List of medicinal plants

{{bronze}}{{altmed}}
{{cquote|This physic but prolongs thy sickly days.|||[[Shakespeare]]'s ''Hamlet''}}
{{cquote|There is no evolution without coevolution. Medicinal plants have emerged over the eons in a coevolutionary dance with humanity.|||Ric Scalzo, ignorant about both evolution and herbs (fairly typical of herb-pushers) ''and'' Founder of Gaia Herbs<ref>https://www.pinterest.com/pin/504403226987917176/</ref>}}
{{Cquote|I wondered why so many gardens around the world focused on the healing power of plants rather than their ability to kill… I felt that most [[children]] I knew would be more interested in hearing how a plant killed, how long it would take you to die if you ate it and how gruesome and painful the death might be.|||Duchess of Northumberland, creator of The Poison Garden<ref>[http://www.alnwickgarden.com/explore/whats-here/the-poison-garden/about The Alnwick Garden, a.k.a. The Poison Garden]</ref>}} 
This '''list of medicinal plants''' (and supposedly medicinal plants) aims to analyze medical claims made for herbs and list potential adverse effects they are known to have.<ref group=note> There are without a doubt traditional remedies whose (possibly serious) adverse effects are completely unknown. It's interesting to note that some carcinogenic and otherwise toxic plants (such as birthwort or tobacco) were used for centuries without their side effects being detected by traditional medicine practitioners. If a herb really is good for something, the effective compounds can be used as drugs, while leaving the other (potentially toxic) ones behind; thus the patient gets the benefits of the herb without the unnecessary risks.</ref> Herbal remedies vary greatly in efficacy, strength and price. As with anything else, [[The dose makes the poison|moderation is key]].

The list will always be incomplete, given the vast number of herbs.

The [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] has a very useful view on this issue:<ref>http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/sjw-and-depression.htm#issues</ref>

{{quotebox|Herbal products such as [[St. John's wort]] are classified as dietary supplements by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA). The FDA's requirements for testing and obtaining approval to sell [[dietary supplement]]s are different from its requirements for [[drug]]s. Unlike drugs, [[Herb|herbal products]] can be sold without requiring studies on dosage, safety, or effectiveness.

The quality of herbal products is often unpredictable. Products can differ in content not only from brand to brand, but from batch to batch. Information on labels may be misleading or inaccurate.

In addition, [[Appeal to nature|"natural" does not necessarily mean "safe."]] Many natural substances can have harmful effects–especially if they are taken in large quantities or if they interact with other supplements or with prescription medicines.}}

==Individual herbs==
===A===
[[File:Aconitum_anthora.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Aconitum anthora'']]
*{{anchor|Aconite}}'''{{wpl|Aconitum|Aconite}}''' (''Aconitum'' {{wpl|spp.}})
:*'''Also called:''' aconitum, monkshood, wolfsbane, [[#Leopard|leopard's bane]], mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, Queen of all Poisons, blue rocket
:*'''Usage'''
::*'''In [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM):''' many species are used as a general [[panacea]], including as a diaphoretic, diuretic, arthritic, sedative, alterative, and deobstruent,<ref name=stuart>[https://archive.org/details/chinesemateriame00stuauoft ''Chinese Materia Medica. 1. Vegetable Kingdom''] by G. A. Stuart (1911). Presbyterian Mission Press, revised from F. Porter Smith.</ref> and for rheumatism, bruises, arthritis, acute hypothermia, diarrhea, impotence, and [[Yin and yang|yang imbalance]].<ref>[http://www.altmd.com/Articles/Aconite--Encyclopedia-of-Alternative-Medicine Aconite], altMD.</ref>
::*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' (''A. napellus'') for pain relief, fever reduction, sedation.<ref name="theherbbook">''The Herb Book: The Most Complete Catalog of Herbs Ever Published'' by John B. Lust (1974). Dover. ISBN 0486781445. Lust was a [[naturopath]], so while ''The Herb Book'' is useful for finding out what people are using herbs for, it is not reliable for finding out the dangers of herbal medicine.</ref>
::There isn't enough evidence to know if it's good for anything.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-609-ACONITE.aspx?activeIngredientId=609&activeIngredientName=ACONITE ACONITE], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Aconite is very poisonous, and ingestion may lead to nausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, breathing problems, heart problems, and [[death]].<ref name=aconite>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-609-ACONITE.aspx?activeIngredientId=609&activeIngredientName=ACONITE ACONITE], WebMD.</ref> (Indeed, aconite was,<ref>[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/aconi007.html Aconite], [[A Modern Herbal]].</ref> and sometimes is,<ref>[http://www.thepoisonreview.com/2010/02/11/aconite-killer-convicted Aconite Killer Convicted]</ref> used as a poison.)
::*Topical use can also cause severe side effects.<ref name=aconite/>


[[File:Alloevera.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Aloe vera'']]
*{{anchor|Aloe}}'''{{wpl|Aloe vera|Aloe}}''' (''Aloe vera'')
:*'''Also called:''' Aloë, true aloe, in TCM: ''lúhuì'' (蘆薈)<ref name=read>''Chinese Medicinal Plants from the Pen Tsʻao Kang Mu 本草綱目 A.D. 1596'' by Bernard E. Read (1936). Peking Natural History Bulletin, 3<sup>rd</sup> ed.</ref>
:*'''Usage'''
::*'''In TCM:''' although not native to [[China]], it is used as an anthelmintic, stomachic, and laxative, and for eczema.<ref name=stuart/>
::*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' softening and smoothing skin (topical), purgative (oral), and wound healing (topical)<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Beneficial effects:''' It is effective for topical application to treat minor burns and some skin problems, but may possibly be too dangerous to use internally as a laxative for constipation.<ref name=aloe>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/aloe Aloe], Cancer.org.</ref> Aloe was formerly promoted by some CAM practitioners as a cancer treatment, but it is ineffective, and some patients died after receiving aloe injections.<ref name=aloe/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' A cancer study of aloe vera extract in rats and mice found that it "caused cancers of the large intestine in male and female rats and also caused hyperplasia of the large intestine, small intestine, stomach, and lymph nodes in male and female rats. Aloe vera extract also caused hyperplasia of the large intestine in male and female mice and hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph node in male mice and hyperplasia of the stomach in female mice."<ref>[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr577_508.pdf Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of a Noncolorized Whole Leaf Extract of <i>Aloe barbadensis</i> Miller (Aloe Vera) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F<sub>1</sub> Mice]</ref>


[[File:Scutellaria_lateriflora_-_Blue_Skullcap.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Scutellaria lateriflora'']]
*{{anchor|American skullcap}}'''{{wpl|Scutellaria lateriflora|American skullcap}}''' (''Scutellaria lateriflora'')
:*'''Also called:''' blue skullcap, mad dog skullcap
:*'''Claimed to:''' Be good for tension, anxiety, insomnia, neurasthenia, panic, headaches, fatigue, depression, melancholy, convulsions, jerking muscles, epilepsy, wobbliness, heart trembles, arthritis, fever, snake bites, diuresis, sedation, increasing vigor, [[rabies]], and for PMS when used with chaste tree (''{{wpl|Vitex agnus-castus}}'') or false unicorn (''{{wpl|Chamaelirium luteum}}'').<ref name="theherbbook"/><ref>[http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_skullcap.htm Skullcap], Herbs2000.com.</ref>
:*'''Research:''' Not much research has been done on the herb, so these claims can't be evaluated.<ref name=skull>[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/skullcap-000273.htm Skullcap], University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' High doses can cause giddiness, stupor, mental confusion, twitching, irregular heartbeat, and seizures.<ref name=skull/> American skullcap has, on occasion, been contaminated with [[List of herbs and spices#G|germander]], which can cause liver damage.<ref name=skull/> American skullcap has been implicated in some cases of liver damage.<ref>[http://livertox.nih.gov/Skullcap.htm Skullcap], LiverTox.com.</ref>


[[File:Arnica_montana_180605a.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Arnica montana'']]
*{{anchor|Arnica}}'''{{wpl|Arnica montana|Arnica}}''' (''Arnica montana'', also known as "[[#Leopard|Leopard's Bane]]" or "Dog's Bane")
:*'''Claimed to:''' Help skin problems (not effective),<ref name=arnica>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/arnica Arnica], Cancer.org.</ref> induce perspiration, diuresis, expectoration, wound healing, and be a stimulant<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Topical arnica is generally safe, but "repeated use can cause skin reactions, severe inflammation, itching, blisters, skin ulcers, and other allergy-related skin problems," especially when used on broken skin.<ref name=arnica/>
::*Arnica is extremely toxic when ingested and shouldn't be taken internally.<ref name=arnica/>


*{{anchor|Ashwagandha}}'''{{wpl|Ashwagandha}}''' (''Withania somnifera'', also known as winter cherry)
:*'''Claimed to:''' Be an [[adaptogen]], diuretic, sedative, pain reliever, to kill lice, and to slow aging.<ref name=ashwadrugs>[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ashwagandha.html], Drugs.com: Ashwagandha</ref><ref name=ashwamedline>[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/953.html], Medline Plus: Ashwagandha</ref>
:*'''Beneficial effects:''' May improve sleep quality and reduce stress "in some people."<ref name=ashwamedline/> Other claims aren't reliably substantiated, though animal and ''in vitro'' studies have shown favorable results.<ref name=ashwadrugs/>
:*'''Harmful effects''': Large doses by mouth can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, miscarriages, flare-ups of autoimmune disorders, increase thyroid hormone levels, lower blood sugar, lower blood pressure, and slow breathing in conjunction with benzodiazepines and CNS depressants.<ref name=ashwamedline/>


[[File:Seoul-Namdaemun.Market-ginseng.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Panax ginseng'' roots for sale]]
*{{anchor|AsianGinseng}}'''{{wpl|Asian ginseng}}''' (''Panax [[#Ginseng|ginseng]]''); in TCM: ''rénshēn'' (人參)<ref name=read/>
:*American ginseng (''P. quinquefolius'') is believed by herbalists to have the same constituents as ''P. ginseng'' but to be less efficacious than ''P. ginseng''.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Claimed to:''' be a wonder plant and [[Panacea|cure everything]].<ref name=stuart/><ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Beneficial effects:''' Ginseng is effective for erectile dysfunction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms.<ref name=ginseng>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1000-GINSENG%20PANAX%20(GINSENG,%20PANAX).aspx?activeIngredientId=1000&activeIngredientName=GINSENG%20PANAX%20(GINSENG,%20PANAX) Ginseng,] WebMD.</ref> A specific cream containing ginseng can help with premature ejaculation.<ref name=ginseng/> When used with ginkgo leaf extract (see [[#G|Ginkgo]] below), ginseng may "improve memory in otherwise healthy people between the ages of 38 and 66," but not in young adults.<ref name=ginseng/>
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Side effects may include insomnia, or, more rarely, menstrual problems, breast pain, increased heart rate, high or low blood pressure, headache, loss of appetite, diarrhea, itching, rash, dizziness, mood changes, vaginal bleeding, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (a severe, horrifically painful rash which is a medical emergency and potentially fatal), liver damage, severe allergic reactions,<ref name=ginseng/> mania and psychosis.<ref name=maniapsychosis>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2993537/ Mania and Psychosis Associated with St. John's Wort and Ginseng]</ref>
::*{{anchor|Ginseng}}''Panax ginseng'' contains a substance that has been found to cause birth defects in animals.<ref name=ginseng/>

===B===
[[File:Ocymum_basilicum-planto.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Ocimum basilicum'']]
*{{anchor|Basil}}'''{{wpl|Basil}}''' (''Ocimum basilicum''); in TCM: ''luólè'' (羅勒):<ref name=read/>
:*'''Usage:''' [[vaginal steaming]]
:*'''Claimed to:''' reduce spasms, help expel [[fart]]s, increase [[milk]] production, and it's [[Recipe:Pizza della Capra|tasty]]!<ref name="theherbbook"/> It has also been said to be spiritually cleansing.
:*'''Beneficial effects:''' In vitro, has been shown to be [[antioxidant]], antiviral, and antimicrobial.<ref name="pmid16506839">{{cite journal |author=Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G |title=Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=1822–8 |date=March 2006}}</ref><ref name="pmid16173941">{{cite journal |author=Chiang LC, Ng LT, Cheng PW, Chiang W, Lin CC |title=Antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum |journal=Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=811–6 |date=October 2005}}</ref><ref name="pmid17342533">{{cite journal |author=de Almeida I, Alviano DS, Vieira DP, ''et al.'' |title=Antigiardial activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil |journal=Parasitol. Res. |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=443–52 |date=July 2007}}</ref><ref name="pmid15979235">{{cite journal |author=Manosroi J, Dhumtanom P, Manosroi A |title=Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil extracted from Thai medicinal plants on KB and P388 cell lines |journal=Cancer Lett. |volume=235 |issue=1 |pages=114–20 |date=April 2006 }}</ref> No clinical studies, yet, however.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Lowers blood pressure and prevents clotting, which situationally might be good but is often bad. Little efficacy otherwise.<ref>http://webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-303-BASIL.aspx?activeIngredientId=303&activeIngredientName=BASIL</ref>


[[File:Конново_2007_(0003).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Vaccinium myrtillus'']]
*{{anchor|Bilberry}}'''{{wpl|Bilberry}}''' (''{{wpl|Vaccinium}}'' spp.)
:*'''Also called:''' blaeberry, whortleberry, hurts, ground hurts, whinberry, winberry, windberry, wimberry, myrtle blueberry and fraughan
:*'''Claimed to:''' be good for eye problems and night vision. Not effective for either.<ref name=bilberry>[http://nccam.nih.gov/health/bilberry Bilberry: Science and Safety NCCAM]</ref> ''V. myrtillus'' is claimed to be an antiseptic and astringent; it is used for diarrhea, as a mouthwash, for skin problems and for burns.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Safety ratings:''' Prescribed for diarrhea and inflammation in Germany (but can '''cause''' diarrhea<ref name="theherbbook"/>)
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Small doses are safe. Some negative interaction with prescribed anticoagulants.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/features/bilberry-extract-and-vision bilberries at WebMD]</ref>


[[File:Betel_nuts_(from_bottom).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Areca catechu'']]
*{{anchor|Betelnut}}'''{{wpl|Paan|Betelnut}}''' ({{wpl|Areca catechu|''Areca catechu''}})
:*'''Also called:''' areca nut, paan; in TCM: ''bīnláng'' (檳榔)<ref name=read/>
:*'''Preparation:''' Areca nuts are usually wrapped with {{wpl|Betel|''Piper betel''}} leaves and/or {{wpl|slaked lime}} (calcium hydroxide) and/or tobacco. The concoction is ingested.
:*'''Usage:''' [[traditional Chinese medicine]] for deworming, antiparasitic, [[malaria]] prophylaxis, and "foul-smelling" diseases.<ref name=stuart/> Used in Southeast Asia to 
colour
 blacken teeth. It's also apparently "widely used in [[Ayurveda]]".<ref>http://www.satveda.com/betel-nut.html</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Prolonged use can lead to mouth, liver, cervical, stomach, prostate, lung, and sweat gland cancer.<ref name=betel>[http://www.wellness.com/reference/herb/betel-nut-areca-catechu-l/dosing-and-safety Betel nut (''Areca catechu'' L.)], Wellness.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/8513/31402/351498.html?d=dmtContent Betel Nut], InteliHealth.</ref><ref>"[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2003/priarc/en/ IARC Monographs Programme finds betel-quid and areca-nut chewing carcinogenic to humans]." World Health Organization. 2003 August 7.</ref><ref>Jenny Chou. "[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/12/06/2003283186 Chewing betel nuts now a serious matter: DOH]." ''Taipei Times''. 2005 December 6.</ref>
::*Other side effects of betel nut/leaf include skin color changes, dilated pupils, blurred vision, wheezing/difficulty breathing, increased breathing rate, salivation, increased tearing, incontinence, sweating, diarrhea, fever, confusion, problems with eye movement, psychosis, amnesia, stimulant effects, and a feeling of euphoria.<ref name=betel/> It can also cause dependence, and withdrawal can cause anxiety or memory lapse.<ref name=betel/> Betel nut chewing can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, chest pain, irregular heartbeats, high or low blood pressure, and irregular heart beats.<ref name=betel/>
::*Usage may be associated with other diseases ([[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]], dengue fever, tuberculosis, and typhoid) due to immunosuppression, injury to the oral mucosa, and associated fecal-oral contamination of the betel quid ingredients.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22296863 Betel quid use in relation to infectious disease outcomes in Cambodia]</ref>


