List of forms of government

{{Politics}}
{{sources}}
Ever wondered what all those -ocracies and -archies were? Seek no further than RationalWiki's '''list of forms of [[government]]'''. Not all of these are mutually exclusive; for example, the [[United States]] is both a (representative) democracy and a republic, and dictatorships are often kleptocracies. Not to mention the fact that Confederacies, Federations, and Unitary countries are not political systems in the sense that democracies and monarchies are; those terms denote how power is divided ''vis a vis'' the regions of a nation. Whether a government is confederated, federal, or unitary does not necessarily affect how democratic/monarchical a government is. The Czech Republic (1993-present), for instance, is a unitary constitutional republic, but the [[German Empire]] (1871-1918) was a federal constitutional monarchy with a strong emphasis on the monarchy.

==Anarchism==
{{main|Anarchism}}
A form of government (or lack thereof) with no ruling hierarchy, has both collectivist and individualist tendencies. For collectivists the decisions are made at a directly [[democratic]] level: [[law]]s are created by citizens alone, although they may be enforced by institutions that are not publicly controlled.

Individualists are often more critical of direct democracy characterizing it as “rule by the majority”.  Individualists such as egoists and many mutualists believe anarchism needs to be wholly the product of free voluntary association.

==Anarcho-capitalism==
{{main|Anarcho-capitalism}}
A stateless society composed of sovereign individuals living within the constraints of a free market.

==Anarchy==
{{main|Anarchy}}
Anarchy is lack of a central government, as there is no one recognized governing authority; in anarchy there is no effective government (as opposed to an "ineffective government") and each [[Rugged individualism|(rugged) individual]] has absolute [[liberty]]. It is important to note, however, that the lack of a government to ''enforce'' laws does not automatically imply that there are no laws; [[anarcho-capitalism]] in particular posits a form of anarchy with a body of explicit laws.

==Androcracy==
A government consisting entirely of men: also called a phallocracy ("rulership by dick").

==Anocracy==
An anocracy, sometimes called a semi-democracy or illiberal democracy, is a government that is neither fully democratic nor fully authoritarian.<ref>''How Civil Wars Start: And How to Stop Them'' by Barbara F. Walter (2022) Crown. ISBN 0593137787.</ref>{{rp|12-14}}

==Aristocracy==
Aristocracy (from the [[Greek]] word meaning "rule of the best") is [[government]] rule by a few [[elite | élite]] citizens. In medieval Europe, the élite consisted of the [[nobility]] and higher [[clergy]], often drawn from noble families. Usually the "élite" positions in question are [[Nepotism|hereditary]]. Aristocracy was one of the six forms of government identified by [[Aristotle]], and he said it was the second-best one, after [[monarchy]] but before constitutional government.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)#/media/File:Aristotle-constitutions-2.png</ref> Moreover, if corrupted, it resulted in only the second-worst form of government, [[oligarchy]].   

The [[United Kingdom]]'s system of aristocracy is probably the canonical one for the English-speaking world.  Until 1999, everyone who held a hereditary title of nobility higher than baron or baroness was automatically a member of the upper house of the British legislature, the [[House of Lords]].  Since 1999, the members of this class elect from among their ranks 90 representatives who sit as the legislative body of the House of Lords.  The title of "baron"/"baroness" was also hereditary.  In addition to these aristocrats, members of landed families entitled to a heraldic coat-of-arms are generally considered part of the gentry, without regard to their ranks or titles.<ref>{{wpa|Landed gentry}}</ref>  And people designated by the British monarch as "Life Peers" also belong to the House of Lords, but these peers do not pass their titles to their progeny by descent.<ref>{{wpa|Hereditary peer}}</ref>

Aristocracy has been abolished in many countries, sometimes with some violence.  The [[French Revolution]] is the most notorious instance of an attempt at such an overthrow.

Even in places where [[Nobility|noble titles]] carry no special political rights or consequences, a conventional social distinction can be drawn between "old money" and a class of ''nouveaux riches'' or ''parvenus''.  Old-money families inherited their wealth from relatively distant ancestors.  "Old money" was formerly considered a more prestigious sort of wealth. Besides the money, nobility involved many other markers of social class: language or accent, dress, social connections and parental expectations. Many political dynasties in the United States, including the Roosevelts ([[Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and their relatives) and [[Robert A. Taft|the Tafts]] represented this kind of wealth.<ref>See generally Warner, William Lloyd (1960). ''Social Class in America: A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status''. Harper & Row.</ref>

'''''The'' Aristocracy''' refers to the [[social class]] that does the ruling.

