trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
First Epistle of Peter

{{Biblenav}}
The '''First Epistle of Peter''' is a book in the [[New Testament]] of the [[Christian]] [[Bible]] generally attributed by the [[church]] to [[Saint Peter|Peter]] when he was the [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]].  The letter is generally dated around 60 CE - 100 [[CE]].  

[[Academic|Scholars]] doubt Peter (the Fisherman, the [[apostle]] of [[Jesus]], and later the Bishop of Rome) is the true author, due to the likelihood that Peter would have been illiterate, or nearly so, and the language of 1 Peter is quite flowery and highbrow.  The letter itself lacks any personal references to [[Jesus Christ|Jesus]], something that would have been a natural [[Logical fallacy|appeal to authority]] had there been an actual relationship between its author and Jesus.  The Biblical references in 1 Peter are from the Greek [[Septuagint]], which is not likely for a fisherman from Galilee. Oh, and with that dating, he would also probably be dead already.

==Yeah, but what's it say?==
* Only reference to Jesus going down to hell before his Ascension.
* Stay true to [[God]].  
* Be holy.
* Not much else.

[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/1 Peter#1 Peter 3:19|1 Peter 3:19]] and [[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/1 Peter#1 Peter 4:6|4:6]] contain references to Christ preaching to the spirits of the dead in "prison".  This cannot mean [[hell]], because preaching cannot avail the damned, and it cannot mean [[heaven]] because preaching is redundant to the saved.  So [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]] use these verses to support their idea of a third place called [[purgatory]], even if the [[Hell#The Harrowing of Hell|Harrowing of Hell]] has been claimed to be supported by them.

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/1 Peter]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peter, First Epistle of}}
{{stub|bible}}
{{BibleGuide}}
[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:General Epistles]]

Categories: New Testament, General Epistles
First Epistle to the Thessalonians

{{biblenav}}{{cquote|For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first:
Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.|||Thes. 4:16-17}}
'The '''First Epistle to the  Thessalonians''' is a [[New Testament]] [[Bible|Biblical]] text.  This is one of the authentic letters of [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]], and possibly the first he wrote.<ref>{{wpa|First Epistle to the Thessalonians}}</ref> It is generally dated around the middle of the first century CE, maybe around 52 CE, and is thus most likely the earliest Christian writing which survives to the present time.

One of the only real questions of interest answered by Thessalonians was "What happens to Joe, who has died before Jesus has returned".  Of course, two thousand years later, there are billions of "Joes" and Paul's answer that "the new coming will be soon" has turned out to be [[bullshit]], along with the rest of his ideas about the second coming.

The doctrine of the [[rapture]] is usually cited to [[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/1 Thessalonians#1 Thessalonians 4:16|1 Thessalonians 4:16-17]] even though no word like "rapture" is used.

The Thessalonians were in Thessalonica (modern-day {{wpl|Thessaloniki}}) in northeast Greece. According to the traditional account, Paul visited there in his second voyage, around 49-52 CE, and seems to have made quite a few converts before being forced to leave in a hurry; it is described in {{bible|Acts|17|1|9}}. The letter was probably written from Corinth, shortly after he left.<ref>[http://www.insight.org/resources/bible/the-pauline-epistles/first-thessalonians First Thessalonians], Insight.org</ref><ref>[http://biblehub.com/1_thessalonians/ First Thessalonians], Bible Hub</ref>

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/1 Thessalonians]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thessalonians, First}}
{{stub|bible}}
{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:Pauline Epistles]]

Categories: New Testament, Pauline Epistles
Fish

{{fork}}
[[File:EL32p.jpg|thumb|right|165px|A typical RW editor]]
[[File:Goatfish.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Yellow saddle ''goat''fish (''Parupeneus cyclostomus''): "They look harmless, but they're vicious predators. That's why it's fun to follow them — there's always action." — Redouan Bshary<ref>[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pack-hunt-its-every-goatfish-itself In a pack hunt, it's every goatfish for itself: These fish hunt selfishly with a touch of accidental helpfulness] by Susan Milius (7:00am, March 6, 2018) ''Science News''.</ref>]]
==Biology==
===True fish===
*[[Amphistium and Heteronectes|''Amphistium'' and ''Heteronectes'']] — [[transitional forms]] for flatfish
*[[Coelacanth]]
*[[Conodont]] — most likely a jawless fish
*[[Fish that survive on land]]
*[[Garra rufa fish|''Garra rufa'' fish]]
*[[Haikouichthys]] — an [[extinct]] animal that was a [[transitional form]] between fishes and invertebrates
*[[Ichthyostega]] — an [[extinct]] fish/amphibian
*[[Lungfish]]
*[[Placodermi]] — one of the first groups of jawed fish
*[[Shark]]
*[[Tiktaalik]] — an extinct fish at the cusp of the fish-tetrapod transition