[[File:Aristolochia_californica_flower_2004-02-23.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''A. californica'']]
*{{anchor|Birthwort}}'''Birthwort''' (''Aristolochia'' spp.)
{{main|Aristolochia}}
:*'''Also called:''' pipevine, Dutchman's pipe
:*'''Usage:''' Ninety-nine species have been documented to be used ethnobotanically worldwide,<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505558 Local uses of Aristolochia species and content of nephrotoxic aristolochic acid 1 and 2&mdash;a global assessment based on bibliographic sources] by M. Heinrich et al. ''J. Ethnopharmacol.'' 2009 Aug 17;125(1):108-44. doi: 10.1016</ref> so usage would tend to be that of a panacea overall. Some of the main usages are:
::*[[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] for various things, including eczema<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm095302.htm Aristolochic Acid: FDA Concerned About Botanical Products, Including Dietary Supplements, Containing Aristolochic Acid], FDA, May 31, 2000.</ref>
::*[[Ayurveda]] (''A. indica'')<ref>''Major Herbs of Ayurveda'' by Elizabeth M. Williamson (2002). Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0443072035.</ref>
::*Western herbal medicine, particularly ''A. clematitis'' for promoting sweating, menstruation, reducing fever, inducing childbirth, and stimulation.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*It contains {{wpl|aristolochic acid||,}} (AA) which is a known human carcinogen, and causes kidney failure and upper urinary tract cancer.<ref name=pnas>Chung-Hsin Chena, et al. "[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/04/03/1119920109.full.pdf+html?sid=701744d3-ba01-4ef9-a78d-5d4802598329 Aristolochic acid-associated urothelial cancer in Taiwan]." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. 2012 April 9.</ref>
::*Birthwort is considered to be a significant cause of kidney failure and upper urinary tract cancer in Taiwan,<ref name=pnas/> because of the popularity of herbal medicine there (approximately 33% of Taiwan's herbal medicine prescriptions contain aristolochic acid,<ref name=pnas/> and AA has been ingested by approximately 33% of Taiwan's population.)<ref>"[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/04/11/2003530064 Study blames herb for high cancer rate]." ''Taipei Times.'' 2012 April 11.</ref> The Taiwanese Department of Health banned its use in cosmetics and commercial skincare preparations in 1994.<ref>http://nehrc.nhri.org.tw/toxic/news/化妝品進用禁用成分列表.pdf</ref>
::*In [[Belgium]], a weight loss spa using TCM herbs gave its clients herbal supplements containing birthwort, and as a result, more than 100 out of 1800 of its patients developed kidney failure, and several also developed urothelial and bladder cancers. Because Traditional Chinese Medicine allows for the substitution of identically or similarly named plants, plants that are botanically unrelated may be substituted. In this case, the relatively safe ''Stephania tetrandra'' (漢防己, Han Fang Ji) was intended for the clients, but the lethal ''Aristolochia fangchi'' (廣防己, Guang Fang Ji) was given to the clients.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v74/n2/full/ki2008129a.html#fig1 Aristolochic acid nephropathy: A worldwide problem] by Debelle et al. ''Kidney International'' (2008) 74, 158–169; doi:10.1038/ki.2008.129</ref>
::*European birthwort (''Aristolochia clematitis'') is also used as a medicinal plant and contains aristolochic acid. It has been linked to thousands of cases of kidney failure ({{wpl|Balkan endemic nephropathy}}) in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]].
::*The true number of cases of aristolochic acid nephropathy (usually fatal) is unknown and is probably underestimated.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v74/n2/pdf/ki2008129a.pdf Aristolochic acid nephropathy: A worldwide problem]</ref>


[[File:Bitter_orange_-_Citrus_aurantium_06.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Citrus × aurantium'']]
*{{anchor|BitterOrange}}'''{{wpl|Bitter orange}}''' (''Citrus × aurantium'')
:*'''Also called:''' Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, marmalade orange
:*'''Claimed to:''' help expel farts, be a stimulant, aid the stomach, also used as a general tonic<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Beneficial effects:''' May be effective as a topical treatment for fungus infections.<ref name=orange>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-976-BITTER%20ORANGE.aspx?activeIngredientId=976&activeIngredientName=BITTER%20ORANGE BITTER ORANGE], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Internal use may increase risk of high blood pressure, fainting, heart attack, stroke, and other severe side effects, especially if taken with caffeine.<ref name=orange/> The [[essential oil]] is phototoxic<ref>http://cursoenarm.net/UPTODATE/contents/mobipreview.htm?40/0/40967</ref>; topical use of the undiluted essential oil can cause [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophotodermatitis phytophotodermatitis] upon exposure to UV light. 


[[File:Black_Walnut_Juglans_nigra_Nut_2400px.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Juglans nigra'' outer husk]]
*{{anchor|BlackWalnut}}'''{{wpl|Juglans nigra|Black walnut}}''' (''Juglans nigra'')
:*'''Also called:''' eastern black walnut
:*'''Claimed to:''' be good for killing parasites (such as worms), and treating acne, thyroid disease, colitis, eczema, hemorrhoids, ringworm, sore throats, tonsillitis, skin irritations, wounds, and curing cancer.<ref>But then, what herb ''isn't'' claimed to cure cancer?</ref>
:*'''Effects:''' Unfortunately, there is insufficient research to determine what side effects it has or whether it is effective for anything.<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/black-walnut Black walnut], Cancer.org.</ref>


[[File:Cimicifuga_racemosa_001.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Actaea racemosa'']]
*{{anchor|BlackCohosh}}'''{{wpl|Actaea racemosa|Black cohosh}}''' (''Actaea racemosa'')
:*'''Also called:''' black bugbane, black snakeroot, fairy candle
:*'''Claimed to:''' reduce spasms, contract tissues, increase urination, increase menstruation, increase mucous, and be a sedative<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' may include stomach upset, cramping, headache, rash, a feeling of heaviness, vaginal spotting or bleeding, and weight gain.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-857-BLACK+COHOSH.aspx?activeIngredientId=857&activeIngredientName=BLACK+COHOSH&source=2 BLACK COHOSH], WebMD.</ref>


[[File:Acacia_rigidula.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Vachellia rigidula'']]
*{{anchor|BlackbrushAcacia}}'''{{wpl|Blackbrush Acacia}}''' (''Vachellia rigidula'')
:*'''Also called:''' chaparro prieto, ''Acacia rigidula''
:*'''Usage:''' Weight loss dietary supplements
:*'''Harmful effects:''' One research group reported an unprecedentedly wide variety of psychoactive alkaloids in blackbrush acacia (including nicotine, ''N,N''-dimethyltryptamine, mescaline, β-methylphenylethylamine, and 4 different [[amphetamine]]s),<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942297010224 Toxic amines and alkaloids from acacia rigidula] by Beverly A. Clement et al. ''Phytochemistry'' Volume 49, Issue 5, 5 November 1998, Pages 1377–1380.</ref> suggesting that the laboratory might have had contamination problems.<ref>[http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/acacia.htm Acacias and Natural Amphetamine] by Alexander Shulgin.</ref> A 2015 study by the [[FDA]] found that 52% of blackbrush acacia supplements were contaminated with the amphetamine isomer β-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), which is not found in natural blackbrush acacia.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1793/abstract;jsessionid=B719371F58501EF213F38237D92969AF.f04t02 An amphetamine isomer whose efficacy and safety in humans has never been studied, β-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), is found in multiple dietary supplements] by Pieter A. Cohen et al. ''Drug Testing and Analysis'' doi:10.1002/dta.1793.</ref> Subsequently, the FDA warned supplement manufacturers to cease selling BMPEA because it is not natural.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2015/04/23/fda-warns-weight-loss-workout-supplement-sellers-listing-bmpea-amphetamine-relative-not-natural/ FDA Warns Weight Loss, Workout Supplement Sellers Listing BMPEA: Amphetamine Relative Not Natural] by David Kroll ''Forbes'' (4/23/2015 @ 5:48PM).</ref> On May 11, 2015, the first adverse event from BMPEA as a weight loss supplement was reported in Sweden: a woman had a stroke associated with her BMPEA consumption.<ref>[http://www.livescience.com/50797-sports-supplement-bmpea-stroke.html Healthy Woman's Stroke Linked to Drug in Sports Supplement] by Rachael Rettner ''Live Science'' (May 11, 2015 05:00pm ET).</ref>

===C===
[[File:Uncaria_gambir_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-275.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Uncaria gambir'']]
*{{anchor|Cat}}'''{{wpl|Cat's claw}}''' ({{wpl|Uncaria|''Uncaria'' spp.}} (approx. 40 species))
:*'''Claimed to:''' cure HIV, cancer, viral infections (such as herpes simplex), tremors, fever reduction, high blood pressure, Alzheimer's disease, [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|chronic fatigue syndrome]], and [[Panacea|almost everything]].
:*'''Preparation:''' The inner bark and/or root of is/are used to make liquid extracts, capsules, and teas. Preparations can also be applied to the skin.
:*'''Popularity:''' Cat's claw was ranked as the seventh most popular herb in U.S. sales in 1997.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-395-CAT'S%20CLAW.aspx?activeIngredientId=395&activeIngredientName=CAT'S%20CLAW Cat's Claw, WebMD]</ref>
:*'''Research:''' There is not enough scientific evidence to determine whether cat's claw works for any health condition.<ref name=NCCAMCat>[http://nccam.nih.gov/health/catclaw Cat's Claw], [[NCCAM]]</ref><ref name=ACSCat>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/cats-claw Cat's Claw], [[American Cancer Society]]</ref>
:*'''Beneficial effects:'''
::*Small studies in humans have shown a possible benefit of cat's claw in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, but no large trials have been done.<ref name=NCCAMCat /><ref name=ACSCat />
::*In laboratory studies, cat's claw stimulates part of the immune system, but it has not been proven to reduce inflammation or boost the immune system in humans.<ref name=NCCAMCat /><ref name=ACSCat />
::*The National Institute on Aging funded a study that looked at how cat's claw may affect the brain. Findings may point to new avenues for research in Alzheimer's disease treatment.<ref name=NCCAMCat /><ref name=ACSCat />
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*It may have an unwanted effect on blood pressure.


*'''[[Cayenne pepper]]''' (''Capsicum annum'')


[[File:Chelidonium_majus_bgiu.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Chelidonium majus'']]
*'''{{wpl|Greater Celandine}}''' (''Chelidonium majus'')
:*'''Usage:''' Everything.<ref name=celanc>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/celandine Celandine], Cancer.org.</ref><ref name=celanw>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-676-GREATER%20CELANDINE.aspx?activeIngredientId=676&activeIngredientName=GREATER%20CELANDINE GREATER CELANDINE], WebMD.</ref><ref>[http://earthnotes.tripod.com/celandine.htm Celandine - Herb Database + Images]</ref>
:*'''Useful for:''' Nothing.<ref name=celanc/><ref name=celanw/>
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*May cause hepatitis.<ref name=celanc/><ref name=celanw/>
[[File:Ranunculus_ficaria2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Ranunculus ficaria'']]
*'''{{wpl|Lesser Celandine}}''' (''Ranunculus ficaria'')
:*A buttercup-like plant unrelated to the greater celandine, one of the poppy family
:*'''Usage:''' treating piles
:*'''Harmful effects:''' rare cases of hepatitis after use.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856112 Necrotizing hepatitis after taking herbal remedies] at Pubmed.</ref>


*'''{{anchor|Chamomile}}{{wpl|Chamomile}} or camomile''' (''{{wpl|Asteraceae}}'' family)
:*'''Usage:''' [[Vaginal steaming]], [[Tea|Herbal tea]]
:*There are many species called chamomile, each with some level of distinct chemical properties. Despite this, chamomile is routinely treated as a single herb and prescribed as such.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile>http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/roman-chamomile</ref><ref name=UMMGermanchamomile>http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/german-chamomile</ref>
:*Two species are most commonly used, ''Chamaemelum nobile'' ([[#Romanchamomile|Roman chamomile]]) and ''Matricaria chamomilla'' ([[#Germanchamomile|German chamomile]])<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Usage''': Digestive relaxant, treating colic in infants, arthritis, bedsores, promotion of menstruation
:*'''Beneficial effects''': Chamomile contains substances that show an analgesic effect when applied topically, and also contains varying levels of flavonoids.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995283</ref>


[[File:Larrea_divaricata_(8687035402).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Larrea divaricata'']]
*'''{{wpl|Larrea tridentata|Chaparral}}''' (''Larrea divaricata'') and {{wpl|Larrea tridentata|''L. tridentata''}}
:*'''Usage:''' lots of things, including treating cancer.<ref name=chaparral> [http://www.t-a-d-a.com/Chaparral.html Chaparral, Nature's Detergent]</ref> ''L. tridentata'' is often an ingredient in the quack cancer cure [[Cansema]].
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Chaparral is not effective for cancer and not known to be effective for anything else, either.<ref name=chapcancer>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/chaparral Chaparral], Cancer.org.</ref> One CAM site claims it's good for lots of unrelated illnesses and only has "temporary unpleasant side effects",<ref name=chaparral/> but, actually, it can cause fatal liver damage and kidney failure.<ref name=chapcancer/> Other side effects may include fatigue, stomach pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, itching, rash, and allergic reactions.<ref name=chapcancer/> Despite the title of [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856112 that old cowboy serial], Chaparral cannot get you high.


[[File:Asteraceae_4101.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Chrysanthemum × morifolium'']]
*'''{{wpl|Chrysanthemum}}''' (''Asteraceae'' family)
:*'''In TCM:''' ''Jú'' (菊.)<ref name=read/> ''Aster trinervius'' (''mǎ lán'', 馬嵐) is used to treat hemorrhaging, animal poisoning, malaria, and a disease called 沙 (''shā'') (literally, "sand disease").<ref name=stuart/> ''Chrysanthemum sinense'' (菊花, ''júhuā'') is used for many diseases.<ref name=stuart/>
:*Insufficient research to evaluate efficacy.<ref name=chrysanthemum>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-904-CHRYSANTHEMUM.aspx?activeIngredientId=904&activeIngredientName=CHRYSANTHEMUM CHRYSANTHEMUM], WebMD.</ref> Chrysanthemum can cause the skin to be more sensitive to the sun.<ref name=chrysanthemum/>


[[File:Cassia_bark.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Cinnamomum cassia'' bark]]
*'''{{wpl|Cinnamon}}''' (''Cinnamomum'' spp.)
:*Most of the spice sold in the U.S. as culinary cinnamon is from the species ''C. cassia'', a.k.a. Chinese cinnamon. Most of the health studies have been on true cinnamon (''C. verum'').
:*'''In TCM:''' several species of ''Cinnamomum'' (''zhāng'', 樟) are used: ''C. camphora'' (camphor); ''C. cassia'' ''C. japonicum'', ''C. loureiroi'', ''C. obtusifolium'' and ''C. pedunculatum''.<ref name=read/> It is used as a stomachic, stimulant, carminative, astringent, sedative, and tonic.<ref name=stuart/> It is used for colic, excessive sweating, postpartum difficulties and hair treatments.<ref name=stuart/> It was said that "if cassia was taken with toad's brains for seven years, one could walk on the surface of the water and never grow old or die; and Chao, the hunch-back, took the drug continuously for twenty years, with the result that hair grew on the bottom of his feet; he was able to walk five hundred ''li'' (200 miles) in a day, and lift a weight of one thousand ''chin'' (1,333 pounds)."<ref name=stuart/> 
:*'''Claims:''' Lowers LDL cholestrol, maintains blood sugar, promotes appetite for elderly and sick, [[antioxidant]], anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, stops tumor growth, anti inflammatory, arthritis, hair loss and bladder infections, colds, upset stomach, and even pimples.<ref>[http://www.eons.com/groups/topic/1879258-Honey-and-Cinnamon-Remedies- This is a reference of the claim to cure], please don't try these recipes.</ref> 
:*'''Truth:''' Apparently, it really does stop tumor growth &mdash; when it is injected into tumors in mice. Clearly, it's not really a home remedy.<ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6801/is_2_21/ai_n32462270/</ref> The indications are quite good that it has an effect on blood sugar, however the details remain unknown.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21480806 Pubmed]</ref> None of the other claims seem to hold up, however.


