trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Acid attacks

{{crimenav}}
'''Acid attacks''' are a form of assault meant to permanently disfigure a person by throwing corrosive liquid onto a victim's body. Acid attacks can be perpetrated using a liquid such as sulfuric acid.<ref group=note>Sulfuric acid is easily available as the electrolyte in automotive batteries.</ref> A 2007 review showed that [[Jamaica]] had the highest total number and [[Bangladesh]] had the highest reported number of cases of chemical assault worldwide.<ref>http://www.burnsjournal.com/article/S0305-4179(06)00164-1/abstract</ref> Acid attacks can permanently scar a person's face and sometimes cause blindness.

==History==
"Vitriolage" or "vitriol throwing" dates back to the 18th century.<ref>Slate magazine, 2013 Feb 4: [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2013/02/history_of_acid_violence_when_did_people_start_throwing_vitriol.html Sulfuric acid, more commonly known historically as “vitriol,” was first manufactured on an industrial scale in England in the 1740s, and people began using it for violent purposes in Western Europe and the United States once it became easily obtainable.]</ref> The earliest reported incidents of an acid attack in South Asia were in 1967, when two cases of acid attacks were reported in India and Bangladesh.<ref>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/cedaw_crc_contributions/AvonGlobalCenterforWomenandJustice.pdf Combating Acid Violence In Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia] Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School; Committee on International Human Rights of the New York City bar Association, Cornell Law School international Human Rights Clinic,; the Virtue Foundation (2011).</ref> Several acid attacks occurred in later years, causing acid attacks to gain more popularity.

==Medical effects on victims==
Severe medical effects may happen to victims of acid attacks. Acid can burn and eat away skin, sometimes to the bone. The nose and ears can be severely damaged, and many times victims of acid attacks have damage to their eyes.<ref>http://cequinindia.org/pdf/Special_Reports/Acid%20Throwing.pdf</ref> Victims can face skin depigmentation and even death.<ref>http://www.ijps.org/article.asp?issn=0970-0358;year=2008;volume=41;issue=1;spage=20;epage=23;aulast=Olaitan</ref>

==Attackers' motives==
Perpetrators of acid attacks usually have motives for doing so. A 2013 attack on a man in {{wpl|Tanzania}} occurred because of the victim's religious beliefs.<ref>http://themediaproject.org/article/acid-attack-injures-roman-catholic-priest-tanzania?page=full</ref> A case in the [[UK]] occurred when acid was thrown on a man's face because of gang violence.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24835910</ref> Several cases of acid attacks have occured because of [[India#Dowry|dowry]].<ref>http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/cedaw_crc_contributions/AvonGlobalCenterforWomenandJustice.pdf</ref> A study by the Health and Social Care information Centre in England showed that 62% of all acid attacks in England were attacks on male victims.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24835910</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
Act of God

{{religion}}
An '''Act of God''' is an unusual natural event which [[religious]] people ascribe to the power of [[God]]. The term has a legal definition for natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis, earthquakes and [[asteroid]] impacts for which no human entity is responsible, which in turn is a part of the broader legal term of {{wpl|force majeure|''force majeure''}} for unforeseen events, which also includes things like war and crime.

Although most people recognise that natural disasters are random freak events, some people with a religious conviction see them as [[Divine retribution|divine retribution]] for sinful behaviour (in other words, their personal friend is beating up people for behavior they don't like). This can lead to contradicting claims, such as in the case of 1755 Great Lisbon Earthquake:
{{cquote|Striking Lisbon and other areas of southern [[Portugal]], southern [[Spain]] and North Africa on the morning of All Saints’ Day (2 November), many people attending 
[[church]] were killed by falling masonry and hundreds of religious buildings were destroyed when fires were kindled by altar candles and houses collapsing on kitchen hearths. Such catastrophic losses led many commentators to ascribe the earthquake to divine wrath visited on the [[sin]]ful people of Portugal, the group singled out for opprobrium being the people a particular writer wished to blame. For example, one [[Jesuit]], Father Gabriel Malagrida, claimed the earthquake was punishment for the [[Inquisition]] not being sufficiently severe whilst, in contrast and writing from a [[Protestant]] viewpoint and from the safety of [[England]], John Wesley blamed the disaster on the Inquisition’s excesses.|David K. Chester<ref>[http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/faraday/resources/FAR268%20Chester.pdf ''Natural Disasters and Christian Theology'' by David K. Chester]</ref>}}

