History of Black people in Britain

[[File:Black Trumpeter at Henry VIII's Tournament CROP.jpg|right|thumb|165px|Black people: adding funk and soul to British life for centuries. The man is most likely {{wpl|John Blanke||,}} as depicted in the 1511 60-foot Westminster Tournament Roll.]]
{{Race}}
A lot of [[Racism|racists]] get really upset by the idea that '''[[Britain]] has had a Black and ethnic minority population for hundreds of years.''' Recently a number of TV programmes and films set in the past have included Black or mixed-race characters or actors, which has for some reason upset a few people who cling to a myth of Britain as a [[white nationalism|white nation]]. These racists deny that there were Black people in the past and claim to find such representations unrealistic or unbelievable, calling them an attempt "to re-write history to achieve <nowiki>[the left's]</nowiki> unhinged political agenda" according to far-right website [[Infowars]].<ref>[https://www.infowars.com/bbc-depicts-black-people-as-typical-family-in-roman-britain/ BBC depicts Black people as “typical” family in Roman Britain: They are trying to re-write history], Paul Joseph Watson, InfoWars, 27 July 2017</ref>

Historical evidence shows that Britain has had a small Black population for much of its history: in the Roman era, soldiers from all over the [[Roman Empire]] (including [[Africa]]) were posted there. Since the late [[Middle Ages|Medieval era]], when Britain was trading with, exploring, and [[British Empire|exploiting]] much of the world, people of all races came or were brought there: as [[slaves]], sailors, traders, diplomats, travellers, [[Anthropology|anthropological]] "specimens", or for other reasons. Some stayed there, married locals, and started families, while others died tragically, returned home, or traveled elsewhere in the empire. 
==Blacks, Amazigh, Moors, Ethiopians?==
The matter is complicated by changing notions of race and Blackness ([[race]] is a social construct not a biological fact). Classical and [[Renaissance]] sources often refer to Africans indiscriminately as "Moors" whether of Mediterranean or sub-Saharan origin. Documents from the Elizabethan era may refer to people as ''negra'', ''niger'', or similar forms, which we suppose means the same as "Black".<ref name=telegraphmalcolm/> In some cases, there are records of origin and ethnic group that are sufficient to identify ethnicity with reasonable accuracy, or personal accounts in which people provide a self-description. In other cases we may have descriptions of someone's appearance, which may or may not be accurate (a "swarthy" appearance can be elevated to "Beethoven was Black" [[memes]]<ref>"Black Beethoven and the Racial Politics of Music History", Nicholas T. Rinehart, ''Transition'', No. 112, Django Unpacked (2013), pp. 117-130, DOI: 10.2979/transition.112.117</ref>).

The debate doesn't include the southern European or [[Jews|Jewish people]], because nobody would deny their presence (except when Edward I threw the Jewish people out). But it's clear that people from much further afield lived in what is now the UK for centuries.

==History==
Many historical studies have been conducted on Black Britons, and much evidence presented.<ref>{{wpa|Black British}}</ref><ref name=bbcsandhu>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/black_britons_01.shtml The First Black Britons], Sukhdev Sandhu, [[BBC]], 17 Feb 2011</ref><ref name=telegraphmalcolm>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/hundreds-africans-tudor-england-none-slaves-black-tudors-miranda/ There were hundreds of Africans in Tudor England – and none of them slaves: Black Tudors, Miranda Kaufmann, review], Noel Malcolm, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 21 Oct 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/nov/10/black-and-british-a-forgotten-history-review-this-is-what-it-means-to-share-a-heritage Black and British: A Forgotten History review – this is what it means to share a heritage], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 Nov 2016</ref>

===Roman Empire===
The Roman army recruited from throughout its [[Roman Empire|empire]] and often posted soldiers far from their homeland.<ref name=derbyshire/><ref name=guardianboseley/> Historical figures include {{wpl|Quintus Lollius Urbicus}}, a north African Amazigh who was governor of Roman Britain from 139 to 142 CE, and an unnamed [[Ethiopia]]n recorded as meeting the [[Roman emperor|emperor]] Septimius Severus at Hadrian's Wall (Septimius visited Britain in 208-211 CE).<ref name=guardianboseley>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/06/mary-beard-twitter-abuse-roman-britain-ethnic-diversity Mary Beard abused on Twitter over Roman Britain's ethnic diversity], Sarah Boseley, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 6 Aug 2017</ref><ref name=telegraphbeard>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/06/mary-beard-misogynistic-race-row-bbc-cartoon-us-academic-claimed/ Mary Beard in 'misogynistic' race row over black Romans in BBC cartoon], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 6 August 2017</ref> Other records include a tombstone in South Shields of a 20-year-old freed slave "Moor by race", and a unit of 500 "Moors" posted at the fort of Aballava near Burgh by Sands in Cumbria in the 3<sup>rd</sup> century CE.<ref name=derbyshire>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1464209/Borders-folk-may-be-descended-from-Africans.html Borders folk may be descended from Africans], David Derbyshire, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 11 June 2004</ref> As noted above, "Moor" is a vague term but they certainly weren't Anglo-Saxon.

