Eugene M. McCarthy

{{pseudoscience}}
{{bronze}}
{{hatnote|Were you looking for another [[McCarthy]]?}}
{{cquote|When confronted with stories in the [[Daily Mail|Daily Nimbyist Bungaloid Curtain-Twitcher]] I murmur words such as 'this', 'touch', 'with', 'don't' and 'bargepole'. However, when alerted to the following gem by my correspondent B. C. of Swindon, I really had to investigate. The headline is enough to make one gasp and stretch one's eyes:{{efn|The last words of this sentence are from the start of Hilaire Belloc's 1907 poem, 'Matilda': "Matilda told such Dreadful [[Lie]]s, It made one Gasp and Stretch one's Eyes;…"<ref>[https://www.poetrybyheart.org.uk/poems/matilda Matilda (1907)] by Hilaire Belloc (1907) ''Poetry by Heart''.</ref>}}
:'''[[Human]]s evolved after a female [[chimpanzee]] [[Bestiality|mated with]] a [[fun:Pig|pig]]': Extraordinary claim made American geneticist''|||Henry Gee, Senior Editor of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''<ref name=gee>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/occams-corner/2013/dec/04/theory-chimps-pigs-hybridisation Evolutionary theory that a chimp mated with a pig is pure sausagemeat. Despite a new hypothesis, and the evidence of George Orwell's eyes in Animal Farm, humans were not the outcome of a curious hybridisation between pigs and chimps] by Henry Gee (December 4, 2013) "Occam's Corner", ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref>}}

'''Eugene M. McCarthy''' earned a B.S. in mathematics, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in [[genetics]], all from the University of Georgia.<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/about-me.html Eugene M. McCarthy, PhD]</ref> His Master's thesis was on recombinational speciation,<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/title/theoretical-assessment-of-recombinational-speciation/oclc/32730339 A theoretical assessment of recombinational speciation] by Eugene M. McCarthy (1995) University of Georgia, Master's Thesis.</ref> and Ph.D. thesis was on computational genomics.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/title/ltrunderscoretruc-a-novel-data-mining-tool-and-its-application-to-the-rice-and-mouse-genomes/oclc/182717411&referer=brief_results LTR_TRUC, a novel data-mining tool, and its application to the rice and mouse genomes] by Eugene Michael McCarthy (2003). University of Georgia, Ph.D. Thesis.</ref>

McCarthy likes to wave his [[Credentialism|credentials]] in genetics and hybridization around when arguing with other scientists, even when the other scientists' own expertise is completely relevant, e.g.:
*"Please note that Dr. Prothero is neither trained as a geneticist, nor is he an expert on hybridization."<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/prothero.html The Hybrid Theory: A rebuttal of PZ Myers' criticisms] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> {{wpl|Donald Prothero}} is a [[paleontologist]] and [[geologist]].
*"First, please note that [[PZ Myers]] is neither trained as a geneticist, nor is he an expert on hybridization. I myself have a masters and Ph.D. in genetics from one of the leading genetics departments in the country (the University of Georgia's) and I've spent a lifetime investigating hybridization." Myers is an [[Evolutionary biology|evolutionary developmental biologist]].<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/prothero.html The Hybrid Theory: A Rebuttal of Prothero's Criticisms] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref>