It can also lead to differing claims based on personal flavor of bigots. Some [[evangelical]]s ascribed "[[Hurricane Sandy|Superstorm Sandy]]" in 2012 as punishment for the legalisation of gay marriage in America<ref>[[:file:defendproclaimthefaith_20121030.png|John McTernan's Insights: When God Judges a Nation For Homosexuality]]</ref>; those people killed by Sandy in the Caribbean beforehand were, of course, just collateral damage. However, [[Muslim]] clerics claimed it was divine revenge for the ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'',<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/muslim-clerics-say-superstorm-sandy-is-gods-punishment-for-film-that-mocked-prophet-mohammad-8276747.html ''The Independent'': Muslim clerics say superstorm Sandy is God's punishment for film that mocked Prophet Mohammad]</ref> an American-made film that mocked [[Mohammed]] (and again, victims outside the United States were acceptable collateral damage to Allah).

==See also==
*[[Miracle]]
*[[Goddidit]]
*[[Theodicy]]
*[[Hojatoleslam Kazem Sedighi]]
*[[Invisible Pink Unicorn]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Religion]][[Category:Religious terms]]

Categories: Religion, Religious terms
Activase

'''Activase''' (generic name Alteplase) is a drug produced by Genentech, a Roche Group member, that is indicated for the treatment of acute Ischemic Stroke.  

It is currently being studied by both Genentech and independent [[cancer]] research projects as a treatment for particular types of cancer<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174953</ref> with promising but as yet inconclusive results.  It is also being used for cancer patients because of its side effect of preventing plaque in and around tissue with ports or shunts or chronic bleeding from tissue resistant to healing.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23130841</ref> It is [[FDA]] approved for use with heart attacks and strokes.<ref>{{wpa|Alteplase}}</ref>

Its [[woo]] level in the cancer fight is quite low. It is listed as one of the [[187 Fake Cancer "Cures" Consumers Should Avoid]].

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216172758/http://www.activase.com/home/index.jsp Official site]

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

{{stub|medicine}}

[[category:cancer woo]]
[[Category:medicine]]

Categories: cancer woo, medicine
Acupuncture Today

[[File:Acupuncture Today.gif|thumb|200px]]{{altmed|1}}__NOTOC__
'''Acupuncture Today''' is the name of both a newspaper and website promoting [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. Its articles cover various topics related to alternative medicine, and TCM in particular.<ref>[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=32729 Medical Qi Gong: The Spleen Healing Sounds]</ref><ref>[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=32731 The Spirit of the Herbs]</ref> Sometimes, they also refer to studies, case studies, and [[anecdote]]s to support TCM.<ref>[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=31531 Beat the Heat With Ju hua cha!], Acupuncture Today.</ref>

The site supports [[bloodletting]], because it can improve the flow of ''[[qi]]'' in the body, treat "excess heat and fire", and bring [[yang]] down;<ref>[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=28255 Bleeding Techniques: Ancient Treatments for Acupuncture Physicians], Skya Abbate, DOM, Acupuncture Today.</ref> [[arsenic]] (realgar), because it's good (when taken internally) for killing intestinal [[parasites]] and treating sore throats, and (when applied externally) for treating "swelling, abscesses, itching, rashes, and other skin disorders;<ref>[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/herbcentral/realgar.php Realgar (xiong huang)], Acupuncture Today.</ref> [[lead]] oxide, because it "helps to eliminate [[toxin]]s" and is good for "ringworm, skin rashes, rosacea, eczema, sores, ulcers, and other skin disorders";<ref name=at>[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/herbcentral/galena.php Galena], Acupuncture Today.</ref> and [[mercury]] sulphide (or cinnabar), because:<ref>[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/herbcentral/cinnabar.php Cinnabar], Acupuncture Today.</ref>

{{cquote|According to the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, cinnabar has sweet, cold and slightly toxic properties, and is associated with the Heart [[meridian]]. The main functions of cinnabar are to clear away heat and tranquilize the mind.<br />

