Julius Evola

[[File:Evola.jpg|thumb|165px|right|Julius Evola]]
{{fascism|1}}
'''Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola''', known to the English-speaking world as '''Julius Evola''' {{lived|1898|1974}}, was an [[Italy|Italian]] political [[philosopher]]. He has been given the title 'baron' by some, but he never referred to himself as such and was most certainly not one, nor was he a noble.<ref name=hakl>"Julius Evola and Tradition" by H. Thomas Hakl, translated by Jocelyn Godwin (2019) In: ''Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy'', edited by Mark Sedgwick. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190877590. Pages 54-69</ref>{{rp|54}} His philosophy is "considered one of the most radically and consistently antiegalitarian, antiliberal, antidemocratic, and antipopular systems in the 20<sup>th</sup> century",<ref>"The Radical Right in Postwar Italy" by Franco Ferraresi (1988) ''Politics & Society'' 16:71-119. doi:10.1177/003232928801600103.</ref>{{rp|84}} and as such, he is often considered an important pillar of [[Fascism|neo-fascist]] thought, though Evola himself preferred to call himself a [[radical traditionalism|radical traditionalist]], seeing most of the fascist movements and governments of the time, especially in Italy, as tepid [[bourgeois]] frivolity (the fascist authorities in turn saw him as a [[crank]]). The [[alt-right]] and [[neoreactionary movement]]s, as well as the more "intellectual" end of [[neo-Nazism]], are big fans of Evola and his work.

A prolific writer, his chief works are {{wpl|Revolt Against the Modern World|''Revolt Against the Modern World''}} (1934), {{wpl|Men Among the Ruins|''Men Among the Ruins''}} (1953), and {{wpl|Ride the Tiger|''Ride the Tiger''}} (1961).

==Beliefs==
Evola was an eclectic [[mystic]] in the traditions of [[Tantra]], [[Kabbalah]] (despite his [[antisemitism]]),<ref name=hakl/>{{rp|64}} [[hermeticism]], and [[Western esotericism|ritual magic]], demonstrating a lifelong interest in the [[occult]] and Eastern religions, from his 1929 {{wpl|Introduction to Magic|''Introduction to Magic: Rituals and Practical Techniques for the Magus''}} to 1972's {{wpl|Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism|''Taoism: The Magic, the Mysticism''|.}}  

===Racialism===
{{main|Racialism}}
Evola borrowed heavily from [[Helena Blavatsky]]'s [[Theosophy|Theosophical]] notion of "root [[race]]s", adopting a curious notion of [[devolution|evolution running in reverse]], in which the ancient world was filled with enlightened beings such as are imagined to have dwelled in [[Atlantis]]:

{{cquote|Our starting point will be not the modern theory of evolution but the traditional doctrine of involution. We do not believe the man is derived from the ape by evolution. We believe that the [[ape]] is derived from man by involution. We agree with Joseph De Maistre that savage peoples are not primitive peoples, in the sense of original peoples, but rather the degenerating remains of more ancient races that have disappeared.|||''The Metaphysics of Sex'', 1983, pps. 9-10.)}}

According to Joscelyn Godwin, "the basic outlines of Evola's prehistory resemble those of Theosophy, with [[Lemuria]]n, Atlantean, and [[Aryan]] root-races succeeding each other, and a pole-shift marking the transition from one epoch to another".<ref>''Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival'' by Joscelyn Godwin (1996) Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 0932813356.</ref>{{rp|57-61}} The most valuable race to belong to is the Nordic European race, because they were descended from the [[Hollow Earth|Arctic paradise]] of the [[Hyperborea]]ns.

===The virtue of war===
Evola believed that we were now living in the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'',<ref group=note>This is a concept pulled from [[Hinduism]] — see that page for more information.</ref> a dark age of [[materialism]] and spiritual degeneracy. As usual, his prescription involved a "spiritual rebirth" through submission to unreasoning [[tradition]]. The Italian philosopher of history [[Giambattista Vico]] provided Evola with the concepts of primordial heroic law, "natural heroic rights", and the meaning of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Latin]] term ''vir''<ref group=note>"Man" as in 'male person'. In Latin, this contrasts with ''homo'', "human being"; hence English "virile", "virtue", etc.</ref> as indicative of "wisdom, priesthood and kingship." [[Matriarchy]] and [[feminism|women's rights]] were evidence of regression, while [[patriarchy]] is a progressive force.<ref>Julius Evola, {{wpl|The Path of Cinnabar|''The Path of Cinnabar''}} (1963).</ref><ref group=note>Yes, this is a gross misuse of the term "progressive".</ref>

Given this, it is unsurprising that he [[romanticism|romanticized]] [[war]]. In {{wpl|Metaphysics of War|''Metaphysics of War''|,}} he held that the political goals of war are mostly irrelevant; what made war such a good thing is that it aided the warrior in his path of spiritual self-realization. According to Evola, [[pacifism]] was materialistic, and made people comfortable and weak. 

