Vietnam

{{bronze}}
[[File:Vietnam - Location Map (2013) - VNM - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|right|195px|Map of Vietnam.]]
{{cquote|Others called it the American War, but I saw it as a [[civil war]] between the North and South of Vietnam. America only took part in this war to support the South to fight communism. The country has been unified for 40 years, but the nation is yet to be reconciled. Vietnamese media have shown many pictures of American soldiers hugging North Vietnamese soldiers. But you never see any pictures of a North Vietnamese soldier hugging a South Vietnamese soldier.|||Son Tran, Hanoi businessman.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/04/the-vietnam-war-as-seen-by-the-north-vietnamese/390627/ The Vietnam War, as Seen by the Victors]. ''The Atlantic.''</ref>}}
{{countrybox|Vietnam
|flag = Flag_of_Vietnam.svg
|pop =96,483,981	
|GDP =340,602
|GDPPC =3,498
|life =75.3	
|dev =0.693
|dem =3.08	
|cor =37
|edu =0.810	
|rel =30
}}

'''Vietnam''', officially the '''Socialist Republic of Vietnam''' ('''SRV'''; ''{{lang|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}''), is a Southeast Asian country with a long history and a remarkable record of beating off larger invaders—[[China]], [[France]], and even [[Mongolia]] in its prime. Since the [[Vietnam War]], Vietnam has been a one-party socialist (Marxist-Leninist) [[dictatorship]], albeit one that gradually implemented [[capitalist]] reforms. Vietnam has also become one of the closest friends and partners of the United States in Southeast Asia thanks to reconciliation efforts, economic ties, and shared distrust of China.<ref>[https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/us-vietnam-ties-have-never-been-better/ US, Vietnam ties have never been better]. ''Asia Times.''</ref> Still, those success stories should not distract from the fact that Vietnam remains a dictatorship that violently suppresses dissent.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/15/digital-dictatorship-in-vietnam-seeks-to-silence-dissidents Digital dictatorship in Vietnam seeks to silence dissidents]. ''Al Jazeera.''</ref> Vietnam's capital is Hanoi, and most of its population follows a folk religion, [[Buddhism]], or [[atheism|no religion]].<ref>{{wpa|Religion in Vietnam|}}</ref> A substantial minority of [[Christian]]s also represent about 10% of the population. 

The land of modern-day Vietnam was a frequent target of [[Imperial China]] for much of its history. From the 2nd century CE, the Austronesian Cham people were able to throw off the Chinese yokes and thrived. By the 10<sup>th</sup> century CE, the Vietic Kinh people managed to decisively establish a powerful kingdom called Đại Việt, absorbing the culturally distinct Cham people in southern Vietnam along the way. By the 16<sup>th</sup> century, the kingdom declined and splintered into several monarchies and militarist regimes. In 1802, Gia Long became the first emperor of Việt Nam by militarily uniting the shattered region. His dynastic successors practiced isolationist conservatism and religious intolerance, increasing Western [[imperialism]] and domestic discontent. The imperial age ended abruptly when Vietnam fell victim to the [[French colonial empire]] along with the rest of the Indochinese region. [[France]] treated Vietnam poorly, violently suppressing the people and turning the whole country into a giant forced labor plantation. When [[World War II]] gave the Vietnamese an opportunity to end French rule, they enthusiastically took it.

In the First Indochina War, starting almost immediately after WWII, Vietnam struggled against French domination. They eventually won freedom in the 1954 Geneva Conference, which split the country between communist-led North Vietnam and sternly anti-communist South Vietnam. They were supposed to be unified under free elections, but the United States and South Vietnam considered the possibility of a communist victory in the vote too risky to chance. Instead, hostilities between the two halves of Vietnam erupted into the Vietnam War in 1955, with the United States supporting South Vietnam and North Vietnam supporting communist guerrillas in the South. The war became a bloody and hopeless catastrophe for the United States, eventually forcing its withdrawal. Without direct American aid, South Vietnam collapsed entirely in 1975, leaving Vietnam united under the communist government in Hanoi. 

After its victory, Vietnam remained relatively isolated thanks to US diplomacy. When the spillover from the Vietnam War helped bring the omnicidal [[Khmer Rouge]] to power in Cambodia, Vietnam considered it a threat. It invaded to overthrow the [[Pol Pot]] regime in 1978 and occupy the country.<ref>{{wpa|Cambodian–Vietnamese War|}}</ref> Pol Pot had, however, been tight with China, so China invaded Vietnam in 1979. Vietnam managed to boot the Chinese out of their borders once again, and they eventually decided that being an isolated backwater wasn't a very tempting fate. In 1986, Vietnam's party introduced reforms to boost the economy and connect with the rest of the world. As it stands now, Vietnam is a strong economy and a close US regional partner, but its dictatorship remains firm, and its [[human rights]] record is poor.

==History==
===Early history===
Vietnam has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic Age. Its population and culture began to develop significantly around 1000 BCE, thanks to the development of wet rice agriculture.<ref>Higham, C.F.W. (1984). "Prehistoric Rice Cultivation in Southeast Asia". ''Scientific American.'' 250 (4): 138–149. Bibcode:1984SciAm.250d.138H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0484-138. JSTOR 24969352.</ref> Rice has been a staple of the Vietnamese diet ever since. Rice is good. 

Vietnam's first Neolithic culture, the Phung Nguyen (1500 BCE), were Austroasiatic Katuic-Vietic tribal people. The Tibeto-Burman Dian culture in Yunnan influenced this AA (Austroasiatic) people, along with the transmission of the bronze drum casting industry. Tai-speaking people arrived in Northern Vietnam around 300 BCE. They conquered the AA and formed a new kingdom called Âu Lạc in c. 250 BCE. Collectively called Lac and Yue by the Chinese, they were the earliest recorded peoples of Southeast Asia.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/3.htm Vietnam: Early History.] ''Country Studies.''</ref>

===Long Chinese domination===
[[File:Hai ba trung Dong Ho painting.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The Trưng sisters rebellion against Chinese rule, 40 CE.]]
In 111 BCE, the [[Han dynasty]] of China steamrolled into northern Vietnam while hunting for remnants of the old [[Qin dynasty]].<ref>{{wpa|Han conquest of Nanyue|}}</ref> Han Wu Emperor then decided he liked having a longer coastline along Indochina. He began more wars pushing further southward to control more trade between [[India]] and the rest of eastern Asia. This was one of the many cases where [[imperialism]] was driven by the promise of becoming stinkin' rich!

Chinese rule was initially lenient but soon became more intense with efforts to culturally assimilate the Vietnamese. Chinese authorities hiked up [[tax]]es and introduced marriage laws intended to turn Vietnam into a more patriarchal society and make it more amenable to political authority.<ref name="impchi">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/4.htm Vietnam: The Chinese Millennium]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> The Chinese also tellingly considered their domination of Vietnam a "civilizing mission" aimed at helping the poor, backward barbarians of Vietnam realize the great exaltation of Chinese culture.<ref>Tucker, Spencer (1999). Vietnam. ''University of Kentucky Press''. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0813121215.</ref> [[Scramble for Africa|Sound familiar]]? In response, the Vietnamese rose up against Chinese rule repeatedly over the centuries of rule.<ref>Largo, V. (2002). ''Vietnam: Current Issues and Historical Background''. Nova Science. p. 94. ISBN 978-1590333686.</ref> Most significant was the massive revolt led by the Trung sisters in 40 CE, who led an army against the Chinese in retaliation for their husbands' execution.<ref>{{wpa|Trung sisters' rebellion|}}</ref> As one does.

After the Trung sisters' defeat, the Chinese cracked down even harder. They purged the Vietnamese bureaucracy and filled it with Chinese officials, then indoctrinated Vietnamese nobles in Chinese cultural, religious, and political traditions.<ref name="impchi"/> This eventually started to backfire, giving the Vietnamese more intellectual tools to resist the Chinese. The Vietnamese accepted many aspects of Chinese culture while still hating the Chinese overlords. Who woulda figured? 

Although it often weakened, Chinese rule remained persistent throughout various dynasties. One of the most oppressive was the [[Tang dynasty]], which made Chinese the mandatory language in Vietnam, and its administration fell into corruption and abusiveness.<ref name="tang">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/6.htm Vietnam: Political Resistance to the Chinese]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> This sowed the seeds of the end of Chinese rule here, as the Tang dynasty's inevitable weakening led the resentful Vietnamese to rise up against Chinese rule repeatedly. As tends to happen. 

Rebellions against the Tang were finally successful in 939 CE when Vietnamese warlord Ngô Quyền established himself as king of an independent Vietnam.<ref name="tang"/> At last, Vietnam would no longer have to be China's ass man.

===Medieval Vietnam===
====Lý dynasty====
[[File:YJH8973.jpg|thumb|right|285px|Gateway to Hoa Lư, the ancient capital of Vietnam from the 10th to the 11th centuries.]]
China wanted Vietnam back, though, and their many wars to retake the region shook up Vietnam's politics and brought the Ly dynasty to the Vietnamese throne. The new dynasty's first ruler, Lý Thái Tổ, established a new capital at Dai La (modern Hanoi) in 1009 CE.<ref name="ly">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/8.htm The Ly Dynasty and the Flowering of Buddhism]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> The "centralized" part was vital since mandatory conscription of the Vietnamese population was essential to keep the Chinese at bay.<ref name="lyb">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Ly-dynasty Later Ly dynasty]. ''Britannica.''</ref> In fact, the early Vietnamese polity was never a centralized state; it was argued by most historians as a sole mandala state, just like the Angkor Empire. The Vietnamese immediately expanded their kingdom in all directions and conducted a series of sea raids and attacks on neighboring Cham and Chinese port cities along the coast. They besieged Nanning twice in 995 and 1076, destroyed Indrapura in 982, and plundered Vijaya and Xiangkhouang in the 1060s. 

The Lý rulers were devoutly [[Buddhist]], which effectively became the state religion as rulers and nobility made pilgrimages, supported the building of pagodas, sometimes even entered monastic life, and otherwise took an active part in Buddhist practices.<ref name="ly"/> Buddhism gradually adopted Vietnamese characteristics, adapted to Vietnamese cultural norms, and mingled with Vietnamese traditions. 

