Misandry

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'''Misandry''' is the hatred of men.<ref>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misandry misandry].</ref><ref group="note">As is the case with misogyny, misandry should not be confused with sexism, or the discrimination on the basis of sex.</ref> It is a combination of the two Greek words ''miso'', which means hatred, and ''andros'', meaning man or male human.<ref>Online Etymology Dictionary: [https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=misandry misandry]. </ref> A neologism formed analogous to [[misogyny]] (hatred or contempt for women), it was first used widely in the 1970s in response to perceived hatreds within the [[feminist]] movement.

Today, the term is frequently misused by [[Men's rights activism|men's rights activists]] (MRAs), who use it to refer to anything even vaguely resembling [[feminism]], and/or any time a woman hurts their feelings.<ref group="note">Note the [[Psychological projection|parallel]] to their common claim that feminists holler "misogyny" whenever their feelings are hurt.</ref> As an imaginary structural bias in society as a whole, invented to counter accusations of misogyny, it is essentially identical to "reverse sexism", and analogous to [[reverse racism]] and other forms of [[reverse discrimination]], which certainly do exist but only on an individual or otherwise subordinate level in society. Those feminists who say ''misandry isn't real'' also misuse the term, understanding it as systemic oppression of men by women, which indeed isn't real. [[TERF|Some]] feminists weaponize this argument to justify their irrational hatred of all people who were assigned male at birth.

When focusing more on "institutionalized" (that is, malignant) hatreds, the term is not used that much, as unlike women, who are usually somewhat underprivileged in most societies, men are not actually denied their rights and freedoms on the basis of gender. Thus, some are suspicious about the existence and/or relevance of the word itself, even attributing its existence to an alleged [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy]] of male dictionary editors. It may help that they are themselves often accused of being misandrists, although to be fair, simply failing to acknowledge the existence of a privileged person’s hurt feelings is not actual sexism. It is, however, sexism if you truly resent them and don’t want them to exist. Of course, in the former case (in which many people use it as a snarl-word for anything that even vaguely resembles the dreaded [[Feminism|8-letter f-word]]), it is invalid, but if used in the ''latter'' case, it ''is'', and it means what it ''actually'' means: '''nothing more than the hatred or dislike of men/boys'''. Misandry is only tangentially related to [[female supremacy]], which is definitely more marginal, kooky and less common than MRAs would make it out to be.

In fact, not only angry White men use this word. The term ''anti-Black misandry'' is the commonly used term in Black Male Studies. According to Nathaniel Bryan and T. Hasan Johnson, the misandry directed towards Black men is not the same that hatred of men in general, but rather a specific social phenomenon.

A lot of men take for granted the fact that, apart from the most adamant of female power lifters, the average woman is typically a lot weaker than the average man, and from a lady's perspective, men can be quite terrifying. Being able to make quips and pot shots at people who could easily overpower you at any moment is probably reassuring, since it is a reminder of a man's gentle and forgiving nature. That a lot of men become nervous and defensive any time a woman is a bit cheeky about their gender speaks volumes about their insecurity.<ref>[https://muscleandbrawn.com/statistics/male-vs-female-strength/]</ref>   

==History of the term==
Although there were once isolated uses of the term as early as the mid-19th century,<ref>[http://archive.org/details/illustratednatu04woodgoog The Illustrated Natural History, p. 365.]</ref> and it was being used enough to make an appearance in the uber-comprehensive {{wpl|Century Dictionary|Century Dictionary}} in 1914,<ref>[http://www.global-language.com/CENTURY/ ''Century Dictionary'',] vol. XII, p.814.</ref> it did not come into general usage until the 1970s,{{cn}} when discussion of collective hatreds of all kinds was all the rage.

As a term, "misandry" is [[False analogy|not a strict analogue]] of "[[misogyny]]," because the use of the term "misandry" is much more commonly restricted to concrete hatred or contempt held by individuals (''cf.'', "man-hating feminists"), as distinct from the abstract "institutionalized" variety. This is because women have historically had little opportunity for direct influence on such institutions as the law, and thus no opportunity to build anything resembling "institutional misandry."

Trying to convince MRAs of that, however, is difficult, as most of them are (ironically) too quick to offend.

==MRA use of the term==
It has become the fashion for people to [[Persecution complex|identify themselves as a "victimized" group in society]], and then pretend that anyone who dares disagree with them is merely whaling on said victimized group. This falsehood is of course easier to spot when the group in question is not actually victimized, as we see when [[Men's rights activism|men's rights activists]] attempt to misinterpret historical facts in order to find examples of institutionalized "misandry."