[[File:Cloves-spice.jpg|thumb|right|100px|dried flower buds of ''Syzygium aromaticum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Cloves}}''' (''Syzygium aromaticum'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''Dīngxiāng'', 丁香.<ref name=read/> It is used for nasal polyps, ulcers, cracked nipples, carious teeth, and scorpion stings.<ref name=stuart/>
:*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' topical anesthesia in pre-modern dentistry. Also used as an antimetic and antiseptic.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Large amounts of cloves or clove oil may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, burns in the mouth and throat, sore throat, seizures, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, sleepiness, intestinal bleeding, and liver or kidney failure.<ref name=cloves>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/cloves Cloves], Cancer.org</ref> More serious side effects may occur in children, even when small amounts are used.<ref name=cloves/> "Excessive application of undiluted clove oil on or near the teeth may cause irritation or damage to the gums or mouth and may damage the dental pulp, the soft core of the tooth, made up of living soft tissue and cells. […] Undiluted clove oil may cause skin irritation, rashes, or even burns. Clove oil can cause blindness in laboratory animals, so keep clove preparations away from the eyes."<ref name=cloves/>


[[File:Colcoca03.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Erythroxylon coca'']]
*'''Coca leaves''' (''Erythroxylon coca'')
{{main|Coca}}
:*'''Usage:''' 
nasal congestion in powdered form
 pain relief and altitude sickness in the Andes. Coca regulates carbohydrate metabolism and normalizes body functions. Otherwise known as [[cocaine]] when refined, though the unrefined leaf isn't addictive.<ref name="Weil">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6113306 The therapeutic value of coca in contemporary medicine.] "Coca regulates carbohydrate metabolism in a unique way and may provide a new therapeutic approach to hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus. With low-dose, chronic administration it appears to normalize body functions. In leaf form coca does not produce toxicity or dependence."</ref> 
Side effects include turning into a [[yuppie]], or a celebrity.

:*'''[[Testimonial|Endorsed]] by:''' Pope Leo XIII (coca-infused Vin Mariani).<ref>[http://cocaine.org/cocawine.htm Vintage Wine]</ref> also enjoyed by Pope Pius X (Vin Mariani) and Pope [[John Paul II]] (coca tea).<ref>[http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1722893,00.html Fighting for the Right to Chew Coca]</ref> [[Pope Francis]] begged off the healthful coca and instead imbibed in the carcinogenic [[List of herbs and spices#M|maté]] for his visit to the Andes.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33515852 Pope Francis 'did not chew coca in Bolivia'] 13 July 2015 ''BBC''.</ref><ref>http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol51/mono51-9.pdf</ref>
:*Not to be confused with cocoa or coconuts.


[[File:2007_tussilago_farfara.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Tussilago farfara'']]
*'''{{wpl|Coltsfoot}}''' (''Tussilago farfara'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''Kuǎndōng'' (款冬).<ref name=read/> It is used as an expectorant in apoplexy, phthisis, coughs, and asthma, and as a demulcent in fevers.<ref name=stuart/>
:*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' expectoration, soothing mucous membranes, reducing discharges, skin softening, and for coughs.<ref name="theherbbook"/> Coltsfoot cigarettes are used for asthma.<ref>[http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_coltsfoot.htm Coltsfoot], Herbs2000.com.</ref>
:*'''Efficacy:''' Not enough research has been done to evaluate efficacy.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-730-COLTSFOOT.aspx?activeIngredientId=730&activeIngredientName=COLTSFOOT COLTSFOOT], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Can cause liver damage leading to cancer and death.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-730-COLTSFOOT.aspx?activeIngredientId=730&activeIngredientName=COLTSFOOT COLTSFOOT], WebMD.</ref> Coltsfoot naturally contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are carcinogenic. Coltsfoot supplements that are labeled "PA-free" (meaning without pyrrolizidine alkaloids) are perhaps better, but their safety is unknown.


[[File:Symphytum_officinale_01.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Symphytum officinale'']]
*'''{{wpl|Comfrey}}''' (''Symphytum officinale'')
:*'''Usage:''' pain relief, secretion reduction, soothing and softening tissues, bleeding reduction, cooling and wound healing; it is used internally for stomach problems and topically for wounds.<ref name="theherbbook"/> Several [[randomized controlled trial]]s have confirmed efficacy for treatment of pain, contusions and sprains.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580139/ Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials] by C. Staiger ''Wien. Med. Wochenschr.'' 2013 Feb; 163(3-4): 58–64. doi: 10.1007/s10354-012-0162-4.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Can cause liver damage leading to cancer and death.<ref name=comfrey>"[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/comfrey-000234.htm Comfrey]." University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref> Comfrey contains compounds called pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), which have been shown by animal studies to cause liver tumours, so the plant may also cause cancer in humans. In humans, comfrey has been associated with veno-occlusive liver disease.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11276298 The efficacy and safety of comfrey] by F. Stickel & H. K. Seitz ''Public Health Nutr.'' 2000 Dec;3(4A):501-8.</ref> Even topical use may lead to a dangerous build-up in the body of some of the herb's poisonous substances, so long-term use is not advised.<ref name=comfrey/> Oral comfrey products are banned in the U.K., Australia, Canada, and Germany.<ref name=comfrey/> Due to the danger of PA, only commerically-produced PA-free comfrey products should be consumed.


[[File:Country_Mallow_(Sida_cordifolia)_(17389129342).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Sida cordifolia'']]
*'''{{wpl|Country mallow}}''' (''Sida cordifolia'')
:*Not enough research to evaluate efficacy.<ref name=mallow>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-837-COUNTRY%20MALLOW.aspx?activeIngredientId=837&activeIngredientName=COUNTRY%20MALLOW COUNTRY MALLOW], WebMD.</ref> Used in Ayurvedic medicine.<ref>[http://www.herbalhut.com/detail.aspx?ID=1011 Bala Leaf Certified Organic (Sida cordifolia) Powder Bulk]</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Country mallow contains ephedrine, which is also found in [[List of herbs and spices#E|ephedra]], and may cause ephedrine-related side effects like high blood pressure, heart attacks, muscle disorders, seizures, strokes, irregular heartbeat, loss of consciousness, and death.<ref>[http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/2010/september/health/dangerous-supplements/supplements-to-avoid/index.htm 12 Supplements You Should Avoid]</ref><ref name=mallow/> Other side effects may include dizziness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, headache, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, flushing, tingling, difficulty urinating, kidney stones, and pounding heartbeat.<ref name=mallow/> May make anxiety, thyroid problems, and angina worse.

===D===
[[File:Loewenzahn_pae.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Taraxacum officinale'']]
*'''{{wpl|Dandelion}}''' (''Taraxacum'' spp.)
:*'''Also called:''' pissabed<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pissabed Wiktionary: pissabed</ref>
:*'''In TCM:''' ''púgōngyīng'' (蒲公英).<ref name=read/> Used as a tonic, and for abscesses and swellings, carious teeth, and snake bites.<ref name=stuart/>
:*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' Known to be an effective diuretic,<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/706.html</ref> claimed to help with digestive and liver problems,<ref name="theherbbook"/> but there has been no serious research of these claimed effects. The entire plant is edible.
:*The plant has no known harmful side effects aside from its diuretic properties, which may interfere with certain medications, and/or cause increased frequency of changing pajamas and bedsheets. 


*'''Datura''': See [[List of herbs and spices#J|Jimson weed]]


*'''Digitalis''': See [[Foxglove]]


[[File:Harpagophytum_5.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Harpagophytum procumbens'']]
*'''{{wpl|Harpagophytum procumbens|Devil's claw}}''' (''Harpagophytum procumbens'')
:*'''Usage:''' Effective for osteoarthritis pain.<ref name=devil>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/984.html Devil's claw]: MedlinePlus Supplements.</ref> Insufficient study has been done to evaluate its effectiveness for anything else.<ref name=devil/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headaches, ringing in the ears, loss of appetite, and loss of taste.<ref name=devil/> Other side effects may include allergic skin reactions, menstrual problems, and changes in blood pressure.<ref name=devil/> Use of devil's claw during pregnancy is not advised, as it may harm the fetus.<ref name=devil/>
[[File:Dongquai_cr.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Angelica sinensis'']]


*{{anchor|Dong}}'''{{wpl|Dong quai}}''' (''Angelica sinensis''); 當歸
:*'''Usage:''' traditional Chinese medicine.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' It may be dangerous to take dong quai in large amounts for a long time because it contains carcinogens.<ref name=dq>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-936-DONG%20QUAI.aspx?activeIngredientId=936&activeIngredientName=DONG%20QUAI DONG QUAI], WebMD.</ref> Dong quai can cause skin to be more sensitive to sunlight, thus possibly increasing the risk of skin cancer.<ref name=dq/> It may or may not act like estrogen in the body.<ref name=dq/> It can slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding, and so should not be taken less than 2 weeks before surgery.<ref name=dqmc>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dong-quai/NS_patient-Dongquai/DSECTION=safety ''Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis)''], Mayo Clinic.</ref> Dong quai may increase the risk of miscarriage.<ref name=dqmc/>

===E===
[[File:Rudbeckia_purpurea.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Echinacea purpurea'']]
*'''{{wpl|Echinacea}} (''Echinacea'' spp.)
:*'''Usage:''' Claimed to be effective for supporting the immune system and preventing and treating [[Common cold|colds]] and [[flu]]s. It isn't.<ref name=ech>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/echinacea Echinacea], Cancer.org.</ref>
::*''E. angustifolia'' is used as an antiseptic, blood cleanser, and to help digestion.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include headache, dizziness, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, and rash.<ref name=ech/>
[[File:Eleutherococcus_senticosus.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Eleutherococcus senticosus'']]


*'''{{wpl|Eleuthero}}''' (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'')
:*'''Usage:''' Like many other herbs, eleuthero is promoted for a wide variety of unrelated conditions. There is no evidence to support its effectiveness in treating anything.<ref name=sg>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/eleuthero Eleuthero (formerly Siberian Ginseng)], Cancer.org.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include headache, diarrhea, nervousness, trouble sleeping, raised blood pressure and increased heart rate. 
:*'''Beneficial effects:''' It may also lower blood sugar levels. "Eleuthero may alter the amount of time it takes for bleeding to stop."<ref name=sg/>


[[File:Ephedra_sinica_alexlomas.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Ephedra sinica'']]
*'''[[Ephedrine#Safety concerns|Ephedra]]''' (''Ephedra'' spp.)
:*'''Also called:''' ''Ephedra sinica'' is used in traditional Chinese medicine and is known as ''má huáng'' (麻黃). Other species of ''Ephedra'', known as "desert tea" or "Mormon tea", have been used by [[Native Americans]] and [[Mormons]] in the western United States.
:*'''In traditional Chinese medicine:''' It is used for promoting sweating and the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections during winter. Studies done on the active chemicals of Ephedra/ma huang demonstrates that it speeds the metabolism, thus, the reason for its use and abuse as a performance-enhancing drug by athletes and for weight loss.<ref name=ephedra>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-847-EPHEDRA.aspx?activeIngredientId=847&activeIngredientName=EPHEDRA Ephedra,] WebMD.</ref>
:*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' Mormon tea is used for increasing urination, reducing fever, for kidney and bladder problems, and for syphilis.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include dizziness, restlessness/nervousness, anxiety, irritability, palpitations, headaches, loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting, hypertension (high blood pressure), insomnia, arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), tremors, seizures, cerebrovascular event (stroke), myocardial infarction (heat attack), kidney stones, muscular disorders, loss of consciousness, death, and more.<ref name=ephedra/><ref name=aafp>[http://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0301/p1239.html Herbal Remedies: Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions], Melanie Johns Cupp. ''Am. Fam. Physician''. 1999 Mar 1;59(5)1239-1244.</ref>
:*Dietary supplements containing ephedra are banned in the [[U.S.]] because they pose "an unreasonable risk to health".<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2004/ucm108379.htm FDA Acts to Remove Ephedra-Containing Dietary Supplements From Market], November 23, 2004.</ref>


*'''European birthwort''' (''Aristolochia clematitis''): See [[#Birthwort|birthwort]]


[[File:Oenothera_biennis_-_Onagre_bisanuelle_-_Evening_primrose_(4834173245).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Oenothera biennis'']]
*'''{{wpl|Evening primrose oil}}''' (''Oenothera'' spp.)
:*'''Usage:''' Used for treatment of coughs and colds, depression, and skin irritation.<ref name="theherbbook"/> Useless for eczema,<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633319 ''Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema''], Bamford JT, Ray S, Musekiwa A, van Gool C, Humphreys R, Ernst E, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;4:CD004416. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004416.pub2.</ref> but may help with breast pain.<ref name=epo>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1006-evening%20primrose%20oil.aspx?activeIngredientId=1006&activeIngredientName=evening%20primrose%20oil Evening primrose oil], WebMD.</ref> Insufficient evidence for any other conditions.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, and headache.<ref name=epo/>


[[File:Euphrasia_alpina.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Euphrasia alpina'']]
*'''{{wpl|Eyebright}}''' (''Euphrasia'' spp.)
:*'''Usage:''' Used for eye problems.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include confusion, headache, tearing, itching, redness, vision problems, sneezing, nausea, toothache, constipation, coughing, trouble breathing, trouble sleeping (insomnia), sweating, and others.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-109-EYEBRIGHT.aspx?activeIngredientId=109&activeIngredientName=EYEBRIGHT Eyebright], WebMD.</ref>

===F===
*'''Female ginseng''': See [[#Dong|Dong quai]]


[[File:Foeniculum_vulgare_prg_1.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Foeniculum vulgare'']]
*'''{{wpl|Fennel}}''' (''Foeniculum vulgare'')
:*'''Usage:''' Used to increase appetite, relieve colic, reduce abdominal cramps and farting, and to expel mucous.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*Not enough research done to evaluate claims.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-311-FENNEL.aspx?activeIngredientId=311&activeIngredientName=FENNEL FENNEL], WebMD.</ref>


[[File:Tanacetum_parthenium-Stueber1.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Tanacetum parthenium'']]
*'''{{wpl|Feverfew}}''' (''Tanacetum parthenium'')
:*'''Usage:''' Effective mild painkiller. MedlinePlus Supplements notes that "Some feverfew tablet products can contain little or no feverfew."<ref name=feverfew>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/933.html Feverfew], MedlinePlus Supplements.</ref> Used to reduce farting, increase menstruation, empty the bowels, and for stimulation.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include upset stomach, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, flatulence, nausea, and vomiting. Other reported side effects include nervousness, dizziness, headache, trouble sleeping, joint stiffness, tiredness, menstrual changes, rash, pounding heart, and weight gain.<ref name=feverfew/> Chewing raw feverfew may lead to mouth ulcers, loss of taste, and swelling of the lips, tongue, and mouth.<ref>[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/feverfew-000243.htm Feverfew], University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref>


