Soy

[[File:Soybeans 01.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Soybeans for sale in [[China]].]]
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Ah, the humble '''soybean''' (''Glycine max''). The primary source of [[protein]]s and fats for over a billion of the world's population. In addition to being directly eaten (including its bean sprouts), it's used to make tofu, vegetable oil, miso, soy sauce, soy milk, [[MSG]], livestock feed, a wide variety of minor food ingredients, biodiesel fuel, adhesives, candles, crayons, and ink.

And if you believe everything you hear about it, it also prevents [[cancer]], ''causes'' cancer, destroys your thyroid, and makes you [[gay|stark raving gay]].

==Soybean allergies==
An allergic reaction to chemicals in soybeans is among the top 8 [[food allergy|food allergies]] in [[North America]].<ref>[https://farrp.unl.edu/informallbig8 Allergenic Foods and their Allergens, with links to Informall: The Big-8] Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln</ref> Most of those who are allergic to soy are allergic to one or more of the proteins in the bean, but there have been a few cases of people who are instead allergic to components of soybean oil.

But remember that, at most, 5% of the adult population actually has some form of food allergy, but about 25% of the adult population ''thinks'' it has a food allergy. If you're not experiencing definite symptoms, chances are you're not allergic.

==Isoflavones==
Soybeans contain rather high concentrations of chemicals called ''isoflavones''. The isoflavones prevalent in soybeans are:
*genistein,
*daidzein, and
*glycitein.

These isofavones are present only in the soy protein. They are absent from the soybean oil.<ref>[https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400535/Data/isoflav/Isoflav_R2-1.pdf USDA Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods (Release 2.1)] prepared by Seema Bhagwat and David B. Haytowitz (November 2015) ''Agricultural Research Service'', ''U.S. Department of Agriculture''</ref>{{rp|39}} If you're eating vegetable oil, or soy lecithin (which is made from soy oil), you're not getting isoflavones.

You're also not getting isoflavones if you eat soy sauce. Although soy sauce is made with soy protein, it's fermented, and the fermentation process denatures the proteins.

Soy isoflavones, which are phytoestrogens, are used as a [[dietary supplement]] to treat menopausal symptoms. A meta-analysis of phytoestrogens in treating menopausal symptoms found that phytoestrogens are effective in reducing hot flushes and do not have serious side-effects at recommended doses.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25263312 Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic review] by M. N. Chen et al. ''Climacteric.'' 2015 Apr;18(2):260-9. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2014.966241. Epub 2014 Dec 1.</ref>

===Cancer risk, cancer preventative, or neither?===
[[File:Isoflavon num.svg|thumb|right|250px|Isoflavone numbering: genistein (5-OH, 7-OH, 4'-OH) or daidzein (7-OH, 4'-OH).]]
Some isoflavones have been found to be toxic to normal cells ''in vitro'' in high doses. They can deteriorate [[DNA]] in blood stem cells, which may lead to leukemia.  They've been implicated in increasing the risk of leukemia in infants. Both genistein and daidzein have been shown to accelerate the growth of breast tumors. Soy isoflavones may even activate gene expression that contributes to breast cancer.<ref>Shike et al., [http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/106/9/dju189.abstract?sid=21d00187-92b7-49e2-a644-b03fb7b82c93 The Effects of Soy Supplementation on Gene Expression in Breast Cancer: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study], ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute'', vol. 106 no. 9 (September 2014)</ref>

Isoflavones, among other flavonoids, have been found to act as topoisomerase inhibitors, similarly to some chemotherapy drugs. They act as angiogenesis inhibitors, which can prevent metastatic tumors from growing bigger than a pinhead. They act as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, shutting down one of the major molecules involved in cell proliferation signal cascades. They even act as [[antioxidant]]s.