Traditionally, cinnabar has been used as a tonic to reduce the incidence of palpitations, restlessness and insomnia. It is also used to treat sore throats and cold sores that occur in the mouth and tongue. In addition, cinnabar can [be] applied externally to treat certain skin disorders and infections.}}

Acupuncture Today also clearly states that these minerals are all toxic and should not be taken without consulting a qualified healthcare professional first.{{efn|That would be a fun conversation to watch. "Hey, doc, this traditional medicine guy I've been seeing told me to take some lead for my rash. What do you think?"}}

==See also==
*[[Acupuncture]]

==External links==
*[http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/ Acupuncture Today]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{altmedbox|1}}

[[Category:Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Manipulative therapy]]
[[Category:Webshites]]

Categories: Chinese medicine, Manipulative therapy, Webshites
Acutonics

[[Image:Acutonics.jpeg|right|thumb|165px|Told you it was silly]]{{altmed}}
{{cquote|The sounds of the Universe are brought into health care through the use of precision calibrated planetary tuning forks and symphonic planetary gongs.|||Ohhh, planets -- of course!<ref>https://acutonics.com/our-story</ref>}}
'''Acutonics''' is [[acupuncture]] for people who want the full [[placebo effect]] without the risks and discomfort of having needles stuck in them, so the healing power of [[woo]]™ is delivered through [[Vibrational medicine|vibrations]] with tuning forks and gongs.

No, honestly, it is. This is what [http://www.acutonics.com/ their homepage] says about it:

{{QuoteBox|Acutonics, n. 1. System of vibrational [[sound healing]] rooted in Oriental Medicine and philosophy that utilizes tuning forks and symphonic gongs tuned to the planets, Tibetan bowls, bells, drums, and rattles. Connecting body, mind, and soul in the journey toward optimal health, harmonic attunement, or at-one-ment with all things in the Universe. 2. The integral way, undifferentiated wholeness, the essence of Tao.}}

So there you go. [[Sarcasm|Completely credible.]]

==See also==
*[[Colorpuncture]], if even tuning forks are too much for you, why not try light?
*[[Sound healing]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|Alternative medicine}}
[[Category:Sound woo]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Orientalist woo]]
[[Category:Manipulative therapy]]

Categories: Sound woo, Alternative medicine, Orientalist woo, Manipulative therapy
Ad iram

{{sources needed}}
{{logicnav}}
{{title-italics}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with [[appeal to hate]], where someone's prejudice is used to manipulate their opinions.}}
The '''''argumentum ad iram''''' fallacy (''ad iram'', [[Latin]] for "to anger") is an informal logical fallacy, that involves accusing one's opponent of being angry or holding their beliefs for anger-related reasons, which purportedly disproves their argument or diminishes its weight. It is a form of [[pathos gambit]].

==Form==
{{syl
|2=Person A says '''P'''.
|4=Person A hates '''P''' and/or '''Q'''.
|5=C|6= '''P''' is false.
}}

==Examples==
For example:<br />
'''[[Theist]]''': My [[god]] will judge you for these acts you do!<br />
'''[[Atheist]]''': I disagree. I don't believe in God.<br />
'''Theist''': What did God do to you [[Atheists hate god|to make you hate Him]]?<br />

One can easily see the problem here. The atheist does not believe in the deity in question; thus, they cannot hate what they don't believe in (that would be [[misotheism]], not atheism). Also, the atheist could have any reason not to believe in said god; their emotional state doesn't invalidate their claim.

It is also an ''[[ad hominem]]'' attack and [[strawman argument]] that appears often on the Internet; e.g., a person disagrees on a [[political]] issue, and one side accuses the other of "being butthurt" and "crying like a little baby", even when no emotion was exhibited by the accused. It also applies to the idea that, if a person doesn't agree with a system, they should "get out" and find a country that agrees with a strawman idea of what the dissenter believes, e.g. "Go back to [[Russia]]!".

