Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association

[[File:Richard Mack by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Mack in 2011]]
{{pseudolaw}}
The '''Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association''' ('''CSPOA''', for short) is a US Peace Officer group that believes that sheriffs are "the highest executive authority in a county and therefore constitutionally empowered to be able to keep federal agents out of the county".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120120163425/http://www.cspoa.org/index.php Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association] (archived from January 20, 2012).</ref> It promotes this viewpoint as a method of saving the country from tuh overbearin fedrul gubmint. It is unclear how they intend to spread their ideology to states such as [[Alaska]] or [[Connecticut]], which lack any office of the sheriff.

Their membership consists of a staggering fourteen sheriffs, one county commissioner, and one chief of police, drawn from thirteen states (mostly southern and western).{{cn}} The organization draws much of its philosophy from the similar [[sovereign citizen]] and [[Posse Comitatus]] movements. Co-founder '''Richard Ivan Mack''' {{lived|1952}} (sheriff of Graham County, [[Arizona]] from 1988-1996) believes, "The greatest threat we face today is not [[terrorists]]; it is our own federal government."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140713145155/http://sheriffmack.com/index.php?start=18 Welcome to SheriffMack.com] (archived from July 13, 2014).</ref> Mack founded the CSPOA in 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100821192007/https://cspoa.org/ An introduction] by Sheriff Richard Mack, ''Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association'' (archived from August 21, 2010).</ref>  [[Joe Arpaio]] (sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona from 1993-2016) has been a supporter or member since at least 2013.<ref>[https://politicalresearch.org/2013/11/22/profiles-on-the-right-constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association Profiles on the Right: Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association] (November 22, 2013) ''Political Research Associates''.</ref><ref>[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/01/joe-arpaio-pardon-sheriffs-movement-215566/ The Troubling Sheriffs’ Movement That Joe Arpaio Supports: Trump's pardon didn't just let off a campaign ally. It endorsed a growing push to exempt sheriffs from any federal authority.] by Robert L. Tsai (September 01, 2017) ''Politico''.</ref>

==Ideology==
Constitutional sheriffs believe that the county has total dominion over the law of its land, superseding even the state and federal governments. As such, they view county sheriffs as the absolute authority of law enforcement. They say this is based on the US Constitution. They highly encourage the formation of posses (groups called by sheriffs to enforce the law). The movement has roots in [[Posse Comitatus]], a [[Christian]] [[white supremacist]] movement from the 1970s.<ref>[https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/constitutional-sheriffs Constitutional Sheriffs]. Southern Poverty Law Center</ref> Peculiarly, the organization has also been associated with the [[sovereign citizen]] movement,<ref>[https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/constitutional-sheriffs Constitutional Sheriffs] ''Southern Poverty Law Center''.</ref> whose members falsely believe that they are not subject to any laws other than [[Common law|common]] or [[natural law]]s.

==Richard Mack and Oath Keepers==
{{main|Oath Keepers}}
Mack is also one of the founders of the Oath Keepers, a group focusing on police and military personnel which, though it may occasionally reflect slivers of [[Militia movement|militia]] ideology, advocates that members lay down arms and nonviolently refuse to comply with orders they view as unconstitutional<ref>Oath Keepers: Orders We Will Not Obey [https://web.archive.org/web/20090704100331/http://oathkeepers.org/oath]</ref>{{efn|"The entire point of Oath Keepers is to advocate nonviolence. We're telling police and soldiers that if they're asked to do something unconstitutional, or asked to violate the rights of Americans, that they should put down their guns. We just saw this with the Tunisian military, by the way, when it refused orders to fire on protesters." - Stewart Rhodes, co-founder, in April 2011 Interview with Reason<ref>[http://reason.com/archives/2011/04/11/constitutional-refuseniks Constitutional Refuseniks] by Radley Balko (May 2011) ''Reason''.</ref>}} It is Mack's view that "[t]he greatest threat we face today is not terrorists; it is our federal government… One of the best and easiest solutions is to depend on local officials, especially the sheriff, to stand against federal intervention and federal criminality."<ref>Keller, Larry (August 2009). "The Second Wave: Return of the Militias". A Special Report from the Southern Poverty Law Center</ref>

