Estonia

[[File:Estonia - Location Map (2013) - EST - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|right|195px|Map of Estonia.]]
{{cquote|Never in the course of centuries have the Estonian people lost their ardent desire for Independence. From generation to generation Estonians have kept alive the secret hope that in spite of enslavement and oppression by other nations the time will come in Estonia "when all splinters, at both end, will burst forth into flames".|||Estonian Declaration of Independence, 1918.<ref>{{wpa|Estonian Declaration of Independence|}}</ref>}}
{{countrybox|Estonia
|flag = Flag_of_Estonia.svg
|pop =1,331,796
|GDP =39,054
|GDPPC =29,344
|life =78.4
|dev =0.890
|dem =7.96
|cor =74
|edu =0.882	
|rel =16
}}

The '''Republic of Estonia''' (Estonian: '''''Eesti Vabariik ''''') is a small [[democratic]] [[country]] located on the Baltic Sea in northern [[Europe]]. It is the northernmost  of the Baltic countries. It's notable for its high levels of digital advancement, low levels of religiosity and the country also stands out with Europe's largest gender pay gap,<ref>{{cite web | last=Yanatma | first=Servet | title=Gender pay gap: Only one country in Europe pays women more than men | website=euronews | date=2024-03-08 | url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/03/08/gender-pay-gap-in-europe-how-do-countries-compare-on-narrowing-the-divide | access-date=2024-05-21}}</ref> and digital developments have also slowed down in recent years. In 2022, the European Commission criticized Estonia for unsatisfactory internet connection in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | last=ERR | first=ERR News | | title=Daily: Commission report cites slow Estonian internet, telecoms blame state | website=ERR | date=2022-11-30 | url=https://news.err.ee/1608805111/daily-commission-report-cites-slow-estonian-internet-telecoms-blame-state Daily: Commission report cites slow Estonian internet, telecoms blame state | access-date=2024-05-21}}</ref> Estonia's capital and largest city is Tallinn.

The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BCE, with its people forming nomadic communities in the region's forests. The ancient Estonians repeatedly clashed with the Slavs to the east and the Scandinavians to the west and north. Estonia followed Scandinavia into the [[Viking]] age, as the countryside became fortified and Estonian raiders plundered northern Europe.

In 1199, [[Pope]] Innocent III targeted Estonia with the Northern [[Crusades]], ordering [[Catholic]] holy orders to conquer and Christianize the Estonian [[pagan]]s. Decades of horrific religious war followed as the Estonians attempted to resist the combined might of most of northern Europe's Catholics. Northern Estonia was finally occupied by [[Denmark]], while the rest was controlled by the Teutonic Order. The Estonians didn't appreciate foreign rule very much and repeatedly rose against the occupiers. When the [[Protestant Reformation]] came, much of the population embraced the movement as a "fuck you" to the Catholic knights lording over them. By 1558, the Estonians overtly defected to [[Sweden]], although this proved harmful since Sweden's wars against [[Poland]] and [[Russia]] devastated Estonia and killed much of its population, as wars tend to do.

In 1710, the Russian Empire conquered Estonia, quickly curtailed the rights of the peasantry, and forced them into [[serfdom]]. Estonian [[nationalism]] gradually took hold, and Russia fought back by attempting to crush Estonian identity. During the [[Russian Civil War]] in 1918, Estonia finally got the chance to declare independence, and they defended themselves successfully from the Red Army. Of course, given Estonia's sad history, it shouldn't be surprising that this period was relatively brief before the [[Soviet Union]] seized control there in 1940.

Initial Soviet rule was marked by deportations and mass purges, and the Estonians were further brutalized when [[Nazi Germany]] invaded. After the war, more state terror from the USSR followed, along with an attempt at colonizing the region with ethnic Russians. By the end of the [[Cold War]] and the fracturing of the Union, Estonians were elated at the chance to regain their independence and form a parliamentary republic in 1991. Since then, Estonian policy has been oriented towards the West, with the country joining [[NATO]] and the [[European Union]].

==History==
[[File:StoneCistGraves.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stone cist graves from ancient Estonia.]]
===Ancient Estonia===
Humans have settled Estonia since at least 11,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon dating of the Pulli settlement.<ref>{{wpa|Pulli settlement|}}</ref> Human arrival there probably happened shortly after melting the ice left behind by the world's last great glacial era. The people were mostly nomadic, and their lifestyles consisted of activities like hunting and fishing.<ref>Subrenat, Jean-Jacques (2004). ''Estonia: Identity and Independence''. Rodopi. p. 23. ISBN 9042008903.</ref> The ancient people gradually shifted from nomadism to a settled agricultural way of life.

Like elsewhere, the development of agriculture and sedentary living caused the ancient Estonians to become much more warlike. Estonia entered the Iron Age around 700–500 BCE, with weapons and land ownership becoming the norm.<ref name="iron">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/9000_BC-ca_1200_Prehistoric_Estonia/The_Iron_Age/ The Iron Age]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Trade contacts with the [[Roman Empire]] far to the south allowed the Estonians to import nice things like jewelry and more iron weapons to kill people with. The empire's downfall hit Estonia and the rest of Europe, leading to cultural changes and war. Archaeological evidence indicates that during this period, the Estonian population suffered a calamity that greatly decreased their population.<ref name="iron"/> Those left generally congregated in large villages near fortress strongholds for defense. That was probably a very good thing since this was when the Scandinavians built a shitload of boats and started sailing around Europe to loot and kill shit.

===Viking age===
[[File:DirhamsEstonia.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Arabic coins found in an Oeselian hoard.]]
{{main|Vikings}}
It's known that many Estonians joined the Scandinavians in becoming raiders. In Estonia's case, they seemed to have been motivated by shortages caused by a long period of famine.<ref>[http://www.viking.no/e/info-sheets/estonia/estonia.htm Vikings in Estonia]. ''Viking Network.''</ref> Thus, the obvious choice was to plunder the much-less martial [[Christian]] Europe. Estonian Vikings were referred to as Oeselians, named after the large island of Ösel off the coast of Estonia.<ref name="osel">[https://www.balticrun.com/the-vikings-of-the-baltic-sea/ The Vikings of the Baltic Sea]. ''Baltic Run.''</ref> They notably launched raids against pagans and Christians, even hitting Scandinavia and making a name for themselves as fearless warriors.