===Slaves===
[[File:Ignatius Sancho, 1768.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Ignatius Sancho, former slave turned composer and writer,<ref>{{wpa|Ignatius Sancho|}}</ref> 1786.]]
In the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries, Black enslaved people were brought from colonies such as [[North America]] to Britain.<ref name=bbcsandhu/> Slavery was formally abolished in [[England]] and [[Wales]] in 1772, with upwards of 10,000 slaves (mainly of African origin) freed as a result.<ref>{{wpa|Slavery in Britain}}</ref>

Various freed slaves also made their way from the colonies. Ignatius Sancho (c. 1729-1780) was in his youth a Black enslaved man in Greenwich, England, but later a shopkeeper, composer, and man of letters who lived with his family in London and corresponded with leading literary figures of the age.<ref>{{wpa|Ignatius Sancho}}</ref> Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745-1797), taken by slavers from Imo state, Nigeria, bought his freedom and moved to England around 1768, later living in Cambridgeshire and Middlesex, married to a British woman.<ref>{{wpa|Olaudah Equiano}}</ref>

===Diplomats===
[[File:MoorishAmbassador to Elizabeth I.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud, Moroccan ambassador to Elizabeth I.]]
[[File:Seacole photo.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Mary Seacole.]]
A group of 17 north Africans visited Britain with ambassador Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun in 1600.<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/portrait-of-the-moorish-ambassador-to-queen-elizabeth-i Portrait of the Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I], British Library, accessed 10 May 2019</ref> Realms including the Barbary Coast, [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Ethiopia]] sent ambassadors to Europe in the Renaissance and early modern era, sometimes linked to the [[Prester John]] myth (Pepin the Short entertained an {{wpl|Abbasid–Carolingian alliance|Abbasid envoy}} as early as 768 CE). Elizabethan Britain had diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{wpa|William Harborne}}</ref> Joseph Jenkins Roberts, President of [[Liberia]], made an official visit to the UK in 1848.<ref>{{wpa|Joseph Jenkins Roberts}}</ref>

===Anthropological specimens===
A number of people were brought to western [[Europe]] from distant lands as "living exhibits" or "living specimens" to be studied or shown to the public like animals in a zoo. These included Omai, brought from Tahiti to George III's court, and Saartjie Baartman, the "Hottentot Venus", displayed in London in 1810.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16295827 Human zoos: When real people were exhibits], Hugh Schofield, [[BBC]] News Magazine, 27 Dec 2011</ref>

===Travellers===
As trade routes opened up, it became increasingly possible for travellers not only to go from Britain around the world, but to make the opposite journey, and visit the British Isles from distant lands. {{wpl|Michael Shen Fu-Tsung||,}} a Chinese convert to [[Christianity]], visited Britain in 1685 as part of a [[Jesuit]] mission and met King James II; he is reportedly the first person from [[China]] to have visited what's now the UK.<ref>{{wpa|Michael Shen Fu-Tsung}}</ref> The Ojibwan [[missionary]] {{wpl|Peter Jones (missionary)|Peter Jones}} (aka Kahkewāquonāby) visited Britain in the 1840s raising money to spread the Christian message in [[North America]].<ref>[https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/38240/rev-peter-jones-or-kahkew%C4%81quon%C4%81by-1802-1856-indian-chief-and-missionary-canada-b David Octavius Hill & Robert Adamson: Rev. Peter Jones or Kahkewāquonāby, 1802 - 1856. Indian chief and missionary in Canada], National Galleries of Scotland website, accessed 10 May 2019</ref>