===Cladistically fish===
*[[Vertebrate]] — cladistically speaking, these are all fish
*[[Dolphin]] — not actually a fish although it was historically believed to be one

===Things often misidentified as fish===
*[[Lancelet]] — not actually a fish, but close!
*[[Mollusc]] — not actually a fish
*[[Crustacean]] — not actually a fish

==Items closely related to fish==
*[[Fish farming]]
*[[Fish oil]]
*[[Fun:Fishing]]

==Miscellaneous==
*[[Babel Fish]]
*[[Darwin fish]]
*[[Darwin Fish]] ([[fundamentalist]] loon)
*[[Fishing expedition]], a.k.a. ''p''-value fishing or ''p''-hacking, is a type of abuse of statistical methodology.
*[[Flirty fishing]] — a [[sex]]-baiting technique used by the [[Children of God]] [[cult]]
*[[Fun:Phishing]]
*[[Red herring]]

==See also==
*[[Fischer]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
Flame war

{{internet}}
{{cquote|War without fire is like sausages without mustard.|||Jean Juvénal des Ursins}}
[[Image:Flame war.JPG|thumb|left|A flame war consuming an entire portion of the internet.]]
A '''flame war''' is the [[internet]] term for a war of words exchanged in an online venue (usually a blog, forum, or wiki, although flame wars can happen anywhere people can post their comments) that defies most of the rules of civilized society. As more and more people "join" the internet, the amount of potential flame wars seems to erupt exponentially.

==Triggers for a flame war==
A flame war can be explained in much the same way as a fire can be explained.  First, a fire needs a source to burn, in the case of the internet, a controversial issue such as [[politics]], [[religion]], or even a [[YouTube]] video. Once the fire has a source, it needs something to catalyze the reaction with, usually [[oxygen]]. The "oxygen" in a flame war consists of two (or more!) people taking sides on the issue. Finally, once the fuel and catalyst are in place, all that is needed is heat to start the reaction, which, in this case, is a willing user posting a comment found offensive by the "other" side.

==Spread of a flame war==
Conditions on most messaging locations are ideal for a flame war to start and spread. On most forums, whenever a person makes a post, that post slides to the top of the board, which allows bystanders to enter the war of words and place in their own input, placing the message, again, at the top of the page. On wikis, any edit shows up on the recent changes, meaning any person watching the recent changes can see a flame war occurring, and feel obligated to join in. If a flame war goes unextinguished for a period of time, there is almost no limit to how many users can be engaged in the battle, which could lead to the war spreading to other pages, such as a combatant's user page, blogs, or [[Facebook]] pages. At this time, the flame war has become a forest fire.

==See also==
*[[Godwin's Law]]
*[[Headless Chicken Mode]]
*[[Internet law]]

[[Category:Internet]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]

Categories: Internet, Internet culture
Flat Earth Society

{{fork}}

*An organization founded by Samuel Shenton in the 1950s which promoted a [[Flat Earth]] [[conspiracy theory]]. It was the successor of Samuel Rowbotham's Universal Zetetic Society, founded in the 1800s.
*A [[Flat Earth Society (website)|webshite]] and online forum dedicated to promoting the "flat earth theory".
[[Category:Flat Earth]]

Categories: Flat Earth
Flat Earth debunks - Astronautics

{{pseudoastronomy}}
{{ArticleSeries|Flat Earth|the Flat Earth}}
Flat-Earthers have made several incorrect observations to claim that the Earth is flat. This article refutes claims made by flat-Earthers about astronautics. 

=="But rockets do not have anything to push against in space!"==
[https://youtu.be/N9CQPMOzeRs?si=0SkiHlYG724At8Xi&t=6460 Claims] Eric Dubay. 

As the third {{wpl|Newton%27s_laws_of_motion|Newton's law}} states: "''If two bodies exert forces on each other, these forces have the same magnitude but opposite directions.''"

