Fraktur

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[[File:Gebrochene Schriften.png|right|thumb|165px|Fraktur examples.]]
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'''Fraktur''', also known as "''Frakturschriften''" or "''Gebrochene Schriften''" (literally "broken script" in English), is the collective name for a number of [[alphabet|blackletter (script) typefaces]] used in [[Europe]], particularly in [[Germany]], from the 12<sup>th</sup> up until the 20<sup>th</sup> century. The historical roots of those typefaces can be found in Gothic art that was replacing the earlier Romanesque style in the 12<sup>th</sup> century. Just as Gothic art replaced round forms with sharp, rectangular lines, written letters transformed from round [[Latin]] letters to straight, angled ones. Fraktur has a high degree of serifs (ornamentations) on its letters, making the font difficult to read.<ref name=kohlstedt>[https://99percentinvisible.org/article/font-of-the-future-the-fraught-history-and-persistent-popularity-of-futura/ Font of Future Past: The Fraught History and Persistent Popularity of Futura] by Kurt Kohlstedt (08.02.20) ''99% Invisible''.</ref>

==History and connection with Nazism==
The typeface style emerged in the 16<sup>th</sup> century and is just one of several ''Gebrochenen Schriften'', although it is often used synonymously with that term. Other related typefaces are, for example, Schwabacher, Rotunda, or Textura.

Fraktur was the most widely used typeface for printed publications in [[German]]-speaking countries from the 16<sup>th</sup> until the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Its use started to decline somewhat in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century, when numerous publications, especially those that wanted to reach foreign readers, started to use Roman typefaces instead. In contrast to fraktur, Bauhaus artist Paul Renner designed the sans serif font "Futura" in 1924. Its lack of any ornamentation and clean lines made it easy to read and it remains popular.<ref name=kohlstedt/><ref name=thomas>''Never Use Futura, Unless'' by Douglas Thomas (2017) Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1616895721.</ref>

The Nazis revived fraktur, which they denominated the "German font". Renner was even arrested by the Nazi-led government in the 1930s for speaking out against fraktur and related fonts.<ref name=kohlstedt/><ref name=thomas/>

In January 1941, Fraktur was banned in a ''Schrifterlass'' (edict on script) signed by {{wpl|Martin Bormann}} as so-called ''Schwabacher Judenlettern'' ("{{wpl|Schwabacher|Schwabach}} [[Jewish]] letters"). The reasoning behind this order is unclear, with some scholars citing [[Hitler]]'s apparent dislike for Fraktur and related typefaces and others stating that it was meant to simplify communication in the occupied territories. 

Although some singular writings continued to be published in Fraktur up until the 1960s, the ''Schrifterlass'' effectively ended the use of fraktur in Germany. However, they are used on [[neo-Nazi]] sites (e.g. [[Stormfront]]), who [[irony|apparently love using ''Judenlettern'' now]].

===In modern use===
Blackletter or Gothic fonts, including fraktur, are still in use in logos of newspapers, and in contexts that want to signify tradition (for example pubs and bakeries). It is also common in some subcultures, from hooligans and crime [[gangs]] (notably, {{wpl|MS-13}}) to rockers, and more recently even [[hip-hop]], case in point the logo for ''[[Grand Theft Auto|Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' with the "San Andreas" portion rendered in blackletter. Since blackletter fonts often look similar to laypeople, a Fraktur does not always reference Nazism. However, in subcultures, the intention is still to convey an edgy "German-ness", as the popular use of the {{wpl|metal umlaut}} might demonstrate.

==External links==
*{{wpa|Antiqua–Fraktur dispute}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[category:Fonts]]

Categories: Technology, Nazism, Fonts