trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Salem witch trials

{{cquote|It were better that Ten Suspected Witches should escape, than that one Innocent Person should be Condemned.|||Increase Mather, ''Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men, Witchcrafts, infallible Proofs of Guilt in such as are accused with that Crime (1692)''}}

{{christianity}}The '''Salem witch trials''' in 1692 were the only manifestation of the large-scale [[European witch-hunts]] within the [[American]] [[colonialism|colonies]]. However, accusations and prosecutions for [[witchcraft]] in colonial New England began in 1620 and did not end until 1725.  Most of the [[European]] colonists in the region were from the North of [[England]] and in all but two respects the phenomenon in the New World mirrored that in the Old World.<ref>Carol F. Karlsen. 1998. ''The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England''.  New York: W.W. Norton.  ISBN 978-0-393-31759-6.</ref>  First, the total number of accused and prosecuted victims was smaller in [[New England]], a consequence of a small population.  Second, those accused in New England were somewhat more likely to possess higher social status than their counterparts in England, a reflection of the social and economic fluidity of a frontier society.  

In accordance with the tradition of [[Protestant]] countries of the time, most of those found guilty were hanged rather than burned at the stake. (One man who refused to confess or plead innocence, knowing that either way his land would be taken from his family, was pressed to death.)   

In American political discourse, the Salem witch trials often serve as metaphor for the dangerously irrational political passions of the [[Mobocracy|mob]], especially after Arthur Miller's famous play ''The Crucible'' brought the events of this story back to mainstream attention as a metaphor for the then-ongoing Red Scare.<ref>Arthur Miller, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1996/10/21/why-i-wrote-the-crucible Why I Wrote “The Crucible”]</ref>  They are of particular scholarly interest for research on [[gender]], [[Social class|class]], age and [[race]].  As the historical event unfolded, some girls in town denounced a black West Indian servant; many believe that [[racism]] had a great deal to do with the whole affair.  Moreover, more [[women]] were accused than [[men]] (although not nearly in the same numbers as in Europe), making for interesting observations on [[sexism]] within the US.

==See also==
*[[Folk devil]]
*[[McCarthyism]] 
*[[Moral panic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Court cases]]
[[Category:United States history]]
[[Category:Moral panics]]
{{stub|history}}

Categories: Court cases, United States history, Moral panics
Sally Ride

[[File:Ride-s.jpg|thumb|165px|Sally Ride, first American woman in space.]]{{Physics|1}}

'''Sally Kristen Ride''' {{lived|1951|2012}} was a [[NASA]] astronaut and [[physicist]], a role model for ambitious young women even after her [[death]] from pancreatic [[cancer]].

She was selected as an astronaut in 1978 (NASA Group 8) along with five other female mission specialists and became the first female astronaut for NASA.

==Sally's rides==
* '''STS-7''', ''Challenger'', 18-24 June 1983. Deployed two communication satellites (Canadian and Indonesian)
* '''STS-41-G''', ''Challenger'', 5-14 October 1984. Deployed the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite
* '''STS-61-M''' CANCELLED as a result of the Challenger disaster

==Career==
Born in Los Angeles, Ride was a nationally-ranked tennis player in addition to her accomplishments in physics. She studied at both UCLA and Stanford, getting a Master's degree and a Ph.D. in physics while researching the interaction of X-rays with the interstellar medium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/ride-sk.html|title=Sally K. Ride, Ph.D. Biography|publisher=NASA|year=2006|author=NASA}}</ref>

After the Challenger disaster, Ride was appointed to the National Commission of investigation (the Rogers Commission) and chaired one of its committees.

In 1989 she took an appointment as a Professor of Physics at UC San Diego. In 2001 she co-founded '''Sally Ride Science''', a corporation producing science education materials with a focus on encouraging girls to take up science and technology.

==Personal life==
Ride, a [[lesbian]] who had had a loving relationship with her college tennis partner for nearly five years,<ref>Scherr (Hardcover edn), p.50 et seq., "Molly and Sally"</ref> [[married]] her fellow crewman from STS-7, Steve Hawley. The marriage lasted from 1982-87. 

