Presuppositionalism

{{hatnote|While Presuppositionalism is certainly full of the logical fallacy of [[Presupposition]], you shouldn't get the two of them confused.}}{{christianity}}
{{cquote|[[Not_even_wrong|The only proof for the existence of God is that without God you couldn't prove anything.]]|||Cornelius Van Til}}

'''Presuppositionalism''' is a form of [[apologetics]] that asserts that because [[logic]] requires [[Presupposition|presuppositions]], the authority of scripture must be presupposed. It puts forward the idea that only the [[Christianity|Christian]] worldview can account for [[logic]], [[morality]], [[science]], [[induction]], and [[consciousness]] itself and that ''all'' other worldviews are absurd and incoherent; basically the perfect approach for the lazy apologist. Presuppositionalists often go further and assert that both [[Apologetics|classical and evidential apologetics]] are [[Sin|sinful]], as they savor "autonomy" and make human reason the judge of God's existence. 

According to a presuppositionalist (often called a '''presupper''' for short), nonbelievers (a term which, in their mouth, very often includes everyone from atheists to ''Christians not of the same worldview as the speaker'') must assert the Reformed/Westminster Confession worldview in order to deny it; essentially, this is an accusation of [[Self-refuting idea|stealing the concept]], asserted by way of any of a number of the [[Transcendental argument for God|Transcendental arguments for God]]. Rather than argue directly for God, in the manner of classicists and evidentialists, presuppositionalism attempts to argue indirectly for God by trying to prove "the impossibility of the contrary", i.e.: attempting a ''[[reductio ad absurdum]]'' on the opponent's worldview via internal critique. To put it bluntly, arguing with a presupper is one of the most annoying and futile tasks known to humankind.

Interestingly, {{bible|1 Peter|3|15}} tells the believers to actually give an argument for what they believe to non-believers, favoring evidential apologetics and basically discouraging the "just trust me bro" approach presuppositional apologists prefer.

==Form of the argument==
As a syllogism, presuppositionalism could pretty much be reduced to this: 
{{syl
|2=All knowledge is based on presuppositions.
|4=Belief in God is a presupposition.
|5=C|6=''Therefore'', God exists.<ref group=note>More specifically, presuppers generally insist that this means that the presupposition of God is therefore sound, and that the non-Christian's presuppositions are no better.</ref>
}}

If that logic seems faulty to you, [[Logical fallacy#Syllogistic fallacy|that's because it is]]. Presuppositionalists essentially argue that, since all logic involves some presuppositions, the absolute faith in the [[Bible|Christian scriptures]] is completely sound. In practice, presuppers tend to be more interested in attempting to dismantle the opposing (usually [[atheist]]) worldview than in making positive claims. The express purpose of this argument is typically to undermine the non-Christian worldview and nothing else. In this way, it can sort of constitute a logical [[tu quoque]]. Observe this exaggerated dialogue as a demonstration of how such an argument might go:

: '''Old-School Apologist''': Ears up, sinners! Here's an argument that God exists.
: '''Recalcitrant Sinner''': That argument's a pile of bunk! Here's why.
: '''Old-School Apologist''': Oh. Drat.
: '''Presuppositional Apologist''': Fear not, lions of Christ; here comes the new broom! Ears up, sinners! You say all the old-school arguments for God's existence are bunk?
: '''Sinner''': Yep! [[Reddit|In this moment, I am euphoric.]]
: '''Presupper''': Your refutations don't hold water, because they're grounded in ''presuppositions''.
: '''Sinner''': I guess. So what?
: '''Presupper''': So are mine! I presuppose that Christianity is correct. Thus, my logic is completely sound and unassailable. Meanwhile, yours is weak and incoherent!
: '''Sinner''': I'm beginning to get a headache...

If the presupper wants to make positive claims, they might continue as such:

: '''Presupper''': See, your entire worldview is based in the wrong presuppositions.
: '''Sinner''': Uh, how?
: '''Presupper''': Everyone presupposes something, and you've presupposed the wrong things. Now, if you'd just presuppose that God exists, it's obvious that God exists!
: '''Sinner''': That's silly. Why can't I presuppose something else?
: '''Presupper''': Because then you wouldn't be presupposing the correct thing!
: '''Sinner''': [[Hypocrisy|And you say]] ''we'' use [[Begging the question|circular logic]]…

===Extension: the transcendental argument===
{{main|Transcendental argument for God}}

Presuppers often entertain the transcendental argument, which argues that the belief in God is a prerequisite for all logic and knowledge.

