trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Appel à la haine

{{hatnote|This is a French translation of [[Appeal to hate]].}}{{logicnavFR}}

{{ccitation| L’horrible, dans ces Deux Minutes de la Haine, était, non qu’on fût obligé d’y jouer un rôle, mais que l’on ne pouvait, au contraire, éviter de s’y joindre. Au bout de trente secondes, toute feinte, toute dérobade devenait inutile. Une hideuse extase, faite de frayeur et de rancune, un désir de tuer, de torturer, d’écraser des visages sous un marteau, semblait se répandre dans l’assistance comme un courant électrique et transformer chacun, même contre sa volonté, en un fou vociférant et grimaçant.|||George Orwell, ''1984''<ref group=note>Traduit de l'anglais par [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Audiberti Amélie Audiberti]</ref>}}

L''''appel à la haine''' (en latin '''''argumentum ad odium''''') se produit lorsque quelque chose est prétendu être vrai car (a) il est exaspérant ou (b) sa fausseté causerait de la colère. Son inverse est l'[[Appel à la pitié|appel à la pitié]].

Tous les arguments qui reposent sur l'empoisonnement du puits sont un appel à la haine.

C'est un appel à l'émotion et un sophisme informel.

==Forme==
Si la personne qui parle déteste la personne qui écoute :
{{syl
|1=P1&nbsp;|2='''X''' est affirmé dans un contexte exaspérant.
|3=P2&nbsp;|4=(inexprimé) Tout ce qui est affirmé dans un contexte exaspérant est vrai.
|5=C&nbsp;|6='''X''' est vrai.
}}

Si la personne qui écoute déteste la personne qui parle :
{{syl
|1=P1&nbsp;|2='''X''' est affirmé par une personne exaspérante.
|3=P2&nbsp;|4=(inexprimé) Tout ce qui est affirmé par une personne exaspérante est faux.
|5=C&nbsp;|6='''X''' est faux.
}}

==Explication==
Juste parce que quelque chose vous met en colère ne signifie pas qu'il est plus ou moins vrai.

==Exemples==
*Ne l'écoute pas, il est [insulte].
*Avant de rencontrer quelqu'un, on vous dit qu'il essaie toujours d'escroquer de l'argent à leurs connaissances. Lorsque vous le rencontrez, tout ce que vous entendez parler est terni.
*Galilée affirme que la Terre tourne autour du Soleil. Mais rappelez-vous, c'est une ordure hérétique. Peut-on faire confiance à un homme comme ça ?
*Pourquoi ne pas obliger les prisonniers de faire des travaux forcés ? Les prisons sont pleines de salauds !
*Pourquoi peux-tu croire en Dieu ? C'est un si horrible tyran !
*Je vais voter pour Lui parce qu'Il ennuie des gens de votre espèce !

==Voir aussi==
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Audiberti
{{otherlang
|pagelang=fr
|en|Appeal to hate}}

==Liens externes==
*Voir l'article de Wikipédia sur l'[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_odium appel à la haine].

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

[[Category:Français]]
[[Category:Logique]]

Categories: Français, Logique
Appel à la pitié

{{hatnote|This is a French translation of [[Appeal to pity]].}}[[File:Publicité sur le site officiel de PETA France, 2016.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Quelle tristesse.]]{{logicnavFR}}
L''''appel à la pitié''' (en latin '''''argumentum ad misericordiam''''') est un sophisme qui se produit lorsque quelque chose est prétendu être vrai car (a) il est triste ou (b) sa fausseté causerait de la tristesse. Son inverse est l'[[Appel à la haine|appel à la haine]].

C'est un appel à l'émotion et un sophisme informel.

==Forme==
Si on ajoute du texte à une triste image d'un chiot :
{{syl
|1=P1&nbsp;|2='''X''' est affirmé dans le cadre de la triste situation '''Y'''.
|3=P2&nbsp;|4=(inexprimé) Tout ce qui est affirmé dans un triste contexte est vrai.
|5=C&nbsp;|6='''X''' est vrai.
}}

Si on exige, en pleurant, une meilleure note :
{{syl
|1=P1&nbsp;|2='''X''' est affirmé par une personne dans la triste situation '''Y'''.
|3=P2&nbsp;|4=(inexprimé) Tout ce qui est affirmé par une personne dans un triste contexte est vrai.
|5=C&nbsp;|6='''X''' est vrai.
}}

==Explication==
Juste parce que quelque chose est triste ne signifie pas qu'il est plus ou moins vrai.

