American exceptionalism

{{Sources needed}}[[File:Puck_cover2.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Americans, please stop looking at yourself! Non-Americans, please stop staring at America!]]
{{imperialism}}

{{cquote|
:'''Moderator''': Alright...
:'''Will McAvoy''': [<i>Looks at Jenny</i>] And, yeah, you... sorority girl. Just in case you accidentally wander into a voting booth one day, there are some things you should know. One of them is: There is absolutely no evidence to support the statement that we're the greatest country in the world. We're 7<sup>th</sup> in literacy, 27<sup>th</sup> in math, 22<sup>nd</sup> in science, 49<sup>th</sup> in life expectancy, 178<sup>th</sup> in infant mortality, 3<sup>rd</sup> in median household income, number 4 in labor force and number 4 in exports. We lead the world in only three categories: number of incarcerated citizens per capita, number of adults who believe angels are real and defense spending - where we spend more than the next 26 countries combined, 25 of whom are allies. Now, none of this is the fault of a 20-year-old college student, but you, nonetheless, are without a doubt a member of the worst period generation period ever period, so when you ask what makes us the greatest country in the world, I don't know what the FUCK you're talking about!… Yosemite? [<i>Stunned silence; Jenny looks deeply humiliated</i>]
:'''Will McAvoy''': … It sure used to be. We stood up for what was right. We fought for moral reasons. We passed laws, struck down laws - for moral reasons. We waged wars on poverty, not on poor people. We sacrificed, we cared about our neighbors, we put our money where our mouths were and we never beat our chest. We built great, big things, made ungodly technological advances, explored the universe, cured diseases and we cultivated the world's greatest artists AND the world's greatest economy. We reached for the stars, acted like men. We aspired to intelligence, we didn't belittle it. It didn't make us feel inferior. We didn't identify ourselves by who we voted for in the last election and we didn't scare so easy. We were able to be all these things and do all these things because we were informed... by great men, men who were revered. First step in solving any problem is recognizing there is one. America is not the greatest country in the world anymore. [<i>looks back at the professor</i>]
:'''Will McAvoy''': Enough?|||From the June 24<sup>th</sup>, 2012, pilot episode, "We Just Decided To," of Aaron Sorkin's HBO series ''The Newsroom''<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2289479/quotes/?ref_=tt_trv_qu</ref>}}

'''American exceptionalism''' is a belief that the [[United States]] is unique or exceptional when compared with the [[historical]] development of 
lesser
 other [[country|countries]]. It would be easy to pigeonhole as extreme [[nationalism]], but it is more expansive and more concentrated than that. It is a popular ideal held by many American [[conservatives]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120421133958/http://likethedew.com/2011/10/07/michael-bailey-on-american-exceptionalism/ Michael Bailey on American Exceptionalism]</ref> though the temptation is not entirely limited to the [[Political spectrum|right]].<ref name=bell/>{{rp|21-22}} Several [[liberal]] historians and [[politician]]s have embraced certain aspects of American exceptionalism, in particular in the "vital [[Centrism|center]]" and "end of [[Partisan|ideology]]" views popular among American liberals in the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century. American exceptionalism is also a core belief within [[neoconservatism]], because if there's one thing neocons are good at, it's not learning a lesson from history.