===Sex: hold on to your semen===
{{main|Sex}}

{{cquote|''Virya'',<ref>[[Sanskrit]]; cognate with Latin ''vir''.</ref> or spiritual manhood, if lost or wasted results in death and if withheld and conserved leads to life.|||Julius Evola,  "The Metaphysics of Sex"<ref>Julius Evola, "The Metaphysics of Sex", in {{wpl|Eros and the Mysteries of Love|''Eros and the Mysteries of Love''|,}} (1958)</ref>}}

Evola was a devotee of [[Tantra|Tantric]] and similar sorts of sex mysticism. He believed that it is important for men to hold on to their semen, as this re-energizes them and moves them towards self-mastery. He approved of [[homosexuality]] in the context of Platonic relationships, while saying that actual same-sex acts were materialistic and led to a fall from grace.

===Religion===
Evola held both [[Christianity]] and [[science]] in contempt, seeing both as supplanting classical virtues in favor of a materialism obsessed with "progress". Christianity had replaced the pagan gods of old with one who demanded obedience and submission, while science dismissed the spiritual world altogether. In their place, he called for a restoration of ancient Roman [[paganism]] and aristocracy. In his 1928 book ''Pagan Imperialism'', published months before the signing of the Lateran Treaty establishing the [[Vatican City]] as a sovereign state, he attempted to dissuade [[Benito Mussolini]] from aligning with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], fearing that it would compromise and derail the fascist "revolution" in Italy and turn it into just another venal, worldly government. This got him denounced by both the fascist state and the Church, and so he formally, tepidly renounced the book, though similar themes would recur throughout his later work.<ref>Evola As He Is: [https://evolaasheis.wordpress.com/2016/04/14/heathen-imperialism-excerpts/ ''Heathen Imperialism'' (excerpts).]</ref>

==== Errors ====
Julius Evola conflated two different Shia Muslim sects together, mistakenly believing that the Nizari Ismaili Assassins believe in Twelve Imams, which is a belief of the Twelver Shia (ithna ashari) sect.<ref>http://www.fatuma.net/text/mutti-evola http://wwwjanuacoeli.blogspot.com/2009/07/islam-and-evola.html https://chomikuj.pl/Ahnenerbe/Tradycjonalizm+Integralny/Julius+Evola/Info/Claudio+Mutti+-+Islam+in+the+Eyes+of+Julius+Evola,5774282389.odt http://against-postmodern.org/mutti-claudio https://pdfcoffee.com/claudio-mutti-islam-in-the-eyes-of-julius-evola-pdf-free.html</ref> In Julius Evola's discussion of the Crusades in "Metaphysics of War: Battle, Victory & Death in the World of Tradition", he claims the war was between the Arab and European races, leaving out the fact that the main opponents of Crusaders were Turks like the Seljuqs, Zengids, and Bahri Mamluks.<ref>https://books.google.fr/books?id=0laH5kSoe5MC&pg=PA38&dq=evola+crusades+arab&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiyp4q32bz1AhWehP0HHdkgCVUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=evola%20crusades%20arab&f=false</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:WeirdTalesv28n3pg335 Red Nails.png|thumb|right|Conan the Barbarian, the kind of guy who ought to be in charge. [[Red Dawn|John Milius]] would be proud. Art by Harold S. De Lay for ''Weird Tales''.]]
Evola's politics flow from his mystical attitudes towards manliness and spirituality; he held that politics should be an act of spiritual discipline, and should look upward and beyond the self. He opposed [[democracy]] as a sort of modern "demagogic" politics whose materialism was a result of the inversion of the natural order of things, in which disciplined warriors are in charge. He admired the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[caste]] system, [[Plato]]'s ''[[Republic]]'', and the [[feudalism|medieval European social order]] as systems where people who concerned themselves with merely materialistic stuff like food and other commodities were subjugated to their betters in spirituality and prowess.

