East Germany

[[File:East Germany 1956-1990.svg|right|thumb|165px|East Germany: It was right next to West Germany, who could've known that?]]
[[File:Flag of East Germany.svg|upright|thumb|165px|The flag of East Germany. No, it had nothing to do with the [[Freemasons]].]]
{{Communism}}
'''East Germany''' (German: '''''Ostdeutschland'''''), officially the '''German Democratic Republic''' ('''GDR'''; German: '''''Deutsche Demokratische Republik''''' or '''DDR''')  was an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[Communism|Communist country]] and [[Imperialism|satellite state]] of the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]]. After the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989, East Germany became genuinely [[Democracy|democratic]], and a year later, at the end of the Cold War, the East German people (''Ossis'', not to be confused with Australians or subjects of Oz) voted to reunite with [[Germany#West Germany|West Germany]] to form the current [[Germany|German state]].

Its longest-serving, and most famous, leader was Erich Honecker. The GDR was widely said to be the most prosperous and nicest of the [[Eastern Bloc]] states, but that is a bit like saying ''{{wpl|Molluscum contagiosum}}'' is the best [[Sexually transmitted disease|STD]]. The claim neatly glosses over the estimated 327 people who died trying to cross from East to West Germany—many shot by guards or killed by mines—as well as other human rights abuses (catalogued below).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-40200305 East German border claimed 327 lives, says Berlin study], BBC, 8 June 2017. (Said study is ''Die Todesopfer des DDR-Grenzregimes an der innerdeutschen Grenze'' (''The Victims of the East German Border Regime on the Border between East and West Germany'', published by Verlag Peter Lang that year.)</ref>

Nevertheless, Comrade Honecker fell out with the Soviets and openly disobeyed Moscow, especially when that dubious [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] guy started to speak about a less authoritarian style of {{wpl|leadership}}. However, Honecker still failed to bring any major improvements to East Germany, and he was finally ousted just prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall.<ref group=note>Talk of too little, too late.</ref> After falling from power, Herr Honecker fled to [[Chile]]<ref group=note>(West) Germany sought his extradition to be prosecuted for his crimes as head of the DDR, but dropped these proceedings as Honecker was already dying from [[cancer]] of the liver (he died in Chile in 1994).</ref> and became the butt of numerous German jokes. The fact that Honecker hailed from the West German Saar area (bordering [[France]]) but still sounded like a stereotypical Easterner in his incredibly bland, hour-long speeches must have helped.

==Stasi==
Like most Coommunist countries, East Germany had a [[secret police]], the ''Stasi''<ref group=note>A colloquial abbreviation of "Ministerium für '''Sta'''ats'''si'''cherheit" or "MfS", meaning "Ministry for State Security." Interestingly enough, China also has a {{wpl|Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)|Ministry of State Security}} which performs many similar functions.</ref> (short for ''Staatsicherheit''—"State Security"). The Stasi had the stated aim [[Omniscience|"to know everything about everyone"]]; it has been estimated that '''one in eight''' East German citizens collaborated with the Stasi (in a country of 16 million people).<ref>Steve Rosenberg, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6692895.stm "Computers to solve Stasi puzzle"], [[BBC]] News, 25 May 2007.</ref> Other subsequent estimates indicate that the Stasi maintained a greater degree of surveillance over their population than any other domestic intelligence force in history. Off the back of this, the Stasi counted as one of the world's most effective secret police forces;<ref group=note>German efficiency!</ref> they even helped (à la [[Fun:KGB|KGB]]) to set up "state security" organizations for other countries.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/9867981 Like Ethiopia.]</ref> Other activities included supporting West German [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] groups,<ref>[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/eastgermany/nazis1.html E. Germany Ran Antisemitic Campaign in West in ’60s] by {{wpl|Marc Fisher|Marc Fisher,}} ''[[The Washington Post]]'', February 28, 1993. From the website of Paul Bogdanor.</ref> surveilling [[video game]] clubs,<ref>Sharon Lin (October 21, 2019). [https://hackaday.com/2019/10/21/how-a-secret-gaming-scene-emerged-in-communist-east-germany/ "How A Secret Gaming Scene Emerged In Communist East Germany"]. ''Hackaday''.</ref> and running a [[Prostitution|brothel]] to entrap [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]].<ref>[https://worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/prostitution-in-east-germany-new-film-pulls-back-the-curtain Florian Stark (October 17, 2020)]</ref>

