Autogynephilia

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'''Autogynephilia''' is the name given to the pseudoscientific hypothesis that [[transgender]] women who aren't ''exclusively'' attracted to men are transitioning purely as a result of a fetish for being viewed as females. This covers [[lesbian]], [[Bisexuality|bisexual]], [[Asexuality|asexual]],{{efn|Yes, really.}} and [[Pansexuality|pansexual]] trans women. The term translates from [[Greek]] to something like "self-woman-love," with the intended meaning "love of oneself as a woman." 

The hypothesis is often accompanied by the notion that transgender women attracted exclusively to men are actually overtly effeminate gay men, transitioning purely because they believe living as a woman would be easier, or allow them to sexually attract straight men.<ref>Élise Hendrick. [https://www.transadvocate.com/science-and-ideology-the-blanchard-bailey-lawrence-model-of-transsexuality_n_162.htm "Science and Ideology: The Blanchard-Bailey-Lawrence Model of Transsexuality"]. ''TransAdvocate''.</ref> And since these trans women are developmentally identical to gay men, they are labelled "'''homosexual transsexuals'''"  (never mind that most trans people describe their sexual orientation in terms of their preferred gender, meaning that trans women attracted to men consider themselves heterosexual).<ref name="MoserGroupofNine"/>

The idea was originated by [[Ray Blanchard]] and Kurt Freund in the 1980s, and endorsed by onetime celebrity psychologist [[J. Michael Bailey]] (who later resigned as psychology chair at Northwestern University). Although the hypothesis proposes something especial to transgender women, many [[cisgender]] women experience autogynephilia as defined; according to a study, 93% of female participants "would be classified as autogynephilic". That's by "the common definition of ever having erotic arousal to the thought or image of oneself as a woman", although: "Using a more rigorous definition of 'frequent' arousal to multiple items, 28% would be classified as autogynephilic."<ref name="MoserinCisWomen">{{Cite journal |last=Moser |first=Charles |date=2009-06-30 |title=Autogynephilia in Women |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00918360903005212 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |language=en |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=539–547 |doi=10.1080/00918360903005212 |issn=0091-8369}}</ref>

If you noticed [[sexism|something odd]] in the previous paragraphs, in that nothing in it can be meaningfully applied to trans ''men'', then you're absolutely right.  That is because this hypothesis doesn't deal with their existence (which would have to be covered under a separate hypothesis such as "true" gender dysphoria). Every time you read "transgender" below, just remember: "This hypothesis completely ignores the existence of trans men."<ref group=note>In the DSM 5, Blanchard did put a trans male version of autogynephilia in, but in his own words, it was simply "not to be accused of sexism", which isn't really how science ''works''.</ref>

==Classifications==
The hypothesis lays out two groups, and only two groups, of trans people:
#Excessively effeminate, and exclusively attracted to men (especially heterosexual men), called "Homosexual Transsexuals"
#Everyone else, who thus automatically have erotic fantasies about being a woman, and are called "Autogynephiles"

Note that the theory largely ignores bisexual and asexual trans women (who are simply clumped in with "autogynephiles"), and excludes trans men completely.

==Assumption of falsehood==
While the vast majority of transgender women fit neither category, Blanchard dismissed these many exceptions by accusing those research subjects of "lying" or "misreporting" their experiences.<ref>[http://juliaserano.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-real-autogynephilia-deniers.html The Real Autogynephilia Deniers]</ref> Blanchard has even denied that bisexuality actually exists in any transgender women, referring to bisexual trans women instead as "pseudobisexual".<ref>Ray Blanchard (February 28, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180930055623/https://twitter.com/blanchardphd/status/836625219607478273 "I was recently asked if I think bisexual MTF trans exist.  I think quasi- or pseudobisexual MTF trans exist."] ''Twitter'', via the Wayback Machine.</ref> In addition, he dismissed the possibility of transgender women truly being asexual, claiming that these supposed cases are when "autogynephilic disorder nullifies or overshadows any erotic attraction to women". <ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01541951]</ref>

