Uranium

{{Chemistry}}
'''Uranium''' (U) is a radioactive heavy metal that occupies the 92<sup>nd</sup> spot in the [[Periodic Table]], making it part of the actinide series of elements. Its applications present a curious duality. On one hand, it can be used to [[Nuclear power|power nuclear reactors]], creating [[nuclide]]s for medicine and providing electricity to sustain civilization. On the other hand, it can also be used in nuclear bombs and as [[depleted uranium]] munitions, means for ending civilization. On a third, mutant hand (presumably from radiation), it can also be used to make some neat-looking glassware and ceramics and ascertain the absolute age of some of the oldest rocks on Earth.

==The nuclear fuel cycle==
{{main|Nuclear power}}

Once extracted from the ground, uranium can be concentrated into [[yellowcake]], converted into uranium hexafluoride (UF<sub>6</sub>), and then refined into pellets for a nuclear reactor. The specifics vary between each type. Some reactors require the uranium to undergo [[uranium enrichment]] first, while some don't require this step. There are also some reactors that don't even use uranium, though most do.

===Nuclear weapons===
{{main|Nuclear war}}
Once the uranium has been enriched enough, it will be capable of a massive chain reaction that will result in a deadly explosion, although the uranium used for nuclear power isn't anywhere near this level of enrichment. Larger-scale nuclear weapons use [[hydrogen]] fusion rather than the fission that was used during the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]].

==Woo==
===Degnen's Standard Radio-Active Solar Pads!===
While the radioactivity craze of the 1910s-1930s focused mainly on [[radium]], uranium also had its fair share of [[quackery]]. One of these was "Degnen's Standard Radio-Active Solar Pads", sold in three versions with (naturally) progressively higher prices: a $15 standard edition (later upped to $17.50), a $50 "Physicians Special", and a creatively named $100 "strong Physicians Special". While these pads contained [[radium]] at first, later models used {{wpl|carnotite}}, a uranium ore, ostensibly because it was more potent, but arguably because it was far cheaper.

All these versions were used the same way: the pad was left in sunlight to, supposedly, charge it with energy and then worn around the waist to "discharge...the lifegiving current through the blood and nervous system". The advertisements claimed this [[Miracle cure|could aid in "95% of all human ills"]], and this was one of the many pieces of [[woo]] that [[Edgar Cayce]] endorsed. Suffice to say, neither [[radium]] nor uranium act like solar-powered batteries, or else uranium mining (especially {{wpl|heap leaching}} and {{wpl|open-pit mining}}) would be quite a bit more interesting, to say the least. 
 
As a side note, Mr. (not Dr.) Degnen did in fact actually get tried—but not for fraud. See, in the 1920s, Degnen was dating an actress named Eloise Clement, and the two would stay up late in Degnen's lab "[[Sex|doing experiments]]". Their relationship ended with quite an ugly breakup in which Degnan found himself convicted of rape and assault with intent to murder. His conviction was later overturned, but by then, the radioactivity quackery craze had died down, and his company soon faded into obscurity.<ref>[https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/radioactive-pads/degnens-standard-radio-active-solar-pad.html Degnen's Standard Radio-Active Solar Pad (1915-1930)], Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. Retrieved November 5th, 2021.</ref>

===Uranium nitricum===
[[File:Uranyl nitrate.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A bottle of uranyl nitrate crystals. According to homeopaths, who call it "uranium nitricum", this helps with diabeetus.]]
In an interesting aversion of [[radiophobia]], uranium is also used in [[homeopathy|homeopathy]], in form of "uranium nitricum", aka {{wpl|uranyl nitrate}} or uranium nitrate oxide.<ref>National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24933, Uranium nitrate oxide (UO2(NO3)2). Retrieved November 6, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Uranium-nitrate-oxide-_UO2_NO3_2.</ref> Homeopaths often claim it can treat diabetes.<ref name="hahnemann medica"/><ref name="clarke-medica"/> For example, Similia India asserts that their uranium nitricum solution can help diabetics deal with increased blood sugar levels.<ref>https://www.similiaindia.com/uranium-nit</ref> Meanwhile, the Diabenex packaged by Apotheca Company doesn't directly state that it treats diabetes, but it very much implies it, because what it does state is that it can relieve abnormal blood sugar and feelings of fatigue after a meal,<ref name="diabenex">[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=05f5729f-dd1c-4796-bf51-fe137eb4aefa DIABENEX- aceticum acidum, colchicum autumnale, lacticum acidum, lycopodium clavatum, phosphoricum acidum, phosphorus, syzgium jambolanum, uranium nitricum liquid. Package insert. Apotheca Company; 2010.]</ref> which just so happen to be symptoms of diabetes.<ref>Mayo Clinic. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444 Diabetes]. Retrieved November 9th, 2021.</ref> Energique, Inc.'s Endopan HP does a similar tactic, only with increased thirst and urination.<ref>https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0d475595-7afe-423f-9da8-720f1513f956</ref>

