Hydrogen economy

{{Economics}}
The '''hydrogen economy''' is a theoretical future societal model where the power for vehicles and other portable machinery is provided by the combustion of [[hydrogen]] rather than fossil fuels. The idea is that burning hydrogen produces only pure [[water]] as a waste product, at least on paper, making this a better bet than burning fossil fuels as a power source. The [[George W. Bush|Bush]] government was a big supporter of the hydrogen economy to distract people from doing anything about [[global warming]], announcing the project in a June 25, 2003 press release.<ref>[https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/281875 Fact Sheet: Hydrogen Economy], ''The American Presidency Project'', ''UC Santa Barbera''</ref>

== Caveats ==
The main problem is that hydrogen does not occur in its free form in large amounts on Earth. Hydrogen molecules are very small, and so they are able to very easily escape Earth's gravity and diffuse out into space.<ref group="note">Otherwise, Earth would be a gas giant like Jupiter, which has an atmosphere made mostly of (guess what?) hydrogen.</ref> More crucially, because of the quantities of oxygen and carbon present on Earth, what hydrogen is still around is locked up as water or hydrocarbons. Because of this, hydrogen is more of a means to store energy,<ref group="note">Strictly speaking, this true of anything. Fossil fuels store the energy of long-ago sunlight; nuclear fission fuels store the energy of long-ago supernovae; hydrogen stores the energy of the long-ago [[Big Bang]]. The difference is that the energy bound up in hydrogen atoms can only be tapped (partially) through the use of [[nuclear fusion]]; any other usage of hydrogen requires an input of energy to create an artificial energy potential.</ref> rather than be used directly. The hydrogen economy thus becomes a [[thermodynamics]] problem.

There are four major ways to obtain hydrogen:
*'''Refine methane'''. This problem gives rise to the issue of where to obtain methane. Methane is most accessible to [[human]]s via [[natural gas]], which needs to be drilled for deep underground. Refining methane to hydrogen produces a by-product; carbon dioxide, making this method rather pointless if the goal is to '''reduce''' CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. This is the most common means hydrogen is produced in industrial quantities today, and it is fundamentally inefficient as a fuel; Carbon-hydrogen bonds in methane are stronger than the hydrogen-hydrogen bonds in molecular hydrogen (hence the preponderance of hydrocarbons like methane over hydrogen gas to begin with), so there's more energy to be had by just burning the methane instead of bothering to refine hydrogen from it, even without the heat losses inevitable in an industrial process. Methane can also be found trapped in sediment on the ocean floor as the byproduct of the decomposition of dead plankton, algae and other marine life. However, we not only don't have the technology to extract this methane, the whole point is, again, that we need to REMOVE CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere, not add to it.
*'''Electrolyse water.''' This method has a problem of its own; electrolysis requires electricity, which needs to come from somewhere. Electrolysis is nowhere near 100% efficient; if the electricity comes from a thermal powerplant (fossil fuel, nuclear, or solar), the majority of the expended energy is lost as heat. Also, if fossil fuels are being burnt, this counteracts the notion of reducing greenhouse gas emissions with this. In addition, many water electrolysis methods are most efficient when performed using acid, which significantly limits what substances you can use to drive the reaction. Most processes tend to use either iridium oxide or rhodium, both which are quite rare.<ref>[https://inchemistry.acs.org/atomic-news/artificial-leaf.html The Artificial Leaf: Copying Nature to Fight Climate Change] by Max Levy (November 11, 2021) ''inChemistry'', ''American Chemical Society''</ref>
*'''Thermally decompose water''' into hydrogen and oxygen. This has a chance to be a good deal more efficient than electrolysis, but no industrial facility has been built yet. Possible sources of heat include concentrating solar power and high-temperature nuclear reactors (see explosions at [[Fukushima]]). This is probably the most promising of the bunch.
*'''Cyanobacteria (blue-green "algae")''' sometimes use enzymes in order to break water down into hydrogen and oxygen going about their ordinary metabolism.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11150668/ Ultrastructure of the fresh water cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis SPU 003 and its application for oxygen-free hydrogen production] by Vishal Shah, Nikki Garg, and Datta Madamwar (January 9, 2006) ''FEMS Microbiol Lett'' Volume 194, Issue 1, pages 71–75 </ref> To provide meaningful amounts of hydrogen, this would require vast areas of the sea to be devoted to aquaculture and outfitted with hydrogen collection systems to avoid the hydrogen running off into space or reacting with the first atmospheric oxygen molecule it bumps into and turning back into water.

These four alternatives, each with their unsavoury parts, indicate that hydrogen will require either a lot of energy from somewhere, add more CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere (which is what we want to avoid), and no matter what require a '''lot''' of new infrastructure and technology. Without development of clean energy sources, the hydrogen economy has little or no benefit over the current fossil fuel economy, especially when compared to the rapidly lowering costs of large electric batteries. Hydrogen, being highly volatile, also creates problems of storage and safety. Hydrogen would most likely be useful as a means to store energy like it already is in rocket propulsion, as it has an energy content approximately 200 times greater than the most efficient current battery technologies per unit mass.<ref group="note">A one-kilogram lithium-ion battery can store up to 0.95 MegaJoules of electric energy. One kilogram of molecular hydrogen, when combusted with oxygen from the air, releases 286 MegaJoules of heat.</ref> This is compensated by its low density. Even in liquid state, the volumetric energy density of hydrogen is no better than the best batteries per unit volume.

However, recent work at Virginia Tech may make things much easier.<ref>[http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2013/04/040413-cals-hydrogen.html Breakthrough in hydrogen fuel production could revolutionize alternative energy market] by Zeke Barlow (April 4, 2013) ''Virginia Tech''</ref>

== Summary ==
Hydrogen cars ''may'' be practical if hydrogen is treated as a form of electric battery, but thinking that the "hydrogen economy" is a magic bullet that will solve our energy problems is nothing more than falling for an elaborate [[perpetual motion]] scheme.

== See also ==
* [[Water-powered car]]s get hydrogen combustion backwards and claim it'll work... or something.
* {{wpl|Nuclear fusion|Nuclear fusion}} is another way hydrogen could be used for energy, but there's a [[Cold fusion|fair amount]] of [[fusion woo]] out there.

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[category:chemistry]]
[[category:economics]]
[[category:energy]]

Categories: chemistry, economics, energy