Gender dysphoria

[[File:Sad Transgender Boy in Dress.png|right|thumb|165px|Being mistaken for the wrong gender can really stink.]]{{gender}}
'''Gender dysphoria''' (sometimes, but not preferably, '''gender identity disorder'''<ref>[http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm Gender Identity Disorder Today DSM IV Gender Identity Disorder]</ref>) is felt by individuals who experience discontent from their [[gender]] assigned at birth. It is also a formal [[psychological]] and [[psychiatric]] [[diagnosis]]. Not all authorities classify this as a mental illness; the [[National Health Service]] in the [[United Kingdom]] describes it as "a condition for which medical treatment is appropriate in some cases."<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_097168.pdf "Transgender experiences – Information and support"]</ref>

Recent research has indicated that [[transgender]] people tend to have the same or similar brain structures as their identified gender, even before hormone replacement, thus giving the terms "gender" and "sex" a more complex relationship than before, seeing as it has been proven the former is not just a [[Social constructionism|social construct]].<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20032-transsexual-differences-caught-on-brain-scan.html ''Transsexual differences caught on brain scan'']</ref><ref>[http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/85/5/2034.full ''Male-to-Female Transsexuals Have Female Neuron Numbers in a Limbic Nucleus'']</ref> Possible causes of gender dysphoria include [[genetic]]s, upbringing, and prenatal exposure to particular hormones, among others.

As a minor concession to the trans community, in response to complaints that "gender identity disorder" was a stigmatizing term, the American Psychiatric Association changed the "Gender Identity Disorder" diagnostic category in the [[DSM-5]] to "Gender Dysphoria" in 2013.<ref>[http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Gender%20Dysphoria%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf DSM-V revision fact sheet]</ref> The APA, as well as the larger Western healthcare structures, remains highly conservative on the issue, to the point that there are thriving black and grey markets for prescription [[hormone replacement therapy|hormones]] and some cosmetic treatments. Some clinics have sought to move past this issue by offering "[[Informed consent#Medicine|informed consent]]" prescriptions, for which a psychiatric diagnosis is not required.

==Gender dysphoria described by trans people==
===As a shoe metaphor===
If you're wearing comfortable shoes, you don't spend all your time thinking about how your feet don't hurt.
But if you're wearing uncomfortable shoes... ''ow, ow, ow.''

===As body horror===
Someone assigned female at birth with body-related gender dysphoria once described the experience of having [[breasts]] as having two alien jellyfish constantly suctioned onto one's chest. Similarly, some individuals assigned male at birth who feel dysphoric about their genitals describe the feeling as having a big raw chicken stapled between one's legs. Try imagining how ''that'' must feel.

===As raw hatred and disgust===

In general, trans people might feel pure disgust, hatred, and revulsion from being thought of as and looking or sounding like their assigned gender at birth. 

===Regarding transition as a choice===
TERFs always complain about how trans people reinforce gender stereotypes, but this argument completely disregards gender dysphoria suffered by trans people. It also blames trans people for exercising their bodily autonomy. Nobody chooses to be trans as well as nobody chooses to be paraplegic. But, technically speaking, the former chooses to transition, while the latter also chooses to use a wheelchair.

==Confusion with body dysmorphia==
Many people and even some LGBT organizations make the mistake of mixing up gender dysphoria with body dysmorphia.<ref name ="confusion">http://roygbiv.jezebel.com/stop-confusing-gender-dysphoria-with-body-dysmorphia-al-1583049920</ref> This can lead to people suffering from gender dysphoria being told they're just delusional (or conversely, sometimes a body dysmorphia sufferer gets asked some awkward questions). Despite the superficial similarity, they are two vastly different things; body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental illness on the OCD spectrum where the sufferer is extremely anxious about their appearance and spends a great deal of time fixating on and obsessing over perceived bodily flaws which are either grossly exaggerated in their mind or may not even exist at all, whereas gender dysphoria is distress caused by a mismatch between gender and sex characteristics.<ref name ="confusion"/>

People with body dysmorphia sometimes seek out surgery to correct what they perceive as their physical flaws, even going to the extent of having repeated surgeries on the same body part. However, since this does not address the underlying mental issue, this does not alleviate the dysmorphia, which simply returns and continues to cause distress. By contrast, transgender people who decide to transition often find that their dysphoria is alleviated by some combination of sex reassignment surgery, hormone replacement therapy, and social transition (wearing gender-appropriate clothing, changing name and pronouns, etc.). Trans people with gender dysphoria do not have a skewed body image like people with body dysmorphia (and some other psychiatric conditions, eg. eating disorders) do; they simply feel like their bodies are wrong for their gender identity and would feel much more comfortable in a body of the opposite sex.