==Exemples==
*Je n'avais pas les moyens pour aller à l'université et je ne comprends pas ces belles explications que vous me servez. Mais j'ai lu ma Bible, et ça briserait mon cœur si ce n'était pas vrai.
*Bob était orphelin, élevé par un beau-père qui occupait des emplois subalternes toute la journée pour joindre les deux bouts.
*Je sais que Scruffles a la rage, tue d'autres animaux de compagnie et détruit le mobilier, mais je l'aime tout de même et vous ne pouvez pas me le prendre !
*M. l'agent, vous ne pouvez pas me donner une contravention pour griller un feu rouge : je vais à l'hôpital pour voir ma femme, qui est dans un état critique, et lui dire que j'ai perdu mon boulot, la maison a brûlé et la bagnole va être mise en saisie.

==Voir aussi==
{{otherlang
|pagelang=fr
|en=Appeal to pity
|es=Apelación a la piedad
|ru=Обращение к жалости}}

==Liens externes==
*Voir l'article de Wikipédia sur l'[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_misericordiam appel à la pitié].

[[Category:Français]]
[[Category:Logique]]

Categories: Français, Logique
Applied kinesiology

[[File:Muscle Testing.jpg|thumb|165px|Blurry snapshot from Wikipedia of a kinesiologist (right) and a sucker (left).]]{{altmed}}
'''Applied kinesiology''' (not to be confused with {{wpl|kinesiology||,}} the scientific study of human movement) is a major [[chiropractic]]-based [[woo]] that is based on the idea that the way your muscles respond to being pushed against can tell the "doctor" what you're suffering from, including food sensitivity (as distinct from actual immune response), [[toxin]]s, and [[electromagnetic hypersensitivity]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190903043756/https://azmulticare.com/services/applied-kinesiology/ "Applied kinesiology," ''AZ Multicare website'', accessed September 2, 2019.]</ref> It has even been claimed that applied kinesiology can detect [[parasite]]s from "[[Subtle energy|parasite energy signatures]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150406032710/http://newparadigmhealing.net/Parasite_Elimination.html New Paradigm Healing: Parasite Elimination.] Archived from the original.</ref> Apparently the practice can also be used to turn your body into a human [[lie detector]].<ref>http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-do-kinesiology-self-muscle-test-224193/</ref> The things these people believe…

==(In)efficacy==
In general, any treatment or diagnosis administered by applied kinesiology tends to be outperformed by standard medical diagnosis and treatment for the particular condition.<ref name="weil">[https://www.drweil.com/health-wellness/balanced-living/wellness-therapies/applied-kinesiology/ Applied Kinesiology] Dr. Weil's Wellness Therapies</ref> For many muscles groups, different kinesiologists were unable to make the same diagnosis as one another,<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9106846/ INTEREXAMINER AGREEMENT FOR APPLIED KINESIOLOGY MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING] Arden Lawson, and Lawrence Calderon</ref> suggesting that the techniques lack any functional unifying theory. For diagnosing nutrition-related problems, applied kinesiology is as accurate as random guesses.<ref name="weil" />

==Scam==
The applied kinesiology scam is a trick used by some chiropractors and purveyors of "power bracelets" to fool someone concerning the efficacy of an object or therapy. It entails placing someone in an unstable position or touching them in a way designed to momentarily distract them, then pushing or pulling on them to make them unbalanced. The procedure is then repeated, but with the aid of the 'magic' item. However, this time, the subject is subconsciously prepared for the action and is able to successfully resist the pushing or pulling. 

A Skeptic Zone Podcast shows how it is done:<br> {{#ev:youtube|Piu75P8sxTo|350}}

==See also==
*[[iRenew]]
*[[Power Balance]]

==External links==
*[http://ezinearticles.com/?Is-Applied-Kinesiology-(Muscle-Testing)-A-Scam?&id=1591180 Is Applied Kinesiology (Muscle Testing) A Scam?]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|pseudoscience}}

[[category:Pseudoscience]]
[[category:Scams]]
[[Category:Manipulative therapy]]

Categories: Pseudoscience, Scams, Manipulative therapy
Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ

{{scriptures}}{{title-italics}}
The '''''Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ''''' is yet another [[woo]] book claiming to be a [[apocrypha|lost gospel]].  It was published in 1911 by Levi Dowling, a [[Restoration movement|Church of Christ]] minister who claimed he obtained the text from the [[Akashic Records]], a [[Theosophy|Theosophical]] concept of a mystical library existing on another plane of existence containing all the knowledge of the universe.<ref>Edgar J. Goodspeed, [https://www.tertullian.org/articles/goodspeed_strange_new_gospels.htm ''Strange New Gospels'']. The University of Chicago Press, 1931.</ref>