King Ingvar of [[Sweden]] apparently feared the Oeselians enough to constantly have his coasts patrolled to fend them off, and they also held a king of [[Norway]] as a [[slave]] during the man's childhood.<ref name="osel"/> The Oeselians also collaborated with other Baltic Viking groups to assault the Swedish city of Sigtuna in 1187, burning the trade hub to the ground and hauling away its goods.<ref>[https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesEurope/ScandinaviaSweden_Sigtuna01.htm Sigtuna Burned to the Ground in 1187]. ''The History Files.''</ref> Modern Estonians are still quite proud of this because Vikings are cool, and Vikings fighting each other is even cooler.

Still, this was a violent and bloody time, and the Estonian people knew it. Almost all the dozens of forts in Estonia that modern archaeologists know about were built to defend against the Scandinavians.<ref>Tvauri, Andres (2012). ''The migration period, pre-viking age, and viking age in Estonia''. ISBN 9789949199365. p. 46</ref> Numerous longship burials have been found in Estonia, along with many hoards of treasure, containing coins from as far off as [[Italy]] and Arabia.<ref name="osel"/> The Oeselians had apparently taken their trading and adventuring pretty far.

===Crusader era===
[[File:Toompea loss 2009.jpg|thumb|Toompea castle in Tallinn]]
{{main|Crusades}}
====Conquest====
[[File:LivoniaKnight.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Crusader knights of the Baltic.]]
The Estonians kept up their raiding, drawing the ire of Christian Europe. Perhaps even worse than that was that Estonia remained resistant to Christian proselytizing long after most of Scandinavia had relented and converted.<ref name="chrcru">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/ca_1200-1558_Estonian_middle_ages/Foreign_conquest_and_formation_of_a_new_administrative_division/ Foreign conquest and formation of a new administrative division]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> In 1199, Pope Innocent III declared a crusade to halt the Estonian raids and convert them to Christianity.<ref>Tyerman, Christopher (2006). ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades.'' Harvard University Press. p. 690. ISBN 9780674023871.</ref> Much of the impetus didn't come from the Estonians themselves but from the [[Catholic]] desire to expand at the expense of [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], which had been making inroads in places like [[Belarus]] and Russia.<ref>[https://thepostgradchronicles.org/2017/08/03/crusaders-on-the-baltic-shore-the-livonian-estonian-crusades-c-1198-1290/ Crusaders of the Baltic Shore]. ''The Postgrad Chronicles.''</ref> [[Denmark]] also had territorial ambitions against Estonia and thus enthusiastically supported the effort because the Crusades were often just an excuse for conquest. Don't worry; Danish expansion is what [[God]] would have wanted.

[[File:Rakvere Ordensburg Rakvere 08.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Rakvere Castle, built by the Danish occupiers.]]

With papal promises of indulgences and land, the Order of the Sword Brethren stormed into southern Estonia in 1208 to burn and destroy its settlements and begin converting the population by force.<ref name="crusa">[https://erenow.net/postclassical/crusades/309.php Estonia, Duchy of]. ''Erenow.''</ref> Ten bloody years of war ensued with the pagans and Christians massacring and retaliating against each other, and the pagans of southern Estonia finally submitted in 1218. The Oeselians were the last holdouts of the entire Crusade despite coming under repeated Danish assault. They only relented in 1227 but rose again immediately after and massacred the priests and colonists.

The pagan uprisings in 1237 destroyed the Sword Brethren, and their remnants were absorbed into the German-speaking Teutonic Order. The Teutonic knights occupied most of the Baltic region, although northern Estonia was partitioned off to Denmark.<ref name="crusa"/> While the Germans and Danish served as the exalted ruling class, the Estonians became oppressed serfs.<ref name="teut">[http://countrystudies.us/estonia/1.htm Estonia: Early History]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> This poor treatment resulted in repeated Estonian uprisings, and in 1345, the constant violence convinced Denmark to hand their part of the region back to the Teutonic Order.

====Misrule====
[[File:Paide ordulinnuse varemed 2013.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Paide Castle, also a crusader remnant.]]
Estonia's large cities, left over from the Viking era and before, became major trade hubs under Teutonic rule. German merchants brought Estonian cities like Tallinn, Tartu, Pärnu, and Narva into the Hanseatic League of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] to dominate Baltic shipping routes.<ref name="teut"/> All about that cash. Meanwhile, religious orders like the Cistercians and Dominicans converted the Estonian pagans to Christianity through various hastily-conducted [[baptism]] rituals.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/ca_1200-1558_Estonian_middle_ages/Spread_of_Christianity_and_religious_orders/ Spread of Christianity and religious orders]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Preachers learned local languages and customs, and members of poverty-enforcing orders like the Dominicans proved much more popular than those of wealthier orders. These Germans became so entrenched that they became something of a distinct ethnic group, {{wpl|Baltic Germans}}.

Despite their original religious quest, the crusader authorities and the actual church officials started to differ in their goals for Estonia. Especially contentious were the Teutonic Order's attempts to require that local bishops be members of its ranks.<ref name="lifemed">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/ca_1200-1558_Estonian_middle_ages/Internal_affairs_in_15th_century_Old_Livonia:_nobility,_clergy_and_peasantry/ Internal affairs in 15th century Old Livonia: nobility, clergy and peasantry]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> After all, the crusaders were in it for greed and power more than anything else. The Teutonic Order's interests also inevitably clashed with the Estonian peasantry's. The Estonians faced crushing oppression under [[serfdom]] enforced by harsh laws.<ref name="lifemed"/> Their main hope was to escape to one of the Hanseatic cities, which had a low birthrate and thus welcomed escaped peasants to add to their population.