As can be seen [https://youtu.be/ZkVU-bj9bDk?si=YHdNtBdz2ijZcPhF&t=128 here], it's enough to push something away from you to move forward. You don't have to push on solid mass. As can be seen in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruBfXIVSYZ8 this video], ejecting gas at high speed works too.

=="But the ISS should be melting in 2000°C thermosphere!"==

[https://youtu.be/N9CQPMOzeRs?si=4ArW5cLUuCbWQnYH&t=6750 Claims] Eric Dubay. High temperature does not necessarily burn you. Boiling water burns you badly in less than a second. But the same temperature steam from a kettle won't burn you in one second. At the thermosphere, there are roughly a few billion atoms / ft³. At sea level, there are roughly 10<sup>24</sup> air molecules / ft³, which is about 1,000,000,000,000,000 times more molecules. The temperature of those atoms in the thermosphere is roughly 1000 Kelvins. So yes, hot stuff, but an almost nonexistent amount of it. As per [https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/10/24/how-difficult-is-it-to-keep-the-space-station-warm/ this] Forbes article, "''the outside of the ISS can reach temperatures as high as 250°F (121°C) on the sunny side and as low as -250°F (-157 °C) on the shady side.''" None of the metals Dubay listed melt at these temperatures.

== See also ==
* [[Flat_Earth|Flat Earth]]

Flat Earth debunks

* [[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_The_Earth|The Earth]]

* [[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_The_Moon|The Moon]]

* [[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_The_Sun|The Sun]]
* [[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_Stars|Stars]]
* [[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_Celestial_mechanics|Celestial mechanics]]
* [[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_Celestial_objects|Celestial objects]]
* '''[[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_Astrophotography|Astrophotography]]'''
* [[Flat_Earth_debunks_-_The_conspiracy|The conspiracy]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Anti-intellectualism]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Flat Earth]]
[[Category:Pseudoastronomy]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

Categories: Anti-intellectualism, Conspiracy theories, Denialism, Flat Earth, Pseudoastronomy, Pseudoscience
Folkebevegelsen Mot Innvandring

{{nordicrightnav}}
'''Folkebevegelsen Mot Innvandring''' (abbreviated '''FMI''', "The People's Movement against Immigration") is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[xenophobic]] and [[Islamophobic]] organization in the same sphere as [[SIAN]], [[Resett.no]], and [[Hans Lysglimt Johansen]].

The movement, founded in 1987, was in its early years involved in many anti-immigration protests and counter-protests, some violent. In 1990, founder Arne Myrdahl (died 2007) was sentenced to prison for having planned to blow up a refugee centre.<ref>[https://www.nrk.no/skole/?page=search&q=fmi&mediaId=15596 «Arne Myrdal dømt for terrorplan» ("Arne Myrdal found guilty of planning terrorism,"), NRK, Sep. 21, 1989, accessed Sep. 20, 1989.]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190826003349/https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/OLybb/arne-myrdal-er-doed «Arne Myrdal er død» ("Arne Myrdal dead"), ''Verdens Gang'', Oct. 14, 2007, accesses Sep. 20, 2019.]</ref>
The movement has since declined in its militancy, but is still active online.

==See also==
*[[Document.no]]
*[[Olav Torheim]]
==External links==
*[https://fmi.no FMI website (in Norwegian)]
*[https://www.facebook.com/FolkebevegelsenMotInnvandring FMI's Facebook page]
*[https://twitter.com/FMInnvandring FMI's Twitter account]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gq8lSe94TfI FMI's YouTube channel]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190711065738/https://journalisten.no/bjonnulv-evenrud-folk-er-folk-john-faerseth/folk-er-folk-gir-spalteplass-til-alliansen-fmi-og-sian/370304 Bibiana Piene, «Folk Er Folk gir spalteplass til Alliansen, FMI og SIAN» ("''People are People'' gives article space to Alliansen, FMI, and SIAN"). ''Journalisten''. July 10, 2019. Accessed July 11, 2019.]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Islamophobia}}
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Islamophobia]]
[[Category:Norway]]
[[Category:Terrorist organisations‏‎]]

Categories: Conspiracy theories, Islamophobia, Norway, Terrorist organisations‏‎
Food, Inc