==Avian hybrids==
[[File:Hybrid tauraco -Bird Kingdom, Niagara Falls, Canada-8a (1).jpg|thumb|right|165px|A non-controversial bird hybrid: ''Tauraco erythrolophus'' × ''T. leucotis'']]
Since his doctorate work, McCarthy has focused on [[hybrid]]ization, publishing the book ''Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World'' with Oxford University Press.<ref>''Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World'' by Eugene M. McCarthy (2006) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195183231.</ref> The Handbook has received some enthusiastically positive academic reviews.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/47/5/786/604004/Handbook-of-Avian-Hybrids-of-the-World-Eugene-M Review: Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Eugene M. McCarthy] by Paul B. Hamel (2007). ''Integr. Comp. Biol. 47(5):786-787.</ref><ref>[http://www.birdpop.org/docs/pubs/Pyle_2006_Book_Review_McCarthy_Handbook_of_Avian_Hybrids.pdf Book Reviews: Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World] by Peter Pyle (2006) ''Western Birds'' 37:237–248.</ref><ref>"Review: Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World by E. M. McCarthy" by J. M. Bridget (2006). ''J. of Field Ornithol. 77(2):235-236.</ref> One reviewer, Gary R. Graves, who is the Curator of Birds at the Smithsonian Institution, praised the comprehensiveness of the book but also had some serious criticisms of it.<ref name=graves>"Review: Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World by Eugene M. McCarthy" by Gary R. Graves (2008). ''The Wilson Journal of Ornithology'' 120(1):233-235.</ref> Graves' praise for the book's comprehensiveness is tempered by the book's lack of discrimination, "… those who cast a wide net had better be prepared to throw back the by-catch. Unfortunately, McCarthy kept it all—the good, the bad, and the vague."<ref name=graves/> Graves describes some types of damage caused by this lack of discrimination:<ref name=graves/>
*Introduction of "unsupported records in the the literature that are maddeningly difficult to eradicate once published."
*"…less savvy users may naturally assume the documentation backing the hybrid records in the book meets some quality threshold."
*"Inclusion of hybrids based on sight records and photographs of free-living birds endorses the notion promoted in many birding publications that accurate diagnosis of hybrids observed in the field is not only possible but probable."
*"The most serious problem with compilations of this nature is that synthesists may be tempted to use the data for phylogenetic or macroecological studies of hybridization."

==Stabilization Theory==
In 2008, McCarthy wrote a manuscript describing his idea of "Stabilization Theory".<ref name=origins>[http://www.macroevolution.net/support-files/forms_of_life.pdf On the Origins of New Forms of Life: A New Theory] by Eugene M. McCarthy (2008)]</ref> The manuscript was submitted to Oxford University Press but rejected for publication because it did not have a consensus for publication from [[peer review]]s.<ref>[http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/01/17/ankylodillos-and-other-chimeras-another-crackpot-alternative-to-evolution/ Ankylodillos and other chimeras — another crackpot alternative to evolution] by PZ Myers (January 17, 2013) ''Pharyngula''. See comment #7 by Gene McCarthy (January 21, 2013).</ref><ref name=complete>[http://www.macroevolution.net/complete-review.html On the Origins of New Forms of Life: An anonymous peer review] ''Macroevolution.net''</ref>{{efn|For all we know, there may have been only one peer reviewer of several who thought the book should be published.<ref name=complete/>}} The theory has been described by PZ Myers as being similar to [[Saltationism]],<ref name=myers>[http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/01/17/ankylodillos-and-other-chimeras-another-crackpot-alternative-to-evolution/ Ankylodillos and other chimeras — another crackpot alternative to evolution] by PZ Myers (January 17, 2013) ''Pharyngula''.</ref> which is a type of [[non-Darwinian evolution]]. All of the theories of non-Darwinian evolution have been rejected as being unsupported by [[evidence]] since the time of the [[Modern synthesis|Modern Synthesis]] of evolution (1936-1947). Indeed, McCarthy rejects the modern Synthesis, specifically rejecting [[natural selection]] as being the primary driver of [[evolution]], and rejecting [[microevolution]] as being responsible for macroevolution.<ref name=origins/> Instead, McCarthy literally turns the [[tree of life]] upside-down,<ref name=origins/>{{rp|189}}<ref name=myers/> and argues that hybridization between species is the primary driver of evolution, resulting in his Stabilization Theory.<ref name=origins/> McCarthy also rejects the concepts of [[convergent evolution]]<ref name=origins/>{{rp|264}} and adaptive radiation.<ref name=origins/>{{rp|225}}

After claiming that armadillos may have descended from ankylosaurs, basically because they look similar,<ref name=origins/>{{rp|239-241}} McCarthy continued with another of other examples.
{{cquote|Bats are descendants of pterosaurs. Whales came from mosasaurs. Seals are the children of plesiosaurs. Dinosaurs weren’t actually giant reptiles, they were big mammals. These ideas are contrary to all of the evidence, of course, but one thing you’ll learn from this book is that the evidence doesn’t have to be considered. It’s all about McCarthy’s belief in the fixity of species — species don’t change at all, ever, and all evolutionary novelty comes from the sudden production of new species by ‘stabilization processes’, like hybridization.|||PZ Myers<ref name=myers/>}}

