British Israelism

[[File:Israelinbritainb00garn 0005.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Front cover of an 1890 book claiming that [[Israelite]]s came from Britain<ref>''Israel in Britain: A Brief Statement of the Evidences in Proof of the Israelitish Origin of the British Race'' by John Garnier (1890) R. Banks & Son.</ref>]]{{pseudohistorynav}}
'''British-Israelism''' or '''Anglo-Israelism''' is a variant of [[fundamentalist]] [[Christian]] theology based on [[pseudoarchaeology]]. In general, it claims that the [[lost tribes of Israel|lost tribes]] of [[Israel]] migrated to the [[British Isles]] and were the ancestors of today's White British people. It was a popular theory in the early 20th century, at least in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[United States]] where it served as a theological pseudo-justification for the [[British Empire]], [[American exceptionalism]], and [[manifest destiny]]. It fell out of favour because the evidence for it is completely lacking, based on exaggerated accounts, or legalism though some people still believe it as reasoning for why the US, UK and EU are the New Israel. 

==History==
Contemporary scholars, such as Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2003: 235), identify the most influential writer who gave birth to the British Israelite movement as John Wilson, who wrote ''Our Israelitish Origins'' in 1840. Edward Hine also published ''The British Nation Identified with Lost Israel'' in 1871, which went on to sell 250,000 copies. The "Anglo-Israel Association" in Britain had only 300 members in its early years, however during the heyday of British Israelism the membership of the "British-Israel-World Federation" (BIWF) reached 20,000 at its height in 1920 (Wilson, 1968; Simpson, 2002). ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'' in 1906 estimated globally that there were once two million proponents of the theory.<ref>Isidor Singer, The Jewish Encyclopedia, (London: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901-1906), Vol. I, pp. 600-601</ref> During this time several prominent figures became patrons of the BIWF, including Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone. William Pascoe Goard who became Vice-President of the BIWF in 1921 published more than a dozen books on the theory, which attracted support abroad. George VI (then Duke of York) had also written in 1922 that: "I am sure the British Israelite business is true. I have read a lot about it lately and everything no matter how large or small points to our being the chosen race".<ref>Quoted in ''The Independent'', 6 April 1996.</ref> Covenant Publishing was set up in 1921 by the BIWF, and continues to publish British Israelism literature. The movement fell into decline after the 1940s, but tenets of British Israelism were later promoted by [[Herbert W. Armstrong]]. In 1961, the British Israelite George F. Jowett published ''[[The Drama of the Lost Disciples]]'' which went through 16 editions (up to 2009), selling 55,000 copies through Covenant Publishing (according to the 16th ed. preface). This was the last notable British Israelite text to sell well. In the late 1960s, it was estimated that there were between 3,000 and 5,000 proponents of British Israelism (Wilson, 1968). The British-Israelist movement and it's affiliates can be Philosemitic and/or Anti-Jewish, but they can also be [[Islamophobia|anti-Islam]], pro-[[Zionism]], pro-[[Islam]] and/or anti-Zionism, as is evidenced by Christian Identity movement.<ref>http://www.jesuswasnotajew.org/ancient-faces-of-the-pharaohs-of-egypt.html</ref>
Sections of that movement believe that many of the Abrahamic figures were Indo-European people, citing the Quran and Hadiths which claim [[Muhammad|Muhammad]] to be so. 

As of the 21st century, these figures are far smaller, while Covenant Publishing has been reduced to publishing only small pamphlets due to the declining support for the theory. Recently E. Raymond Capt (d. 2008) had published a string of British Israelism books, combining them with [[pyramid]] woo.

==Key beliefs==

* That the (Indo) Aryan Race alone fulfill the prophecies of Israel and Judah in the Bible and Quran. 
* The Phoenician discovery of the Americas. 
* Multiple House Theology — the belief that 'Israel' are the people beyond the Euphrates, 'Judah' and 'Jerusalem' are today's Jewish ethnic groups. 
* Another key tenet is the view that the Hebrews didn't return to Palestine after the Assyrian invasion and captivity in the 8th century BC, 
* That London was founded by Trojan immigrants, who migrated out of Palestine to Greece, where they migrated through the Mediterranean sea into Spain, Britain. 
* An apostolic origin of the British church (Early Christians also visited Britain).
* That English [[language]] [[Pseudolinguistics|is of]] [[Hebrew]] or [[Arabic]] derivation.{{fact}}

==Criticism==

Despite numerous prominent academics supporting British Israelism during its earlier years and heyday, the theory has been criticized on the grounds that none of these academics were anthropologists or archaeologists (Reisenauer, 2008). For example, Charles Piazzi Smyth was an astronomer, George Moore, M.D. author of ''The Lost Tribes and the Saxons of the East and the West'' (London, 1861) was a physician, Edward Faraday Odlum was a geologist. British Israelites claimed that the anthropologist C.O. Groom Napier delivered a British Israelite paper to the London Anthropological Society in 1875.<ref>"Leading the Nation to Glory by Our Identification With Lost Israel: A Weekly Journal", 1, No. 18 (9 June 1875), pp. 137–47.</ref> However, Napier's paper was in fact titled: "Where are the Lost Tribes of Israel?", and was a paper discussing all the different theories (not limited to British Israelism). The only paper supporting British Israelism to be presented to the London Anthropological Society was in 1876, by Edward Hine, which was met with laughter and ridicule.<ref>Simpson, 2002.</ref> Hine's paper was entirely based on Biblical prophecy, which was deemed non-scientific. The nature of the Anglo-Saxon Israel theory itself is rooted in unorthodox Biblical interpretation and prophecy; no such claims can be supported by genuine evidence.