There is speculation about how closely the Stasi were involved with the [[Red Army Faction]] (Baader-Meinhof gang) and West German terrorism, but they definitely had some links. Some of its members of the third generation got citzenship from the GDR and lived under a different name in the area of East Germany, which they even talked about in German TV. They were involved in the shooting of Benno Ohnesorg involuntarily, as the shooting Policeman was also an IM (infozieller Mitarbeiter) of the StaSi.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2013.793637 The Stasi–Meinhof Complex?], David Vielhaber, ''Studies in Conflict & Terrorism'', Volume 36, Issue 7—2013, published online 14 June 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2013.793637.</ref>

They also used female prostitutes to extract information from Western visitors during trade fairs in Leipzig, as well as a "Project Romeo" where Stasi agents were to cultivate relationships with people who had access to classified information (so they [[Sex|knew occasionally in the biblical sense]] to get to [[Knowledge|know in the literal sense]]).

==Economic failures of East Germany==
Much like most other Communist states, East Germany suffered poor economic performance throughout its existence. The 1950s comprised two Five-Year Plans, both of which failed miserably. The First Five-Year Plan was implemented in June 1950 and concentrated on widespread nationalisation of the economy. Both small- and large-scale businesses would be brought under centralised [[Command_economy|"People's Enterprises."]] Walter Ulbricht, the First Secretary of the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED),<ref group=note>This was created in 1946 when [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ordered a merger of the Communist and Social Democratic Parties in the region of Germany that the Soviets controlled after the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] were defeated. Said region became the GDR.</ref> announced plans for expansion of heavy industry, despite low productivity and access to technology. There subsequently emerged widespread social dissatisfaction at the long working hours and continual underinvestment in consumer goods—as regional managers would push for higher productivity without wage increases. The First Five-Year Plan would struggle to rival the economy of West Germany, leading the SED to adopt the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–1959).{{cn}} Also, the FRG benefitted greatly from the Marshall Plan leading to the "Wirtschaftswunder", the economic miracle in the 1950s. Meanwhile the Soviet occupation zone and the following GDR were forced to "pay" reparations, in destructing railway systems and industrial productions in general until 1953. The GDR had in general a worse standing compared to the FRG in the beginning. [https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/izpb/10077/wirtschaftsentwicklung-von-1945-bis-1949/ Economic development 1945-1948 (German)] [https://www.mdr.de/geschichte/weitere-epochen/zwanzigstes-jahrhundert/eisenbahn-wiederaufbau-kriegsende-100.html Demontage and rebuilding of German Railway tracks after 1945 (German)]

Not dissimilarly to [[North Korea]], the DDR was one of the strongest economies in the Eastern Bloc because of its exports to other communist countries. However, when the Warsaw Pact collapsed, demand for inferior<ref group=note>Except for the most awesome [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarov_pistol Makarov pistol].</ref> East German products collapsed, resulting in the region's economic collapse.<ref>Bruni de la Motte, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/08/1989-berlin-wall "East Germans lost much in 1989"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 8 November 2009.</ref> East German cars such as the Trabant and Wartburg were highly desirable to those in the East who faced 15-year waiting lists, but laughable (albeit cheap) death traps when compared to Western cars.<ref>Paul Hudson, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/classic/trabant-and-wartburg-cars-that-came-in-from-the-cold/ "Trabant and Wartburg – cars that evolved behind the Berlin Wall"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 6 February 2018.</ref>