[[File:Digitalis-stora_hultrum.sweden-32.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Digitalis purpurea'']]
{{anchor|Foxglove}}
*'''{{wpl|Foxglove}}''' (''Digitalis'' spp.)
:*'''Usage:''' Used for heart problems. Is effective, '''however''':
::*Whether or not a given quantity of digitalis contains enough digoxin to lead to an overdose depends on the individual plant(s) it's from (each individual plant - even in the same species - has a different digoxin content), so those using digitalis are effectively playing Russian roulette. There is no way of knowing if one pill is good, or if it will lead to an overdose and kill you. As Encyclopedia.com puts it:
{{quotebox|1=Foxglove is no longer used as a heart medicine because the therapeutic dose and the lethal dose are very close. Seasonal variations in the level of cardiac glycosides in the plant make the safe dose impossible to estimate except by an experienced physician and prescriber of the herb who monitors the patient on an hourly basis for signs of overdose. Few living doctors and herbalists can safely use digitalis as a plant extract. Specific standardized doses of pharmaceutical digoxin are used instead.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Foxglove.aspx Foxglove], Encyclopedia.com.</ref>}}
::*The solution is to use pure digoxin, if prescribed by a doctor, because the doses are exactly measured.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include irregular heart function and death.<ref name=Digitalis>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-287-DIGITALIS.aspx?activeIngredientId=287&activeIngredientName=DIGITALIS Digitalis], WebMD.</ref> Symptoms of digitalis overdose may include "stomach upset, small eye pupils, blurred vision, strong slow pulse, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, excessive urination, fatigue, muscle weakness and tremors, stupor, confusion, convulsions, abnormal heartbeats, and death. Long-term use of digitalis can lead to symptoms of toxicity, including visual halos, yellow-green vision, and stomach upset."<ref name=Digitalis/> "Even touching the plant with bare skin has been known to cause rashes, headache, and nausea."<ref name="theherbbook"/>

===G===
[[File:Cesnekovy_cop.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Allium sativum'']]
*{{anchor|garlic}}'''{{wpl|Garlic}}''' (''Allium sativum'')
:*'''In traditional Chinese medicine:''' It is known as ''suàn'' (蒜).<ref name=read/> "The medicinal virtues of garlic are considered to be many. It is thought to have a special influence upon the spleen, stomach, and kidneys, acting as a sedative and removing poisons. It is supposed to correct the unwholesomeness of water, to destroy the noxious effect of putrid meat and fish, and to prevent goitre and pestilential diseases."<ref name=stuart/>
:*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' Used for constipation, poor digestion, intestinal worms, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid.<ref name="theherbbook"/> Claimed to lower blood cholesterol and blood pressure,<ref name="theherbbook"/> lower blood sugar,{{fact}} reduce risk of certain cancers{{fact}} and fight minor viral infections such as cold and sore throat.{{fact}}
:*'''Truth:'''
::*Known antimicrobial effect in vitro, tests suggest some effect on throat infections in greater-than-typical amounts.
::*Cancer claims based on large-scale statistics of incidence and diet, probably [[bullshit]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25335850 Dietary supplement use and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies]</ref>
::*A meta-analysis showed consistent evidence that garlic powder intake reduces the cardiovascular disease risk factors of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and blood pressure.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4252524/ Garlic powder intake and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials]</ref>
::*Garlic consumption increases cellular hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) production.<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/46/17977.full Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic]</ref> Increased production of cellular H<sub>2</sub>S is likely behind the life-extension effects of caloric restriction in animals.<ref>[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hydrogen-sulfide-offers-clue-how-reducing-calories-lengthens-lives Hydrogen sulfide offers clue to how reducing calories lengthens lives]</ref><ref>[http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674%2814%2901525-6 Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Production Is Essential for Dietary Restriction Benefits]</ref>
::*Seductive effect on body odor well-documented and conclusive.<ref>(November 13, 2015). [https://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-11-men-garlic.html "Research finds men who eat garlic smell more attractive"]. ''Medical Xpress''.</ref><ref>Robert P. Burriss (November 12, 2015). [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/attraction-evolved/201511/eating-garlic-makes-men-smell-more-attractive "Eating Garlic Makes Men Smell More Attractive"]. ''PsychologyToday''.</ref> Freshens breath for up to twelve hours.{{clear}}
:*'''Side effects:'''
::*Bad breath, a burning sensation in the mouth or stomach, heartburn, gas, nausea, vomiting, body odor, diarrhea, and an increased risk of bleeding.<ref name=Garlic>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-300-GARLIC.aspx?activeIngredientId=300&activeIngredientName=GARLIC Garlic], WebMD. Accessed on the 15th of December, 2012.</ref>
::*"Asthma has been reported in people working with garlic, and other allergic reactions are possible."<ref name=Garlic/>


[[File:Matricaria_recutita.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Matricaria chamomilla'']]
*{{anchor|Germanchamomile}}'''{{wpl|Matricaria chamomilla|German chamomile}}''' (''Matricaria chamomilla'')
:*'''Also called:''' camomile, Hungarian chamomile, wild chamomile, or scented mayweed. Is a subset of [[#chamomile|chamomile]].
:*'''Used in:''' [[Vaginal steaming]]
:*'''Claimed to:''' calm frayed nerves, treat stomach problems, relieve muscle spasms, treat skin conditions, treat mild infections, treat chest colds, treat sore throats, treat abscesses, treat gingivitis, treat anxiety, treat insomnia, teat psoriasis, treat acne and eczema, treat first-degree burns, treat ulcerative colitis, treat stomach ulcers, treat chickenpox, treat diaper rash, and treat colic.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
:*'''Beneficial effects:'''
::*Animal studies have shown that German chamomile reduces inflammation, speeds wound healing, reduces muscle spasms, and serves as a mild sedative to help with sleep. Test tube studies have shown that chamomile can kill bacteria, fungus, and viruses. Very few studies exist to see if the same is true in people.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*One (out of one) controlled study suggests that chamomile may help reduce the effects of anxiety disorder.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile /><ref name="theherbbook"/>
::*Two studies suggest German chamomile may reduce eczema.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
:*'''Non-reliable effects:'''
::*No large and reliable studies have shown chamomile to help with indigestion.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*Studies report mixed results for German chamomile as prevention against mouth sores resulting from radiation or chemotherapy.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Considered "generally safe".<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*May be allergenic to those allergic to asters, daisies, chrysanthemums, or ragweed.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*May cause miscarriage when pregnant. Do not take while pregnant or [[breastfeeding]].<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*May worsen asthma.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*Moderate sedative.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*Thins the blood.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*May lower blood sugar.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*If too much is drunk, may cause vomiting.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*May be dangerous to women with estrogen-sensitive conditions, such as cancer.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />
::*Interacts with the liver, potentially causing changes in other drugs.<ref name=UMMGermanchamomile />


[[File:Teucrium_chamaedrys_(BG_Wroclaw)-4.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Teucrium chamaedrys'']]
*'''{{wpl|Germander}}''' (''Teucrium'' spp.)
:*'''Claimed to:''' be effective for gout, fever, diarrhea, gallbladder problems, and claimed to be useful for weight loss and as an antiseptic.<ref name=germander>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-667-GERMANDER.aspx?activeIngredientId=667&activeIngredientName=GERMANDER GERMANDER], WebMD.</ref> There is currently insufficient evidence to evaluate these claims.<ref name=germander/>
:*'''May cause:''' hepatitis, cirrhosis, and death.<ref>[http://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/Germander.htm Germander], LiverTox.</ref> A weight loss supplement sold in France that contained germander caused several cases of hepatitis, and because of this, the herb is banned in that country and others.


[[File:Ginkgo_biloba_fructification.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Ginkgo biloba'']]
*{{anchor|Ginkgo}}'''[[Ginkgo]]''' (''Ginkgo biloba'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''yínxìng''(銀杏)<ref name=read/>
:*The nut-like seeds of gingko have been consumed as both a food and as a medicine by the Chinese and other East Asian cultures for centuries. That the seeds are mildly toxic due to trace amounts of the compound 4'-''O''-methylpyridoxine (MPN) has never discouraged Asian people from eating them, though, it is advised to limit the seeds' consumption by children. The fleshy coating of the seeds can potentially cause irritating skin rashes if touched by sensitive people.
:*Ginkgo leaves contain [[flavonoid]] glycosides ([[myricetin]] and [[quercetin]])<ref>Myricetin and quercetin, the flavonoid constituents of ''Ginkgo biloba'' extract, greatly reduce oxidative metabolism in both resting and Ca2+-loaded brain neurons. Yasuo Oyama, Paul A. Fuchs, Norihiro Katayama and Katsuhiko Noda, Brain Research, 28 January 1994, Volume 635, Issues 1–2, Pages 125–129</ref> and terpenoids ([[ginkgolide]]s, [[bilobalide]]s).
:*In Western medicine/herbalism, ginkgo is sold as a "memory aid" and a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Studies show mixed results on efficacy, with a possibility of it being better than placebo.
:*A cancer study of ginkgo extract found that it "caused cancers of the thyroid gland in male and female rats and male mice and cancers of the liver in male and female mice."<ref>[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr578_508.pdf Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of ''Ginkgo biloba'' Extract in F344/N Rats and B6C3F<sub>1</sub>/N Mice]</ref>


*{{anchor|Ginseng}}'''{{wpl|Ginseng}}''' (''Panax'' spp.)
:*See [[#AsianGinseng|Asian ginseng]] or [[#Dong|Dong quai (female ginseng)]]


[[File:Hydrastis.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Hydrastis canadensis'']]
*'''{{wpl|Goldenseal}}''' (''Hydrastis canadensis'')
:*'''Used for:''' vaginal douching, mouthwash, periodontal disease, congestion, laxative, stomach ailments, skin diseases, and nausea relief during pregnancy.<ref name="theherbbook"/> Also used for "immune system boosting".{{fact}}
:*'''Effectiveness:''' The evidence doesn't suggest Goldenseal is effective for any condition.<ref>[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/goldenseal-000252.htm Goldenseal], University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Small doses may be fine, '''except during pregnancy or breastfeeding''', since goldenseal might cause brain damage to the baby.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-943-GOLDENSEAL.aspx?activeIngredientId=943&activeIngredientName=GOLDENSEAL Goldenseal], WebMD.</ref> "High doses may cause breathing problems, paralysis, and even death. Long-term use may lead to vitamin B deficiency, hallucinations, and delirium."<ref name=gscancer>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/goldenseal Goldenseal], American Cancer Society.</ref> It may also affect blood pressure unpredictably because it contains several different compounds that have opposite effects on blood pressure.<ref name=gscancer/> It can also make you more sensitive to light.<ref name=gscancer/> A cancer study of goldenseal root powder in mice and rats showed that it "caused cancer in the liver of male and female rats and male mice. There was no effect of goldenseal root powder on female mice."<ref>[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr562.pdf Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Goldenseal Root Powder (<i>Hydrastis canadensis</i>) in F344/N Rats AND B6C3F<sub>1</sub> Mice]</ref>


[[File:Citrus_paradisi_(Grapefruit,_pink)_white_bg.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Citrus × paradisi'']]
*'''Grapefruit seed extract''' (''Citrus × paradisi'')
{{main|Grapefruit seed extract}}
:*'''Claimed to:''' be a good disinfectant. This effect is due not to the grapefruit seed extract itself, which is not antimicrobial, but to contaminants/additives such as benzethonium chloride and triclosan, which are frequently found in grapefruit seed extract products.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10399191 ''Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained''], von Woedtke T, Schlüter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Jülich WD, Pharmazie. 1999 Jun;54(6):452-6.</ref><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11453769 ''Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts], Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N, J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jul;49(7):3316-20.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17867553?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_SingleItemSupl.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed ''Simultaneous identification and quantification by liquid chromatography of benzethonium chloride, methyl paraben and triclosan in commercial products labeled as grapefruit seed extract''], Avula B, Dentali S, Khan IA, Pharmazie. 2007 Aug;62(8):593-6.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Studies have found that compounds found in grapefruit interfere with enzymes in the digestive system crucial in the metabolism of numerous medications, leading to an accumulation effect that may worsen side effects of medications or cause them to reach dangerous concentrations in the body. The National Health Service in the United Kingdom states that patients receiving Atorvastatin, calcium channel blockers, Ciclosporin, Entocort and cytotoxic medication used in the treatment of cancers should not consume grapefruit, or seek medical attention before doing so.<ref>https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/medicines/does-grapefruit-affect-my-medicine/</ref>

[[File:Grape seeds.JPG |thumb|right|100px|''Vitis vinifera'' seeds]]
*'''{{wpl|Grape seed extract}}''' (''Vitis vinifera'')
:*Good for chronic venous insufficiency and edema.<ref>[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/grape-seed-000254.htm Grape seed], University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref> 
:*Side effects may include headache, itchy scalp, dizziness, and nausea.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/lifestyle-guide-11/grape-seed-extract Grape Seed Extract: Benefits and Side Effects], WebMD.</ref>


*'''Graviola'''
:*See [[List of herbs and spices#S|soursop]].


[[File:Csinensis.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Camellia sinensis'']]
*'''Green tea''' (''Camellia sinensis'')
{{main|Green tea}}
:*'''In TCM:''' ''chá'' (茶)
:*Used for weight loss.
:*Side effects may include stomach upset and constipation, and, in rare cases, liver damage.<ref name=gtea>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-960-GREEN%20TEA.aspx?activeIngredientId=960&activeIngredientName=GREEN%20TEA Green Tea], WebMD.</ref> ''Caffeine-related'' side effects may include headache, nervousness, sleep problems, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, irregular heartbeat, tremor, heartburn, dizziness, ringing in the ears, convulsions, confusion, and reduced absorption of iron from food.<ref name=gtea/> Also implicated in outbreaks of [[Fun:Britishness|Britishness]]. Jolly splendid, indeed!


[[File:Senecio_vulgaris_001.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Senecio vulgaris'']]
*'''{{wpl|Senecio vulgaris|Groundsel}}''' (''Senecio vulgaris'')
:*'''Claimed to:''' be an "Anthelmintic; Antiscorbutic; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Emmenagogue; [...] Poultice; Purgative", and claimed to be good for stomach problems and worms.<ref>[http://www.iron-clay.com/herbal_remedies/groundsel.html Groundsel]</ref><ref name=groundsel>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-301-GROUNDSEL.aspx?activeIngredientId=301&activeIngredientName=GROUNDSEL GROUNDSEL], WebMD.</ref> There is not enough evidence to evaluate these claims.<ref name=groundsel/>
:*Groundsel is very toxic, and can cause liver damage, cancer, and birth defects.<ref name=groundsel/> It should not be used.