=== History ===
Once upon a time, a long time ago, back in the dark medieval gloom, humans had a simple administrative hierarchy (when necessary). You had an [[Empire | Emperor]] or a [[King]] or a Duke (generally the cunningest top-dog in the local aristocracy) and a variable assortment of Barons and Lords between the top-dog and the peasants. As a generic name for a [[ruling class | ruler]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli | Macchiavelli]] used the label "Prince". Governors might come slightly lower in the system.

As time marched onwards and technology (especially military technology) developed, smart non-aristocrats began to play larger roles {{--}} they became (for example) warlords and condottieri and semi-democratic parliamentarians and [[Captain of industry | Captains of Industry]]. Though some of these gained aristocratic titles and/or aristocratic brides, the residue lacked a new collective label. They began to act as "leaders" (a term reminiscent of the phenomenon of one sheep going in front for the rest of the flock to follow). Collectively, they became from about 1821 a "leadership" in some area - a bunch of ''soi-disant'' "leaders".<ref>
See the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "leadership"
</ref><ref>
{{wpa | leadership}}
</ref>
But since they often lacked multi-generational blue blood, they had difficulty in claiming nobility or internalising ''noblesse oblige''. Having nothing better to do with their leisurely time, they re-purposed the word "leadership" by the late-19th century as a woo-oozing abstract concept of mystical skills and alleged traits.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Hunt
 |first1               = James
 |last2                = Fitzgerald
 |first2               = Martin
 |chapter              = Introduction: Defining leadership
 |title                = Leadership: Regional and Global Perspectives
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=8HlnDwAAQBAJ
 |publisher            = Cambridge University Press
 |publication-date     = 17 September 2018
 |page                 = 2
 |isbn                 = 9781108459297
 |access-date          = 9 September 2025
 |quote                = The word ''leadership'' did not come into use in English until the early 1820s, when it was used to refer to the position of a leader as well as the manner and extent to which that leader exercised influence and authority. Accordingly. the word ''leadership'' was typically used to refer to a process, rather than just a single act. By the late nineteenth century, however, the meaning of the term leadership was extended to include the characteristics and capabilities considered necessary to be a leader [...].
}}
</ref>
Now we have a new aristocracy of slick politicians and a [[List of forms of government#Corporatocracy | corporatocracy]] of managers labelled "business leaders" {{--}} all preaching to the ''hoi polloi'' the importance of honoring "leadership", and seldom distinguishing the more concrete meaning of the word from the more abstract one.

==Autocracy==
A form of government in which the political power is held by a single, self-appointed ruler. Autocracy is objectively one of the oldest forms of government, being a primary way in which early human tribal societies organized. This should be distinguished from [[monarchy]], which involves some traditional basis for the right and transfer of power, usually birthright, and is often weakened (especially in modern times) by the presence of countervailing institutions, like a Parliament. This is not to say that dictators who've awarded themselves the position of king or emperor or president-for-life are exempt from being popularly categorized as autocrats, of course.

In practice, it is almost impossible to be a real autocrat, because every state must rely on an array of lesser officials to enforce the dicta of the autocrat. Moreover, any given autocrat will have to appease certain factions, most notably the military, to avoid the {{wpl|Praetorian Guard|Praetorian}} [[Coup d'état|treatment]]. At a bare minimum, the autocrat will need the threat of force to compel obedience, which necessitates some willing underlings to carry out that threat.

Autocracy, though, is one of the most overused words in the foreign policy lexicon, as it is often used to simply mean "[[authoritarian]]" or "[[totalitarian]]" governments. For example, many writers will refer to Chinese "autocrats", not understanding that the mere fact that there is more than one person making decisions means it is not an autocracy.

Some examples are:
*Stalinist [[USSR]] (well, [[Joseph Stalin|Uncle Joe]] was certainly an autocratic leader, but [[totalitarian]] is probably a better description of [[Stalinism]] in general)
*The [[Vladimir Putin|Putinarchy]] in modern day [[Russia]].
*[[North Korea]] under three generations now. Legally, the actual 'leader' of the country is [[Kim Il Sung]], despite being dead for roughly two and a half decades.