===Goitrogenic properties===
Certain isoflavones have been shown to interfere with thyroid peroxidase in laboratory rats.<ref name="pmid12060828"/>  This means soy protein may be lightly goitrogenic, that is, capable of causing [[hypothyroidism]] and/or goiter. Cue the fearmongering.<ref>[http://drkaayladaniel.com/why-soy-can-harm-the-thyroid-and-contribute-to-weight-gain/ Why Soy Can Harm the Thyroid and Contribute to Weight Gain], by The Naughty Nutritionist. Her video claims that there is "70 years of evidence" that soy causes hypothyroidism, but fails to provide any of said evidence.</ref>

Since Hashimoto's thyroiditis &mdash; the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the developed world &mdash; involves autoimmune attacks on thyroid peroxidase, one line of thinking is that therefore consuming goitrogenic foods, like soybeans or raw cauliflower, would just make the condition worse. A 2006 review by the American Thyroid Association concluded: "some evidence suggests that soy foods, by inhibiting absorption, may increase the dose of thyroid hormone required by hypothyroid patients. However, hypothyroid adults need not avoid soy foods."<ref>Messina and Redmond, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16571087 Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature], ''Thyroid'', vol. 16 no. 3 (March 2006), pp. 249-58</ref>  Other evidence suggests that adequate iodine intake ameliorates the goitrogenic characteristics of genistein and other isoflavones, and that thyroid function in lab rats was normal even when thyroid peroxidase was partially interfered with by isoflavones.<ref name="pmid12060828">{{cite journal | author = Doerge DR, Sheehan DM | title = Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones | journal = Environ. Health Perspect. | volume = 110 Suppl 3 | issue = | pages = 349–53 | year = 2002 | month = June | pmid = 12060828 | pmc = 1241182 | doi = }}</ref>

===Soy is making you girly / gay!===
{{main|Soy boy}}
Some high-IQ folk have decided that, because soy contains somewhat similar compounds to estrogen, '''soy is making you gay''' (or girly, even worse). The science doesn't bear this out.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/2/e894/6382260?login=false</ref>

==Genetic modification==
As of 2022, 95% of all soybeans grown in the United States were [[genetically modified food]].<ref>[https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/j098zb09z/0z70b374s/w9506686w/acrg0622.pdf Acreage] (June 30, 2022) ''National Agricultural Statistics Service'', ''United States Department of Agriculture''. Accessed via [https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/j098zb09z?locale=en here]</ref>{{rp|31}} Globally, about 78% of the total acreage used for soybean production is growing GMO soybeans.<ref>[http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/16/ Pocket K No. 16: Biotech Crop Highlights in 2019] (Published in 2020, Updated in May 2021) International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications</ref> Specifically, these soybeans have a herbicide tolerance trait (e.g. Roundup Ready) grafted into their [[genome]]. This allows farmers to kill the weeds in their soybean fields by spraying the entire field with a broad spectrum herbicide like glyphosate, without worrying about killing their crop in the process.  It does reduce yields slightly, but as it uses much less energy than other methods of weed control and ironically, less chemicals, it's still a win for the environment.

Needless to say, some folks have gotten themselves twisted into a knot over this. For example, RealFarmacy.com claimed<ref group=note>It's past tense because the site is no longer around spreading GMO-phobia, thank [[goat]].</ref> that genetically-modified soy "contains high concentrations of plant toxicants," which supposedly means it has literally "thousands of plant [[chemophobia|biochemicals]] many of which have been shown to have [[toxin|toxic]] effects on animals."<ref>[https://archive.is/wfOQ5 Soy Lecithin: How It Negatively Affects Your Health And Why You Need To Avoid It] (Published June 7, 2013; Archived July 7, 2013) ''RealFarmacy.com''</ref> No specifics. Similarly, [[Irina Ermakova]] did a poorly-controlled trial on rats and now claims that genetically-modified soy causes all sorts of reproductive problems.

==See also==
*[[Canola oil]]
*[[Dietary supplements]]
*[[Vegetarianism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

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[[Category:Diet woo]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Categories: Diet woo, Plants