The theory has had some interest from a [[creationist]]<ref>[https://humblesmith.wordpress.com/2010/11/17/two-possible-cracks-in-neo-darwinism/ Two Possible Cracks in Neo-Darwinism] G. Smith (November 17, 2010) ''Thomistic Bent''.</ref> and an [[intelligent design]] proponent,<ref>[https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/up-from-the-apes-and-pigs/ Up from the apes – ''and'' pigs?] by Vincent Torley (July 5, 2013) ''[[Uncommon Descent]]''.</ref> but only because the theory is in opposition to the Modern Synthesis of evolution.

Beginning in 2025, after apparently failing to find a mainstream publisher, McCarthy self-published with his Nothos Press, a series of doorstoppers under the title ''Telenothians: An Inquiry into the Limits of Hybridization'': Volume I: Heterotherians (672 pages),<ref>''Telenothians: An Inquiry into the Limits of Hybridization. Volume I: Heterotherians'' by Eugene M. McCarthy (2025) Nothos Press. ISBN 9798349286100.</ref> Volume II: Other Composites (526 pages),<ref>''Telenothians: An Inquiry into the Limits of Hybridization. Volume II: Other Composites'' by Eugene M. McCarthy (2025) Nothos Press. ISBN 9798349289644.</ref> and Volume III: Syntheses<ref>''Telenothians: An Inquiry into the Limits of Hybridization. Volume III: Syntheses'' by Eugene M. McCarthy (2025) Nothos Press. ISBN 9798349289903.</ref> ''Nothos'' in [[Latin]] means "bastard" or "hybrid" (though the Latin ''hybrida'' might be more suitable), and ''telenothos'' would mean "far-off bastard", which can be interpreted a variety of ways.

==Human origins==
{{cquote|We believe that humans are related to chimpanzees because humans share so many traits with chimpanzees. Is it not rational then also, if pigs have all the traits that distinguish humans from other primates, to suppose that humans are also related to pigs? Let us take it as our hypothesis, then, that humans are the product of ancient hybridization between pig and chimpanzee.|||Eugene M. McCarthy<ref name=india>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Humans-emerged-from-male-pig-and-female-chimp-worlds-top-geneticist-says/articleshow/26648981.cms Humans emerged from male pig and female chimp, world's top geneticist says] by Kounteya Sinha (Nov 30, 2013, 08.55 PM IST) ''The Times of India''.</ref>}}
McCarthy published a treatise on human origins, entitled ''The Hybrid Hypothesis: A new theory of human origins'',<ref name=newtheory>[http://www.macroevolution.net/hybrid-hypothesis-contents.html The Hybrid Hypothesis: A new theory of human origins] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref><ref name="mfap-other">[http://www.macroevolution.net/human-origins-2.html Human origins: The Other Parent] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> that considers the possibility that human beings might have a chimpanzee-pig hybrid in their ancestry. (PZ Myers has termed this the "Monkey-Fucked-A-Pig (MFAP) hypothesis".<ref name=PZ>[http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/07/02/the-mfap-hypothesis-for-the-origins-of-homo-sapiens/ The MFAP Hypothesis for the origins of Homo sapiens], ''Pharyngula''</ref>)

McCarthy's hypothesis is based primarily on his research on [[bird]] hybrids, specifically that bird hybrids are partially-fertile about 8 times more often than they are completely sterile.<ref name=hybridhypothesis>[http://www.macroevolution.net/human-origins.html Human Origins: The Hybrid Hypothesis] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> Such partially-fertile offspring can produce offpring from backcrossing with one of the original two species.<ref name=hybridhypothesis/> McCarthy, however, admits that:<ref name=hybridhypothesis/>
{{cquote|Though there are other ways of detecting them, with nucleotide sequence data, it can be very difficult to identify later-generation backcross hybrids derived from several repeated generations of backcrossing (and this would be especially true of any remote descendants of backcross hybrids produced in ancient times, which is what I'm proposing humans may actually be).}}

This is the crux of the problem with this hypothesis. McCarthy has made an extraordinary hypothesis, but [[extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence]], and McCarthy admits that there is no way to verify his hypothesis with genetic evidence.