===H===
[[File:Crataegus, various species, fruit.jpg|thumb|right|100px|clockwise from top left: ''C. coccinea'', ''C. punctata'' var. aurea, ''C. ambigua'', ''C. douglasii'']]
*'''{{wpl|Hawthorn}}''' (''Crataegus'' spp.)
:*'''In TCM''': ''C. pinnatifida'' is ''shānzhā'' (山楂); ''C. cuneata'' is ''shānzhā guǒ'' (山楂果). It is eaten as food, but also used for backache, diarrhea, ulcers and rashes.<ref name=stuart/>
:*'''In Western herbal medicine:''' cardio-vascular diseases, anxiety, muscle spasms<ref name=webmdhawthorn>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-527-hawthorn.aspx?activeingredientid=527&activeingredientname=hawthorn WebMd: Hawthorn]</ref> and insomnia<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' can adversely interact with prescription drugs for cardiovascular diseases (e.g. digoxin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and nitrates), nausea, nose bleeds, dizziness, insomnia<ref name=webmdhawthorn/>
:*'''Efficacy:''' There is some evidence of improvement for heart failure symptoms with hawthorn extract, but also some evidence that it causes increased risk of death.<ref name=webmdhawthorn/> There is insufficient evidence for treatment of other maladies.<ref name=webmdhawthorn/>

[[File:Hyoscyamus_niger_Hullukaali_IMG_9199_C.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Hyoscyamus niger'']]
*'''{{wpl|Henbane}}''' (''Hyoscyamus niger'')
:*'''Used for:''' pain, nervousness, irritability, Parkinson's disease symptoms, and ulcers.<ref name="theherbbook"/><ref name=hen>[http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_henbane.htm Henbane], herbs2000.com.</ref> It is also smoked to "cure" asthma and bronchitis<ref name=hen/> ([[Tobacco smoking#Traditional use|sounds familiar]]). There is no evidence to support its use for any of these conditions.<ref name=henmd>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-82-HENBANE.aspx?activeIngredientId=82&activeIngredientName=HENBANE HENBANE], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Henbane is toxic, and when used for self-treatment may result in fatal poisoning. Side effects may include dry mouth, red skin, constipation, overheating, reduced sweating, vision disturbances, increased heart rate, urination problems, drowsiness, restlessness, [[hallucination]]s, delirium, manic episodes, and [[death]]. Mostly death.
:*For a while, henbane berries were used in the manufacture of an herbal [[beer]] flavoring called "gruit", which was flavored with various sweet and bitter herbs, before people began using hops. Gruit fell out of favor during the [[Middle Ages]] when the ''Reinheitsgebot'' declared that all beers in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] could only be made with barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), hops (''Humulus lupulus''), and [[water]].<ref name=Rabin>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/?id=XRyxWu8rRnQC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=grut+henbane | title = The Dictionary of Beer and Brewing | author = Dan Rabin, Carl Forget | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-1-57958-078-0 | nopp = true | page = xii }}</ref> Of course, no brewers strictly follow the ''Reinheitsgebot'' any more, since modern brewers also add yeast.


[[File:Epimedium_grandiflorum_var._thunbergianum_5.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Epimedium grandiflorum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Horny goat weed}}''' (''Epimedium'' spp.)
:*'''Used for:''' erectile dysfunction 
in [[goat]]s
.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2011/04/19/improve-sex-life-horny-goat-weed.html Fox News: Improve Your Sex Life With Horny Goat Weed]</ref><ref>[http://www.webmd.boots.com/vitamins-and-minerals/horny-goat-weed-epimedium Horny Goat weed at webMD]</ref>
:*Can prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17419678 Epimedium-derived phytoestrogen flavonoids exert beneficial effect on preventing bone loss in late postmenopausal women: a 24-month randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial.]</ref>
:*Has [[Goat|totally awesome name]].
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Evidence of side effects is largely anecdotal, and range from irregular heartbeat to mood changes.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/lifestyle-guide-11/horny-goat-weed-epimedium Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium)]</ref>


[[File:Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Aesculus hippocastanum'' fruit and nut]]
*'''{{wpl|Horse chestnut}}''' (''Aesculus hippocastanum'')
:*'''Used for:''' varicose veins, skin ulcers, hemorrhoids, neuralgia and sunburn.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*Standardized horse chestnut seed extract is good for varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, and symptoms of poor blood circulation.<ref name=horse>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1055-HORSE%20CHESTNUT.aspx?activeIngredientId=1055&activeIngredientName=HORSE%20CHESTNUT HORSE CHESTNUT], WebMD.</ref>
:*Standardized, esculin-free horse chestnut seed extract is mostly safe, with side effects including dizziness, headache, stomach upset, and itching.<ref name=horse/> It may lower blood sugar.<ref name=horse/><ref>[http://www.drugs.com/npp/horse-chestnut.html Horse Chestnut], Drugs.com.</ref> ''Raw'' horse chestnut seed, leaf, bark, and flower, on the other hand, are toxic and can be lethal.<ref name=horse/>


[[File:Engsnelle.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Equisetum arvense'']]
*{{anchor|Horsetail}} '''{{wpl|Horsetail}}''' (''Equisetum'' spp.)
:*'''In TCM:''' ''A. arvense'': ''wèn jīng'' (問荊); 'A. hyemale'': ''mùzé'' (木賊)<ref name=read/>
:*'''Used for:''' [[vaginal steaming]]; ''E. arvense' is used for lung problems (including tuberculosis), anemia and stomach and skin ulcers, urinary tract problems, water retention, excessive menstruation and vaginal discharge.<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*Insufficient research done on efficacy.<ref name=horsetail>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-843-HORSETAIL.aspx?activeIngredientId=843&activeIngredientName=HORSETAIL HORSETAIL], WebMD.</ref>
:*Side effects of long-term use may include low potassium levels and (in diabetics) low blood sugar.<ref name=horsetail/>
:*Horsetail contains thiaminase, an enzyme which (if consumed), can cause {{wpl|thiamine}} (or vitamin B<sub>1</sub>) deficiency (called {{wpl|beriberi}}).<ref name=horsetail/><ref name=NLMHorsetail /> Thiaminase ''can'' be removed if horsetail is prepared properly, usually involving cooking.
:*Symptoms of beriberi may include difficulty walking, loss of feeling (sensation) in hands and feet, loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs, mental confusion/speech difficulties, pain, strange eye movements (nystagmus), tingling, vomiting, awakening at night short of breath, increased heart rate, shortness of breath with activity, and swelling of the lower legs.<ref name=bb>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000339.htm Beriberi], MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.</ref> Beriberi, if caught early enough, can usually be reversed, but possible complications of beriberi may include coma, congestive heart failure, psychosis, and death.<ref name=bb/> Because of the possibility of thiamine deficiency, people consuming horsetail should take thiamine supplements.
:*Horsetail contains chromium and may increase the risk of chromium poisoning if taken with chromium-containing herbs like [[#Bilberry|bilberry]], brewer's yeast, or cascara (''Rhamnus purshiana'').<ref name=NLMHorsetail>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/843.html Horsetail], MedlinePlus Supplements.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Horsetail absorbs metals readily; this can be toxic if there is high levels of lead in the soil.<ref name=USGSHorsetail>[https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1278a/report.pdf Metals in Equisetum], U.s. Geological Survey Publication</ref>

===I===
*'''Impila''' (''Callilepsis laureola'')
:*A traditional Zulu remedy used for tapeworm, snakebites, infertility, whooping cough, and to kill maggots in cattle. It is also used as a disinfectant.<ref>[http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/callilepislaur.htm Callilepsis laureola]</ref>
:*It can cause fatal kidney and/or liver failure.<ref>[http://het.sagepub.com/content/18/10/594 Detection of poisoning by Impila (Callilepis laureola) in a mother and child], Hum Exp Toxicol October 1999 vol. 18 no. 10 594-597.</ref>


*'''Indian Madder''': See [[List of herbs and spices#M|Madder Root]]


*'''Indian Tobacco''': See [[List of herbs and spices#L|Lobelia]]

===J===
[[File:Datura_stramonium_2000.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Datura stramonium'']]
*'''{{wpl|Jimson weed}}''' (''Datura stramonium'')
*'''Also called:''' devil's trumpet, thornapple, hell's bells
:*'''Used for:''' spasmodic coughing, chronic laryngitis, asthma; used as an aphrodisiac in South America<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*Insufficient evidence to evaluate efficacy.<ref name=jim>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-921-JIMSON%20WEED.aspx?activeIngredientId=921&activeIngredientName=JIMSON%20WEED JIMSON WEED], WebMD.</ref> Jimson weed leaves are smoked for asthma.<ref>[http://wisewomanherbalezine.com/july17-2012/weedwalk2.html Nightshades, petunias, and lobelia]</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Jimson weed is poisonous and can cause dry mouth and extreme thirst, vision problems, nausea and vomiting, fast heart rate, hallucinations, high temperature, seizures, confusion, loss of consciousness, breathing problems, and death.<ref name=jim/> "The deadly dose for adults is 15-100 grams of leaf or 15-25 grams of the seeds."<ref name=jim/>

===K===
[[File:Starr_021122-0034_Piper_methysticum.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Piper methysticum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Kava}}''' (''Piper methysticum'')
:*'''Claimed to''': Be effective for anxiety.<ref name=kava>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-872-KAVA.aspx?activeIngredientId=872&activeIngredientName=KAVA Kava], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful Effects''': Side effects may include liver damage leading to death, even with short-term use (1-3 months) of normal doses,<ref name=kava/> and sedation, oral and lingual dyskinesia, torticollis, oculogyric crisis, exacerbation of Parkinson's disease, painful twisting movements of the trunk, and rash.<ref name=aafp/> Several European countries banned or restricted the use of kava based on its hepatotoxic effects; the US FDA only issued a warning.<ref name="dietz">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504026/ Botanical Dietary Supplements Gone Bad] by Birgit Dietz & Judy L. Boton ''Chem. Res. Toxicol.'' 2007 Apr; 20(4): 586–590. doi: 10.1021/tx7000527.</ref> A cancer study of kava extract in mice and rats found that it caused liver cancer in male and female mice and "increased incidences of lesions in the liver, forestomach, kidney, eye, and pancreas of male and female rats, in the liver of male and female mice, and in the forestomach of female mice."<ref>[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr571.pdf Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Kava Kava Extract in F344/N Rats AND B6C3F<sub>1</sub> Mice.]</ref>

===L===
[[File:Vitex negundo leaves.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Vitex negundo'']]
*'''{{wpl|Vitex negundo|Lagundi}}''' (''Vitex negundo'')
:*'''Also called:''' Chinese chaste tree, five-leaved chaste tree, or horseshoe vitex, or nisinda
:*'''Used for:''' Widely used for cough and asthma in the [[Philippines]]. Commercially sold under the trade names ''Ascof'' and ''Plemex'' in tablet and syrup form.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715001825/http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm "Lagundi leaves as effective control against storage pests of garlic"]. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 7, 2011.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' May induce vomiting and peeling of the skin in some patients.<ref>[https://businessmirror.com.ph/2023/05/19/the-health-benefits-and-side-effects-of-lagundi/ The health benefits (and side effects) of Lagundi]</ref> No further adverse effects were found as far as formal scientific studies go.


[[File:Starr 070308-5338 Kalanchoe pinnata.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Bryophyllum pinnatum'']]
*{{anchor|Bryophyllum pinnatum}}'''{{wpl|Kalanchoe pinnata|Leaf of Life}}''' (''Bryophyllum pinnatum'')
:*'''Also called:''' Life plant, air plant, Goethe plant, cathedral bells, miracle plant, ''luòdì shēnggēn'' (落地生根, "to move to a new place and call it home")
:*'''Claimed to:''' Treat hypertension. A 2011 study showed that the effect was minimal, and possibly counteracted by its potential organotoxic nature.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Assessment of the medical benefit in the folkloric use of Bryophyllum Pinnatum leaf among the Igbos of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension |journal=African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=83-92 |date=January 2011 |doi=10.5897/AJPP10.309 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230613149_Assessment_of_the_medical_benefit_in_the_folkloric_use_of_Bryophyllum_Pinnatum_leaf_among_the_Igbos_of_Nigeria_for_the_treatment_of_hypertension |author1=Ghasi S |author2=Egwuibe C |author3=Achukwu PU |author4=Onyeanusi JC }}</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Contains bufadienolide cardiac glycosides, which are toxic, especially to grazing animals.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hearts and flowers: ''Bryophyllum'' poisoning of cattle |journal=Aust. Vet. J. |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=222–7 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3778371 |doi= 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb03000.x |url= |author1=McKenzie RA |author2=Dunster PJ }}</ref>


*{{anchor|Leopard}}'''{{wpl|Leopard's bane}}'''
:*''See either [[#Aconite|aconite]] or [[#Arnica|arnica]].''


[[File:Gardenology.org-IMG_2803_rbgs11jan.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Glycyrrhiza glabra'']]
*'''{{wpl|Licorice}}''' (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''gāncǎo'' (甘草)<ref name=read/> is used as a panacea<ref name=stuart/>
:*'''Beneficial effects:''' Licorice "acts as a demulcent, a soothing, coating agent, and as an expectorant."<ref>[http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/licorice#ixzz37quI7fz9 Licorice], University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' In large quantities, may have detrimental effects on heart disease, kidney disease, pregnant women, male sexual function, and may cause brain damage even in healthy people. In lower quantities, side effects may include tiredness, absence of a menstrual period in women, headache, water and sodium retention, decreased sexual interest and function in men, miscarriages or early deliveries, and raised blood pressure, and may also worsen heart and kidney disease.<ref name=licorice>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/881.html Licorice], MedlinePlus Supplements</ref><br /> According to MedlinePlus Supplements, "Consuming 30 grams or more of licorice daily for several weeks can cause severe side effects including high blood pressure, low potassium in the blood, weakness, paralysis, and occasionally brain damage in otherwise healthy people. In people who eat a lot of salt or have heart disease, kidney disease, or high blood pressure, as little as 5 grams per day can cause these problems."<ref name=licorice/> Licorice "might act like estrogen in the body. If you have any condition [such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids] that might be made worse by exposure to estrogen, don’t use licorice."<ref name=licorice/> Licorice can interact with grapefruit juice, possibly increasing its ability to deplete human potassium levels, and licorice's side effects of sodium and water retention and increase in blood pressure can worsen if taken with salt.<ref name=licorice/><br/> Licorice can interact with heart medicines, steroids, diuretics, or insulin.<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/licorice Licorice], Cancer.org.</ref>


[[File:Convallaria_majalis_0001.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Convallaria majalis'']]
*'''{{wpl|Lily-of-the-valley}}''' (''Convallaria majalis'')
:*'''Used for:''' epileptic seizures, strokes, angina, conjunctivitis, leprosy, laxative, "neurasthenia", unconsciousness from stroke, epilepsy, edema and heart problems.<ref name="theherbbook"/><ref>[http://www.herbal-supplement-resource.com/lily-of-the-valley.html Lily of the valley]</ref> Not enough studies have been done to evaluate any of the claims.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-289-LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY.aspx?activeIngredientId=289&activeIngredientName=LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY]</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' The plant is poisonous and can be fatal. Doses must be very specific and prescribed by a professional (although what with the lack of evidence, what's the point?) Self-medication or wrong doses may result in blurred vision, excessive urination at night, halos around objects, diarrhea, Loss of appetite, Stomach pain, Vomiting or nausea, irregular or slow heartbeat confusion, depression, disorientation, drowsiness, fainting, headache, lethargy, weakness, rash, and hives.<ref>[http://www.drugs.com/enc/lily-of-the-valley.html Lily-of-the-valley], drugs.com.</ref>


[[File:Lobelia_inflata_002.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Lobelia inflata'']]
*'''{{wpl|Lobelia inflata|Lobelia}}''' (''Lobelia inflata'')
:*'''Used for:''' Asthma, bronchitis, cough, and smoking cessation.<ref name="theherbbook"/><ref name=lob>[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/lobelia-000264.htm Lobelia], University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref> Not enough studies have been done to verify lobelia's effectiveness for any of these.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and death.<ref name=lob/> It's not called Indian Tobacco for nothing.

===M===
*'''Ma huang''': See [[#E|Ephedra]].

