Bonobo

[[File:Pan paniscus06.jpg|thumb|right|165px|A bonobo in a contemplative pose.]]{{biology}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[chimpanzees]] (Pan troglodytes), their closest extant sister taxon.}}
__NOTOC__
The '''bonobo''' (''Pan paniscus''), historically known as ''pygmy [[chimpanzee]]'', lives in central [[Africa]] and together with the common chimpanzee is [[human|our]] closest living relative — and the most despised of all monkeys<ref group=note>They're apes, not monkeys, but creationists probably don't care to differentiate (e.g., the so-called [[Monkey trial]]).</ref> by [[Creationism|creationists]]. Because the two species are not proficient swimmers, the formation of the Congo River 1.5–2 million years ago possibly led to the speciation of the bonobo. Bonobos live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the ancestors of the common chimpanzee, which live north of the river. 

Bonobos have a matriarchal society, with male aggression rare. [[Sex]] is used as a way to mediate conflicts and they do not pair-bond. Females are slightly more sexually active than the males, and will engage in genital-to-genital rubbing with other females roughly once every two hours.<ref>{{cite book|last=Balcombe|first=Jonathan Peter|year=2011|title=The Exultant Ark: A Pictorial Tour of Animal Pleasure|publisher=University of California Press|page=88}}</ref> In addition, the bonobo is well-known for its exuberant [[sex]]ual activity, seen equally in both genders:

*Using sex as a greeting, a method of avoiding conflict, and a system of post-conflict resolution.<ref>Natalie Angier, [https://archive.is/GEv46 In the Bonobo World, Female Camaraderie Prevails]. Archived from ''[[The New York Times]]'', 13 September 2016.</ref>
*Using sex for recreation.  
*Enthusiastically indulging in face-to-face genital sex. This is most frequently [[Lesbianism|female-female]]. But the [[Homosexual|guys do "get it on"]], and when they do, it is called penis fencing.
*Practice tongue kissing and [[oral sex]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Manson|first1=Joseph H.|last2 = Perry|first2=Susan|last3=Parish|first3=Amy R.|year=1997|title=Nonconceptive Sexual Behavior in Bonobos and Capuchins|journal=International Journal of Primatology|volume=18|issue=5|pages=767–86}}</ref>

All this goes on both [[Incest|within]] and outside the family and involves adults, [[Pedophilia|children, and infants.]] And no, just because animals do it, is not a justification for us humans to do it.

Although bonobos mediate conflicts well and exhibit such traits as empathy and affection, they are still wild animals, and likewise, compete heavily over status. Their nickname, "hippie apes", is probably unearned, as violent aggression plays a large part in their social lives. Since females dominate, they are not above coercion, and unlucky males often bear the brunt of female aggression, which can take the form of digits being bitten off and mutilated genitals.<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/07/30/swingers}}</ref> Males also compete with each other, and females have a preference for higher-ranking males over low-ranking ones.<ref>https://skepticink.com/incredulous/2017/10/09/bonobo-myth-demolished/</ref> Lastly, bonobos may not be entirely matriarchal, as sons of high-status females sometimes coerce low-ranking females into mating with them.<ref>https://traditionsofconflict.com/blog/2018/12/18/the-mommas-boy-strategy-why-bonobo-males-tend-not-to-form-coalitions</ref>

Humanity may, or may not, have something to learn from them, like why they are strangely immune to the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sharp|first1=Paul M.|last2=Shaw|first2=George M.|last3=Hahn|first3=Beatrice H.|date=April 2005|title=Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=79|pages=3891–3902}}</ref>

==Phylogeny==
Phylogenetic tree showing only extant (living) taxa:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305164805/http://tolweb.org/Hominidae/16299 Hominidae]. Archived from tolweb.org, 5 March 2016.</ref>

{{clade
	|label1=<small>&nbsp;Family&nbsp;[[Hominidae]]&nbsp;</small>
	|1={{clade
		|1={{clade
			|1={{clade
				|label1=<small>&nbsp;Genus&nbsp;''Pan''&nbsp;</small>
				|1={{clade
					|1=&nbsp;[[Chimpanzee]]s (''Pan troglodytes'')&nbsp;
					|2=&nbsp;Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'')&nbsp;
				}}
			|label2=<small>&nbsp;Genus&nbsp;''Homo''&nbsp;</small>
			|2={{clade
				|1=&nbsp;[[Human]]s (''Homo sapiens'')&nbsp;
			}}
			}}
		|2={{clade
			|label1=<small>&nbsp;Genus&nbsp;''Gorilla''&nbsp;</small>
			|1={{clade
				|1=&nbsp;{{wpl|Gorilla|Gorillas}}&nbsp;
			}}
		}}
		}}
	|2={{clade
		|1={{clade
			|label1=<small>&nbsp;Genus&nbsp;''Pongo''&nbsp;</small>
			|1={{clade
				|1=&nbsp;[[Orangutan]]s&nbsp;
			}}
		}}
	}}
	}}
}}

==See also==
*[[Frans de Waal]]
*''[[Sex at Dawn]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{stub|biology}}

[[Category:African animals]]
[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Hominids]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Zoology]]

Categories: African animals, Animals, Biology, Evolution, Hominids, Sexuality, Zoology