John Major

[[File:John Major 1996.jpg|thumb|165px|right|The 'boy from Brixton'.]]{{UKpolitics}}
{{cquote|It is time to return to core values, time to get back to basics, to self-discipline and respect for the law, to consideration for the others, to accepting responsibility for yourself and your family - and not shuffling it off on other people and the state.|||John Major, October 1993.<ref>[https://johnmajorarchive.org.uk/1993/10/08/mr-majors-speech-to-1993-conservative-party-conference-8-october-1993/ Mr Major’s Speech to 1993 Conservative Party Conference – 8 October 1993] ''John Major Archive''.</ref>}}

'''John 'Back to Basics' Major''' {{lived|1943}} is a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] (1990-1997); a man who, if remembered by anyone these days, is remembered for being a deathly dull, uncharismatic person whose only concession to a personality was his love of cricket.<ref group=note>Oddly enough, all the above could also be said against the Labour PM Clement Attlee some forty-odd years earlier.</ref> – a view not helped by the fact ''[[Private Eye]]'' portrayed him as a naive, bumbling fool (like an adult Adrian Mole<ref>[https://theconversation.com/private-eye-at-60-the-prime-ministerial-parodies-that-tell-a-history-of-modern-britain-170416 Private Eye at 60: the prime ministerial parodies that tell a history of modern Britain] ''The Conversation'', 26 October 2021.</ref>.) and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Image Spitting Image]'' always showing him as an all-grey character who only ate peas (not helped by the fact he’d gone grey in his 40s and favoured grey suits which made him look much older than he was<ref group=note>in fact, he’d been the youngest Prime Minister for a century.</ref>). Perhaps his biggest crime was to have been Prime Minister between two leaders who clearly ''did'' have charisma and an ‘inner fire’ – [[Margaret Thatcher]] and then [[Tony Blair]]. 

Public opinion pegs him as a fairly useless Prime Minister, though modern historians have been more favourable<ref>[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2017/09/15/book-review-john-major-an-unsuccessful-prime-minister-reappraising-john-major-edited-by-kevin-hickson-and-ben-williams/ Book Review: John Major: An Unsuccessful Prime Minister? Reappraising John Major] ''LSE Blogs'', 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/oct/17/biography.politics He let the bastards grind him down] ''The Guardian'', 17 October 1999.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/9185917/Its-time-to-give-John-Major-the-credit-we-so-cruelly-denied-him.html It’s time to give John Major the credit we so cruelly denied him] ''The Telegraph'', 4 April 2012.</ref> – particularly when they take into account of the ‘hand he’d been dealt’ in 1990 and when his calibre is compared to [[Theresa May|later]] [[Boris Johnson|Conservative]] [[Liz Truss|Prime]] [[Rishi Sunak|Ministers]]. He generally fell off the political radar after leading his party into the disastrous [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 General Election]]<ref group=note>‘When the curtain falls it is time to get off the stage’.</ref> though he continues to occasionally resurface - such as to oppose [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum Scottish Independence]<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-27888865 Scottish independence: John Major warns over 'Yes' vote] ''BBC News'', 17 June 2014.</ref> and soon after, to fight against [[Brexit]]<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-mistake-john-major-tories-b2277386.html Brexit ‘colossal mistake’, ex-Tory PM John Major tells MPs] ''The Independent'', 7 February 2023.</ref>.

==Early Life==
Major has been described as ‘the man who ran away from the circus to become an accountant’ – his father was a colourful music-hall<ref group=note>‘vaudeville’, in American parlance.</ref> entertainer,<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/my-old-man-a-personal-history-of-music-hall-by-john-major-8190142.html My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall By John Major] ''The Independent'', 28 September 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/oct/17/thatcher.uk2 Grey Major will be remembered in colour, oh yes!] ''The Guardian'', 17 October 1999.</ref> whose later garden ornament business floundered enough to reduce the family to a point they were (in Major’s words) ‘close to the edge, clinging on’ in 1950s London. He drifted through school, failed most of his exams and left at sixteen,<ref group=note>Major never went to university; making him one of only four 20th Century Prime Ministers who didn’t.</ref> then drifted into a series of jobs and periods of unemployment. By his early 20s, he was the lover of a divorcee thirteen years his senior who appeared to have helped him ‘straighten out’, smarten up and nurture his ambitions. A rather interesting backstory for such a 'dull' man.

