Switzerland

[[File:Switzerland - Location Map (2013) - CHE - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|right|195px|Map of Switzerland.]]
{{countrybox|Switzerland
|flag = Flag_of_Switzerland.svg
|pop =8,542,323	
|GDP =703,750
|GDPPC =82,950
|life =83.4
|dev =0.944
|dem =9.03
|cor =8.5
|edu =0.891
|rel =41.5
}}
'''Switzerland''', officially the '''Swiss Confederation''',<ref group="note">The [[Latin]] translation of this, ''Confoederatio Helvetica'', is where the .ch in Swiss URLs comes from</ref> is a nation in central [[Europe]]. It is so remote from European [[war]]s (due to their location deep in the Alps) that they can pretend to have "[[neutral]]ity". It also has "cantons," banks, clocks, chocolate, neutrality, uses four languages but only one of its own (Romansch), and if you say it seven times in a row, has no meaning (did we mention they are neutral yet?). Another language is Swiss German, which is impossible for [[German]]s to understand despite having "German" in the name. Four hundred years of peace, [[democracy]], and brotherly love, and what did they invent? 
The cuckoo clock.
<ref group=note>The cuckoo clock actually originates from the Black Forest in Germany. Thank Orson Welles for that myth.</ref> Drug companies produce new [[medicine]]s to treat [[disease]]s. And the [[tax haven|numbered bank account]], beloved of tyrants, [[dictator]]s, and [[criminal]]s worldwide. The flag is a big plus, though.

Despite its famous neutrality in modern times, Switzerland was once the [[mercenary]] capital of Europe, providing some of the toughest armies and most innovative military tactics of the late [[Middle Ages]] and Early Modern eras. It wasn't until the [[Spanish]] started using guns against their traditional pikes that Swiss dominance ended at the {{wpl|Battle of Bicocca}} in 1522. At the end of the [[Napoleon]]ic era, Switzerland was recognized as a unified and independent country, became strictly neutral, and forbade its subjects from mercenary activity, with one exception: protecting [[Pope|this guy]].