Evola was a pronounced [[Declinism|declinist]], believing that Western civilization had entered a "period of decadence". Like [[Oswald Spengler]], he believed that decadent times had come when commercial interests became more powerful than religious or military interests in society, placing weak and materialistic merchants and business people on top rather than the warriors or priests. He writes, "Opposite to the 'soldier' was the type of the warrior and the member of the feudal [[aristocracy]]; the caste to which this type belonged was the central nucleus in a corresponding social organization. This caste was not at the service of the [[bourgeois]] class but rather ruled over it, since the class that was protected depended on those who had the right to bear arms."<ref>''Men Among the Ruins'', pp. 193-204.</ref> He hated both [[capitalism]] and [[Marxism]] and saw them as [[Horseshoe theory|two sides of the same coin]] — both subversive, materialistic ideologies that hollowed out traditional cultures, elevated economic gain as the only goal worth pursuing in life, and made it impossible to achieve any higher ideals, and as a result, he maintained that right-wingers who supported capitalism were merely letting the left set the terms of the debate and were therefore doomed to failure. He held a degree of sympathy for [[Third World]] countries that hadn't yet industrialized, seeing them as the only ones whose cultures hadn't been consumed by the machine of modern economics.<ref>''Men Among the Ruins'', pp. 165-177.</ref> His economic views wound up being influential on [[Third Position]]ists, with Roberto Fiore, co-founder of the Italian group Terza Posizione, known to have had connections with him.

Evola was also a fierce antisemite. In many of his writings, he blamed the [[Jews]] for fostering the rise of the modern capitalist society and the spread of materialist values, and felt that antisemitism was a necessary part of any "racial rebirth". He wrote an introduction to an Italian translation of ''[[The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion]]'', saying that he wasn't concerned with whether the actual text was authentic or a fabrication — to him, [[Truthiness|the essence of what it was saying was true, and that was all that mattered]]. His antisemitism was purely cultural, however, hating Jewish people not as a biological race or as "Christ-killers" but as the exemplars and leading promoters of the decadence of modernity, in what he called ''razzismo dello spirito'' (racism of the spirit). He believed that one could be ethnically Jewish but still have an "Aryan" soul, citing Otto Weininger and Carlo Michelstaedter as examples of the "good ones", while in the other direction, hatred of the Jews informed his hatred of the [[British Empire]], describing the "Empire of Shopkeepers" as a mercantile, materialistic abomination that had internalized Jewish values from top to bottom and stood as an exemplar of everything he despised.<ref>Evola As He Is: ["Disraeli the Jew and the Empire of the Shopkeepers"]</ref>

For much the same reason, he held the [[United States]] in a similar contempt. His 1945 essay "American 'Civilization'" put [[scare quotes]] around the word "civilization" to indicate that he didn't think American culture worthy of the term, condemning the US as a nation of "interior formlessness" and its culture as "puerile and primitive." To him, America was built on a repudiation of the foundations of "organic" civilization in favor of an all-consuming liberal egalitarianism and individualism represented by the ideas of the self-made man and the [[American Dream]], which had the effect of creating a nation of conformist, consumerist drones obsessed with money and productivity where "everything is made banal, basic and levelled down until it is deprived of all spiritual life." He saw America as the logical conclusion of the decadence of European modernity, and the spread of its culture through Europe as a greater threat than the Red Menace, arguing that, while the Soviets only knew how to put their boots on the necks of the people they conquered, the Americans knew how to subvert and corrupt whole nations to turn them into spiritual clones of themselves. For good measure, he also took time to bash American women as "frigid and materialistic," having no real sex drive and instead seeing sex and marriage purely as transactional arrangements that they would quickly back out of the moment they got a better offer.<ref>Julius Evola, [https://juliusevola.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/24-american-civilisation.pdf "American 'Civilization'"] (1945)</ref>