[[File:Foodinc1.jpg|thumb|Proof of a food industry conspiracy]]{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Food, Inc''}}{{foodnav}}
'''''Food, Inc''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[conspiracy]] documentary film directed by Robert Kenner. Released in 2008, it's primarily about how modern food production in America has become increasingly incorporated and removed from the small "family-owned" farm paradigm. It was primarily narrated by [[Michael Pollan]], who is shown in the beginning of the film eating a hamburger which is followed by images of how chickens are abused by factory farming practices (now there's an Omnivore's Dilemma for you). It also features many interviews with Eric Schlosser of Fast Food Nation fame.
==Plot==
While half the facts it contains are correct, the film is full of misinterpretations about agrobusiness and it relies heavily on [[emotional appeal]]s, [[Appeal to tradition|traditional appeals]], and manipulation to get its point across and the opinions of people adversely affected. Images of horrible factory conditions and a heart-wrenching story about a mom who lost her son to ''E. coli'' poisoning from infected beef make it a strongly emotional film &mdash; though it's worth pointing out that an infection with something like that could occur due to, say, water poisoning or (more commonly) contaminated salad, and could easily be prevented by actually cooking the food properly. [[Irony|Ironically]], organic food is much more likely to contain ''E. coli'' than GMO food;<ref>[http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2011/06/29/blame_organic_industry_for_e_coli_outbreak_106245.html Health inspector speaks up]</ref> it turns out all those chemicals and pesticides are used for reasons, none of which are used just for evil. A large portion of the film is devoted to showing the practices of meat production factories, bordering on [[PETA]]-style propaganda. Towards the end of the film, [[organic food]] is presented as an answer to virtually all of our agricultural problems, for whatever reason (despite the fact food production would drastically fall). There are heavy arguments against [[Monsanto]], seed patents, and [[GMO]]s, and the film heavily argues for [[GMO]] labeling.

==See also==
*[[Health and safety]]
*[[High-fructose corn syrup]]
*[[Food and Drug Administration]]
*[[Organic food]]
==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1286537/ ''Food, Inc.'' on IMDb]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|conspiracy theories}}
__NOTOC__
{{foodbox}}
[[Category:Films]]
[[Category:GMO]]

Categories: Films, GMO
Food and Drug Administration

{{foodnav}}
The [[US]] '''Food and Drug Administration''' ('''FDA''') is a branch of the federal government, under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), that regulates food safety, [[tobacco]], [[dietary supplements]], legal medications, [[vaccine]]s, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, [[electromagnetic]] radiation-emitting devices (ERED), veterinary products, and cosmetics.

In theory, the FDA's job is to make sure stuff like this will not harm you or rip you off.

In practice, the FDA has done less than a sterling effort in doing that job, especially in recent years.  

Then there are all the recalls after FDA approval: Baycol (2001), Vioxx (2004), Bextra (2005), NeutroSpec (2005), Cylert (2005), Palladone (2005), and Permax (2007).

Finally, there is [http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074360.htm "CPG Sec. 400.400 Conditions Under Which Homeopathic Drugs May be Marketed"] which "The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) recognizes as official the drugs and standards in the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States and its supplements (Sections 201 (g)(1) and 501 (b), respectively).", which turns any possible overseeing of the FDA over the [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] "drug" market in terms of safe '''and''' effective into a bad joke.

As a result, the FDA has four main enemies: consumer advocates who claim that the FDA since 1980 has become too buddy buddy (especially with the 1992 Prescription Drug User Fees Act) with the drug and chemical companies and is not doing its freaking job, [[alternative medicine]], which considers this "science" stuff unconscionable oppression, [[libertarians]], who want to be free to buy and sell any delusional shite imaginable, as the free and sovereign individuals they want to be (just don't die at the hospital which we just privatized!), and the [[conservative]]s who consider all these regulations an impediment to business making a profit. 

Libertarian [[think tank]] the [[Independent Institute]] conducted a study which suggested that many more people die from the lack of [[Medicine|drugs]] that the FDA is slow in approving than would die of the drugs that would be approved in a less rigid approval process due to the FDA potentially suffering greater political penalties from approving bad drugs than from disapproving good ones.<ref>http://www.fdareview.org/harm.shtml</ref>  

Due to legal loopholes, some non-functional medications can be sold as long as they include the disclaimer [[Quack Miranda Warning|"this statement has not been evaluated by the FDA"]].