==See also==
*[[Tone argument]]
*[[Pathos gambit]]
*[[God's Not Dead]]

{{logfal}}

[[Category:Ad hominem]]
[[Category:Informal fallacies]]
[[Category:Latin phrases]]

Categories: Ad hominem, Informal fallacies, Latin phrases
Adam Miller

{{altmed|1}}
'''Adam Miller''' is a [[Faith healing|faith-healer]] who claims to be able to cure [[cancer]] of any kind and any stage, spinal injuries, poisoning, and [[AIDS]]. In December 2014, a [[YouTube]]r, Stephanie Guttormson, called him out (correctly) as a [[con artist]] on her YouTube channel, ThinkStephtically:<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aECnFwYWUCk Adam Miller: Con Artist]. ThinkStephtically on youtube.com. Retrieved on September 9, 2015.</ref>
{{cquote|Adam Miller is a charlatan. He's a swindler. He's a snake-oil salesman. You risk your lives delaying or forgoing proper medical treatment by going to him for help, and more importantly, for believing his unsubstantiated claims.}}

After replying with a rebuttal video that pointed out how Guttormson is [[transgender]] and works for the [[Richard Dawkins]] Foundation, Miller filed a lawsuit against Guttormson for [[copyright]] infringement and defamation. He later dismissed his lawsuit<ref>Hemant Mehta. [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2015/05/21/faith-healer-adam-miller-drops-lawsuit-against-youtuber-calling-him-out-on-his-claims/ Faith-Healer Adam Miller Drops Lawsuit Against YouTuber Calling Him Out on His Claims]. Friendly Atheist blog at patheos.com. Retrieved on September 9, 2015.</ref> but has indicated that he is planning to reopen the case shortly.<ref>Hemant Mehta. [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2015/09/08/faith-healer-adam-miller-may-reopen-lawsuit-against-youtuber-who-called-him-out-on-his-claims/?ref_widget=related&ref_blog=friendlyatheist&ref_post=dozens-of-homeopathy-conference-attendees-end-up-in-hospital-after-taking-actual-drug Faith-Healer Adam Miller May Reopen Lawsuit Against YouTuber Who Called Him Out on His Claims]. Friendly Atheist blog at patheos.com. Retrieved on September 9, 2015.</ref> Guttormson has set up a GoFundMe page to raise money to defend herself against these charges.<ref>Stephanie Renée Guttormson. [http://www.gofundme.com/SRGLegalFund Help me fight a SLAPP suit]. May 5, 2015. Retrieved on September 9, 2015.</ref>

==External links==
*[http://adam-healer.com/ His sparse web site]{{dead}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{altmedbox|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Adam}}
[[Category:Christian fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Energy therapy]]
[[Category:Faith healing]]
[[Category:Living people]]
{{stub|alternative medicine}}

Categories: Christian fundamentalism, Energy therapy, Faith healing, Living people
Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism

{{crenav}}{{title-italics}}
'''''Adam and Evolution: A [Pseudo]Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism''''' is an anti-evolution book written by Michael Pitman, an [[old earth creationist]]. It was published by Rider & Co in 1984.

==Author==

There has been a controversy over the authorship of the book. The actual author of the book was Michael Pitman, a [[biology]] school teacher from Cambridge, England. Some [[creationist]]s have claimed the author is Michael George Pitman (1933-2000), the Chief Scientist of Australia from 1992 to 1996. However, Michael Pitman revealed that he had a degree in classics and started his career as a history teacher, which does not fit the background of Michael George Pitman.<ref>According to the book ''Adam and Evolution'' "Michael Pitman has an MA in classics from Oxford and a BA in science from the Open University. He teaches biology in Cambridge, where for three years he ran the University Origins Discussion Group". The Australian scientist Michael George Pitman did not have an MA in classics.</ref><ref> Creationists claim the author is Michael George Pitman [http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/whale-evolution-time-frame-too-narrow-for-a-darwinian-process/ here]. Also see "Michael Pitman is chief scientist of Australia and foreign secretary of the Australian Academy of Science" at a Muslim Creationist [http://harunyahya.com/en/books/8063/Confessions_Of_The_Evolutionists/chapter/4554 website].</ref>

==Overview==

The book challenges [[natural selection]] and [[mutation]] and argues that the neo-Darwinian mechanisms of evolution are inadequate to explain [[macroevolution]]. Pitman accepted an old earth but rejected any evidence for chemical evolution and, like other creationists, claimed there is evidence only for [[microevolution]]. He was open-minded on the identity of the creator and claimed in the book he was not a [[Christian]]. However, the title of the book and its front cover both reference the story of [[Adam and Eve]].