{{anchor|Madder root}}{{anchor|Madder}}
[[File:Rubia_tinctorum_002.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Rubia tinctorum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Madder root}}''' (''Rubia tinctorum'')
:*'''Used as:''' an "astringent diuretic, emmenagogue", and claimed to be good for many conditions, including alkaline urine, diarrhea, inflammation, wounds, broken bones, fever, and many others.<ref name="theherbbook"/><ref>http://www.satveda.com/betel-nut.html</ref><ref>[http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-herbs/manjishta.html Manjishta - Uses & Benefits of Manjishta, Rubia Tinctorum], ILoveIndia.com.</ref><ref>[http://secure.herbies-herbs.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&product_id=1145&category_id=22&option=com_virtuemart Madder Root, Powder, W.C. | Herbie's Herbs]</ref> There is no evidence to support the use of madder root for any of these conditions.<ref name=madder>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-557-MADDER.aspx?activeIngredientId=557&activeIngredientName=MADDER MADDER ROOT], WebMD.</ref> The root is used in Ayurveda and [[Hildegard medicine]]. Madder root is also used for dyeing fabrics.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' May cause cancer, birth defects, and miscarriages.<ref name=madder/> It can also make urine, saliva, perspiration, tears, and breast milk turn red. One wonders if happier root would be any better. An extract of madder root, used as a food coloring in Japan, was found to cause liver cancer in rats.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19032970 Induction of kidney and liver cancers by the natural food additive madder color in a two-year rat carcinogenicity study.] K. Inoue et al. ''Food Chem. Toxicol.'' 2009 Jan;47(1):184-91. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.031</ref>


[[File:Cannabis_sativa2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Cannabis sativa'']]
*'''Marijuana''' (''Cannabis'' spp.)<ref name=read/>
{{main|Cannabis}}
:*'''In TCM:''' ''C. sativa'' or ''dàmá'' (大麻). The flowers are used for 風 "wind" diseases, menstrual disorders and wounds.<ref name=stuart/> The seeds (actually the achene) are used for many diseases.<ref name=stuart/> In modern analyses are generally considered to be low in psychoactivity, but have measurable levels of cannabidiol ([[CBD]]).<ref>[http://www.dutch-headshop.com/extra_info/the-composition-and-potential-of-seed-oil.pdf The Composition of Hemp Seed Oil and Its Potential as an Important Source of Nutrition] by Cary Leizer et al. ''Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods'' Vol. 2(4):35-53 2000.</ref>
:*Effects may include mild euphoria, relaxed muscles, increased appetite and… wait, what? Did I say that out loud? Whoa… Have you ever looked at your hand? I mean ''REALLY'' looked at your hand? Side effects include paranoia and apathy. Marijuana and other cannabis products have little or no 'healing' purposes, but may relieve symptoms of other conditions or diseases.<ref name="theherbbook"/> It is considered one of the safest substances of abuse, including legal drugs, such as [[alcohol]], which is not to say that it is [[Marijuana#Risks|risk]] free.

{{anchor|Mate}}{{anchor|Yerba mate}}{{anchor|Yerba maté}}
[[File:Yerba_Mate.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Ilex paraguariensis'']]
*'''{{wpl|Maté}}''' (''Ilex paraguariensis'')
:*'''Also called:''' yerba maté
:*Consumed as a beverage. It is extremely popular in South America.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Non-caffeine-related side effects include an increased risk of mouth, esophageal, laryngeal, kidney, bladder, and lung cancer.<ref name=mate>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-828-MATE.aspx?activeIngredientId=828&activeIngredientName=MATE MATE], WebMD.</ref><ref name="nyu-mate">[http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=111705#ref11 NYU Langone Medical Center: Maté]</ref> The oral cancer associations may be due to the very high temperatures at which maté tea is traditionally drunk, but the associations with kidney, bladder, and lung cancer would not be temperature related.<ref name="nyu-mate"/> Caffeine-related side effects include insomnia, nervousness and restlessness, stomach upset, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate and breathing, high blood pressure, headache, ringing in the ears, irregular heartbeats, slowed blood clotting, and worsened diarrhea.<ref name=mate/>
:*Best remove it from your diet.


[[File:Silybum_marianum01.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Silybum marianum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Milk thistle}}''' (''Silybum marianum'')
:*'''Used for:''' liver, stomach, gall bladder and spleen problems,<ref name="theherbbook"/> and sometimes for [[irritable bowel syndrome]].
:*'''Harmful effects:''' may include diarrhea, nausea, bloating, gas, and upset stomach.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/milk-thistle-benefits-and-side-effects Milk Thistle], WebMD.</ref>


[[File:Viscum_album_001.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Viscum album'']]
*'''{{wpl|Viscum album|Mistletoe}}''' (''Viscum album'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''hú jìshēng'' (槲寄生)<ref name=read/>
:*'''Used for:''' cancer prevention, hypertension, insomnia,<ref>[http://www.anniesremedy.com/herb_detail427.php Mistletoe Herb Medicinal Uses]</ref> digestion problems, chilblains, and leg ulcers.<ref name="theherbbook"/> Mistletoe isn't effective for cancer; insufficient research has been done to evaluate the other claims.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-917-EUROPEAN%20MISTLETOE.aspx?activeIngredientId=917&activeIngredientName=EUROPEAN%20MISTLETOE EUROPEAN MISTLETOE], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' When small amounts are taken, it is safe, with mild side effects of headaches, fever, and chills.<ref name=mistletoe>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/mistletoe Mistletoe], Cancer.org.</ref> Large amounts are toxic and can be fatal; symptoms may include seizures, coma, death, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, slow or irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, confusion, and drowsiness.<ref name=mistletoe/>
:*'''See also:''' [[Iscador]], an extract of mistletoe


[[File:Artemisia_vulgaris_001.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Artemisia vulgaris'']]
*{{anchor|Mugwort}} '''{{wpl|Artemisia vulgaris|Mugwort}}''' (''Artemisia vulgaris'')
:*'''In TCM''': ''ai'' (艾) refers to ''A. vulgaris''.<ref name=read/> Other species of ''Artemisia'' are also used.<ref name=stuart/> ''A. vulgaris'' is used in [[moxibustion]], and is regarded as a panacea.<ref name=stuart/>
:*Used for: improving appetite and digestion, laxative, menstrual regulation, gout, rheumatism, tired legs,<ref name="theherbbook"/> [[vaginal steaming]], [[homeopathy]], and [[moxibustion]].<ref name=ACS>http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/mugwort</ref> Also a purported abortifacient.{{fact}}
:*Claimed to: to [[Panacea|treat everything under the sun]].<ref name=ACS />
:*Side effects: the allergenic qualities of American ragweed. Mugwort can cause hay fever, rashes, and other irritations. It also appears to be related to some food allergies.<ref name=ACS /> Also has a chance of inducing miscarriage in pregnant people but is not reliable enough in this regard to be used in lieu of conventional abortion procedures, and may cause serious harm.{{fact}}
:*Benefits: No evidence that it does anything useful.<ref name=ACS />


*'''Mu Tong''' (''Aristolochia manshuriensis'' or ''Akebia'' spp.)
:"Mu tong" (木通) is a conflation of two unrelated genera, one highly dangerous (''Aristolochia'' spp.) and one not so dangerous (''Akebia'' spp.). For the dangerous one, see [[List of medicinal plants#B|Birthwort]].
:*'''Used in:''' traditional Chinese medicine for "relieving excess fire" and "stimulating the secretion of milk".<ref>[http://www.tcmtreatment.com/herbs/00-mutong.htm Manchurian Aristolochia Stem (Mu Tong)]</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' May cause fatal kidney failure because all ''Aristolochia'' species contain aristolochic acid.<ref>[http://www.decodedscience.com/aristolochic-acid-its-history-and-use-in-chinese-herbal-medicines/35466 Aristolochic Acid – History and use in Chinese Herbal Medicines], Decoded Science, August 28, 2013, Leslie Cohen.</ref>

===N===
[[File:Neem_tree.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Azadirachta indica'']]
*'''{{wpl|Neem}}''' (''Azadirachta indica'')
:*Not known to be effective for anything.<ref name=neem>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-577-NEEM.aspx?activeIngredientId=577&activeIngredientName=NEEM NEEM], WebMD.</ref> Also used non-medicinally as a pesticide.
:*Safe when taken short-term by adults.<ref name=neem/> Neem is contraindicated for children, because it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, blood disorders, seizures, loss of consciousness, coma, brain disorders, and death.<ref name=neem/> High-dose or long-term internal use by adults is dangerous, and can harm the kidneys and liver, lower blood sugar, and cause infertility and miscarriages.<ref name=neem/>

===O===
[[File:OreganoEssentialOil.png |thumb|right|100px|''Origanum vulgare'' oil]]
*{{anchor|Oil of oregano}} '''{{wpl|Oregano#Phytochemicals and folk medicine|Oil of oregano}}''' (''Origanum vulgare'', also known as marjoram oil)
:*'''Used as:''' an anti-fungal, anti-[[virus|viral]], anti-[[bacteria|bacterial]], abortifactant, anti-asthma, anti-[[malaria]], antioxidant and anti-cold/flu/headache medication (take your pick). While it has a higher rate of success on [[malaria]] and bacteria on the skin than normal water, it has significantly less success than any standard over-the-counter antibiotic or medicinal anti-malaria drug.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21535822 from Pubmed]</ref> As with most [[woo]], there is always a glint of truth that gets warped into $$$$$.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21521657 Pubmed]</ref> It is a good antioxidant, but not more so than raw oregano, which tastes better and makes wicked salads. And, despite its name, it tastes absolutely foul (as [[user:Yossarian|this user]] will attest).
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include gastrointestinal issues and allergic reactions.{{fact}}

{{Anchor|Oleander}}
[[File:Nerium_oleander_Ouarzazate_wild1.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Nerium oleander'']]
*'''{{wpl|Oleander}}''' (''Nerium oleander'')
:*Insufficient research to evaluate efficacy.<ref name=oleander>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-789-OLEANDER.aspx?activeIngredientId=789&activeIngredientName=OLEANDER OLEANDER], WebMD.</ref> Used for muscle cramps, asthma, cancer, and [[AIDS]].<ref>[http://www.cancertutor.com/Cancer02/Oleander.html Tony Isaacs Oleander Protocol For Cancer or AIDS - Cancer Tutor]</ref><ref name=oleanderc>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/oleander-leaf Oleander Leaf], American Cancer Society.</ref>
:*Oleander leaf is poisonous, and can cause fatal heart failure. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, colic, appetite loss, dizziness, drowsiness, high potassium levels, dilated pupils, bloody diarrhea, seizures, loss of consciousness, slow or irregular pulse, and heart block.<ref name=oleanderc/> Oleander seeds are also toxic, as is the rest of the plant, sap, twigs, roots, etc.<ref name=oleander/>


[[File:Papaver_somniferum_field_in_France.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Papaver somniferum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Opium poppy}}''' (''Papaver somniferum'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''yīngsù'' (罌粟)<ref name=read/>
:*Latex exuded by immature seed pod used for analgesic purposes. Tinctures of seeds and straw used to a lesser extent. The latex at least is suggested by research to be effective, albeit prone to habituation and dependency. See also [[heroin]].


[[File:Oregano2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Origanum vulgare'']] 
*{{anchor|Oregano}} '''{{wpl|Oregano}}''' (''Origanum vulgare'', also known as marjoram)
:*'''Used for:''' digestion, headache, colic, "nervous complaints", coughs and respiratory ailments, menstrual cramps,<ref name="theherbbook"/> and [[vaginal steaming]]
:*'''Benefits:'''
::*Studies show long-term use of oregano may reduce high cholesterol.<ref name=WebMDOregano>http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-644-oregano.aspx?activeingredientid=644&activeingredientname=oregano</ref>
::*Studies show long-term use of oregano may kill the stomach parasites ''Blastocystis hominis'', ''Entamoeba hartmanni'', and ''Endolimax nana''.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
:*'''Non-benefits:'''
::*A study suggested that oregano did not prevent bleeding in people with hemophilia.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
::*A study suggested that oregano did not speed or aid the wound healing process, though it did reduce skin stiffness and improve skin color.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
:*'''Research:''' No other major research on oregano's health benefits has been conducted. Despite contrary claims, oregano has not been shown to help asthma, bronchitis, coughing, the flu, indigestion, painful menstrual periods, arthritis, headaches, or heart conditions.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Oregano is probably safe in food quantities.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
::*Oregano is possibly unsafe in medicinal quantities during pregnancy, and may possibly cause miscarriage.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
::*Oregano may increase the risk of bleeding, which may be problematic before surgery and in people with bleeding disorders.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
::*Oregano can lower blood sugar levels, potentially problematic for diabetics.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
::*People can be allergic to oregano.<ref name=WebMDOregano />
::*Oregano is a {{wpl|diuretic||.}}<ref name=WebMDOregano />

===P===
[[File:Petersilie_kraus.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Petroselinum crispum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Parsley}}''' (''Petroselinum crispum'')
:*'''Used for:''' edema, jaundice, asthma, coughs, menstrual problems, conjunctivitis and blepharitis.<ref name="theherbbook"/> It is sometimes used for home [[abortion]]s, but its effectiveness for this has not been scientifically studied.
::*The claims: Parsley is touted as a general anti-toxin,<ref group=note>Is this even a medical term?</ref> control blood pressure, cure diabetes,<ref group=note>Yes, CURE, not just aid or help control.</ref> urinary tract infections, prevents cancer, stimulates contractions of the uterus, cures rheumatism, treats kidney and bladder stones,<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566309 debunked]</ref> and can even remove tooth aches. 
:*The truth: Surprisingly, it is dangerous for women, as it can cause the uterus to contract prematurely and should not be inserted into or rubbed near the uterus. It is mildly anti-microbialial &mdash; on those days when you can't run to your medicine cabinet and grab a tube of far more effective antibiotic.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' It is harmless when taken in the small amounts found in food, but the large amounts used in herbal medicine may cause anemia and liver or kidney problems, and make water retention, high blood pressure, and kidney disease worse.<ref name=parsley>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-792-PARSLEY.aspx?activeIngredientId=792&activeIngredientName=PARSLEY PARSLEY], WebMD.</ref> Topically applied parsley oil can make skin become more sensitive to sunlight and cause a rash.<ref name=parsley/>


[[File:Mentha_pulegium_002.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Mentha pulegium'']]
*'''{{wpl|Pennyroyal}}''' (''Mentha pulegium'')
:*'''Used for:''' inducing abortion, inducing menstruation and menstrual pain, nausea, "nervous conditions" and headache.<ref name="theherbbook"/> There is no evidence to support the effectiveness of pennyroyal for anything besides abortions<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/480.html Pennyroyal], MedlinePlus Supplements.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' The [[essential oil]] is toxic to the liver and lung, and can be fatal if ingested.<ref name="dietz"/>


[[File:Mentha_x_piperita_002.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Mentha piperita'']]
*'''{{wpl|Peppermint oil}}''' (''Mentha piperita'')
:*'''Used for:''' nervousness, insomnia, cramps, coughs, migraine, gastrointestinal problems, headache, and vomiting<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' may include heartburn, and, more rarely, nausea, vomiting, headache, flushing, mouth irritation/sores, severe stomach/abdominal pain, and anal burning during bouts of diarrhea.<ref>[http://www.medicinenet.com/peppermint_oil-oral/page2.htm#SideEffects Peppermint oil], MedicineNet.</ref><ref>[http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/peppermint-oil-uses-benefits-effects?page=2 Peppermint oil], WebMD.</ref>


*'''Primrose oil''': See [[#E|Evening primrose oil]].

