Coca

[[File:Colcoca03.jpg|thumb|right|165px|''Erythroxylum coca'']]
{{drugs}}
'''Coca''' refers to the two species family of ''Erythroxylaceae'' (''Erythroxylum coca'' and ''E. novogranatense''), native to western [[South America]], and is best-known as the source of [[cocaine]]. Unlike some [[marijuana|psychoactive plants]], the [[United States|US]] recognizes it has ''some'' benefit, and so allows a few <strike>people</strike> [[Corporate personhood|companies]] to import it to produce medicine and soft drinks.<ref>[https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/imprt/reg/2011/ List of companies] the US allows to import controlled substances in bulk, including coca leaves.</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/01/business/how-coca-cola-obtains-its-coca.html How Coca-Cola Obtains Its Coca]</ref> Unlike other [[coffee|psychoactive plants]], it is illegal to keep in your house. The plant is considered illegal in most other countries as well, with the exceptions being those immediately around the Andes where it's been grown and chewed or drunk as tea for millennia, much to the chagrin of the US and the international community who classed it as Schedule 1 in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.<ref name="1961 Single Convention">[http://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/1961-Convention/convention_1961_en.pdf Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961]</ref> Since the mid-2000s, those few countries have been actively fighting the stigma associated with coca due to cocaine. They're probably annoyed that [[United States|other countries]] have taken to spraying herbicides on their land.

==History==
Coca has been grown and consumed in the Andes for thousands of years, where its use is least as old as agriculture.<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/early-holocene-coca-chewing-in-northern-peru/6452FDEFF4B27959A376256AFCFAEECE Dillehay, Tom D., et al. “Early Holocene Coca Chewing in Northern Peru.” Antiquity, vol. 84, no. 326, 2010, pp. 939–953., doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067004].</ref> Its popularity slowly spread throughout the region until the 19<sup>th</sup> century, when Europeans discovered how to extract pure cocaine from the leaves. Then its popularity exploded around the world, until people began to realize that cocaine wasn't all that great after all, and in their zeal to undo the damage, the world made the mere existence of the plant mostly illegal. Nice one, guys.

==Scientific research==
Unlike [[coffee|other drugs]], there's not all that much research into coca itself. What little there is has mostly been done via overarching societal and personality studies covering entire populations, cultures, and the like.

===1950 Report on the Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf===
In the late 1940s, Peru asked the [[UN]] to study coca in their country, specifically the traditional uses of chewing and brewing tea. [[Bolivia]] subsequently requested that the study also include their country, and the resulting report was the first-ever wide-scale study on coca leaves.<ref name="1950 Commission Report">[https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/coca-inquiry-1950e_0.pdf Report on the Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, 1950, United Nations]</ref>

The report contains and, to its credit, refutes [[racist]] language, including (but certainly not limited to):
*"A doctor of Cuzco … regarded [the Indian] as racially 'oligophrenic' and 'lazy'" &mdash; Page 28, section 'Psychical alterations'
*"The mental decay and the social inferiority of the Indian are due to a) a lack of education; and b) the influence of two toxic substances, i.e. coca leaf and [[alcohol]]" &mdash; A Cochabamba physician quoted on page 29, section 'Psychical alterations'
*"The usual opinion of the fighters against coca-leaf chewing is that it has led to a general degeneration of the Indian race. … This race, it is said, once produced a high culture and now lives at a primitive level." &mdash; Page 29, section 'Race degeneration'
Despite such prejudices, the report compiled a huge amount of data and generally comes across as not hostile to coca (classifying its use as a habit, not an addiction &mdash; pages 31 and 93) while discouraging its use due in part due to "induc[ing] … undesirable changes of an intellectual and moral character."

Considering this was ''the'' study at the time of socio-political effects of coca, it's likely it had an impact on the 1961 decision to classify the leaf, not just cocaine, under Schedule 1.

===1995 Cocaine Project===
Not to be outdone by the people from the 1950s, the World Health Organization performed a study (funded by the UNICRI (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute)) using the work of some 40 researchers.<ref name="1995 Cocaine Project">[https://www.tni.org/files/who-briefing-kit.pdf WHO/UNICRI Cocaine Project]</ref> It was, [[Circular reasoning|according to itself]], the largest global study on cocaine ever. This study included coca leaves, although unlike the 1950 report, wasn't focused on coca, but rather included it as kind of an afterthought.

The report was controversial only in that it suggested coca wasn't the actual spawn of [[Satan]], and that [[tobacco]] and alcohol caused far more societal problems than either coca or cocaine. However, the US, who <strike>was</strike> is eyebrow-deep in the [[war on drugs]], couldn't allow that, and so threatened to pull funding from the WHO unless it [[Denialism|produced results which agreed with its current anti-coca policies]]<ref name="WHO threat">[https://www.tni.org/files/wha48-1995.pdf Partial transcript of the 48th World Health Assembly]</ref>. As such it was never published.

===Physiological effects===
Unfortunately there haven't been all that many studies on coca leaves. However, what studies there have been have shown fairly benign, even beneficial, symptoms. For the ease of reading, have a bullet-list:
*Suppresses hunger and thirst<ref name="Anesthesiology">[http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1943164 Calatayud J, González A. History of the development and evolution of local anesthesia since the coca leaf. Anesthesiology. 2003;98(6):1503-1508.]</ref>
*Relieves oral and gastrointestinal pain<ref name="Anesthesiology"/>
*Mild stimulant similar to coffee<ref name="Anesthesiology"/><ref name="therapeutic value">[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378874181900647?via%3Dihub Weil, AT (Mar–May 1981). "The therapeutic value of coca in contemporary medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 (2–3): 367–76. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90064-7. PMID 6113306.]</ref>
*Does '''''not''''' form addiction or dependance (unlike coffee)<ref name="1950 Commission Report"/><ref name="1995 Cocaine Project"/><ref name="therapeutic value"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Colcoca01.jpg|''E. coca'' plant in the foreground
File:Coca teabags.jpg|Coca tea, which is produced commercially in some parts of South America
File:Three coca leaves.jpeg|Dried coca leaves, as they would be sold in a market
File:Boliviancocaleaves.jpg|coca leaves for sale in a Bolivian market
File:Evo Morales in 2006.jpg|[[Evo Morales]], president of Bolivia and former leader of the coca growers union
File:The Massachusetts eclectic medical journal (1884) (14802197123).jpg|Metcalf's Coca Wine advertisement in ''The Massachusetts Eclectic Medical Journal'' (1884)
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[War on Drugs]]

==External links==
*The 1950 Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf: [https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/coca-inquiry-1950e_0.pdf read (amateur scan)] or [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0ahUKEwi7tcvn4PfTAhUH-mMKHZU7CLUQFgg-MAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.un.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11176%2F272147%2FE_1666%253BE_CN.7_AC.2_1-EN.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&usg=AFQjCNESh9JevvyQtgDbUPDWaNj8pDi4dQ&sig2=Bk14BCfQ-6yJPtNX0CVVRA download]
*[https://www.tni.org/files/who-briefing-kit.pdf The 1995 Cocaine Project press release]
*Trans-National Institute: [https://www.tni.org/en/primer/coca-leaf-myths-and-reality Coca leaf: Myths and Reality]

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Categories: Drugs, Plants