[[File:Territorial expansion of Vietnam from Lý dynasty to Nguyễn dynasty (1009–1834).gif|thumb|left|175px|Vietnamese expansion, 1009-1834.]]

Alongside great religious building projects, the Lý dynasty sponsored the creation of dikes and canals along the Red River, making northern Vietnam one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the entire world.<ref name="lyb"/> In other words, more rice! Yum. Agriculture had an almost religious significance to the Vietnamese during this period, and the rulers would symbolically plow a plot of land by themselves at the beginning of each year to honor the god of agriculture and set a good example for the peasants.<ref>[http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9a/entry-3333.html Ly dynasty and Early Years of Vietnamese rule]. ''Facts and Details.''</ref> This tradition also helped reinforce the legal idea that the king owned all land in Vietnam personally. The Ly king actively engaged in the slave trade. One Chinese report in 1176 records: "They sold up to 100,000 slaves that were brought from Southern China."

====Trần dynasty====
[[File:Sir Henry Yule illustration of Yuan dynasty war junk.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yuan dynasty warship near Southeast Asia.]]
In 1225, the Trần family managed to take control of the Vietnamese throne through a political marriage. The new dynasty went all ''Game of Thrones'' to consolidate their rule by brutally purging loyalists to the old dynasty through mass murder.<ref>Chapuis, Oscar (1995). ''A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc.'' Greenwood Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-313-29622-7. p. 80</ref> The Trần also reinstituted slavery for criminals, insolvent debtors, children sold by their parents, and prisoners of war.<ref name="trano">[http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9a/entry-3334.html Tran dynasty]. ''Facts and Details.''</ref>

While the Trần were busy with political struggles, Genghis Khan from [[Mongolia]] conquered vast swaths of Asia. His successor Kublai invaded China itself to establish the Mongol-ruled [[Yuan dynasty]]. That was bad shit for Vietnam since China, already historically hostile to Vietnam, was now under the control of even more rabid conquerors. The first great invasion came in 1257, and the Mongols took the Vietnamese capital and destroyed it.<ref name="tran">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/9.htm The Tran Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols]. ''Facts and Details.''</ref> Luckily for the Vietnamese, they had evacuated the city beforehand, leaving the Mongol-led Yuan with an empty victory. Vietnamese and Cham harassment and scorched-earth tactics forced the Yuan to withdraw. The second Mongol invasion in 1284 went much the same way. Counting the ouster of the Chinese, this marks the second time that the Vietnamese and the Cham had totally humiliated a great power.

The Mongols weren't done yet, though. In 1287, Kublai Khan sent 150,000 troops and an enormous fleet to support them in subjugating Dai Viet.<ref name="tran"/> The climactic battle came a year later at the Bạch Đằng River, where brilliant Vietnamese commander Trần Hưng Đạo had stakes planted beneath the water to trap the Mongol fleet.<ref>Elleman, Bruce A. (2012), ''China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods'', U.S. Naval War College: NUS Press, ISBN 9789971695057</ref> Just about all of the Yuan ships were then blown up with gunpowder by smaller Vietnamese ships. Lacking supplies from the fleet, the Mongol army had to humiliatingly withdraw back to China while being militarily dunked on by Vietnamese guerrillas the entire way. Vietnam is still justifiably proud of that victory to this day.

===China comes back (briefly)===
[[File:Ming China and Asia.jpg|thumb|right|175px|East Asia under the Great Ming.]]
The wars against the Champa exhausted Dai Viet resources, and Vietnam entered a state of decline. In 1400, disaffected general Hồ Quý Ly seized the throne and instituted a series of populist reforms that alienated the nobility, like limiting the amount of land a family could hold and renting excess land by the state to landless peasants, and opening free schools in urban areas.<ref name="tran"/> Deciding that they would not stand for better policies for the peasants, Vietnamese landowners appealed to China's [[Ming dynasty]] to save them from the dreaded scourge of modernity. Using this as an excuse, China invaded and reasserted Chinese control in 1407.

The Ming proved to be the worst Chinese overlord of Vietnam by far. They systematically eradicated every trace of the Vietnamese past, reduced the Viets to effectively slaves, and used them to exploit the country's mines and forests solely for China's enrichment.<ref name="ming">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/10.htm Vietnam: Renewed Chinese Influence]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> The Ming also completely forbade any outward demonstrations of Vietnamese culture and made the people wear Chinese clothing, learn and speak Chinese, and practice the Chinese version of Buddhism. 

One aspect of Chinese rule that eventually proved beneficial to the Vietnamese was firearms, as the Vietnamese had not developed such weapons before their introduction by the Chinese.<ref>Jeff Kyong-McClain; Yongtao Du (2013). ''Chinese History in Geographical Perspective''. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-0-7391-7230-8.</ref> Guns later provided the Vietnamese with a crucial advantage in finishing the Champa and completing their conquest of the south. In 1418, the Vietnamese finally rose up against Chinese rule in the Lam Sơn uprising, used guerrilla tactics to inflict severe losses on the Ming armies, and finally forced their withdrawal by 1428.<ref>{{wpa|Lam Sơn uprising|}}</ref>

===Early Modern Vietnam===
====Lê dynasty and the Vietnamese Golden Age====
[[File:VN rifles.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vietnamese 16<sup>th</sup>-18<sup>th</sup> century rifles.]]
The second Dai Viet kingdom was founded by Lê Lợi, the man who led the great revolt against the Ming dynasty. The Lê dynasty came to power, along with its two ''Thanh Hoa'' clans, the Trinh and the Nguyen. King Lê Thánh Tông the Overflowed Virtue (1442-1497) conducted a series of reforms in the 1460s, established Vietnam's first centralized bureaucratic government, and instituted a [[census]] and tax system, and education and military. He also promulgated a new centralized legal code, borrowing heavily from Chinese bureaucratic principles and including progressive aspects like legal equality for women and restrictions against serfdom.<ref>[https://www.vietnamlawmagazine.vn/king-le-thanh-tong-and-the-hong-duc-code-4334.html King Le Thanh Tong and the Hong Duc Code]. ''Vietnam Law Magazine.''</ref>  In 1471 Thánh Tông destroyed Champa and captured its rich port cities.<ref name="le">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/11.htm The Le Dynasty and Southward Expansion]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> In 1479, he invaded Laos, sacking and occupying its capital Luang Phabang for five years. Vietnamese ships frequently clashed on the sea with ships from Malaysia and Ryukyu. Vietnamese products, such as porcelains, penetrated East Africa, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Japan.

Another thing Vietnam borrowed from China was its colonial policies. The Vietnamese used a system of military colonies in occupied Champa lands, where soldiers and landless peasants cleared a new area, began rice production on the new land, established a village, and served as a militia to defend it.<ref name="le"/> After three years, the new village would be incorporated into the Vietnamese administration. This helped peasants acquire more land for themselves, but the nobility and elites still got the lion's share of the new conquests. Vietnam was bigger and richer, but its social stratification remained unchanged.

===Southward conquests and genocide of indigenous peoples (1471–1835)===
[[File:Les temples Cham de My Son (groupes B,C,D). L'édifice au premier plan (C1) date du VIIIème siècle, il était dédié à Shiva, représenté sous forme de LInga. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ruins of a Champa temple complex in central Vietnam.]]
{{cquote|One translucent day I leave the city to visit my home, the land of Champa...
<br>
Here are stupas gaunt with yearning, ancient temples ruined by time, streams that creep alone through the dark past peeling statues that moan of Champa.
<br>
Here is the field where two great armies were reduced to a horde of clamoring souls.
<br>
Champa blood still cascades in streams of hatred to grinding oceans filled with Champa bones.|||Chế Lan Viên, a poet from South Vietnam.<ref>[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_Lan_Vi%C3%AAn Chế Lan Viên]. ''Wikiquote.''</ref>}}


The Cham, the Khmer, and the Viet had clashed for three centuries, from 950 to 1220. After a peaceful alliance during the Yuan invasions, by 1312, the Vietnamese and the Cham turned from friends into foes. This marked the beginning of the ''Nam tiến'', or "March to the South", where the Vietnamese started to conquer the way to the southern tip of Indochina.<ref>{{wpa|Nam tiến|}}</ref> In this, their primary opponent was the Champa city-states, inhabited by people of Malayo-Polynesian origin and Indianized and later Islamic culture.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Champa-ancient-kingdom-Indochina Champa]. ''Britannica.''</ref> These wars were a long process lasting between 982 and 1838, from the first Vietnamese ransack of Cham Buddhist capital Indrapura, till the last Cham rebellion led by two female Muslim sisters during 1836-38. Over time, the Vietnamese displaced and assimilated the Cham as they extended their territory down the coast to the plains and foothills east of what is now Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).<ref name="trano"/> When the Vietnamese settlers arrived in those newly conquered territories, most of the previous native population had been disappeared due unknown reasons. Vietnamese texts described their southward migrations often used the term ''khai hoang'' (literally meaning "exploring/cultivating the wild, the abandoned") as the indication of the essence that none to very few little native Chams remained, and the land was usually stated as empty. Notice the parallel runs between this and in South Africa and Australia, where white settlers employing the empty land trope as justification for the genocides of indigenous Black Africans and Australian aboriginals. Various official chronicles and medieval Vietnamese texts explicitly mention depopulation campaigns following an Cham territory being annexed, such as large-scale decapitations, deportations, and enslavement of the native population. <ref>George Dutton, Việt Nam and the Champa Genocide 1470-1509, in The Cambridge World History of Genocide, ed. Ben Kiernan, Yale University, 2022</ref> Lastly, when the Vietnamese annexed the last Cham kingdom, the Cham resistance declared a Jihad against the Vietnamese in 1833, which in turn they were brutally punished by the Vietnamese emperor. 