: '''Presupper''': Did you mention ''logic''? Here is something new for you: every time you mention laws of logic, morality, and science, you already presuppose God's existence, because knowledge cannot exist without presupposing God.
: '''Sinner''': That argument's also a pile of bunk! Logic requires some assumptions, sure, but that doesn't mean it presupposes a specific god. You're just [[Argument by assertion|asserting nonsense with no evidence]]!
: '''Presupper''': Science, logic, morality, everything! Knowing anything requires the Christian God to exist.
: '''Sinner''': No way! Even defining the reference frame for logic/morality/knowledge/science as the presupposition of Christian God doesn't necessarily imply its existence.<ref>Michael Martin, ''Does Induction Presume the Existence of the Christian God?'' [Online]. Available: [http://infidels.org/library/modern/michael_martin/induction.html 1997] [Accessed May 28, 2014]</ref>
: '''Presupper''': See, you just gave me more proof that God exists because you're using God-created logic, God-created science, and God-created morality!
: '''Sinner''': Oh come on! The [[Transcendental argument for God#Transcendental Argument for the Non-existence of God (TANG)|exact opposite of what you argue]] can be constructed using the exact same arguments, which means your argument's a pile of bunk, as I said!
: '''Presupper''': Once again, you use my God's tools on borrowed time. Every attempt to reject God on logical grounds, you just further prove His existence!
: '''Sinner''': This conversation is completely circular… Is there any point in trying to continue?
: '''Presupper''': Don't worry, I can do this for hours.

==Characteristics of the argument==

[[Sye ten Bruggencate]], among others, has said that the purpose of presuppositionalism is not so much to change minds as to "close mouths".<ref>''Sye Ten Bruggencate-Closing Mouths'', [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zCK7awtHkQ Youtube]</ref> Indeed, the argument garners little respect — even among conservative Christians. Even [[William Lane Craig]], he of the "self-authenticating witness of the Holy Spirit", has said of presuppositionalism that it ought to be a transcendental argument instead (which is ''really'' not what one would call a glowing recommendation), stating:

{{quotebox|As commonly understood, presuppositionalism is guilty of a logical howler: it commits the informal fallacy of petitio principii, or [[begging the question]],...<ref>''A Classical Apologist's Response' from Five Views on Apologetics, p.223.''</ref>}}

Very few people find presuppositionalism convincing if they are not already believers, [[Confirmation bias|in other words]].

Because most people have not delved particularly deeply into epistemology, presuppositionalism may catch them off-guard. It is extremely disconcerting; one gets the distinct impression that sleight of hand has been perpetrated, but is not able to see where and how. The strength of this argument is that, rather than trying to defeat its opponent in a race, it ties his shoelaces together so that he immediately falls on his face off the starting blocks.

There is thus a heavy element of psychological warfare in presuppositionalism, either of the coarse type evidenced by the Sye-clone brigade (repeated demandings of "could you be wrong about everything you know?!"), or a more subtle but no less infuriating facade of triumphalistic smugness from the slightly higher-caliber users of the method. In either case, what is notable is the ''lack'' of argumentation from the presups' side; it's a tar pit of an argument, and attempting to defend one's worldview is futile since, in his own mind, the presupper has ''already'' won the debate.

Nevertheless, there are several glaring flaws in the argument. It attempts to smuggle in several assumptions with the hope the opponent won't notice them: chiefly, it is unable to show that all opposing worldviews are incoherent. 

The presuppositionalist will often say "the Bible isn't the evidence, it's the claim" — but the Bible is contingent on divine revelation, which itself is contingent on there being ''a'' God, ''not'' any specific one. Thus, the argument fatally lacks specificity; just substitute Allah for Yahweh and the Koran for the Bible as a counter-argument and the entire debate grinds to a halt. A [[Deism|deist]] could also run the argument just as well, and arguably ''better'', since a deistic god communicates through nature, and does not rely on a collection of books full of known contradictions, inaccuracies, and outrages. An atheist could presuppose that consciousness, logic, etc., are simply brute facts, and claim a similar advantage.

