Cornucopian vs. Malthusian debate

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The debate between so-called "'''Cornucopians'''" and "'''Malthusians'''" underlies much of the [[rhetoric]] behind debates over the implications of [[environmental]] [[science]]. The term "Cornucopian" references the "horn of plenty"<ref> {{wpa | Cornucopia}} </ref> of [[Greek]] [[mythology]]. Cornucopians generally argue against [[economic]] and population-growth models with strict limits, while Malthusians (sometimes "neo-Malthusians", named after [[Thomas Malthus]], 1766-1834) take opposing positions.

==Issues==
The debate centers on the severity and policy implications ([[denialism|and sometimes the existence]]) of environmental issues such as:
* [[sustainability]]
* [[global warming]] and pollution
* [[overpopulation]]
* [[peak oil]]
* [[Ozone layer|ozone depletion]] (more so in the 1980s-1990s before the ratification of the Montreal Protocol)
* depletion of natural resources, including [[water]]
* deforestation and desertification
* agriculture, [[organic food]], and [[GM crops|genetically modified food]]

==Reference points==
===''The Population Bomb''===
[[File:Paul Ehrlich - 1974.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Paul R. Ehrlich in 1974]]
Two of the foundational books of the modern environmental movement<ref>{{wpa | environmental movement}} </ref> are [[Rachel Carson]]'s {{lived|1907|1964}} ''Silent Spring'' [[Special:Booksources/0-618-24906-0|ISBN 0-618-24906-0]] (published in 1962) and Paul R. Ehrlich {{lived|1932}} and Anne Ehrlich's {{lived|1933}} ''The Population Bomb'' (released in 1968). While Carson's concerns have proven correct, that wasn't the case for the Ehrlichs: their book predicted [[Food crisis|mass famine]] and starvation in the 1970s and 1980s, which obviously failed to eventuate (except in populous continents like Africa and Asia). A major deficiency in the assumptions behind some of ''The Population Bomb'''s [[prediction]]s was that the Ehrlichs were unaware of the contemporaneous work of [[Norman Borlaug]] {{lived|1914|2009}}, who fostered the development and spread of high-yield crops known as the "[[Green Revolution]]" which peaked in the 1960s.<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/01/forgotten-benefactor-of-humanity/6101/ Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity], ''The Atlantic''</ref> The Ehrlichs themselves now consider their book to be flawed, though they defend it as important in raising the general issue of [[overpopulation]].<ref>[http://www.stanforddaily.com/2009/04/15/ehrlich-revisits-population-bomb/ Ehrlich Revisits the Population Bomb], ''Stanford Daily''</ref><ref>Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich. [http://www.ejsd.org/docs/The_Population_Bomb_Revisited.pdf The Population Bomb Revisited]. ''The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development'' (2009) 1(3)</ref> Despite this acknowledgment, some have criticized them for not fully incorporating criticisms of the book into their later work and statements.<ref>Pierre Desrochers and Christine Hoffbauer. [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbiologia.ucr.ac.cr%2Fprofesores%2FGarcia%2520Jaime%2FPOBLACION-POBREZA-DESARROLLO%2520URBANO%2FPOST_WAR_INTELLECTUAL_ROOTS_OF_THE_POPULATION_BOMB_-_FAIRFIELD_OSBORNS_OUR_PLUNDERED_PLANET_AND_WILLIAM_VOGTS_ROAD_TO_SURVIVAL_IN_RETROSPECT.pdf&ei=hIEsUoivAdG24APax4CICg&usg=AFQjCNF_GNVwxOn70Npzo-ToaI5pIiZKrQ&sig2=99poa8Y61RRmpQ-hY1FQrQ&bvm=bv.51773540,d.dmg The Post War Intellectual Roots of the Population Bomb: Fairfield Osborn’s ‘Our Plundered Planet’ and William Vogt's ‘Road to Survival’ in Retrospect.] ''The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development'', (2009) 1(3).</ref>

===''Limits to Growth''===
Some commentators regard ''Limits to Growth'',<ref> {{wpa | The Limits to Growth}}</ref> the 1972 report produced by the {{wpl|Club of Rome}} and based on the World3 model,<ref> {{wpa | World3}} </ref> as one of the prominent works of the "Malthusian genre". People often [[quote mining|quote mine]] it to make it appear as if it predicted total societal collapse by the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, or, when that date came and went, [[Moving the goalposts|by 2040]]. ''Limits to Growth'', in fact, offered various scenarios and a 2008 study has shown that the core predictions in its business-as-usual<ref> {{wpa | business as usual}} </ref> or "standard run", scenario trends have held true.<ref>Graham Turner. [http://www.csiro.au/files/files/plje.pdf A Comparison of the Limits to Growth with Thirty Years of Reality.] CSIRO Working Paper Series 2008-2009.</ref>

===''Overshoot''===
[[File:William R Catton Jr.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Catton in 2007]]
''Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change'', a 1980 book by William R. Catton Jr. {{lived|1926|2015}}, builds on Malthusian principles and holds that societies overshooting their ecological carrying-capacity has been and continues to be the primary driver of [[cultural]], [[social]], and [[political]] change. While never a big seller, the book continues to be a primary reference point for Malthusians as of 2018.