===Credentialism===
Despite not being a sheriff since 1996, Mack still calls himself "Sheriff Mack" on his website,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211202081319/https://cspoa.org/ Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association] (archived from December 2, 2021).</ref> a form of [[credentialism]]. Despite not having any formal law background, Mack has claimed to have trained sheriffs in how to interpret the [[US Constitution]].<ref>[https://publicintegrity.org/national-security/the-army-to-set-our-nation-free/ 'The Army to Set Our Nation Free': Former Sheriff Richard Mack has a plan to roll back gun control, tax laws and land-use constraints, one defiant local law enforcement official at a time] by Julia Harte & R. Jeffrey Smith (Published April 18, 2016; Updated May 245, 2016) ''The Center for Public Integrity''.</ref> Based on Mack's erroneous interpretation of the Constitution, sheriffs in [[Virginia]] were able to pressure the legislature to carve out an exception for sheriffs in a law enabling civilian oversight of law enforcement.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/12/17/constitutional-sheriffs-extremist-dangerous-unconstitutional/ Beware the extremist, dangerous and unconstitutional ‘constitutional sheriffs’] by Christy E. Lopez (December 17, 2021) ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

===Legal counsel===
They have as legal advisor one Judge Navin-Chandra Naidu, who has worked with many organizations from the Sultanate of Sulu to a Chinese county, and is a member of the American Federation of Television & Radio Artists. Sounds like an interesting guy. His website, "Ecclesiastical Court of Justice and Law Offices,"<ref>[http://www.scripturalaw.org/ Ecclesiastical Court of Justice and Law Offices]</ref> has the usual stuff about [[The United States as a Christian nation|the country being essentially Christian in nature]], and offers advice on how churches can avoid paying tax. In 2001, he was a wanted man, accused in Fiji of forging his law degree,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150416103559/http://tvnz.co.nz/content/43438/4042040/article.html Speight lawyer wanted for forgery] (June 12, 2001) ''TV NZ'' (archived from April 16, 2015).</ref> and his dealings with the Pembina Nation in [[North Dakota]] have managed to irk the [[Anti-Defamation League]].

===The Convention!===
In January of 2012, the CSPOA invited all sheriffs and deputies in the US to come to their conference in Las Vegas.  Several hundred did show, including 8 from Colorado; to a person, they returned making heroic attempts to be respectful while not laughing their collective asses off.<ref name=lofholm>[http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_19946455 Emerging movement encourages sheriffs to act as shield against federal tyranny] by Nancy Lofholm (February 11, 2012 at 1:22 p.m. | UPDATED: June 9, 2016 at 11:15 a.m.) ''Denver Post''.</ref> The general opinion of the "liberal" sheriff of Weld County was something along the lines of "We thought they had some interesting points, but overall we were unable to accept that this is the role of local law enforcement."{{efn|"We have a large group of people in my county who agree with these principles," said Weld County Sheriff John Cook, explaining why he attended the conference. "I agree with a lot of it. But I don't advocate, obviously, violence against other law enforcement offices."<ref name=lofholm/>}}

There was speculation at the convention that the convention was designed to help support Arizona in the coming months, when the courts were to rule on the Constitutionality of Arizona's anti-immigration policies.<ref>From a personal conversation between [[User:WaitingforGodot|a RationalWiki editor]] and a Boulder County deputy sheriff about the convention.</ref> The US Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that part of the law was supersed by Federal law.<ref>{{wpa|Arizona SB 1070}}</ref>

Among the speakers scheduled for the 2013 convention was [[birther]] Michael Zullo, who presented a program on "Presidential document fraud."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007053835/https://cspoa.org/convention/Saturday%20Breakout%20Sessions.pdf CSPOA Breakout Session Schedule: Saturday, June 1, 2013] ''Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association'' (archived from October 7, 2013).</ref>

==Siding with a fucking outlaw==
{{main|Cliven Bundy}}
Mack was the principle adviser in the standoff betweeen Cliven Bundy and the Bureau of Land Management in 2014 over grazing rights on public lands. Mack advised the Bundys to "put all the women up at the front" in case law enforcement started shooting, which looks like an attempt to dissuade the feds from doing anything aggressive on grounds of [[chivalry]] — at least until he said that women should be "the first ones shot".<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/richard-mack-_n_5154606 Ex-Sheriff Wanted 'Women In Front' In Case Of Shootout With Feds] by David Moye (04/15/2014 04:23pm EDT | Updated December 6, 2017) ''Huffington Post''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140617031355/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/15/former-sheriff-willing-let-wife-daughter-die-front/ Former sheriff willing to let wife, daughters die on front lines of Bundy ranch] by Jessica Chasmar (April 15, 2014) ''The Wasington Times'' (archived from June 17, 2014).</ref>