Furthermore, one consequence of the transcendental argument family is that logic, knowledge, morality, consciousness, etc., are ''contingent upon God'', therefore can be altered by him at will and, here's the key, without any of us necessarily knowing it. Van Til himself has said that God can take any fact and put it into a new relation with any other fact. In other words, ''God can lie'', and we may not know when or if he/He does. This is commonly met by objections that God cannot lie, but 2 Thessalonians 2:11 specifically recounts God sending a "deluding influence" on people for the sole and explicit purpose of making them disbelieve the truth. Note that this is not a "lying spirit", something with agency of its own, but a "deluding influence" directly from God. So from the Bible itself, which the presuppositionalists are starting from, we know that God could lie, can lie, has lied, and very possibly still does lie.

Because they take the Bible as their pre-rational axiomatic concept, then, presuppositionalists have no grounds for assuming the uniformity of nature, their own consciousness, or even their own existence. Of course, this means they also have no grounds for the laws of logic, including the laws of identity and non-contradiction. Therefore, fittingly and poetically, the presuppositionalist is hoisted on his own petard, destroyed by the very charges of epistemic guilt he seeks to lay on the opponent.

In a sense, presuppositionalism is an exploitation of the [[Münchhausen Trilemma|Münchhausen trilemma]]. The trilemma asserts that a complete proof must rely on one of three unsatisfactory arguments: [[infinite regress]], self-evidence, or [[circular reasoning]]. The presupper will say that the non-believer is relying on them (which they very well are) and thus their argument is empty (which it very well isn't). Instead, the presupper argues that their own circular or self-evident claims (the latter of which is often called "dogmatic" argument, because it requires the dogmatic assumption of some principle) is preferable. Their dogmatic argument is quite literally dogmatic, because it typically presupposes the veracity of Christian scripture. The presupper tries to use the fact that all of these are unsatisfactory, but [[Hypocrisy|does not apply this lack of satisfaction to their own positions]].

==Use by creationists==
{{cquote|We agree that presuppositional apologetics is the ultimate biblical approach to apologetics. The common accusation that the presuppositionalist uses circular reasoning is actually true. In fact, everyone uses some degree of circular reasoning when defending his ultimate standard (though not everyone realizes this fact). Yet if used properly, this use of circular reasoning is not arbitrary and, therefore, not fallacious.|||Darius and Karin Viet, [[Answers in Genesis]]<ref>[http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2011/05/27/feedback-circular-reasoning Answers in Genesis - Feedback: Circular Reasoning] (for the record, this is the ''opposite'' of true)</ref>}}

[[Creation Ministries International]] (CMI, evolved in 2006) has taken to peddling presuppositionalism. In the context of [[Creationism|their particular arguments]], this means that they have quit insisting that there is any particular evidence in favor of creationism (a necessary position, given that there is none) and started insisting that it is the ''interpretation'' of the evidence that the [[Evolutionist|"evolutionists"]] have wrong, since they presuppose a [[philosophical naturalism|naturalistic]] world-view; supposedly, if one interprets the evidence the right way (which involves not only assuming God's existence, but violating [[Occam's razor]] every which way to explain away all the contradictions), one will see that it leads undeniably to the Truth™ of God's existence. In other words, they presume that every human "knows" that a god exists (but only, somehow, the god of [[Abraham]]), and that the [[Scientific theory]] of evolution is simply a forgery from sinners made by [[Shoehorn|"shoehorning evidence"]] in an attempt to pretend said god doesn't exist.

[[Jonathan Sarfati]] of CMI, in response to a piece on the complexity of the human genome, resorts to presuppositionalism: 

{{quotebox|Evolution is not based on evidence that speaks for itself; rather, it is a deduction from their own presuppositions — a priori commitments to materialism and rejection of a designer, because they can't bear a 'divine foot in the door'. Therefore they have no right to object when Christians start from their own presuppositions ... When the person you talk to on creation insists that you 'leave the Bible out of it', they are really saying the deck should be stacked one way.<ref name=genome>[http://creation.com/presuppositionalism-vs-evidentialism-and-is-the-human-genome-simple Presuppositionalism vs evidentialism, and is the human genome simple?] creation.com, 6 June 2015.</ref>}}

But then, after insisting that "evolutionists" cannot have the deck stacked their way in an argument, later in the same article he then says that the creationists should be allowed to stack the deck their way:

