Red, blue, and purple states

{{significantly problematic}}[[File:US Presidential Elections Dem GOP 1952-2004.gif|thumb|right|165px|Presidential electoral maps through the years]]
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'''Red state''', '''blue state''', and '''Purple America''' are terms used to refer to the political leanings of states and America in general.
==History==
Ever since the coverage of elections on color television, it has been common practice to use red, white (or gray), and blue to represent which party/candidate was expected — or projected — to win the electoral votes from that state.  Red would go to one candidate, and blue to another  — white would be hauled out in those rare, but not unheard of, cases where a third candidate managed to win electoral votes. However, it was not until the [[2000 U.S. Presidential Election|election of 2000]] when blue became the ''de facto'' color of the [[Democrats]] and red, the [[Republican]]s. It so happened that in that year, the Democrats had been assigned blue and the GOP had been assigned red. However, because of the way the election dragged on for weeks before a final decision, these colors became permanently associated with their respective parties.<ref>Brooks, David. (December 2001) [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/12/one-nation-slightly-divisible/376441/ "One Nation, Slightly Divisible"]. ''The Atlantic Monthly''. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</ref> This is in contrast to the coloring conventions in most countries, where red is usually used to represent the more [[socialist]] party and blue with [[conservatism]] (via the [[aristocracy]]).<ref>Farhi, Paul (November 2, 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html "Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue"]. Washington Post. p. C01. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2017-08-23.</ref> {{efn|South Korea is another country where Red is used for the convervatives, and Blue is used for the democrats.}} One example of how colors would fluctuate is "Lake Reagan", a term many pundits used for the 1984 electoral landslide, as it turned the whole map blue.

==Red states==
{{cquote|Then there was the whole 'Redneck' comment, and I'm sensing that you took that negatively. But let's break down that word. ''Redneck''. First word: red! Color of power, fire, passion! Second word: neck! …neck… I can't think of nuthin' for neck right now, but without that, you still got 'red' and that's something to be proud of.|||Will Smith, ''Wild Wild West'' (1999)<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120891/quotes</ref>}}

"Red state" is a pop [[culture]] term for a [[state]] within the [[United States|United States of America]] that has shown more support for [[conservative]] ([[Republican]]) candidates than (kinda) [[liberal]] ([[Democratic]]) ones. In most other countries, it means "left-wing" (preferably socialism or communism), as it did in America until 2000 (largely due to the graphics NBC used on the night of a [[2000 U.S. Presidential Election|legendarily controversial and delayed 2000 election]]). Curiously, if [[global warming]] were to continue to its ultimate end, many of the so-called U.S. red states will be [[Ocean|blue]] one way or another. Currently, red states include much of the South, Central (mainly [[Kansas]] and [[Nebraska]]) and Midwest, as well as some parts of the west (mainly [[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], and [[Utah]]) and [[Alaska]].{{efn|Though Alaska has its own weirdness, given that its legislature is typically controlled by a coalition of Democrats, independents, and moderate Republicans}}

Red states function at more of a [[Feudalism|feudal level]] where a small landed class holds power over a large renter class:
*Rural areas benefit from low [[taxes]] since the benefits of public infrastructure are rarely seen.
*A lack of employment opportunities ties the fate of the disadvantaged to the owners' success (factories, farms, etc.).
*Old wealth has been established in these communities for generations, further skewing the discourse.

''Red State'' is also the name of a Kevin Smith film based on a fictional [[fundamentalist]] [[Christian]] church obsessed with [[gun]]s and killing [[sin]]ners.

===Irony alert===
Red is the color of [[communism]], a movement conservatives abhor. Go figure. Conservapedia thinks that there's a good chance that the leebrals did this intentionally in a "deceitful effort to distance the Democrats from its increasingly socialist governance".<ref>[[cp:Red states and blue states]]</ref> In reality (which is known to have a liberal bias), the Democrats became increasingly neoliberal from the late '80s through the '00s.