==Science==

The book received a detailed review in the NewScientist magazine where it was described as a well written book that attempted to bring the design argument up to date, yet as a science book had failed as Pitman had ignored the evidence for [[evolution]] in the [[fossil record]] and would count anything unexplained by science as evidence for [[creationism]].<ref>New Scientist 21 Feb 1985 "Another Case for Creationism" by P. T. Saunders</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution]]''
*''[[The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{crebox}}

[[Category:Intelligent design creationism]]
[[Category:Religious books]]

Categories: Intelligent design creationism, Religious books
Adaptation

{{Sources needed}}
{{biology}}
'''Adaptation'''  is an externally or internally developed characteristic that helps the individual organisms to survive and reproduce. It is essential to [[natural selection]] and  [[evolution]] because it one of the ways organisms respond to a changing environment. A well-known example of adaptation involves the development of resistance to certain antibiotics by a strain of bacteria.<ref>Methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''</ref>

For adaptation to occur, the genetic code must be malleable - that is, the [[DNA]] gets changed, for better or for worse, by mutation: processes including horizontal gene transfer, copying errors and translocation.

==Failures==
Adaptation is not always successful. Often times, the environment changes too rapidly to allow for adaptation. For example, if the population of a predator within an ecosystem increases, its prey may be wiped out before it can adapt. One well-known example was the [[dodo]], which, if it could have adapted to protect itself from bullets and bayonets, might not be extinct.

The [[platypus]], a creature whose very existence disproves the creation of god, is an example of failed adaptation. Its adaptation was so incredibly screwed up, that it has been uniquely classified by science as a "semi-aquatic [[mammal]] endemic", which in simpler terms means that it's a fish beaver duck.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Evonav}}

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

Categories: Biology, Evolution
Adaptogen

{{altmed}}
An '''adaptogen''' is a [[magic]] [[herb]] that has the "ability to balance endocrine hormones"<ref name="a">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091201060527/http://adaptogens.org/adaptogen Some site full of woo]</ref> (whatever that means).  They can separate the gullible from some cash they could use to buy something useful, like [[cigarette smoking|coffin nails]], by exercising a claimed: "normalizing influence on physiology, irrespective of the direction of change from physiological norms caused by the stressor" over them.

==See also==
*[[Herbal supplements]]
*[[Vitamin]]
*[[Woo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|alternative medicine}}

[[category:woo]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Herbal medicine]]

Categories: woo, Alternative medicine, Herbal medicine
Addicted to Hate

{{christianity}}
"'''Addicted to Hate'''" is an exposé of the Westboro Baptist Church, and its pastor, [[Fred Phelps]]. It is written from the point of view of people who have 
been kicked out of
 escaped the evil clutches of the Westboro Baptist Church, and details just how much of a monster someone can become when they put their ideology/god(s) above their fellow human beings. It also details just how much of a monster someone who is possibly just plain ''[[insane]]'' can become.

The document was compiled by reporter Jon Michael Bell in 1994, commissioned by the ''Topeka Capital-Journal''. When the newspaper refused to publish it, Bell filed a lawsuit for money he was due, which included a detailed account of his investigations; the full text of this was entered into the public record. The newspaper tried to prevent distribution of the document, and published its own redacted version, but the full document rapidly spread online under the title "Addicted to Hate".<ref>[http://www.skeptictank.org/hs/atohate.htm Addicted to Hate], Skeptic Tank, 1994, accessed 1 April 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.wired.com/1997/07/hate-american-style/ Hate, American Style], Wired, July 1997</ref>

==Fred Phelps causing harm to people==
Near the beginning of the piece, Fred Phelps's possibly world record-setting beatings of his wife and kids are discussed. Later, the piece details the emotional breaking down of a Phelps boy's girlfriend, Debbie Valgos, by Fred Phelps, which eventually led to her going downhill until her death from a drug overdose.

==External links==
*http://blank.org/addict/ Read it and prepare to be greatly saddened. If you had ANY tiny amount of sympathy for the Westboro Baptist Church organization, and/or Fred Phelps, before reading this entire piece, it will be completely vaporized, if you have an ounce of compassion for the many human beings that he and his cult/church have harmed.
*[http://www.skeptictank.org/hs/atohate.htm Copy at the Skeptic Tank,] for those who don't like the formatting on the above site.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{stub|christianity}}

[[Category:Websites]]

Categories: Websites