trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Federalist Party

{{sources}}{{uspolitics}}
The '''Federalist Party''' was the first national [[political party]] in the [[United States]]. It was formed by [[Alexander Hamilton]] during the first term of President [[George Washington]] from the "federalist" movement that pushed for the ratification of the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] in the late 1780s. The Federalists drew considerable support from the Northeast, [[New England]] in particular, and were made up largely of urban businessmen and bankers.

The Federalist Party favored a strong federal government and pushed for positive relations with the [[United Kingdom]]. Because both George Washington and [[John Adams]] were Federalists (Washington tended to support Federalist policies), they succeeded in establishing one. Occasionally, however, they strayed into the [[authoritarian]] side of things, like how [[Federalist Society|an organisation eponymous to the party]], and in turn, to the movement, has actually done in the present day; under Adams, they passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which made it illegal to print "malicious" or "scandalous" criticism of the federal government (but not of [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Thomas Jefferson]]) and gave an unprecedented amount of power to the President.

John Adams' missteps in his presidency caused the party to lose control of the White House to Thomas Jefferson, and there was never another Federalist president. The party then collapsed after the [[War of 1812]] due to the events of the Hartford Convention, in which a large group of New England Federalists seriously discussed the prospect of [[secession]] from the United States due to the effect that the war with the [[British Empire]] was having on the region's trade-based economy. The talk of secession went over with the rest of the country about as well as one would expect, and the Federalist Party was disgraced. The Whig Party (not to be confused with the Modern Whig party) is its closest descendant. And due to its origin as a successor party made up of Whigs and abolitionists, the [[GOP]] from about 1856-1980 was probably the last remnant of the Federalist Party — as of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, most Federalist states are solidly [[Democratic Party|Democratic]].
{{USPoliticalParty}}
{{stub|United States politics}}
[[Category:United States history]]
[[Category:United States political parties]]
[[Category:Conservative political parties]]

Categories: United States history, United States political parties, Conservative political parties
Fereydoon Batmanghelidj

{{altmed}}
'''Fereydoon Batmanghelidj''' {{lived|1931|2004}} was an [[Iran]]ian-born doctor, [[alternative medicine]] promoter, and [[HIV/AIDS denialism|HIV/AIDS denialist]]. He claimed that the true cause of many diseases is dehydration, and that [[Panacea|many diseases can be cured]] simply by [[Water woo|drinking large amounts of water]]. The Amazon reviews for his books include many [[anecdotes]] supposedly demonstrating this, involving diseases from asthma to heart disease. Unsurprisingly, drinking lots of water failed to prevent his own death from pneumonia-related complications.<ref name=latadv>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-nov-19-me-passings19.2-story.html |title=Dr. Fereydoon Batmanghelidj, 73; Advocated 'Water Cure' |work=Los Angeles Times |date=19 November 2004}}</ref>

His daughter was {{wpl|Camila Batmanghelidjh}} {{lived|1963|2024}}, founder of the children's charity "Kids Company". Her philosophy was described as [[reactionary]] and [[pseudoscientific]].<ref>Beresford, Peter. [http://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2015/aug/03/kids-company-charity-camila-batmanghelidjh How did Kids Company get so far away from those it was meant to help?] ''The Guardian''. August 3, 2015.</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-water-cure-another-example-of-self-deception-and-the-lone-genius/ The Water Cure], Science-Based Medicine
*[http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/batman.html Some notes on Dr. Batmanghelidj's Silly "Water Cure"], Quackwatch

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batmanghelidj, Fereydoon}}
{{stub|Alternative medicine}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]
[[Category:Denialists]]
[[Category:Iranians]]
[[Category:Physicians]]
[[Category:Water woo]]

Categories: Alternative medicine promoters, Denialists, Iranians, Physicians, Water woo
Fideism

{{Religion}}
'''Fideism''', a term used by both [[Martin Gardner]]<ref>Gardner, Martin (1999) ''The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener'', St. Martin’s Press, p. 206</ref> and by some apologists, such as [[Alvin Plantinga]],<ref>Cf. Plantinga, Alvin, 1983. “Reason and Belief in God,” in Alvin Plantinga and Nicholas Wolterstorff (eds.), ''Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God'', Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.</ref> is the position that [[faith]] [[Other ways of knowing|supersedes]] the operation of [[Rationality|reason]], i.e., it's when someone chooses to believe in a god or gods because it is comforting, not because there is evidence. It is a form of [[special pleading]] that places the theist's belief [[Other ways of knowing|outside]] rational modes of inquiry.

