Reincarnation

{{Sources needed}}{{religion}}
'''Reincarnation''' (literally, "becoming flesh again") is the belief that the [[soul]] or spirit of a person, which exists [[dualism|separately from their body]], does not [[Death|die]] when the body dies, but is/can be born again into another body. It is common to many [[religion]]s and [[New Age]] beliefs.

Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and other transcendentalists generally accepted the idea of reincarnation and past lives.

==In religion==
Reincarnation is most prominent in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], both of which believe that the soul moves through a life-death-rebirth cycle (known as ''samsara''). In many Hindu traditions, the soul can be [[animal]], [[human]], [[god]] or [[demon]]. The exact form and status in which a person is reborn is decided by his or her actions in the previous life, a concept called ''[[karma]]''.

[[Buddhism]] believes in reincarnation of all beings, until and unless a state of soul-perfection (nirvana) is reached.

[[Daoism]] in [[philosophy]] also believes in reincarnation of all beings, but there will be no real end for it and souls do not play a central part. To quote {{wpl|Zhuang Zhou}} (or Chuang-Tsu, 庄周):<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=vMNI-aFtF4UC&dq</ref>
{{cquote|Birth is not a beginning; death is not an end. There is existence without limitation; there is continuity without a starting-point. Existence without limitation is Space. Continuity without a starting point is Time. There is birth, there is death, there is issuing forth, there is entering in.}}
Modern Chinese folk-belief usually overlooks the philosophy and only recognizes a Buddhism-like reincarnation of the soul.

Other modern religions that formally accept reincarnation include [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], African vodun (and the various [[voodoo]] offshoots), and several [[Native American]] religions, specifically the Inuit.

Reincarnation is also found in [[Celtic religion]], although there is debate among cultural historians whether souls alternate between an otherworld and a regular world. It is also {{wpl|Metempsychosis#Orphism|present}} in some [[Classical mythology|Hellenistic]] {{wpl|Orphism|religious movements}}.

===Judaism===
Belief in reincarnation is present in [[Judaism]], particularly in [[Kabbalah]], and it is known as ''gilgul neshamot'', which translates to "cycle of souls". Most commonly, Hasidic texts tend to accept the doctrine of reincarnation. Reincarnation is frequently cited to justify scriptural claims that all Jewish souls were present at Sinai or to claim that converts to Judaism are reincarnated former Jews, that great teachers are reincarnated because they are not done teaching, or that non-Jewish souls can be reincarnated so that they have an opportunity to become Jewish.<ref>http://judaism.about.com/library/3_askrabbi_o/bl_simmons_reincarnation.htm</ref><ref>http://www.jewfaq.org/olamhaba.htm#Resurrection</ref>

===Christianity===
[[Christianity]] is not generally thought of as having "reincarnation" as part of its doctrine, with the exception of [[Rosicrucian]] beliefs. However, there is some [[Biblical]] text available if people want to try to [[Shoehorning|shoehorn]] reincarnation into it. Some of these passages are quite tedious and often require either stretching the imagination or taking the concept of "[[born again]]" a little too literally. Another theory is that reincarnation was part of the initial doctrine of Christianity but was abolished sometime in the 4<sup>th</sup> or 5<sup>th</sup> century.<ref>[http://www.comparativereligion.com/reincarnation3.html Comparative Religion &mdash; reincarnation]</ref> Basically, if you're going to try and control people and have them do what you say in ''this'' life, then it's probably a bad idea to claim that they get a second chance by being able to reincarnate.

==Past lives and memories==
{{see also|Confabulation}}
{{cquote|Why is it whenever people talk about reincarnation they're always a king or a general or a famous person? How come they're never a serf or a rock or a bug?|4=Michael De Santa, ''Grand Theft Auto V &mdash; Assuming the Truth (2013)}}

Since a soul is understood to be the human identity, and human identity relies on memories and genetic makeup, true reincarnation would involve total (or near-total) recall of the previous life in addition to identical wiring of the neurons, thereby preserving the individual's unique personality. [[Plato]]'s [[philosophy]] includes the theory of {{wpl|anamnesis (philosophy)|anamnesis|,}} or recovering knowledge gained in past existences, by skilled questioning. Religions teaching reincarnation accept that entities are reincarnated or reborn in a different form and do not maintain the previous identity.