There's also at least one homeopathic medication that claims to treat bedwetting.<ref>[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b32497e9-6ee4-47a2-9f7a-f3787beb2aa5 BEDWETTING- belladonna, cantharis, causticum, cina, equisetum hyemale, ingatia amara, physalis alkekengi, sepia, uranium nitricum, verbascum thapsus, liquid. Package insert. Liddell Laboratories, Inc; 2020.]</ref>

====Of dogs and diabetes: a brief history of uranium nitricum====
Uranium nitricum's usage in [[homeopathy]] goes a fair bit back. In a monograph from the 1870s included in the second edition of [[Samuel Hahnemann]]'s ''Materia Medica'', homeopath E. T. Blake describes how a colleague of his noticed sugar in the urine of dogs given uranium nitricum, prompting him to conduct his own investigations into the matter.<ref group="notes">A common symptom of diabetes mellitus is {{wpl|glycosuria}}, excess glucose in the patient's urine. Before the advent of modern glucose testing, various chemicals, such as {{wpl|Fehling's solution}} and {{wpl|Benedict's reagent}}, were used to detect excess sugar in urine, and before that, doctors would stick a finger in a sample of urine and lick it, since glycosuria also causes a patient's urine to taste sweet. While Blake specifies that he used Fehling's solution to detect glycosuria when trying to confirm his colleague's observations, he doesn't mention how his colleague originally detected it. Thus it's possible this whole concept of uranium nitricum curing diabetes was prompted by someone drinking dog piss.</ref> The funny thing is, even though Blake actually couldn't replicate the results of the aforementioned colleague, he still supported using it to treat diabetes anyways,<ref name="hahnemann medica">{{Cite book |title=The Hahnemann Materia Medica |year=1871 |location=United Kingdom |publisher=H. Baillière  |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Hahnemann_Materia_Medica/izwAAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 }}</ref> an sentiment echoed in John Henry Clarke's own version of the ''Materia Medica''.<ref name="clarke-medica">{{Cite book |last=Clarke|first=John Henry |title=Materia Medica |year=1905 |url=https://www.materiamedica.info/en/materia-medica/john-henry-clarke/plumbum5 }}</ref>

Around the middle of the 20th century, a homeopathy company named {{wpl|Boericke & Tafel}} was producing vials containing uranium nitricum with a [[potentization]] rating of CM, meaning it was a 1:100 dilution repeated ''100,000'' times. Like any good [[quack]],  they claimed it could cure all sorts of ailments.<ref name="orau-homeopathy">[https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/pills-potions-and-other-miscellany/uranium-homeopathic-medicine.html Uranium Homeopathic Medicine (ca. 1940s)], Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. Retrieved November 6th, 2021.</ref><ref group="notes">They also made similar line containing "uranium aceticum". The composition is unknown.</ref>

===Uranium cards for cigarettes===
Uranium quackery made a comeback in the tail end of the 20th century, when the NICO Clean(tm) Tobacco Card and the Nicotine Alkaloid Control (NAC) Plate surfaced in [[Japan]]. Both shared the same design: thin metal plates the size of credit cards, coated with low-grade uranium ore on one side. Smokers were instructed to stick the thing between the cigarette packet and the cellophane wrapping, ore-side facing the cigarettes, and the radiation from the card would supposedly reduce amount of nicotine and tar in the [[tobacco]].<ref>Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity, [https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/pills-potions-and-other-miscellany/nico-clean-tobacco-card.html NAC Plate (ca. 1990)]. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</ref><ref>Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity, [https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/pills-potions-and-other-miscellany/nico-clean-tobacco-card.html The Nico Clean Tobacco Card (ca. 1990s)]. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</ref> It's not hard to see how a naive person might come up with the idea: after all, if [[Food irradiation|radiation makes food safer]], why not cigarettes? Unfortunately, it just doesn't work that way. 

