Craniosacral therapy

[[File:Kraniosakrální terapie - biodynamika.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Craniosacral therapy]]
{{altmed}}
'''Craniosacral therapy''' is a variant of [[osteopathy]] which claims all manner of benefits from manipulation of the head and neck. It is made entirely of [[woo]].<ref>Norcross, John C.; Gerald P. Koocher, Ariele Garofalo (2006). "Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi poll". ''Professional Psychology: Research and Practice'' 37 (5): 515–522. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7028.37.5.515 doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515]. ISSN 1939-1323 (electronic); ISSN 0735-7028 (print).</ref><ref>Thomas J. Wheeler (February 21, 2006), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170416185019/http://kcahf.org/content/holistic06.pdf A SCIENTIFIC LOOK AT ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE]."</ref><ref>Atwood, Kimball C (2004-03-26). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1140750/ Naturopathy, Pseudoscience, and Medicine: Myths and Fallacies vs Truth]". ''Medscape General Medicine'' 6 (1): 33. ISSN 1531-0132. PMC 1140750. PMID 15208545.</ref> Even [[chiropractor]]s and osteopaths don't think much of it.<ref>Bledsoe, Bryan E (Oct 2004). "[http://www.jaoa.org/content/104/10/405.long The elephant in the room: does OMT have proved benefit?]"{{dead}}. ''The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association'' 104 (10): 405–6; author reply 406. PMID 15537794.</ref><ref>Hartman, SE (8). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1564028/ Cranial osteopathy: its fate seems clear].". ''Chiropractic & osteopathy'' 14: 10. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-14-10. ISSN 1746-1340. PMC 1564028. PMID 16762070.</ref>

Other names for it include '''cranial osteopathy''', '''cranial therapy''', '''biocranial therapy''', '''craniopathy''', and '''sacro-occipital technique'''.<ref name=quackwatch>[https://quackwatch.org/related/cranial/ Why Cranial Therapy Is Silly] (Quackwatch)</ref>

==Origin==

'''Craniosacral therapy''' was "invented" by John Upledger around 1983, who claims it is so totally completely different than the '''cranial osteopathy''' invented in 1899 by early osteopath William Garner Sutherland that it needed a new name,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150912084415/http://www.massagetoday.com/mpacms/mt/article.php?id=10571 CranioSacral Therapy vs. Cranial Osteopathy: Differences Divide]</ref> despite it being completely the same practice of somewhere between a head tickle and a head massage that doesn't do anything.

While looking at a dismantled skull, Sutherland was struck by the idea that the cranial sutures of the temporal bones where they meet the parietal bones were "beveled, like the gills of a fish, indicating articular mobility for a respiratory mechanism". This is excusable because it was 1899 and they were stupid then.

But nowadays, we know ''exactly'' what these bevels are; they're the places where the plates of the skull grew together in infancy. These flexible plates allow the large head of the infant to pass through the pelvis, which in humans is unusually narrow (due to walking upright and evolution and whatnot). This is called "moulding" and is why some infants born vaginally initially have a cone-shaped head. These plates start fusing together at around 3 months, generally finishing the process by about 9 months of age.<ref>https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/craniosynostosis/</ref>

==Theory and practice==

In chapter 2 of his book ''CranoSacral Therapy: Touchstone of Natural Healing'', John Upledger describes the patient's "Inner Physician":<ref name=quackwatch/>

{{cquote|By connecting deeply with a patient while doing CranioSacral Therapy, it was possible in most cases to solicit contact with the patient's Inner Physician. It also became clear that the Inner Physician could take any form the patient could imagine —an image, a voice or a feeling. Usually once the image of the Inner Physician appeared, it was ready to dialog with me and answer questions about the underlying causes of the patient's health problems and what can be done to resolve them. It also became clear that when the conversation with the Inner Physician was authentic, the craniosacral system went into a holding pattern.}}

Upledger goes on to recount successfully communicating, via the craniosacral system, with the inner physician of a four-month-old baby of French parents who had never been exposed to English. He diagnosed the root cause as "a [[toxin]] that was inhaled by the mother [...] over a period of about two-and-a-half hours while cleaning the grease off an antique automobile engine" in the fourth month of pregnancy.