Unlike [[misogyny]], there are few asserted examples of misandry within the Abrahamic religions. Certain beliefs such as the Islamic idea of the rich being allowed four wives could and likely have been viewed as misandranistic towards males not in power, for this standard makes it more difficult for them to find mates. That particular standard almost certainly isn't actual misandry, as the cultural standards of Islam were (and are) generally decided by men to begin with, and the practice of allowing multiple wives seems to prioritize the husband's power and pleasure-not to mention how like [[Christianity]], Islam is actually somewhat ''misogynistic''. Also, when has polygamy ever led to the rich monopolizing all women?  

The men's rights activist {{wpl|The Myth of Male Power|Warren Farrell}} argues that the view of men as being disposable is an example of misandry in history. He supports his argument with the fact that men have traditionally held more dangerous occupations such as serving in militaries or working in coal mines whereas women were largely protected from such dangers. However, this argument falls apart given the fact that men almost always held power historically, too. It is far more likely that men did the hard jobs simply because nobody expected women to be capable of them. In other words, it was an enforcement of gender roles. Women weren't valued because they were seen as being less disposable,<ref group="note">It also goes without saying that belligerents throughout history were generally not averse to brutalizing women and girls, to the point that [[Tamil Tigers|the exceptions]] get considerable attention.</ref> they were valued for their wombs and their domestic services.

Men's rights activists also have the [[Persecution complex|idea]] that there is a powerful cabal of feminists (an analogue of "the Patriarchy" in feminism, with the crucial difference that it does not have any basis in reality) out to oppress men and take away their beer and their couches. On this understanding, any claim by feminists that women are disadvantaged in society is treated with outright dismissal coupled with [[Ad hominem|a cry of persecution]], in this case "misandry."

Here, we respond to some common<ref>Some evidence to support said commonness. [http://www.avoiceformen.com/policies/mission-statement/]</ref> motivations for MRAs to make claims of misandry.

{{sbs|title=1|Point|Counterpoint}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling excluded or outright rejected in certain spaces because they are male.
|2=Many of these men have been taught that the reason why women have the right to enter and be respected in "men's" spaces is because it is wrong to reject someone from a space on the basis of sex. This leads them to think that they should have the right to enter and be respected (or even to dominate) in the mostly-female spaces that are often either traditionally female, or were established as safe spaces for women who have violent men after them. Instances of women being unfairly exclusive aren't ''completely'' unheard of—Mary Daly being the most well-known such case—but they definitely don't represent the norm. Similarly speaking, MRAs do not represent the norm for men, but they do represent nearly all of misogynists.}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling that they have been rejected or otherwise turned down by a woman.
|2=Some men may feel they are entitled to the approval or the consent of women around them. This gets [[rape culture|doubly problematic]] when the thing the man [[Friendzone|feels entitled to is sex]], with or [[Rape|without consent]]. Also, these guys might benefit from considering the reverse scenario: what if a woman they thought was wholly unattractive considered herself entitled to have sex with him, and entitled to act on that desire, whether he wanted it or not?}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling that women get certain rights or advantages in society that men do not, such as free drinks, [[affirmative action]], or even social admiration.
|2=A free drink or wide admiration does not exactly equate to the kind of power or influence that women have historically been denied (''e.g.'', equal representation in political or economic leadership). Affirmative action was put in place for women as an attempt to compensate for existing unfair treatment, rather than to make men underprivileged.}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling they have been passed over or ignored in favor of a woman.
|2=In general this has a valid point, and theoretically there is nothing wrong with this. However, in common usage, many times MRAs will use this claim to attempt to discredit a woman and argue that the only reason why the woman got a job was her gender, not the possibility that she was more qualified than the man.}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling that "the system" favors women and in turn treats men with suspicion or contempt.
|2=The idea that women are to be coddled or protected and men to be considered more violent or as threatening is a common protest of feminists, and perceptions like these are partially due to sexist social norms, partially due to [[confirmation bias]] on the part of the MRA, and also partially due to the statistics that state that men are overwhelmingly the perpetrators of domestic violence upon women<ref>[http://www.americanbar.org/groups/domestic_violence/resources/statistics.html statistics supplied by the American Bar Association]{{broken}}</ref><ref>[https://www.ncadv.org/statistics Statistics from the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence]. Accessed May 24, 2020.]</ref> in the United States, with far fewer instances of female-on-male domestic violence.}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling that they [[Creep shaming|are assumed to be rapists or creeps]], or otherwise under undue criticism and scrutiny because they are a man, and that such accusations or social pressure are weaponized by women into making men do what they want.
|2=It is reasonable to take exception to advice which actually ''says'' to treat all men as rapists or creeps until proven otherwise. However, sometimes men are either accidentally or purposefully unaware of boundaries and thus come across as creepy. This is boosted by the fact that some men do act creepy and thus a woman may feel on edge due to negative past experiences. Supporting a movement professing the belief that women owe men sex is generally not the best way to be considered non-creepy, and there have been many cases of women being injured and attacked after turning a man down. Obviously this, and none of the other things on this list, describe all men or even a majority of men, but the dumbest voices speak the loudest and in this case would be the extremist MRA's.}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling that their concerns are considered less legitimate than the concerns of women.
|2=This might be partially due to the fact that there are large and vocal feminist organizations, but only very marginal MRA-type organizations, which combined with MRAs' belief that the mainstream of society is solidly on the feminists' side will produce the perception that their concerns are being sidelined because of sex.}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling that they, or men in general, are being unjustly deprived of custody of their children by a "feminist-dominated" legal system.
|2=Custody hearings do tend to be stacked against men, which appears to be a complete turn-around from the previous practice, in which fathers held their children as chattel property and mothers had no say at all (which is not to say that the current situation is ideal either).

