: The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic'', Random House, 2009, p. 546</ref> This has not been the case considering that [[Christian Identity]] and other White Christian [[racialist]] groups sometimes [[quote mine]] the book to discredit Jews as impostors. Sometimes, so do misguided [[Palestine|Palestinian]] nationalists or their supporters, who believe this discredits [[Zionism]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190712020157/https://www.palestinow.com/the-truth-about-khazars-the-self-styled-jews-are-not-semitic/</ref>

===Parapsychology===
Koestler was known for endorsing a number of [[paranormal]] subjects such as [[extrasensory perception]], [[psychokinesis]] and [[telepathy]]. His book ''The Roots of [[Coincidence]]'' (1974) claims the answer to such phenomena may be found in theoretical [[physics]]. As the title suggests the book also discusses the nature of [[coincidence]]. His views on the paranormal were well received by other parapsychologists but are considered [[pseudoscience]] by most scientists.

During the final years of his life, he established the KIB Society (with [[Brian Inglis]] and Tony Bloomfield), to sponsor paranormal research (which, after his death, was renamed The Koestler Parapsychology Unit). The KIB Society is located at the University of Edinburgh, in [[Scotland]].<ref>[http://www.koestler-parapsychology.psy.ed.ac.uk/index.html Koestler Parapsychology Unit]</ref>

==Creationism==
Koestler was not a [[creationist]], but because of his opposition to neo-Darwinism he is sometimes quote-mined by creationists. Creationists usually mention the following quote taken from his book ''Janus: A Summing Up'' (1978) to try and discredit evolution:
{{cquote|In the meantime, the educated public continues to believe that Darwin has provided all the relevant answers by the [[magic]] formula of [[random]] mutation plus [[natural selection]]—quite unaware of the fact that random mutations turned out to be irrelevant and natural selection a [[tautology]].<ref>See the quote mine on the creationist website [http://www.trueorigin.org/isakrbtl.asp Five Major Evolutionist Misconceptions about Evolution]</ref>}}

Creationists in their books and on the internet usually mention that Koestler was an expert in the field of evolution or an evolutionary biologist but this is not true considering Koestler was not a scientist but an author and journalist. The quote is also taken out of context; whilst it is true Koestler was a [[non-Darwinian]], he was not denying evolution, he was only debating the mechanisms. In the same book he summarized his views on evolution:
{{cquote|Darwinian selection no doubt plays a part in the evolutionary process, but only a subordinate part (comparable to the action of the selective weedkiller) and there is a growing realization that there must be other principles and forces at work on the vast canvas of evolutionary phenomena. In other words, the evidence indicates that evolution is the combined result of a whole range of causative factors &mdash; some known, others dimly guessed, yet others so far completely unknown." (Koestler, A. (1978) Janus: A Summing Up: London, Hutchinson)}}

==Selected publications==
* ''Darkness at Noon'' (1940) - an anti-authoritarian novel about the Soviets, probably Koestler's best-known work.
*''The Act of Creation'' (1964)
*''The Ghost in the Machine'' (1967)
*''Beyond Reductionism: The Alpbach Symposium. New Perspectives in the Life Sciences'' (co-editor with J. R. Smythies, 1969)
*''The Case of the Midwife Toad'' (1971)
*''The Roots of Coincidence'' (1972)
*''The Challenge of Chance: A Mass Experiment in Telepathy and Its Unexpected Outcome'' (1973)
*''The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage'' (1976)
*''Janus: A Summing Up'' (1978)

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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Categories: Authors, Paranormal, Journalists, Jews