However, the FDA still deserves hard criticism like when it [[Homophobia|prohibits gay and bisexual men to donate blood]] and when it spreads [[War on Drugs|misinformation on cannabis]].

==See also==
*[[CDC]] — also under the HHS

==External links==
*[https://www.fda.gov/ The FDA website] — post-Trump censorship
*[https://www.fda.govwayback.com The FDA website] — pre-Trump censorship

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:United States government]]
[[Category:Food]]
{{stub|Government}}

Categories: United States government, Food
Force

{{Physics}}
'''Force''' is what causes an object to undergo rectilinear acceleration, namely to to change its velocity, which in turns is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time. Mathematically, acceleration is the second derivative of displacement. The [[Metric system|SI]] unit for it is the [[Newton]].  Force is a vector, consisting of a magnitude and direction. The resulting acceleration is in exact linear proportion to the magnitude of the force applied, and in the same direction. The constant of proportionality is known as the coefficient of inertia, or, more commonly, [[mass]]. The more mass an object has, the more difficult it is to cause a change in motion. This can be easily summarized by Newton's second law, or ''F = ma''.

There are various types of forces, such as air resistance, magnetism, and friction; however, all of them are consequences of fundamental forces: [[Gravity|gravitational]], [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]], strong nuclear and weak nuclear. The strong nuclear force holds neutrons to protons in the nucleus of an atom while the weak nuclear force is responsible for [[radioactive decay]]. The electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces have already been united into a single electroweak theory, which governed the time when the [[Universe]] was very hot and dense, before the two forces broke symmetry.<ref>https://web.njit.edu/~gary/202/Lecture26.html</ref> 

The strong nuclear force has yet to be united with electroweak in a [[Grand Unified Theory]]. The holy grail of [[physics]] is to unite this GUT with a [[quantum theory]] of [[gravity]] to produce a [[Theory of Everything]]. At present, however, the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics encompasses what physicists know for certain about the three non-gravitational interactions, whereas general relativity is the current theory of gravity.

==No relation to==
*[[Fun:Force|The Force]]

==References==
<references />


{{stub|physics}}

[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Physics]]

Categories: Science, Physics
Foreclosure mill

{{economics}}
'''Foreclosure mills''' are usually third-party businesses that exist solely to sign off on home foreclosures. They sprang up all around the [[United States]] in the wake of the 2008 [[banking crisis|financial crisis]]. These organizations employ a process called "robo-signing," in which the legal documents are electronically signed to speed the process up. Naturally, this has led to a massive number of wrongful foreclosures. In the most egregious cases, banks simply sent out movers without notice to break in to people's houses, haul their stuff off, and leave a nice present, an eviction notice.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/22/business/22lockout.html Suits claim break-ins by banks]</ref> In many places, sloppiness and fraud were encouraged as employees received gifts for signing more documents and altering their contents.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/18/foreclosure-mill-employee_n_767174.html Foreclosure mill employees got gifts]</ref> Banks have been getting away with this without even having to produce documents proving they own the mortgage. Various states and municipalities have put moratoriums on foreclosure for these reasons,<ref>[http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/2474963-418/dart-foreclosure-documents-moratorium-evictions.html]</ref> but the practice still continues in many areas.

Two of [[Donald Trump|Trump]]'s cabinet secretaries ran foreclosure mills, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross,<ref>[https://www.thenation.com/article/wilbur-ross-and-steve-mnuchin-profiteers-of-the-great-foreclosure-machine-go-to-washington/ Wilbur Ross and Steve Mnuchin—Profiteers of the Great Foreclosure Machine—Go to Washington: Mnuchin and Ross led companies that committed fraud to foreclose on millions of homeowners. Now they will be in charge of the entire US economy. What could go wrong?] by David Dayen (November 30, 2016) ''The Nation''.</ref> which was possibly the primary qualification for their positions.

==External links==
*[http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/credit/robo-signing-scandal-spreads-documents-show-citi-and-wells-also/19657686/ Robo-signing]
*[http://motherjones.com/mojo/2010/10/foreclosure-crisis-price-tag-70-billion Foreclosuregate]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Financial crisis of 2007 to 2009]]
[[Category:United States law]]
[[Category:Crime]]
[[Category:Financial fraud]]
{{stub|economics}}

Categories: Financial crisis of 2007 to 2009, United States law, Crime, Financial fraud