===Protestant Reformation===
[[File:Tallinn Cathedral - Tallinn Cathedral - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|225px|St. Mary's Cathedral in Tallinn, which was taken over by Lutherans.]]
{{main|Protestant Reformation}}
The Protestant Reformation spread quickly throughout the Baltic region despite Catholic efforts to halt it. The long-standing tensions between the towns and the peasants against the Catholic regime meant the population's embracement of [[Protestantism]] occurred very quickly.<ref>Frucht, Richard C. (2005). ''Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture,'' Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 121. ISBN 9781576078006.</ref> Towns invited [[Lutheran]] preachers from elsewhere in Europe, and the rich German burghers used their wealth to spread the message. By 1524, Estonian and burgher frustrations manifested in a wave of [[iconoclasm]] that saw many Catholic churches and properties looted by unstoppable angry mobs.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/ca_1200-1558_Estonian_middle_ages/Religious_life_in_the_late_Middle_Ages_The_Reformation/ Religious life in the late Middle Ages. The Reformation]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> 

After this, religious life in Estonia changed dramatically, with the old religious orders being curtailed and religious services being given in local languages. In 1525, the Order's grandmaster Walter Von Plettenberg converted himself and the Order to the Lutheran faith.<ref name="livwa">[http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/The%20Baltic%20States/reformation_balt.htm Protestant Reformation in the Baltic].</ref> This infuriated the Catholic clergy remaining in the Baltics, as the conversion meant [[tax]]es would no longer be paid to the Catholic Church. The ensuing disputes and conflicts terminally weakened the Teutonic Order.

===Northern battleground===
[[File:Siege of Narva 1558.jpg|thumb|right|285px|Russian siege of Narva, 1558.]]
====Livonian War====
The Reformation and the internal conflicts it caused catastrophically destabilized the Teutonic Order's regime. Seeing an opportunity to do a little [[imperialism]], [[Tsar]] Ivan the Terrible of Russia invaded in 1558.<ref name="livwa"/> Using the recently-subjugated Central Asian Tatar people as a cavalry spearhead, the Russians pillaged and destroyed the Estonian countryside to weaken the already-staggering crusader regime.<ref name="livwari">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1558-1710_Estonia_under_Swedish_rule/Swedish,_Danish,_Russian_and_Polish-Lithuanian_wars_for_Estonia/ Swedish, Danish, Russian and Polish-Lithuanian wars for Estonia]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> The Tatars had no connection to the Baltic people and had no problems committing horrifying atrocities.

Russia's rapid conquest made Poland, Sweden, and Denmark drop a shit in their collective pants. They jointly intervened to save a thankful Teutonic Order, but they naturally started squabbling over the spoils once the Russian threat was no longer immediate. For once, most Estonian inhabitants were pretty unified in deciding that their fellow Lutherans of Sweden would be better overlords than the Catholic Poles and thus voluntarily swore loyalty to Sweden.<ref name="livwari"/> Poland retaliated by annexing the rest of the Baltics and much of southern Estonia. Denmark also got a nice portion of Estonia, although Sweden took it in 1570 during one of those two countries' fucking endless wars.

====Swedish rule (and more war)====
[[File:Palmse mõisa peahoone pargi poolt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Palmse manor, built during the Swedish period and confiscated by Charles XI.]]
This was far, ''far'' from the end of Estonia's agony. Swedish rule was challenged repeatedly by the Russians, who were still very pissed about that whole "ganging up on us" thing. Those wars lasted until well into the 1660s.<ref name="livwari"/> Sweden also clashed repeatedly with Poland, not just over religious issues but because dynastic marriages had resulted in those countries having very interconnected royal families. Nobody fights like family. The longest bout of fighting started in 1600 and ended almost thirty years later, with Sweden gaining the rest of Estonia.<ref>Raun, Toivo U. (2002). ''Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated''. Hoover Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780817928537.</ref> These wars took a horrific toll on Estonia, causing its population to drop by a jaw-dropping 50% between the 1550s and 1630s.<ref>Frost, Robert I. (2014). ''The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe, 1558 – 1721''. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 9781317898573.</ref>

Finally, Sweden intervened in the religious clusterfuck that was the [[Thirty Years War]], which was the final culmination of continent-spanning tensions between Catholics and Protestants (alongside a smaller but just as important "fuck [[Austria]] and [[Spain]]" movement). The end of this war turned Sweden into an uncontested Baltic power. Unfortunately, they were also flat fucking broke after so many decades of constant war.<ref name="carlos">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1558-1710_Estonia_under_Swedish_rule/Estonia_during_the_reign_of_the_absolutist_King_Charles_XI_The_Great_Reduction_of_manors/ Estonia during the reign of the absolutist King Charles XI. The Great Reduction of manors]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Sweden's monarch Charles XI decided to deal with this problem by placing more of Sweden's land under his direct control. In 1680, he started confiscating land and property from nobles in Estonia, resulting in more than half of noble property being taken by the Crown.<ref name="carlos"/> Nobles all over Sweden were furious, but long-oppressed Estonia had one of the most muted reactions.

[[File:Battle of Narva 1700.JPG|thumb|right|275px|The Battle of Narva, a great Swedish defeat on Estonian soil. (1700).]]

While the confiscations sucked for the nobles, it was a nice deal for the peasants. Many of them worked for the Crown directly and were paid to help assess the new lands; they were rewarded with various new laws giving them legal rights and preventing abuses.<ref name="carlos"/> This hopeful era of reforms, like many hopeful eras of reforms, ended abruptly with war and crisis. First came a catastrophic famine in 1699 that killed some 20% of the Estonian population.<ref>Raun, Toivo U. (2002). ''Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated.'' Hoover Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780817928537.</ref> Then, in 1700 came the Great Northern War, in which Russia, Denmark, Poland, Prussia, and [[England]] teamed up to cut Sweden down to size.<ref>{{wpa|Great Northern War|}}</ref> The Swedes used scorched-earth tactics across Estonia (because Estonia needed to be shit on just a little bit more), but ultimately Russia conquered the region in 1710 and had that conquest confirmed at the end of the war.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1558-1710_Estonia_under_Swedish_rule/The_Great_Northern_War_End_of_Swedish_rule_in_Estonia/ The Great Northern War. End of Swedish rule in Estonia]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref>

===Russian imperial rule===
[[File:Supplice du Grand Knout.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Beating with a knout was a common punishment for serfs in the Russian Empire.]]
====Serfdom and misery====
The Great Northern War was another population catastrophe for Estonians, as Russian brutality and a horrible epidemic reduced the total Estonian population to somewhere around 150,000 people.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1710-1850_The_Baltic_Landesstaat/Population:_ethnic_and_social_structure/ Population: ethnic and social structure]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> 

The Russian Empire brought a stagnant period to Estonian history. The old German nobility, who had been curtailed under Sweden, were restored their rights and lands. The Estonian people were once again reduced to the status of serfs, and their rights reached the absolute lowest point during this period.<ref>Raun, Toivo U. (2002). ''Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated.'' Hoover Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780817928537.</ref> Although the Russian Orthodox Church was given free rein to do whatever it wished to Estonia, in practice, Lutheranism remained the dominant religion.