Practitioners claim there are small, rhythmic motions of the cranial bones, which they attribute to cerebrospinal fluid pressure, or perhaps arterial pressure. The therapist places their hands on the patient's head and (apparently) tunes into the craniosacral rhythm, the regular flow of the cerebrospinal fluid, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to move through the spine more easily. They then lightly palpate the patient's body and focus on the communicated movements. After this, the theory becomes wildly inconsistent between different authorities and practitioners.

===Treatment for colic===

In the United Kingdom, parents are shelling out massive amounts of dosh for osteopaths to lightly tickle their babies' heads, as cranial osteopathy is a popular treatment for colic in infants.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2004700/Cranial-osteopathy-Soothing-away-babys-colicy-cries.html How cranial osteopathy can help soothe away your baby's colicky cries]</ref> The cost for a light tickle? £30-£50. And you might only need 1 session, but possibly up to three! But you absolutely cannot do it yourself, because the touches are very soft and go in very specific places and make permanent changes! But not to the shape of the skull itself, because you could actually measure that (and it would be dangerous - baby skulls are actually very malleable because the plates generally don't finish growing together until 9 months).

==Reality==

Although cerebrospinal fluid does flow somewhat, there is no rhythm to it that is not from the heartbeat,<ref>Ferre JC, Chevalier C, Lumineau JP, Barbin JY (1990). "Cranial osteopathy, delusion or reality?" ''Actualites Odonto-Stomatologiques'' 44: 481-494. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2173359 PMID 2173359] - translated title, couldn't find the French original</ref> and there is no evidence that what movement there is is detectable by putting one's hands on a person's body. Furthermore, it's ridiculous to think that you could ''change'' the "flow" of a fluid by giving someone a head massage; you would actually need to change the shape of the skull to do this — this is just basic fluid dynamics. In an adult, this is impossible to do unless, say, you fracture their skull, which is inadvisable.

Although it ''would'' be possible to change the shape of an infant's skull (for instance, laying on the back can cause some infants to develop a flat head, and this can be fixed by wearing a special helmet), it would be extremely dangerous for a practitioner to actually try to change the shape of an infant's skull with their bare hands in an hour-long session. Which is why, thankfully, most practitioners of cranial osteopathy on infants touch the infant's skull very lightly, more akin to a tickle than manipulation. Although completely ineffective at actually doing something, of course that is better than permanently injuring a child.

==Effectiveness==
{{crickets}}

None.<ref>Green C, Martin CW, Bassett K, Kazanjian A (1999). "A systematic review of craniosacral therapy: biological plausibility, assessment reliability and clinical effectiveness". ''Complement Ther Med'' '''7''' (4): 201–7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0965-2299%2899%2980002-8 doi:10.1016/S0965-2299(99)80002-8]. PMID 10709302.</ref> Not only that, the therapists all seem to do different things &mdash; operator interreliability is about zero.<ref>Hartman SE, Norton JM (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150830012705/http://faculty.une.edu/com/shartman/sram.pdf "Interexaminer reliability and cranial osteopathy."] ''Sci Rev Alt Med'' '''6''' (1): 23–34.</ref> [[Edzard Ernst]] notes that "the notion that CST is associated with more than non-specific effects is not based on evidence from rigorous randomised clinical trials"<ref>Ernst, Edzard (2012). "Craniosacral therapy: A systematic review of the clinical evidence". Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 17 (4): 197. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2042-7166.2012.01174.x doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01174.x].</ref> (and confirmed later on his blog that this was "a polite and scientific way of saying that CST is bogus"<ref>[http://edzardernst.com/2012/12/up-the-garden-path-craniosacral-therapy/ Up the garden path: craniosacral therapy]</ref>).

[[Quackwatch]] notes only two [[death]]s associated with it,<ref name=quackwatch/> one a chiropractor convincing an epileptic to stop taking her medication<ref>[https://quackwatch.org/chiropractic/victims/gallagher/ Bizarre Therapy Leads to Patient’s Death]</ref> and the other a cerebral haematoma possibly induced in a two-day-old baby by a dentist placing a vibrating machine against its skull as part of this therapy; the perpetrator of the latter was not convicted, but the board did find this to be outside the remit of [[dentistry]] and revoked his license.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150414172919/http://www.casewatch.org/board/dent/kerwin/order_2012.pdf</ref>

==See also==
*[[Massage]]
*[[Osteopathy]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Manipulative therapy]]
[[Category:Parenting]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Manipulative therapy, Parenting