===R===
[[File:TrifoliumPratense3.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Trifolium pratense'']]
*{{anchor|Redclover}}'''{{wpl|Trifolium pratense|Red clover}}''' (''Trifolium pratense'')
:*'''Used in:''' [[vaginal steaming]], [[187 Fake Cancer "Cures" Consumers Should Avoid|fake cancer cures]], livestock grazing, tea<ref name=CancerRedclover>http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/red-clover</ref>
:*'''Beneficial effects:'''
::*Available research does not show red clover treats cancer, coughing, hair loss, skin conditions, or any other medical conditions.<ref name=CancerRedclover /><ref name=UMMRedclover>http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/red-clover</ref><ref name=WebMD>http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-308-red%20clover.aspx?activeingredientid=308&activeingredientname=red%20clover</ref>
::*Available research does not show red clover is an antibiotic.<ref name=CancerRedclover />
::*Available research has mixed results on whether red clover reduces osteoporosis, and leans towards no effect.<ref name=CancerRedclover /><ref name=UMMRedclover /><ref name=WebMD />
::*Available research has mixed results on whether red clover reduces menopausal symptoms.<ref name=CancerRedclover /><ref name=UMMRedclover />
::*Available research has mixed results on whether red clover reduces LDL ("bad" cholesterol) levels, and leans toward no effect.<ref name=CancerRedclover /><ref name=UMMRedclover />
::*Researchers theorize that red clover may help to prevent cancers that estrogen helps to prevent, and help to cause cancers that estrogen helps to cause.<ref name=UMMRedclover />
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Do not put onto wounds without a doctor's advice.<ref name=CancerRedclover />
::*Generally safe in food and drink.<ref name=CancerRedclover />
::*May increase risk of excessive bleeding.<ref name=CancerRedclover /><ref name=UMMRedclover /><ref name=WebMD /><ref>{{cite journal|pmid= 12472978| |date= 2012-05-24 |volume= 27 |issue= 6 |journal= J Clin Pharm Ther |pages= 391–401 |title= Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs.}}</ref>
::*May cause headaches, nausea, and rashes.<ref name=UMMRedclover />
::*Women with estrogen-sensitive cancers (such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer) or other estrogen-sensitive (such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids) should '''not''' take red clover.<ref name=CancerRedclover /><ref name=WebMD /><ref>{{cite journal |title= Influence of marketed herbal menopause preparations on MCF-7 cell proliferation |date= 2012-05-24 |pmid= 15167307 |volume= 11 |issue= 3 |journal= Menopause |pages= 281–9}}</ref>
::*Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not take red clover.<ref name=CancerRedclover />


[[File:Matricaria_recutita.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Chamaemelum nobile'']]
*{{anchor|Romanchamomile}}'''{{wpl|Chamaemelum nobile|Roman chamomile}}''' (''Chamaemelum nobile'')
:*'''Also called:''' camomile, English chamomile, garden chamomile, ground apple, low chamomile, or whig plant. Is a subset of [[#chamomile|chamomile]].
:*'''Used in:''' [[vaginal steaming]]
:*'''Claimed to:''' calm frayed nerves, treat stomach problems, relieve muscle spasms, treat skin conditions, treat infections, treat nausea, treat vomiting, treat heartburn, treat loss of appetite, treat intestinal gas, relieve anxiety, reduce inflammation from cuts or hemorrhoids, help with burns, be antibacterial, be antiviral, be antifungal, treat morning sickness, treat painful menstrual periods, treat sinusitis, treat liver and gallbladder disease, deal with gallstones, prevent heartburn, ease the discomfort of swollen gums, treat ear inflammation, treat sore throats, ''and'' "purify" the blood.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile /><ref name=WebMDRomanchamomile />
:*'''Beneficial effects:'''
::*''May'' reduce flatulence; insufficient research.<ref name=WebMDRomanchamomile>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-752-ROMAN%20CHAMOMILE.aspx?activeIngredientId=752&activeIngredientName=ROMAN%20CHAMOMILE Roman chamomile], WebMD.</ref>
::*Insufficient evidence for treatment of painful periods.<ref name=WebMDRomanchamomile />
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Considered "generally safe".<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile />
::*May be allergenic to those allergic to asters, daisies, chrysanthemums, or ragweed.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile />
::*May cause miscarriage when pregnant. Do not take while pregnant or breastfeeding.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile /><ref name=WebMDRomanchamomile />
::*May worsen asthma.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile /><ref name=WebMDRomanchamomile />
::*Moderate sedative.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile /><ref name=WebMDRomanchamomile />
::*Thins the blood.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile />
::*May lower blood sugar.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile />
::*If too much is drunk, may cause vomiting.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile /><ref name=WebMDRomanchamomile />
::*May be dangerous to women with estrogen-sensitive conditions, such as cancer.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile />
::*Interacts with the liver, potentially causing changes in other drugs.<ref name=UMMRomanchamomile />


[[File:Rosmarinus_officinalis_0001.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Rosmarinus officinalis'']]
*{{anchor|Rosemary}}'''{{wpl|Rosemary}}''' (''Rosmarinus officinalis'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''mí dié xiāng'' (迷迭香)
:*'''Used in:''' [[vaginal steaming]]
:*'''Claimed to:''' solve digestion problems, heartburn, flatulence, liver and gallbladder problems, lack of appetite, gout, coughing, headaches, high blood pressure, and age-related memory loss. No such effects have been proven.<ref name=WebMDRosemary>http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-154-rosemary.aspx?activeingredientid=154&activeingredientname=rosemary</ref><ref name=UMMRosemary>http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/rosemary</ref>
:*'''Beneficial effects:'''
::*Lab work shows rosemary has antioxidant properties.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Studies suggest long-term rosemary use may prevent {{wpl|thrombosis}} in humans.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Studies suggest rosemary may neutralize several foodborne pathogens.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*One (''one'', badly designed, ''and'' small) study suggests rosemary, if used topically on the head, may help hair regrowth.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Two studies (small, [[aromatherapy]], not compared to placebo) suggest it may help reduce [[stress]].<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Improved speed and accuracy on a test for a study of a sample 20 people when scent was inhaled.<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120224194313.htm</ref>
::*Contains {{wpl|Antioxidant|antioxidants}} {{wpl|carnosic acid}} and {{wpl|carnosol}}.<ref>http://www.foodnavigator.com/Policy/Rosemary-extracts-to-receive-antioxidant-status</ref><ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb10476.x/abstract;jsessionid=EC2D958731B1F24EDE126AE50586F466.f03t04</ref><ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.5520130123/abstract</ref> No proven resulting benefits, however.
::*Is a little spicy and smells nice.<ref name=WebMDRosemary /><ref name=UMMRosemary />
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*Is probably safe if the leaf itself is eaten; is rated as Generally Recognized as Safe in the U.S.;<ref name=AmerPregRosemary>http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/herbs-and-pregnancy/</ref> the German Commission E has approved it.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*May impact blood clotting.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*May impact ACE inhibitors, taken for high blood pressure.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Is {{wpl|diuretic}}.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*May impact blood-sugar levels.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Large quantities of rosemary leaves can cause vomiting, spasms, comas, and {{wpl|pulmonary edema}}.<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Large quantities of rosemary leaves may increase menstrual blood-flow and can cause miscarriage and is rated Possibly UnSafe in the U.S. Even while pregnant, however, it is safe to eat as a spice in food.<ref name=UMMRosemary /><ref>http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/herbs-and-pregnancy/</ref>
::*"People with high-blood pressure, ulcers, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis should not take rosemary."<ref name=UMMRosemary />
::*Rosemary oil may be toxic if consumed orally.<ref name=UMMRosemary />

===S===
[[File:Sage_11.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Salvia officinalis'']]
*{{anchor|Sage}}'''{{wpl|Salvia officinalis|Sage}}''' (usually ''Salvia officinalis'', also ''Salvia lavandulaefolia'', occasionally {{wpl|sage|others}})
:*'''Also called:''' garden sage, common sage
:*'''Used in:''' [[vaginal steaming]], [[aromatherapy]]
:*'''Claimed to:''' move blood and [[chi]] through physical and emotional obstructions, reduce loss of appetite, reduce flatulence, reduce stomach pain, reduce diarrhea, reduce stomach bloating, reduce heartburn, reduce overproduction of perspiration, reduce overproduction of saliva, reduce depression, reduce memory loss, reduce Alzheimer's disease, reduce painful menstrual periods, reduce excessive milk flow during nursing, and reduce hot flashes during menopause, (when applied topically) help cold sores, gum disease (gingivitis), sore mouth/throat/tongue, swollen nasal passages, and (when inhaled) reduce asthma.<ref name=WMDSage>http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-504-sage.aspx?activeingredientid=504&activeingredientname=sage</ref>
:*'''Beneficial effects:'''
::*May potentially improve learning, memory, and information processing for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*May improve memory and attention.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*Appears to remove cold sores slightly slower than medical products.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*May reduce "bad" cholesterol.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*May reduce symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*In one study, sage extract significantly reduced ultraviolet-induced erythema.<ref>http://umm.edu/health/medical-reference-guide/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-guide/condition/erythema</ref>
:*'''Unproven effects:'''
::*Not known if sage reduces lung cancer.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*Not known if sage helps sore throats.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*Not known for other conditions.<ref name=WMDSage />
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*''Salvia officinalis'' contains thujone. Thujone can be poisonous in sufficient doses, and can cause seizures, damage to the liver, and damage to the nervous systems. The amount of thujone varies with the species of plant, the time of harvest, growing conditions, and other factors.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*If pregnant or breastfeeding, the risk of thujone poisoning is especially high.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*For persons with higher risks of seizures, thujone is especially dangerous.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*Sage may reduce blood sugar, affecting patients with diabetes and patients undergoing surgery.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*Spanish sage (''Salvia lavandulaefolia'') may affect estrogen-receptive growths, such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*Spanish sage (''Salvia lavandulaefolia'') might increase blood pressure in those with high blood pressure, while common sage (''Salvia officinalis'') might lower blood pressure in people with low blood pressure.<ref name=WMDSage />
::*Sage can cause drowsiness.<ref name=WMDSage />


[[File:Sassafras_Sassafras_albidum_Leaf_2505px.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Sassafras albidum'']]
*'''{{wpl|Sassafras}}''' (''Sassafras'' spp.)
:*'''Used for:''' "blood purifying", promoting sweating and urination, pain relief and venereal disease<ref name="theherbbook"/> joint pain and preventing colds and flus.<ref>[http://www.medicinalherbs-4u.com/sassafras.html Sassafras is a Painkiller]</ref> There is no evidence to support its use for these conditions.<ref name=sassa>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-674-SASSAFRAS.aspx?activeIngredientId=674&activeIngredientName=SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Sassafras is poisonous, and even 5ml can be fatal. Side effects may include cancer, liver damage and miscarriages. Also, sweating and hot flashes. "High amounts can cause vomiting, high blood pressure, hallucinations, and more severe side effects. It can cause skin rashes when used on the skin."<ref name=sassa/> Sassafras had a long traditional use in the United States in foods, root beer, and tea. Sassafras was banned from interstate trade by the FDA in 1960 because of its high safrole content after safrole was discovered to be carcinogenic.<ref name="dietz"/> Subsequently, sassafras has returned to the interstate food market after technology to remove safrole was implemented.


[[File:Serenoa_repens_3.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Serenoa repens'']]
*'''{{wpl|Saw palmetto}}''' (''Serenoa repens'')
:*Extract of the fruit of a fan palm. Taken for BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) a.k.a. Getting up 5 times at night to piss. Some studies assert its effectiveness. Has been suggested as a treatment for male pattern baldness, mainly since finasteride, the first-line treatment for MPB, is also effective against BPH. Evidence for the latter use is inconclusive, so if you're losing your mane, finasteride and minoxidil remain your best bets.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/saw-palmetto/evidence/hrb-20059958</ref>


[[File:Senna_alexandrina_Mill.-Cassia_angustifolia_L._(Senna_Plant).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Senna alexandrina'']]
*'''{{wpl|Senna alexandrina|Senna}}''' (''Senna alexandrina'')
:*'''Effective for:''' constipation<ref name=senna>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-652-SENNA.aspx?activeIngredientId=652&activeIngredientName=SENNA SENNA], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Short-term use may cause stomach discomfort, cramps, and diarrhea.<ref name=senna/> Long-term use (over two weeks) can stop the bowels from functioning properly and cause dependence; it may also cause heart function disorders, muscle weakness, liver damage, and other side effects.<ref name=senna/>


*'''Siberian ginseng''' (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'') See [[List of herbs and spices#E|Eleuthero]]


*'''Skullcap''': See [[List of herbs and spices#A|American skullcap]], [[List of herbs and spices#C|Chinese skullcap]]. European skullcap is used there as a substitute for American skullcap, and has similar ingredients.


*'''{{wpl|Annona muricata|Soursop}}''' (''Annona muricata'')
:*A tropical fruit touted as a "wonder cure" for cancer.<ref>[http://www.natureschemocare.com/soursop-cancer-cure-treatment.html this site will even sell you some]</ref> Despite some promising results, there are no definite conclusions in this area.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23297712 "may have clinical relevance"] is about the best we've got so far.</ref> There ''are'', however, definite indicators of a neurotoxic effect, with symptoms similar to Parkinsonism.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14675150 As] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14521988 shown] [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/3/816.full.pdf here]</ref>


[[File:Spinazie_vrouwelijke_plant_(Spinacia_oleracea_female_plant).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Spinacia oleracea'']]
*'''{{wpl|Spinach}}''' (''Spinacia oleracea'')
:*'''In TCM:''' ''bō'' (菠)<ref name=read/>
:*May contribute to kidney stone formation by increasing the amount of oxalate in the urine.<ref>[http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kidneystonediet/#oxalate Diet for Kidney Stone Prevention], National Kidney and Urologic Diseases
Information Clearinghouse.</ref>
:*Rumors of increased strength are greatly exaggerated.


[[File:Urginea_maritima_1.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Drimia maritima'']]
*'''{{wpl|Drimia maritima|Squill}}''' (''Drimia maritima'')
:*Not enough research to evaluate efficacy for anything.<ref name=squill>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-743-SQUILL.aspx?activeIngredientId=743&activeIngredientName=SQUILL SQUILL], WebMD.</ref> Used for heart problems, bronchitis, asthma, whooping cough, and wounds.
:*'''Harmful effects:''' The herb is cardiotoxic and can be lethal, with side effects including stomach irritation, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, vision changes, depression, confusion, hallucinations, irregular heartbeat, skin rash, miscarriages, seizures, life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms, and death.<ref name=squill/>

[[File:Stevia-rebaudiana-total.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Stevia rebaudiana'']]
*'''{{wpl|Stevia}}''' (''Stevia rebaudiana'')
:*Used as a sweetener.
:*Usually no side effects, but rare ones may include bloating, nausea, dizziness, muscle pain, and numbness.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-682-STEVIA.aspx?activeIngredientId=682&activeIngredientName=STEVIA STEVIA], WebMD.</ref>


[[File:HYPERICUM_PERFORATUM_-_VALLFEROSA_-_IB-580_(Pericó).JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Hypericum perforatum'']]
*'''St. John's wort''' (''Hypericum perforatum'')
{{main|St. John's wort}}
:*'''Used for:''' calming, bedwetting, insomnia, "nervous conditions", depression, anemia, headache, jaundice, congestion, and menstrual difficulties<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*Regarded by herbalists and some medical authorities as an effective treatment for depression; trials are mixed, partly due to depression's high susceptibility to the placebo effect.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000448.pub3/abstract;jsessionid=4CB5FCD4353145BFEE7645629AA342EA.f04t04 Cochrane Group]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582668/ Challenging Received Wisdom: Antidepressants and the Placebo Effect] by Irving Kirsch, ''Mcgill J. Med.'' 2008 Nov; 11(2): 219–222.</ref> Popular in Germany. May interfere with effectiveness of other drugs.<ref>[http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/sjw-and-depression.htm#risks Risks associated with St John's Wort.]</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' may cause cataracts in people exposed to visible or ultraviolet light after taking it.<ref name=fordham>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19895314 ''The association between self-reported cataracts and St. John's Wort''], Booth JN 3rd, McGwin G, Curr Eye Res. 2009 Oct;34(10):863-6. doi: 10.3109/02713680903144692.</ref> Other side effects may include gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, dry mouth, photosensitivity,<ref name=aafp/> mania and psychosis<ref name=maniapsychosis/>

===T===
*'''[[Fun:Tea|Tea]]''': see [[#G|Green tea]]


[[File:Melaleuca_alternifolia_(Maria_Serena)_tree.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Melaleuca alternifolia'']]
*'''{{wpl|Tea tree oil}}''' (''Melaleuca alternifolia'')
:*'''Used for:''' (and is effective for) fungal infections, acne, and athlete's foot (topical application).<ref name=tto>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-113-TEA%20TREE%20OIL.aspx?activeIngredientId=113&activeIngredientName=TEA%20TREE%20OIL TEA TREE OIL], WebMD.</ref> Tea tree oil is, however, less effective than medications for curing athlete's foot.<ref name=tto/>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include skin irritation and swelling, and "in people with acne, it can sometimes cause skin dryness, itching, stinging, burning, and redness."<ref name=tto/> Applying products containing both tea tree and lavender oil to prepubescent boys may cause gynecomastia (larger breasts).<ref name=tto/> Tea tree oil is highly toxic when ingested, even in small quantities, so it should ''never'' be taken by mouth.