Serfdom, more than anything else, defined this era. Landlords had unlimited power over the property and bodies of their serfs. With much of Estonia's land devastated, the landlords were extremely harsh in driving the Estonian serfs to produce more profit.<ref name="serfs">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1710-1850_The_Baltic_Landesstaat/Serfdom_and_the_intensifying_manorial_economy/ Serfdom and the intensifying manorial economy]. ''Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated.'' Hoover Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780817928537.</ref> The primary engine of this profit came from distilling [[alcohol]], which would then be sold to the Russians (of course).<ref name="serfs"/> While serfs were subject to harsher conditions and brutal labor, the landlords got more and more profit with which to build nicely extravagant mansions.

While the [[Enlightenment]] largely bypassed the Estonian serfs, criticisms of serfdom did begin to surface in the late 1700s. Pastor Johann Georg Eisen and writer Garlieb Merkel began petitioning the Russian tsars to abolish serfdom by playing on the Russian fear that the landlords were getting too powerful.<ref name="enlg>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1710-1850_The_Baltic_Landesstaat/Enlightenment_and_enlightened_absolutism/ Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism]. ''Estonia and the Estonians: Second Edition, Updated.''</ref> Abolitionism was still a long and frustrating process, and it coincided with a much harsher series of requirements on the Estonians for military service.

====Rising nationalism====
[[File:Album von Dorpat, TKM 0031H 05, crop.jpg|thumb|right|270px|University of Tartu in 1870.]]
During the 1800s, Estonia followed the general European trend of rising [[nationalism]] among its populace. Estonian intellectuals like newspaper publisher Johann Voldemar Jannsen and schoolmaster Carl Robert Jakobson became leading figures in this national revival movement by promoting Estonian-language publications and founding institutions to further educate the people.<ref>Subrenat, Jean-Jacques (2004). Estonia: Identity and Independence. Rodopi. p. 93. ISBN 9042008903.</ref> The epic poem ''Kalevipoeg'', written by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald based on Ancient Estonian legends, became the foundational piece of Estonian [[literature]].<ref>{{wpa|Kalevipoeg|}}</ref> Inevitably, this cultural and educational revival was coupled with public demands for increased rights for Estonians.

====Russification====
The Russian Empire did not grant increased rights. Pretty on brand for them. Instead, the Russians embraced their own nationalism and tried to enforce it on the myriad minorities living within their empire. In Estonia, the Russification agenda was especially urgent after the rise of the [[German Empire]] in 1870 and the fear that the Estonian German population would feel greater loyalty towards Germany than Russia.<ref name="russif">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1850-1914_National_awakening/Russification_period/ Russification period]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> 

Starting shortly after that, Russian officials began revoking rights from the Germans. This equalized society since the old landlords were now reduced to the same status as the peasants, but this only meant that everyone was treated with equal shittiness by an imported Russian ruling class.<ref name="russif"/> The old German landlords had been terrible, but they had at least a working knowledge of the Estonian language and customs. The new Russian ruling class had no desire to learn or conform. The Russians also forced their language onto the education system and local government while suppressing Estonian culture.<ref>''Cultural Policy in Estonia''. Council of Europe. 1997. p. 23. ISBN 9789287131652.</ref> Estonian teachers were purged from schools for failure to speak the Russian language. This impacted education terribly, with public literacy declining by about 10% between 1886 and 1901.<ref name="russif"/> The Russians also hoped to convert the Estonians to the politically-loyal Russian Orthodox Church, a campaign whose limited success was achieved by bribing peasants.

Estonian resistance gradually gained steam due to their own increasing national consciousness, resulting in the Estonians forming a political entity and declaring autonomy and an end to Russification in 1905. The Russians reacted with characteristic brutality, sending in the troops, conducting massacres and mass executions, and deporting many hundreds of Estonians into Siberia.<ref>Smith, David (2013). ''Estonia: Independence and European Integration.'' Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 9781136452130.</ref>

====World War I====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-074-34, Besetzung der Insel Ösel, Truppenanlandung.jpg|thumb|right|250px|German forces during the invasion of Estonia, 1917.]]
{{main|World War I}}
Russia joined the Great War against Germany, which proved to be a catastrophic mistake for them. Estonia served as a crucial part of the Empire's military plan, with Tallinn hosting the Russian Baltic Fleet and with Estonia's landscape being fortified against invasion.<ref name="ewwi">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1914-1920_The_First_World_War_and_Estonian_independence/World_War_I/ World War I]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Some 100,000 Estonians were conscripted to fight for Russia, and around 10,000 ended up dying for Russia.

Despite the war going pretty badly for Russia, Estonia was spared the burden of hosting the war's destructive land battles until 1917. Of course, the deteriorating Russian economy and the resulting famine, combined with a flood of refugees fleeing the war, made life in Estonia hell. Germany finally invaded Estonia in October 1917, after the [[February Revolution]] had swept the Tsar from power.<ref>{{wpa|Operation Albion|}}</ref> With Russia in total collapse, Estonian soldiers returned home and began forming nationalist brigades in preparation for the inevitable war of independence.

After the [[Bolshevik]] coup in the [[October Revolution]], Estonia's nationalist brigades also played a vital role in preventing the [[communist]]s from taking power there.<ref name="ewwi"/> This failure helped convince [[Vladimir Lenin]] to cede Estonia to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and thus make it Germany's problem instead.

===Brief independence===
[[File:Tallinn24Feb1918.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Estonian independence parade in Tallinn, 1918.]]
====Liberation war====
Estonia finally declared independence in February of 1918, a declaration that Germany promptly refused to recognize.<ref name="ewwi"/> Germany's imperialist intentions were to create a puppet state called the "United Baltic Duchy", which would be ruled by the old class of German landowners who had helped make life miserable there for so long.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/United_Baltic_Duchy/ United Baltic Duchy]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> These plans were ultimately destroyed by the German Revolution and the German armistice (basically a surrender) in November.