Said straightening out included getting involved in Conservative Party politics, by becoming a local councillor in the 1960s, and getting into banking via a correspondence course. By the 1970s, he was hunting about for a Parliamentary seat which he’d actually have a decent chance of winning; his hard work and networking within the party finally paying off in being offered Huntingdon – a safe rural ‘shire’ seat – in time for the 1979 General Election, which was also solid Conservative victory.

==Parliament==
While he was later considered ‘rapidly over-promoted’ by Thatcher in her final year in power<ref group=note>Cycling between Foreign Secretary, Chancellor and finally Prime Minister in thirteen months.</ref> the truth was that Major was much more a ‘sleeper hit’ of the 1980s; continuing his combination of hard work and back-room networking to get a series of boring-but-responsible posts of increasing importance through the decade. This meant he ended up being 'in the right place at the right time'; that when the imperious Thatcher was finally deposed over her failure of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain) 'Poll Tax']<ref group=note>This was the straw that finally broke the camel's back of her premiership.</ref><ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/archives/margaret-thatcher-leadership-challenge-1.5805201 The leadership fracas that forced Margaret Thatcher from power in 1990] ''CBC News'', 15 July 2022.</ref>, he was senior enough to be considered a credible candidate, without having been there long enough to have made any real political enemies yet. Thus he became the ‘compromise candidate’ which both pro and anti Thatcher factions could agree on<ref>[https://archive.is/Vt1kX Thatcher's protege Major to be new British leader] ''Washington Post'', 27 November 1990.</ref>. Seems Major was rather sneaky in this; implying to both groups he was 'their man' but then once in power made his own path (which caused a deepening and sour rift with Thatcher as he denied her attempts to 'backseat drive'<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/416695.stm Major damns 'intolerable' Thatcher] ''BBC News'', 11 August 1999</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/11/12/margaret-thatcher-john-major-best-of-enemies-norman-fowler/ Thatcher and Major resented each other more than anyone knew – and I was caught in the middle] ''The Telegraph'', 12 November 2023.</ref>).

==Prime Minister==
For a ‘useless Prime Minister’, Major sure did achieve some things.

* Gave full support to [[George H. W. Bush|H.W. Bush]] over the [[Gulf War]] (inc 50,000 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Granby British forces in Desert Storm]).
* Did much of the ‘heavy lifting’ which led to the 1998 ‘[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement Good Friday Agreement]’ in [[Northern Ireland]] (putting '[[The Troubles]]' on ice) and the final normalisation of relations with the Republic of Ireland<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/wintour-and-watt/2011/may/17/queen-ireland John Major started process that has culminated with Queen's visit to Dublin] ''The Guardian'', 17 May 2011.</ref> - though not without some 'hiccups' on the way<ref>[https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-ira-bomb-1996-arndale-13192606 The 1996 Manchester bomb: A day that changed our city forever] ''Manchester Evening News'', 15 June 2024.</ref>.
* Managed to turn around a 20-point Labour lead in the polls to a 6-point Tory lead in about a year, leading to an unprecedented fourth victory in the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 General Election]] (also winning the record of ‘most votes’ at just over 14 million).
* Got the British Parliament to ratify the Maastricht Treaty (leading to the formation of the modern [[European Union]]) despite the [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptic]] wing of his party vowing to resist to the death<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-24-mn-16358-story.html Major Wins Confidence Vote on Europe Treaty] ''Los Angeles Times'', 24 July 1993.</ref>.
* Managed to stabilise the economy after the debacle of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_1990s_recession early 1990s recession] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday British ejection from the ‘Exchange Rate Mechanism’]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/sep/13/black-wednesday-20-years-pound-erm Black Wednesday 20 years on: how the day unfolded] ''The Guardian'', 13 September 2012</ref> – though in this case it was more ‘fixing the crap you caused’ than anything else (they'd deliberately stoked a boom in the late 1980s to help win the 1987 election<ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/nigel-lawson-boom-bust-budget-chancellor-nigella-b1072239.html Nigel Lawson’s legacy: boom, bust and a national treasure] ''Evening Standard'', 4 April 2023.</ref><ref group=note>Though Major himself was partly to blame, as he'd had a (short) stint as Chancellor.</ref>).