==Communism==
{{main|Communism}}
A hypothetical stateless entity that follows after [[socialism]] as according to [[Marxist]] theory.

==Corporatocracy==
{{main|Corporation}}
A form of government where a corporation, a group of corporations, or government entities with private components control the direction and governance of a country.

==Demarchy==
{{main|Demarchy}}
A hypothetical political system run by [[random]]ly selected 
deciders
 decision makers who have been selected by sortition (drawing lots). Think selecting a legislature or executive in the same manner that a jury is presently selected. This was the system that the Athenians actually developed, selecting people by having a line of slaves wave a paint-stained rope throughout the marketplace. Whoever's toga was touched by the rope would be required to vote in the acropolis.

==Democracy==
{{main|Democracy}}
Refers to a broad range of types of government based upon the sovereignty of the people. In its purest form it is the same thing as [[mobocracy]], but it is usually practiced in the form of a [[republic]] or constitutional monarchy, which provides checks and balances and an establishment that is able to tap an unruly mob on its collective head. In the US, "democracy" is often mistakenly assumed to mean direct democracy as opposed to representative democracy (see also Republic).

==Despotism==
{{main|Despotism}}
Rule by an all-powerful individual. A less polite term for "autocracy."

==Dictatorship==
{{main|Dictatorship}}
Rule by a dictator instead of a despot. [[Political science]] is very nuanced. Technically, a dictatorship is where the executive holds a disproportionate amount of power, so an oligarchy (see below) can be a dictatorship, as in the case of South American ''juntas''.

==Epistemocracy==
A [[utopian]] type of [[society]] and government in which people of rank, including those holding political office, are those who possess epistemic humility.

==Ethnocracy==
{{main|Ethnocracy}}
A form of government where representatives of a particular [[ethnic group]] hold a number of government posts disproportionately large to the percentage of the total population that the particular ethnic group(s) represents and use them to advance the position of their particular ethnic group(s) to the detriment of others. In [[Nazi Germany]] ethnic groups Hitler supported held all the power, and the Nazist ideology insisted homogeneity in culture and ethnicity was required for a strong, functioning government and nation.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Hitler
| first1 = Adolf
| chapter = 2: The State
| title = Mein Kampf
| url = https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/mein-kampf-adolf-hitler/1125794773
| volume = 2
| location = Munich
| publisher = MVR
| publication date = 1939
| page = 320-322
| isbn = 9781495333347
| access-date = 2019-1-31
}}
</ref>

There are no official modern ethnocratic states; however, it could be asserted that [[Israel]] is a type of modern ethnocracy, given the history and nature of the country.

[[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] often [[Psychological projection|accuse]] [[Jews]] of possessing an ethnocracy in the person of the U.S. government, which they call the [[Zionist Occupation Government]].

==Exilarchy==
A form of government, usually [[theocratic]] or monarchic, that is established and constituted for rule over an ethnic or [[religious]] diaspora rather than over the place of origin whence the diaspora originated.

==Fascism==
{{main|Fascism}}
Rule by a [[nationalism|palingenetic ultranationalist]],  [[totalitarian]], and militaristic government.

==Feudalism==
{{main|Feudalism}}
Government by a usually hereditary class of military landowners, who exact goods and services from a [[poor|peasant class]] in exchange for protection. Usually features complex webs of loyalties and ranks.

==Geniocracy==
{{main|Geniocracy}}
A system of government first proposed by Rael (leader of [[Raëlism]]) in 1977, which advocates problem-solving and creative [[intelligence]] as criteria for regional governance. Not, unfortunately, rule by genies, which would be much more awesome.

==Gerontocracy==
{{main|Gerontocracy}}
A state, society or group governed exclusively by elders. Gerontocracies form councils, composed of men<ref group=note>Women and slaves need not apply.</ref> over the age of 60, who exercise control. This form of government was popular with the ancient Greeks. It can be used more generally of any government whose members are significantly older than the national average, which applies to many regimes (see [[Strom Thurmond]]), but was particularly common in the latter days of Communism in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{wpa|Gerontocracy}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jul/23/thecaseforgerontocracy The Case for Gerontocracy], Neil Clark, ''The Guardian'', 23 July 2007</ref> The rarely-found opposite is infantocracy or paedocracy, though some cases of children becoming monarchs, like Shapur II of Persia being coronated by some accounts ''in his mothers' womb'', are similar.<ref>https://www.opendemocracy.net/transformation/samuel-earle/new-infantocracy-in-politics</ref>

==Kakistocracy==
{{main|Kakistocracy}}
Government by the least qualified or most unprincipled people; "Government by the worst."

