Pareidolia

[[File:Smiley.svg|thumb|right|165px|It's not ''actually'' a face of any kind — just a yellow circle, two dark ellipses and some curved lines. ''Your brain'' does the rest, [[Cognitive_bias|superimposing its "logic"]] on the world around it. [[WAKE_UP|Really think about that for a moment]].]]{{Psychology}}{{cquote|You can’t just look at a cloud and say, ‘What an interesting lump of air molecules’. You have to say, ‘that looks a lot like a bear’. Or, especially, ‘a face’. We have face-recognition software built in.|||David McRaney}}
'''Pareidolia''' is the phenomenon of [[pattern recognition|recognizing patterns]], shapes, and familiar objects in a vague and sometimes random stimulus. It's the result of your [[brain]] trying to "make sense" of input that really has no sense to find in it. This is seen often in inkblot tests, where random splatters of ink suggest different images to different people (look, it's a [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy]]: they're ''all'' deliberately made to look like [[vagina]]s!) but also in cases of people seeing visions, [[ghost]]s, and other likenesses in what are actually just random patterns that happen to ''look'' like those things. It's part of the recurring discussion of representation in art (see {{wpl|The Treachery of Images}}) and is a fundamental component to understanding the philosophy behind modern art.

==Psychology==
Some people think that pareidolia is a side-effect of the human brain needing to very quickly recognise certain objects such as human faces or bodies — a form of [[Bayesian inference]] where we have more experience with actual objects than with random patterns that just ''look'' like those objects. For example, the shapes composing a face are more likely to correspond to a face than random patterns, so random patterns that are close to faces are interpreted ''actually'' as faces as the brain mistakes them for the real thing. Since humans are highly [[social]] and many of our interactions rely on very quickly gauging other people's moods by tiny hints in their facial expressions, most people are acutely receptive to such patterns. The emotions people can read from faces can also be exploited this way. Clock faces in clock-makers' shops will permanently show "ten past ten" because this is a happy face, and never "twenty past eight" — because this is a sad face. Meanwhile, designers have to be careful just in case what they've made accidentally resembles something else — such as when Nike had to withdraw a new design because people thought it looked too much like the word '[[Allah]]' written in Arabic script — we know what shit ''that'' can cause.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/nike-to-trash-trainers-that-offended-islam-1257776.html Nike to trash trainers that offended Islam], ''The Independent''</ref>

Not everyone exhibits pareidolia equally. [[Autistic]] people to exhibit pareidolia less than neurotypical people,<ref>Ryan, C., Stafford, M. & King, R.J. "Brief Report: Seeing the Man in the Moon: Do Children with Autism Perceive Pareidolic Faces? A Pilot Study." ''J Autism Dev Disord'' 46, 3838–3843 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2927-x</ref> whereas people who have a history of taking [[LSD]] are more likely to perceive pareidolias than people who don't.<ref>Abraham HD. "Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback." ''Arch Gen Psychiatry.'' 1983;40(8):884–889. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009</ref>

Humans are also not the only creatures to have exhibited pareidolia. Rhesus macaques have too, leading some researchers to suspect that the evolutionary origins of pareidolia have more to do with facial recognition rather than anything uniquely human such as art or abstraction.<ref>Taubert J, Wardle SG, Flessert M, Leopold DA, Ungerleider LG. "Face Pareidolia in the Rhesus Monkey." ''Curr Biol.'' 2017 Aug 21;27(16):2505-2509.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.075. Epub 2017 Aug 10. PMID: 28803877; PMCID: PMC5584612.</ref> Researchers have also trained AI to exhibit pareidolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/imagining-faces-tree-trunks-and-your-morning-eggs-ai-can-see-them-too|title=Imagining faces in tree trunks and your morning eggs? AI can see them, too|last=Richter|first=Hannah|date=October 4, 2024|publisher=''Science Magazine''}}</ref>

