Yellowcake

[[File:LEUPowder.jpg|thumb|right|165px|This is what it looks like. Not safe for eating!]]{{Nuclear}}
'''Yellowcake''' is not a delicious flour-based sweet. It is a step in the processing of raw [[uranium]] ores. While it's often called U<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, it actually consists of multiple different uranium oxides.<ref name="nrc-yellowcake">[https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/yellowcake.html Yellowcake], U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved October 27th, 2021.</ref>   

Most yellowcake is further processed first into UF<sub>6</sub> to separate some [[uranium-235]], a process known as [[uranium enrichment]], and then into UO<sub>2</sub>, which is used in nuclear fuel.<ref>[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/the-nuclear-fuel-cycle.php The nuclear fuel cycle], U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved October 27th, 2021.</ref>

==How it's made==
The first step to 
baking
 making yellowcake is "leaching" out the uranium, that is, separating it from the rock containing it. 
*Traditionally, the uranium ore was mined out of the ground, whether in an open pit or underground mine, crushed into powder, and dissolved in sulfuric acid. This mixture of acid and ore is then filtered to remove all the now barren rock and other unwanted materials.
*Nowadays, more than half of the world's yellowcake is made by in-situ leaching (ISL), also called in-situ recovery (ISR) or solution mining. It's similar to the previously described process but instead of taking the uranium ore out of the ground, crushing it up, and dissolving it in sulfuric acid, people leave it in the ground, pump in water and certain chemicals depending on the local geology to dissolve the ore, and pump out the resulting solution.<ref name="wna-ISL">[https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/in-situ-leach-mining-of-uranium.aspx In Situ Leach Mining of Uranium], World Nuclear Association, Retrieved November 3rd, 2021.</ref><ref name="wna-uranium-mining"></ref> 

In either case, the uranium then is stripped" (isolated) by either running the solution through a matrix of resin/polymer beads and then adding some sort of acid or treating it with a special kerosene-based solvent, depending on what sort of ore the uranium came from. Following that, they precipitate the uranium, i.e. gather the uranium in the liquid into a solid form, using certain chemicals, again depending on the ore the uranium came from. Finally, the resulting slurry is put in an oven to dry out. The stuff leftover at the end is yellowcake.<ref name="wna-uranium-mining">[https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/uranium-mining-overview.aspx Uranium Mining Overview], World Nuclear Association. Retrieved November 3rd, 2021.</ref> 

===Appearance===
Despite the name, yellowcake is not always yellow. The temperature it dried at can affect how much water still remains and what impurities are leftover, which both affect its color. It's possible for yellowcake to be more of an orange or even dark green that’s almost close to black, and even when it turns out yellow, it can be multiple different shades.<ref name="nrc-yellowcake"></ref> 
 
<gallery>
File:Uranylperoxide Powder.jpg | Uranyl peroxide (UO<sub>4</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O), common in yellowcake from uranium recovered in situ.<ref name="nrc-yellowcake"></ref>
File:Uranium Trioxides.jpg | Two forms of uranium trioxide (UO<sub>3</sub>). Different levels of hydration, different colors.
File:Yellow Cake Uranium (14492248719).jpg | Yellowcake can also differ in texture. 
File:Cake as Yellow as Yellowcake.jpeg | This is just yellow cake.
</gallery>

==Hazards==
Despite the delicious-sounding name, yellowcake '''is not for eating'''.<ref group=note>Nor does it give you [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQ35d4dPu2U Czech Neck], despite what ''[[Brass Eye]]'' might tell you.</ref>

As a whole, yellowcake is low-risk. Most of the hazards come from the chemical processes for obtaining yellowcake and the chemical toxicity of the substance itself, rather than radiological effects (i.e. standing in a room with it is fine, but don't snort it or stuff some down your throat.)<ref name="nrc-uranium-recovery">[https://www.nrc.gov/materials/uranium-recovery.html Uranium Recovery], U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved October 29th, 2021.</ref> The radiation it emits is very mild; you'd get more radiation from being exposed to cosmic rays during a flight than you would from standing next to a barrel of yellowake.<ref name="wna-uranium-mining"></ref> The [[radium]] in the waste left over from processing ore from underground and open pit mining into yellowcake is usually a bigger radiological hazard.<ref name="nrc-uranium-recovery"></ref> 

