Houston Stewart Chamberlain

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1600-06, Houston Stewart Chamberlain (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|165px|Hitler's John the Baptist]]
{{antisemitism}}
{{cquote|Intellectual anti-Semitism was the special prerogative of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who, in The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, concretized the fantasies of [[Arthur de Gobineau|Count Arthur de Gobineau]], which had penetrated to Bayreuth. He translated them from the language of harmless snobbery into [the language] of a modernized, seductive mysticism. [...] Today there is a strong smell of blood in the air. Literary anti-Semitism forges the moral weapon for murder. Sturdy and honest lads will take care of the rest.|||From {{wpl|Carl von Ossietzky}} 1932 essay "Anti-Semitic"<ref>{{cite book |last1=  Kaes|first1= Anton|last2=  Dimendberg|first2= Edward|last3= Jay |first3= Martin|date= 1994|title=The Weimar Republic Sourcebook |publisher=University of California Press |page=276 |isbn=9780520067752}}</ref>}}
{{cquote|Mr. Chamberlain himself is quite as fantastic an extremist as any of those whom he derides, and an extremist whose doctrines are based upon foolish hatred is even more unlovely than an extremist whose doctrines are based upon foolish benevolence. Mr. Chamberlain's hatreds cover a wide gamut. They include Jews, Darwinists, the Roman Catholic Church, the people of southern Europe, Peruvians, Semites, and an odd variety of literary men and historians.|||[[Theodore Roosevelt]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Roosevelt  |first=Theodore |author-link= |date= 2021|title= The Complete Works of Theodore Roosevelt. Illustrated:The Naval War of 1812, The Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt, Good Hunting: In Pursuit of Big Game in the West, African Game Trails, The Strenuous Life|publisher= Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing |chapter= History as literature and Other Essays (1913); 8. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century}}</ref>}}
'''Houston Stewart Chamberlain''' {{lived|September, 9 1855|January 9, 1927}}, also going by '''H.S. Chamberlain''', was an [[England|Anglo]]-[[Germany|German]] [[Author|writer]] whose work specialized in [[political philosophy]] and [[natural science]]s, being considered one of the most influential theorists on the field of Pan-Germanism and [[Antisemitism]].<ref>Levy, Richard S.: Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, p. 113–115. (Volume 1) ABC-Clio, 2000. ISBN: 1851094393</ref> As follower of [[Arthur de Gobineau]]’s thought, he reaffirmed, developed and exalted the concept of "[[Aryan]] race", which he deemed to find its most authentic representatives in the peoples of [[Germany|Germanic ethnicity]], predestined to govern [[Europe]].<ref name="Chase1977">Chase, Allan (1977) The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 91–92 </ref>

Chamberlain's best-known work is his 1899 book {{wpl|The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century}}<ref group=note>''Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts'', published in two volumes.</ref>, which was widely read in the pan-German circles of the [[völkisch movement]] of the early twentieth century and which later also had a decisive influence on racial [[anti-Semitism]] and [[racialism|racial policy]] in [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="Britannica2024">{{Cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Houston-Stewart-Chamberlain|title= Houston Stewart Chamberlain: British-German political philosopher |author= The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica |date=  September 5, 2024|website=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=October 30, 2024}}</ref> He also wrote books on [[Richard Wagner]], [[Immanuel Kant]] and {{wpl|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe}}.<ref name="Guinness2015">{{cite book |last= Guinness|first= Jonathan|date= 2015|title=The House of Mitford |publisher= Orion|quote=Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Chamberlain was an Englishman who wrote in German; he was an ardent disciple of Wagner, and married Wagner's daughter, Eva. He came from an English military family, but his poor health when a boy cut short an education which would have fitted him for a career as an army officer, and he received his schooling in France and Germany. [...] Worse, he was one of the ideological inspirers of the Nazis; one of the theorists whom they had in mind when they glorified the Germanic race and persecuted the Jews. Racist and antisemite; that, in today's. thinking, about wraps Chamberlain up, in Germany even more than in Britain. There is still a Chamberlain-strasse in Bayreuth named after him, but otherwise it is as if he had never been, However, before the First World War Chamberlain was a celebrity. Though highly controversial and never academically. respectable, he was one of the most prominent intellectuals in Europe. He wrote books on Kant, Goethe and Wagner, all of which won some renown. But he was best known for his work of historical philosophy, the Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, to the English translation of which Bertie contributed a long.|isbn=9781474603188}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Houston Stewart Chamberlain was born in Portsmouth in the Southsea district and came from a wealthy aristocratic family. Chamberlain's mother died soon after his birth.<ref name="Gregor2012">{{cite book |last= Gregor|first=A. James |date=2012 |title=Totalitarianism and Political Religion:An Intellectual History |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Totalitarianism_and_Political_Religion/dDIVfYgUHs0C |publisher= Stanford University Press|page=188 |isbn=9780804783682}}</ref> His family had various military figures, with his father being admiral {{wpl|William Charles Chamberlain}}<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, edited by Peter Townend, 105th edition, London, 1970.</ref> and his uncle being Marshal {{wpl|Neville Bowles Chamberlain}}. {{wpl|Basil Hall Chamberlain}}, known later in his life as a noted [[Japan]]ologist, was his elder brother. <ref>Ota, Y. (2012). Basil Hall Chamberlain: Portrait of a Japanologist. Taylor & Francis. Page 202. ISBN: 9781136638671</ref>

