Balance fallacy

{{bronze}}{{logicnav}}{{cquote|There's a kind of notion that everyone's opinion is equally valid. My arse! A bloke who's been a professor of [[dentistry]] for 40 years does not have a [[debate]] with some eejit who removes his teeth with string and a door!|||{{wpl|Dara Ó Briain}}<ref>[https://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2009/08/22/homeopathy-and-quacks-versus-science Homeopathy and quacks versus science], [[Respectful Insolence]]</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHVVKAKWXcg</ref>}}
{{cquote|Whether it’s Jimmy Carter seeking donations to build orphanages, or Donald Trump raising funds to pay the lawyers defending him against multiple criminal indictments, presidents of both parties have spent their post-White House years asking the public for money.<ref>[https://twitter.com/DougJBalloon/status/1688290042530209792 Whether it’s Jimmy Carter seeking donations to build orphanages, or Donald Trump raising funds to pay the lawyers defending him against multiple criminal indictments, presidents of both parties have spent their post-White House years asking the public for money.]</ref>}}
{{cquote|If you choose not to decide, you still have made a choice!|||{{wpl|Rush (band)|Rush|,}} "Freewill"}}
The '''balance fallacy''' is an [[Informal fallacy|informal logical fallacy]] that occurs when two sides of an [[argument]] are assumed to have equal or comparable value regardless of their respective merits, which (in turn) can lead to the conclusion that the answer to a problem is always to be found between two [[Extremism|extremes]]. The latter is effectively an inverse [[false dilemma]], discarding the two extremes rather than the middle.

While the [[rational]] position on a topic is often between two extremes, this cannot be assumed without actually considering the [[evidence]]. Sometimes the extreme position is actually the correct one, and sometimes the entire spectrum of belief is wrong, and [[truth]] exists in an orthogonal direction that hasn't yet been considered. Furthermore, oftentimes the two sides being compared aren't equally extreme, so a conclusion drawn from this fallacy will end up benefiting the more extreme side.

Balance is often a problem in the [[media]], where confrontational or adversarial [[journalism]] might present more of a controversy about some topic than actually exists, giving equal time to [[fringe]] minority viewpoints to draw in viewers. It is effectively the opposite of [[bias]] — whereas bias over-emphasises one view to the detriment of another legitimate, well-supported view to give the impression of one being favoured, false balance over-emphasises a minority or unsupported view to the detriment of a well-supported view to give the impression that neither is favoured.

==Alternate names==
*false balance
*false compromise
*middle ground
*splitting the difference
*''argumentum ad temperantiam''
*false equivalency
*"bothsidesism," as [[Paul Krugman]] calls it when it's in the [[media]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190805114334/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/18/opinion/both-sides-now.html Paul Krugman, "Both sides now?", ''The New York Times'', Jul. 18, 2016, accessed Sep. 16, 2019.]</ref>

==Form==
There is a choice to make between doing '''''X''''' or doing '''''Y'''''. Therefore, the answer is somewhere between '''''X''''' and '''''Y'''''.

The problem is that it's possible that either '''''X''''' or '''''Y''''' is entirely true, meaning that only partially doing the right thing makes little sense. This argument is generally built around the idea that the middle point between two extremes is equal parts of each side and therefore equally acceptable to both sides; but as the saying goes, half a kitten is not half as cute, it's a bloody mess.

==Problems==
{{cquote|By creating a sense that discourse is all one extreme against the other or one cynic against another, [[CNN]] has added to the corrosive cynicism that permeates politics… by having every discussion of [[climate change]] include one [[scientist]] who says it is real and manmade [[Wingnut welfare|against another who denies it]], CNN has contributed to an atmosphere where "facts" are not real — you can find an expert anywhere to deny them.|||Norm Ornstein<ref>Ornstein, Norm, [http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/the-eight-causes-of-trumpism/422427/ "The 8 Causes of Trumpism"], 1.4.16.</ref>}}
The application of the fallacy leads to major problems:

*It can lead to equal exposure of an argument ''despite'' its lack of merit or relevance. This may arise due to a misunderstanding of [[probability]], that two outcomes or positions lead to a probability of 50:50 for each, and so both deserve an equal chance to put themselves forward. In fact, probability is not necessarily equal.

*It can lead to the belief that the truth must lie somewhere in-between the two opposing sides, when it's very much possible that one side is completely wrong. In this context, the fallacy is sometimes known as the '''[[appeal to moderation|argument to moderation]]''' (or ''argumentum ad temperantiam''), and may be the result of attempts to reach a compromise between mutually exclusive positions, as often found in [[political]] [[debate]] where there is not necessarily an [[Objective morality|objective]] "truth", as such, to be found behind a political policy.