==Cantons==
<div style="position: relative; float:right">[[File:Reliefkarte_Schweiz3.png|800px|right|thumb|link=|
{|
|AI = Canton of Appenzell-Innerrhoden<br>AR = Canton of Appenzell-Ausserrhoden
|| 
<nowiki>|</nowiki><br><nowiki>|</nowiki>
||
|BL = Canton of Basel-Country<br>BS = Canton of Basel-City
|| 
<nowiki>|</nowiki><br><nowiki>|</nowiki>
||
|OW = Canton of Obwalden<br>NW = Canton of Nidwalden
|}
]]
<div style="position: absolute; left:476px; top:105px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Zürich.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Zürich</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:400px; top:105px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Aargau.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Aargau</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:535px; top:65px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Thurgau.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Thurgau</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:465px; top:42px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Schaffhausen.svg|20px|link=]]</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:395px; top:27px;"><small><center>Schaffhausen</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:301px; top:135px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Solothurn.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Solothurn</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:345px; top:102px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel_Land.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>BL</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:321px; top:62px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg|20px|link=]] <small>BS</small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:241px; top:117px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Jura</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:166px; top:200px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuchâtel.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Neuchâtel</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:136px; top:300px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Vaud.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Vaud</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:56px; top:400px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Geneva.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Geneva</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:216px; top:270px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Fribourg.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Fribourg</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:321px; top:240px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>'''Bern'''</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:301px; top:380px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Valais.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Valais</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:384px; top:185px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Lucerne.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Lucerne</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:414px; top:240px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Obwalden.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>OW</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:444px; top:220px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Nidwalden.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>NW</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:466px; top:165px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Zug.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Zug</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:493px; top:195px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Schwyz.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Schwyz</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:476px; top:250px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Uri</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:523px; top:385px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Tessin.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Ticino</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:630px; top:280px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Graubünden.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Graubünden</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:545px; top:210px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Glarus.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>Glarus</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:545px; top:145px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Sankt_Gallen.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>St. Gallen</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:582px; top:115px;"><small><center>AR</center></small> [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden.svg|20px|center|link=]]</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:604px; top:140px;">[[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden.svg|20px|center|link=]] <small><center>AI</center></small></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:595px; top:27px;"><center>[[Germany]]</center></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:101px; top:135px;"><center>[[France]]</center></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:444px; top:450px;"><center>[[Italy]]</center></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:695px; top:175px;"><center>[[Austria]]</center></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left:635px; top:185px;"><center>LI</center></div>
</div>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="100"|Cantons of Switzerland
|-
! Canton !! Official language !! Official religion || Other names !! Capital !! Previous canton (for half-cantons)
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Aargau.svg|30px|link=]] Aargau || German || [[Christianity]] || || Aarau ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden.svg|30px|link=]] Appenzell-Ausserrhoden || German || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Protestant]]) || || Herisau || rowspan="2"|Appenzell (1597)
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden.svg|30px|link=]] Appenzell-Innerrhoden || German || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Catholic]]) || || Appenzell
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg|30px|link=]] Basel-City || German || [[Christianity]] || German: ''Basel-Stadt'' || Basel || rowspan="2"|Basel (1833)
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel_Land.svg|30px|link=]] Basel-Country || German || [[Christianity]] || German: ''Basel-Landschaft'' || Liestal
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg|30px|link=]] Bern || German, French|| [[Christianity]] (majority [[Protestant]]) || French: ''Berne'' || Bern ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Fribourg.svg|30px|link=]] Fribourg || French, German || [[Christianity]] || German: ''Freiburg'' || Fribourg ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Geneva.svg|30px|link=]] Geneva || French || None ([[secular]]) || French: ''Genève''|| Geneva ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Glarus.svg|30px|link=]] Glarus || German || [[Christianity]] || || Glarus ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Graubünden.svg|30px|link=]] Graubünden || German, Italian, Romansh|| [[Christianity]] || German: ''Graubünden'', Italian: ''Grigioni'', Romansh: ''Grischun'' || Chur ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg|30px|link=]] Jura || French || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Catholic]]) || || Délemont ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Lucerne.svg|30px|link=]] Lucerne || German || [[Christianity]] || German: ''Luzern'' || Lucerne ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuchâtel.svg|30px|link=]] Neuchâtel || French || [[Christianity]] || || Neuchâtel ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Nidwalden.svg|30px|link=]] Nidwalden || German || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Catholic]]) || || Stans || rowspan="2"|Unterwalden (1291)
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Obwalden.svg|30px|link=]] Obwalden || German || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Catholic]]) || || Sarnen
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Schaffhausen.svg|30px|link=]] Schaffhausen || German || [[Christianity]] || || Schaffhausen ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Schwyz.svg|30px|link=]] Schwyz || German || [[Christianity]] || || Schwyz ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Solothurn.svg|30px|link=]] Solothurn || German || [[Christianity]] || || Solothurn ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Sankt_Gallen.svg|30px|link=]] St. Gallen || German || [[Christianity]] || || St. Gallen ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Thurgau.svg|30px|link=]] Thurgau || German || [[Christianity]] || || Frauenfeld ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Tessin.svg|30px|link=]] Ticino || Italian || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Catholic]]) || || Bellinzona ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg|30px|link=]] Uri || German || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Catholic]]) || || Altdorf ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Valais.svg|30px|link=]] Valais || French, German || [[Christianity]] (majority [[Catholic]]) || German: ''Wallis''|| Sion ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Vaud.svg|30px|link=]] Vaud || French || None ([[secular]]) || || Lausanne ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Zug.svg|30px|link=]] Zug || German || [[Christianity]] || || Zug ||
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Zürich.svg|30px|link=]] Zürich || German || [[Christianity]] || || Zürich ||
|}

==Government==
Switzerland is known for its decentralization and direct democracy, and its political system is designed to ensure the freedom of the cantons and prevent [[totalitarian]] or [[autocratic]] rule from the center. It also looks like it should result in near-total stasis, but the Swiss seem to do OK, have regular budgets, and pass laws sometimes.

Switzerland has a [[Federalism|federal]] [[government]], the Federal Assembly, with two chambers, the lower being the National Council and the higher the Council of States, although despite the upper/lower designation, they are very similar in power and act to balance each other. How they are elected differs: the National Council via [[proportional representation]] and the Council of States however the cantons want. Members only sit part-time and work at other jobs (this "citizen legislature" is similar to lower-level regional or county administrations in other countries but unusual for a national assembly). The executive is collective, a group of seven councilors called the Federal Council, elected by the federal parliament and with the presidency of the confederation rotating among them. The federal government has a defined set of responsibilities, including defense, international relations, [[immigration]], energy, national transport, telecommunications and post, currency, and civil and criminal law.<ref name=thelocal>[https://www.thelocal.ch/20170403/ten-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-swiss-political-system Ten things you need to know about the Swiss political system], The Local, 3 Apr 2017</ref>

Below the federal government is the system of 26 cantons. They control most areas of domestic policy: [[healthcare]], [[Welfare state|welfare]], [[education]], [[police|policing]], local government, culture, choice of official language, and taxation. Most cantons are divided into communes (municipalities) with varying powers, but generally, communes have some control over taxation and often local laws, planning, schools, and policing.