==Blue states==
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"Blue state" is a pop-culture term for a [[state]] within the [[United States of America]] that has shown support for more [[liberal]] (Democratic) presidential candidates in recent elections. In most other countries, it means conservatives, and it did in the US as well until 2000, which is when it changed for reasons already discussed. Geographically, blue states are in the [[New England|Northeastern]], Mid-Atlantic, Great Lakes, West Coastal, and, increasingly in recent years, the Southwestern regions of the continental United States. The state of [[Hawaii]] is also blue. [[DC]] is a blue district (districts have no effective representation whatsoever despite having non-voting delegates). The [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] and [[Guam]] are also both blue. [[Puerto Rico]] is also somewhat blue, though not as much than many people think. Its domestic party landscape is different from the simple Democrat/Republican dichotomy of the 50 states, with the main division between Puerto Rican parties being whether Puerto Rico should become a state, become independent, or remain in the status quo. Most of these states (except [[Vermont]]) have heavy cities and urban areas. For example, over 40% of [[New York]]'s population lives in [[New York City]], and the NYC metro area as a whole contains two-thirds of the state's population.

==Purple America==
[[File:ElectionMapPurpleCounty.png|thumb|left|2008 Presidential election, county-level results displayed as shades of purple]]
[[File:2020 Presidential Election by County (Red-Blue-Purple View).svg|thumb|left|The same data for the 2020 election. As you can see, America became much more polarized over the last decade, though some purple areas still remain.]]
"Purple America" refers to those {{cat|United States states|states}} on the [[Republican|red]]/[[Democrat|blue]] political map currently in vogue which have a [[demographic]] make-up that's similar to the [[USA|country]] as a whole.  They're also referred to as swing states because they could go either way in any given [[POTUS|Presidential]] (or [[Congress]]ional) election. They attract the vast majority of campaign spending by both sides because the return on investment is considered the best. A dollar spent on ads in [[Pennsylvania]] or [[North Carolina]], for example, is more likely to have an effect on the overall result than one invested in [[Utah]] or [[Massachusetts]]. 

It may also be a description for the country as a whole that's more fitting than the contrived red/blue state divide, as most states only have a relatively marginal preference for a single party, turning all of the maps into shades of purple.

===In election campaigns===
Due to ongoing demographic changes, the area considered "purple" is constantly shifting. Migration, a general change in attitudes, and the perceived importance of specific issues all affect how close a state's preferences are to the overall platforms of the major parties. The appeal, origin, and policy priorities of specific candidates influence colors, making it more elusive.

For instance, until the 1980s, much of the [[New England|Northeast]] would have been considered "purple" to contemporaries. It was a battleground between the Democrats (the party of [[Labour union|labor]] and "white ethnics" like the [[Irish]], [[Italian]]s, and [[Poland|Poles]]) and the Republicans (the party of white-collar workers, [[business]] owners, and [[WASP]]s). Since then, though, the Republicans' turn to [[Religious Right|religious populism]] has turned the Northeast, even formerly Republican-heavy states like [[New Jersey]] and [[Vermont]], into a Democratic stronghold encompassing ''both'' groups. Meanwhile, the Rocky Mountain states have gone from being a battleground in the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century, to being a Republican stronghold with the rise of the [[Small government|anti-government]], [[anti-environmentalism|anti-environmentalist]] "sagebrush rebels"<ref>{{wpa|Sagebrush rebels}}</ref> in the 1980s, to being a battleground again with the growth of the region's [[Latino]] population.

In the [[2008 Presidential Election]], Purple America included [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Florida]], [[Colorado]], [[Missouri]], [[Minnesota]], [[New Mexico]], [[Nevada]], and a few other smaller swing states. Except for Missouri, all of these ultimately went to Obama. More surprisingly, he also won [[Indiana]], [[North Carolina]] and [[Virginia]], all of which had been considered reliable red states and had not gone to by a Democrat in decades. While the Obama campaign did not pursue a genuine "Fifty State Strategy" like the one proposed by former DNC chairman [[Howard Dean]], this still represented a substantial expansion beyond the main battlegrounds of the [[2000 US Presidential Election|2000]] and [[2004 US Presidential Election|2004 elections]]. In [[2020 U.S. presidential election|2020]], the swing states included [[Arizona]], Florida, [[Georgia]], [[Iowa]], [[Michigan]], Minnesota, Nevada, [[New Hampshire]], North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, [[Wisconsin]], and some would argue even [[Texas]],<ref group=note>Which actually ended up being closer than Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Maine and Nebraska's second districts</ref> as well as the second districts of [[Maine]] and [[Nebraska]]. [[Donald Trump]] won Florida, Iowa, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Maine's second district while [[Joe Biden]] won the rest.