J. Michael Bailey, a notable proponent of autogynephilia, quotes Clarke Institute employee Maxine Petersen as saying ''"most gender patients lie"'' and he himself claims that ''"the most common way that autogynephiles mislead others is by denying the erotic components of their gender bending"''.<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10530/the-man-who-would-be-queen-the-science-of-gender The Man Who Would be Queen, pp. 172-173]</ref>

Anne Lawrence goes further and dismisses the (completely understandable) criticism of the concept by trans women as 'narcissistic rage'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190622113607/http://www.annelawrence.com/shame_&_narcissistic_rage.pdf Narcissistic Rage]</ref>

Philosophy professor Talia Mae Bettcher pointed out that ''“Because Bailey believes transsexual women tend to lie or misrepresent, nothing a trans woman can say contests this theory.”''<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/2593138/Pretenders_to_the_Throne Pretenders to the Throne]</ref> - in other words there is no way  trans women can defend themselves against Blanchard and Bailey's theory about their entire personhood when his first assumption is not that his theory is incorrect, but that the vast majority of trans women are lying about their own experiences.

This likely all stems from what was historically the typical doctor-patient relationship for a trans person in the latter half of the 20th century (which has since evolved significantly, at least in North America, to a point of higher trust). Doctors tended to impose excessively gender-conforming standards onto their transgender patients, and in turn transgender people felt the need to "sanitize" how they presented their own narratives to their doctors so that they could access transition care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ashley |first=Florence |date=2019 |title=Gatekeeping hormone replacement therapy for transgender patients is dehumanising |url=https://jme.bmj.com/content/45/7/480 |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |language=en |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=480–482 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2018-105293 |issn=0306-6800 |quote=I have myself had to sanitise my narratives of trans embodiment to access care, I have seen many others in my community report similar experiences, and instances of lying to meet clinical expectations have also been reported in the academic literature.}}</ref><ref>Henri Feola (February 18, 2022). [https://www.americanscientist.org/blog/macroscope/its-time-to-stop-gatekeeping-medical-transition "It's Time to Stop Gatekeeping Medical Transition"]. ''American Scientist''. Quote: "This decision to gatekeep transition based on mental health was not supported by any research at the time; rather, it was based on cisgender doctors’ biases and perceptions of what was best for transgender people and for society at large. For them, the goal of early gender-affirming medical interventions was not merely to alleviate the patient’s suffering, but also to produce a 'successful woman' in the eyes of the medical establishment and of society at large. As Benjamin described in his book, a 'successful woman' had to look and act the part by marrying a man, taking on a respectable job, or working as a housewife, preferably without ever disclosing her trans identity. The environment of clinical observation that patients were subjected to reads like a scene from the musical ''My Fair Lady''. 'Advice was given by the team, about dress and behavior,' Ball wrote. Sex work was unacceptable and 'patients were advised to sever all possible contacts with the homosexual world.' According to a historical review ... clinics selected patients based on their appearance, favoring those who already looked closer to their gender identity and were not generally perceived as trans."</ref> This is suggested even in one of Blanchard ''et al.'''s own 1987 papers: after they found "no clear pattern of differences between the heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphorics" with regards to age of onset for "cross-gender wishes", they "thought that true between-groups differences might have been obscured by the well-recognized tendency of applicants for sex reassignment surgery to distort their histories in the direction of 'classic' transsexualism in an effort to gain approval for such surgery". Their solution to this was "data manipulation in hopes of reducing the effects of such distortion on between-groups comparisons."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blanchard |first=R. |last2=Clemmensen |first2=L. H. |last3=Steiner |first3=B. W. |date=April 1987 |title=Heterosexual and Homosexual Gender Dysphoria |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3592961/ |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1007/BF01542067 |issn=0004-0002 |pmid=3592961}}</ref>{{efn|In case you didn't catch that: the data subverted [[Confirmation bias|their expectations]], so they ''changed the data.''}}