Before marching the army southward during the Vietnamese invasion of Champa (1471), the Vietnamese general command under Lê Thánh Tông issued an declaration edict regarding his campaign. In the edict, Lê Thánh Tông compared the Cham people to "ants, cockroaches, cats, dogs,...", stating that "they had committed big crimes for generations that heaven shalt not pardon" which historians believe this was an attempt to justify the forthcoming atrocities that would soon be unleashed upon the Cham people. Historians also note the dehumanizing language used in the edict, which has been mostly the common theme of genocides throughout history.<ref>George Dutton, Việt Nam and the Champa Genocide 1470-1509, The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Vol I, ed. Ben Kiernan, Cambridge University Press, 2023</ref>

Historian Nicholas Weber of Fulbright University Vietnam, who spent years examining and studying Nguyen dynastic records, archives containing thousands of lost letters and correspondence, and Cham manuscripts, recalls Vietnam's Trail of Tears in 1835: As emperor Minh Mang issued the decree to prevent further aspirations for Cham Islamic Jihad, all Cham villages along the coast were razed, all mosques and cultural centers were destroyed, thousand of Cham books containing knowledge and scientific achievements were burned. Champa and its vestiges were thoroughly annihilated. The Cham were forced to march 20 miles into the semi-desert basins of Phan Rang and Phan Ri while their goats, sheeps, and fishing vessels were seized by the Vietnamese. All the captured Cham rebels must be executed immediately.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41490300|title=The destruction and assimilation of Campā (1832–35) as seen from Cam sources|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=43|issue=1|pages=158–180|last1=Weber|first1=Nicolas|year=2012|doi=10.1017/S0022463411000701|s2cid=154818297}}</ref>

Today, the Cham population stands 0.16% out of the total population of Vietnam, compared to 50% in 1471.

====Disintegration====
[[File:Vietnam1650.GIF|thumb|right|165px|This cute little north-vs-south map shows the 1650s, not the 1950s. History screams.]]
After Thánh Tông's death, the house of Lê gradually lost its power to the Trinh, the Nguyen, and the rising Mac clan. In 1527 Mac Dang Dung overthrew the Le and became king. The Trinh and the Nguyen rebelled and assisted the Lê fought against the Mac to claim the legitimate Vietnamese crown.

Between 1533 and 1677, the increasing power of the ambitious noble class resulted in a devastating [[civil war]] between the Lê dynasty and the Mạc family, splitting the country between North and South and killing tens of thousands.<ref>{{wpa|Lê–Mạc War|}}</ref> Wait, why does that sound familiar? Oh, and just to make history scream more, the Chinese supported the Mạc faction against the Lê to prolong the war and ensure that Dai Viet remained divided.<ref>Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). ''China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia''. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-28248-3. p. 174</ref> What the fuck. 

The wars weakened the Lê and the Mạc (as constant wars tend to do), and they were soon supplanted by the Trịnh and Nguyễn families, ostensibly both vassals of the Lê but independent in all but name.<ref>{{wpa|Lê dynasty|}}</ref>  After they had driven the Mạc to the northern highlands, the Trịnh dynasty (allied with the Dutch) and the Nguyễn dynasty (allied with Portugal) fought against each other for 45 years, from 1627 to 1673.

Although the different factions in the civil war had expanded Vietnam's borders further, the civil war totally wrecked Vietnam and brought it to the brink of collapse. The country limped along for a bit until 1771. At that point, the Tây Sơn Rebellion broke out, which saw the Nguyễn family prevail entirely over the nominal Lê emperors and take the throne for themselves, another catastrophically violent bout of dynastic infighting that only ended in 1802.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/13.htm Vietnam: The Tay Son Rebellion]. ''Country Studies.''</ref>

===The Nguyễn dynasty (and French problems)===
[[File:Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Gate to the Nguyễn palace complex in their capital city Huế.]]
Nguyễn Ánh took the throne after receiving foreign support in his wars. The most significant foreign partner in his quest for control of Vietnam was [[France]], which in 1787 had signed the Treaty of Versailles (not [[Treaty of Versailles|that one]]) promising to support the Nguyễns in exchange for trading rights in Vietnam.<ref>{{wpa|Treaty of Versailles (1787)|}}</ref> Nguyễn Ánh renamed himself Emperor Gia Long and the country from Dai Viet to Vietnam.<ref name="ngu">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/14.htm The Nguyen Dynasty and Expanding French Influence]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> 

[[File:Việt Nam thời Minh Mạng.png|thumb|left|265px|Nguyễn Vietnam at its territorial peak in 1840.]]

Gia Long was a militarist ruler who followed the model of the [[Qing dynasty]] in imposing [[totalitarian]] lifestyle restrictions on the people and meting out harsh physical punishments to anyone who failed to comply.<ref name="ngu"/> The old legal code that protected the rights of women and peasants went away, replaced by heavy taxation and state use of slave labor. Peasants had to participate in building lavish construction projects for most of the year with no pay save a small rice ration. Pretty shitty. However, Gia Long still allowed religious freedom. Catholic Christians and Muslims were treated equally to the Buddhist majority. The successor of Gia Long, Minh Mang, was a conservative ruler. Minh Mang rejected establishing relations with most Western countries, including France, the British Empire, and the United States of Andrew Jackson, who sent Edmund Roberts to Minh Mang in 1833. Under Minh Mang, Vietnam also invaded [[Cambodia]] and ruled it as a province for 30 years (1813-1845), as a joint protectorate with [[Thailand]] (1845-1847), and withdrew.<ref name="ngu"/> These and more foreign adventure wars were a constant drain on the strength of Vietnam.

The most vexing problem was that of the French, who sent increasing numbers of traders, missionaries, diplomats, and naval personnel to Vietnam. The [[conservative]] Nguyễn emperors didn't appreciate having Frenchmen preach the strange religion of [[Catholicism]] to the people. Christian converts rejected the old Vietnamese ideals of class and society and often became the source of rebellions.<ref name="ngu"/> When the Vietnamese government imprisoned some missionaries in 1843, the French reacted by sending an armed naval force to coerce Vietnam into reconsidering.<ref>Woods, L. Shelton (2002). Vietnam: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-416-9.p. 42.</ref> After that, the French started eroding Vietnamese sovereignty.

===French rule===
[[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|right|300px|French troops land near Saigon, 1859.]]
====Conquest====
By 1858, Vietnamese legal harassment toward Christians and missionaries gave the French a perfect excuse to launch a punitive expedition.<ref>Keat Gin Ooi (2004). ''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia'', from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 357–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.</ref> Like always, the Europeans expected an easy victory over the "uncivilized" Southeast Asians. In reality, Vietnamese resistance was dogged, and the Vietnamese won a major victory when the French tried to capture the city of Da Nang.<ref>{{wpa|Siege of Tourane|}}</ref> The French had also stupidly expected Vietnamese Christians to rise up in support of them, and they were distressed when that didn't happen.<ref name="fraconq">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/15.htm Vietnam: Under French Rule]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> Still, the Vietnamese monarchy, through many decades of horrible oppression, had largely lost popular support and was unable to marshal any national resistance effort against the French.<ref name="frarul">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/16.htm Vietnam: Colonial Administration]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> Play shitty games, win shitty prizes.

In 1861, business interests who wanted to benefit from Vietnam's natural resources convinced the government to redouble its efforts by sending many troops into southern Vietnam. By 1862, a series of bloody battles forced the Vietnamese monarch to cede the area around Saigon.<ref name="fraconq"/> This became the colony of French Cochinchina. France then moved to other parts of Indochina, establishing a protectorate over [[Cambodia]] in 1867. In 1883, the French stormed the city of Hanoi and forced Vietnam to also accept a French protectorate. Vietnam was joined with [[Laos]] and Cambodia to form French Indochina.

Resistance continued to French rule, most notably under the Cần Vương ("Aid the King") movement, which was only crushed six years later.<ref>{{wpa|Cần Vương movement|}}</ref> During the uprising, they massacred tens of thousands of Vietnamese Christian converts in retaliation for perceived collaboration with the foreign occupier.<ref>Ramsay, Jacob (2008). ''Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty in Early Nineteenth-century Vietnam.'' Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7954-8. p. 171</ref>

====Colonial administration====
[[File:Annamese kowtowing to French soldiers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tonkinese villagers forced to bow to French soldiers.]]
France almost immediately gobbled up Vietnam's land and redistributed it to French colonists, who formed the ruling class in Vietnam alongside Vietnamese-Christian collaborators.<ref name="frarul"/> French rule was relentlessly [[totalitarian]] due to the fear of rebellion. Vietnamese were prohibited from traveling outside their districts without identity papers and were not allowed to publish, meet, or organize.<ref name="frarul"/> They could be imprisoned at the whim of the local French administrator without explanation, and all Vietnamese could be forced to labor for the French without pay. The infamous "Hanoi Hilton" [[torture]] prison, used later by the North Vietnamese to brutalize Americans like [[John McCain]], was initially built by the French to terrorize the Vietnamese.<ref>Zinoman, Peter (2001). The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22412-4. p. 52.</ref>

[[File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Residence of the French Governor-General in Hanoi.]]

Designating the Indochina colony a "''colonie d'exploitation''" in 1887, France proceeded to strip the entire region of anything valuable.<ref name="findo">[https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-french-indochina-195328 What Was French Indochina?]. ''ThoughtCo.''</ref> First, French colonial authorities imposed high taxes on items the natives consumed until the natives couldn't pay anymore. Then France turned to Indochina's natural resources, strip-mining for zinc, tin, and [[coal]] while establishing rubber, coffee, and tea plantations. Land acquisition by French colonists also harshly impacted the Vietnamese peasantry. Vietnam became a plantation economy where French elites and many forced laborers worked to produce cash crops like [[tobacco]] and tea.<ref>Lim, David (2014). Economic Growth and Employment in Vietnam. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-81859-5. p. 33.</ref> By 1930, 57% of Vietnamese were landless laborers working on French plantations. 

[[File:French era guillotine, Hoa Lo Prison Museum, Hanoi (1) (24623024918).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Inside the French-built "Hanoi Hilton".]]