*The currency of experts is over-inflated, and one could argue that the bubble has popped. When CNN is presenting [[Professor of nothing|Doctor Joe Bloggs]] as a climate change "expert" against someone with a Princeton degree who has dedicated their life to the topic, the public now needs an expert to examine credentials before they can examine evidence given by experts. Conversely, the [[BBC]] instructed their reporters to stop giving credence to climate deniers in 2014.

*In practical design and planning, it can lead to the creation of awkward compromise positions that lack the efficiency of either alternative while trying to keep everybody happy. An extreme example would be for a nation which couldn't decide whether to drive on the left or right of the road to say that everybody should drive in the middle. In milder forms it can lead to {{wpl|requirement creep}} or {{wpl|feature creep}} which result in bloat, delay, and overcomplication, and an end result that suits nobody. Political policies such as "[[don't ask, don't tell]]"<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/10/the-awkward-clinton-era-debate-over-dont-ask-dont-tell/381374/ The Awkward Clinton-Era Debate Over 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'], The Atlantic, Oct 2014</ref> and [[Obamacare]]'s compromise between public and private healthcare have been accused of this.

* It often ends up benefitting extremists, as when a moderate option and an extreme one are being compared, the middle between the two is still fairly extreme. Furthermore, extremists will often become more radical over time, which will push the center further towards their views. For example, over the last 40 years, the [[Republican Party]] has moved sharply towards the right while the [[Democratic Party]] has moved towards the center, resulting in many "moderates" supporting things like [[neoliberalism]] that were once seen by the ''Republicans'', let alone the Democrats, as way too far to the right.

Avoiding the balance fallacy requires objective criteria for assessing arguments and cannot rely on just giving all arguments equal exposure for the sake of fairness. Arguments must be assessed using criteria such as [[formal logic]], scholarly consensus, and [[empirical]] [[evidence]] to see if a legitimate controversy exists between two viewpoints. Avoiding the balance fallacy does not entitle someone to the freedom to reject any and all criticism because they claim to have sufficiently "proven" their position, however. The fallacy is also avoided in generalised criticisms of "both sides", as long as the speaker does not try to imply that there is equality within the criticised concept. For example, saying "both feminists and anti-feminists alike make bad arguments" is not an example of the balance fallacy, though suggesting that they use equally bad logic overall probably is. Here, the criticised concept is "making bad arguments". 

'''Moral equivalence''' is a related concept, which refers to the degree of comparability of different actions or beliefs on a moral basis. Basically, how morally justifiable is a certain viewpoint? For example, right-wingers often point out that both [[communists]] and [[fascists]] killed people, yet, fascism is seen as more negative. Furthermore, Nazi symbols are often subject to significant controversy and legal restrictions,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a</ref> while, comparatively, communist symbols are not.<ref>https://www.quora.com/Why-is-communism-not-banned-in-most-countries-if-nazism-is</ref> However, many on the left would be quick to point out the lack of a moral equivalence between these ideologies; the flaws of fascism and Nazism lie not only in the method — an extremely authoritarian, jingoistic government — but also in the underlying ideals, which include [[racism|racial purity]] and genocide. Communism, while implemented poorly, does not necessitate these exclusionary and fringe aspects in order to coherently function as a theory, so it is allowed to be promoted, even if considered extremist. Here, there is a false moral equivalence between fascism and communism. This concept was also brought up during the 2017 Charlottesville protests, where [[Trump]] condemned violence on "many sides".<ref>https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/12/politics/trump-statement-alt-right-protests/index.html</ref> Technically, he is correct to do so, though this is arguably a false equivalence because anti-fascist violence is justified when defending against actual fascists.

That being said, moral equivalence may not always be relevant. For example, if one has a low opinion of both Antifa and fascists (for different reasons), it is not a balance fallacy to criticise them both. Arguing the contrary risks invoking [[not as bad as|relative privation]], a fallacy in which because "we're not as bad as them, there's no problem". The fact that fascists generally suck doesn't excuse ''all'' of the actions of Antifa, and invoking 'moral equivalence' here is a mere distraction.

[[Wikipedia]] avoids the balance fallacy (to some degree) with its policy of not giving undue weight<ref>{{wpa|Wikipedia:Undue weight|Wikipedia Policy: Undue weight}}</ref> to minority viewpoints or [[fringe]] theories<ref>{{wpa|Wikipedia:Fringe theories|Wikipedia Policy: Fringe theories}}</ref> in its articles. [[RationalWiki]], on the other hand, avoids the balance fallacy by calling fringe theories [[bullshit]] from start to finish, even though some of the theories of the greatest scientists of all time were considered "fringe" theories in their time. Similarly, [[Conservapedia]] avoids the balance fallacy [[Willful ignorance|by calling reality bullshit]] from start to finish.