However, MRAs fail to perceive that the current practice is grounded in the idea that it is a woman's job to take care of children — an idea feminists much oppose. Thus, the way things are now, if what influence feminists do have in the legal system were to diminish, this problem would likely get ''worse''.}}

{{sbs
|1=Feeling just sort of bad in general and that it might be a girl's fault somehow.
|2=To which we can only reply: "Give some concrete evidence or get over yourself."}}

In general, most of these claims of misandry relate to feelings of being ignored or feelings of being marginalized. While many claims of misogyny also relate to such feelings (''e.g.'', a major theme among a whole generation of feminists was women's feelings of being stifled in the role of the middle-class suburban housewife<ref>[http://www.npr.org/2013/10/05/228487056/40-years-ago-fear-of-flying-dared-to-show-women-like-sex-too The feminist writer Erica Jong wrote her famous book, ''Fear of Flying'', as a direct response to literature utilizing that theme.]</ref>), there are also a fair number coming from women who report being raped, beaten, or forcibly silenced, often with the perpetrator going unpunished. Parallels of ''these'' on the MRA side are not impossible to find—Andy Warhol being the most obvious example—but remain conspicuously rarer.<ref>[http://the-toast.net/2013/10/17/making-terrible-sort-sense/ Some male victims of sexual violence would actually rather seek out the feminist side] on the basis of the MRA side being fundamentally destructive rather than constructive, even though it is difficult to wholly fit into a movement for women by women.</ref>

==Misandry and feminism==
Despite MRA claims to the contrary, misandry is a fringe phenomenon in [[feminism]], largely confined to [[Radical feminism|radical feminist]] looney-tunes, who hold to an adaptation of [[Marxism]] in which women take the role of oppressed workers and men take the role of fat capitalist pigs, and of course one cannot help but hate a fat capitalist pig.

Such misandry as does exist within feminism can be placed into three categories, the "gendercidal," the matriarchal, and the class-based.

===Gendercidal===
When the term began to be used in the 1970s, among the people using it were feminists involved in the infighting then beginning to rip through their movement, with no less a feminist personage than Betty Friedan condemning misandry.<ref name="Russ">{{wpl|Joanna Russ|Joanna Russ}}, [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XFQQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CIwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6234,540503 ''The New Misandry: In Defense of Hating Men''], ''Village Voice'', October 12, 1972.</ref>

Part of the reason for the increasing discussion of man-hatred were the antics of [[Valerie Solanas]]. Solanas, who is best known for shooting Andy Warhol (and art critic Mario Amaya) in 1968 during a psychotic episode, had written a missive entitled ''The SCUM Manifesto'' in which she argued that men were biologically inferior to women and needed to be exterminated.

About ten years later, in 1977, the radical feminist [[Andrea Dworkin]] stated that this kind of attitude was growing within her sect, describing a panel discussion at which the 200-odd attendees greeted calls for "gendercide" with enthusiastic applause.<ref>http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIID.html</ref> However, it speaks volumes that Dworkin, herself a fringe figure who has been accused of misandry, observed these developments with considerable alarm and spoke out against them at the same panel discussion; these attitudes have stayed safely in the extreme fringe.

===Matriarchal===
{{main|Female supremacy}}
There are also a small number of feminists who believe in matriarchy or "[[female supremacy]]", thinking that women are better fit to rule than men. Mary Daly, the radical feminist theologian who resigned her professorship rather than accept men in her classes, was one of these.