===Julian Simon===
Julian Simon {{lived|1932|1998}} rose to prominence in the 1970s and 1980s as Cornucopian [[bullshit]]ter-in-chief and head "doomslayer".<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon_pr.html The Doomslayer], ''Wired''</ref> His most famous work, ''The Ultimate Resource'', argues that growth is, economically speaking, "unlimited" and that human ingenuity is "the ultimate resource".<ref>[http://www.juliansimon.com/writings/Ultimate_Resource/ ''The Ultimate Resource II''] (updated and revised edition of the original book)</ref> A new generation of Cornucopians has sprung up to fill the void left by Simon, some preferring to call themselves "[[free market]] environmentalists". [[Bjørn Lomborg]], author of the scientifically-dubious ''The Skeptical Environmentalist'', claims that Simon inspired him. Matt Ridley deftly recycles Simon and a number of [[denialist]] [[PRATT|talking-points]] in his book ''The Rational Optimist''.<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/06/matt-ridley-optimism-without-limits.html Matt Ridley: Optimism Without Limits], ''[[New Scientist]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.skepticalscience.com/Ridleyriddle1.html The Ridley Riddle], Skeptical Science</ref> [[Steven Pinker]] also pretty much follows a Simon-like brand of “things will probably sort themselves out; so we don’t really need to do anything” cornucopianism.

====Betting man====
In 1980 Simon made a wager with Ehrlich that the prices of five commodities would be lower in 1990 than they were in 1980, and Simon won the bet.<ref>[http://paul.kedrosky.com/archives/2010/02/re-litigating_t.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+InfectiousGreed+%28Paul+Kedrosky%27s+Infectious+Greed%29 Re-Litigating the Simon/Ehrlich Bet] by Paul Kedrosky</ref> However, Simon fans generally omit to mention that he lost a second bet with professor of forestry David South on the price of timber.<ref>[https://fp.auburn.edu/sfws/sfnmc/web/bet.html The Simon-South Bet on Pine Saw Timber], Auburn University</ref> In 1995 Simon issued a second challenge, claiming that "all long-run trends" point in the direction of increased material and environmental welfare for the world population. Ehrlich and the late climatologist Stephen Schneider<ref> {{wpa | Stephen Schneider}} </ref> offered Simon a bet on 14 environmental (and one [[Income inequality|economic]]) measures, including increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide leading to increased global warming, which Simon then refused because he felt the parameters were not sufficiently directly linked to human welfare. Simon's counter-offer to bet on direct indicators of human quality-of-life<ref> {{wpa | quality of life}} </ref> &mdash; leisure time, life expectancy, and purchasing power, was also refused.<ref>[http://www.stanford.edu/group/CCB/Pubs/Ecofablesdocs/thebet.htm The Two Simon Bets], Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University</ref>

John Tierney of the ''[[New York Times]]'' and Matt Simmons of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] made a similar wager, in which Simmons bet that the price of [[oil]] would reach over $200 per barrel by the end of 2010. Quite obviously, Simmons lost.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/science/28tierney.html?_r=2&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=a210 Economic Optimism? Yes, I'll Take That Bet], John Tierney, ''New York Times''</ref>

===Amory Lovins===
[[File:Amory B. Lovins 4.JPG|thumb|right|165px|Amory Lovins in 2013]]
Amory Lovins {{lived|1947}}, head of the Rocky Mountain Institute, correctly predicted in the 1970s that energy use and economic growth would decouple over the proceeding decades and has argued for a "soft path" out of the [[energy crisis]], emphasizing energy efficiency in solving global warming and other environmental problems.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/11999219 The Frugal Cornucopian], ''The Economist''</ref><ref>[http://www.ted.com/talks/amory_lovins_on_winning_the_oil_endgame.html Amory Lovins on winning the oil endgame], TED talks</ref> However, he also made many more failed predictions:<ref>[http://www.energytribune.com/974/green-energy-advocate-amory-lovins-guru-or-fakir Energy Tribune: Amory Lovins &mdash; Guru or Fakir?]</ref>

* that the aforementioned improvement in energy efficiency would lower consumption (repeatedly)
* that [[Renewable energy|renewables]] would take over a majority share of the electricity market (1976)
* that electricity consumption would fall (1984)
* that cellulosic ethanol biofuels would solve the U.S. dependency on foreign oil (repeatedly).