[[File:Joumart 1776.jpeg|thumb|right|165px|An alleged horse-cow hybrid, painted in 1776]]
A further problem with McCarthy's hypothesis is that the documentation of successful crosses would seem to be either within biological orders, or based on unreliable unscientific reports. This extends rather than fixes the problems noted by Graves<ref name=graves/> in McCarthy's [[#Avian hybrids|avian hybrids]] book, above. The unscientific reports are typically from newspapers, from before the era of genetic testing (basically [[protoscience]]), or from photographic evidence of what could easily be explained as birth defects. Examples are:
{{collist|2|
*European goldfinch (''Carduelis carduelis'') × canary (''Serinus canarius''),<ref name=ppt>[http://www.macroevolution.net/media-files/hybridization-in-birds.pptx Hybridization in Birds: A Worldwide Survey] by Gene McCarthy</ref> both in order Passeriformes
*pheasant (''Phasianus colchicus'') × quail (''Coturnix japonica''),<ref name=ppt/> both in order Galliformes
*purple finch (''Carpodacus pupureus'') × pine grosbeak (''Pinicola enucleator''),<ref name=ppt/> both in order Passeriformes<ref name=ppt/>
*goldeneye (''Bucephala clangula'') × hooded merganser (''Lophodytes cucullatus''),<ref name=ppt/> both in order Anseriformes<ref name=ppt/> 
*carrion crow (''Corvus corone'') × hooded crow (''Corvus cornix''),<ref name=ppt/> both in order Passeriformes
*various pig or peccary hybrids within family Suidae or family Tayassuidae, respectively<ref name=pig>[http://www.macroevolution.net/pig-hybrids.html Pig hybrids, Family Suidae] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref><ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/peccary-hybrids.html Peccary Hybrids, Family Tayassuidae] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> hybrids are either within order Artiodactyla, or based on unreliable reports (pig-dog<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/pig-dog-hybrids.html Pig-dog Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> pig-horse<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/pig-horse-hybrids.html A Pig-horse Hybrid?] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> or pig-human<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/pig-primate-hybrids.html Pig-human Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref>)
*various cameloid hybrids within family Camelidae<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/camel-hybrids.html Camel hybrids, Family Camelidae] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> (within order Artiodactyla)
*various deer hybrids within the order Artiodactyla,<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/deer-hybrids.html Deer Hybrids, Family Cervidae] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref><ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/sheep-mule-deer-hybrids.html Sheep/Mule Deer Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> or based on unreliable reports (deer-horse<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/deer-horse-hybrids.html Deer-horse Hybrids: Fact or Fiction?] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref>)
*various hybrids within the family Bovidae (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope{{efn|There is some debate about whether antelopes are bovids, but they are in any case in the order Artiodactyla.}})<ref name=cattle>[http://www.macroevolution.net/bovid-hybrids.html Cattle Hybrids: Cattle, sheep, goats (Family Bovidae)] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref><ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/antelope-hybrids.html Antelope Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref><ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/pronghorn-hybrids.html Pronghorn Hybrids, Family Antilocapridae] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> (within order Artiodactyla), or based on unreliable reports (dog-cow,<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/dog-cow-hybrids.html Dog-cow Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> horse-cow,<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/jumarts.html Jumarts: Equid × Bovid: Fact or fiction?] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> cow-human,<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/cow-human-hybrids.html Cow-human Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref><ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/cow-human-hybrid-in-thailand.html A strange birth in Thailand: A cow-human hybrid?] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref><ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/kudans.html Kudans: Japanese belief in cow-human hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> cow-kangaroo,<ref name=cattle/> cow-rabbit,<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/rabbit-cow-hybrids.html Rabbit-cow Hybrids?] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> etc.)
}}