For one, the design of the cigarette and cigarette packet render it partially useless. Uranium primarily decays via alpha radiation.<ref>Argonne National Laboratory, [https://web.evs.anl.gov/uranium/guide/ucompound/rad/index.cfm Radioactivity and Radiation]. Retrieved November 9th, 2021.</ref> Alpha radiation cannot penetrate paper,<ref>US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. [https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/alpha-particle.html Alpha particle]. Retrieved November 9th, 2021.</ref> and the cigarette packet is made out of paper (specifically cardboard), so if the product is used as described, none of the alpha particles would actually reach the cigarettes. Even if the card tucked was tucked into the box with the cigarettes, the cigarettes' paper wrapping would still block the alpha radiation.

Theoretically, it would be possible to reduce the amount of nicotine using gamma radiation but not in the way the NICO Clean and NAC cards do.

==Other uses==
===In uranium glass===
[[File:Uranium glass.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Uranium glass glowing in UV light.]]
Uranium used to be commonly added to glass, especially before the days when radioactivity was a known phenomenon. Uranium-infused glass has an oily luster, which is why it's also called "vaseline glass", was colored green or yellow, and glows under [[UV]] light. It was commonly used in vases, glassware, and even candy containers. Uranium glass would only start to become less common in the mid-twentieth century, when the potential harmful effects of radioactivity became well-known.<ref>[https://historyofyesterday.com/when-uranium-glass-was-a-hot-ticket-item-73208e4390a0 When Uranium Glass Was a Hot Ticket Item], C.S. Voll, ''History of Yesterday'' 22 October 2021</ref>

===In ceramics===
Uranium oxide was used as a ceramic glaze for quite a while, but production really pumped up in the 1920s as [[radium]] was becoming a fad, and a lot of uranium was found as a waste product from radium mining and so a use had to be found, although this had to be stopped during [[World War II]] as all uranium was diverted to the [[Manhattan Project]]. {{wpl|Fiesta Ware}} is infamous for using uranium in their glaze, resulting in it being radioactive — the red Fiesta Ware is by far the most dangerous, although the other colors won't harm you too much with their radioactivity alone. The big health hazard is that uranium has a similar toxicity to lead, and eating off of Fiesta Ware results in ingestion of some uranium, which is why it's advised that you don't use Fiesta Ware for dining.<ref>[https://www.thoughtco.com/how-radioactive-is-fiesta-ware-608648 How Radioactive Is Fiesta Ware?], Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., ''ThoughtCo'' 1 February 2021</ref>

===As depleted uranium===
{{main|Depleted uranium}}

[[Depleted uranium]] is a form of uranium that occurs as a byproduct of [[uranium enrichment]] and as one of the main products of reprocessing [[nuclear waste]]. It can be used a fuel for certain [[breeder reactor]]s, and its immense density makes it useful for a variety of applications, such as in counterweights and, funnily enough, as shielding against [[radiation]]. In the wake of the [[Iraq War]], there have been a lot of misconceptions about the health effects of depleted uranium munitions.

===In radiometric dating===
{{main|Radiometric dating}}

Since uranium decays into [[lead]] at a known rate, it's possible to ascertain the age of objects based on their ratio of uranium to [[lead]]. As this process takes millions upon millions of years to occur, this is often used for rocks rather than archeological artifacts. This also makes it pretty good [[evidence against a recent creation]].

==See also==
*[[Radium]], one of the decay products of uranium and another radioactive element subject to woo.
*[[FAQ on radioactivity and nuclear technology]]

==External links==
*[https://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=2_4 Buy some uranium ore!] Give [[Bob Lazar]] your money!
*[https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/index.html ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity's online collection]. Learn about old radiation monitoring equipment. Study artifacts and photographs from the early days of nuclear science and the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. Laugh at the silly brand names (NUTEX condoms, anyone?) and copious amounts of [[quackery]]!

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Chemicals]]
[[Category:Elements]]
[[Category:Nuclear energy]]
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Toxins]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Chemicals, Elements, Nuclear energy, Science, Toxins