===Faces===
[[File:Martian face viking cropped.jpg|thumb|165px|right|Faaaaaaace! <small>[[Face on Mars|Oh, wait]]...</small>]]
Faces are probably the most common form seen as an effect of pareidolia. Facial recognition occurs in a part of the brain known as the fusiform gyrus.<ref>{{wpa|Fusiform gyrus}}</ref> Subjects shown unclear, fuzzy pictures and told beforehand that they will see a face show activation in the fusiform gyrus and report seeing a face even where there is none.<ref>Summerfield et al. [http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/500.full Mistaking a House for a Face: Neural Correlates of Misperception in Healthy Humans.] ''Cerebral Cortex'', Vol. 16, Issue4, pp. 500-508.</ref> Certain [[drug]]s and brain-injuries will completely rob you of this ability, and prosopagnosia, also known as "face blindness", is a neurological condition that prevents people from recognizing faces. Prosopagnosia also interferes with memory and has been a key condition when researching human-face recognition. Once thought to be extremely rare, this condition may occur in as much as 2% of the world's population.

Jiangang Liu et al. won the 2014 [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in Neuroscience for neural analysis of face pareidolia.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945214000288 Seeing Jesus in toast: Neural and behavioral correlates of face pareidolia] by Jiangang Liu et al. (2014) ''Cortex'' Volume 53, April 2014, Pages 60–77         doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.013''</ref><ref>[http://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html Winners of the Ig® Nobel Prize]</ref> They concluded:
{{Cquote|Our findings suggest that human face processing has a strong top-down component whereby sensory input with even the slightest suggestion of a face can result in the interpretation of a face.}}

==Examples==
[[File:Pareidolia - Chiesa Madre di Nereto - Teramo, Italy.jpg|thumb|right|165px|...and when you see it, you'll shit marble bricks.]]
Although pareidolia is most interesting when religious people see the Christian cross in a soiled diaper<ref>Hemant Mehta, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160521191709/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/05/18/florida-mother-finds-god-in-her-newborn-babys-soiled-diaper/ Florida Mother Finds God in Her Newborn Baby’s Soiled Diaper]. Archived from patheos.com, 18 May 2016.</ref> or in a potato,<ref>Hemant Mehta, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160906154952/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/09/03/the-sacred-spud-found-at-a-retirement-home-in-quebec-is-not-a-sign-from-above/ The “Sacred Spud” Found at a Retirement Home in Quebec Is Not a Sign From Above]. Archived from patheos.com, 3 September 2016.</ref> there are numerous [[secular]] examples:

*The Rorschach test, or the famous "inkblot" test asks people what they see in otherwise random blobs of ink. The accepted standard answers for the first four are A) a [[bat]], B) a bat, C) a bat, and D) my father killing my mother with a hypodermic needle.
*Volcano erupts into smiley face.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2016/aug/02/volcano-erupts-into-smiley-face-hawaii-flows-into-pacific-video Volcano erupts into smiley face in Hawaii as it flows into the Pacific – video]. ''Reuters'' via ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 August 2016.</ref>
*A cloud looks like a face<ref>Hemant Mehta, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160907172821/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/09/04/donald-trumps-lawyer-heres-a-cloud-that-looks-like-trump-so-god-must-be-sending-a-message/ Donald Trump’s Lawyer: Here’s a Cloud That Looks Like Trump, So God Must Be Sending a Message]. Archived from patheos.com, 4 September 2016.</ref> and the [[Donald Trump|Trump]] team says it's the Donald.
*The logo for the Ilfracombe Town Council met with criticism after people thought the stylised "i" looked a bit like a sperm.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/8380785.stm Logo swirl sparks 'sperm' jibes]. ''[[BBC]]'', 26 November 2009.</ref>
*[[Charles Darwin]] in an eye scan.<ref>Hemant Mehta, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160924121356/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/09/21/move-over-virgin-mary-someone-found-charles-darwin-in-an-eye-scan/ Move Over, Virgin Mary. Someone Found Charles Darwin in an Eye Scan]. Archived from patheos.com, 21 September 2016.</ref>
*David Beckham in some drying plaster.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/7511577/Pictures-of-the-day-24-March-2010.html Pictures of the day: 24 March 2010]. ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', 24 March 2010.</ref>
*While [[Penn & Teller]] were testing pareidolia on people for their debunking show ''[[Penn & Teller: Bullshit!|Bullshit!]]'' to see if people could see [[God]], they found that someone managed to see the guitarist Slash in a piece of magnified salami. So yes, someone did see God.
*The infamous [[U.S. dollar bill folding tricks]], giving [[Truthers|9/11 conspiracy theorists]] something to masturbate to.
*This house looks like [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1371091/Hitler-house-Semi-Swansea-looks-eerily-like-Nazi-dictator.html The Hitler house: Semi in Swansea looks eerily like Nazi dictator (complete with naff side parting)]. ''Daily Mail'', 30 March 2011.</ref> (although, despite this being in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', they didn't comment on whether this moved the price up or down).
*This collection of "rock people" around the world.<ref>Betsy mason, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110323183252/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/rock-people-gallery/ I See Rock People: Mimetoliths of the World]. ''Wired'', 21 March 2011.</ref>
*The logo for the {{wpl|2012 Summer Olympics||,}} famously, had at least three applied to it. A more light-hearted take on the jagged design suggested that it was [[The Simpsons|Lisa Simpson]] performing [[Oral sex|fellatio]].<ref>Jonathan Glancey, [http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jun/05/howlisasimpsontooktheolym How Lisa Simpson got ahead at the Olympics]. ''The Guardian'', 5 June 2007.</ref> More seriously and (perhaps) more disturbingly, it was claimed in [[Iran|parts]] of the [[Islamic]] world that the logo was evidence of a [[Zionist]] conspiracy. In true [[conspiracy theorist]] fashion, this was because the numbers could be rearranged to spell "ZION" — although the fact that 2012 can be arranged into "ZION" in ''any'' font hardly crossed their minds, there was evidence that people were seriously running with this.<ref>[http://www.redicecreations.com/radio/2008/06jun/beijingzion.jpg Oh come on.]</ref> In a twist of [[irony]], other people complained that the logo looked like a swastika. Apparently it wasn't close enough for certain people.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150413215555/http://www.24dash.com/news/local_government/2007-06-05-Mayor-of-London-defends-broken-swastika-Olympics-logo Mayor of London defends 'broken swastika' Olympics logo]. Archived from 24dash.com, 5 June 2007.</ref>
*The things with faces [[meme]]<ref>[https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/pareidolia things with faces]</ref> — self explanatory, really.
*A [[devil]]'s face spotted in a fresco by Giotto.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160424154114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15624767 Devil's face revealed in Giotto fresco in Italy]. ''BBC'', 7 November 2011.</ref> The chief restorer Sergio Fusetti stated that it is probably intentional, reflecting a quarrel Giotto had with someone. Also, as art historian Chiara Frugoni points out, figures had been concealed in clouds in previous Renaissance paintings such as the knight in a painting of St Sebastian.
*Auditory pareidolia is familiar to [[radio]] operators who spend hours listening for faint CW<ref group=note>Continuous Wave, a carrier signal switched on and off in the patterns of Morse code.</ref> signals in a noisy atmosphere. This form of pareidolia is heard as code symbols just below the threshold of intelligibility.
*Concerned parents groups also experienced audio pareidolia when searching for [[Backward masking|hidden messages in records played backwards]].  While a few records ''do'' have backwards messages recorded on them as a kind of Easter egg, most of the alleged backwards recordings of "worship satan!" in [[rock music]] aren't really there.
*The "[[Face on Mars]]", a part of the Cydonia region on the Red Planet, as imaged by the Viking 1 orbiter
*The "[[Mars]] [[rat]]" seen in a picture from the ''Curiosity'' rover.<ref>Mike Wall, [http://www.space.com/21396-mars-rat-curiosity-rover-photo.html 'Mars Rat' Taking Internet by Storm]. space.com, 31 May 2013.</ref>
*Eyes in Pyramids on maps.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jW1xQggvqhA, Illuminati Exposed On Google Earth And In Area 51]. SuperRorylewis on [[YouTube]], 2011.</ref>
*The Blue Horsehead Reflection Nebula.<ref>[https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130402.html The Blue Horsehead Reflection Nebula]. Astronomy Picture of the Day, 2 April 2013.</ref> Some see a blue horse there, but looks far more like a blue dragon, complete with horns and smoke.
* The "[[666]]" found in company logos such as Procter & Gamble and [[The Walt Disney Company]] among others. P&G later redesigned their logo to assuage fears from those concerned about their supposed satanic connections.
*A question mark in space captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.<ref>Rachel Treisman, [https://www.npr.org/2023/08/17/1194212940/question-mark-space-webb-telescope-photo People are freaking out over a question mark seen in space. Scientists can explain]. ''NPR'', 17 August 2023.</ref>