Anybody can propose a change to the federal constitution via a popular initiative, assuming they can get 100,000 signatures. In practice, if a popular initiative comes to the point where it might get put to the vote, the federal government normally produces its own variation, and both proposals are voted on. Most federal laws and changes to the constitution must be approved by a majority of the population in a referendum and by all the cantons in a vote. A similar procedure exists in cantonal and municipal (communal) governments, with citizens in some cantons able to amend laws or propose new ones.<ref>[https://www.ch.ch/en/demokratie/political-rights/popular-initiative/ Popular initiative], Swiss confederation website</ref><ref>[https://www.ch.ch/en/demokratie/political-rights/popular-initiative/what-is-a-cantonal-initiative-and-what-is-a-communal-initiat/ What is a cantonal initiative and what is a communal initiative?], Swiss confederation website</ref> Perhaps unsurprisingly, the vast majority of popular initiatives fail to become law.<ref name=thelocal/>

===Political parties===
Switzerland has a lot of political parties such that no party will get a majority in the federal government. The four main parties that are the governing Federal Council include:
*[[Swiss People's Party]] (SVP/UDC) is a nationalist party that is a misnomer and the largest party by federal representation in recent years. Their propaganda that often infests the streets is downright vile, incorporating explicitly racist, xenophobic, Islamophobic, and anti-Semitic imagery that resembles Nazi propaganda that has led to worldwide condemnation. Strong throughout German-Speaking Switzerland, especially Zurich.<ref>Quirto, A. (February 16, 2016) "[https://qz.com/617050/switzerlands-largest-political-party-insists-on-depicting-foreigners-as-black-sheep/ Switzerland’s largest political party insists on depicting foreigners as black sheep]". ''Quartz''. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</ref><ref>Leudi, J. (March 20, 2016). "[https://globalriskinsights.com/2016/03/19402/ Switzerland’s Trump and the rise of the right]". ''Global Risk Insights''. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</ref>
*{{wpl|Social Democratic Party of Switzerland}} (PS/SP) is the biggest leftist party and one of the few Swiss parties to support [[European Union]] membership. Strong in urban areas.
*{{wpl|FDP.The Liberals}}, which is center-right, pro-business, pro-globalization, and generally socially liberal (supporting some form of [[marijuana]] legalization or decriminalization), formed in 2009 from the Free Democratic Party and the smaller Liberal Party. Strong in Romandy and Ticino
*{{wpl|The Centre (Switzerland)}} is a center to center-right party in the European [[Christian democracy|Christian democrat]] mold, traditionally [[Roman Catholic]] and more socially conservative than the FDP; in recent years, it has been eclipsed by the rise of the People's Party. Strong in Valais and Central Switzerland

Plus, notable parties in the Federal Assembly:
*{{wpl|The Green Party of Switzerland}} (GRÜNE, VERT-E-S, VERTI, VERTA) is a quintessential European center-left [[Green Party|green party]], strong on the left-hand side of the Röstigraben, Romandy, Basel, and Berne. 
*{{wpl|The Green Liberal Party}} (glp) is a centrist breakaway of the Green Party, a believer in bright green environmentalism. Strong around Zurich.

==Occasional weirdness==
===Animal rights===
The country is especially noteworthy for legislation on behalf of [[animal rights]], some good, others in full [[Poe]]. In 2008, Switzerland granted new rights to all "social animals" - prospective [[dog]] owners must take a four-hour course on pet care before buying one. Rhinoceroses cannot be kept in an enclosure smaller than 600 square yards; violation of this rule imposes a fine of 200 Swiss francs (220 [[USD]]). The government makes it compulsory for anglers to catch [[fish]] humanely: in Switzerland, fishes can't be kept in aquariums that are transparent on all sides, believing this harms the "dignity of fishes." In particular, goldfishes cannot be killed in a "disrespectful" manner. Before the killing, fish must be anesthetized first. Switzerland is the first country in the world to officially recognize the concept of [[plant rights]].<ref name=wsj>Gautam Naik, [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122359549477921201.html Switzerland's Green Power Revolution: Ethicists Ponder Plants' Rights], ''The Wall Street Journal'', October 10, 2008.</ref>

In 1893, Switzerland banned "Shechita," the ritual slaughter of animals according to [[Kosher|Jewish dietary laws]]. [[Antisemitism|Anti-Semitic]] motives might have played more of a role than the concern for the animals' well-being.