The most critical, and perhaps most impressive, feat was the simple fact that Major managed to actually get the Conservative Party to the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]] election without it actually dying on route. His pains included Thatcher and the 'bastards' in the rear trying to knife him<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1993/jul/25/politicalnews.uk Major hits out at Cabinet] ''The Guardian'', 25 July 1993.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/leadership/lead95.shtml Conservative Party Leadership Election 1995] ''BBC Politics '97''.</ref>, the Eurosceptic 'Referendum Party' rising on his right<ref>[https://www.worldpr.org/2020/06/05/sir-james-goldsmith-and-the-referendum-party/ Sir James Goldsmith and the Referendum Party] ''WorldPR'', 5 June 2020.</ref> while in front of him (and the nation) the various colleagues who were increasingly unable to keep their trousers up<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-yeo-resignation-minister-falls-foul-of-back-to-basics-policy-swift-demise-after-constituency-association-released-statement-1398284.html The Yeo Resignation: Minister falls foul of 'back to basics' policy: Swift demise after constituency association released statement] ''The Independent'', 6 January 1994.</ref>, [[Neil Hamilton|to say no to mysterious envelopes filled with cash]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1996/oct/01/conservatives.uk A lair and a cheat] ''The Guardian'', 1 October 1996.</ref> or realise when they're being tone-deaf<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-making-of-blue-peter-in-the-last-two-years-peter-lilley-has-shot-from-obscurity-to-eurobaiting-stardom-at-tory-party-conferences-is-the-minister-who-begat-the-child-support-agency-as-right-as-he-s-painted-1367591.html The making of blue Peter] ''The Independent'', 2 April 1992.</ref> - all causing his Parliamentary majority to slowly grind down under his feet to zero by 1996 due to much of the population increasingly convinced the Party were either corrupt, malign, deluded or simply stupid (though most still believed Major ''himself'' was honest and well-meaning).

All of this, however is outweighed in the popular memory by ‘[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_Basics_(campaign) Back to Basics]’<ref group=note>For Americans, consider it a long-form British edition of HG Bush’s demand for America to be ‘more like The Waltons and less like The Simpsons’.</ref>. A show-piece speech in 1993 to the ‘party faithful’<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1993/oct/09/conservatives.past Major goes back to the old values] ''The Guardian'', 9 October 1993.</ref>, in which Major laid out his political stall (much more an old-school ‘[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-nation_conservatism One Nation Conservatism]’ in the mould of [[Edward Heath]] than an unabashed Thatcherite). It wasn’t as bad as it was later portrayed, but it was a clear ‘hymn to the [[good old days]]’,<ref group=note>in this case, a mythologised 1950s</ref> which not only ignored the fact their own party had destroyed much of the infrastructure which made said days possible but also cut a moralistic, hectoring tone which felt out of sync with mainstream British society at the time (and personally hypocritical, reaching for the ‘family values’ line while the woman you’d had an affair with<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2286008.stm Major and Currie had four-year affair] ''BBC News'', 28 September 2002.</ref> was in the audience...).

Ultimately, this speech was the millstone which more than anything else sunk the Tories. Not only did it give the social reactionaries free reign to try to attack anything they didn’t like (single mothers, unmarried parents, sex education etc.) which made the party feel even more reactionary, but it also provided the perfect backdrop of blatant hypocrisy which came to be summed up as simply ‘Tory Sleaze’<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/12/politics-sleaze Ah, I remember this sickly smell of sleaze] ''The Guardian'', 12 April 2009.</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20220814060721/https://tidesofhistory.com/2017/12/23/sex-lies-and-hypocrisy-the-last-time-sleaze-brought-down-the-tories/ Sex, Lies and Hypocrisy: The last time Sleaze brought down the Tories] ''Tides of History'', 23 December 2017.</ref>.

Other items of note in his tenure was the piles of burning cattle due to [[BSE]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/25/mad-cow-disease-british-crisis Mad cow disease – a very British response to an international crisis] ''The Guardian'', 25 April 2012.</ref>, his timidity (or caution) over intervening in the [[Yugoslav Wars]]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/11/balkans11 Major, the chicken turned hawk] ''The Guardian'', 11 April 1999.</ref> and ill-considered policies such as the 'Cones Hotline'<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/cones-hotline-put-into-cold-storage-1601950.html Cones Hotline put into cold storage] ''The Independent'', 20 September 1995.</ref> which made the government look ridiculous.