As an analogy: someone who has been near-sighted from birth might want to try wearing glasses or getting laser eye surgery. This is not a delusion or mental illness. On the other hand, someone who has gotten the deep-seated impression that everyone else's peripheral vision is exactly as well-focused as their center of vision and tries to "fix" themselves [[hydration woo|with excessive, almost dangerous amounts of eye-drop]] definitely is mentally ill.

==Rapid onset gender dysphoria==
'''Rapid onset gender dysphoria''' ('''ROGD''') is a concept championed mainly by [[Trans-exclusionary radical feminism|TERFs]] as an explanation for gender dysphoria, mostly as it appears in young people. It has found popularity among parents whose children identify as trans "out of the blue" due to being "naive and impressionable."<ref>[https://www.parentsofrogdkids.com Parents of ROGD Kids' [[webshite]]]</ref> It’s essentially a thinly-veiled form of [[Transphobia|transphobia]].<ref>https://medium.com/@tailcalled/the-transphobia-of-rogd-a6621eedd7b5</ref> The purported scientific backing for this concept is the [[Littman 2018 ROGD study]], which did nothing to advance its status past that of an unproven [[hypothesis]].

===Rapid as misnomer===
What looks like "rapid onset" to outsiders is often preceded by years of feeling uncomfortable with one's assigned gender.<ref>[https://autisticzebra.wordpress.com/2019/08/02/the-realities-of-having-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria/ The realities of having Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria*] Autistic Zebra</ref>

Biologist Julia Serano has pointed out that parental surprise and denial over their children being trans is not new.<ref>[https://juliaserano.medium.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-1940b8afdeba] Everything You Need to Know About Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria</ref>

{{Quotebox| “this is not a new type of gender dysphoria, but rather a new name for a recurring parental dynamic.”}}

As the GDA pointed out,<ref>[https://www.gdaworkinggroup.com/blog/2018/12/5/psychology-today-response Psycholoy Today Response]</ref> {{quotebox|''"The ‘rapid onset’ often reported by parents is not a new phenomenon. '''Youth very commonly will delay coming out in hostile environments''', being afraid to disclose due to minority stress factors including social stigma, internal stress, fears of rejection by family and friends, and legitimate concerns about violence. Given that these parents '''sought out hostile websites''', the fears of these youth would seem to have been justified."''}}

Experiences such as the development of sexual characteristics during puberty and changes in relationship dynamics in later adolescence (when children move from same-sex groups to greater cross-sex interactions) can cause deep distress for children who are already gender-non-conforming.<ref>[https://www.dpt.nhs.uk/our-services/gender-identity/your-questions-answered/when-does-someone-become-aware-of-a-gender-identity Gender Identity: When does someone become aware of a gender identity?], NHS (UK)</ref> Such triggers causing sudden visible crises may be misinterpreted by parents as the first sign of a child questioning their gender identity, rather than as the climax of a long process.

===ROGD targets===
There is widespread 'concern' about the increase in AFAB children seeking gender clinic referrals. However, Bioethicist Florence Ashley has pointed out that the so called 'concern' about the increase in AFAB children transitioning is misplaced; historically AFAB children have been under-represented at clinics, despite the ratio of trans men to trans women being roughly 50-50 in adulthood.<ref>[http://theconversation.com/why-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-is-bad-science-92742 ROGD is Bad Science]</ref>

Unfortunately, [[autism|autistic]] people of all ages may also be targeted for dismissal using ROGD. Author Tania Marshall claimed that ROGD could be a trait of "high-functioning" autistic women.<ref>[https://theaspergian.com/2019/08/01/rogd-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria/ The Fallacy of Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria and The Importance of Calling Out Sloppy Science] - The Aspergian</ref> Studies have shown a connection between autism and gender dysphoria, but it is not clear what the connection is (whether one causes the other or they have a common origin). Some TERFs use this connection to argue that trans people are "really just autistic" but experts deny this, and are still investigating the nature of the relationship between autism and gender identity, something which is complicated by way limited, low-grade data is recycled in endless review articles.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30392630/ Is There a Link Between Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder?], van der Miesen et al, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;57(11):884-885. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.04.022.</ref> There is a problem of underdiagnosis of autism in cis women, so there may be large numbers of undiagnosed cis women who are autistic but not gender dysphoric.<ref>[https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/largest-study-to-date-confirms-overlap-between-autism-and-gender-diversity/ Largest study to date confirms overlap between autism and gender diversity], Spectrum News, 14 Sept 2020</ref>