McCarthy does list on his website some speculative cross-order "hybrids" but he does not stand behind them as documented fact, e.g. the "cabbit", an alleged cross between a [[cat]] (''Felix domesticus'', order Carnivora) and a rabbit (family Leporidae, order Lagomorpha).<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/cat-rabbit-hybrids.html Cat-rabbit Hybrids (Cabbits): Fact or fiction?] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> The photographic evidence of cabbits appears to be just a cat with a stubby tail and a birth defect in its forelegs.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq5_pz7MKAg El misterioso Gato-conejo de Tucuman] by SupermassiveGravity (Feb 1, 2011) ''YouTube''.</ref>

{{cquote|Hybridization between chimp and pig, though, is a much bigger stretch. It requires interbreeding between separate orders of mammal. Chimps are [[primate]]s, and pigs are artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates). Despite McCarthy's suggestions to the contrary, reports of hybrids between different orders of [[mammal]], though, are, literally, incredible. His suggestion that the [[platypus]] is the result of hybridization between mammals and birds<ref name=birdmammal>[http://www.macroevolution.net/bird-mammal-hybrids.html Bird-mammal Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> – an even bigger ask – seems to rest on a misunderstanding of the inheritance of [[chromosome]]s. Although some of the genetics of platypuses seems birdlike, this is much more consistent with its primitive state, and a mark of a shared inheritance between birds and reptiles (preserved in primitive mammals) than direct evidence for miscegenation.|||Henry Gee<ref name=gee/>}}

Because McCarthy is unable to use the [[genome]] to support his hypothesis, he instead points to morphological similarities to make his case.<ref name="mfap-other"/> Nearly<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2013-07-chimp-pig-hybrid-humans.html A chimp-pig hybrid origin for humans?], ''Phys.org''</ref> all biologist bloggers have rejected this.<ref name=PZ/><ref name=GEE>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/occams-corner/2013/dec/04/theory-chimps-pigs-hybridisation ''Evolutionary theory that a chimp mated with a pig is pure sausagemeat''], by Henry Gee </ref> This theory has been cited uncritically by both [[InfoWars]]<ref name=infowars>[https://www.infowars.com/humans-emerged-from-male-pig-and-female-chimp-worlds-top-geneticist-says/ Humans emerged from male pig and female chimp world's top geneticist says], ''Infowars''</ref> and [[YourNewsWire]].<ref>[http://yournewswire.com/animal-hybridization-expert-humans-evolved-from-chimp-pig-mating/ Animal hybridization expert says humans evolved from chimp-pig mating], ''Your News Wire''</ref>

While there might be morphological similarities, nearly all other [[evolutionary biologist]]s have long ago come to the conclusion that this does not necessarily imply a relational connection between two species (e.g., see [[convergent evolution]]).<ref name=PZ/><ref name=GEE/>

McCarthy considers in detail the hypothesis that echidnas and [[platypus]]es are derived from hybrid crosses between [[birds]] and [[mammal]]s.<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/traits-linking-monotremes-with-birds.html Traits linking monotremes with birds], ''Macroevolution.net''</ref><ref name=birdmammal/> His website also features a large catalog of other cases he proposes might be similarly clade-defying hybrids,<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/mammalian-hybrids-articles.html Mammalian Hybrids], by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref> among them a list of possible human-[[goat]] hybrids.<ref name="goat">[http://www.macroevolution.net/caprinid-human-hybrids-today.html ''Caprinid-human hybrids''], Today: Contemporary Reports, by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref>