==Examples==
[[File:FalseBalance.jpg|right|300px|thumb|In a nutshell]]
*The Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850, which both tried to find a "middle ground" between abolitionists and pro-[[slavery]] forces. Of course, the abolitionists were entirely correct to want to outlaw slavery completely, but this was seen as too extreme for many at the time. Well, [[American Civil War|how did that turn out]]?
*"Some say austerity in a depressed economy is bad. Others say austerity in a depressed economy is good. Therefore, some austerity in a depressed economy is the correct answer." This one's fairly common in America, where there is no single [[leftist|left-wing]] [[political party|party]] to promote the idea of [[Keynesianism|spending more]] in a depressed economy, so the debate is between [[centrist]]s and right-wingers.<ref>[http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/10/imaginary-grownups/ So says Mr. Krugman]</ref>
*"One of my friends wants me to use a pharmacist's prescription to treat my illness, another one of my friends wants me to use [[holistic medicine]]. Therefore I'll take only half of my prescription and use half of the holistic's recommendations."
*"Joe thinks the Packers will win the game. Frank thinks the Eagles will win. That means the game will probably end in a tie."
*"[[Homosexuality|Gay people]] want the right to marry. [[Fundamentalists]] don't want gay people to marry. Therefore we should just give gay people [[civil unions]] and be on our merry way."{{efn|This argument in particular not only contains a fallacy but flawed premises as well. The extreme pro-gay position would be to allow ''only'' gay couples to marry. Thus, marriage equality ''is'' the "moderate" position. Of course, this is still a fallacy, using that argument to support equal rights is flawed as well.}} (Or on a similar note: "Gay people want the right to serve in the military. Conservatives don't want gay people in the military. Therefore, [[Don't ask, don't tell|let's allow gay people to serve in the military as long as they stay in the closet]].")
* Conservatives say "[[global warming]] isn't real." Liberals believe in anthropogenic climate change. Therefore, climate change is real, but we're not the ones causing it.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OwFSLm4pII Bill Maher lays waste to Global Warming deniers (YouTube)]. ''Maher'': "That's the problem with our obsession to always see two sides of every issue equally… It means we have to pretend there are always two truths, and the side that doesn't know anything has something to say."</ref>
* [[Trans people]] want to be recognized by their preferred names and pronouns. But conservatives disrespect both, since [[chromosome]]s cannot be changed. Therefore, we should respect trans people's new names, but not their pronouns.{{efn|A position held by [[Ben Shapiro]], among others.<ref>[https://youtu.be/hbTwoLah2VY?t=335 DEBATE: Ben Shapiro & Blaire White], ''Blaire White''</ref>}}
*It's largely accepted that the only reason most mainstream papers carry ''[[Mallard Fillmore]]'' (apt title) is to act as a counter-weight to keep conservatives happy, since they were complaining when the only political cartoon in most papers was ''Doonesbury''.
* Christian fundamentalists and LGBT people have a fight, both sides must be equally responsible for this conflict!

* In a supposed effort to promote "balance", {{wpl|C-SPAN}} attempted to broadcast a 2004 speech by [[Holocaust]] historian Deborah Lipstadt adjacent to a speech by [[Holocaust denier]] [[David Irving]], notorious for his earlier failed lawsuit against Lipstadt. After much public outrage, Lipstadt banned the media from her event, and ultimately C-SPAN canceled both broadcasts.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35346-2005Mar14.html</ref>{{efn|It's worth noting that C-SPAN, unlike other networks, still has a mandate to broadcast politically-balanced programming, but this only applies to alternative opinions, not alternative facts.}}

===Politics===
In general, politics is a process of compromise between interest groups making extreme demands; for example, the [[gun control]] debate does have people on one side who want to ban kitchen knives and people on the other who think it should be lawful for civilians to own [[nuclear weapons]]. Indeed, in politics the term "extremist" has a connotation of unreasonableness attached to it. However, it is still true that extremists are not wrong simply because they are extreme; in [[Nazi Germany]], [[Hitler]] wanted to kill all the [[Jews]], while the Jews didn't want him to kill any of them. Most would ''not'' argue the logically correct answer was to kill half the Jews.