Further cited evidence for the necessity of this assumption of falsehood comes from a separate Blanchard ''et al.'' paper published in 1986. In this paper, they report that they hooked a device to the penises of male crossdressers to measure their arousal towards a neutral scenario, a crossdressing scenario, and a scenario in which the subject is imagined to have sex with a woman as a man; these were impressed on the subjects via tape recordings. (This is known as {{wpl|penile plethysmography||,}} and while perhaps not useless, it has been deemed questionable enough to be inadmissible as evidence in American and Canadian courts, much like a [[polygraph]] test.) The subjects were divided into groups based on their answers towards a question about whether they "felt sexually aroused when putting on female underwear and clothing" and how often they did. This produced a subgroup of nine male crossdressers who denied ever experiencing such arousal. Using penile plethysmography, they then found the average{{efn|Remember: in an average of nine, a single person could have swayed the result significantly.}} arousal response within this group of nine; there was a marginal response to the crossdressing tape that was nonetheless notably more than the neutral tape, though the "sex with a woman as a man" tape produced a much more significant response. Although measures for this group were used to draw conclusions about transgender women, as Moser points out, "it is not clear that they were transsexuals" (though they "felt like women at least when cross-dressed").<ref name="BlanchardGroupofNine">{{Cite journal |last=Blanchard |first=Ray |last2=Racansky |first2=I. G. |last3=Steiner |first3=Betty W. |date=1986 |title=Phallometric Detection of Fetishistic Arousal in Heterosexual Male Cross-Dressers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3812291 |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=452–462 |issn=0022-4499}}</ref><ref name="MoserGroupofNine">{{Cite journal |last=Moser |first=Charles |date=2010-06-30 |title=Blanchard's Autogynephilia Theory: A Critique |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00918369.2010.486241 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=790–809 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2010.486241 |issn=0091-8369}}</ref> To summarize: a marginal average response in a group of nine male crossdressers who were not clearly transgender in the first place, using a somewhat questionable methodology, was extrapolated to an extreme conclusion that transgender women are always lying about their own sexual experiences if they aren't either solely attracted to men or automatically accepting towards the "autogynephile" label.

== Criticism ==
This leads to the biggest criticism from a scientific standpoint, in that the hypothesis is speciously unfalsifiable.<ref name="SeranoCase">[http://www.juliaserano.com/av/Serano-CaseAgainstAutogynephilia.pdf The Case Against Autogynephilia]</ref> While at first, it seems like it would be possible to find a trans woman who is attracted to women, but does not erotically fantasize about having [[vagina|Lady Parts]], it invites one to [[beg the question]], and take it as fact that one is simply lying about not having such fetishes, because being attracted to women would mean you have autogynephilia.

Entirely apart from being unfalsifiable, the "autogynephilia" label is used derogatorily to separate the "genuine" from the "fake" trans women, a practice that has been around pretty much as long as being transgender.<ref group=note>N.B.: being transgender is ''not'' a modern invention.</ref> This works within the hypothesis, because the autogynephile group is based on exclusionary criteria, so nearly anything can be used against a trans woman in order to rhetorically move them from the category of "genuine" trans women into that of "autogynephile" "fakes".  While it is obvious within the framework put forth by autogynephilia that even a single passing interest in a woman would "disqualify" one as "genuine", it is less apparent &mdash; because it's implicit in the categorization process &mdash; that even simply not looking feminine enough can be used to cast doubt upon the trans woman's actual motivations for transitioning.

And finally at the tail end of all of this criticism is that even the "genuine trans women" are labeled by the hypothesis as if they were men.  This allows proponents for it that are against homosexuality to dismiss all trans women en bloc as either perverts or homos. No trans woman is thus allowed to be considered a genuine woman, despite [[neuroscience|neurobiological]] indications to the contrary.<ref>http://journals.aace.com/doi/abs/10.4158/EP14351.RA?code=aace-site</ref>

Autogynephilia, while being entirely unscientific as a hypothesis, does refer to a real phenomenon. Transgender people may get aroused by the idea of being their target gender or having sex as their real gender. Transgender philosopher Julia Serano has called the phenomenon "female/feminine embodiment fantasies" (or "male/masculine embodiment fantasies" when referring to female to male transgender people).<ref>Julia Serano: [http://juliaserano.blogspot.com/2015/05/reconceptualizing-autogynephilia-as_26.html "Reconceptualizing 'Autogynephilia' as Female/Feminine Embodiment Fantasies (FEFs)"]</ref> Among other terms used we find "crossgender arousal" and "crossdreaming". 