===Class-based===
Finally, there is a group who explicitly defend misandry, as many other hatreds have been defended, by characterizing it as "hatred of the oppressor."<ref name="Russ"/> In the 1970s, a few radical feminists of this group voiced [[Political lesbianism|disapproval of feminists entering relationships with men]], on the grounds that it could cause them to develop a positive opinion of their mate, which would decrease their utility to the feminist movement.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/women-gayrights</ref>

However, it was against this group that Betty Friedan's remark was directed, and many more feminists tend to stand with her on this question than with the radicals, especially today.

===Power-hungry pigs by nurture?===
There are also those who accept the criticisms of men made by the misandrists (''e.g.'', that they are power-hungry or misogynistic in the main), but deny that they are this way by their nature as Solanas claimed, arguing instead that society conditions them to be that way. Although this reads as a condemnation of a social system rather than contempt for a group of people within it, it is instructive to note that it does not seem to make a difference to many of the same people whether someone said that Black Americans were unable to escape poverty on account of their "racial nature," or whether, as Daniel Patrick Moynihan {{wpl|Moynihan Report|argued}}, White racism was poisoning their culture and making them like that — either way it was deemed to be [[blaming the victim]].

===Appropriation as parody===
Finally, there are those feminists who are not actually misandrists, but who have appropriated the term in order to lampoon MRAs' beliefs in a gigantic feminist conspiracy.<ref>''[http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2014/08/08/ironic_misandry_why_feminists_joke_about_drinking_male_tears_and_banning.html Amanda Hess, "The Rise of the Ironic Man-Hater"]'', Slate</ref> It is important to remember that these women are only joking, similar to a metrosexual man joking about misogyny to highlight the denial of it by most whiny MRAs.

==Criticism==
The term has come under some criticism from those who see concrete hatreds held by individuals as of little or no significance compared to the abstract "institutionalized" or "systemic" variety. In this view, an "ism," like [[racism]] or [[sexism]], requires two components: first, a prejudice or hatred against some group; second, and more importantly, the collective power to put it into action significant enough as to produce a blip on sociologists' radars. Hence, one has formulae such as "Sexism = [[Prejudice plus power]]."<ref group="note">Consequently, it becomes necessary to sweep it under the rug whenever those with the hatreds ''do'' get access to some measure of power, as when [[Janice Raymond]] ganged up with [[Jesse Helms]] and lent a small measure of otherwise lacking credibility to his campaign against [[Transgender|trans women]], whom (although Helms and the victims thought otherwise) ''she'' deemed to be nothing other than a group of men, doing what men are wont to do.</ref>

Hatred for men, it is argued, has the first of these two components, but not the second. Admittedly though in some legal cases, such as custody, men do have a disadvantage. However, men compared to women, globally, are not disadvantaged in paychecks, employment rates, government positions, education, language, and in history in general. Therefore, the formula is incomplete.

It is also argued that using a term like "misandry" for the hatred of men implicitly places that hatred on the same level with "racism" or "sexism," when it is not. It would thus follow that "misandry" is a [[Loaded language|loaded]] [[snarl word]] that can only be used in the fallacious way that the MRAs use it.

Another criticism is based on how the more sophisticated MRAs &mdash; some of whom have training in women's studies and were themselves once part of the feminist movement &mdash; have adopted certain ideas, tropes, and rhetorical devices used by feminists and turned them to their own purposes. This routine causes varying reactions, causing some to believe that there ''is'' a feminist conspiracy such as MRAs postulate, others to get hopping mad that the feminists' patent on the ideas, tropes, and rhetorical devices in question has been infringed upon; and still others to dismiss them as nonsense, as evidenced by the MRAs' ability to use them to argue ''against'' women's rights (which, by the way, are human rights).

==Quotes about misandry==
{{cquote|There are two kinds of women who never hate men: the very lucky and the very blind.|4={{wpl|Joanna Russ|Joanna Russ}}, satirist<ref name="Russ"/>}}

{{cquote|In the past quarter century, we exposed biases against other races and called it racism, and we exposed biases against women and called it sexism. Biases against men we call humor.|4={{wpl|Warren Farrell}}<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-14/news/vw-3177_1_smart-women The Powerlessness and the Passion: Sexist Oppression Works Both Ways, Author Claims]. The ''LA Times''. December 14, 1986. </ref> }}

==See also==
* [[Lee Jun-seok]]
* [[Manosphere glossary]]
* [[Men's rights activism]]
* [[Misogyny]]
* [[Political lesbianism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Jargon]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Machismo]]
[[Category:Men's rights movement]]
[[Category:Neologisms]]
[[Category:Reverse discrimination]]
[[Category:Sexism]]

Categories: Discrimination, Jargon, Language, Machismo, Men's rights movement, Neologisms, Reverse discrimination, Sexism