==Ze math==
<div style="float:right; margin:1em; padding:1em; text-align:center;"><math>P(A|B)=\frac{P(B|A)\cdot P(A)}{P(B)}</math> <br /> Bayes' Theorem</div>

Consider the theorem named after Thomas Bayes in the mid 18th century. It allows us to successfully compute the likelihood that a particular [[hypothesis]] is true given certain amounts of [[evidence]] and a few other [[probability|probabilities]]. It doesn't even require hard [[math]]s or precise numbers to calculate whether we will determine something to be of "high" or "low" probability. Firstly, the explanation of the terms (fuller explanations of the why and how can be found elsewhere) and what they mean in this case. As always, the piped probabilities like <math>P(A|B)</math> are read as "probability of A, given B," or the probability that our hypothesis (A) is true given some evidence (B).

*<math>P(A|B)</math> — The hypothesis we are testing — The probability that what we're seeing ''is'' a face (A) given that we see a face-like structure (B).
*<math>P(B|A)</math> — The probability of seeing a face-like structure if we are looking at a face. The deformities required to make a human face not look like a face are extreme and beyond our normal experience. Indeed, even the most deformed of faces are recognised as faces — such is the power of our ability to recognise them. This probability is '''very high''', if not near certain by definition.
*<math>P(A)</math> — The prior probability of a face being around us. Given that we are social animals and interact with people on a near daily basis this probability can also be considered to be '''high'''.
*<math>P(B)</math>  The prior probability of encountering a face-like arrangement. Compared to the other two known values is relatively '''low'''.

So it can be seen that two high values in the numerator and a relatively small one in the denominator makes <math>P(A|B)</math> quite high. Our brain does this calculation and thinks "this is a face-like arrangement of features, the odds of it being due to chance are low enough to discount so let's assume it really is a face." Pareidolia and psychological phenomena like it all hinge on <math>P(B)</math>, the probability of encountering a random arrangement of features to form a face. Or more specifically, because <math>P(B|A)</math> is near certain, it is the ratio between <math>P(A)</math> and <math>P(B)</math> — how common a real face is to us (because of social interaction) compared to random noise forming a face — that dominates the result. We perceive <math>P(B)</math> to be low compared to the others and conclude that we're seeing a face where there isn't one. Yes, the odds of a face randomly appearing in noise is very small, and we would be right to assume so. But the sheer amount of noise [[Improbable things happen|ensures]] that a face-like structure will appear at some point, and when it does we think it is an actual face and register it as such.

==See also==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Apophenia]]
*[[Blobsquatch]]
*[[Religious pareidolia]]
*[[Improbable things happen]]
*[[Face on Mars]]
*[[Mike Bara]] (who denied that pareidolia even exists, then showed around 100 examples of it)
*[[Electronic voice phenomenon]]
*[[Fun:Richard Dawkins' face found on tortilla]]
*[[Magical thinking]]
*[[Ideomotor effect]]
{{div col end}}

==External links==
*[http://www.skepdic.com/pareidol.html Entry in The Skeptic's Dictionary]
*/r/pareidolia [http://reddit.com/r/pareidolia subreddit] and [http://imgur.com/r/pareidolia imgur]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Psychology]]

Categories: Psychology