The pioneering nurse {{wpl|Mary Seacole}}, the child of a free, Black [[Jamaica]]n woman and a white Scottish soldier, spent several years in London in the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century. Hans Zakaeus aka John Sakeouse was an Inuk who stowed away on a whaling ship and arrived in Leith, [[Scotland]] in 1816; he became a celebrity with his displays of canoeing prowess before accompanying John Ross on an unsuccessful voyage of exploration to the [[Arctic]] (Ross thought he saw mountains blocking his path through Lancaster Sound and turned back, thereby failing to discover the Northwest Passage) and later dying in Edinburgh.<ref>[https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle-2-15039/inuit-stowaway-who-found-naval-glory-with-scots-aristocrat-1-4720462 Inuit stowaway who found naval glory with Scots aristocrat], ''The Scotsman'', 7 April 2018</ref>

===Miscellaneous people===
Historian Miranda Kaufmann found evidence of Black people in the 16<sup>th</sup> century (before the slave trade became a major industry) living in many parts of Britain doing many different jobs: ship salvage diver, weaver, farmer, and [[prostitute]].<ref name=telegraphmalcolm/> Elizabeth I had a Black maidservant, although in 1596 she complained "there are of late divers blackmoores brought into this realm, of which kind of people there are allready here to manie".<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/articles/multiculturalism-in-shakespeares-plays Multiculturalism in Shakespeare's plays], British Library website, 15 Mar 2016</ref>

==Media depictions==
Various TV shows and films portraying Black characters have attracted opprobrium. Often this is based on a wider [[White genocide|anti-white]] [[conspiracy theory]]: "the [[BBC]] is full of self hating anti-White [[cultural Marxists]] which is why I will never, ever give them a cent."<ref>[https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=4036997 BBC Cast a Black Woman as a Historical English Queen.], Comment by "Chutzpah", The Student Room, 2016</ref> Far-right website Biased BBC is typical, with commentators suggesting "The BBC is revising history to suit its own anti-White narrative".<ref name=biasedbbc2017/> On the other hand, some critics suggest organisations like the BBC only do it out of [[tokenism]] to cover up their racism and the [[whiteness]] of their management.<ref name=biasedbbc2017>[https://biasedbbc.org/blog/2017/03/17/black-and-white-continued/ Black and white continued (and comments)], Biased BBC, 17 March 2017</ref> So it's because they hate whites and because they hate Black people?

Some criticisms of individual characters may be justified, as there is a tendency for ethnic minority characters to fall into clichés such as the 
"{{wpl|Magical Negro|magical or numinous Black person}}", [[Black brute|animalistic Black man/savage]], or hypersexualised mixed-race woman. <ref>{{wpa|Stereotypes of African Americans}}</ref><ref>[http://gal-dem.com/hyper-sexualisation-black-female-body/ Hyper-sexualisation: the realities of my black, female body], Vanessa Ntinu, gal-dem, 14<sup>th</sup> January 2017</ref>  But usually it's easy to differentiate those concerned about [[stereotyping]] from those [[Dogwhistling|"concerned" about Black people appearing "so frequently" in the media]].

Some examples follow.

===''Merlin''===
[[File:Angel Coulby at Comic Con France 2010 - P1440209.jpg|right|thumb|200px|She's Angel Coulby. She played Guinevere on TV. You got a problem with that?]]
''Merlin'', a BBC TV drama about [[King Arthur]] included the mixed-race actor Angel Coulby playing Guinevere (depicted as a servant girl) and other Black characters. Amongst other criticisms, some people claimed this was historically inaccurate. From its 12<sup>th</sup> century origins Arthurian legend was always full of anachronisms. And sometimes [[dragon]]s.<ref>{{wpa|Merlin (2008 TV series)}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2011/sep/29/merlin-works-magic-series-four Why I'm mad for Merlin], Ben Child, 
''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 Sep 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.medievalists.net/2013/05/black-in-camelot-africans-in-arthurian-legend/ Black in Camelot: Race & Ethnicity in Arthurian Legend], Kris Swank, Medievalsits.net, May 2013</ref><ref>[https://fanlore.org/wiki/Gwen_(Merlin) Gwen], fanlore.org, accessed 10 May 2019</ref>

===''Doctor Who''===
''Doctor Who'' is a bête noire of the gammon-faced right for its [[liberal]], inclusive politics, and has shown both Black people in British historical settings, and Black travellers from the present day passing unremarked upon in past eras.<ref name=drwhorace>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/nov/13/doctor-who-is-the-series-finally-getting-it-right-on-race Is Doctor Who finally getting it right on race?], Martin Belam, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 Nov 2018</ref> At the same time, the show was criticised for racism until quite recently.<ref name=drwhorace/><ref>[https://deadline.com/2013/05/bbc-defends-doctor-who-510279/ Global Showbiz Briefs: BBC Says ‘Doctor Who’ Isn’t Racist; Edinburgh Lineup Set], ''Deadline'', May 2013</ref>