==Kleptocracy==
Government in practice by thieves, most likely because the formal leaders use the tools of government to rob the people blind. Some examples include [[Indonesia]] under [[Suharto]], the [[Philippines]] under Marcos, and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (ex-Zaire) under Mobutu.

==Kratocracy==
Rule by those who are strong enough to seize power through force or cunning.

==Kritocracy or Krytocracy==
Rule by judges. See also [[judicial activism]].

==Matriarchy==
Rule by [[women]], or a government which regards female humans as entitled to rule and to exercise power over men. [[MRA]]s believe this to be the case [[Bullshit|in most of the Western world.]] Encountered in the myth of the {{wpl|Amazons}} from ancient [[Greece]], who were a civilization all of women, so necessarily a matriarchy. Also called gyneocracy.

==Meritocracy==
{{main|Meritocracy}}
A government wherein appointments are made and responsibilities are given based on demonstrated talent and ability, usually encouraging "merit".

==Military junta==
{{Main|Junta}}
Rule by a group of military leaders, usually after taking power in a [[coup d'état]].

==Minarchy==
{{main|Minarchy}}
A political [[ideology]] which maintains that the state's only legitimate function is the protection of individuals from aggression.

==Mobocracy or ochlocracy==
{{main|Mobocracy}}
Rule by mob or a mass of people, or the intimidation of [[constitution|constitutional]] authorities; think [[Monty Python]] and the Quest for the [[Holy Grail]] "witch/duck" mob.

==Monarchy==
{{main|Monarchy}}
Rule by 
a butterfly
 an individual for life or until abdication, often hereditary. A monarchy usually possesses more checks and balances than an autocracy or dictatorship. On a more negative note, in [[Bible | biblical]] [[scripture]] 1 Samuel 8:6-18<ref><bible book="1 Samuel" chapter=8 verse1=4 verse2=18 /></ref> possibly implies the institution of hereditary monarchy as a punishment for the governed.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Gilmour
| first1 = Rachelle
| chapter = 4: Moral, Political and Theological Evaluation
| title = Representing the Past: A Literary Analysis of Narrative Historiography in the Book of Samuel
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MSRR3JdLQRwC
| series = Supplements to Vetus Testamentum
| volume = 143
| location = Leiden
| publisher = Brill
| publication-date = 2011
| page = 191
| isbn = 9789004203402
| access-date = 2017-11-27
| quote = The sort of king that Samuel describes may be the king he wishes upon Israel as punishment for rejecting him as their leader.
}}</ref>

==Necrocracy==
A government that operates under the rules of 
the undead
 a dead ruler. The Incan Empire in Peru was a weird example of this, since the dead "rulers" didn't actually pass laws, but their mummified bodies had attendants who "interpreted their will." (Sure...) See also [[North Korea]].

==Oligarchy==
{{cquote|There’s class warfare, all right. But it’s my class, the rich class, that’s making war, and we’re winning.|||Warren E. Buffett<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/business/yourmoney/26every.html In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class Is Winning] by Ben Stein (Nov. 26, 2006) ''The New York Times''.</ref>}}
A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small [[elite]] segment of society distinguished by royal, wealth, intellectual, family, political, military or religious hegemony. The term dates back to [[Aristotle]], who considered oligarchy to be the corrupted form of [[aristocracy]], and worse than [[ochlocracy|mob rule]], but better than [[dictatorship|tyranny]]. Historically, it was common in societies such as the [[Renaissance]] {{wpl|Republic of Venice}} and {{wpl|Republic of Florence}} which restricted elected offices to members of a small ruling class. No modern country identifies itself as an oligarchy, though some may qualify in practice:
*[[Russia]], which has had explicitly-named oligarchs under [[Putin]]'s rule until Putin gradually became dictator
*[[Britain]], which has long-standing social classes, reinforced by the [[Monarchy]], the [[House of Lords]], and [[elite]] education (Eton, Oxford, Cambridge)
*[[Caste]]-based societies, such as [[India]],<ref>"Family Oligarchies and Crony Capitalism in India" by A. Varma et al. (2016) In: ''Crony Capitalism in India'', edited by N. Khatri & A. K. Ojha. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137582874.</ref>{{rp|159–176}} the [[United States]]<ref>''How the South Won the Civil War: Oligarchy, Democracy and the Continuing Fight for the Soul of America'' by Heather Cox Richardson (2022) Oxford University Press. ISBN 019758179X.</ref><ref>''Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents'' by Isabel Wilkerson (2020) Random House. ISBN 0593230256.</ref>
The term is used by scholars to describe various societies, historical and modern, or thrown around as a pejorative epithet.