Many [[theism|theists]] have frequent recourse to this position (for example, when presented with an argument against [[God|God or Gods]] they cannot personally refute, they respond with, "nevertheless, my 
salary
 
psycho-socially constructed worldview
 faith still obliges me to believe in God(s) in the absence of evidence"), but some go so far as to hold it as a consistent position: the existence of God(s) is not an objective fact, but one is still obliged to believe he/she/it/they exists. Most respectable [[theology|theologians]] disapprove of fideism in principle, holding that it is [[Scientific evidence for God's existence|possible to objectively prove that God exists]].

Fideism should not be confused with transcendentalism, a largely 19th century movement that held that [[intuition]] "transcends" the doctrines of the establishment as well as the results of rational enquiry.

==See also==
*[[Presuppositionalism]]
*[[Sola fide]]
*[[Special pleading]]
*[[William Lane Craig]]

==External links==
*[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fideism/ Fideism] at the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|religion}}
{{apolbox}}

[[Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Paradigms of religion]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Science and religion]]

Categories: Apologetics and counter-apologetics, Philosophy, Paradigms of religion, Religion, Science and religion
Fifth Amendment

{{constnav}}
The '''Fifth Amendment''' to the [[United States Constitution]] reads:

{{cquote|No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without [[due process]] of law; [[Eminent domain|nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation]]}}

==Parsing the Fifth Amendment==
*Grand Jury (for [[Capital punishment|capital crimes]], consisting of 16-23 members)
*No Double Jeopardy (being tried twice for the same crime)
*Right to Silence (freedom from self-incrimination)
*Due Process (no arbitrary punishment without a fair trial) — 
In US law, the vagueness doctrine states that criminal law must not be [[vague]] and must explicitly define the conduct that is punishable. The vagueness doctrine is based on the due process clauses of the Fifth and [[Fourteenth Amendment]]s.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/vagueness_doctrine vagueness doctrine] ''Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School''.</ref>
*Just compensation (for land seized by the government for eminent domain purposes)

==Consequences==
While pleading the Fifth in criminal cases can be advantageous to avoid self-incrimination, it is much less likely to be advantageous in civil cases because the judge may allow the jury to draw an inferences of guilt in civil cases.<ref name=volokh>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/08/28/what-happens-if-you-take-the-fifth-in-a-civil-case/ What happens if you take the Fifth in a civil case?] by Eugene Volokh (August 28, 2015 at 9:07 a.m. EDT) ''The Washington Post''.</ref> It is for this reason that pleading the Fifth "in a civil case in federal court is never helpful, is rarely harmless, and is typically very damaging — indeed, it’s often fatal to the party’s claims or defenses."<ref name=kennerly>[https://www.litigationandtrial.com/2013/04/articles/attorney/pleading-the-fifth-adverse-inferences/ Pleading The Fifth Amendment And Adverse Inferences In Civil Litigation] by Max Kennerly (June 12, 20190 ''Litigation & Trial''.</ref> Some states have more stringent standards than federal courts that do not allow drawing negative inference in civil cases either.<ref name=kennerly/> But even in criminal cases, pleading the Fifth can be disadvantageous because the witness cannot subsequently provide testimony on the same subject in support of their case.<ref name=volokh/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|law}}
{{Constitutionbox}}
Fifth column

{{Languagenav}}
{{Sources needed}}
'''Fifth column''' is a term coined during the [[Spain|Spanish Civil War]] (1936-39) to designate a group within a population who are working to overthrow or disrupt the existing system — though the activity has been in existence for much longer. It is sometimes attributed to {{wpl|Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist}} General {{wpl|Emilio Mola||,}} though the origins of the term are disputed.

In some contexts, the term is used against groups who are exercising cultural and other affinities with groups outside the state but who are not actually attempting to overthrow the regime. Many [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] center around some [[race|racial]], ethnic, or [[religion|religious]] group working to undermine glorious civilization.

In modern usage, it is often use as a pejorative to refer to politicians and public figures who align themselves with foreign interests — either discreetly or openly. Examples include British sometime-politician/blowhard [[Nigel Farage]],<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-nigel-farage-putin-cheerleader-eu-russia-guy-verhofstadt-erdogan-a8396476.html Brexit: Nigel Farage is a 'fifth columnist' Putin cheerleader, says Guy Verhofstadt, Independent, June 2018]</ref> who contributes extensively to Russian propaganda channels like [[Fox News]] and [[Russia Today]]. [[Alex Jones]], [[Fox News]]<ref>[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/2/25/2081040/-America-now-has-its-own-Fifth-Column-and-its-name-is-Fox-News?pm_campaign=blog&pm_medium=rss&pm_source=main America now has its own 'Fifth Column,' and its name is Fox News, Daily Kos, Feb 2022]</ref><ref>[https://abovethelaw.com/2022/02/this-is-what-a-fifth-column-looks-like/ This Is What A Fifth Column Looks Like, Above The Law, Feb 2022]</ref> and single-term US President [[Donald Trump]]<ref>[https://michaeltrigg.medium.com/donald-trump-putins-5th-column-2f530cbfffe7 Donald Trump. Putin’s 5th Column?]</ref> have also been referred to as Fifth Columns.