{{wpl|Mark Gatiss||,}} a respected actor and writer and creator of the BBC show ''Sherlock'', expressed unease at the presence of a Black man in the Victorian-era British army in one episode, "Empress of Mars", but reportedly he changed his mind when he heard that there was at least one real-life Black soldier in the British army, Jimmy Durham from [[Sudan]] who was "adopted" by a regiment as a boy and enlisted in the 1890s.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/06/11/exclusive-doctor-writer-protested-against-problematic-casting/ Exclusive: Doctor Who writer protested against 'problematic' casting of Black actor as Victorian soldier], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 11 June 2017</ref>

===BBC Schools===
A 2017 educational program for BBC Schools depicted a high-ranking Black [[Roman Empire|Roman]] soldier. The distinguished classicist {{wpl|Mary Beard}} defended the show, receiving a torrent of [[misogynistic]] abuse, as well as opposition from author [[Nassim Nicholas Taleb]], who blamed [[political correctness]] and said, "Scholarship is dead in the UK." She innocently called his most famous book ''Black Swan'' a "pop risk book", and he replied, "I get more academic citations per year than you got all your life!" He also claimed "UK pol. cor. Gestapo managed to destroy EVERY researcher they went after, including Tim Hunt (Nobel) They can't do NOTHING to me". Beard replied "Afraid Prof Taleb has returned to attack.I have to say I dont think UK academic life IS broken.Sorry if his feelings are hurt; maybe move on". Beard gave examples including {{wpl|Quintus Lollius Urbicus}} and others mentioned above, while explaining that the precise ethnicity of people from classical history isn't easily available to us.<ref name=guardianboseley/><ref name=telegraphbeard/>

===''The Hollow Crown''===
[[File:SophieOkonedo08TIFF.jpg|right|thumb|125px|She's Sophie Okonedo. She played a medieval English queen on TV. Is there a good reason why she shouldn't have?]]
Sophie Okonedo (who has Nigerian and [[Jewish]] ancestors) was cast as Margaret of Anjou, wife of the title character in a TV adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''Henry VI'', although she didn't actually play a Black character.<ref>{{wpa|The Hollow Crown (TV series)}}</ref> This was attacked by [[UKIP]] councillor Chris Wood, who posted as evidence a picture of a snow-white Margaret from a manuscript which described her ability to transform to a swan and back. He didn't seem to mind the swan thing.<ref>[https://www.indy100.com/article/ukip-councillor-attempts-to-blast-bbc-for-historical-inaccuracy-gets-destroyed-by-actual-historian--ZyZAasU2fb Ukip councillor attempts to blast BBC for 'historical inaccuracy', gets destroyed by actual historian], ''The Independent'', 16 May 2016</ref>

===''Little Dorrit''===
Tattycoram in the BBC's 2008 adaptation of Dickens' ''Little Dorrit'' was portrayed by Freema Agyeman.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/garethmcleanblog/2008/may/07/anotherautumnanotherallstar Why the Dickens shouldn't costume dramas be ethnically diverse?], Gareth McLean, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 7 May 2008</ref><ref>[http://broadcastellan.blogspot.com/2008/10/hattie-tatty-coram-girl-casting-note-on.html Hattie Tatty Coram Girl: A Casting Note on the BBC’s Little Dorrit], Broad Castellan, Oct 2008</ref>

===Robin Hood===
Various dramatisations of of the myth of [[Robin Hood]] have included non-white characters, from the [[United States|American]] 1991 Kevin Costner film to the 2006 BBC series starring Jonas Armstrong, and even parodies like the BBC's children's program ''Maid Marian and Her Merry Men''.

