Sleep-learning

{{parapsychology}}
'''Sleep-learning''' 
is what millions of college students do every day
 involves attempts to impart information to somebody by speaking to them or playing recorded messages while they are [[Sleep|asleep]]. Sleep-learning products seem to have two main purposes. The first is to condition behavior — to prevent nail-biting, cause weight loss, enhance confidence, etc. The second is to impart information — such as foreign language vocabulary or lists of facts. Evidence as to the effectiveness of sleep-learning can be classified as "inconclusive".<ref name=wp>{{wpa|Sleep-learning}}</ref>

Well-conducted scientific studies have produced no evidence that one can learn new facts while asleep, although some [[experiment]]s have shown stimulation while asleep can aid with learning when awake. Some studies also show that classical (Pavlovian) conditioning can be performed on sleeping or comatose subjects, suggesting it might be possible to use sleep techniques to combat [[phobia]]s or otherwise to influence behavior — but there are few studies in this area, and nothing to indicate you can lose weight while you sleep, unfortunately…

==Commercial products==
===Psycho-Phone===
Alois Benjamin Saliger's Psycho-Phone was one of the first attempts at marketing the idea; in 1927 Saliger claimed the effect would be the same as during [[hypnosis]]. He sold scripts for various purposes: to "inspire prosperity, inspiration, normal weight, even life extension".<ref>[http://www.vice.com/read/i-tried-to-cure-my-insomnia-by-listening-to-my-own-voice-in-my-sleep I Tried to Cure My Insomnia by Listening to My Own Voice in My Sleep], ''Vice'', May 25, 2016.</ref>

===Be Psychic Sleep Hypnosis===
The site "sleeplearning.com" offers a 
[[Bullshit |bullshit audiobook]]
 "hypnosis CD" that ''will'' grant you [[psychic]] powers after having listened to it for just an hour!<ref>https://sleeplearning.com/product/be-psychic-sleep-hypnosis/</ref> Whoever wrote the product summary would likely benefit from a sleep-learning CD on "How not to overpromise during the sales process":
{{quotebox|You can tap in to your natural psychic abilities by simply listening to this hypnosis CD. Erase the [[Subtle energy|negative energies]] that cause your conscious brain to not believe. You will be astounded by the clarity of the universe and how clear your intuition becomes.

There will be no doubts in your future, you will '''know''' the outcome. You will have the ability to '''control your life''' with your own mental strength. There will be no road blocks in your way, no noises drowning out what your mind is telling you, everything will be crisp and crystal clear. You only have to follow yourself to the destiny you have chosen!}}

==Studies==
Early experiments in learning Chinese and preventing nail-biting seemed to show some positive effect,<ref>[http://www.etc.edu.cn/eet/articles/hypnopaedia/index.htm Hypnopaedia: Sleep-Learning], Shannon McKanna, Encyclopedia of Educational Technology</ref> but one weakness of these experiments was that the test subjects may have been awake and listening. The classic experiments conducted by Charles W. Simon and William H. Emmons of the Rand Corporation in the 1950s avoided this problem. They used EEGs to test if the subject was awake or asleep, and sleeping subjects were read lists of questions and answers and then tested on the results. They deduced that "learning during actual sleep did not seem possible". Following criticism that these experiments did not take into account the beneficial effect of repeating information, they conducted additional tests, with repeated lists of nouns, but still found "material presented a number of times during sleep (using an EEG criterion) cannot subsequently be recalled."<ref>''The Non-Recall of Material Presented during Sleep'', William H. Emmons and Charles W. Simon, ''The American Journal of Psychology'', Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 1956), pp. 76-81.</ref>

For a long time, the world regarded the Simon and Emmons studies as conclusive. Recently, a few experiments have shown that experimenters can have some influence on sleepers, though they do not match the earlier, discredited experiments. In 2012, research by Anat Arzi at the Weizmann Institute of Science in [[Israel]] indicated that classical conditioning could be used during sleep to get people to associate sounds with smells. This corresponded with earlier research showing that patients who were in a vegetative state or minimally conscious could be conditioned to respond to puffs of air blown into their eyes. This research shows that it may be possible to alter behavior in sleep to treat phobias.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/news/how-to-learn-in-your-sleep-1.11274 How to learn in your sleep], Nature News, 26 August 2012.</ref>

Some experiments have shown that spraying smells or playing sounds or music to sleeping people can enhance the retention of facts they learnt during the day. Susan Diekelmann started this research in [[Germany]] in 2010, with subjects remembering the layout of objects in a grid; and a 2012 American study demonstrated that students performed better in a musical memory game if they had previously been played the music in their sleep.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140721-how-to-learn-while-you-sleep Can You Learn In Your Sleep?], BBC Future, David Robson, 22 July 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/oct/06/how-much-can-you-really-learn-while-youre-asleep How much can you really learn while you're asleep?], ''The Guardian'', 6 October 2015.</ref> A 2015 study at the University of Zurich found that playing words to sleeping people can aid with vocabulary learning if they had already been exposed to the same vocabulary.<ref>[http://www.wired.co.uk/article/learn-languages-while-you-sleep We can learn new languages while we sleep], ''Wired'', 30 Jun 2014</ref><ref>Boosting Vocabulary Learning by Verbal Cueing During Sleep. Schreiner T, Rasch B. ''Cereb Cortex''. 2015 Nov;25(11):4169-79. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu139. Epub 2014 Jun 23.</ref><ref>[http://www.medicaldaily.com/sleep-memory-connection-and-all-ways-we-can-learn-our-sleep-348880 The Sleep-Memory Connection And All The Ways We Can Learn In Our Sleep], ''Medical Daily'', Aug 21, 2015.</ref> This may be connected to results of Jan Born of Lübeck University: Born found in 2010 that a continuous 0.75 hertz current fed via electrodes into sleeping brains improved recall of the day's memories by 8%.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/wellbeing/7300986/Sleep-learning-Learn-a-language-a-week-you-must-be-dreaming.html Sleep learning: Learn a language a week – you must be dreaming!], ''The Telegraph'', 25 Feb 2010.</ref> Evidence suggests that some forms of stimulation can improve memory, but beyond that little is known.

==References==
{{Reflist|2|90%}}

[[Category:Sleep]]

Categories: Sleep