Some [[hypnotherapist]]s claim to be able to [[Past life regression therapy | "regress"]] patients into past lives, essentially claiming to unlock these unconscious memories. However, no one has objectively demonstrated memories of a previous life, such as recalling a closely-kept secret known only to [[Napoleon]]'s family, for example (even though thousands of people ''were'' Napoleon despite the short timeframe of 200 years and less than fifteen generations). The result is that even if reincarnation were true, it would be pointless, because it would be the same as a person suffering total {{wpl|amnesia}} and starting their life over.

Interestingly, those who have discovered their previous lives have demonstrated that there were far more [[Egyptian]] pharaohs and queens than mud-encrusted plebs who served under them. This extends to other royal personages, samurai, high-priestesses, and other interesting job descriptions. On the other hand, if you were, say, [[Ronald Reagan]] looking back over your past life, is it more likely that you'd remember yourself as a film star or President than as a swimming pool lifeguard? And that's just one life. Or, imagine looking back over your own life, this time around. Do you remember the times in which exciting, interesting events happens or the 200 uneventful days that you spent in 2<sup>nd</sup> grade?<ref group=note>Or maybe, as claimed in a video-game, it seems just those who lived famous, rich, or interesting existences get reincarnated while everyone else fades into oblivion. Isn't the universe a wacky place?</ref>

[[Otherkin]] and [[Therian]]s claim to have been mythical creatures or animals in a past life.

Whatever the case may be for the rest of lifeforms, it is a well known fact that [[cat]]s are reincarnated eight times before going not gently into that [[death|good night]].

== Where do all these souls come from? ==

Standard human-to-human reincarnation on a one-to-one basis runs up against the problem of a lack of numbers in previous generations. Take the case of the soulful Jews. All Jews descend from [[Abraham]], and Abraham was a single individual, but several million Jews live today. We pass from a time of one identifiable soul-body combination to a time of potentially more than one soul-body combination. Same issue with [[Adam]]. Or with any sort of [[Mitochondrial Eve]]... There might not be enough souls to go round.

Several possible solutions come to mind:

# Humans in the past (especially [[Great man theory | Great Human]]s like Cleopatra and Napoleon) each had several souls available for re-distribution after their deaths. (This could account for some of the multiple contemporary Napoleons. And Egyptian and Chinese ideas about multiple souls per person could help here.)
# Souls can split themselves to cover each succeeding generation as more and more humans get born and population-numbers increase. (Souls in this case resemble self-replicating cells or self-reproducing parental pairs. Yet another example of the Wonders of Creation.)
# Souls can cross the non-human-to-human barrier when transmigrating.<ref>
{{wpa | Transmigration of the soul}}
</ref> (This Dharmic solution<ref>
{{wpa | Dharmic religions}}
</ref> can account for the numbers: billions of unexciting (say) microbial souls coming from time immemorial now co-habit with the billions of boring [[sheeple]] who don't even recognize that their very own eternal souls have re-incarnated from some mundane life-form.)
# Souls can travel through time after death
# Reincarnation does not operate. ([[Occam's razor |Ockhamite]] simplicity; the issue of the distribution of the number of souls goes away.)
# Souls do not exist. (They always proved difficult to measure, anyway.)

==See also==
{{fun}}
*[[Woo]]
*[[Hypnosis]]
*[[Déjà vu]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Afterlife]]
[[Category:Birth]]
[[Category:Buddhism]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Religious terms]]

Categories: Afterlife, Birth, Buddhism, Hinduism, Religious terms