[[File:Soomusrong nr 2 Valgas 1919.jpg|thumb|left|255px|Estonian armored train in 1919.]]

Unfortunately, that wasn't the end of Estonia's problems. Of course. Lenin realized that the German defeat meant that Russia had a chance to get its land back, and the German landowners were still in Estonia and still eager to seize power. Thus began a three-faction war as the Red Army invaded and the Germans in Estonia formed the ''Baltische Landeswehr'' to take the country for themselves.<ref>{{wpa|Baltische Landeswehr|}}</ref> The war came at a pretty fucking bad time for the Estonians, who didn't even have a real government yet. They also lacked food, military supplies, professional military officers, and money, all things that would have been nice to have in a war situation.<ref name="esiwar">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1914-1920_The_First_World_War_and_Estonian_independence/Estonian_War_of_Independence/ Estonian War of Independence]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Luckily, Estonia got aid from the [[United Kingdom]], which didn't want to see Estonia fall to the Bolsheviks. Estonia also did a quite impressive job of rapidly assembling their WWI veterans into a military force, although it was helped by the fact that they had prepared for this eventuality. Preparation pays off; a good life lesson.

[[File:Patarei nr 1 1919.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Estonian artillery in action against the Landeswehr, 1919.]]

The Bolshevik invasion was overwhelming, and they conquered about half of Estonia by the end of January 1919. However, they were also fighting against independent armies in [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Finland]], not to mention the various other factions in the absolute clusterfuck that was the [[Russian Civil War]]. This meant the Reds were trying to push along a front that spanned most of Eastern Europe, a failing proposition that saw their armies overstretched and weakened.<ref>Raun, Toivo U.: ''Estonia and Estonians'', page 108. Hoover Press, 2001, ISBN 9780817928520</ref> When Estonia pushed back, they pushed back hard, taking the front line all the way into Russia and seizing the Russian city of Pskov. They also smashed the less-organized Landeswehr between themselves and the [[Latvia]]n independence army.<ref name="esiwar"/>

With a friendly neighbor to the south and the Soviet war against Poland going remarkably badly, Estonia had basically secured itself by mid-1919. They followed up with some ill-advised attempts against Russia, but the Bolsheviks finally offered to talk in December.<ref name="esiwar"/> By February of 1920, the Soviet Union and the new Estonian state recognized each other and agreed to stop killing each other. Yay, peace.

====Parliamentary republic====
In 1920, the Estonians had a state for the first time in history. Estonia's government soon became a parliamentary [[democracy]], the system that the Estonians believed would be best capable of dealing with the competing demands of the Russian, German, and [[Jewish]] minority populations.<ref name="prep">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1920-1939_The_Republic_of_Estonia_between_the_two_World_Wars/Years_of_parliamentarian_democracy/ Years of parliamentarian democracy]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> As one of its first major acts, the government confiscated and parceled out the historic estates of the Baltic German nobility, in the process becoming essentially the same monstrosity of injustice they claimed to be correcting.<ref name="csind">[http://countrystudies.us/estonia/2.htm Estonia: Interwar Independence, 1918-40]. ''Country Studies.''</ref> Estonia's economy was largely agricultural, and land reform helped set the country toward greater equality and began belated industrialization.

Estonia and the [[Soviet Union]] initially got on pretty well since the Soviets needed a trade outlet with the rest of the world, and the Estonians were still dependent on Russian goods.<ref name="prep"/> That era of good feelings ended in 1924 when the Soviets sponsored and supported a communist coup attempt against the government.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/An_attempted_Communist_coup_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat_on_1_December_1924/ An attempted Communist coup d’état on 1 December 1924]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> The failed coup pushed Estonia towards the West and killed domestic support for communist ideas.

====Dictatorship====
[[File:Estonian League of Freedom Fighters - Vaps Movement - Roman salute 1.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Vaps movement rally in 1933.]]
Parliamentary democracy ended largely thanks to the [[Great Depression]], which radicalized a good portion of the Estonian population. With communism largely discredited and feared due to being represented by the Soviet Union, Estonian radicals turned instead to an ideology similar to [[fascism]]. The so-called League of Independence War Veterans (also called the Vaps movement) and politician Konstantin Päts proposed scrapping the parliament and instead implementing a system with a strong president who would be able to handle the economic challenges.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1920-1939_The_Republic_of_Estonia_between_the_two_World_Wars/Years_of_the_Great_Depression/ Years of the Great Depression]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> The measure passed by referendum and empowered Päts as the new Estonian president.

Päts and his political allies promptly turned against the Vaps, accusing them of plotting to take power and launching an internal [[coup]] in 1934.<ref name="authin">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1920-1939_The_Republic_of_Estonia_between_the_two_World_Wars/Years_of_the_authoritarian_regime/ Years of the authoritarian regime]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Incidentally, he banned political parties and placed all government offices under his direct control. The new regime enacted extensive [[censorship]] and surveillance measures against anyone who opposed it. This was legal under a perpetual state of emergency, a typical tool in the [[authoritarian]] handbook. However, the regime of Päts was quite mild compared to, for example, the regimes of the USSR, Nazi Germany and fascist Italy at that time.

===Soviet rule===
[[File:Red Army entering into Estonia in 1939.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Red Army reenters Estonia, 1939.]]
====We're back, bitches!====
The Päts regime was cut short by [[Stalin]], who had seized power in the Soviet Union and proved a much more effective and bloodthirsty autocrat than Päts could hope to be. Stalin was also an unashamed imperialist who hoped to regain the old Russian Empire's territory, starting with the Baltic countries. In 1939, Stalin struck the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with his friends in [[Nazi Germany]], slicing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence and assigning Estonia to the Soviets.<ref>{{wpa|Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|}}</ref> Under the pact's terms, the Soviets and Germans jointly attacked Poland, beginning [[World War II]] and dismembering that sorry country.

