Gus Hall

[[File:Gus_Hall_cropped.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Don't let him look you in the eye]]
{{communism|1}}
'''Gus Hall''' (born Arvo Kustaa Halberg) {{lived|1910|2000}} was, for much of his life, the leader of the Marxist-Leninist [[Communist Party USA]] (CPUSA), exhibiting the triumph, within his own mind, of [[Bullshit|hope]] over [[Reality|adversity]]. He ran for [[President of the United States]] four times, but failed to raise many votes; it was obviously the fault of [[false consciousness]] stopping the dumb [[prole]]s from seeing the gospel light. Hall ran in 1972, 1976, 1980 and 1984, receiving 0.03%, 0.07%, 0.05%, and 0.04% of the vote respectively, qualifying him as a [[perennial candidate]].

==Early years==
Hall grew up in a communist home and was recruited by his father to join the CPUSA in 1927.<ref>[https://www.wsws.org/de/articles/2000/11/hall-n21.html Gus Hall (1910-2000)] by Fred Mazelis (21. November 2000) ''World Socialist Website''.</ref>

Hall organised the "Little Steel" strike of 1937, which failed to achieve its aims but ended in a number of 10 deaths from [[Police brutality|police killing unarmed demonstrators]].<ref>{{wpa|1937 Memorial Day massacre}}</ref> At this time Hall had founded the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) [[labor union]], a branch of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).<ref name=savonen>''Minnesota, Moscow, Manhattan: Gus Hall's Life and Political Line Until the late 1960s'' by Tuomas Savonen (2020) The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. ISBN 9789516534513.</ref>{{rp|95-126}}{{efn|the CIO later merged into the AFL-CIO.}}

Hall enlisted in the Navy during [[World War II]], shortly after he was cleared of criminal charges resulting from the Little Steel strike.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|134}} In 1946, shortly have being honorably discharged from the US Navy, Hall was elected to the national executive board of CPUSA based on his leadership during the Little Steel strike.<ref>''Making it in America: A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans'' by Barkan, Elliott Robert (2001) ABC-CLIO.</ref>{{rp|147}}

The 1940 Alien Registration Act (a.k.a., the Smith Act) was primarily intended to target American communists,<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|144}}{{efn|By 1957, The Smith Act was found to be mostly unconstitutional by the [[United States Supreme Court]] (Bridges v. Wixon; Dennis v. United States; Yates v. United States; Watkins v. United States; Scales v. United States).}} but because of the war, between 1940 and 1948 the targets of the act had been restricted to prosecution of [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] and American [[fascists]] because both were enemies [[Stalin]], who was an important ally during the war.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|144}} As the [[Cold War]] and concomitant [[Red Scare]] began, several CPUSA members were charged in 1948 under the act, including Hall who was charged with sedition.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|144-171}} Hall was bailed out of jail while he appealed his case all the way up to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]. While he was out on bail, Hall [[Nazi analogies|compared]] President [[Harry Truman]] to [[Hitler]], using the [[Slippery slope]] and ''[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|147}} After the Supreme ruled against Hall, he attempted to defect to the [[Soviet Union]], but was caught in [[Mexico]] and returned to the US, where he spent five years in Leavenworth Penitentiary.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|172-181}}

In 1956, while Hall was still in prison, the CPUSA suffered from both a large exodus of members and turmoil within the remaining members due to disillusionment based on [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s 1956 "secret speech" about Stalin's crimes and the 1956 Soviet invasion of [[Hungary]].<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|194-196}}<ref name=tananhaus>[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/17/us/gus-hall-unreconstructed-american-communist-of-7-decades-dies-at-90.html Gus Hall, Unreconstructed American Communist of 7 Decades, Dies at 90] by Sam Tanenhaus (Oct 17, 2000).</ref> Hall had been unable to participate overtly in the CPUSA during this period of 1956-1958 due to his still being on parole from prison.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|194-197}} After his parole, he campaigned for and was elected the General Secretary of the National Committee of the Communist Party USA in 1959, a post that he held until 2000.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|196-210}}

==Spy vs. Spy==
From 1958-1977, the [[FBI]] conducted a secret espionage program on the CPUSA, code-named Operation SOLO.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OperationSOLO/SOLO%20001/ Operation SOLO] by Federal Bureau of Investigation (2016) ''Internet Archive''.</ref> Operation SOLO largely relied on two brothers who were long-time members of the CPUSA, Jack and Morris Childs. Both of the Childs were double agents for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the FBI, with Morris receiving [[Irony|both]] the Order of the Red Banner from Leonid Brezhnev in 1975 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1987.<ref>{{wpa|Morris Childs}}</ref>

After the fall of the [[Soviet Union]], fresh documentation came to light about the Soviet Union's involvement with the CPUSA, thus removing any ambiguity about its status as a Soviet foreign-operations apparatus.

The Childs also played central roles in delivering cash from the Soviet Union via the Canadian Communist Party to CPUSA, hence the Soviets, the FBI, the Childs and Hall all knew how much the CPSU was being subsidized. The only people that did not know how much the CPSU was subsidized were all the other CPSU members and the public at large.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|237-247}} A consequence of this pseudo-secrecy was that Hall could keep what he did with the money largely secret from the CPSU, the Soviets, and likewise the Childs.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|240-247}} The Childs on the other hand were skimming large amounts off the top that Hall did not know about.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|241}} The Soviet Union was the primary source of funding for the CPUSA, and the CPUSA in turn received the highest per-member funds from the Soviets of any communist party in the world.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|239}} The Soviet funds helped to fund Hall's middle-class house in Yonkers,<ref name=tananhaus/> [[New York]] and his upper-class tastes when traveling,<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|437-439}} Hall's daughter's family's lavish lifestyle,<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|242-243}} and the purchase of stock shares for Hall's son-in-law.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|242}} Hall was also able to secure the delivery of top-quality Arabian horses from [[Poland]] in 1960 for the horse farm belonging to two of his brothers (Toivo and Veikko Halberg) in Minnesota.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|466-473}} The two brothers were ardent [[capitalist]]s, and the horse delivery greatly improved their business.

Funding for the CPSU was shrouded in secrecy prior to Hall's election as general secretary, but less is known about those years.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|244}}

==Glasnost or not==
During his lifetime, Hall shifted with the winds of communism to some degree, largely staying within Marxism-Leninism but supporting Stalinism when it was convenient and the reform of Khruschev when it was convenient.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|450-453}} During the 1980s, the Glasnost years of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Hall held fast to his anti-[[revisionist]] Marxist–Leninist position, thus becoming increasingly out of step with the infusion of [[reality]] washing through the [[communist]] establishment at that time. The Hall and the CPUSA paid for this dearly by having their funds from the Soviet Union immediately cut off,<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|239}} and CPUSA's party organ, ''The Daily Worker'' ceased being a daily newspaper, as much of its funding had been subsidized by ~40% of subscriptions coming from communist countries.<ref name=savonen/>{{rp|240}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hall, Gus}}
[[Category:Convicted felons]]
[[Category:Left-wing activists]]
[[Category:Military]]
[[Category:Perennial candidates]]
[[Category:Shysters]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates]]

Categories: Convicted felons, Left-wing activists, Military, Perennial candidates, Shysters, United States presidential candidates