Embarrassingly, the term "American exceptionalism" did not originate in America. {{wpl|Jay Lovestone||,}} who was born in Russia and later became a member of the [[Communist Party USA]], went to the Comintern in Moscow in the 1920s where he had to explain to [[Joseph Stalin]] why communism had made so little progress in the US. Lovestone explained that America was an exception to the [[Communist glossary#Two-stage theory|expected laws of historical development]] under Marxist ideology. Since this ran counter to the [[historical determinism]] required by Marxism, Stalin labeled him a "deviationist", and subsequently the term American exceptionalism began to appear in US communist publications.<ref name=bell>"American Exceptionalism" by David A. Bell. In: ''Myth America: Historians Take On the Biggest Legends and Lies About Our Past'', edited by Kevin M. Kruse & Julian E. Zelizer (2022) Basic Books. ISBN 1541601394. Pages 13-24.</ref>{{rp|19}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180411132412/http://vestnik.spbu.ru/html17/s02/s02v1/09.pdf The Coinage Of The Term American Exceptionalism And Its Original Meanings] by N. E. Adamova (2017) ''Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History'' 62(1):106-119. doi:10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.109.</ref> The term later entered into American intellectual discussions about why [[socialism]] never gained ground in America.<ref name=bell/>{{rp|19}} It was not until 1985 that the term entered popular discourse, primarily fomented by politicians [[Newt Gingrich]] and [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=bell/>{{rp|19-23}}

American exceptionalism may view the United States through the lens of a special [[historical determinism]] for the United States, separate from broad historical trends in the rest of the world. It may, for a variety of reasons, view the U.S. as a [[nation]] that is immune (or ''[[Hume's law|should be]]'' immune) from things like [[terrorism]] and [[dictatorship]] — "It can't happen here."<ref group=note>[[Donald Trump]], the current U.S. President, clearly has some dictatorial tendencies that he shared with his party at large, such as the desire to punish [[journalist]]s for muckraking. So this argument is moot. Luckily, [[impeachment]] is part of this immune system, but the [[2021 U.S. coup attempt]] was a close call.</ref> The U.S. in turn is supposed to assume an activist role around the world in promoting "[[freedom]]", or in Gingrich/Reagan parlance, being a "shining example" to the world, a sort of "City on a Hill".<ref name=bell/>{{rp|20}} This sort of presumptive [[moral]] superiority is not always welcomed, especially by countries that have "[[Moral relativism|different views]]" on [[human rights]], or who have had [[Iran|democratically]] [[Chile|elected]] [[CIA#Questionable things they did|presidents]] replaced with brutal dictators by or with assistance from the US, among other issues. Of course, one could also argue that the U.S. should not entangle itself in the affairs of other countries, as advised by [[George Washington]]. 

The belief by Americans in their own exceptionalism is one of the reasons for resentment or dislike of the USA, even though, [[Irony|ironically]], it is just the American version that is the most visible today, since the U.S. is the greatest of the Great Powers at present. You will find exceptionalist sentiments in other countries, too (e.g., ''exception française'', ''deutsche Sonderweg'').<ref name=bell/>{{rp|14}} The U.S. is actually rather '''average''' in this regard; Americans are merely humans, just like everyone else.

==Impact on American foreign policy==
From [[colonial]] days, the [[English]]-speaking, [[Europe]]an-descended residents of what would become the United States viewed their own colonial societies and (more-or-less) shared [[culture]] as unique or at least virtuous.  [[Calvinist]] preachers in [[New England]] developed a theme of American uniqueness which worked itself into the foreign policy of the newly independent [[republic]]. Rather than entering military alliances with the European powers as part of Europe's balance-of-power [[diplomacy]], political elites in the new United States sought to trade with Europe and to establish regional hegemony over its own sphere of influence ([[Latin America]]).<ref>See the [[Monroe Doctrine]].</ref> The focus was not on the entangling alliances with which Europeans tormented themselves,<ref>See George Washington's famous Farewell Address in 1796.</ref> but on ensuring that Europeans did not interfere with what was perceived as an American sphere of influence. This had dual effects, such as (occasionally) protecting Latin America (including [[California]]) from undue European interference, but also ensured that America kept itself out of the struggles to assert a "balance of power" in Europe (except in 1917 and 1941, for example). It is often said (by persons undefined) that the US was sympathetic to [[Britain]] diplomatically, but played little part in the great game<ref>{{wpa|Great Game}}</ref> of European diplomacy. 