*'''[[Tobacco smoking|Tobacco]]''' (''Nicotiana'' spp.)
:*'''Harmful effects''': The harms from tobacco far outweigh any potential benefits. "Smoking causes "cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking also increases risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems of the immune system, including rheumatoid arthritis."<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/index.htm Smoking & Tobacco Use: Health Effects] ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''.</ref>


*'''[[Turmeric]]''' (''Cucurma longa'')

===V===
[[File:Valeriana_officinalis_001.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Valeriana officinalis'']]
*'''{{wpl|Valerian}}''' (''Valeriana officinalis'')
:*'''Used for:''' "nervous conditions", migraine, insomnia, "[[hysteria]]", "neurasthenia", fatigue and stomach cramps<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*May work for insomnia.<ref name=valerian>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-870-VALERIAN.aspx?activeIngredientId=870&activeIngredientName=VALERIAN Valerian], WebMD.</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects may include headache, excitability, uneasiness, and, in some cases, insomnia.<ref name=valerian/> Some multi-herb remedies containing valerian have been linked to liver damage.<ref>[http://livertox.nih.gov/Valerian.htm Valerian], LiverTox, United States National Library of Medicine.</ref>


[[File:Flytrap.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Dionaea muscipula'']]
*'''{{wpl|Venus fly-trap}}''' (''Dionaea muscipula'')
:*Active ingredient plumbagin, claimed to boost the immune system (see [[Carnivora]])
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Possible side effects of plumbagin are diarrhea, skin rash, liver damage, and abnormal blood counts.<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/venus-flytrap Carnivora information from the American Cancer Society]</ref> Plumbagin is mutagenic to ''Escherichia coli''.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC219331/ Toxicity and mutagenicity of plumbagin and the induction of a possible new DNA repair pathway in ''Escherichia coli''] by S. B. Farr et al. ''J. Bacteriol.'' 1985 Dec; 164(3): 1309–1316.</ref>

===W===
[[File:Saule_tortueux.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Salix matsudana'']]
{{anchor|Willow}}
*'''{{wpl|Willow|Willow bark}}''' (''Salix'' spp.)
:*'''In TCM:''' ''liǔ'' (''S. babylonica'', 柳) or ''shuǐ yáng'' (''S. purpurea'', 水杨)<ref name=read/>
:*'''Used for:''' pain relief (and is effective, obviously).
:*'''Harmful effects:''' may include stomach upset, digestive system upset, itching, an increased risk of children developing Reyes syndrome, ulcers, stomach bleeding, and liver toxicity.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-955-WILLOW%20BARK.aspx?activeIngredientId=955&activeIngredientName=WILLOW%20BARK Willow bark], WebMD.</ref><ref name=wb>[http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/willow-bark-000281.htm Willow bark], University of Maryland Medical Center.</ref><ref>[http://altmedicine.about.com/od/completeazindex/a/willow_bark.htm White Willow Bark], About.com, Cathy Wong.</ref> (No better than aspirin, then.) Side effects from overdosing may include skin rash, stomach inflammation/irritation, nausea, vomiting, kidney inflammation, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).<ref name=wb/> Willow bark can be anywhere from 0.08% to 12.6% salicin (the active ingredient).<ref name=wb/>


[[File:Gaultheria_procumbens_3.JPG|thumb|right|100px|''Gaultheria procumbens'']]
{{anchor|Wintergreen}}
*'''{{wpl|Wintergreen}}''' (''Gaultheria procumbens'')
:*'''Used for:''' pain relief (contains methyl salicylate, which is similar to aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid), urinary ailments, colic and farting<ref name="theherbbook"/>
:*Insufficient research to evaluate efficacy.<ref name=wintergreen>[http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-783-WINTERGREEN.aspx?activeIngredientId=783&activeIngredientName=WINTERGREEN WINTERGREEN], WebMD.</ref> Used for asthma, rheumatism, and headache.<ref>[http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-culture/herbalism.htm Herbalism ***]</ref>
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Wintergreen is safe, but internally taken wintegreen oil is toxic and can cause ringing in the ears, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, stomach pain, confusion, and death.<ref name=wintergreen/><ref name=winterdrug>[http://www.drugs.com/npp/wintergreen.html Wintergreen], Drugs.com.</ref> (Wintergreen oil contains methyl salicylate, and 5 mL of the oil is equivalent to about 21.5 aspirin tablets.)<ref name=winterdrug/> Topical use can cause skin irritation.<ref name=wintergreen/>


[[File:Isatis_tinctoria_habitus.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Isatis tinctoria'']]
{{anchor|Woad}}
*'''{{wpl|Woad}}''' (''Isatis tinctoria'')
:*In addition to producing a blue dye, woad has alleged medicinal uses. Chemicals from woad might be used to prevent cancer, as woad can produce high levels of glucobrassicin.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4783831.stm War paint plant 'tackles cancer': A plant Celts used to get blue dye for their war paint is a rich source of a compound that fights breast cancer, scientists have found]. (Last Updated: Sunday, 13 August 2006, 23:00 GMT) ''BBC''</ref> Young leaves when damaged can produce more glucobrassicin, up to 65 times as much.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/2006/08/14/nwoad14.xml&sSheet=/health/2006/08/14/ixhmain.html Celts' warpaint may be weapon to beat cancer] by Celia Hall (12:01AM BST 14 Aug 2006) ''The Telegraph''</ref>
:*Indigo woad Root is a traditional Chinese medicine herb that comes from the roots of woad, but often incorrectly listed under the synonymic name, ''Isatis indigotica''. It is also known as ''Radix isatidis''. The herb is cultivated in various regions of northern China. The roots are harvested during the autumn and dried. The dried root is then processed into granules, which are most commonly consumed dissolved in hot water or [[tea]]. The product, called ''banlangen keli'' (复方板蓝根颗粒), is very popular throughout China, and used to remove "toxic heat", soothe sore throat and to treat influenza, measles, mumps, syphilis, or scarlet fever. It is also used for pharyngitis, laryngitis, erysipelas, and carbuncle, and to prevent hepatitis A, epidemic meningitis, cancer and inflammation.{{fact}}
:*'''Harmful effects:''' Possible minor side effects include allergic reactions and dizziness; only large dosages or long term usage can be toxic to the kidneys. 


[[File:Artemisia_absinthium_Prague_2013_1.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Artemisia absinthium'']]
*{{anchor|Wormwood}}'''{{wpl|Artemisia|Wormwood}}''' (''Artemisia'' spp.)
:*'''Used for:''' stomach problems, "liver insufficiency", blood circulation, deworming, topical anesthesia, pain relief,<ref name="theherbbook"/> and [[vaginal steaming]] (''A. absinthium'', absinthe); [[Traditional Chinese medicine]] (''A. annua'', sweet wormwood, 青蒿)
:*'''Claimed to:'''
::*Prevent intestinal worms (but is not effective).<ref name=ww>[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/wormwood Wormwood], Cancer.org.</ref>
::*Wormwood has been used to treat uncomplicated malaria; like all known chemical treatments for malaria, it can cause resistance.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.3133/abstract;jsessionid=C11311A51F18A150D64E2C6262B9EE2C.f04t04 The development of artemisinin resistance in malaria: reasons and solutions]</ref> In 2015, Tu Youyou was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery and development of artemisinin, a chemical derived from ''A. annua'', in the treatment of malaria.
:*'''Harmful effects:'''
::*'''Harmful effects:''' Side effects of large doses may include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, headache, dizziness, seizures, numbness of the legs and arms, delirium, paralysis, and kidney and liver failure.<ref name=ww/>
::*Wormwood contains thujone (e.g. as it occurs in small amounts in absinthe<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/cen/email/html/cen_86_i18_8618sci2.html Absinthe Myths Finally Laid To Rest: Vintage samples of the notorious alcoholic drink don't contain high levels of psychoactive compound] by Stephen K. Ritter (May 5, 2008, Volume 86, Number 18, pp. 42-43) ''Chemical & Engineering News''.</ref>), which is neurotoxic above the threshold so caution should be exercised for therapeutic usage.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037887411000382X Wormwood (''Artemisia absinthium'' L.) &mdash; A curious plant with both neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties?]</ref>

===Y===
[[File:Yarrow (Achillea millefolium).jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Achillea millefolium'']]
*'''{{wpl|Achillea millefolium|Yarrow}}''', ''Achillea millefolium''
** '''Used for''': Yarrow has a long list of traditional uses including for digestive issues, to promote wound healing, for [[Menstruation|menstrual]] irregularities, and for skin inflammation. Evidence supports some of the traditional uses, mainly the [[antioxidant]] and antinflammatory effects but there is also some support for analgesic, anti-ulcer, choleretic, hepatoprotective and wound healing activities. The German Commission E approves its use internally for loss of appetite and dyspeptic ailments.<ref name=Nemeth2008>{{cite journal | url = https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786404281 | title = Biological Activities of Yarrow Species (Achillea spp.) | last1 = Nemeth | last2 = Bernath | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design | volume = 14 | issue = 29 | pages = 3151-3167 | year = 2008}}</ref>
** The genus name ''Achillea'' comes from a story in which Achilles used it to treat the bleeding of his fellow soldiers' wounds.<ref name=Chandler1982>{{cite journal | title = Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of yarrow,Achillea millefolium, compositae | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02858720 | year = 1982 | last1 = Chandler | last2 = Hooper | last3 = Harvey | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 203-223}}</ref>
** '''Harmful effects''': Yarrow is generally considered nonpoisonous, though is listed as a plant to avoid. It can sometimes cause contact dermatitis.<ref name=Chandler1982/> As of 2001, only limited toxicity data was available for yarrow,<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11558643/ Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Yarrow (''Achillea Millefolium'') Extract] (2001) ''Int. J. Toxicol.'' 20(Suppl 2):79-84. doi: 10.1080/10915810160233785.</ref> but it is noteworthy that yarrow is used for wound healing and likely induces related cell proliferation,<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9883387/ Antispermatogenic Effect of ''Achillea Millefolium'' L. In Mice] by T. Montanari et al. (1998) ''Contraception'' 58(5):309-13. doi: 10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00107-3.</ref> an important mechanistic aspect of carcinogenesis (i.e., [[cancer]] formation).<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519421/ Cell proliferation and carcinogenesis: a brief history and current view based on an IARC workshop report. International Agency for Research on Cancer.] by L. Tomatis (1993) ''Environ. Health Perspect.'' 101(Suppl 5):149–151. doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s5149.</ref>
*'''Yerba maté''': See [[List of herbs and spices#M|maté]]

==Traditional Chinese medicine==
This list is for [[traditional Chinese medicine]] remedies.

===F===
*'''Fo ti''': See [[#HeShouWu|He shou wu]]

===H===
[[File:Polygonummultiflorumrootdried.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Polygonum multiflorum'' dried roots]]
*{{anchor|HeShouWu}}'''He shou wu''' (何首乌) ({{wpl|Fallopia multiflora|''Polygonum multiflorum''}})
:*Claimed to be a cure for baldness and grey hair, as well as being promoted as a immune system booster (though he shou wu contains emodin, a possibly immunosuppresant substance).<ref name=hsu>[http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=21716 ''He shou wu''], NYU Langone Medical Center.</ref> There's not enough evidence to evaluate claims.<ref name=hsu/>

===J===
[[File:Lycopodium serratum tougesiba01.jpg|thumb|right|100px|''Lycopodium serratum'']]
*Jin bu huan (金不换), ''Lycopodium serratum'' (a club moss)
:*Used as a sedative and analgesic, and for asthma, bronchitis, night blindness, delirium, epilepsy, vertigo, fever and inflammation.<ref name=jbh>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130107032854/http://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/JinBuHuan.htm Jin Bu Huan], LiverTox, ''National Library of Medicine'' (archived from January 7, 2013).</ref> The herbs used vary, but can include ''Lycopodium serratum'', ''Panax'' sp., "Pseudo ginseng", ''Polygala chinensis'' and two species of ''Stephania''.<ref name=jbh/>
:*May cause hepatitis.<ref name=jbh/> It is sometimes contaminated with [[lead]].<ref>[http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/l/lead_poisoning_chinese_folk_remedies_jin_bu_huan/intro.htm Lead poisoning &mdash; Chinese Folk Remedies &mdash; Ji Bu Huan Symptoms]</ref><ref>[http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/lead/reports/HEU%20Flyers/Traditional%20Home%20Remedies%20List.pdf Los Angeles County Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program]</ref>

===L===
*Long dan xie gan wan (龙胆泻肝片): See Xie gan wan

===X===
*Xie gan wan (泻肝片) (also known as Long dan xie gan wan)
:*Some mixtures have contained birthwort ''[[Aristolochia]]'' species.
:*Used for acne, among other things. It may contain birthwort and can cause kidney failure and cancer.<ref>[http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/Generalsafetyinformationandadvice/Herbalmedicines/Herbalsafetyupdates/Allherbalsafetyupdates/CON2031938 ''MHRA warns against Traditional Chinese Medicines found to contain Aristolochia'']</ref>
'''These treatments have not generally been evaluated clinically'''.

==See also==
*[[Herbal supplements]]
*[[Cansema]] (black salve)
*[[Naturalistic fallacy]]
*[[Nature woo]]
*[[Appeal to tradition]]
*[[Placebo effect]]
*''[[Agaricus]]''
*[[Purported legal highs]]
*[[Soy#Isoflavones|Soy isoflavones]]
*[[Essiac]]

==External links==
*[https://www.alnwickgarden.com/the-garden/poison-garden/ The Poison Garden] (a site dedicated to poisonous plants)
*[http://www2.hawaii.edu/~amybrown/PotentiallyHarmfulHerbList%20-%20Table.pdf Potentially life-threatening herbs], University of Hawaii
*[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/ University of Michigan-Dearborn Native American Ethnobotany Database] (Please note that NO GUARANTEES can be made regarding the safety and efficacy of the plants listed in here, and that if you chose to use them, you do so entirely at your OWN RISK!)
*[http://www.vox.com/a/supplements The hidden drugs in your favorite supplements], Vox
*[http://www2.hawaii.edu/~amybrown/PotentiallyHarmfulHerbList%20-%20Table.pdf Potentially life-threatening herbs: Reported cases in MEDLINE of liver toxicity, renal toxicity, cardiotoxicity, cancer, and death] by Amy Christine Brown (2002)

===Government sources===
*[http://www.nutrition.gov/dietary-supplements Dietary Supplements], Nutrition.gov
:*[http://www.nutrition.gov/dietary-supplements/herbal-supplements Herbal Supplements], Nutrition.gov
*[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/herb_All.html Herbs and Supplements], U.S. National Library of Medicine
*[http://www.usada.org/substances/supplement-411 Supplement 411], U.S. Anti-Doping Agency

==See also==
*[[Essential oil]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{altmedbox}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine lists]]
[[Category:Cancer woo]]
[[Category:Herbal medicine]]
[[Category:Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Indian medicine]]
[[Category:Lists]]
[[Category:Nature woo]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Categories: Alternative medicine lists, Cancer woo, Herbal medicine, Chinese medicine, Indian medicine, Lists, Nature woo, Plants