{{quotebox|We are not merely asking opponents to consider biblical presuppositions as an alternative way of looking at the evidence. Nor are we merely saying that they are 'nicer', nor even that they provide a superior framework that better explains the data (although both of these are true as well). Rather, the claim is even stronger: that the biblical framework is the only one that provides the foundation for science, voluntary will, logic, and morality.<ref name=genome />}}

In short, "Their presupposition is wrong because you're ''not allowed'' to use presuppositions we dislike. Our presupposition is right because you are ''required'' to use presuppositions we approve of". [[Irony]] at its best, making a biased and verifiably incorrect claim that evolution depends purely on religious presumptions (in their opinion, anti-abrahamic-god propaganda) and that it does not fit the mold of the evidence whatsoever, but that young-Earth creationism remains [[Special pleading|more valid]] nevertheless.

==History==
Prior to the creation of presuppositionalism proper, similar arguments existed, such as in the early works of [[Avicenna]] and [[Kant]] (both of which later rejected their own arguments). However, these are not considered presuppositionalism, as this form of apologetics is very much tied to the history of its proponents in the past century.{{cn}}

What we definitively call presuppostionalism traces its modern origin to [[Cornelius Van Til]] (1895-1987), and to his student {{wpl|Greg Bahnsen}} (1948-1995). Other exponents of the method include {{wpl|John Frame (theologian)|John Frame}} (1939- ) and, much more recently, [[Sye ten Bruggencate]] and a veritable detachment of similar "internet apologists" referred to as Sye-clones by their detractors. Currently the Presuppositional tactic is used the most frequently by the infamous Creationist Darth Dawkins<ref>https://godlessdiscordcommunity.fandom.com/wiki/Darth_Dawkins</ref>  and Matt Slick who runs the [[Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry]]. [[Ken Ham]] (1951- ) and [[Eric Hovind]] also employ the method as part of their [[creationist]] apologetics.

A separate branch of presuppositionalism, started by {{wpl|Gordon Clark}} (1902-1985), differs from the van Tillian school in taking the Bible as an axiom; to no one's surprise, bitter disagreements sometimes ensue between the two camps, each of which has of course infallibly had the truth revealed to it.

==Some useful presuppositions==
An incomplete array of presuppositions as deployed by various [[proselytization|proselytizer]]s might include:

* A [[God]] exists.
** A unique God exists (''pace'' [[Trinity|Trinitarian]] [[polytheism]]).
** Divine [[omnipotence]] can manifest as a ''[[deus ex machina]]'' - hence [[miracle]]s.
* [[Spirituality]] exists.
** Humans (but not canines) have at least one [[soul]].
** An [[afterlife]] (as distinct from [[reincarnation]]) exists.
* A [[universe]] (and its included {{wpl|creature||s}} and critters) implies [[creationism|creation]].
** God (see above) has something to do with the universe.
*** Humans (even [[postmodernism|post-modernist]]s) should express gratitude to a [[feudalism|feudal-style]] [[Lord]].
*** [[Scripture]] traces various God/universe interactions.
**** One must recognise the correct approved [[canon]] (so, excluding the [[Qur'an]]) of scripture to avoid confusion.
**** Scripture has also been inspired by God so it's [[Biblical literalism|literally true]] and without errors.
***** All biblical errors are in your mind and there is a secret explanation for all of them.
*** All humans angst about origins.
* Divine [[omniscience]] interacts in some [[Appeal to mystery|mysterious]] way with [[free will]].
* [[Human nature]] inclines to {{wpl|anti-social behavior}} ([[sin]]).
** Sin provides the blessings of a [[consciousness]] of {{wpl|conscience}} and a lust for [[salvation]].
** Humans each have something called a [[Life (moral value)|"life"]].
*** The idea of a "life" somehow implies something called {{wpl|responsibility|"responsibility".}}
** All humans angst about [[death]].
*** Life is a {{wpl|vale of tears||,}} but the afterlife (see above) can improve matters.
** All humans will be judged after death. 
*** An infinite punishment is apparently a just punishment for even the slightest infraction of the Bible's instructions, with no explicit explanation required.

==See also==

*[[Not Circular Reasoning]]
*[[Burden of proof]]
*[[Foundationalism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{apolbox}}

[[Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics]]
[[Category:Existence of gods]]
[[Category:Fallacious arguments]]

Categories: Apologetics and counter-apologetics, Existence of gods, Fallacious arguments