==Legacy==
One of the reasons he’s forgotten is that he doesn’t really have a legacy. If ‘One Nation Conservatism’ is alive in Britain today, it’s not within the Conservative Party – the ‘bastards’<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/brexit-john-major-maastricht-treaty-conservatives-eu-a9323391.html How the Maastricht Treaty sowed the seeds of discontent that led to Brexit] ''The Independent'', 18 February 2020.</ref> and ‘swivel-eyed loons’<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/apr/08/tory-party-labour-britain-power The Tory party has lost the plot – and could be bad news for Labour] ''The Guardian'', 8 April 2024.</ref> have won<ref>[https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/conservative-party-becoming-enemy-liberal-democracy The Conservative Party is becoming the enemy of liberal democracy] ''Middle East Eye'', 10 October 2024.</ref><ref>[https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/48322-tories-now-seen-as-being-as-right-wing-as-2014-16-era-ukip Tories now seen as being as right wing as 2014-16 era UKIP] ''YouGov'', 11 January 2024.</ref>. He is an ''unperson'', like his old Cabinet colleagues [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heseltine Michael Heseltine]<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/20/tory-party-suspends-michael-heseltine-for-backing-lib-dems Tory party suspends Michael Heseltine for backing Lib Dems] ''The Guardian'', 20 May 2019.</ref> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke Ken Clarke]<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/central/2019-09-04/ken-clarke-expelled-from-the-parliamentary-conservative-party Ken Clarke expelled from the parliamentary Conservative Party] ''ITV News'', 4 September 2019.</ref>. His vision of a classless, meritocratic and fair Britain which ‘was at ease with itself’ is as unfashionable in the world of [[culture wars]], [[conspiracy theories]], [[alternative facts]] and [[vulgar libertarianism]] as much as shell suits and curtain haircuts are.

His bleating about governmental competence, of respect for civil servants<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68534552 Ex-PM Sir John Major criticises successors in No 10 for civil service treatment] ''BBC News'', 11 March 2024.</ref>, for ‘sound policies’<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/sep/18/john-major-rwanda-plan-un-conservative-un-british John Major criticises Rwanda asylum plan as ‘un-Conservative and un-British’] ''The Guardian'', 18 September 2024.</ref>, public service, economic fairness<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/11/john-major-blasts-shocking-inequality-levels-in-britain 'Shocking' inequality levels in Britain must be addressed, says John Major] ''The Guardian'', 11 November 2015.</ref> and for personal rectitude are unwelcome to modern Conservative ears. Better instead to proclaim him a failure, to blame him single-handedly for the ‘97 defeat, say that ‘he wasn’t a real conservative’ and that he should basically just ‘sit down and shut up’<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-should-we-listen-to-john-major/ Why should we listen to John Major?] ''The Spectator'', 18 September 2024.</ref>. Lastly, his steadfast refusal to bow and scrape to the shrine of the Blessed St Margaret is a heresy which can ''never'' be forgiven by those who tend the flames of the cult<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/94e6f397-4a5d-4a8a-b6dd-9eb4cdc48228 The cracks in the Cult of the Dead Leader] ''Financial Times'', 6 October 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/thatcherism-is-a-cult-the-tories-need-not-follow/ Thatcherism is a cult the Tories should not follow] ''The Spectator'', 21 August 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/10/beaten-marooned-demoralised-right-thatcher Beaten, marooned, demoralised – and yet still the right clings to Thatcher. I’ve seen them: they’re so lost] ''The Guardian'', 10 September 2024.</ref>.

John Major is a reminder of what ‘Conservative’ ''used'' to mean, and much of the current crop hate him for that.

==Further reading==
There's been few works done on Major at this point, so you effectively have two choices; 'An Unsuccessful Prime Minister?: Reappraising John Major' (Kevin Hickson and Ben Williams, 2017) for a layperson-friendly work on his stint as PM and his own autobiography (cunningly called 'John Major: The Autobiography') which was praised for being reasonably honest ''and'' readable (for a political biography, that is) even though it is clearly in the 'doorstopper' category (774 pages in hardback) and suffers from the defect it was written in 1999 and not updated since.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
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{{BritishPM}}

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Categories: Authors, British people, Centrism, Former Members of Parliament (UK), Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Neoconservatives