Estonia tried to save itself by declaring neutrality and pointedly not preparing for an invasion.<ref name="sovocc">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1939-1945_Estonia_and_World_War_II/Molotov-Ribbentrop_Pact_and_Soviet_military_bases/ Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet military bases]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> It, uh, didn't work. Stalin arm-twisted the Baltic states into signing "pacts of mutual assistance", which would allow Soviet military presence within their borders. After what had happened to Poland, there was an implicit threat. Estonia folded, and so did the Soviets, in that they folded Estonia into their country.

A side-effect of Estonia's annexation was the mass resettlement of many Baltic Germans into Nazi Germany, a program called the ''Umsiedlung''.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/Umsiedlung/ Umsiedlung]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> The resettlement was meant to help Germany colonize occupied Poland and the other German conquests.

The Soviets cracked down brutally on Estonia, conducting massacres and deporting some 11,000 people into Siberia, many of whom died in the brutal gulags.<ref>Miljan, Toivo (2015). ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia''. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-8108-7513-5.</ref>

====German invasion====
[[File:Corpses found at Klooga concentration camp 04.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Red Army soldiers view a pile of corpses at the Klooga camp, 1944.]]
{{main|World War II}}
While the Soviets were bad news, Nazi Germany was even fucking worse. Ever the rabid expansionist, [[Adolf Hitler]] sent his hordes to assault the Soviet Union in 1941, beginning one of the worst conflicts in human history. The Soviets reacted by treating Estonia even worse, conscripting thousands of people into forced labor battalions and tens of thousands to die for the union they had joined at the point of a gun.<ref name="wwiidb">[https://ww2db.com/country/estonia Estonia]. ''World War II Database.''</ref> 

Many Estonians hoped, at first, welcomed the German invasion as the end of Soviet [[colonialism]], and hoped that Estonia would regain its independence with the Soviets having been driven out. The Nazis, of course, quickly destroyed those hopes, and made all of Stalin's terribleness look like child's play. They incorporated occupied Estonia into a planned colonial regime called the ''Reichskommissariat Ostland'' as part of their plan to eliminate those they found undesirable and forcibly assimilate "racially suitable" Estonians.<ref name="wwiidb"/> After this horrific [[genocide]], Germany would colonize the region with their own people. While that plan was never carried out in full, the Nazis ruled the roost there long enough to conduct some horrific [[crimes against humanity]]. As part of the implementation of the [[Holocaust]], the [[Waffen-SS]] and other German forces massacred Jews across Estonia, virtually eliminating all of the Jews who had failed to flee in time.<ref name="ushmm">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/estonia Estonia]. ''US Holocaust Memorial Museum.''</ref> They even had time to build the Klooga [[concentration camp]], a facility that resulted in the murders of at least 2,000 people through starvation and forced labor.<ref>{{wpa|Klooga concentration camp|}}</ref> 

Despite the Nazi German horrors, Estonians fought for both sides in the war, with some even complicit in the massacres of Jews.<ref name="ushmm"/> Other Estonians fled to [[Finland]], where they helped that country defend itself against the Soviets.<ref>Miljan, Toivo (2004). ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia.'' Scarecrow Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-8108-6571-6.</ref> Beyond hiding their relatives and friends from German murder, Estonians did little to fight against the German occupation, still seeing the Soviet Union as their primary foe.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1939-1945_Estonia_and_World_War_II/German_occupation_in_Estonia_1941-1944/ German occupation in Estonia 1941-1944]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref>

The Soviet return to Estonia in 1944 was marked by heavy fighting as the stubborn Germans clung on for dear life. The Battle of Narva lasted six months, with heavy destruction and hundreds of thousands of casualties.<ref>{{wpa|Battle of Narva (1944)|}}</ref> The Soviet air force also indiscriminately bombed Tallinn and other Estonian towns and cities, destroying much of the state's infrastructure and causing many Estonian deaths.<ref>Kangilaski, Jaan; Salo, Vello (2005). ''The white book: losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991.'' Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers. p. 18. ISBN 9789985701959.</ref>

In World War II, Estonia lost about 25% of its population through deaths, deportations, and evacuations.<ref>Kangilaski, Jaan; Salo, Vello (2005). The white book: losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991. Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 9789985701959.</ref> Many Estonians chose to flee west as refugees rather than resume living under Soviet domination.

====More brutality and misery====
[[File:1967 CPA 3525.jpg|thumb|right|160px|1967 Estonian SSR stamp.]] 
While some Estonians fled, others became the "Forest Brothers", who fought a low-intensity partisan war against the Soviet occupiers for the better part of a decade after WWII.<ref>{{wpa|Forest Brothers|}}</ref> The Soviets gradually wore down the resistance movement through attrition and brutality. The Soviets used this as an excuse to unleash a wave of terror against Estonia after the war, deporting another 20,000 people into Siberian gulags and then completing agricultural collectivization in their absence.<ref>Purs, Aldis (2013). ''Baltic Facades: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1945''. Reaktion Books. p. 335. ISBN 9781861899323.</ref> 

[[File:Gaasimaskide kasutamise õppused 74.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gas-mask training in Soviet Estonia.]]

Collectivization combined with forced industrialization finally started to bring Estonia's economy up to modern standards, although this was accomplished through misery and death. Despite Soviet attempts at suppressing knowledge, the Estonians became aware of how much lower their standard of life compared to the Western world, thanks to missives from their relatives who had fled west and their proximity to Finland.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1945-1985_The_Soviet_Period/The_command_economy_and_its_consequences/ The command economy and its consequences]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> The development of heavy industry also progressed with no concern for the environment, resulting in heavy pollution.<ref>Miljan, Toivo (2015). ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia''. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 227. ISBN 9780810875135.</ref>

In response to persistent Estonian disloyalty, the Soviet Union launched its version of the Russification policies, sending many ethnic Russians to Estonia in the hopes of turning it into a Russian colony.<ref>Taagepera, Rein (2013). ''The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State''. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 9781136678011.</ref> The Soviets also turned much of Estonia into a fortified military outpost against the west.<ref>Spyra, Wolfgang; Katzsch, Michael (2007). ''Environmental Security and Public Safety: Problems and Needs in Conversion Policy and Research after 15 Years of Conversion in Central and Eastern Europe''. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 14. ISBN 9781402056444.</ref>

====Slow revival====
Internal opposition increased as the Estonian economy stagnated along with the rest of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s openness reforms starting in 1987 finally gave the Estonians an opportunity to voice their displeasure. This began almost immediately with large-scale protests against opening a massive phosphorite mine in northern Estonia, a project that would have caused much environmental carnage and attracted even more migrants from the rest of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{wpa|Phosphorite War|}}</ref> This was the first crack that started to bring down the Soviet regime in Estonia.

