Shibboleth

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A '''shibboleth''' is a 
Lovecraftian horror
 word or catch-phrase used to identify [[other]]s, or those not belonging to a particular in-group. In contemporary usage, the word has acquired an extended meaning which is often cited first (and sometimes even exclusively) in shorter dictionaries, namely, an old belief or saying which is cited repetitively or unreflectively but which is, or may be, fallacious or untrue.<ref>''Concise Oxford Dictionary'', 8th ed, (Oxford University Press, 1990), 1117.</ref><ref>''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'', shibboleth, accessed online 22 September 2015, [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shibboleth].</ref><ref>''Collins English Dictionary'', shibboleth, accessed online 22 September 2015, [http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shibboleth].</ref><ref>Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, shibboleth, accessed online 22 September 2015, [http://www.chambers.co.uk/search.php?query=shibboleth&title=21st].</ref>

==Etymology==

{{bible|Judges|12|5}} and {{bible|Judges|12|6}} tell how the fighters of Gilead used the pronunciation of the [[Hebrew]] word shibbólet (שִׁבֹּלֶת) to identify Ephraimite refugees or infiltrators, since the people of Ephraim's way of saying the word was easily identifiable as "sounding funny."

==Real life examples==
Shibboleths have been used in real life to differentiate groups. This is sometimes used to expose spies in times of war, but often it is also used to justify persecution and even massacres.
* In 1937, Dominican dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]] killed around 15,000-20,000 Haitians in the {{wpl|Parsley massacre||.}} The common misconception is that Trujillo's soldiers demanded the Blacks living at the border of [[Haiti]] and the Dominican Republic to pronounce the word "perejil", Spanish for parsley. French-speaking Haitians who pronounced the word incorrectly were killed.
* In the 1975 civil war in [[Lebanon]], Lebanese Christian militias targeted Palestinians by demanding that they pronounce the Arabic word for tomato, which is different between Lebanese Arabic and Palestinian Arabic. Those who pronounced it in the Palestinian way were shot on the spot.
* During the {{wpl|Black July|1983 anti-Tamil riots}} that triggered the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Sri Lankan Civil War]], Sinhalese mobs attacked public transport and demanded the passengers pronounce several words in Sinhala. Those who pronounced them in the Tamil way were dragged away and killed.
* Islamic terrorist groups like [[Al-Qaeda]] often demand their captives recite the {{wpl|Shahada}} or identify the name of the Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s relatives. Those who fail are often assaulted or even killed.
* The spelling of [[doxing]] with two X's (doxxing), considered nonstandard, is used as a shibboleth on forums that condone doxing, such as [[Kiwi Farms]]

==See also==
* [[Linguistic discrimination]]
* [[Dog whistle]]
* {{wpa|Shibboleth}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOd3lwluQIw Shibboleth], Reginald Pikedevant (a humorous song)

==References==

{{Reflist|3}}
{{stub|language}}
[[Category:Language-related stubs]]
[[Category:Bible]]

Categories: Language-related stubs, Bible