==The media==
McCarthy's theories have appealed to various media (''[[Daily Mail]]'',<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2515969/Humans-evolved-female-chimpanzee-mated-pig-Extraordinary-claim-American-geneticist.html 'Humans evolved after a female chimpanzee mated with a pig': Extraordinary claim made by American geneticist] by Damien Gayle (04:45 EDT, 30 November 2013) ''Daily Mail''.</ref> ''The Times of India'',<ref name=india/> Infowars<ref name=infowars/>) because of its sensationalism. These media do not necessarily agree with McCarthy, but McCarthy's sloppiness (lack of evidence, refusal to cull out bad data, and extraordinary claims) enables this circus.
{{cquote|I believe that the ''Daily Mail'', Alex Jones et al. are very invested in making him out to be a mainstream academic, and using that framing to [[War on Science|undermine science in the furthering of their own agendas]]. It’s a very insidious tactic.|||Jennifer Raff, [[anthropologist]] and geneticist<ref>[https://violentmetaphors.com/2013/12/02/why-does-the-media-want-you-to-believe-that-we-are-primate-pig-hybrids/ Why does the media want you to believe that we are primate-pig hybrids?] by Jennifer Raff (December 2, 2013) ''Violent Metaphors''.</ref><ref>[https://anthropology.ku.edu/people/jennifer-raff Jennifer A. Raff] ''The University of Kansas''.</ref>}}

==Not entirely bananas==
In 2025, it was reported that the two closely related species potatoes (''Solanum tuberosum'') and tomatoes (''S. lycopersicum) had hybridized millions of years ago. The wild tuberless ancestor of potatoes (''S. etuberosum'') had received the ''SP6A'' gene from tomatoes. This gene is known to be the one that enables tuber production. The initial cross of the the two species may very likely have been sterile,<ref>[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hybrids-reveal-barriers-successful-mating-between-species Hybrids reveal the barriers to successful mating between species. When species manage to mix, the odds are stacked against their offspring] by Tina Hesman Saey (October 31, 2017 at 10:00 am) ''Science News''.</ref> but many [[plants]], including potatoes, are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. This finding shows that hybridization can be a powerful driver of evolution, at least in plants.<ref>[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/potatoes-roots-ancient-tomatoes-origin Potatoes have their roots in ancient tomatoes: Potatoes originated 9 million years ago, likely from one instance of hybridization] by Javier Barbuzano (July 31, 2025 at 11:00 am) ''Science News''.</ref><ref>"Ancient hybridization underlies tuberization and radiation of the potato lineage" by Zhiyang Zhang et al. (2025) ''Cell'' 188(19):5249-5265.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.034.</ref> The problem with applying this finding to other taxa is that no mammal species are known to reproduce asexually (parthenogenesis),<ref>{{wpa|Parthenogenesis}}</ref> and has only been documented in birds rarely and under unusual circumstances in four species.<ref>[https://rep.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/rep/155/6/REP-17-0728.xml Parthenogenesis in birds: a review] by R. Ramachandran & C. D. McDaniel (2018) ''Reproduction'' 155(6):R245-R257. doi:10.1530/REP-17-0728.</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/112/7/569/6412509 Facultative Parthenogenesis in California Condors] by Oliver A. Ryder et al. (2021) ''Journal of Heredity'' 112(7):569–574. doi:10.1093/jhered/esab052.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aquatic ape]]
*[[Bestiality]]
*[[Golden hammer]] — If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail (i.e., I see hybrids everywhere).
*[[Mermaid]] — 
No, McCarthy has not considered this one.
 He actually has.<ref>[http://www.macroevolution.net/fish-human-hybrids.html Fish-human Hybrids] by Eugene M. McCarthy</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.macroevolution.net/ Macroevolution.net], his website
**[http://www.macroevolution.net/about-me.html#.U1WUUVdbsiN About me], Macroevolution.net
*[http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2013/07/02/the-mfap-hypothesis-for-the-origins-of-homo-sapiens/ The MFAP Hypothesis for the origins of ''Homo sapiens''] by PZ Myers (July 2, 2013) ''Pharyngula''
**[http://www.macroevolution.net/PZ-Myers.html The Hybrid Theory: A rebuttal of PZ Myers’ criticisms] by Eugene M. McCarthy
*[http://www.skepticblog.org/2013/12/04/hogwash/ Hogwash!] by Donald Prothero (Dec 04 2013) ''Skepticblog''
**[http://www.macroevolution.net/prothero.html The Hybrid Theory: A Rebuttal of Prothero's Criticisms] by Eugene M. McCarthy

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCarthy, Eugene M.}}
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Categories: Authors, Evolution, Genetics, Living people, Pissed at us, Pseudoscience promoters