French efforts at education were almost nonexistent and often hostile to Vietnamese schools. Vietnam, which once had an enviable literacy rate for the time, saw literacy decline as a result of French rule.<ref name="frarul"/> The education that did exist under the French largely targeted Vietnamese elites and successfully instilled Western-style [[humanist]] values in many of them. French rule had a significant cultural impact on the larger populace by slowly disseminating Western ideas and imposing a French code of laws and conduct.<ref>Frankum Jr., Ronald B. (2011). ''Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam''. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7956-0. p. 172</ref>

As you can imagine, the people of Indochina didn't take this too kindly. Vietnamese revolutionary Phan Đình Phùng famously led an insurgency against French rule that lasted for decades until he died of dysentery in 1896; he persisted even after the French desecrated the tombs of his ancestors and held his family hostage.<ref>{{wpa|Phan Đình Phùng|}}</ref>

====Rise of nationalism====
[[File:THE FRENCH ARMY ON THE WESTERN FRONT, 1914-1918 Q102976.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Vietnamese troops on the Western Front.]]
As in times before, the Vietnamese largely looked to their educated class for guidance during the foreign occupation. Scholar Phan Bội Châu was disgusted with the French suppression of Vietnamese intellectualism, and he spent the years from 1905 traveling throughout Vietnam to assemble other anti-colonial scholars.<ref name="phan">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/17.htm Phan Boi Chau and the Rise of Nationalism]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> He was eventually forced into exile in China, but his writings and ideas led to the creation of Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội, the "Vietnamese Restoration League". Inspired by the [[republic]]an ideals of Sun Yat-Sen in China, Phan abandoned his earlier support of [[monarchy]] and adopted a new fascination with [[democratic]] principles. 

Phan's movement was given a shot in the arm by the advent of [[World War I]]. The French imposed even more crushing taxation on the Vietnamese to pay for the war, and they conscripted about 50,000 Vietnamese troops and 50,000 Vietnamese workers to serve in Europe.<ref name="phan"/> Increased oppression from the French inspired more anti-colonial revolts and sentiments in return. 1917 saw the Thái Nguyên uprising, the most violent anti-colonial uprising before the end, which started with an uprising in a French prison and escalated into [[guerrilla war]]fare across the countryside for more than six months afterward.<ref>{{wpa|Thái Nguyên uprising|}}</ref>

====Rise of communism====
[[File:Nguyen Aïn Nuä'C (Ho-Chi-Minh), délégué indochinois, Congrès communiste de Marseille, 1921, Meurisse, BNF Gallica.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Young Hồ Chí Minh in France, 1921.]]
Another consequence of French ideas spreading in Vietnam was the rise of [[communism]], first realized in 1925 with the founding of the Hội Việt Nam Cách mạng Thanh niên, "Revolutionary Youth League". It was founded by Hồ Chí Minh, who had traveled the world while serving on a French vessel and attempted to win support from [[Woodrow Wilson]] at the Versailles Conference for Vietnamese independence.<ref name="hoorig">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/18.htm Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Movement]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> Wilson was a [[racist]] bastard whose ideals of "self-determination" did not apply to non-whites, so Wilson naturally told Hồ to go fuck himself.

While Hồ was in Paris, he read writings from [[Vladimir Lenin]] and became an avid follower of communist ideas. In 1920, he even helped found the French Communist Party. To further his leftist education, he went to the [[Soviet Union]]. He studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East to be a true revolutionary leader.<ref>{{wpa|Communist University of the Toilers of the East|}}</ref> After that, he went to [[China]] to study under [[Mao Zedong]] and married a Chinese woman.<ref>Brocheux, Pierre (12 March 2007). ''Ho Chi Minh: A Biography''. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-521-85062-9. </ref> Hồ Chí Minh was Mr. Worldwide. 

He wasn't the only notable leftist from Vietnam, though. In 1927, Nguyễn Thái Học founded the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDD), "Vietnamese Nationalist Party", on the principles of moderate [[socialism]] and independence from France.<ref>{{wpa|Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|}}</ref> The VNQDD became increasingly ruthless in its fight against the French. In 1929, it assassinated a French official in charge of forced labor, resulting in a French crackdown that killed thousands.<ref name="hoorig"/> This more or less destroyed the VNQDD as a major factor in Vietnamese independence. In its stead, the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) was formed in the same year. It was then joined by two other communist groups.

Hồ Chí Minh was in [[Thailand]] then, and the Vietnamese communist movement asked him to return home and sort out the absolute mess of a revolutionary front.<ref name="hoorig"/> He took control of the ICP, absorbed the other movements, then drew up a platform based on Vietnamese independence and establishing a worker and peasant government that would redistribute land to the poor and provide free education to everyone. Basically, the platform was a response to all of the impacts of French misrule.

===WWII and Japanese occupation===
[[File:Japanese advance to Lang Son1940.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Japanese advance into Vietnam, 1940.]]
The signing of the [[Nazi]]-Soviet Non-Aggression pact in August 1939 convinced France to ban all communist parties in its territory, including Vietnam. French colonial authorities began a crackdown, arresting an estimated 2,000 and closing down all communist publications.<ref name="wwii">[http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/20.htm Vietnam: WWII and Japanese Occupation]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> Weakened, the ICP had to move its operations into the countryside.

[[File:Ho Chi Minh (third from left standing) and the OSS in 1945.jpg|thumb|left|265px|Hồ Chí Minh (standing, third from left) with American OSS operatives.]]

The French crackdown was halted by the Nazi invasion of their country that capitulated France in a handful of weeks. France became the [[fascist]] rump state of [[Vichy France]], and fellow fascist power [[Japan]] "requested" to use French Indochina as a base from which to continue their war against China. Even under duress, the French gave unsatisfactory terms to the Japanese, so they simply invaded Indochina to take the whole thing by force.<ref>{{wpa|Japanese invasion of French Indochina|}}</ref>

For the most part, Japan left French authorities and legal structures in place since the ongoing wars against China and the Allies made the effort of fully occupying Vietnam too burdensome to deal with.<ref name="japocc">[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/japanese-occupation-of-vietnam/ Japanese Occupation of Vietnam]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> Despite this, the Japanese did their best to pretend like they were "liberating" Vietnam from the French, a blatant lie. 

Vietnamese resistance fighters organized the "Việt Nam Dộc Lập Đồng Minh", or "League for the Independence of Vietnam", to fight against Japan.<ref name="findo"/> It was more commonly called the Việt Minh. The US worked closely with resistance elements, even the communist ones, and Hồ Chí Minh even dared hope that the US might support independence for Vietnam once all was said and done.<ref name="japocc"/> In the mean time, Hồ supplied the Office of Strategic Services with a thousand of his guerillas, and in return, the OSS trained the Viet Minh how to use carbines, bazookas, and guerilla tactics. They also gave Hồ  American-made drugs for his tuberculosis, possibly saving his life.<ref name="neville-ho">Neville, Peter (2019). Ho Chi Minh. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-69411-8</ref>{{rp|72-73}} Surely this won't come back to bite them.

With the war going poorly for Japan by 1945, they usurped French authority in Indochina out of suspicion that French authorities might betray them.<ref>{{wpa|Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|}}</ref> The Japanese takeover was ruthless, with some 4,200 French soldiers killed, others executed in groups, and another 15,000 taken prisoner.<ref>Dreifort, John E (1991). ''Myopic Grandeur: The Ambivalence of French Foreign Policy Toward the Far East, 1919-1945''. Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873384414. p 240</ref> Once the colonial elite, most French landowners also became prisoners of the Japanese. The incident destroyed French rule in Indochina, and the Việt Minh quickly and joyously began filling the power vacuum. 

This also coincided with the Vietnamese famine of 1945, which killed some two million people due to wartime conditions and further radicalized the Vietnamese against the French.<ref>{{wpa|Vietnamese famine of 1945|}}</ref>

===Independence declared but challenged===
[[File:Cách mạng tháng 8 b.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Storming the French capitol in Hanoi during the August Revolution.]]
{{cquote|Better to sniff France’s shit for a while, than to eat China’s all our lives.|||Hồ Chí Minh on striking an agreement with the French.<ref name=aug"/>}}
On 14 August 1945, the Việt Minh launched the August Revolution, seizing control of Hanoi and most of Vietnam's villages from the decaying French and Japanese administrations.<ref>{{wpa|August Revolution|}}</ref> Hồ Chí Minh then declared Vietnam's independence in Hanoi, promulgating a declaration that directly cited similar circumstances and stated ideals of the [[American Revolution]].<ref>[http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5139/ Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam]. ''History Matters.''</ref> 

This independence was immediately challenged by the arrival of Chinese troops sent to oversee the surrender and disarmament of Japanese forces. The anti-communist Chinese soldiers promptly suppressed the Việt Minh's leftist policies.<ref name=aug">[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/august-revolution/ August Revolution in Vietnam]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> British troops also showed up, even less friendly to the leftists. The Allies, including the United States, agreed that Vietnam and Indochina were to remain French.<ref>Neville, Peter (2007). ''Britain in Vietnam: Prelude to Disaster, 1945–46''. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-24476-8. p. 175</ref>

Hồ Chí Minh feared Chinese domination more than the French and eventually negotiated an agreement to allow the French to occupy Vietnam in exchange for seeing the Chinese out.<ref name=aug"/> All those centuries of Chinese occupation left bad memories. Still, that didn't imply that the Vietnamese felt anything nice about the French. Clashes between the Việt Minh and the French escalated rapidly.

In late November 1946, French commanders attacked the Việt Minh's supply lines by bombarding the port city of Haiphong with heavy artillery, killing around 6,000 civilians as well.<ref name=aug"/> This atrocity enraged the Việt Minh and the Vietnamese public, sparking a series of retaliation that would culminate in outright war.