The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ attempts to fill in the gap in the gospel records of [[Jesus]] by claiming he traveled to [[India]] and [[Tibet]] in his young age to learn from the [[guru]]s there before beginning his ministry in [[Palestine]].  The book also endorses [[reincarnation]].  It is riddled with historical errors, for example naming Herod Antipas as the ruler of Jerusalem at the time a different Herod ruled, and claiming Jesus visited Lahore, India (now in [[Pakistan]]), which did not officially exist at the time.<ref group=note>According to [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705132201/http://www.pement.org/docs/channeling.htm an article from ''Cornerstone'' magazine] on the Aquarian Gospel which says Lahore did not exist until 600 years later. Though [[wikipedia:Lahore|that other wiki]] says that, though there's not much historical evidence over 1000 years old, there may have been some sort of settlement on the site as early as the 2nd century, so that ''proves'' the Aquarian Gospel is true!!</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Book of Mormon]]''
* ''[[Urantia Book]]''
* ''[[A Course in Miracles]]''
* ''[[Oahspe]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scriptures]]
[[Category:New Age]]
[[Category:Hoaxes]]

Categories: Scriptures, New Age, Hoaxes
Arab nationalism

{{significantly problematic}}{{sources needed}}{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[Pan-Arabism]].}}
[[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|right|thumb|180px|Flag of the {{wpl|Arab League||.}}]]{{politics}}'''Arab nationalism''' is a [[nationalist]] [[ideology]] stating that the people of the entire Arab world are bound together by common [[cultural]] heritage. It is different from [[Pan-Arabism]], whose adherents believe in Arab nationalism, but go further to advocate an Arab nation-state. It is also distinct from [[Palestine|Palestinian]] nationalism, which began as an Arab nationalist movement but today focuses almost exclusively on competing Palestinian and [[Israel|Israeli]] land claims.

Arab nationalism was a major political force in the Middle East in the middle twentieth century, and to some extent still matters today. However, it has greatly lost ground to [[Islamism]] since the mid-1970s. [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] was a major opponent of Arab nationalism, due to the way it pitted the Arab world against majority-Persian [[Iran]]. While Khomeini succeeded to a great extent in advancing Islam at the expense of nationalism, the Sunni-Shi'a unity that he professed to believe in [[Syria|has]] [[Iraq|yet]] [[Lebanon|to]] [[DAESH|materialize]].

Probably most important figure in the Arab nationalist movement was [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], who sought to minimize [[West]]ern presence in the Arab world and nationalized the Suez Canal. [[Libya]]n dictator [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] and [[Iraq]]i dictator [[Saddam Hussein]] also expressed Arab nationalist views. Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat was originally an Arab nationalist, but shifted towards a more exclusively Palestinian nationalism as Palestinian Arabs began to define their nationality in terms of their conflict with Israel, rather than in terms of their relationships with other Arabs.

Arab nationalism's great weakness was that it became associated almost entirely with Gamal Abdel Nasser. When Nasser's mystique collapsed in 1967 after the debacle of the Six-Day War with [[Israel]], Arab nationalism never recovered its popular appeal and fell easily to the Islamist movement.


{{stub|politics}}
[[Category:Nationalism]]
[[Category:Nationalist pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:Racism]]

Categories: Nationalism, Nationalist pseudohistory, Middle East, Racism
Arbitrage

{{economics}}
'''Arbitrage''' is business practice by which differences in prices for the same good are taken advantage of by some seller. A good will be purchased in a [[Free market|market]] where it is cheap, then resold in one where it is higher, the difference will yield a profit. To put it simply, buy low, sell high.<ref>[https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/derivative-securities/put-call-options/v/arbitrage-basics Arbitrage basics]. ''Khan Academy''</ref> 

==The basics==
Arbitrage is done when discrepancies in real prices for the same good offer real chances to make profits. This can be done both domestically and internationally.<ref>Chen, James & Gordon Scott. "[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/arbitrage.asp Arbitrage]". ''Investopedia.'' Retrieved 2020-02-04.</ref> Suppose a gallon of [[milk]] costs $1.00 in the [[United States]] but $3.00 in [[Canada]]. The intelligent capitalist sees this, buys up a lot of milk in the USA and sells it in Canada for a handsome profit. Because of the ever fluctuating nature and uncertainty of exchange rates, transportation costs, tariffs, and [[taxes]] in the real world this process is often a bit messier, with far less even numbers.