Another way in which the United States saw itself as fundamentally different from the European powers was in its eschewing (like Luxemburg) [[Imperialism|imperial]] ambitions,{{cn}} though the U.S. did acquire [[American imperialism|an empire of its own]], after armed conflicts, including the splendid [[Spanish-American War]] of 1898. The U.S. exercised sovereignty over a number of overseas territories, including [[Puerto Rico]], [[Hawaii]], [[Guam]], the [[Philippines]], [[Alaska]], Samoa, and [[Cuba]]. Paradoxically, Americans' belief in their exceptional nature helped to inform the acquisition of such colonies, as Americans believed they were uniquely suited to ruling foreign peoples benignly.<ref group=note>Compare France's ''mission civilisatrice'' and the "heaven-born" British in [[India|the Raj]].</ref> Today, Puerto Rico and Guam operate as unincorporated U.S. territories. Hawaii was admitted as a state in 1959. Cuba and the Philippines are sovereign nations, with the latter acting as a staunch American ally in the Pacific.

American exceptionalism also led the US to employ [[idealism|idealistic]] and [[democratic]] rhetoric, even when getting involved in brazen "sphere-of-interest" or [[geopolitical]] engagements, such as the invasion of {{wpl|Grenada}} in 1983, which was intended to fuck over the Soviets and Cubans.

Today, elements of exceptionalism can be found in the US's justifications for interventions. In the 1990s in particular, there were many interventions that didn't have much basis in national interest (including [[Somalia]] and [[Yugoslavia]]). The ethnic [[Albania]]ns living in Yugoslavia no doubt welcomed American assistance to end Milošević's [[genocide]] attempt, especially as the rest of Europe put on blinders and refused to act, providing an example of American benevolence, though based on a seemingly arrogant premise.

It remains to be seen whether Pyongyang-style [[isolationism]] or Swiss-style non-interventionism will prevail over Washington's desire to play an active role in global affairs in the short-, medium- and long-term.

==The other side==
{{cquote|Americans need to confront the truth themselves, no matter how '''pleasant''' it is.|||[[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], emphasis ours.}}

American exceptionalism is a two-way street. While some Americans really, and mistakenly, believe in the overemphasized and exaggerated uniqueness of their country, some non-Americans do too, though in a different way. Like all other countries, the U.S. is imperfect and not beyond criticism. Despite this, there seems to be an obsession these days (by Americans and non-Americans alike) with every single thing that happens in the "greatest country on Earth." If there is a country one almost always hears about when reading or watching the world news, it is the U.S. They are often held to absurdly high standards compared to everybody else. If a (more) authoritarian regime massacres its own people, nobody bats an eye. But if the U.S. military hit a civilian target, even by accident, everyone loses their collective minds. By doing so, they have affirmed American "moral superiority," whether they acknowledge it or not. The irony of being U.S.-centric may be lost on many anti-American propagandists and critics.

The moral of the story is to take an informed, moderate view of things and know that issues outside of the U.S. matter too.

==Archetypal slogan==
*"My country, right or wrong." From the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] era, as a reaction to the working-class kids who were protesting the war. Again, this sort of [[jingoism]] is not unique to the U.S.
**"If right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right.” - [http://www.bartleby.com/73/1641.html U.S. Senator Carl Schurz], expressing a more enlightened view of this slogan, signifying a healthier form of patriotism.

==See also==
{{collist|2|
*[[The 1619 Project]]
*[[Afrocentrism]]
*[[Americentrism]]
*[[Eurocentrism]]
*[[Great man theory]]
*[[Manifest destiny]]
*[[Moral clarity]]
*[[The Pledge of Allegiance]]
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/02/opinion/lake-america-exceptional/index.html Is America exceptional? Liberals, conservatives agree -- and disagree]: Essay by UC San Diego political science professor David A. Lake

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Imperialism]]
[[Category:International relations]]
[[Category:Nationalist pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Propaganda]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:United States]]
[[Category:United States politics]]

Categories: Culture, Denialism, Imperialism, International relations, Nationalist pseudohistory, Propaganda, Pseudohistory, United States, United States politics