==Appearance in Ferguson, Missouri==
In August 2015, a few armed white men who self-identified as members of Oath Keepers showed up at the Ferguson, [[Missouri]] anniversary protests of unarmed black teenager Michael Brown. Were they there to protest government overreach in killing unarmed civilians? No, they were there to "protect" someone who worked for [[Alex Jones]]' Infowars website.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/08/11/who-are-the-oath-keepers-and-why-has-the-armed-group-returned-to-ferguson/ Who are the Oath Keepers, and why has the armed group returned to Ferguson?] by Sarah Larimer and Abby Phillip (August 11 at 12:49 PM) ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/in-ferguson-protesters-challenge-state-of-emergency/2015/08/11/7e33d1ec-4013-11e5-bfe3-ff1d8549bfd2_story.html In Ferguson, protesters challenge state of emergency] by Abby Phillip, Mark Berman and William Wan (August 11 at 12:53 PM) ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

==Alt-med kookery==
Through its store, CSPOA promotes a scammy site (Body Align) that sells [[Woo|worthless products]] for 'protection' against [[5G]] and [[electromagnetic]] fields (EMF).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210708013739/https://cspoa.org/how-to-protect-yourself-against-emfs-5g/ BEWARE: Harmful EMF Radiation Comes From MANY Electronic Devices!] ''CSPOA'' (archived from July 8, 2021).</ref> CSPOA also promotes a more run-of-the-mill dietary supplement site (Global Healing).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210707130331/https://cspoa.org/global-healing/ Global Healing] ''CSPOA'' (archived from July 7, 2021).</ref>

Mack has taken [[Joseph Mercola]] at face value with regard to fear-mongering about [[COVID]] vaccines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211202060119/https://cspoa.org/vax-stats/ Vax Stats] ''Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association''.</ref>

==Election hijacking==
In 2020, Barry County, [[Michigan]] Sheriff Dar Leaf, a member of CSPOA, attempted to enlist fellow CSPOA members to seize voting machines because of his belief in [[Donald Trump]]'s election [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>[https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/emails-michigan-sheriff-sought-seize-voting-machines-amid-trump-claims Emails: Michigan sheriff sought to seize voting machines amid Trump claims] by Jonathan Oosting (July 2, 2021) ''Bridge Michigan''.</ref> In 2024, Leaf, who is associated with sovereign citizens was reelected in a landslide in 2024.<ref>[https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/constitutional-sheriffs Dar Leaf, Michigan’s ‘constitutional sheriff’, wins re-election by landslide: Pro-militia and election denying Republican will continue 20-year run as sheriff in Barry county] by Alice Herman (7 Aug 2024 11.29 EDT) ''The Guardian''.</ref>

==There's a new sheriff in town==
In 2023, [[Mormon]] Sam Bushman became the new CEO of CSPOA. Bushman is also the owner of the right-wing Liberty News Radio (LNR), which has given airtime to ex-[[KKK]] Grand Wizard [[David Duke]] and [[Unite the Right]] fascist [[Jason Kessler]]. In an interview with [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]'s Hatewatch, Bushman engaged in [[Lost Cause of the South|slavery apologetics]] and made a thinly-veiled reference to the [[International Jewish conspiracy]] theory ("I believe that [[evil]] people run the world. 'The [[Usury|Moneychangers]],' I call them."). LNR hosts a program called Blood River Radio by Eddie Miller, which has touted the [[white genocide]] conspiracy theory and [[Holocaust denial]]. Both Bushman and ex-CEO Mack have claimed to not be racist themselves, but their direct associations make these claims hard to believe.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/constitutional-sheriffs-ceo-sam-bushman-ties-white-supremacists-1234855624/ He Parties With Neo-Confederates, Trashes MLK, and Leads the 'Constitutional Sheriffs': Sam Bushman advocates for the “white race." Should he run a group that trains law enforcement?] by Tim Dickinson (October 17, 2023) ''Rolling Stone''.</ref><ref>[https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2023/02/28/constitutional-sheriffs-chief-runs-online-radio-station-featuring-white-supremacists Sam Bushman, the CEO of the antigovernment Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA), defended running white-nationalist broadcasts on his online station, Liberty News Radio (LNR), during an extended, often-meandering telephone conversation with Hatewatch on Feb. 21.] by Jason Wilson (February 28, 2023) ''Southern Poverty Law Center''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Joe Arpaio]]
* [[Militia movement]]
* [[Posse Comitatus]]
* [[Sovereign citizen]]

==External links==
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/constitutional-sheriffs-elections-trump-pandemic/2021/11/01/4c14c764-368b-11ec-91dc-551d44733e2d_story.html Boosted by the pandemic, ‘constitutional sheriffs’ are a political force] by Kimberly Kindy (November 2, 2021) ''The Washington Post''.
*[https://cspoa.org/ Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]
[[Category:Anti-vaccination movement]]
[[Category:Fascism]]
[[Category:Militia movement]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:White supremacists]]

Categories: Alternative medicine promoters, Anti-vaccination movement, Fascism, Militia movement, Racists, White supremacists