===Anti-French Resistance War===
[[File:French indochina napalm 1953-12 1.png|thumb|right|250px|French napalm strike on Vietnam, 1953.]]
{{cquote|Never before had there been so many foreign troops on the soil of Viet Nam. But never before either, had the Vietnamese people been so determined to rise up in combat to defend their country.|||Võ Nguyên Giáp, general in the Vietnam People's Army.<ref>[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p Võ Nguyên Giáp]. ''Wikiquote.''</ref>}}

During the war against the French, the Việt Minh was initially ineffective on a military level due to their lack of weapons. The French mainly had air power and artillery advantage, and the Việt Minh were stuck using the old junk the Japanese had left behind.<ref name="finwar">[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/first-indochina-war/ First Indochina War]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> Thus, the fighting mainly consisted of rural insurgent actions by communist fighters in villages and remote French outposts. This initially worked in France's favor since they had sold the war to the public as a minor conflict that the French would eventually win.<ref name="frawar">[https://medium.com/history-of-yesterday/the-war-that-doomed-america-in-vietnam-the-first-indochina-war-89c519782b52 The War That Doomed America in Vietnam: The First Indochina War]. ''Medium.''</ref> And that's how things went for the first four years.

[[File:Dien Bien Phu 1954 French prisoners.jpg|thumb|left|250px|French POWs escorted by Việt Minh, 1954.]]

In 1950, a few things happened to throw the advantage to the Việt Minh. First, [[Mao Zedong]] won the [[Chinese Civil War]] and recognized the Việt Minh as Vietnam's legitimate and independent government.<ref name="frawar"/> Then the [[Korean War]] broke out, emphasizing the military nature of the conflict between the US and Soviet Blocs. By 1950, China and the [[Soviet Union]] were sending weapons in bulk to aid the Việt Minh and fuck over France as a US ally.<ref name="frawar"/> The US retaliated by shipping weapons and cash to the French. France still had the firepower advantage but was bogged down in a slogfest fight against decently-armed guerrillas. Fighting escalated rapidly to a bloody mess, sapping France's appetite for war.

[[File:Victory in Battle of Dien Bien Phu.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Việt Minh victory flag at Điện Biên Phủ, 1954.]]

After three years of stalemate, the French command drew up a plan in which they would attempt to draw the Việt Minh into an open fight to crush them once and for all. This planned final battle would take place at one of the main French bases in Vietnam, Điện Biên Phủ. This seemed like a good idea to the French because Điện Biên Phủ was surrounded by rough, mountainous countryside with only one road.<ref name="dien">[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/dien-bien-phu/ Dien Bien Phu]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> The French could resupply by air, but the Việt Minh had no such capabilities. 

The Việt Minh took the bait, sending 50,000 troops in a monumental effort to reach the French base, also carrying heavy artillery supplied by the Chinese.<ref name="dien"/> They also had anti-air guns. Instead of attacking the base as France had expected, the Việt Minh put it under siege and smashed it with artillery from the surrounding mountains while shooting down planes that tried to resupply it.<ref name="frawar"/> The French garrison surrendered, losing a big chunk of France's military capability in the region and dooming the entire war effort.

In the end, the French failure happened for the exact reason as everyone else's failure in the region: total underestimation of Vietnamese capability and determination. The surprising part was that the United States was about to flawlessly repeat this failure on an even bigger scale.

===Peace and partition===
[[File:Cầu Hiền Lương (nhìn từ bờ Nam).JPG|thumb|right|250px|DMZ bridge over the Bến Hải River.]]
{{cquote|Let them burn and we shall clap our hands.|||Madame Ngô Đình Nhu, First Lady of South Vietnam, referring to the self-immolation of Buddhist protesters.<ref>[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Madame_Nhu Madame Nhu]. ''Wikiquote.''</ref>}}

France finally sued for peace after the Điện Biên Phủ fuckup. Negotiations at Geneva had the daunting task of figuring out what a postwar Vietnam would look like. Although France had lost control of the northern portion of Vietnam, the South remained well in their grasp. Thus, the 1954 Geneva Conference chose to split Vietnam between the communist North controlled by the Việt Minh and the anti-communist South, in which the French would have power.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War/French-rule-ended-Vietnam-divided French Rule Ended, Vietnam Divided]. ''Britannica.''</ref> They would be divided by a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).<ref>{{wpa|Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|}}</ref> 

[[File:Vietnam1954.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Vietnam partitioned.]]

The partition was meant to be temporary, set to resolve after national elections among Vietnam's people. But the process was sabotaged. US delegates refused to deal with the Việt Minh or even speak to them, and the US and its quickly-made ally South Vietnam refused to sign the Accords.<ref>[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/geneva-accords-of-1954/ Geneva Accords of 1954.] ''Alpha History.''</ref> Due to mistrust from both sides, the planned elections never materialized.

[[File:Thích Quảng Đức self-immolation.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Self-immolation of Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức in Saigon, 1963.]]

South Vietnam became a [[dictatorship]] under its [[Catholic]] leader Ngô Đình Diệm, who purged opposition, gave favorable government positions to his family members, and ordered the murder and [[torture]] of thousands of suspected communists.<ref>[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/south-vietnam/ South Vietnam]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> A devout Catholic, Ngô turned his regime into a virtual [[theocracy]], making Catholic conversion mandatory for individuals to get good government jobs or for entire villages to avoid forced resettlement.<ref>{{wpa|Buddhist crisis|}}</ref> In one of the most famous photographs of the century, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức set himself on fire in Saigon in 1963 as an act of protest.<ref>{{wpa|Thích Quảng Đức|}}</ref> The Ngô regime retaliated by launching raids and attacks on various Buddhist religious sites across South Vietnam, killing and arresting thousands.<ref>{{wpa|Xá Lợi Pagoda raids|}}</ref> This only prompted more resistance. The US eventually realized that Ngô was a bad leader and allowed South Vietnamese generals to have him assassinated later in 1963.<ref name="diemdead">[https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/pent6.htm "The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May-November, 1963,"] Pentagon Papers, Vol.2 Ch. 4 pp. 201-276.</ref> This didn't do much to improve the quality of leadership.

Meanwhile, North Vietnam was a one-party dictatorship under Hồ Chí Minh, whose regime confiscated and redistributed land from wealthy landowners. About 283,000 people were killed during the 4-year [[Genocide|democide]] of landowners by the North Vietnamese government,<ref>[https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP6.HTM ''Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'', Chapter 6] by Rudolph J. Rummel (1998) LIT Verlag. ISBN 3825840107.</ref> other, less accurate estimates have reported far fewer deaths.<ref name="north"/> The deaths tended to be retaliation for allegations of abusive practices or even financially coercive [[rape]].<ref name="north">[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/north-vietnam/ North Vietnam]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> Some landowners were also accused of undermining the revolution, even if they had helped the Viet Minh in the war for independence.<ref name="neville-ho"/>{{rp|149-151}} The government also became hostile to many other political opponents, like Catholic priests and missionaries, Buddhist monks, the urban wealthy, and academics. These people were sent to "reeducation camps" where they would suffer years of beatings, malnutrition, hard labor, and exhaustion.<ref name="north"/> The economic efforts in the North, however, actually paid off with rice production increasing; by 1960, the North was able to mine its own coal, manufacture its own farm machinery, produce its own bricks and building supplies, build its own barges and ferries and generate its own electricity.<ref name="north"/>

===American War===
[[File:Defoliation agent spraying.jpg|thumb|right|180px|US planes spray defoliant.]]
{{main|Vietnam War}}
{{cquote|It became necessary to destroy the town to save it.|||Unnamed US major tries to explain the bombing of Ben Tre village, which killed hundreds of civilians.<ref>[http://www.thisdayinquotes.com/2010/02/it-became-necessary-to-destroy-town-to.html "It became necessary to destroy the town to save it."]. ''This Day In Quotes.''</ref>}}
{{cquote|In a war, to win a victory or suffer a defeat are common things. The essential is that we must win final victory.|||Hồ Chí Minh at the Geneva Conference.<ref>[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh Ho Chi Minh]. ''Wikiquote.''</ref>}}

North Vietnam also sponsored communist guerrillas in South Vietnam, who soon became infamous as the Viet Cong.<ref>[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/viet-cong/ Viet Cong]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> The US, under the [[Lyndon Johnson]] administration, had finally had enough. Johnson used the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident, in reality, a simple rainstorm,<ref name="evenmoretonkin">[https://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-02/truth-about-tonkin The Truth About Tonkin] Peterson, Pat Lt. Cmdr. ''US Naval Institute'' Vol. 22, No. 1. Feb 2008</ref> to claim that the North Vietnamese had fired on US navy vessels unprovoked.<ref name="moretonkin">[https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident Gulf of Tonkin incident] ''Britannica''</ref><ref name="tonkinbad">[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/26/archives/tonkin-gulf-by-eugene-g-windchy-illustrated-358-pp-new-york.html Tonkin Gulf] Steel, Ronald. ''New York Times'' 09.26.71</ref> The [[US Congress]] then passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution to legally authorize direct US involvement in the Vietnam War.<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: the Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964] US State Department Office of the Historian</ref>

[[File:Viet Cong002.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Viet Cong sneak across a river.]]

The Viet Cong insurgency grew tremendously, especially after the US sent troops and planes. One of the most significant military activities was Operation Rolling Thunder. American aircraft flew more than 300,000 sorties over North Vietnam and Viet Cong targets, dropping 864,000 tons (more than 780 million kilograms) of bombs.<ref name="vwar">[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/us-escalation-in-vietnam/ US Escalation in Vietnam]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> Although the bombs killed tens of thousands of Vietnamese civilians, they did nothing to halt the Viet Cong. 

[[File:My Tho, Vietnam. A Viet Cong base camp being. In the foreground is Private First Class Raymond Rumpa, St Paul, Minnesota - NARA - 530621 edit.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Burning buildings in a US "Zippo mission".]]