===Littman study===
{{main|Littman 2018 ROGD study}}
The term was formalised by a survey conducted by Dr Littman of 256 parents who frequented anti-transgender websites including Transgender Trend, Youth Trans Critical Professionals, Parents of Transgender Children and 4thwavenow.<ref>[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330 Dr Littman's Survey]</ref>

The survey only spoke to parents who already held trans-critical views; not trans children themselves. A total of 76.5% did not believe their child was trans. 63% of the parents surveyed have been called “transphobic” or “bigoted” by their children, and only 36% had seen a clinician regarding their child's gender identity. Of the children themselves, whom Littman did not survey, 44% were classed as gifted, and only 4.3% as having a learning difficulty. 15 months after the survey, 83.2% of the children still identified as trangender, despite their parents' opposition.<ref>[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330#sec027 Results of Dr. Littman's Survey]</ref>

It is worth mentioning that the 'children' of the parents surveyed in this study were aged between 11 and 27.<ref>[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330#pone-0202330-t002 Table 2. Demographic and other baseline characteristics of AYAs]</ref>

===Abigail Shrier===
The concept of ROGD has also been promoted by [[Abigail Shrier]] in her 2020 book ''Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters'', which blames "social contagion" for the rise in AFAB people seeking to transition.<ref>{{wpa|Irreversible Damage}}</ref> The book has been widely criticised as an attack on trans people, and after criticism, Target removed it from its shelves and Amazon refused advertising.<ref name=larbshrier/><ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-opinion-censorship-cancel-culture-abigail-shrier-transgender-20201123-sifw7khysrdpnbnj66qxp6yiam-story.html Commentary: Why efforts to censor Abigail Shrier’s book will backfire and hurt transgender people], Chicago Tribune, Nov 23, 2020</ref> Shrier has also been criticised for promoting a variety of different, contrary explanations for the rise: due to peers, media, helicopter parents, etc., with no evidence for any of it. While writing the book, Shrier's research largely ignored either trans adolescents or people with experience of them: according to the ''Los Angeles Review of Books'', "Staggeringly few of the scholars and medical professionals with which Shrier textually converses have studied trans people firsthand: they’ve only inventoried the grievances and impressions of cisgender parents."<ref name=larbshrier>[https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-constitutional-conflationists-on-abigail-shriers-irreversible-damage-and-the-dangerous-absurdity-of-anti-trans-trolls/ The Constitutional Conflationists: On Abigail Shrier’s “Irreversible Damage” and the Dangerous Absurdity of Anti-Trans Trolls], Sarah Fonseca, Los Angeles Review of Books, Jan 17, 2010</ref> It is not a study of trans people who had second thoughts, but (like the Littman Study) a survey of parents disagreeing with the choices made by their children (many of whom are now adults).

===Legitimacy===
*PLOS One, the journal that published Littman's study, said ''"The level of evidence produced by the Dr. Littman’s study '''cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion'''."''<ref>[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0212578 Plos One Comments]</ref> 
*The Advocate has ably critiqued the study's flawed methodology.<ref>[https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2018/2/20/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-biased-junk-science ROGD is Based on Junk Science]</ref>
*WPATH - World Professional Association for Transgender Health Board of Directors - have stated ''"The term “Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD)” is '''not a medical entity''' recognized by any major professional association, nor is it listed as a subtype or classification in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or International Classification of Diseases (ICD)."''<ref>[https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/Public%20Policies/2018/9_Sept/WPATH%20Position%20on%20Rapid-Onset%20Gender%20Dysphoria_9-4-2018.pdf]</ref>
*The GDA described the study as ''"widely contested as '''methodologically flawed''' and '''unethical''', proceeding from an '''overt ideological bias'''."''<ref>[https://www.gdaworkinggroup.com/blog/2018/12/5/psychology-today-response Response to Psychology Today]</ref>
*Dr Restar has critiqued the methodology of the study.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-019-1453-2] Methodological Critique of Littman’s (2018) Parental-Respondents Accounts of “Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria”</ref>
*Biologist Julia Serano has described ROGD as “scientifically specious”<ref>[https://juliaserano.medium.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-1940b8afdeba] What is Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD), and is it real?</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gender]]
*[[Sex]]
*[[Sexual identity]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Transgender]]
[[Category:Social justice]]

Categories: Psychology, Transgender, Social justice