===High vs. low risk===
Low risk arbitrage is usually about selling in markets where the price is already well established and the future is fairly certain. Investors will sometimes gamble, buying an item they believe will still be expensive later, or perhaps go up more in price. If the price does stay high, they win, if it goes down quickly, they lose.

==Supply and demand, to the rescue==
{{main|1=Supply curve|3=Demand curve}}
Over time as more sellers try to capitalize on the profit-making opportunity the high price market will become flooded with more of the product. Absent big increases in demand, the increases in total supply will drive down prices as sellers now have more and [[Perfect Competition|more competition]]. In our previous milk example, as time would pass more capitalists would start buying milk in the USA (driving up the price there) and sell it Canada (lowering the price there). In theory the prices would equalize over time. This assumes of course, continuous availability of supply. Sometimes the item in question is inherently rare and non-{{wpl|Fungibility|fungible|,}} in which case there is little or no equalization of the two curves. Examples include: exceptionally large gems (e.g., the Hope Diamond), rare fossils in private hands (e.g., ''T. rex''), very rare books (e.g., Gutenberg Bibles), and famous artwork (e.g., the Mona Lisa).

==See also==
*[[Capitalism]]
*[[Game theory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economics]]

Categories: Economics
Argument from omniscience

{{logicnav}}
An '''argument from omniscience''' (also '''allness''', '''absolute thinking''') occurs when somebody thinks they [[omniscience|know ''literally'' everything]] or know everything about the subject at hand.<ref>http://esgs.free.fr/uk/logic.htm#subject</ref> The fallacy is commonly expressed with words like "all", "everyone", "no one", "everything", "always", or "never".

The problem with such an argument is twofold: first, that an arguer would need omniscience to know about everyone's beliefs or about everything in existence, and second, because the arguer does ''not'' have omniscience, they are often wrong and counterexamples to the generalization exist.

The argument is an [[informal fallacy]] and is theoretically the opposite of an [[argument from ignorance]]; however, because it relies on things that the speaker cannot know, it functions as an argument from ignorance and fails for the same reasons.

This fallacious form of reasoning often comes in two fantastically fallacious flavours — Alleged Certainty<ref>https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Alleged-Certainty</ref> and Amazing Familiarity.<ref>https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Amazing-Familiarity</ref> In the case of '''Alleged Certainty''', a claim is primed with language, such as "every", "everyone knows", and "we all know", that suggests that something is certainly the case, without providing a solid reason or evidence. This allows them to exploit the supposed obviousness of their point, as the audience, not wanting to feel like they've ignored the obvious, are convinced to agree. It is similar to the [[Appeal to popularity]]. 

'''Amazing Familiarity''' occurs when a claim is made about someone or something, but the information necessary to support this claim is impossible to obtain or would require omniscience on the part of the speaker. This overlaps with [[wishful thinking]], as the claim will often involve [[projection]]s on the part of the speaker.

==Examples==
An important example is that of [[overprecision]].

*Everyone knows that.<ref name=NoBel />

*All people believe in something.<ref name=NoBel>http://www.nobeliefs.com/fallacies.htm</ref>

*All students love studying.<ref>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Stevenarntson/Freshman_Seminar/Critical_thinking#Allness</ref>

*The president is a good man and would have never cheated on his wife, and has never cheated in anything in the past.<ref>https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Amazing-Familiarity</ref>

In the first three examples, there may be people who ''don't'' — and unless the arguer can prove that no such people exist, then their argument is flawed. In the fourth, the speaker would have to be extremely close to the President — and watched him for almost his whole life — to be able to defend this point.

==See also==
* [[No true Scotsman]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Arguments from ignorance]]
[[Category:Informal fallacies]]

Categories: Arguments from ignorance, Informal fallacies
Argumentum ad hominem (français)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Argumentum ad hominem'' (français)}} 
{{sources needed}}
{{hatnote|This is a French translation of [[Argumentum ad hominem]].}}{{logicnavFR}}L'expression latine '''Argumentum ad hominem''' ou simplement '''Ad hominem''' (signifiant ''à la personne'') désigne un argument portant sur le messager plus que sur son message. Parfois on utilisera cette expression pour tout argument faisant appel aux émotions, en particulier celles n'ayant rien à voir avec le message. L'Ad hominem est un cas particulier de ''[[Non sequitur (français)|non sequitur]]'', car quand bien même l'argument sur le messager serait vrai, il n'est pas possible d'en déduire logiquement la conclusion attendue.