In 1965, US troops arrived in Vietnam to protect the US and South Vietnamese military assets. Johnson always maintained that this was the only thing US troops were doing, but in reality, the US mission soon expanded into major engagements against the Viet Cong.<ref name="vwar"/> Most infamous were the "search and destroy" missions. The idea was to send small units into the jungle near known Viet Cong hotspots, eliminate the Vietnamese they encountered, and withdraw again.<ref>{{wpa|Search and destroy|}}</ref> The US military spent the lives of thousands of US servicemen without making a damned bit of difference. This strategy also involved searching South Vietnamese villages, further pissing off the peasants, and often provoked many American atrocities such as the {{wpl|My Lai Massacre|}}. Since there weren't clear front lines against the Viet Cong, the US military determined its success based on dubious "body counts".<ref name="vwar"/> The US had to stupidly relearn the lesson that the French had learned decades ago, that the Vietnamese cared not for how many of their people died as long as they protected their sovereignty.<ref>[https://thevietnamwar.info/why-search-destroy-failed-vietnam/ Why did Search & Destroy fail in Vietnam?]</ref> 

[[File:Vietnam War execution.jpeg|thumb|right|195px|South Vietnamese cop executes a Viet Cong.]]

"Search and destroy" missions became "Zippo missions" because American soldiers started reprisals against villages suspected of harboring Viet Cong even without evidence.<ref name="vwar"/> This meant destroying food stores, burning homes, and poisoning water supplies. Despite this campaign of terror, the Viet Cong stayed strong. It's almost as if deliberately being cruel to a country's population turns that population against you. Who coulda guessed? 

North Vietnam was also desperate for the war to end by 1968, thus prompting a plan for a "General Uprising," the Tết Mậu Thân, or the "Tet Offensive." Their reasoning was that a massive attack would destroy US morale and convince America's civilian and military leaders that the war in Vietnam could never be won.<ref>Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. (2012). Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-0807882696.</ref> When it began in 1968, about 85,000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops attacked hundreds of cities throughout South Vietnam, including South Vietnam's capital Saigon.<ref>{{wpa|Tet Offensive|}}</ref> The attack achieved total surprise against the US and South Vietnam, representing the worst failure of US military intelligence since Pearl Harbor because of the sheer scale of the preparation work the North Vietnamese had to do, which somehow went unnoticed.<ref>[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-urban-movement-and-the-planning-and-execution-the-tet-offensive The Urban Movement and the Planning and Execution of the Tet Offensive] Wilson Center.</ref><ref>Harold P. Ford. CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers pp. 104–23.</ref> North Vietnam proved to the US that it was capable of striking anywhere. While the actual military operations were a disastrous failure for the communists, they proved to be a huge political win.<ref>[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/tet-offensive/ Tet Offensive]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> US withdrawal became inevitable, although the peace talks and the war dragged on for five more years under the [[Richard Nixon]] administration.<ref>[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/north-vietnams-talk-fight-strategy-and-the-1968-peace-negotiations-the-united-states North Vietnam's "Talk-Fight" Strategy and the 1968 Peace Negotiations with the United States] Wilson Center</ref>

===Reunification and aftermath===
[[File:NVA Tank Saigon presidential palace.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|"Knock, knock!" A North Vietnamese tank smashes into the Presidential Palace in Saigon.]]
The US finally got their troops fuck out of there by 1975, having suffered a humiliating failure despite overwhelming military superiority. Armed with Russian weapons, the North Vietnamese crossed the DMZ to seize control of South Vietnam. The first invasion was a failure since the North was unprepared to fight a conventional offensive, and US air power was still defensively effective.<ref name="falsai">[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/fall-of-south-vietnam/ Fall of South Vietnam]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> 

Still, it did leave the North in control of much of the northern provinces of South Vietnam. Then the US became distracted by the fallout from Nixon's stupid [[Watergate]] scandal, allowing the North Vietnamese to proceed with less interference. US leader [[Gerald Ford]] took no military action when the North stormed the South again.<ref name="falsai"/> Instead of the long struggle that communist planners had expected, the South's armies panicked and fell apart without US air power to aid them. 

[[File:HanoiHilton1973.JPEG|thumb|left|250px|South Vietnamese prisoners in the Hanoi Hilton.]]

Within two weeks of the final push, Saigon fell to the communists. Most of the city's leadership and government servants evacuated to US warships, leaving the city in total paralysis. The capture of Saigon was thus mostly peaceful, which was a good thing since the North Vietnamese had been prepared to smash it to the ground with artillery.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/apr/21/40-years-on-from-fall-of-saigon-witnessing-end-of-vietnam-war Forty years on from the fall of Saigon: witnessing the end of the Vietnam war]. ''The Guardian.''</ref>

[[File:Cholon after Tet Offensive operations 1968.jpg|thumb|right|215px|Destruction after the Tet Offensive.]]

After reunification, hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese men, from former officers to religious leaders to employees of the Americans or the old government, were hustled into reeducation camps without trial.<ref>{{wpa|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|}}</ref> Many remained in brutal conditions for many years. The good thing is that the North Vietnamese did not mass execute loyalists of the old regime as the US and South Vietnam had feared.<ref>Elliott, Mai (2010). RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era. RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4915-5.  p. 499</ref>

The postwar government faced the unenviable task of putting together a country where millions had been killed and brutalized throughout many years of war. Buildings and infrastructure across the country had been destroyed by bombs and fighting, and even neighboring [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] suffered their own Vietnam War-related catastrophes. Worst of all was the lingering impact of chemical defoliants like the infamous "Agent Orange", which the US had applied liberally to Vietnam's vegetation. This had caused horrible health problems in Vietnamese veterans and civilians and left much of the Vietnamese countryside barren and untouchable.<ref>[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/costs-of-the-vietnam-war/ Costs of the Vietnam War]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> Oh, and there was also the threat of unexploded ordinance across the country. 

On the international stage, Vietnam was shunned by most Western nations, exacerbating food shortages due to trade isolation.<ref>[https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/post-war-vietnam/ Post-War Vietnam]. ''Alpha History.''</ref> It would later incur the wrath of China as well.

===Wars with Cambodia and China===
[[File:Vietnamese troops in Kampong Cham.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Vietnamese troops in Kampong Cham, Cambodia in 1988.]]
As the Vietnam War was wrapping up, one of the worst fucking regimes ever, ever, ever came to power in Cambodia. This was the murderous [[Khmer Rouge]]. It committed the Cambodian Genocide against its people by sending millions into the "killing fields" to be stabbed or beaten to death based on suspected political disloyalty.<ref name="killingfield">[https://allthatsinteresting.com/cambodian-genocide 33 Haunting Photos From The Killing Fields Of The Cambodian Genocide]. ''All Thats Interesting.''</ref> Others were [[torture]]d or murdered in camps. Pretty fucking evil.

The Khmer Rouge was hostile to all of its neighbors based on xenophobia and Cambodia's historical enmity with Vietnam and [[Thailand]].<ref name="khmerdown">[http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/33.htm The Fall of Democratic Kampuchea]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> As such, the Khmer Rouge started sending people to raid Vietnam just to fuck with them. This resulted in thousands of Vietnamese civilian deaths. In 1978, the Khmer Rouge escalated by committing the Ba Chúc massacre, murdering 3,157 civilians in mass killings.<ref>{{wpa|Ba Chúc massacre|}}</ref> 

Vietnam was truly pissed off about all of this. They assembled all of the military equipment they had captured from South Vietnam and invaded Cambodia to take down the regime and its leader, [[Pol Pot]], using what can be best described as ''blitzkrieg'' tactics to overwhelm the inferior Cambodian military.<ref name="khmer">[https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/40-years-ago-vietnam-steamrolled-genocidal-khmer-rouge-cambodia-lightning-war-41412 40 Years Ago, Vietnam Steamrolled the Genocidal Khmer Rouge of Cambodia in a Lightning War]. ''National Interest.''</ref> Within weeks, Vietnam took Cambodia's capital and installed a puppet government. They stuck around to hunt down the remnants of the Khmer Rouge, who had retreated to a small area of northeastern Cambodia and, with explicit protection of the Thai government, would control it into the mid-1990s.

Pol Pot had been tight with China, though, so China launched an invasion of their own against northern Vietnam to help Cambodia. The Chinese military smashed the Vietnamese defensive lines at {{wpl|Battle of Đồng Đăng (1979)|Đồng Đăng}} in only 8 days. The Chinese offensive would continue for two more weeks as the Vietnamese barely held off the Chinese offensive in the Quảng Ninh province in the {{wpl|Battle of Móng Cái||.}} Almost 4 weeks into the invasion, China, right on the doorstep of Hanoi, declared their objectives met and began a brutal scorched earth campaign, crippling Northern Vietnam's economic capacity. Vietnamese troops would have to be permanently pulled from Cambodia for the next 12 years, depriving their occupation force in Cambodia of necessary manpower, to defend the border against China where the PLA would launch numerous attacks, with the largest of these being the {{wpl|Battle of Laoshan||.}}

Cambodia remained under Vietnamese occupation until 1991, and relations between China and Vietnam have remained sour ever since.

===Đổi Mới reforms===
[[File:Vietpepsi sign doi moi.jpeg|thumb|right|275px|1995: nothing says "socialism" like the refreshing taste of an ice-cold Pepsi.]]
{{cquote|By the mid-1980s, the development model Vietnam had borrowed from the former Soviet Union and its East European allies had revealed numerous flaws and was proving outmoded.|||Hoang Anh Tuan, Political Counselor at the Embassy of Vietnam to the United States.<ref>[https://www.globalasia.org/v4no3/cover/doi-moi-and-the-remaking-of-vietnam_hong-anh-tuan Doi Moi and the Remaking of Vietnam]. ''Global Asia.''</ref>}}

In 1986, Vietnam's communist party responded to the country's economic troubles and involuntary diplomatic isolation by following the Chinese model of reforming into a market economy. These were called the Đổi Mới, or "Renovation" reforms. The Đổi Mới reforms were essentially forced upon Vietnam in exchange for much-needed loans by the IMF and World Bank.<ref name="Luna Oi!">"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMubOw5H-yo Is Vietnam Socialist?]" Luna Oi. ''Youtube.''</ref> This is part of a pattern<ref>{{wpa|neocolonialism}}</ref> by the IMF and World Bank, forcing developing nations to [[neoliberalism|liberalize]] their economies by engaging in mass [[privatization]] and [[deregulation]], slashing social welfare programs, and in general, adopting a policy of austerity that benefits foreign investors and local oligarchs more than it does the actual people of the country being forced to liberalize.<ref name="Luna Oi!"/>

[[File:Ho Chi Minh City Skyline (night).jpg|thumb|left|265px|Skyline of Ho Chi Minh city, the result of Vietnam's stunningly rapid modernization.]]