The campaign focus on "purple" states may be a blessing for those living in Blue or Red America since they mostly don't get from the onslaught of campaign commercials, robocalls, and personal visits from staffers. However, the disadvantage for all Americans is how issues affecting primarily a handful of states will command outsized attention at the national level. Since [[Iowa]] was a crucial swing state and traditionally held the first caucus in a presidential election, candidates should plan for ethanol and corn subsidies. However, given the 2016 results, Iowa may have left the orbit of "swing states" as fast as Missouri did a few years prior.

The most comparable areas of the [[United Kingdom]] are [[London]] commuter-belt constituencies around the M25.  Some are reliable indicators of the national swing: the town of Gravesend has gone to the winning party in every UK election since 1945, except 2005. In proportional representation systems, such areas are less crucial. Pollsters still like to point out where people vote most like the national average, and hence polling there tends to be popular. Numerous companies will try to find demographically "average" places for beta testing to find out whether "it play in Peoria". In parliamentary systems with small parties holding the balance of power, the outside influence of said small parties can have a similar effect. In Spain, the system gives more representation to parties with a local base than similar-sized parties with voters spread throughout the country. This method enables Catalan or Basque nationalists to hold the balance in hung parliaments and can thus demand outrageous pork-barrel spending or other political concessions.

==Shifts==
With demographic shifts and shifts in voting patterns, "red states" and "blue states" don't stay red or blue forever. Since the 1992 election, the South, especially the "core South" or "deep South", which used to be solidly Democratic and then the place where elections ended, (Clinton carrying parts of it but [[Al Gore]] failing to win even his home state of Tennessee) shifted firmly towards Republicans. The industrial Midwest or "rust belt" turned from "so blue they'll even vote against [[Reagan]] or [[Nixon]]" to a more purple. When Hillary Clinton ran in 2016, Donald Trump won the election by flipping once solidly blue Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Meanwhile, the Democrats made inroads in some Western states and some "Southern" states that become demographically less and less Southern with the increasing presence of college-educated whites and racial minorities. Virginia went blue in every presidential election from 2008-2020 or Florida, which had equal wins in the same timeframe. In the West, New Mexico, Colorado and Nevada also went blue in every presidential election between 2008 and 2020, with Arizona also going blue in 2020 and Texas continuing to get narrower (going from a nearly 23-point margin in 2004 to only around 5.5 points in 2020). Still, local Republicans have [[Gerrymandering|their]] [[Voter ID|methods]] to hold onto local and statewide office. The demographic trends helped sink Hillary's campaign despite her three million vote lead. Her losses in the Rust Belt were ''just'' enough to cost her electoral votes, while her gains elsewhere were not enough (yet). However, just like the Republicans who went campaigning in Pennsylvania for two decades before it finally paid off in 2016, Hillary might have laid the groundwork for the next Democratic majority relying on "blue states" like Nevada and Virginia and flipping "swing states" like Texas and Arizona. To give just one example of those shifts: Clinton won Virginia by more percentage points in 2016 than she lost Georgia. Freaking ''Georgia!'' Surely enough, Joe Biden ended up winning Georgia and Arizona and came closer in Texas and doing even better in Colorado and Virginia to the point that they are no longer considered swing states (at least on the presidential level).

==See also==
*[[Southern Strategy]] — The current red states correlate very closely to the [[slave]] states before and during the [[American Civil War]].
*[[Jesusland]]
*[[Centrism]]
*[[Gerrymander]] — How to turn a purple state red or blue. In some cases, you can even turn a blue state red or vice versa.

==External links==
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/01/rethinking-red-states-and-blue-states-in-one-heat-map/ "Rethinking red states and blue states — in 1 map"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 1 February 2013
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/travisandjonathan Red State Update on YouTube]

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Geography]]
[[Category:United States politics]]

Categories: Geography, United States politics