It may sound [[Hyperbole|hyperbolic]], but remember that the [[alt-right]] has become a legitimate political movement. [[Donald Trump]] has created [[concentration camp]]s for refugees, has accused [[Barack Obama|his predecessor]] of being a foreign agent, and has refused to release his [[tax]] returns ([[Mitt Romney|Romney]] tried this stunt and got battered for his evasion). The press is forced to entertain his point of view. America hasn't changed that much in four years, but the media landscape has. Cable networks like [[CNN]] are desperate. Their biggest share of viewers are older and whiter than the general public, and that skews [[Republican]]. They simply cannot afford to appear biased (read: [[liberal]]) in calling a [[Republican]] [[POTUS]] a [[liar]]. So, they create a false equivalency to hedge.

Even after the national tragedies at [[Charlottesville]] and [[Marjory Stoneman Douglas shooting|Parkland]] (especially in the case of the former, which was a dispute between right and left-wing protesters, yet only the right actually killed anyone) where people were directly murdered by [[white supremacists]], when preventative measures were called for against extremist [[rhetoric]] and stricter laws to keep [[assault rifle]]s out of the hands of people with known violent histories, false equivalence was made between [[white nationalist]]s on the right and [[Antifa]] on the left. To the point that advocates state we haven't reached a practical answer that suits everyone and there needs to be a calm and balanced discussion by sane people without any political agenda or you'll [[Godwin's Law|risk oppressing innocent groups of people]], despite the fact that that hatred is directly written into [[Nazi]] ideology, so even the most nonviolent racist will still go to the ends of the earth to oppress people and create a white [[ethnostate]].

===Teaching the controversy===
An example of the balance fallacy is found in the [[Discovery Institute]]'s campaign for American [[public schools]] to "[[teach the controversy]]" in [[science]] lessons, giving equal weight to the [[theory of evolution]] and [[intelligent design]] criticisms of it, although these criticisms are reliant on [[creationist]] religious views that have been overwhelmingly discredited within the scientific community.

===Health scares===
{{cquote|A lot of [[Anti-vaccination movement|these groups]] are insisting that I "present both sides of the argument", and I'm not going to do that either, because — well, for the same reasons that I wouldn't present both sides if a group of people decided that pancakes make you [[gay]]. They ''don't''. And there's no point in discussing it.|||Jimmy Kimmel<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=i2mdwmpLYLY#t=119</ref>}}
While evolution bears the brunt of the balance fallacy, issues of [[evidence-based medicine]] suffer from news reports wanting to put forward balanced views. Despite evidence and the vast, vast majority of doctors agreeing that [[vaccines]] ''do not'' cause [[autism]], the [[media]] have often given 50:50 airtime to the mainstream view and doctors who say otherwise. This usually isn't helped by the likes of the British Medical Association (during the [[MMR]] scare of 2000-2004).{{cn}}

The main issue with health scares is that while balance is sought in terms of content and exposure, it's rarely ever achieved in terms of what the public perceive, not least because if balance ''was'' properly achieved, the audience wouldn't go away thinking that there was a controversy. In debates regarding health, the evidence side will usually be represented by a doctor who states facts, figures, and research, while the [[paranoid]] side will be represented by some "human interest" ([[Jenny McCarthy]] for example). While the "human interest" side would cite no [[fact]]s or figures, their [[emotional appeal|emotive stories]] resonate far more with the public, who can empathize with an individual more than they can do with a [[clinical trial]]. Therefore, the message received by the audience is more "individuals are concerned and are suffering, why aren't scientists taking note of them" rather than the more accurate "the plural of [[anecdote]] is not data".

===In discussions===
Simply drawing attention to some perceived flaw of a position or group can be seen as a wholesale attack on the [[Stereotype|entire position or group]]. Thus, people often engage in the balance fallacy not out of any true belief that both flaws that they are mentioning are equal, but rather out of a desire to avoid ''[[tu quoque]]'' attacks. This then often backfires and results in accusations of being a [[concern troll]].