Her true love was the San Diego State University [[psychology]] professor Tam O'Shaunessy, another friend from her tennis days. Ride and O'Shaughnessy founded '''Sally Ride Science''' together and co-habited from soon after Ride's [[divorce]] until her death. Even her biographer, the ABC-TV reporter Lynn Scherr, considered herself a long-standing friend but did not know the truth about the relationship until after Ride's death.<ref>Scherr, p.xx</ref>

==See also==
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Neil deGrasse Tyson]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]

==External links==
*[https://sallyridescience.com/ Sally Ride Science]

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Scherr |first=Lynn |title=Sally Ride: America's First Woman in Space |publisher=Simon & Schuster ||year=2014 |location=New York |pages=376 |isbn=978-1476725765 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sally Ride Science |title=What Do You Want to Be? Explore Space Sciences |publisher=Sally Ride Science |location= |year=2004 |pages=32 |isbn=0-9753920-1-8 }}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ride, Sally}}
[[Category:Astronauts]]
[[Category:Scientists]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people]]

Categories: Astronauts, Scientists, LGBTQ people
Salvador Borrego

{{sources needed}}
[[File:Borreg.png|thumb|165px|Racist Boris Karloff staring at you.]]
{{conspiracynav|1}}
'''Salvador Borrego Escalante''' {{lived|1915|2018}} was a [[Mexico|Mexican]] historian and journalist, most noted for his [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]]. He repeatedly [[Holocaust denial|denied]] or [[asshole|trivialized]] the [[Holocaust]].

Borrego started out as a serious journalist and worked for decades for the national daily ''Excélsior'' even though he had sympathized with [[Nazi Germany]] since 1937. Borrego always claimed [[Adolf Hitler]] had just been a victim of bad press.

His most famous book was ''Derrota mundial'' (Worldwide Defeat), published in 1953 with a foreword of national luminary {{wpl|José Vasconcelos}}. In ''Derrota mundial'' Borrego claimed that [[World War II]] was provoked by a [[Jews|Jewish]]-controlled [[Soviet Union]], which managed to drag the western allies into its war against the Nazis. Eventually the Nazis were defeated and the world fell into the grip of a Jewish "supercapitalism". Borrego's book has become hugely popular among Neo-Nazis. It has been re-printed 48 times and is one of the most widely read antisemitic books in the Spanish world. It is reportedly used in some conservative schools and colleges in Western Mexico.

Borrego always denied being an antisemite, arguing that he just criticized the Jewish leadership and that criticizing the Jewish leadership is no more antisemitic than criticizing the Mexican government is anti-Mexican. He also denied being right-wing, claiming instead that "the [[Jews|bankers]] are the real right wing".

Borrego also wrote books about other incoherent conspiracies, such as how the United States controls Mexico by sponsoring [[Freemasonry]] and [[protestantism]], how the [[Waffen-SS]] consisted of noble warriors and did not engage in any atrocities, how scientific medicine fights against [[Alternative medicine|real medicine]] and of course how there is a [[communism|communist]] behind every tree.

He thankfully finally croaked at the age of 102 in 2018.

==External links==
*[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://salvadorborrego.com/&prev=/search%3Fq%3DSalvador%2BBorrego%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dubuntu%26hs%3DcbU%26tbo%3Dd%26channel%3Dfs&sa=X&ei=9VgRUdmKM4PM2gXql4CICw&ved=0CFEQ7gEwBg Machine translated version of his website]
*[https://www.sdpnoticias.com/nacional/2018/01/08/muere-a-los-102-anos-salvador-borrego-revisionista-historico Death notice]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borrego, Salvador}}
[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]
[[Category:Antisemites]]
[[Category:Catholics]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Holocaust denialists]]
[[Category:Journalists]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazis]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory promoters]]
[[Category:Racists]]

Categories: Alternative medicine promoters, Antisemites, Catholics, Fascists, Holocaust denialists, Journalists, Neo-Nazis, Pseudohistory promoters, Racists
Samuel Hahnemann

[[File:Hahnemann.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Portrait of Hahnemann]]
{{altmed}}
'''Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann''' {{lived|1755|1843}} was a [[Germany|German]] physician during the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries who is best known as the founder of [[homeopathy]]. He was frustrated by the surgical procedures performed on patients at that time — when anaesthetic had not been invented and many patients died because of infections and other complications. The mainstream [[medicine]] at that time was not [[Evidence-based medicine|evidence based]] and didn't work particularly well. 