Generally, poorer economies {{wpl|Convergence_(economics)|grow faster}} than richer economies, but East Germany always, or, at worst, almost always, had lower growth than West Germany until reunification.<ref name="sleifer20061">Sleifer, Jaap (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=80vnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false "Chapter 3: East German GDP"]. ''Planning Ahead and Falling Behind: The East German Economy in Comparison with West Germany 1936–2002'', pp. 50 and 66.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ East German growth rates of GDP according to different series<ref name="sleifer20061"/>
|- style="background: #eaecf0"
|
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center" | '''East Germany'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''West Germany'''
|-
| || '''Sleifer (2006)''' || '''Merkel and Wahl (1991)''' || '''Maddison (1995)''' || '''ICOP'''
|-
| 1950-1960 || 6.7 || 3.6 || 5.5 || 8.0
|-
| 1960-1970 || 2.7 || 2.5 || 2.9 || 4.4
|-
| 1970-1980 || 2.6 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 2.8
|-
| 1980-1989 || 0.3 || 0.5 || 1.6 || 1.9
|-
| '''1950-1989''' || '''3.1''' || '''2.3''' || '''3.3''' || '''4.3'''
|}

Many [[Stalin apologetics|tankies]] bring up how East Germany was always poorer than West Germany to [[Handwave|explain]] the poverty of East Germany throughout its communist period, but estimates suggest that East German GDP per capita was 3 to 7 percent higher than West German GDP per capita in 1936, and East German GDP per person employed was 2 percent higher than the West German figure,<ref>Sleifer, Jaap (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=80vnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false "Chapter 3: East German GDP"]. ''Planning Ahead and Falling Behind: The East German Economy in Comparison with West Germany 1936–2002'', p. 49.</ref> so that claim just isn't true. Moreover, the share of the gap between the GDP per capita (adjusted for 1990 {{wpl|International dollar|international dollars}}) of West Germany and East Germany increased from 1950 to 1990, so East Germany couldn't keep up:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ GDP, Population, and GDP per capita comparison between East and West Germany
|- style="background: #eaecf0"
|
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center" | '''East Germany''' 
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center" | '''West Germany'''
|
|-
| 
| '''GDP (1990 Int$, millions)'''<ref name="angus2006">Maddison, Angus (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YeoEiNLtrLsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false "Development Centre Studies The World Economy Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective"]. <i>MIT Press</i>. p. 406</ref>
| '''Population (thousands)'''<ref name="sleifer20062">Sleifer, Jaap (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=80vnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false "Chapter 3: East German GDP"]. ''Planning Ahead and Falling Behind: The East German Economy in Comparison with West Germany 1936–2002'', p. 53</ref>
| '''GDP per capita ($)'''
| '''GDP (1990 Int$, millions)'''<ref name="angus2006"/>
| '''Population (thousands)'''<ref name="sleifer20062"/>
| '''GDP per capita ($)'''
| '''East as a % of West'''
|-
| '''1950'''
| 51,412
| 18,400
| 2,794
| 213,942
| 50,000
| 4,279
| 65
|-
| '''1990/1989'''<ref group=note>GDP data is from 1990 and population data is from 1989. Sure, the measure isn't year for year, but it's still going to give us a rough GDP per capita figure between 1989 and 1990.</ref>
| 82,177
| 16,400
| 5,011
| 1,182,261
| 62,100
| 19,038
| 26
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center; background: #eaecf0" | '''Angus Maddison Data'''<ref>Maddison, Angus (2006). ''[https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/157/Papers/world_economy.pdf The World Economy]''. Paris, France: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). pp. 178.</ref>
|-
| '''1936'''
| 74,652
| 15,614
| 4,781.09
| 192,911
| 42,208
| 4,570.48
| 105
|-
| '''1950'''
| 51,412
| 18,388
| 2,795.95
| 213,942
| 49,983
| 4,280.30
| 65
|-
| '''1973'''
| 129,969
| 16,890
| 7,695.03
| 814,786
| 61,976
| 13,146.80
| 59
|-
| '''1990'''
| 82,177
| 16,111
| 5,100.68
| 1,182,281
| 63,254
| 18,690.69
| 27
|-
| '''1991'''
| 85,961
| 15,910
| 5,402.95
| 1,242,096
| 63,889
| 19,441.47
| 28
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center; background: #eaecf0" | '''CIA Figures'''<ref>[http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_per_capita_1.html CIA 1990 GDP per capita list], <i>CIA World Factbook</i>.</ref>
|-
| '''1990'''
| 159,500
| 16,307
| 9,679
| 945,700
| 62,168
| 15,300
| 63
|}

