Cocaine

{{Drugs}}
[[Image:Cocaine.png|thumb|methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane-2-carboxylate. Benzoylmethylecgonine for short. Cocaine for shorter.]]

[[File:cocarot.gif|thumb|left]]
'''Cocaine''' is a 
hell of a
<ref>[https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Cocaine%20is%20a%20hell%20of%20a%20drug Cocaine is a hell of a drug] ''Urban Dictionary''</ref> [[drug]] refined from the [[coca]] plant specifically ''Erythroxylum coca'' var. ''coca''.  In its refined form, it presents as a white powder at one end of a rolled-up hundred dollar bill, of which the other end is inserted in one's nostril. As shocking as it may seem to stick a $100 bill up one's nose, if you've reached the point where you're doing cocaine, you've probably left such sensibilities behind.

Ingestion of cocaine results in euphoria, general power-tripping, but, sadly, eventual psychosis. According to a scale published in ''The Lancet'', Cocaine works out as the second most harmful and second most addictive drug out of the major controlled substances in use around the world — second only to [[heroin]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382831?dopt=Abstract Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. (2007)]</ref><ref group=note>[[:File:Rational scale to assess the harm of drugs (mean physical harm and mean dependence).svg|Visualization of the scale]]</ref> You know, instead of [[meth]].

==Crack cocaine==
'''Crack cocaine''' is a form of pre-processed freebase [[cocaine]], in which the cocaine has been cooked with chemicals including sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Since it becomes insoluble, it is smoked rather than snorted. In this form of cocaine, the [[drug]] has undergone freebasing (it removes the hydrochloride base from powdered cocaine)<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/ask/ask.php?ID=2348 Ask Erowid]</ref> and derives its name from the cracking noise that one hears when producing it.

===The "poor person's drug"===
[[File:Crack-cocaine-2-grams.jpeg|thumb|left|165px|Crack]]
Crack cocaine is generally considered a [[poor]] person's drug; it is fairly inexpensive compared to powdered cocaine and first rose to popularity in the inner cities of the [[United States]] in the mid-1980s. Though a dose of crack cocaine has roughly the same potency as the equivalent of powdered cocaine, in the US at least penalties for crack dealing and possession are substantially higher than those for powder cocaine, worsening already disproportionate representation of [[African American|Black]] and [[Hispanic]] minorities in the US [[prison]] population. The disparity was introduced in 1986 as a 100:1 ratio in which 50 grams of crack or 5,000 grams of powder cocaine would trigger a 10-year penalty; this was later reduced to an 18:1 ratio.<ref>Steiker, Carol (2013) [http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4345&context=lcp Lessons from Two Failures], Duke University</ref>  Counter to this is that Methamphetamine has a similar weight requirement as Crack for the same punishment.<ref>[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/690205 Journal, Chicago]</ref>  If we should infer anything, it's that while Racism is still a thing, ''Classism'' is the dominating issue in American society.

Crack has also been blamed for an even further decline of the already poor and economically depressed inner cities, due to [[gang]] activity allied with organized crime both inside the US and from [[Latin America]].{{fact}}  Some community activists have gone so far as to concoct [[conspiracy theories]] blaming the United States Government, especially the [[CIA]], for introducing crack to the inner city populations in a backdoor attempt to reintroduce a [[Jim Crow]]-like society.{{fact}}

The phenomenon of "crack babies," [[children]] born in poverty to mothers with cocaine addictions, was feared to be a major public health problem in the 1980s. While many &mdash; perhaps even most &mdash; such children had far fewer developmental problems than were feared, they remain a symbol of the potential hazards of drug abuse and poverty.{{fact}}

===More addictive?===
Crack is [[Smoking|smoked]] rather than snorted, and the drug makes its way to the thinner linings of the lungs than the nasal cavities, causing it to be absorbed faster.  The result is a quicker "hit," and causes, according to the ruling opinion, a stronger [[psychological]] association between the act of smoking and the onset of the drug's euphoric effects since less time passes between the two.<ref>[http://americanaddictioncenters.org/cocaine-treatment/differences-with-crack/ Crack vs Cocaine: Ingredients, Effects, Users &amp; Crime Stats]</ref> Furthermore, the effect of crack is much more intense, because higher concentrations are in the blood, albeit for a shorter time.  Sometimes it is described as feeling like a complete other drug than normal cocaine.  If crack was smoked in lower concentrations but over a longer period of time such that the amount of cocaine in your system was the same as that of powder, it's likely the effects would be the same.  Compare to [[Alcohol|brewskis vs Jaeger]]; both have the same active ingredient, but downing a dozen shots of liquor every Friday night but being sober the other days of the week will wreak more havoc on your liver than slowly drinking two glasses of wine every single day of the week, even if the total amount of alcohol consumed is less.

However, this claim is not without challenge, at least in the [[academic]] press.  Morgan and Zimmer wrote that available data indicated that "…smoking cocaine by itself does not increase markedly the likelihood of dependence… The claim that cocaine is much more addictive when smoked must be reexamined."<ref>{{Cite book
  | first = John P.
  | last =  Morgan
  | first2 = Lynn
  | last2 = Zimmer
  | editor-last = Reinarman
  | editor-first = Craig
  | editor2-last = Levine
  | editor2-first = Harry G.
  | contribution = Social Pharmacology of Smokeable Cocaine
  | title = Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice
  | year = 1997
  | place = Berkeley, Ca.
  | publisher = University of California Press
}}</ref>

=="Alternative" uses==
Cocaine can also be used as a local anesthetic.  If your tooth hurts, get a little and rub it your gum, while waiting for your dentist appointment.

Once upon a time, the "real" Coke (Coca Cola) truly ''was'' "the pause that refreshes." since its active ingredients were cocaine and the kola extract, [[caffeine]].  Bottles of the "real Coke" are now most likely held in private collections, much as old bottles of [[wine]], or classic stashes of [[marijuana|chronic]], to be gently consumed and enjoyed by connoisseurs.

Cocaine (or, in reality, the raw leaf of the coca plant) is also known as Bolivian Marching Powder.

==Legal status==
Because cocaine does have historically valid [[medical]] uses as an anesthetic, it falls under Schedule II of the U.S. Controlled Substances Act: recognized medical uses, but a high potential for abuse.  However, the regulations around its medical use have resulted in its decline in popularity.  Luckily, as we've phased out cocaine we've replaced it with synthetic opioids, which are far less harmful and completely non-addic... oh.

Interestingly, [[marijuana]] falls under the even-more-restrictive U.S. Schedule I, supposedly reserved for substances with ''no'' recognized medical use and a high potential for abuse.  Evidently, cocaine's use as a topical anesthetic is Federally recognized, but [[medical marijuana|marijuana's use as an anti-nausea treatment]] is not.

This situation is reversed in [[Canada]].  Under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, cocaine is listed alongside 
Rob Ford
 [[heroin]] and [[methamphetamine]] on the most restrictive Schedule I, while Schedule II is a special category containing only marijuana and nothing else. At least until 2018, when Marijuana was legalized, leaving Schedule II empty for now.
=== Law enforcement ===
In the following public-service video, you will be shown by a senior [[Russia]]n vice-officer the proper way to inspect contraband that you suspect contains cocaine:
{{video|youtube| https://youtu.be/OF8TSHN-JDA}}

==See also==
*[[Sigmund Freud]]
*[[Coca]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2|group=note|80%}}

==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Chemicals]]
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Categories: Chemicals, Drugs, Medicine, Plants