Triple parentheses

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The use of '''triple parentheses'''<ref group=note>Like this: (((Someone's Name)))</ref> to identify individuals of perceived [[Judaism|Jewish]] ancestry or persuasion emerged in 2016 as an online [[dog whistle]], employed by [[White nationalism|white nationalists]], [[Neo-Nazi]]s, [[Antisemitism|anti-semites]], and followers of the so-called [[alt-right]] to single out targets for online harassment.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hess|first1=Amanda|title=For the Alt-Right, the Message Is in the Punctuation|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/11/arts/for-the-alt-right-the-message-is-in-the-punctuation.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=15 June 2016|date=10 June 2016}}</ref>

Their use originates from a podcast produced by white nationalist blog ''[[The Right Stuff]]'', in which Jewish names were spoken with an echo effect, meant to symbolize the actions of Jews that have "echo[ed] throughout history."<ref name=mic>{{cite news|last1=Fleishman|first1=Cooper|last2=Smith|first2=Anthony|title=(((Echoes))), Exposed: The Secret Symbol Neo-Nazis Use to Target Jews Online|url=https://mic.com/articles/144228/echoes-exposed-the-secret-symbol-neo-nazis-use-to-target-jews-online#.sS1GX29cQ|accessdate=4 June 2016|publisher=Mic|date=1 June 2016}}</ref> [[Ironically]] (or astoundingly), the founder of ''The Right Stuff'' was eventually [[doxed]] by fellow-neo-Nazis who revealed that his wife is a Jew.<ref name=mic/><ref name=igd2>{{cite web|url=https://itsgoingdown.org/mike-enoch-peinovich-right-stuff/|title=Mike Peinovich Unmasked As Leader of "The Right Stuff"|date=January 14, 2017|work=It's Going Down}}</ref>

The triple parentheses are meant to represent the echo sound visually and are therefore sometimes referred to as an '''(((echo)))'''. The triple parentheses have been used to harass and intimidate Jews and others with {{wpl|Jewish name|Jewish-sounding surnames}} on [[social media]], and were used by self-avowed supporters of [[Donald Trump]]'s [[2016 U.S. Presidential Election|presidential campaign]] to target and harass those of perceived Jewish extraction opposed to Trump's candidacy.<ref name="mediaite">{{cite web|title=There’s a Google Chrome Extension Used to Track and Expose ‘Anti-White’ Jews|url=http://www.mediaite.com/online/theres-a-google-chrome-extension-used-to-track-and-expose-anti-white-jews/|website=Mediaite|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

Because most social media platforms' search algorithms disregard punctuation, the echo is difficult to ban outright. Despite pledges from [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Google]] to crack down on online hate speech, use of the echo mark has proliferated. A Google Chrome extension known as the "[[International Jewish conspiracy|Coincidence Detector]]," which added the triple parentheses to a list of common Jewish names, was briefly available and reached more than 2,500 downloads, but it was removed by Google in early June 2016 for violating the company's hate-speech policy.<ref name="mediaite" />

In June 2016, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] recognised triple parentheses as a form of hate speech.<ref>Anti-Defamation League press release: {{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/anti-semitism-usa/adl-to-add-echo-symbol-used-by-anti-semites-on-twitter-to-online-hate-symbol-database.html|title=ADL to Add (((Echo))) Symbol, Used by anti-semites on Twitter, to Online Hate Symbols Database|date=June 6, 2016}}</ref>

The motif has been adopted as an ironic self-identifier by some Jews and other anti-racists. According to tweets by [[WikiLeaks]], which were subsequently deleted when they sparked outrage, this usage is a "[[Tribalism|tribalist]] symbol for establishment climbers" or a "[[virtue signal]]" co-opted by "[[Neoliberal|neo-liberal]] castle creepers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/wikileaks-echoes-tweet-anti-semitism|title=Wikileaks denies anti-Semitism over (((echoes))) tweet|work=The Daily Dot|date=July 24, 2016}}</ref>

On occasion, one may find anti-semites using reverse-triple parentheses to identify themselves and others as anti-semites: e.g., "''')))Goyim((('''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.is/OArin|title=)))Slavic Son(((|work=Twitter}} (archived on 22 Feb 2020 17:16:43 UTC).</ref>

Not to be confused by the triple crescent moon symbol used by the {{wpl|Subaru World Rally Team}} in place of the {{wpl|State Express 555}} logo in places where [[tobacco]] advertising is forbidden.<ref name="scooby555">{{Cite web |date=2013-01-07 |title=History of Prodive "555" and WRB color |url=https://www.rs25.com/threads/history-of-prodive-555-and-wrb-color.189714/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Subaru Impreza GC8 & RS Forum & Community |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Alt-right glossary]], if you feel like a journey into the Nine Circles of Nazism.

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Memes]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazism]]
[[Category:Neologisms]]
[[Category:Alt-right]]

Categories: Antisemitism, Internet culture, Racism, Memes, Neo-Nazism, Neologisms, Alt-right