Public demonstrations also began under the leadership of the Estonian Group on Publication of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which published the secret protocol of the agreement with Nazi Germany that allowed the Soviets to take over in the first place.<ref>[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1985-1991_Restoration_of_independence/The_first_changes/ The first changes]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Public anger towards these issues combined with a general desire to see the economy improve, a goal the Estonians felt could only be achieved if they could be responsible for their own country. The Estonian population became politically active against the Soviet government.

====Anti-Soviet actions====
[[File:Balti kett 12.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Baltic Way protesters in Estonia.]]
The protest movement reached its peak during the Estonian Song Festival, a spontaneous gathering outside the bounds of the event that involved singing and protest.<ref>{{wpa|Singing Revolution|}}</ref> Hence the name, the "Singing Revolution." Hoping to calm things down, Gorbachev replaced the old Estonian SSR leader with the progressive Vaino Väljas, who promptly started declaring Estonia's sovereignty within the union and adopting the old Estonian national flag.<ref name="brkthr">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1985-1991_Restoration_of_independence/Breakthrough_years/ Breakthrough Years]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Much of the Russian-speaking Estonian population rallied against the moves, wanting instead to remain in the USSR and thus with their Russian brethren.

Despite the Russian protests, 1989 saw the Baltic Way protests in commemoration of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, as people from all three Baltic republics joined in a massive human chain as an act of protest.<ref>{{wpa|Baltic Way|}}</ref> By 1990, Estonia's Supreme Soviet had acknowledged that the people's will was to see the old republic restored. The Popular Front party had been swept into the Estonian Supreme Soviet amid the fracturing of the Estonian Communist Party and the beginning of free elections. The Popular Front started pushing for independence while rejecting any prospects of remaining in the USSR.<ref name="brkthr"/> 

Estonia finally told the Soviets to go fuck off in the spring of 1990, alongside its fellow Baltic Soviet republics.<ref name="sindp">[http://www.estonica.org/en/History/1985-1991_Restoration_of_independence/The_road_to_independence/ The road to independence]. ''Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia''.</ref> Estonia luckily avoided the violence that came to Lithuania and Latvia when Soviet troops tried to storm their capital cities. Amid the crisis, Estonia held an independence referendum and officially declared independence in 1991. Amid the political crisis caused by the failed coup attempt in Moscow in August, all of the Soviet republics broke free amid the total collapse of the old Soviet Union, allowing Estonia's independence to be uncontested.<ref name="sindp"/>

===Independent era===
[[File:2013TCRFR11 005 US EST ROU 061 (10708925373).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Estonian troops with their American allies during NATO exercises.]]
====Reforms====
After achieving its independence, Estonia began a path of radical economic reform designed to transition the country into a market economy.<ref>Ó Beacháin, Donnacha; Sheridan, Vera; Stan, Sabina (2012). ''Life in Post-Communist Eastern Europe after EU Membership''. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 9781136299810.</ref> Many businesses were privatized, and Estonia reestablished its old currency from the 1930s, the ''kroon''. Estonia's reforms achieved remarkable success compared to its fellow Baltic states, especially the misery that befell Russia during this time. Much of this is attributable to the decision of the Estonian government and industrial leaders to focus the country on the [[technology]] sector, upgrading communications networks and offering incentives to [[internet]] startups.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/1078562.html Estonia: What Is Behind Economic Success?] ''Radio Free Europe.''</ref> Estonia's hard early years were also softened by the proximity of Finland, where many Estonians could work and bring back earnings.

On the other hand, according to the World Bank, the poverty headcount skyrocketed from 1% to 37% from 1987-1988 to 1993-1995, worse than its two neighbors, [[Latvia]] (1% to 22%) and [[Lithuania]] (1% to 30%), but still much better than [[Russia]] (2% to 50%) and [[Ukraine]] (2% to 63%).<ref name="world-bank-transition">Milanovic, Branko. (January 1998) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246453761_Income_Inequality_and_Poverty_During_the_Transition_from_Planned_to_Market_Economy Income, Inequality, and Poverty during the Transition from Planned to Market Economy], World Bank DOI:10.1596/1813-9450-1935</ref>{{rp|68}} Poverty rates among workers were lower than the national average from 1992-1995, while those among pensioners, farmers, and self-employed were higher, though the last might be due to differences in what qualities as "self-employed".<ref name="world-bank-transition"/>{{rp|92-94}} On the flip side, poverty was comparatively "shallow", in that average income for the poor was not too far below the poverty line, though this is what generally happens when poverty becomes more widespread.<ref name="world-bank-transition"/>{{rp|76-77}} The institution chalked the increase in poverty in Estonia and other transition economies to decline in population incomes and increase in [[income inequality]]<ref name="world-bank-transition"/>{{rp|85-92}}

====Western foreign policy====
Estonia also pursued close ties with the West, joining the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] in 2004.<ref>Miljan, Toivo (2015). ''Historical Dictionary of Estonia.'' Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9780810875135.</ref> This also resulted in Estonia ditching its short-lived currency and taking up the Euro.