===Wingnuttery===
The Swiss are often used as a case study by [[gun nut]]s in the United States for laxer firearm laws, pointing to Switzerland's extremely high gun ownership rate and comparative lack of violent crime. However, Switzerland's seemingly lax gun laws have certain rules they would go batshit over. In Switzerland, possession of guns by civilians is for the defense of the country, not the defense of individuals or their families. Most Swiss guns are military weapons issued to young men after their [[Conscription|compulsory military service]], and they are required to train with them as part of their continued service in the national militia system, ready to be called on by the government in the event of invasion or other disasters. Each of Switzerland's 26 cantons has its own gun registry, and as of 2007, all ammunition must be kept in a public armory. Furthermore, while violent street crime is rare, there are more domestic homicides and suicides with a firearm in Switzerland than virtually anywhere else in Europe except [[Finland]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21379912 BBC article on Swiss gun regulations]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21601323 BBC News Report: Three dead in Swiss factory shooting]</ref>

In 2009, Switzerland voted for a {{wpl|2009 Swiss minaret referendum|referendum}} that [[Islamophobia|banned the building of minarets]]. The Swiss People's Party, largely responsible for this shitty referendum, also promoted a poster with a woman in an abaya and niqab posed next to minarets on top of the country, which the intention allusions of minarets to missiles. Supporters of the ban say that the Islam ideology is incompatible with Swiss democracy even though it took the Swiss until 1971 to give women the right to vote.

===Lagging women's suffrage===
When Americans feel bad for introducing women's suffrage fairly late in 1920, or when the French, Japanese, and Italians feel bad for introducing so in 1945, they can always reassure themselves that at least it didn't take them until 1971 (and not even for all {{wpl|Canton (country subdivision)|cantons}}) like in Switzerland.<ref>The Federal Assembly — The Swiss Parliament . "[https://www.parlament.ch/en/%C3%BCber-das-parlament/political-women/conquest-of-equal-rights/women-suffrage Women’s suffrage in Switzerland: 100 years of struggle ]"</ref> Due to their adherence to 
a troubled relationship between
 direct democracy and conservatism, it took the Swiss until 1991(!!!)<ref>Krulwich, R. (August 26, 2016). "[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/08/country-that-didnt-let-women-vote-till-1971/ Non! Nein! No! A Country That Wouldn’t Let Women Vote Till 1971]". ''National Geographic''. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</ref> to introduce women's suffrage to all cantons (the last one, the {{wpl|Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden}}, was forced via a lawsuit from two women), a fact that the current crop of conservative anti-Muslim candidates prefer not to speak about when they bang on about Western liberal values (Iran formalized women's suffrage before them; Iraq if you count all cantons).

===Insane defense schemes===
Decades after the end of the [[Cold War]], Switzerland still builds and maintains enough fallout shelters for every citizen, and most pieces of infrastructure in the country are rigged to explode in case of being commandeered by [[Germany|the enemy]].<ref>[https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/06/switzerland_nat.html The Nazis are going to invade us, just like they didn't do in WWII!]</ref> Federal authorities maintain a strategic supply of 
addictive hard drugs<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency
 | title = The Global Connection: Heroin Entrepreneurs : Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, Second Session, Pursuant to S. Res. 375, | ....
 | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office
 | publication-date = 1976
 | page = 2637
 | access-date = 26 November 2019
 | quote = Even as recently as the 1900's there were many people in the medical profession who classed "coffee addiction" with morphine and alcohol addiction.
}}
</ref>
 essential goods such as [[coffee]].<ref>
{{cite news
| title                 = Swiss authorities rethink abolishing emergency coffee stockpile
| url                   = https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/robusta-rations-_swiss-authorities-rethink-abolishing-emergency-coffee-stockpile/45361244
| publisher             = SWI swissinfo.ch sw
| publication-date      = 11 November 2019
| agency                = Swiss broadcasting Corporation
| access-date           = 26 November 2019
| quote                 = A proposal to put an end to the stockpiling of coffee for the population in the event of an emergency is now being reconsidered.
}}
</ref> This would make Switzerland a [[Survivalism| survivalist]]'s dream, except that everyone else would be equally prepared, armed, and ready to reinstate a regular society, and where's the fun in that?

Passes over the Alps? Bridges over the Rhine? Who needs them in any sort of European war? Best defend them to the teeth in case some war-mongering nearby army tries to take them over and thus drag Switzerland into any sort of unpleasantness that might offend the Swiss people's nice and friendly neighbors.

===Ufology===
Notorious 
fraudsters
 [[ufology|ufologists]] [[Erich von Däniken]], [[Giorgio Tsoukalos]] (of ''[[Ancient Aliens]]'' fame), and [[Billy Meier]] come from there. Seriously, what is it with Switzerland and crazy [[UFO]] people?
==See also==
*[[Nestlé]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{nationbox}}

[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:Tax havens]]

Categories: European countries, Tax havens