In addition, there is very little risk of the uranium reaching [[criticality]], because the uranium is not [[Uranium enrichment|enriched]] enough to create a self-sustaining nuclear reaction.<ref name="nrc-uranium-recovery"></ref> 

Yellowcake can be transported in regular ol' 200 liter/55 gallon steel drums in standard shipping containers, and there's no need to use radiation protection so long as it's kept in the drums and the drums are kept in the shipping containers.<ref name="transport">[https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/transport-of-nuclear-materials/transport-of-radioactive-materials.aspx Transport of Radioactive Materials], World Nuclear Association. Retrieved October 29th, 2021.</ref> Those drums should also have holes drilled into them, so that pressure doesn't build up and cause the barrel to literally blow its lid.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/10/us/canada-yellowcake/index.html Pressurized drums create yellowcake uranium hazard, NRC says]. Sperry, Todd Sperry. CNN. July 11, 2012.</ref> Compare it to the practices for transporting [[nuclear waste]], which includes keeping it in water pools for a few months, putting it into concrete casks, and loading it onto specially-designed ships, or those for some of the really nasty fission products leftover from reprocessing, which is basically turned into molten glass, poured into a steel container that's welded shut afterwards, and ''then'' put into a cask.<ref name="transport"></ref>

==Role in international affairs==
Since yellowcake can be (and usually is) [[Uranium enrichment|enriched]] into fuel for a (uranium-based) nuclear reactor, a state buying some is usually interpreted as evidence they're developing a [[nuclear energy]] program, and with that come concerns they might be trying to obtain material for nuclear weapons, much like with hiring nuclear scientists or building a [[uranium enrichment]] plant. Hence why it was such a big deal when, in the 1960s, it was discovered that [[Israel]], which at the time was very hush-hush about where it got its uranium and whether they really had the ability to manufacturer nuclear weapons, had brokered a deal with [[France]] and [[Argentina]] to buy some yellowcake.<ref>Burr, William and Cohen, Avner. [https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/07/02/israels-secret-uranium-buy/ Israel’s Secret Uranium Buy]. Foreign Policy, July 2, 2013.</ref> 

===The yellowcake forgeries===
[[File:G.W. Bush delivers State of the Union Address.jpg|thumb|right|In a 2003 speech, [[George W. Bush]] claimed [[Iraq]] was creating nuclear weapons, based on falsified reports of a yellowcake deal between Iraq and Niger.]]
In the early 2000s, [[Italy]]'s intelligence agency, SISMI, uncovered some documents that showed how [[Saddam Hussein]] tried to buy yellowcake from {{wpl|Niger||.}} SISMI passed the info to the British intelligence agency MI6, who then passed it to the United States. Based on these documents, the US accused [[Iraq]] of developing nuclear weapons and [[Iraq War|sent troops to the country]] under pretense of disarming its [[WMD]]s. President [[George W. Bush]] declared in his 2003 State of the Union address that "The British Government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa",<ref>George W. Bush, [https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/211931 Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley], The American Presidency Project</ref> a statement that has gone down in history as the infamous "sixteen words".

There was just one problem: these documents were [[deceit|forged]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183703/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_iraq&general_topic_areas=africaUraniumClaim Events Leading Up to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq], Center for Cooperative Research. Archived October 29, 2013.</ref>

In 2008, the United States discovered and removed 550 metric tons of yellowcake from Iraq's Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center. Was this proof that the yellowcake forgeries weren't actually forgeries after all? Nope, this yellowcake was imported well before the dates described by the falsified documents. Not only did it predate the 2003 [[Iraq War]] that the forgeries spurred, but they also predated the 1991 Gulf War too.<ref>Mikkelson, D. (2008). [https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/have-your-yellowcake/ Yellowcake Uranium Removed from Iraq]. ''Snopes''.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Iraq War]]
*[[Valerie Plame Affair]]

==External links==
*Uranium ore, the [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000796XXM greatest listing ever on Amazon.com]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Chemicals]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:International relations]]

Categories: Chemicals, Chemistry, International relations