There may be overlap between alleged fifth columnists and [[useful idiot]]s.

==Various related terms and topics==
*[[International Jewish conspiracy|International Jewish conspiracy theories]]
*[[Anti-Catholicism]]
*"[[Race war]]" and [[genocide conspiracy]] theories
*"[[Eurabia]]" or "[[creeping Sharia]]"
*[[Yellow Peril]]
*The [[Great Replacement]]
{{stub|language}}

[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Political terms]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]

Categories: Discrimination, Political terms, Conspiracy theories
Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution

{{christianity}}{{title-italics}}
'''''Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution''''' is a book written in 1999 by Kenneth R. Miller, a professor of [[biology]] at Brown University. The book argues for the concept of [[theistic evolution]].

==Overview==

Miller is a cellular biologist and [[Roman Catholic]]. The central claim of his book is that naturalistic [[evolution]] does not have to contradict [[Christian]] dogma. The book also gives a detailed criticism and rejection of [[creationism]] and [[intelligent design]].

==Reception==

The book has received mixed reviews from the scientific community. Some scientists have written that it is too pro-religion.<ref>[http://www.talkreason.org/articles/Yin.cfm Ying and Yang of Kenneth Miller]</ref> Others, however, have given the book mixed to positive reviews for its attempt to demonstrate that [[religion]] and [[science]] do not have to be incompatible.<ref>[http://spectrummagazine.org/review/2008/10/28/review-miller%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cfinding-darwin%E2%80%99s-god%E2%80%9D/ A Review of Miller’s “Finding Darwin’s God]</ref><ref>[http://energion.com/books/reviews/finding_darwin.shtml Finding Darwin's God Reviewed by Henry E. Neufeld]</ref><ref>[https://oregoniansforscienceandreason.org/pro-facto/vol6no1/DarwinsGod.htm Finding Darwin's God by Dr. William Thwaites]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Random Designer: Created from Chaos to Connect with the Creator]]
*[[Can You Believe in God and Evolution?: A Guide for the Perplexed]]
*[[Non-overlapping magisteria]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|literature}}
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Religious books]]
[[Category:Theistic evolution]]

Categories: Christianity, Religious books, Theistic evolution
Fine print

[[File:Minnesota Tax Cut Rally 2011 (5697256303).jpg|thumb|left|165px|Sign at an [[astroturf]] anti-tax rally]]
{{languagenav}}
'''Fine print''' is any print that is made to be noticeably inconspicuous with the primary intent to [[Deceit|deceive]]. It's a kind of [[bullshit]] primarily used in [[advertising]] or contract [[law]].

<p style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 1.3; letter-spacing: -0.75px; ">Fine print is usually the result of a legal technicality — a requirement for full disclosure, but few/no restrictions on the manner (typeface, size, color, etc.) of disclosure. In television, fine print is often neutralized with pleasant background images or music, and may be shown only very briefly, or in an inconspicuous color. The radio equivalent of fine print is "fast talking" — fine print read aloud and artificially sped up by computer. Fine print is ubiquitous, and research suggests that most consumers do not read it.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/firewall/2010/04/08/who-reads-the-fine-print-online-less-than-one-person-in-1000/#11e472967017 Who Reads The Fine Print Online? Less Than One Person In 1000]</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/2016/08/23/491024846/do-you-read-terms-of-service-contracts-not-many-do-research-shows Do You Read Terms Of Service Contracts? Not Many Do, Research Shows]</ref> Many offers, advertised in large print, expire very quickly, or only apply when certain conditions in the fine print are met; in many cases, these conditions are difficult or nearly impossible to meet. Fine print may even simply say the opposite of what the larger print says. Excessive fine print is a hallmark of [[quackery]], [[pseudoscience]], and [[scam]]s, and a practice that in extreme cases constitutes consumer fraud.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/14/us/14scam.html Enticing Ad, Little Cash and Then a Lot of Regret]</ref> The [[Quack Miranda Warning]] is an example of fine print that has become standardized due to case law.</p>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|media}}
[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Advertising]]
[[Category:Deceit]]
[[Category:Scams]]