Estonia soon proved its commitment to its allies by sending a significant force to participate in the harshest theatres of the [[Afghanistan War]]<ref>[https://www.stripes.com/news/tiny-estonia-keen-to-make-large-contribution-in-afghanistan-fight-1.97603 Tiny Estonia keen to make large contribution in Afghanistan fight]. ''Stars and Stripes.''</ref> and then briefly sending another contingent to fight in the [[Iraq War]].<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/01/22/estonia.troops/index.html Estonia's 34 troops withdrawn from Iraq]. ''CNN.''</ref> Even after that, Estonia maintained a small training force in [[Iraq]] until 2020.<ref>[https://news.err.ee/1021422/defense-minister-estonian-soldiers-work-in-iraq-has-been-suspended Defense minister: Estonian soldiers' work in Iraq has been suspended].</ref> Estonia suffered 9 deaths in [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{wpa|Coalition casualties in Afghanistan|}}</ref> and 2 deaths in Iraq.<ref>{{wpa|Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War#Coalition_military_casualties|}}</ref> 

The country is one of the most committed to the NATO alliance, as shown by its participation in operations. Much of that is motivated by fear of the threat of [[Vladimir Putin]] and his expansionist Russia. Estonia has mandatory military service for its healthy men and has repeatedly hiked up its military budget.<ref>{{wpa|Estonia#Military|}}</ref> Estonia has a population motivated for defense and extensive defense preparations, and many of its people consider an invasion inevitable.<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/estonia-rusia-nato-defense-they-will-die-in-tallinn-estonia-grids-for-war/ ‘They will die in Tallinn’: Estonia girds for war with Russia]. ''Politico EU.''</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Estonia history.png|thumb|right|185px]]
===Christianity===

The main religion of Estonia since the beginning of the 13th century has been Christianity. Until the 16th century, it was [[Catholicism]], and after the reformation initiated by [[Martin Luther]], [[Lutheranism]]. Lutheranism, despite its declining influence today, has significantly influenced the development of Estonian culture. Besides this, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] has been widespread in the eastern regions since the middle of the 19th century, and its distribution was also part of the policy of the tsarist authorities. Besides this, other Protestant denominations have also spread over the centuries. In the 18th century, in addition to Lutheranism, the Moravian Church also spread among the peasants. In the 19th century, several Protestant sects were popular, for example (the Maltsvetians). Freed from the pressure of Soviet state atheism during the years of Estonia's re-independence, the Lutheran Church was able to temporarily gain greater popularity and many clergy were active during the so-called singing revolution.

===Atheism===
{{main|Atheism}}
{{cquote|Even in schools religion does not feature on the curriculum in its own right. Instead, in history lessons, young Estonians learn about the waves of invasion led by the Germans and Danes who brought Christianity to the country. It came to be seen as the faith of the colonisers, one rejected by the majority.|||Tom Esslemont, [[BBC]] News.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14635021 Spirituality in Estonia - the world's 'least religious' country]. ''BBC News.''</ref>}}
Estonia's population has rejected organized [[religion]] to a startling degree, with only 29% adhering to any religion and even fewer regularly participating.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/sep/16/estonia-least-religious-country-world Is Estonia really the least religious country in the world?]. ''The Guardian.''</ref><ref>[https://euobserver.com/social/27587 Estonians least religious in the world]. ''EU Observer.''</ref> Perhaps that's due to the country's tragic history. Of those who are religious, almost all of them are either [[Lutheran]] or [[Eastern Orthodox]].<ref>{{wpa|Religion in Estonia|}}</ref>

According to the constitution, there is [[freedom of religion]], no [[State religion|state church]], and every person has the right to [[privacy]] of belief and religion. Estonia is believed to be the most atheistic country in the world,<ref>[http://atheistnews.blogs.fi/2009/02/12/estonia-is-the-least-religious-nation-in-the-world-5562738/ The least religious nation in the world is Estonia]</ref> with over 76% of the population stating no specific religious affiliation.<ref>{{wayback|http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/I_Databas/Population_census/16Religious_affiliation/16Religious_affiliation.asp}} Statistical database: Population Census 2000 – Religious affiliation]</ref> According to Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 26% of the population said that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005"]</ref> 

Estonia's non-religious attitude can be seen as an extension of the country's resistance to the Teutonic crusaders, who forced Christianity upon the unwilling pagans.<ref name="nepag">[https://estonianworld.com/life/estonians-the-nation-of-neo-pagans/ Estonians – the nation of neo-Pagans?] ''Estonian World''.</ref> Estonians, in general, pride themselves on being unattached to religion, and most of the country's practitioners of Christianity are from the Russian population.<ref name="nepag"/>

===Neopaganism===
{{main|Neopaganism}}
Estonia also sees a rising neo-pagan movement attempting to revive the old traditions that Estonia had before the conquest by the Crusaders, largely motivated by Estonian nationalism. One of the first to pop up was Taaraism, which focused on honoring nature through worshiping the indigenous Estonian gods.<ref name="nepag"/><ref name="wrel">{{wpa|Estonian neopaganism|}}</ref> Taaraism takes a monotheistic approach to religion, claiming that the old Estonian gods were and are just various aspects of an all-encompassing deity. It began during Estonia's brief independence after World War I, but it was harshly and murderously suppressed by the Soviet Union due to its emphasis on Estonian national identity.

Another movement is the Maausk religion, meaning "Earth belief." This variant focuses on nature, with rituals involving sacred groves in forests, bonfire ceremonies, and gifts of eggs and ribbons.<ref>[https://religionnews.com/2019/05/31/with-soviet-power-gone-baltic-countries-historic-pagan-past-re-emerges/ Soviet power gone, Baltic countries’ historic pagan past re-emerges]. ''Religion News Service.''</ref> Maausk followers also emphasize culture and tradition, with notable follower Ahto Kaasik explaining that Maausk is "our vernacular, our songs, our customs, our beliefs, our archetypes and culture... a tradition that binds us to our land."<ref>[https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/27265/ Baltic diaspora and the rise of Neo-Paganism]. ''The Baltic Times.''</ref> 

As interesting as these movements are, they're still quite small in Estonia, although growing fairly quickly.<ref name="nepag"/> Their rising popularity benefits from the decrease in religiosity, as Estonians wish to identify with their ancestors and traditions rather than the Christian religion.

==Gallery==
<center><gallery widths=225px heights=225px>
File:Pärnu–Tori maantee Tori alevikus.jpg|Landscape in the countryside.
File:Tln1.jpg|Business district of Tallinn.
File:Kalju-kohviku küpsetised.jpg|Estonian pastries.
File:Hanila tuulepark 2.JPG|Coastal wind farm.
File:Merle Jääger 2011.jpg|Estonian woman at a folk festival.
File:XXV laulupidu (3).jpg|Estonian Song Festival in Tallinn.
File:Raekoja plats 2.jpg|thumb|The old town of Tallinn is full of tourists.
</gallery></center>

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{nationbox}}

[[Category:Member states of the European Union]]
[[Category:European countries]]
[[Category:NATO member states]]

Categories: Member states of the European Union, European countries, NATO member states