After unification, life got much better for East Germans and many gaps in various indicators between East Germany and West Germany decreased.<ref>[https://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/20151003_WOM950_1.png Bundesbalances—Eastern and Western German fortunes since reunification], <i>[[The Economist]]</i>.</ref> Around nine in ten Germans living in both the West and East say that German unification was a good thing for Germany.<ref name="pew3d">"[https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/15/european-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism/ European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism]", <i>Pew Research Center</i>.</ref> Life satisfaction in East Germany has skyrocketed since 1991 and now is closing in on opinions in the West. In 1991, 15% of those living in former East Germany said their life was a 7, 8, 9, or 10 on a 0–10 scale, but in 2019 that ballooned to 59%. Meanwhile, life satisfaction in the West has also increased since 1991, from 52% to 64% today.<ref name="pew3d/> Eighty-three per cent of East Germans approve of the transition to a market economy that occurred in 1989, and only 13% disapprove of it.<ref name="pew3d"/>

Despite this, East Germany is still the poorest region of Germany to this day, and many East Germans long for the time of guaranteed economic security under the DDR.<ref>"[https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/diarmaid-ferriter-nostalgia-for-east-germany-is-not-surprising-1.4076973 Nostalgia for East Germany is not surprising]" - ''The Irish Times''</ref>

==[[Stopped clock|Good things it did]]==
[[File:Ampelmaenner.jpg|rght|thumb|200px|Sorta cute.]]
Well, {{wpl|Ampelmännchen|those traffic lights}} look kinda endearingly retro...

Abortions were legal since 1972,<ref name="Huneke2019"/> and available since 1950s, in stark contrast to the BRD. Child care and child support was heavily supported and controlled by the state. As women were "encouraged" to get back into work as early as possible after giving birth, early child care was common and widely available as normal child care (nursery and Kindergarten).<ref name="Huneke2019"/> As marriages were supported by interest-free credit which could be paid off by having children, and also getting a flat when you're married only (living space was sparse, and most of the flats in old buildings were molding away...), early marriages were supported (even a bit forced), but divorces were not shunned upon generally by the state. Household days (Haushaltstage) were ''paid'' days for working women once a month for household chores. Still one should consider while East Germany had the highest employment rate for women (they represented 48 percent of the total workforce by 1970<ref name="Huneke2019"/>) and was quite emancipated in many areas, there were mostly political reasons for that. And the higher the status or wage, the fewer women worked there.<ref name="Huneke2019"/> Margot Honecker was one of the very few women (or the only woman) in government positions.

In general, the GDR had much more progressive views towards [[homosexuality]],<ref name="Huneke2019"/><ref>George de Stefano (July 11, 2022). [https://www.popmatters.com/states-gay-liberation-clowes-huneke "States of (Gay) Liberation in East Germany and West Germany"]. ''PopMatters''.</ref> other non-conforming sexualities, and [[transgender]] people.<ref>Lou Sullivan (June 1990). [https://archive.org/details/ftm-june-1990-001/FTM_june1990_003.jpg "Will German Reunification Hurt Transsexual Rights?"] ''FTM Newsletter''. Issue 12, page 3. Published by FTM International.</ref> Historian Samuel Clowes Huneke argued in the ''Boston Review'' that: "The complex relations between a state and its citizens, and the specific ways in which states function, are what determine [[gay liberation]]'s path more than raw ideology. Gay activists in East Germany knew their government's pressure points better than did those in West Germany, and they were better able to leverage that knowledge."<ref>Samuel Clowes Huneke (April 18, 2019). [https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/gay-liberation-behind-iron-curtain/ "Gay Liberation Behind the Iron Curtain"]. ''Boston Review''.</ref>