===''Collapse''===
[[File:Jared diamond.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Jared Diamond in 2007]]
Jared Diamond's {{lived|1933}} ''Collapse'' [[Special:Booksources/0-14-303655-6|ISBN 0-14-303655-6]], published in 2005, a history focusing on the environmental causes of the collapse of a number of societies, has renewed interest in Malthusian ideas.<ref>[http://www.ted.com/talks/jared_diamond_on_why_societies_collapse.html Jared Diamond on why societies collapse], TED talks</ref><ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/01/03/050103crbo_books?currentPage=1 The Vanishing], ''New Yorker''</ref>

==Crankery==
[[Crank]] ideas tend to accumulate the farther out to either side one travels along the Cornucopian-Malthusian continuum. 

Denial of [[anti-environmentalism|various environmental issues]] (such as global warming, ozone depletion, [[acid rain]], etc.) emerges repeatedly from the Cornucopian side. [[Wishful thinking]] (as that about [[abiotic oil]]) occurs commonly among the crankier types. 

On the Malthusian side, one finds [[hard green]] ideologies, the more misanthropic forms of the [[Gaia hypothesis]], and associated [[nature woo]]. Treehugger.com has characterized predictions of imminent "doom 'n gloom" as "disasterbation".<ref>[http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/05/disasterbation-turns-you-blind.php Disasterbation Turns You Blind], Treehugger</ref> Also on the extreme Malthusian side can be found "lifeboat ethics" (a concept coined by {{wpl|Garrett Hardin||)}}
which holds that the [[poor]] nations have already become too overpopulated to benefit from help, and which likens the rich nations to lifeboats that will sink if they share their resources and remain afloat if they don't. This view inverts the conventional wisdom by claiming that it is immoral to give aid to the starving, because to do so means the rich and poor nations will ''both'' starve. The broader influence of Hardin's line of thought has led to an enthusiasm for highly controversial immigration restrictions in some quarters of the environmental movement.

==See also==
* [[Overpopulation]]
* [[Degrowth]]
* [[Voluntary Human Extinction Movement]]

==External links==
*[http://members.optusnet.com.au/exponentialist/ The Exponentialist Homepage]
*[http://live.simgua.com/World Interactive World3 simulation model]
*[http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/cornucop.htm Cornucopian versus New Malthusian Perspectives], Oregon State University
*[http://www.theoildrum.com/story/2006/8/27/9544/28473 Cornucopians, A Guide for the Perplexed], The Oil Drum
*[http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/06/betting-on-climate-change/ Betting on Climate Change], Real Climate
*[http://dieoff.org/page45.htm The Cornucopian Fallacies] by Lindsey Grant
*[http://www.mnforsustain.org/partridge_e_j_simon_and_perilous_optimism.htm Perilous Optimism] by Ernest Partridge
*[http://www.worldwatch.org/node/563 Global Population Reduction: Confronting the Inevitable], Worldwatch Institute
*John Byrne and Leigh Glover. [http://www.ceep.udel.edu/publications/sustainabledevelopment/publications/2002_sd_common_future.pdf A Common Future or Towards a Future Commons: Globalization and Sustainable Development since UNCED.] ''International Review for Environmental Strategies'' Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 5 – 25, 2002.
*Paul Dragos Aligica. [http://www.ejsd.org/docs/JULIN_AND_THE_LIMITS_TO_GROWTH_NEO-MALTHUSIANISM.pdf Julian Simon and the "Limits to Growth" Neo-Malthusianism.] ''The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development'' (2009) 1(3).
*Anthony Trewavas. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01013.html Malthus Foiled Again and Again.] ''Nature'' 418, 668-670 (8 August 2002)
* Desrochers, Pierre and Vincent Geloso, "[http://www.cevroinstitut.cz/data/nppe-12.pdf Snatching the Wrong Conclusions from the Jaws of Defeat: A Historical/Resourceship Perspective on Paul Sabin's The Bet: Paul Ehrlich, Julian Simon, and Our Gamble over Earth's Future (Yale University Press, 2013), Part 2: The Wager: Protagonists and Lessons]." ''New Perspectives on Political Economy'', vol. 12, no. 1-2 (2016), pp.&nbsp;42–64.
* Desrochers, Pierre and Vincent Geloso, "[http://www.cevroinstitut.cz/data/nppe-12.pdf Snatching the Wrong Conclusions from the Jaws of Defeat: A Historical/Resourceship Perspective on Paul Sabin's The Bet: Paul Ehrlich, Julian Simon, and Our Gamble over Earth's Future (Yale University Press, 2013). Part 1: The Missing History of Thought: Depletionism vs Resourceship]." ''New Perspectives on Political Economy'', vol. 12, no. 1-2 (2016), pp.&nbsp;5–41.

==References==
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[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Political philosophies]]
[[Category:Science]]

Categories: Environmentalism, Denialism, Political philosophies, Science