===Broderism===
{{cquote|All such arguments boil down to saying that half a loaf is the same as no bread.|||[[George Orwell]] on Broderism sixty years before Broderism.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150413235101/http://georgeorwellnovels.com/essays/the-lion-and-the-unicorn-socialism-and-the-english-genius/ The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius]</ref>}}
{{cquote|the wise man bowed his head solemnly and spoke: "theres [sic] actually zero difference between good & bad things. you imbecile. you fucking moron"|||dril<ref>wint (June 1, 2014). [https://twitter.com/dril/status/473265809079693312?lang=en] ''Twitter''. Retrieved August 29, 2019.</ref>}}
In political [[journalism]], a similar phenomenon often referred to as "'''Broderism'''," after the late David Broder, former senior editor at the ''[[Washington Post]]''. It is often said that there is no single scandal, no matter how overwhelmingly [[partisan]], that he couldn't find some instance of the other party doing something maybe, kind of, almost close to being in the ballpark of the same thing, so that every thing wrong in [[Washington, DC|Washington]] is the fault of both parties. An example of Broderism would be that, while many [[Republican]] elected officials have embraced [[Birtherism]] wholeheartedly, these one or two [[Democratic Party|Democratic]] supporters are [[9/11 truthers]],<ref>[http://www.infowars.com/cynthia-mckinney-compares-911-truthers-with-civil-rights-activists-at-benefit/ Cynthia McKinney (D-GA) compares 9/11 Truthers with Civil Rights Activists at Benefit], ''InfoWars''</ref><ref>[http://911truthnews.com/what-the-hell-mike-gravel/ What the hell, Mike Gravel (D-AK)?], ''911TruthNews''</ref><ref group=note>We say "supporter" since every Democratic [[Congress]]person who's expressed Truther beliefs has either changed their opinion or (justly) been hounded out of office by now.</ref> so each party is equally crazy.

Broderism is in full force, for instance, in Republicans drawing a false equivalence between Trump and Biden both having secret papers in their homes.  Never mind that Trump had many more, he took them deliberately, lied about not having them, refused to turn them all in and the government got them back only after executing a subpoena—'''and''' the not-insignificant chance that he shared the contents of some of those secret government documents with foreign nationals.  Just the fact that Biden also had some secret documents in his home is enough for MAGA types to crow about how what he did was ''just as bad'' so he should be arrested and 
executed
 prosecuted just like Trump.

On [[Fark]], similar arguments are referred to as "BSABSVR," short for "Both Sides Are Bad, So Vote Republican."

There is an old joke in journalism: "As Mr. [[Hitler]] would say…" The joke is that you can't do even a story about how horrible the Holocaust is without including Hitler's viewpoint, in the name of balance.

==See also==
*''[[Argumentum ad populum]]'' — a logical fallacy that occurs when something is considered to be true or good solely because it is popular
*[[Countless counterfeits fallacy]] — assuming that if there's lots of bad evidence for something, there's also some good evidence
*[[False dilemma]] — spuriously rejecting the existence of options or 'balance' beyond a pair of extremes
*[[Nutpicking]]
*[[Pommer's Law]]
*[[Teach the controversy]]
*[[Fox News]]
*[[Two wrongs don't make a right]]
*[[Penultimate paragraph syndrome]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Middle ground}}
*[http://xkcd.com/690/ "Semicontrolled Demolition"]
*[https://qwantz.com/index.php?comic=470 Giving "equal time" to people who believe the [[sun]] is hot and cold]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGArqoF0TpQ&feature=relmfu Both Sides!]
*[http://skepdic.com/pseudosymmetry.html Pseudosymmetry (Of Scientific Authority)] in [[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]
*[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/intersection/2010/01/15/blinded-by-science-how-balanced-coverage-lets-the-scientific-fringe-hijack-reality/ Blinded by Science: How "Balanced" Coverage Lets the Scientific Fringe Hijack Reality], Chris Mooney
*[http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2010/09/20/206752/jay-rosen-on-climate-science-reporting-journalism/ Jay Rosen on why climate science reporting is so bad], Joe Romm
*Boykoff, Maxwell T. and Jules M. Boykoff. [http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/publications/downloads/boykoff04-gec.pdf Balance as bias: Global warming and the US prestige press.] Global Environmental Change 14 (2004) 125–136. (So much for the [[liberal media]].)
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20060706154150/http://www.cuyamaca.net/bruce.thompson/Fallacies/falsecompromise.asp False Compromise], [http://web.archive.org/web/20070807073330/http://www.cuyamaca.net/bruce.thompson/Fallacies/middleground.asp The Middle Ground Fallacies], Bruce Thompson
*[http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/sciencetoolkit_04 Understanding Science - Beware of false balance (Berkeley)]Bruce Thompson
*[http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/middle-ground.html Middle ground], [[Nizkor Project]]
*[https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/middle-ground Your logical fallacy is middle ground], [[YLFI]]
*[http://puzzlewocky.com/philosophical-puzzles/fallacies/the-horrible-bosses-2-fallacy/ The Horrible Bosses 2 fallacy]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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[[Category:Informal fallacies]]
[[Category:Latin phrases]]

Categories: Informal fallacies, Latin phrases