==Colourblind casting==
The debate has linked with issues on colourblind casting, although technically the two are separate: the race or ethnicity of a character is separate from that of the actor. A Black actor can play a white character without playing them as Black (e.g. a Black actor playing ''Henry V'' wouldn't rewrite the play to explain the racial disparity, but might trust audiences to ignore their race), while particularly in animation a Black character may be played/voiced by a white actor. It is argued that casting Black people makes a show set in the past not "believable"; but what people consider believable is conditioned by media representations (which are how most people get their sense of what the past is like); and many things in historical dramas are unbelievable.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/01/period-dramas-should-not-criticised-lack-black-actors-julian/ Period dramas should not be criticised for a lack of Black actors, Julian Fellowes suggests], Anita Singh, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 1 Feb 2017</ref>

==Classic literature with Black characters==
[[File:Othello costume.jpg|thumb|right|150px|1906 illustration of an Othello actor.]]
Despite the view that [[literature]] of the past was all-white, various classics of British literature include Black or mixed-race characters, albeit that this introduces additional problems of racist depictions in works that are hundreds of years old. This includes William Makepeace Thackeray's ''Vanity Fair'' (1848), with its highly stereotypical characters Sambo (sometimes bowdlerised to Sam) and Miss Schwartz, respectively a Black slave and a part-Black, part-Jewish heiress.<ref>[https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-09-28/vanity-fair-itv-racism-sam-servant-miss-swartz/ Concealing Vanity Fair racism would have been “cowardly” says screenwriter], ''Radio Times'', 28 Sep 2018</ref> Bertha Mason, the first Mrs Rochester in ''Jane Eyre'' and archetypal "madwoman in the attic", was of mixed race from Jamaica.<ref>{{wpa|Bertha Mason}}</ref> Jane Austen's unfinished novel ''Sanditon'' included a number of West Indians visiting Britain, including a young "half mulatto" woman, Miss Lambe.<ref>[http://maryrobinettekowal.com/journal/look-jane-austen-included-characters-color-stop-citing-historical-accuracy-white-cast/ Look– Jane Austen included characters of color. Stop citing “historical accuracy” with an all white cast.], Mary Robinette Kowal</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/13/reading-jane-austens-final-unfinished-novel Reading Jane Austen's Final Unfinished Novel], Anthony Lane, ''The New Yorker'', 13 March 2017</ref>

[[Shakespeare]] set many of his plays in exotic and inaccurate locations around the known world, where Black people may have been common: this includes ''Othello'', set around the Mediterranean with a Moorish title character; Caliban in ''The Tempest'' (ostensibly set in the Mediterranean but drawing extensively on discourse about the Caribbean and other imperial discoveries); and Aaron the Moor in ''Titus Andronicus''. British and [[Ireland|Irish]] literature has long had an interest in exotic tales of faraway lands, including Gothic fiction (William Beckwith's ''Vathek'', 1786, drew on the ''Arabian Nights'' for its vaguely [[Middle East]]ern setting), while foreign settings are common in satire, as in ''Gulliver's Travels'' or Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta ''The Mikado'' (set in a stylized version of [[Japan]]). Narratives about the evils of the slave trade were also common from the late 18<sup>th</sup> century.<ref>[https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/african-writers-and-black-thought-in-18th-century-britain African writers and Black thought in 18<sup>th</sup>-century Britain], British Library</ref> And adventure stories set in far-off lands were popular from ''Robinson Crusoe'' (1719) or before. The exotic settings have perhaps more often served as a device to freely [[Satire|satirize]] British society, as is the case with {{wpl|The Mikado|''The Mikado''|,}}
than to actually portray the exotic.

[[File:Queen-charlotte-1744-1818.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Queen Charlotte. Hell, if you go back far enough, everybody's ancestors were Black.]]

==Questionable tales==
There are also stories about Black people in British history that are less probable, sometimes intended to discredit people by claiming non-white ancestry.

===Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz===
{{wpl|Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz}} (1744-1818), wife of king George III (of the madness and [[American Revolution|losing the USA]]) and grandmother of Queen Victoria, was descended from Margarita de Castro e Souza, a 15th century [[Portugal|Portuguese]] noble, who herself claimed descent from Alfonso III of Portugal and his mistress {{wpl|Madragana}}; some sources claim Madragana was a Moor. Coupled with reports that Charlotte had darker than average skin, looked like a "mulatto" according to contemporary sources, is depicted with vaguely African features in Allan Ramsay's 1761 portrait, and opposed the slave trade, this has led to speculation that Charlotte was Black or of mixed race.<ref>{{wpa|Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz}}</ref> It wouldn't be surprising for someone with pre-Reconquista Portuguese ancestry to have some north African blood, or simply to have a Mediterranean skin and hair colouring, but even if the account is true, her fraction of Moorish ancestry was tiny.

==References==
{{Reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:History]]
[[Category:United Kingdom]]
[[Category:European history]]

Categories: History, United Kingdom, European history