There was also a political component to the reform plan, as the party phased out its reeducation camps alongside enacting reform to allow farmers to till private plots alongside state-owned land and encouraging the establishment of private businesses.<ref name="doi">[http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9g/entry-3470.html Doi Moi Vietnam's Economic Reforms]. ''Facts and Details.''</ref> The private sector quickly became a crucial engine of Vietnamese economic growth. In the 1990s, Vietnam accepted World Bank advice in liberalizing its market but refused to go so far as to privatize many of its state-owned industries.<ref>Cling, Jean-Pierre; Razafindrakoto, Mireille; Roubaud, Francois (Spring 2013). "Is the World Bank compatible with the "Socialist-oriented market economy"?". ''Revue de la régulation: Capitalisme, institutions, pouvoirs'' (13). doi:10.4000/regulation.10081.</ref> Perhaps the most significant component of the reforms was accepting foreign trade and becoming a manufacturing hub for foreign goods.

However, Vietnam didn't go fully [[capitalist]] at all. In fact, some aspects of its old [[socialist]] economy helped its economic boom too. Vietnam made huge investments into public education to create a skilled workforce, built infrastructure and even a public option for [[internet]] access and enacted policies to keep its economy inclusive for all classes and even women.<ref>[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/how-vietnam-became-an-economic-miracle/ The story of Viet Nam's economic miracle]. ''World Economic Forum.''</ref> With infrastructure and a good workforce, Vietnam became an attractive target for foreign investment.

Due to the Đổi Mới reforms, the gap between the rich and the poor in Vietnamese society has increased exponentially.<ref name="Social Watch">[https://www.socialwatch.org/node/10854 The Doi Moi policy and its impact on the poor]</ref> For example, people now have to pay a "service charge" for social programs in Vietnam that hadn't existed before the Đổi Mới reforms.<ref name="Social Watch" /> While the rich can afford this fee, the rural poor cannot, and as such many rural poor now go without access to much-needed social programs.<ref name="Social Watch" /> 

The safety net provided by the rural collectives has also disappeared due to the Đổi Mới reforms. This has led to an increase in vulnerability for the rural poor.<ref name="Social Watch" /> The reason the rural collectives have disappeared is that they hindered productivity and income growth. Still, far too often, as is the case for capitalism, the human cost of this policy was ignored outright.<ref name="Social Watch" />

===American reconciliation===
[[File:Vietnam Communist Party leaders arrives at Joint Base Andrews, to meet President Obama 150706-F-WU507-253.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Greeting Vietnamese leader Nguyễn Phú Trọng at Joint Base Andrews, 2015.]]
One of the most surprising aspects of Vietnamese history was its relatively rapid reconciliation with the United States considering the brutality and intensity of the recent war between them. The first agreement was to repatriate American war dead, and then the US started lifting sanctions against Vietnam in response to the economic and political liberalization reforms beginning in 1986.<ref name="fri">[https://apnews.com/article/d27a1567e2334168a740631fdb7ed0c6 From bombers to Big Macs: Vietnam a lesson in reconciliation]. ''Associated Press.''</ref> However, the most significant factor aiding rapprochement was the existence of a common adversary in China. Vietnam has historical reasons to strongly dislike China (just look at the rest of the page), and those tensions were exacerbated by China's push to claim vast swathes of Vietnam's territorial waters.<ref name="fri"/> The final steps began after Vietnam secured a peace plan in Cambodia, ending its occupation of the country and allowing Cambodia to reform into a constitutional [[monarchy]] without interference.<ref name="cfr">[https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/evolution-us-vietnam-ties The Evolution of U.S.–Vietnam Ties]. ''Council on Foreign Relations.''</ref> 

Since then, the Vietnamese coast guard has cooperated with the US navy on defense initiatives against China. In 2016, [[Barack Obama]] lifted the arms embargo against Vietnam, allowing weapons to be sold to the commie dictatorship and implicitly signaling that the US was open to forming an unofficial pact with Vietnam to stand against China.<ref>[https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/the-potential-pitfalls-of-us-vietnam-rapprochement/ The Potential Pitfalls of US-Vietnam Rapprochement]. ''The Diplomat.''</ref> 

Trade relations also help. Bilateral trade amounted to US$77 billion in 2019, and the US has become Vietnam's biggest export market.<ref name="trade">[https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/why-vietnam-has-become-promising-alternative-for-us-businesses-in-asia.html/ Why Vietnam Has Become a Promising Alternative for US Businesses in Asia]. ''Vietnam Briefing.''</ref> Vietnam is also the US' quickest-growing export market. These ties were further proven when Donald Trump started his dumb trade war against China, causing businesses to flee China in favor of Vietnam.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/us-china-trade-war-seen-boosting-vietnam-growth US-China Trade War Seen as Boosting Vietnam Growth]. ''Voice of America.''</ref> Even big names like Nintendo and Google moved big operations to Vietnam. 

Today, US-Vietnamese relations are less about war and more about whether the US slaps protectionist policies on Vietnamese trade goods.<ref name="trade"/>

==Government and politics==
[[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Communist Party poster in Hanoi featuring Hồ Chí Minh.]]
===Communist Party of Vietnam===
{{cquote|There has never been a scientific and revolutionary theory like Marxism–Leninism. It is a 'comprehensively and logically tight theory which gives people a total world view and a theory that not only aims at understanding the world, but also changing it... Capitalism will certainly be replaced by socialism, because that is the law of human history, which no one can deny.|||General Secretary Nguyễn Văn Linh, 1986.<ref>Elliott, David W.P. (2012). ''Changing Worlds: Vietnam's Transition from Cold War to Globalization''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195383348. p. 75.</ref>}}
Vietnam is a one-party state ruled by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). Alongside China, [[Laos]], [[Cuba]], and [[North Korea]], Vietnam is one of the only countries in the world that claims to govern based on Marxist-Leninist principles.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/list-of-communist-countries-today.html List Of Communist Countries Today]. ''World Atlas.''</ref> In reality, Vietnam has long since abandoned most tenets of that ideology regarding economics. 

However, the CPV still has a stranglehold on politics in Vietnam. Referring to itself as the "vanguard of the Vietnamese working class", the CPV wrote its supreme status into Article 4 of the Vietnamese [[constitution]].<ref>[http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/tranlation_of_vietnams_new_constitution_enuk_2.pdf Constitution of Vietnam (Translation)].</ref> Its highest organ is the national party Congress, which is elected by party members and sets the agenda for the party as a whole.<ref>Van, Canh Nguyen; Cooper, Earle (1983). ''Vietnam under Communism, 1975–1982''. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817978518.</ref> The Central Committee, however, is the party's most powerful institution. It appoints Politburo and Secretary leaders and can override other parts of the party and act independently to implement policy.<ref>East, Roger; Thomas, Richard (2003). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. ISBN 9781857431261. p. 574</ref>

===Elections===
[[File:Toà nhà quốc hội, Hà Nội 001.JPG|thumb|right|250px|National Assembly building in Hanoi.]]
{{cquote|Vietnam’s election is a bad joke from a one-party dictatorship, nothing more than a ruse wrapped in red banners and propaganda statements to deceive the international community. The disqualification of just about all the independent candidates from the ballot shows that this exercise is not about democracy or accountability, but rather about continuity of the ruling Communist Party’s power.|||Phil Robertson, deputy Asia director at [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name="cvet"/>}}
Vietnam's legislature is the National Assembly, which in theory is democratically elected. However, the Communist Party selects candidates for the body. The 2016 elections allowed just 11 independent candidates to run while the other almost 900 candidates were nominated by the Party and approved by the Party.<ref name="cvet">[https://time.com/4344416/vietnam-elections-independent-communist/ Vietnam Gets to Vote in Elections, but the Communist Party Picks Who's on the Ballot]. ''TIME.''</ref> Anyone calling for genuine democracy gets disqualified from running for elections by Vietnam's ruling party. Some independent candidates have reported receiving death threats and having their social media silenced by the government.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-20/vietnam-national-assembly-elections-plagued-by-bias/7430010 Vietnam's National Assembly elections plagued by biased vetting, intimidation]. ''ABC News.''</ref> 

Still, the CPV runs publicity blitzes encouraging people to vote and calling it their "right and responsibility", although the candidate selection process ensures that elections make no difference.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-politics/day-of-democracy-in-communist-vietnam-in-vote-on-partys-parliament-idUSKCN0YC0RE Day of democracy in communist Vietnam in vote on party's parliament]. ''Reuters.''</ref> It's not surprising that the CPV controls almost every seat in the chamber.

===Cult of Uncle Hồ===
[[File:Ho Chi Minh corpse.png|thumb|right|280px|Illicit photo of Uncle Hồ's preserved body.]]
The CPV has gone to great lengths to build and maintain a [[cult of personality]] around the former leader and revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh. In Vietnam, he's "Uncle Hồ", the namesake of Hồ Chí Minh City (formerly Saigon) and the symbol of the new socialist Vietnam.<ref>[https://theculturetrip.com/asia/vietnam/articles/who-was-vietnams-ho-chi-minh/ Who Was Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh?] ''The Culture Trip.''</ref> He's almost become a saint-like figure in the Party's view, as his allegedly abstemious life and devotion to socialism are touted virtues that all Vietnamese people should share.<ref name="hocul">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18328455 Uncle Ho's legacy lives on in Vietnam]. ''BBC News.''</ref> On posters and artwork, his face is ubiquitous. By touting its founder as an unassailable perfect figure, the CPV aims to perpetuate its own legitimacy. 