As well, the country was much more open about [[sex education]] than its western counterpart, leading to the stereotype that East Germans had much better sex. This appears to have been statistically confirmed.<ref>Sean Illing (December 12, 2018). [https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/12/12/18125659/women-sex-socialism-feminism-kristen-ghodsee "Why women have better sex under socialism, according to an anthropologist"]. ''Vox''.</ref> A Gewis-Institut survey, which received widespread media attention in 1990,<ref group=note>The Berlin Wall had just fallen, but everything is about sex. Right?</ref> found that 80 percent of East German women "always experienced orgasm", compared with 63 percent of West German women.<ref name="HistoryOfSexuality">{{Cite journal |last=Sharp |first=Ingrid |date=2004 |title=The Sexual Unification of Germany |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704838 |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=348–365 |issn=1043-4070}}</ref> Similar findings were reported in two East German studies from the 1980s.<ref name="Huneke2019">Samuel Clowes Huneke (April 3, 2019). [https://thepointmag.com/criticism/was-socialism-sexy/ "Was Socialism Sexy?"]. ''The Point''.</ref> Strangely, this led to the perception in the West that East German women were simply "more easily satisfied" in some intrinsic way than West German women were. But in fact, it has been instead attributed to the sexually-equal social policies of East Germany and a resultant self-confidence among women.<ref>Marc Abrahams (August 30, 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/aug/30/sex-city-berlin-unification "Sex and the city of Berlin"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref><ref name="Huneke2019"/><ref name="HistoryOfSexuality"/> Sexologist Kurt Starke, who attributed the higher orgasm rate to that, stated: "Ninety percent work outside the home and feel equal to men in any situation. If they want to, they'll seduce their partner and won't wait around for him to make the first move." Even East Germany's more progressive stance on abortion was tied to this, with some in the media commenting that West German women may experience more sexual pleasure if the state were more permissive of abortions.<ref name="HistoryOfSexuality"/> The 2006 German-language documentary film ''Do Communists Have Better Sex?'' attributed it to broader cultural differences as well, such as the West's more "Church-driven morality" and its "greater influence of [[Antifeminism|traditional gender roles]]".<ref>{{wpa|Do Communists Have Better Sex?}}</ref>

For a country that always had a smallish population, it did extremely well in the Olympic Games. It invested heavily in athletic training but also in shady "performance-enhancing substances".

It had an attractive national anthem that, although made for a Marxist-Leninist state, had largely-benign lyrics that paradoxically [[irony|better fit the other Germany in achievements such as creating more prosperity, having more creativity in culture, and avoiding military entanglements]]. The DDR anthem was more undeniably German than the anthem of the German Federal Republic. Unlike territory of the old DDR and like its symbols and economic practices, it was not incorporated into the unified Germany.

==Overseas colonies==
In 1972, [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]] renamed the island of Cayo Blanco del Sur after German communist politician Ernst Thälmann.<ref group=note>Thälmann was the leader of the Communist Party of Germany (''Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands'', or KPD in German) during the late 1920s and early 1930s; he was one of the first politicians arrested by [[Adolf Hitler]] after Hitler became Chancellor in 1933. Thälmann spent 11 years in solitary confinement until he was shipped off to a concentration camp and shot.</ref> Ernst Thälmann Island was gifted to East Germany, although the Cuban government claims this was symbolic and it's really still part of Cuba.<ref>{{wpa|Ernst Thälmann Island}}</ref> The [[micronation]] of Molossia, in the [[United States|US]] state of [[Fun:Nevada|Nevada]], formerly affected to be at war with East Germany, and having outlived the DDR, Molossia now claims to be at war with Ernst Thälmann Island.<ref>{{wpa|Republic of Molossia}}</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/documentary-explores-gay-and-lesbian-oppression-in-east-germany-a-883707.html Homosexuality in East Germany]
*{{wpa|Economy of East Germany#Comparison with West Germany}}
*{{wpa|Ostalgie}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AD6Unp_jjrs&t=1s| Spoof of the anthem of the DDR, and it gets much right,] on [[YouTube]]
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2325957417724203 "How East Germany Fabricated the Myth of HIV Being Man-Made"] — on the DDR's propagation of [[HIV/AIDS]] conspiracy theories

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{nationbox}}

[[Category:Authoritarian regimes]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Communist states]]
[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Historical countries]]
[[Category:History of communism]]

Categories: Authoritarian regimes, Cold War, Communist states, European history, Germany, Historical countries, History of communism