He came up with the idea of ''like cures like'' (''similia similibus curantur'') after taking cinchona bark (a [[malaria]] treatment containing quinine) and noticing it caused symptoms similar to malaria. The problem is that the symptoms he experienced were probably a result of an allergy to quinine,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030713171920/http://www.angelfire.com/mb2/quinine/allergy.html Hahnemann's Allergy to Quinine] by William E.Thomas (4<sup>th</sup> March 2002) ''Homeopathy Home''.</ref> meaning that the ''foundational observation on which homeopathy was invented'' is false. It is claimed that many patients who came to Hahnemann were cured. However, modern-day scientists have explained that this was because he, unlike other physicians of the days, did not "torture" his patients, rather than because of any efficacy of homeopathic medicine itself.

Hahnemann is interred in Pere-Lachaise cemetery in Paris.<ref> Marion, John Francis, ''Famous and Curious Cemeteries'', Crown Publishers Inc., New York, 1977.</ref> 

::''"In the other direction … are the tombs of two contrasting doctors: that of Samuel Hahnemann, father of immunology{{sic}}, whose large rose granite monument and bust were erected by a grateful international following; and that of Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin who adopted the guillotine from an earlier Scottish device with the humanitarian aim of stopping more brutal kinds of executions.  Before its use he had been a leading society doctor in Paris; after its initiation his practice fell apart."''<ref>''Permanent Parisians: An Illustrated Guide to the Cemeteries of Paris'' by Judi Culbertson & Tom Randall (1986) Chelsea Green Publishing Company, Chelsea.</ref>

==See also==
{{otherlang
|pt=Samuel Hahnemann (português)}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|homeopathy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahnemann, Samuel}}
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]
[[Category:Homeopathy]]
[[Category:Physicians]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Alternative medicine promoters, Homeopathy, Physicians, Pseudoscience promoters
Samuel Hahnemann (português)

{{Translation of|Portuguese|Samuel Hahnemann}}{{LangBlock|pt|}}
[[File:Hahnemann.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Retrato de Hahnemann]]
{{altmed}}
'''Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann''' {{lived|1755|1843}}, o criador da [[homeopatia]], começou a formular os princípios da homeopatia (do grego homeo, semelhante, e pathos, sofrimento ou doença), em fins do século 18, o horror que nutria pela medicina tradicional de seu tempo era justificado. Entre os recursos médicos da época contavam-se a aplicação de sanguessugas, os enteroclismas (lavagens intestinais), as sangrias, a administração maciça de drogas perigosas e outros métodos invasivos que geralmente faziam mais mal do que bem.<ref name="ceticismo">[http://ceticismo.net/ceticismo/homeopatia-desmascarada/ Homeopatia desmascarada]. Ana Luiza Barbosa de Oliveira.</ref>

Partindo de observações feitas a partir do uso do extrato de quinino, que, usado em pessoas sadias, parecia produzir os mesmos sintomas da doença que era usado para tratar a malária – chamada então de febre dos pântanos –, Hahnemann formulou o primeiro axioma da homeopatia, conhecido como Lei dos Semelhantes. Outros dois axiomas da homeopatia são a Lei do Remédio Único, que estabelece que o remédio mais eficaz é a substância pura que produza os mesmos efeitos da doença a combater, aplicada em dose única; e a Lei da Dose Mínima, ou dos Infinitesimais, que diz respeito à diluição do princípio ativo, o famoso e controverso princípio do "quanto mais diluído mais forte".<ref name="ceticismo"/>

A diluição, chamada em homeopatia de potencialização ou dinamização envolve uma seqüência progressiva de diluição e agitação rítmica, a chamada sucussão. A primeira diluição é obtida adicionando-se uma parte do princípio ativo a nove partes de solvente, geralmente água ou álcool. Faz-se em seguida a sucussão percutindo-se ritmicamente o frasco com a solução contra um anteparo, geralmente uma tira de couro. A potência da solução obtida é de 1DH na escala decimal hahnemanniana, ou seja, uma parte em dez. Para obter-se a potência 2DH, no mesmo sistema decimal, mistura-se uma parte da solução anterior em nove de água, o que resulta em solução com uma parte de soluto em 100 (1 seguido de dois zeros) de solvente. Similarmente, obtém-se as potências seguintes, de 3DH até diluições extremas como 30DH, ou seja, 1/10<sup>30</sup>, uma parte de soluto em volume de solvente representado pelo número um seguido de trinta zeros.<ref name="ceticismo"/>
==Ver tambem==
{{otherlang
|pagelang=pt
|en=Samuel Hahnemann}}