Most trans activists and researchers in the field argue that such fantasies are natural expressions of the real identity and sexuality of these transgender persons. Transgender people who have not transitioned will obviously have to imagine themselves as being their true gender in sexual fantasies.  Given that gender identities exist in continuums there are also other transgender persons who may experience such fantasies, even if they publicly identify with their assigned gender. Some of them may be transgender people living in denial, some may have deliberately chosen to present as their assigned gender for other reasons, while others again may be non-binary or genderqueer.

==How autogynephilia is used against trans women==

The IRS has used this debunked theory as an excuse to deny a trans woman medical expense deductions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/save/https://boston.edgemedianetwork.com/index.php?id=35606 IRS in Tax Defense]</ref> Blanchard himself, however, argued against using his model or related data to deny access to sex reassignment surgeries.<ref name="BlanchardGroupofNine"/>

==Bibliography and other resources==
===Books supporting the theory===
* "The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism" is a 2003 book by the psychologist J. Michael Bailey
* "Men Trapped in Men's Bodies" by sex researcher and trans woman Anne Lawrence (Lawrence is one of very few who self-identify with the term "autogynephile"<ref>{{wpa|Anne Lawrence}}</ref>)

===Research critiquing and debunking autogynephilia===
After Dr James Cantor tweeted that ''"Autogynephile-deniers are the anti-vaxxer's of sexology"'', fellow academic Julia Serano compiled a list of scientific research critiquing and debunking autogynephila as a theory.<ref>[http://juliaserano.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-real-autogynephilia-deniers.html The Real Autogynephilia Deniers]</ref> She also explains in another paper how the largely debunked theory is used to dehumanise and denigrate trans people.<ref>[http://www.juliaserano.com/av/Serano-TransInvalidations.pdf Psychology, Sexualization and Trans-Invalidations]</ref>

Psychologist Randi Ettner said that Bailey’s use of Blanchard’s theory had “set the field back by 100 years.”<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040614034224/http://www.seedmagazine.com/?p=article&n=above&id=130 The Sex That Would Be Science]</ref>

* The Case Against Autogynephila - Julia Serano<ref name="SeranoCase"/>
* Autogynephilia: A scientific review, feminist analysis, and alternative 'embodiment fantasies' model -  Julia Serano<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Serano |first=Julia |date=2020-07-01 |title=Autogynephilia: A scientific review, feminist analysis, and alternative ‘embodiment fantasies’ model |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038026120934690 |journal=The Sociological Review |language=EN |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=763–778 |doi=10.1177/0038026120934690 |issn=0038-0261}}</ref>
* Blanchard's Autogynephilia Theory: A Critique - Charles Moser<ref name="MoserGroupofNine"/>
* Autogynephilia in Women - Charles Moser<ref name="MoserinCisWomen"/>
* Sexuality of Male-to-Female Transsexuals - Veale, Clarke and Lomax<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5552324_Sexuality_of_Male-to-Female_Transsexuals Sexuality of Male-to-Female Transsexuals]</ref> (notable for, unlike Blanchard / Bailey, using a control group of cis women).

===Additional resources===
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6czRFLs5JQo&feature=push-u-sub&attr_tag=vcF2WbDt_FFAa6KI-6 Autogynephilia], ContraPoints
*[https://juliaserano.medium.com/making-sense-of-autogynephilia-debates-73d9051e88d3 Making Sense of the Autogynephilia Debates], Julia Serano
*[https://juliaserano.medium.com/autogynephilia-ad-hoc-hypotheses-and-handwaving-cecca4f6563d Autogynephilia, Ad Hoc Hypotheses, and Handwaving], Julia Serano

==See also==
*[[Sexual attraction#Gynephilia|Gynephilia]], an actual scientific term for someone attracted to women, regardless of that person's sex or gender.
*[[Rapid-onset gender dysphoria]], another pseudoscientific hypothesis used to discredit trans people.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}



[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Gender]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Stereotypes]]
[[Category:Transphobia]]

Categories: Pseudoscience, Gender, Sexism, Stereotypes, Transphobia