==Panarchracy==
A political philosophy emphasizing each individual's right to freely join and leave the jurisdiction of any governments they choose, without being forced to move from their current locale.

==Patriarchy==
{{main|Patriarchy}}
Rule by men, or a government which regards male humans as entitled to rule and to exercise power over women.

==Pornocracy==
Rule by [[prostitutes]], or corrupt officials who metaphorically prostitute themselves out. The [[Pope|papacy]] during {{wpl|Saeculum obscurum}} was famously alleged to have been this.

==Plutocracy==
{{main|Plutocracy}}
Rule by the wealthy, or power provided by wealth. As with oligarchy, no modern nation-state identifies as a plutocracy. In practice, however, countries can degenerate into one. The [[United States]] are an alledged example of a Plutocracy, disguised as a republic.

==Republic==
{{main|Republic}}
Wider definition: Any of a wide variety of non-monarchical governments where eligibility to rule is determined by law. Specific definition: Rule by elected individuals representing the sovereign citizen body and exercising power according to the rule of law (i.e., a democratic republic).

==Socialist republic or people's republic==
{{main|Socialism}}
A state run by a communist party, with a centrally controlled economy and resources distributed by "need" and produced by "ability", where workers, or the Party, control the means of production. Prime examples: the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]].

==Stratocracy==
A system of government in which there is no distinction between the military and the civil power(see {{wpl|stratocracy}} in Wikipedia). The ancient Greek city state of Sparta is an example.  No modern state is a pure stratocracy, but North Korea and Myanmar have stratocratic tendencies, as their militaries have constitutional authority usually reserved to civilian rulers.

==Technocracy==
{{main|Technocracy}}
A form of government in which [[engineer]]s, [[scientist]]s, and other technical experts are in control of decision making in their respective fields. Plato might approve! Or maybe not, as today the term is debased and generally means government by economists, bankers, and bureaucrats rather than career politicians, as with the {{wpl|Monti Cabinet|Monti government}} in Italy.<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-shows-limits-of-technocracy/ Italy shows limits of technocracy], Politico, 27 Feb 2013</ref>

==Thalassocracy==
A realm which primarily exercises power over the sea via naval power, as opposed to a tellurocracy which rules land.<ref>{{wpa|Thalassocracy}}</ref>

==Theocracy==
{{main|Theocracy}}
A form of government in which a [[god]] or [[deity]] is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler. Since said god or deity is usually absent from decision making, a self-appointed or elected leader or leaders of the [[religion]] of said god or deity will rule instead through personal interpretation of the laws commanded by the god in that religion's (usually written) law. [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Iran]] are examples.

==Theodemocracy==
{{main|Theodemocracy}}
A political system theorized by [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], founder of the Latter Day Saint movement ([[Mormons]]). As the name implies, theodemocracy was meant to be a fusion of traditional republican democratic rights under the [[US Constitution]] combined with theocratic elements.

==Timocracy==
Either a state where only property owners may participate in government, or where rulers are selected and perpetuated based on the degree of honor they hold relative to others in their society, peer group, or class; from the Greek τιμή="price, worth". For [[Aristotle]], who borrowed the concept from Solon, it lay in between aristocracy (rule by the best and wisest) and oligarchy (rule by the rich).<ref>{{wpa|Plato's five regimes}}</ref> The United States was a timocracy during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

==Tyranny==
{{main|Tyranny}}
Rule by a selfish or otherwise bad single ruler. Prime example: [[North Korea]].

==See also==
*[[Koch brothers|The Koch Brothers]]
*[[Rupert Murdoch]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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