== Referências: ==
{{reflist}}
{{LangBlockEnd}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahnemann, Samuel}}
[[Category:Português]]
[[Category:Homeopathy]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]

Categories: Português, Homeopathy, Alternative medicine promoters
San Diego Christian College

{{crenav}}
'''San Diego Christian College''' is a [[fundamentalist]] [[Christian]] [[school]] in San Diego, [[California]], long associated with [[young earth creationism | young-earth creationism]]. 

The college originated in 1970 as "Christian Heritage College" and adopted its current name in 2005. Its founders included [[Tim LaHaye]], author of the ''[[Left Behind]]'' series, and [[Henry M. Morris]], the founder of modern [[creationism]]. Morris established the [[Institute for Creation Research]] as a [[pseudoscience |research]] organization at San Diego Christian College in 1972. San Diego Christian College was first [[academic accreditation|accredited]] by the Senior Commission of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges<ref>[http://sdcc.edu/academics/accreditation San Diego Christian College Accreditation]. sdcc.edu. Retrieved on 24 September 2015.</ref> in 1984.

The college focuses primarily on a liberal-arts curriculum "built on the foundation of a Christian [[worldview]]".<ref>[http://sdcc.edu/academics Academics.] sdcc.edu. Retrieved on 4 December 2015.</ref> Like [[Liberty University]], it also has a substantial aviation program.

Some of the faculty have questionable credentials. An assistant professor of science and a science lecturer at the college have master's degrees from the School of Biblical Apologetics at the [[Institute for Creation Research]], an unaccredited institution.<ref>[http://www.icr.edu/about-us School of Biblical Apologetics, About us.] icr.edu. ''"ICR has prioritized curriculum content and practical ministry needs, rather than adding the expensive costs of academic accreditation politics..."'' Retrieved on 4 December 2015.</ref> At least five faculty members list credentials from the Southern California Seminary, an institution accredited by [[TRACS]], a [[creationist]] accreditation authority.<ref>[http://sdcc.edu/about-sdcc/faculty San Diego Christian College faculty.] sdcc.edu. Retrieved on 4 December 2015.</ref>

==External links==
*[http://sdcc.edu Official website]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|creationism}}
{{ICRnav}}
{{crebox}}

[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Creationism]]
[[Category:Fundie schools]]
[[Category:Institute for Creation Research]]

Categories: California, Creationism, Fundie schools, Institute for Creation Research
Sandiee Peters

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sandiee Peters®}}{{pseudosciencenav}}
'''Sandiee Peters'''® is a '''Paratransformologist'''®. A what, you ask? Yes, a '''Paratransformologist'''®. We're not sure what exactly it's supposed to mean either. Apparently it's about "blending Eastern and Western [[holistic]] philosophies, healing beyond transformation into [[Wellness|well-being]] in everyday life", but we're not sure what exactly that means either. It's a pretty complicated word and it's got a ® so whoever is a Paratransformologist® has got to be smart, right? Her real name is Sandra Pulsifer, and she's quite a babe.

She likes to liberally put a [[Professor of nothing|Ph.D. or Dr.]] title around her name. Her Ph.D. is in "holistic health"® at the American Institute of Holistic Theology®, which is not an [[Academic accreditation|accredited]] university®.

"Services" she offers include [[medium|talking to the dead]], telling you about your past lives, "soul paintings"® (where "the [[soul]]'s energy transformed into a visible element"), [[Reiki]]®, [[color therapy]]®, [[aromatherapy]]®, [[Music#Sound healing|music therapy]]®, bamboo fusion and [[Crystal woo|crystal therapy]]®. She's also an [[interfaith minister]]®.<ref>http://www.sandiee.com/</ref>

==References®==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peters, Sandiee}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paranormal]]
[[Category:Psychics]]