===Relationship with fascism===
{{main|Fascism}}
While Evola's writings were hugely influential among post-[[World War II]] fascist sympathizers, Evola himself opposed fascism on a number of points. He never belonged to any capital-F Fascist parties, and in fact, he and the Fascist Italian government had several bitter disagreements that saw some of his work [[censor]]ed. Evola's anti-fascism was, however, not because of its [[xenophobic]] and warlike tendencies, but because he felt it was not spiritual, ascetic, or enlightened enough to fulfill the purpose of restoring a warrior wonderland. He felt that fascism was too preoccupied with mass movement politics, petty [[nationalism]], and demagoguery to serve as a true font for such restoration, stating that, far from being a traditionalist alternative to liberal democracy and capitalism, it (especially in its Italian form) was a "laughable revolution" that copied most of their qualities and merely repackaged the [[bourgeois]] values that it purported to oppose. In short, Evola was a guy who thought that the fascists ''didn't go far enough''.<ref>''Men Among the Ruins'', pp. 217-224.</ref> He did, however, see some glimmer of hope in fascism's racial politics and militarism, and as such, he attempted to steer Fascist Italy in a direction more in line with his radical traditionalist views. [[Benito Mussolini]] is known to have read his book ''Sintesi di Dottrina della Razza'' (''Synthesis of the Doctrine of Race''), personally meeting with Evola to praise it for presenting a uniquely Italian/Roman form of [[racialism]] distinct from that promoted by [[Nazi Germany]]. With Mussolini's backing, in 1941 Evola published a minor journal called ''Sangue e Spirito'' (''Blood and Spirit'') that further expounded upon such views. After the war, he concluded that Mussolini's failure to fully embrace his ideas was largely responsible for the failure of the fascist "revolution".

Whatever his disagreements with Mussolini and Italian fascists, Evola proved far more amenable to [[Nazi Germany]], particularly the ''[[Waffen-SS]]''. He was a huge fan of SS chief Heinrich Himmler, whom he met in person,<ref>Gillette, Aaron (2003). "7: Julia Evola and spiritual Nordicism, 1941-1943". ''Racial Theories in Fascist Italy''.</ref> and actively worked for the ''Sicherheitsdienst'', the intelligence agency of the SS, during World War II.<ref>Coogan, Kevin (1999). ''Dreamer of the day: Francis Parker Yockey and the postwar fascist international''.</ref> He regarded the SS as a model "racial elite," with its hierarchy, its rituals, its belief in "transcending" humanity, and its ethical requirements, writing that "[w]e are inclined to the opinion that we can see the nucleus of an Order in the higher sense of tradition in the 'Black Corps.'"<ref>Aaron Gillette. ''Racial Theories in Fascist Italy.'' London Routledge 2002.</ref> That said, the SS was suspicious of him; their dossier on him described him as a "reactionary Roman" who planned on forming a secret society to subvert Nazi rule, and concluded that he should be provided with no support.

Evola's post-war writings indicate that he viewed fascism as a failed experiment, with nationalism having been its fatal flaw, and instead called for the creation of a pan-European superstate organized under "organic, hierarchical, anti-democratic, and anti-individual" principles. He also focused on anti-Americanism, and endorsed [[Francis Parker Yockey]]'s book ''Imperium'' even if he felt that Yockey wasn't dreaming big enough when it came to implementing his proposals.

In 1951, the Italian government put Evola on trial on a charge of attempting to revive fascism. Evola was acquitted, since he was never a member of any fascist party or movement, and his actual writings were critical of fascism. This in spite of the fact that, during his trial, Evola, while denying being a fascist, instead referred to himself as… a "suprafascist."<ref>Wolff, Elisabetta Cassini. ''"Evola's interpretation of fascism and moral responsibility"'', Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 50, Issue 4–5, 2016. pp. 478–494</ref>

==See also==
*[[NoFap]] and the alt-right incarnation, [[Proud Boys]]

==External links==
*[http://www.juliusevola.net/homepage.html The Julius Evola Network]
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Julius%20Evola%22%20AND%20%28Julius%20Evola%20AND%20collection%3Aopensource%29 Works by Julius Evola] at the Internet Archive
*Julius Evola, [http://www.cakravartin.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/Julius-Evola-Ride-the-Tiger-Survival-Manual-for-the-Aristocrats-of-the-Soul.pdf ''Ride the Tiger'']
*Joscelyn Godwin, [http://hermetic.com/godwin/julius-evola.html ''Julius Evola: Theosophy and Beyond'']

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Evola, Julius}}
[[Category:Alt-right]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian bigots]]
[[Category:Antifeminism]]
[[Category:Antisemites]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Declinists]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Homophobes]]
[[Category:Machismo]]
[[Category:Magic]]
[[Category:Pagan and occult leaders]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:Right-wing activists]]
[[Category:Sexists]]

Categories: Alt-right, Anti-Christian bigots, Antifeminism, Antisemites, Authors, Conspiracy theorists, Declinists, Fascists, Homophobes, Machismo, Magic, Pagan and occult leaders, Philosophers, Pseudoscience promoters, Racists, Right-wing activists, Sexists