Oh, and like [[Vladimir Lenin]], Hồ's body serves as a well-preserved quasi-religious [[relic]] sitting in a mausoleum in Hanoi. It's rumored that the corpse is a fake, and it doesn't help that the Vietnamese honor guards use dim lighting and a constantly moving line to ensure that photos of it are tough to get.<ref>[https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ho-chi-minh-mausoleum Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum]. ''Atlas Obscura.''</ref> The Party ensures that its guards are zealous in guarding the country's old leader, even if he is fake. Uncle Hồ's body is under 24-hour guard by riflemen carefully selected for their [[patriotism]]. The site is usually busy with Vietnamese civilians making pilgrimages to honor their country's founding father.<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3025250/half-century-after-ho-chi-minhs-death-his-embalmed-body Half a century after Ho Chi Minh’s death, his embalmed body is guarded around the clock]. ''South China Morning Post.''</ref> Vietnam preserved Hồ's body by learning from the best, the Russians, and [[Russia]] still helps Vietnam keep the body in the best possible shape.<ref name="hobod">[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-russia-hochiminh/vietnam-says-preserved-corpse-of-ho-chi-minh-in-great-condition-idUSKCN1UE0M0 Vietnam says preserved corpse of Ho Chi Minh in great condition]. ''Reuters.''</ref> That must be some job.

The funny thing is that Hồ specified in his will that his body should be cremated.<ref name="hobod"/> Oh, well.

===Foreign policy===
[[File:President Trump's Trip to Vietnam (33352865778).jpg|thumb|right|275px|[[Donald Trump]] with Vietnamese premier Nguyễn Phú Trọng.]]
In 1995 the US and Vietnam began to kiss and make up, following the end of the [[Cold War]] and the Vietnamese withdrawal from Cambodia. Since then, the two nations have had closer ties. One reason is that [[China]] has claimed the entirety of the South China Sea as its territorial waters. The Chinese make this claim based on its historical presence in the region, although the sea borders modern Vietnam, the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], Cambodia, [[Indonesia]], and [[Singapore]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349 Why is the South China Sea contentious?]. ''BBC''.</ref> Furthermore, China and Vietnam have had bad blood going back thousands of years. The result is that these countries are looking for some American muscle to deal with the Chinese, just in case. 

Meanwhile, the US had been building economic ties with Vietnam and is looking for more regional allies for leverage against China. In 2009 the US Navy was invited back to Da Nang (the captain of one of the ships had been a Vietnamese refugee as a young child), indicating both nations might be more than happy to bury the hatchet.<ref>[https://archive.vn/Eu7rD Lassen Visits Vietnam in Storybook Return of Its Commander]. ''Navy.mil''.</ref> Some Vietnamese like to point out: "We have been at war with the US once, forty years ago. We have been at war with the Chinese for two thousand years now."

However, like its larger neighbor to the north, the Vietnamese government has been using the South Sea islands dispute to foster [[nationalism]] and distract citizens from criticizing its domestic policies. For instance, in May 2014, there were widespread anti-Chinese riots across the country, with tacit government support. The riots resulted in at least 21 dead and 600 arrests, and an exodus of foreign investors.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/15/vietnam-anti-china-protests-oil-rig-dead-injured At least 21 dead in Vietnam anti-China protests over oil rig]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> Ironically, out of the 351 factories damaged by rioters, only 14 were owned by mainland Chinese firms, and the rest were largely owned by [[Taiwan|Taiwanese]] and [[South Korea]]n firms.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1515912/few-factories-hit-vietnams-anti-china-riots-were-mainland-chinese-owned?page=all Just 14 factories targeted in Vietnam's anti-China protests belonged to mainland Chinese]. ''South China Morning Post''.</ref>

==Human rights==
[[File:1186176 431184323664792 1727527524 n-(1).jpg|thumb|right|275px|Hồ Chí Minh Communist Youth Union group photo.]]
===Freedom of expression and assembly===
Vietnam's one-party regime maintains severe restrictions on the internet and free speech. Internet censorship was further strengthened by passing a "cybersecurity" law that allows authorities to censor any content and obtain data from internet users without their consent.<ref name="frhou">[https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-net/2019 Vietnam]. ''Freedom House.''</ref> State and military companies dominate all internet content that is allowed in Vietnam. Vietnam prohibits independent or privately owned media outlets from operating and exerts strict control over radio and TV stations and printed publications.<ref name="hrw19"/> Disseminating anti-government material is a crime.

Vietnam continues to prohibit the establishment and operation of independent organizations, especially [[labor union]]s and political parties. Instead, all organizations of a political nature are run by the Party. 

Critics of the government frequently face arbitrary arrest and persecution, and in 2018 Vietnam placed at least twelve people on trial for "conducting propaganda against the state" and sentenced them to between four and twelve years in prison.<ref name="hrw19">[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/vietnam World Report 2019: Vietnam]. ''Human Rights Watch.''</ref> 

Activists are also often the target of physical assaults by government-connected thugs, often within sight of uniformed police who do nothing.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/06/19/no-country-human-rights-activists/assaults-bloggers-and-democracy-campaigners No Country for Human Rights Activists]. ''Human Rights Watch.''</ref> This typically occurs alongside official repression to create an atmosphere of fear. 

As of 2020, Vietnam has intensified its crackdown efforts against dissent months before a planned communist party assembly to select the party's new leaders. In this crackdown, at least 150 people have been convicted of speech-related crimes and are now in prisons.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/19/vietnam-crackdown-peaceful-dissent-intensifies Vietnam: Crackdown on Peaceful Dissent Intensifies]. ''Human Rights Watch.''</ref> Also, in 2020, Facebook agreed under Vietnamese government pressure to voluntarily censor dissenting posts from Vietnamese citizens.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/23/vietnam-facebook-pressured-censors-dissent Vietnam: Facebook, Pressured, Censors Dissent]. ''Human Rights Watch.''</ref>

===Freedom of religion===
Religious practice is discouraged by the government through legislation, registration requirements, and surveillance. Religious groups must register with the government and agree to have a government-run management board rule their affairs.<ref name="hrw19"/> These boards may arbitrarily ban religious activities and assemblies they don't like.

Religions that aren't registered with the government face police harassment and violent crackdowns. Others may face arrest for the "crime" of following an unregistered religion. Hmong and Montagnard Christians in Vietnam's highlands are regularly harassed, detained, or banished into the wilderness because of their religious affiliation.<ref>[https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/religious-rights/512929-hopes-and-fears-for-religious-freedom-in-vietnam Hopes and fears for religious freedom in Vietnam]. ''The Hill.''</ref> They are effectively stateless.

===LGBT rights===
[[File:Viet Pride 2016 in Hanoi (29027661142).jpg|thumb|right|235px|Viet Pride in Hanoi, 2016.]]
Influenced by the homophobic environment of the former Soviet Union and later Russia, Vietnam is an extremely hostile environment for [[LGBT]] individuals. Although the government pledges support for them, legal protections are still inadequate, and pervasive myths about the supposed dangers of sexual orientation go unchallenged.<ref name="lgbt">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/12/vietnam-lgbt-youth-unprotected Vietnam: LGBT Youth Unprotected]. ''Human Rights Watch.''</ref> On the good side, though, [[gay marriage]] is no longer banned starting 2013, the year of the latest version of the Constitution, although gay marriages still receive no official government recognition.<ref>[https://time.com/4184240/same-sex-gay-lgbt-marriage-ban-lifted-vietnam/ Same-Sex Marriage Ban Lifted in Vietnam But a Year Later Discrimination Remains]. ''TIME.''</ref> Hanoi has also held multiple gay pride events without any government crackdowns.<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1565550/vietnam-hosts-third-gay-pride-parade-attitudes-soften Vietnam hosts third gay pride parade as attitudes soften]. ''South China Morning Post.''</ref> So that's nice.

In August 2022, it was reported that within Vietnam conversion therapy became legally banned as LGBT individuals "are not diseased" and should never be treated as such according to the Health Ministry.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/aug/24/vietnam-declares-being-lgbtq-is-not-an-illness-in-victory-for-gay-rights Vietnam declares being LGBTQ+ is ‘not an illness’ in victory for gay rights]. ''The Guardian.''</ref> However, LGBT youth still face extreme, often violent discrimination from family members and members of the public.<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lgbt-vietnam_n_56163a78e4b0e66ad4c68090 Vietnam Has Been Praised As A Leader In LGBT Rights. Activists Beg To Differ]. ''Huffington Post.''</ref> 

Many LGBT children are forced to flee home due to fears of violence or even death, and they tend to have no recourse but sex work.<ref>[http://isee.org.vn/Content/Home/Library/lgbt/stituation-assessment-of-lgbt-street-children-in-ho-chi-minh-city.pdf Situation Assessment of LGBT Street Children in Ho Chi Minh City]. ''Institute for Studies of Society, Economy and Environment.''</ref> These individuals, known as LGBT "street children", face hazards including irregular meals and sleeping places, lack of health care, threats of violence and harassment, and the potential dangers of [[HIV/AIDS]] and other diseases.<ref>[https://vietnamnews.vn/society/225496/gay-street-children-need-help.html Gay street children need help]. ''Viet Nam News.''</ref>

==Gallery==
<center><gallery widths=225px heights=225px>
File:24TPHanoi2.jpg|Hanoi, Vietnam's capital. 
File:Beef-pho-vietnamese-soup.jpg|Beef phở.
File:Halong bay vietnam.JPG|Hạ Long Bay, a major tourist destination.
File:Aid Workers; AusAID 2006; HIV-AIDS Education; HIV-AIDS Victims and Care; Vietnam; Women (10665935653).jpg|Vietnamese HIV/AIDS education workers.
File:Dinhlaxuyen.jpg|Temple in Nam Định.
</gallery></center>

==See also==
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[Cao Dai]]
*[[Trans-Pacific Partnership]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{nationbox}}

[[category:Asian countries]]
[[Category:Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Asian history]]
[[Category:Authoritarian regimes]]
[[Category:Communist states]]
[[Category:History of communism]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Homophobia]]
[[Category:Left-wing nationalism]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Imperialism]]
[[Category:Communism]]

Categories: Asian countries, Southeast Asia, Asian history, Authoritarian regimes, Communist states, History of communism, Cold War, Homophobia, Left-wing nationalism, Racism, Sexism, Imperialism, Communism