Categories: Authors, Living people, Paranormal, Psychics
Santorum Amendment

{{teach the controversy}}
The '''Santorum Amendment''' was a failed amendment to the "[[No Child Left Behind]]" bill in order to "promote the teaching of [[intelligent design]] while questioning the academic standing of [[evolution]]."<ref>[http://www.evolutionnews.org/2012/01/media_promoting055531.html Media Promoting Misinformation about the Santorum Amendment]</ref>

==History==
In the early 2000s, then-Senator [[Rick Santorum]] was one of the biggest supporters of the [[Discovery Institute]] in [[Washington, DC]]. Santorum proposed his amendment, the wording of which is clearly influenced if not written by the Disco 'Tute, in 2001. It was passed by the Senate 91-8 on June 14, 2001. However, the House version did not contain the wording, and the amendment did not become law. The non legally-binding conference report does contain the following wording:

{{quotebox|The Conferees recognize that a quality science education should prepare students to distinguish the data and testable theories of science from religious or philosophical claims that are made in the name of science. Where topics are taught that may generate controversy (such as biological evolution), the curriculum should help students to understand the full range of scientific views that exist, why such topics may generate controversy, and how scientific discoveries can profoundly affect society.}}

This has been repeatedly cited by [[cdesign proponentsists|Intelligent Design proponents]] as sanction for their aims, despite the lack of legal weight behind it. In 2003, Santorum&mdash;along with [[John Boehner]] and Judd Gregg&mdash;wrote a letter to the Discovery Institute to the effect that the amendment was "Congress's rejection of the idea that students only need to learn about the dominant scientific view of controversial topics," something which they seem to have taken to heart.

==See also==
*[[Santorum]]

==References==
{{reflist|1|90%}}

[[Category:Intelligent design creationism]]
{{stub|law}}

Categories: Intelligent design creationism
Sappho

{{significantly problematic}}{{Sources needed}}
[[File:Reverie (detail).jpg|left|thumb|165px|Sorry, fellas. She's not interested.]]
{{historynav}}
'''Sappho''' {{lived|7<sup>th</sup>|6<sup>th</sup> century BCE}} was an ancient [[Greece|Greek]] poet. She is one of the few notable female poets of the ancient world, and of them she is the most well-known. She lived on the Greek island of Lesbos. A number of her poems deal with love between women; as a result, both her name and the name of the island she lived on came to be used as terms for [[lesbian|female homosexuality]] — ''sapphic''<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sapphic Sapphic Definition and Meaning], Merriam-Webster</ref> and ''lesbian'',<ref>[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/107453 lesbian, ''n.'' and ''adj.''], Oxford English Dictionary</ref> respectively.

Much of her poetry has been lost; what remains is largely fragmentary. Only a single poem, the ''Hymn to Aphrodite'', survives in its entirety. Many have claimed that her works were intentionally destroyed by [[Christians]]; these claims lack historical basis. The church father Gregory Nazianzen, Archbishop of Constantinople, despite being widely accused of ordering the burning of her works, on the contrary quotes her admiringly. A few of her poems were adapted by Catullus into [[Latin]], and these have also been quite popular and widely cited in the West. Rather, it seems that her works were lost due to the same conditions of economic and social collapse and changing culture and interests which led to the loss of many other ancient works, especially during the [[Middle Ages]]. Her work may have been specifically 'victimized' by the fall of civilization due to its relative obscurity linguistically; she spoke a highly colloquial Aeolic Greek of the northern part of Greece which was never given priority when Greek was taught in schools (as opposed to the more strenuous Attic and Homeric varieties). [[Plato]], for example, despised the northern regions and [[Linguistic discrimination|calls the dialect "barbarian".]]

She was highly respected in the ancient world. One epigram has Plato call her "the tenth Muse", but this is likely spurious. With that said, other Greek poets did put her on the same level as the Muses. For example, Antipater Sidonius called her "the mortal Muse singing amongst the immortal Muses", and Dioscorides described her as "the Muse of Aeolian Eresus", honored by gods and goddesses.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44578087 Sappho as the Tenth Muse in Hellenistic Epigram] by Angela Gosetti-Murrayjohn (2006) ''Arethusa'' Vol. 39, No. 1</ref>

==External links==
*[[wikisource:en:Author:Sappho|Works by and about Sappho on Wikisource]]

[[Category:LGBTQ people]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Ancient history]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Greece]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Poetry]]

Categories: LGBTQ people, Ancient history, Authors, Greece, History, Homosexuality, Poetry