==Forme==

Un Ad hominem présente cette forme:

A soutient que B

or A est C (donc on peut douter de A)

donc B faux

==Usage implicite==

Il est possible de recourrir à l'''Ad hominem'' de manière plus subtile en ne mentionnant pas la conclusion, en mentionnant des choses "amorales" dans le passé du messager sans les lier explicitement avec ce qu'il dit. 

==Reductio ad Hitlerum==
le ''Reductio ad Hitlerum'' est un cas particulier d'''Ad hominem'' de la forme suivante:

A soutient B

Hitler a soutenu B

Or Hitler est mauvais

donc B faux

==Exemples==
N'écoutons pas plus longtemps ce que dit un criminel.

Il a tort. Pourquoi? c'est un communiste.
==Voir aussi==

{{Otherlang
|pagelang=fr
|en=Argumentum ad hominem
|ru=Ad hominem}}
[[Category:Français]]
[[Category:Ad hominem]]
[[Category:Logique]]

Categories: Français, Ad hominem, Logique
Argumentum ad lunam

{{logicnav}}
{{title-italics}}
'''''Argumentum ad lunam''''' (also '''appeal to the Moon'''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100110094513/http://www.sinclair.edu/centers/wc/LogicalFallacy/index.cfm</ref>) is the argument that, "if we can put a man on the [[Moon]]", we must also be able to X (usually something really important).

The argument is almost always an [[informal fallacy]] and a [[false analogy]].

==Form==
Bo Bennett raises the following examples:<ref>[http://www.logicallyfallacious.com/index.php/logical-fallacies/36-appeal-to-the-moon Appeal to the Moon], Logically Fallacious</ref>
{{syl
|1=P|2=We can put a man on the Moon.
|3=C1|4=([[Enthymeme|unstated]]) We can do anything.
|5=C2|6=We can end world hunger.
}}

While C1 might be stated differently (if it is stated), its ludicrosity is obvious. Just because you can do one thing, does not mean you can do another (usually) unrelated thing.

There is one (mostly) non-fallacious form of the fallacy:
{{syl
|2=We put a man on the Moon in 1969!
|4=(unstated) We can do things we've done before!
|5=C|6=We can put a man on the Moon today!
}}

P2 here seems much stronger &mdash; usually, people can do things in repetition. In this case, however, such an illusion falls away with a glance at [[NASA]]'s budget.

==External links==
*[[xkcd]]'s [https://xkcd.com/1456/ take]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Informal fallacies]]
[[Category:Latin phrases]]
[[Category:Moon]]

Categories: Informal fallacies, Latin phrases, Moon
Argumentum ad nauseam (français)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Argumentum ad nauseam'' (français)}} 
{{hatnote|This is a French translation of [[Argumentum ad nauseam]].}}{{logicnavFR}}
{{ccitation|Il n'y a aucune preuve que l'athéisme est exact et correct. Il n'y a aucune preuve que l'athéisme est exact et correct. Il n'y a aucune preuve que l'athéisme est exact et correct. Il n'y a aucune preuve que l'athéisme est exact et correct. Il n'y a aucune preuve que l'athéisme est exact et correct. Il n'y a aucune preuve que l'athéisme est exact et correct.|||Un très bel usage de cet argument par 
l'imbécile
 le brillant 
troll
 débatteur de Youtube [[Shockofgod]]}}

La locution latine '''Argumentum ad nauseam''' ou simplement ''Ad nauseam'' désigne le paralogisme affirmant qu'une idée suffisament répété devient vraie. Les journaux télévisés journaliers et les blogs ont beaucoup développé ce paralogisme. Sur les blogs il prend la forme d'un [[Meme|mème]]. Le développement viral de ces messages est également important sur twitter.

Poussé à l'extrême, ça devient du lavage de cerveau.

==Exemples==
*Tous les dictons
*{{fr"|La Bible est la parole de Dieu.}}
*{{fr"|Les étrangers ne sont pas comme nous.}}
*{{fr"|Il faut se battre pour sa patrie.}}
*{{fr"|L'évolutionnisme n'est qu'une théorie.}}
*{{fr"|Yes, we can.}}
*{{fr"|Il n'y a pas de fossiles de transition.}}
==Voir aussi==
{{otherlang
|pagelang=fr
|en=Argumentum ad nauseam
|ru=Argumentum ad nauseam}}
[[Category:Français]]
[[Category:Logique]]

Categories: Français, Logique