Some British Israelites have attempted to support their theories with non-Biblical sources, such as mythology and ancient historical texts. These, however, are also met with ridicule. Most sources British Israelites use are in fact fraudulent; for example, they often quote the ''Chronicles of Eri'', a 19th century literary hoax (Macalister, 1941). The ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' summarizes in 1910 that: "The theory [of British-Israelism] rests on premises which are deemed by scholars - both theological and anthropological - to be utterly unsound".<ref>''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. 11th edn. 1910. Vol.II, page 31.</ref> In 1998, David MacDonald, from the Illinois State University History Department, wrote

{{quotebox|The concept that the ten tribes […] moved to Europe is a complete myth […] Nothing — not archaeology, cultural history, or linguistics--gives the slightest credibility.<ref>David MacDonald, quoted by Nick Greer, in [https://data.over-blog-kiwi.com/0/57/72/48/201307/ob_d5fecccfdc6a5fb49406058c49cc6193_the-british-israel-myth.pdf ''The British-Israel Myth - Christian Identity and the Lost Tribes of Israel''], 2004.</ref>}}

British Israelism has also faced theological criticism (Reisenauer, 2008). Most Christians regard it as a cult.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110930060924/http://www.culthelp.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=638&Itemid=8 Bible Based Cults: British Israelism]</ref>

==Offshoots==

Most British Israelists are merely eccentric and not particularly racist (or at least not racist in a manner that actively harms people). The exception is [[Christian Identity]], an explicitly [[white supremacy|white nationalistic]] variant of British Israelism popularized among the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and related groups during the late 20th century.  Christian Identity extends British Israelism beyond merely being about the British, to include all of the so-called "white race" - Germanic, Celtic, Slav, Italic, Caucasian/Aryan, etc.. It also adds [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] beliefs not shared by most British Israelites, claiming that modern Jews are not Israelites nor Judahites, and are actually descended from [[Antisemitism#Khazar myth|Khazar converts to Judaism]] or the Synagogue of Satan. The 1902 book ''Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright'' by J. H. Allen is a British Israelite tract that is cited by scholars as one of the reasons why US Caucasian supremacists discovered British Israelism and made it into a racist Christian Identity theology.

==Oddball trivia==

[[W. Cleon Skousen]]'s popular book ''The 5000 Year Leap'', much favored by [[Glenn Beck]], relies on the assertion that the United States Constitution was derived from the old Anglo-Saxon law which was identical to the [[Old Testament]] law of biblical Israel. His source? Howard B. Rand, a prolific British Israelist author (from [[Massachusetts]], United States, surprise surprise). Unsurprisingly, Beck himself has espoused a modified version of British Israelist theories on his show, tying them in with [[American exceptionalism]].<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/2013/08/glenn-beck-u-s-is-lost-tribe-of-israel/ "Glenn Beck: U.S. identified in Bible"] (warning: link goes to [[WND]])</ref>

Another example of a British Israelist pastor is Pastor Vaughn, a Pro-Trump pastor who believed the Israelites to have gone into the Caucasus into Eastern Europe and Germany, became the Anglo-Saxons and Germanic peoples, who migrated to Britain, High Germany, Russia, Scandinavia and Central Europe. <ref>https://www.peoplefor.org/rightwingwatch/people/shane-vaughn</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] ([[black supremacy]] parallel)
* [[Christian Identity]], the Americanized racist strand of British Israelism
* [[Garner Ted Armstrong]]
* [[Herbert W. Armstrong]]
* [[Kenneth McKilliam]]
* [[The Philadelphia Trumpet]]
* [[Ten Lost Tribes]]
* [[Pre-Columbian contact hypotheses]]
* [[Hebrew Roots]]
* [[Messianic Judaism]]

==Sources==

* Macalister, R. A. Stewart. (1941). Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 2, No. 7, Mar., pp. 335-337.
* Simpson, Richard. (2002). "The Political Influence of the British-Israel Movement in the Nineteenth Century", Victorian Studies.
* Reisenauer, Eric Michael. (Sep. 2008). "Anti-Jewish Philosemitism". British Scholar, Vol. 1, No. 1. pp. 79-104. 
* Wilson, J. (1968). "British Israelism: A Revitalization Movement in Contemporary Culture". Archives de sociologie des religions, 13e Année, No. 26, pp. 73-80.

==Further reading==

* Michell, John. (1983). ''Eccentric Lives and Peculiar Notions''. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1984; "Jews, Britons and the Lost Tribes of Israel," pp. 163-177.
* Parfitt, Tudor (2003). ''The Lost Tribes of Israel: The History of a Myth''. Phoenix.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bible woo]]
[[Category:Christian fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Cultural appropriation]]
[[Category:Pseudoarchaeology]]
[[Category:Judaism]]

Categories: Bible woo, Christian fundamentalism, Cultural appropriation, Pseudoarchaeology, Judaism