Categories: Law, Media, Advertising, Deceit, Scams
Fire therapy

{{Altmed}}
[[File:Arcimboldo Fire.jpg|thumb|left|An early practitioner of Fire Therapy.]]
'''Fire therapy''' is a therapy promulgated by among others, Zhang Fenghao in Beijing, that even shocks and amuses practitioners of [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It involves applying herbal paste to the affected area, covering it with a towel, pouring water and rubbing [[alcohol]] on top of that, and then lighting the whole shebang on fire. Subjects report that it is not painful, but Zhang admits that there have been injuries and burns due to a "lack of standards". Proponents claim that it cures everything from gas to [[cancer]].<ref name="meat">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140807173406/http://news.yahoo.com/burn-patient-burn-medical-inferno-china-040858157.html Burn, patient, burn: medical inferno in China]</ref>
[[File:Barbecue_sausages.jpg|thumb|left|"Sir, how well would you like your meat cooked?"<ref name="meat"/>]]
Fire therapy is not to be confused with the practice of [[cupping]], which is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves using fire to heat glass cups in order to create suction on the victim's skin.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Panacea]]

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Orientalist woo]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Orientalist woo
First Amendment

{{constnav}}
The '''First Amendment to the United States Constitution''' reads:
{{cquote|Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of [[religion]], or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the [[Freedom of Speech|freedom of speech]], or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the [[government]] for a redress of grievances.}}

==Parsing the First Amendment==
*[[Freedom of speech]]
*[[Freedom of the press]]
*[[Freedom of religion]]
:*[[Establishment Clause|Establishment clause]]
:*[[Free exercise clause]]
*[[Freedom of assembly]]
*Right to petition for a redress of grievances (i.e. the right to take somebody to [[court]])

==Incorporation==
The exact wording of the First Amendment only restricts the lawmaking powers of ''Congress''; as originally implemented, it put no such restrictions on the lawmaking powers of the States.  [[Virginia]], for example, still had an official [[State religion]] for several years after the First Amendment was ratified.  However, modern interpretations of the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] frequently extend the Constitutional limits on lawmaking power to the States as well.  This is called "incorporation."

All of the various clauses of the First Amendment have been incorporated against the states by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. The first to be incorporated was freedom of speech in 1925, in ''Gitlow v. New York'', and the most recent was the right to petition for redress of grievances in 1996, in ''[[Romer v. Evans]].''

{{stub|law}}

{{constitutionbox}}

[[Category:Freedom of speech]]
[[Category:First Amendment cases| ]]

Categories: Freedom of speech, First Amendment cases
First Century Gospel Church

{{christianity}}
The '''First Century Gospel Church''', founded in 1925, is a [[Christian]] sect that advocates [[faith healing]] as opposed to actual medicine. Indeed, a married couple attending the church was convicted of involuntary manslaughter and child endangerment after they chose to follow a faith healing program instead of seeking proper medical attention for their sick child. The child eventually died.<ref>Religion News Blog. (April 20, 2013). "[http://www.religionnewsblog.com/27184/herbert-catherine-schaible-faith-healing Faith healing couple probed in second child’s death]"</ref> More than 2 dozen children's deaths have been linked to First Century Gospel Church and the Faith Tabernacle Congregation combined (both are faith-healing churches in the Philadelphia, [[Pennsylvania]] area).<ref>[http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Faith-Healing-Churches-Linked-to-Two-Dozen-Child-Deaths-208745201.html Faith-Healing Churches Linked to 2 Dozen Child Deaths: CHOP doctor says laws need to be changed] by Vince Lattanzio (Thursday, May 23, 2013) ''NBC10''.</ref>

Although they claim to follow the Gospel as preached in the first century, that seems to be somewhat of an absurd claim, as no "standard" version of the [[Gospels]] then existed, and various conflicting interpretations could be found; indeed, even among the several apostles, there were disagreements over doctrine.<ref>{{bible|Acts|15|2}}, and also {{bible|Galatians|2|11}}, possibly referring to the same event.</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.fcgchurch.org/ First Century Gospel Church]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Christianity}}
[[Category: Woo]]
[[Category: Christianity]]
[[Category: Pseudoscience]]

Categories:  Woo,  Christianity,  Pseudoscience
First Epistle of John

{{biblenav}}
The '''First Epistle of John''' is a sermon attributed to [[Gospel of John|John]] important in that it establishes that [[Jesus]] is ''of the flesh'' instead of ''of the spirit'', two contentious positions in the first and second Century C.E.  

The works of "John" can be historically positioned at a time when there were at least 5 major Churches, including the Church of [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] (which of course would later solidify into the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches), and the Essenes who were for the most part [[Gnostic]] in their understanding of [[God]] and Jesus.

==John's comma==
A whole lotta fuss for a single line, 1 John 5:7-8.  How often are wars fought over less than 10 words?<ref group=note>Probably more often than not</ref>  1 John, in some translations, explicitly references the so called "Holy Trinity".  However, this phrase does not appear in the earliest Greek works, likely appearing in the Middle Ages.  Ah, [[Guide to Bible translations|Bible translation]] fun. 

5:7 "For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.
5:8 And there are three that bear witness in earth, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one." 

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/1 John]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, First Epistle of}}
{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:General Epistles]]

Categories: New Testament, General Epistles