Chamberlain and his father, remained strangers to each other throughout their lives, which was mainly because Chamberlain and his brothers spent the next ten years in Versailles with their grandmother and an aunt and hardly saw their father. At first Houston Stewart Chamberlain was meant to enter the army or navy, by having him study at a military school, but his poor health prevented such plans.<ref name="Gregor2012"/> He was instead sent to schools in France and Geneva where French became his first language. Having spent most of his youth between [[Italy]], [[Switzerland]] and the south of [[France]], he eventually started to "not feeling English" anymore. For the first thirty years of his life, he spoke mainly French, while feeling like a foreigner in France. <ref>Carr, J. (2011). The Wagner Clan. Faber & Faber. Page 92. ISBN: 9780571260966</ref>

From age 14, he began living in [[Germany]], after his family had sent him there to treat his frail health. At age 15, a tutor named Otto Kuntze (1841-1931)  was hired to teach him German language. Studying under him for four years, Kuntze convinced H.S. the history of Prussia, which enthralled him, and led him to develop a passion for Germanic culture.<ref>{{cite book |last= Bohnenkamp |first= Klaus E.|date=2020 |title= Rudolf Kassner und Houston Stewart Chamberlain: Briefe und Dokumente einer Freundschaft|trans-title=Rudolf Kassner and Houston Stewart Chamberlain: Letters and documents of a friendship |page= 290|language=German  |publisher= LIT|isbn=9783643144515}}</ref> At the age of 19, Chamberlain fell in love with the Prussian Anna Horst, who would subsequently become his first wife.<ref>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 7: Sixth Series. (1998). Cambridge University Press. Page 79. ISBN: 9780521622622</ref> After studying natural sciences (which he would use to give an "[[appeal to authority|scientific aura]]" to his [[racialism|racist theories]]), he became interested in [[philosophy]], reading Kant, Goethe, Schiller, Schopenhauer.<ref>Bermbach, U. (2015). ''Houston Stewart Chamberlain: Wagners Schwiegersohn – Hitlers Vordenker''. J.B. Metzler. ISBN: 9783476025654 (in German)</ref>

===Enter Wagner===
[[File:HSChamberlain cropped.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Chamberlain tries to do an intellectual pose, instead looks like he's falling asleep, 1895.]]
But it was the discovery of the Wagnerian universe that constituted a decisive turning point in his life. After attending the Bayreuth Festival in 1882, he became a regular in Wagnerian intellectual circles. 
In 1905 Chamberlain divorced his Anna Horst and in 1908 married Eva Wagner, Richard Wagner's daughter. Together they settled in Wahnfried near Bayreuth.<ref>Friedländer, Saul (1998) Nazi Germany and the Jews: Volume 1: The Years of Persecution 1933–1939, New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0060928786</ref> 

Chamberlain was hypersensitive and neurotic and had repeated nervous breakdowns. [[Hallucination|He had a tendency to see demons]], which drove him to new studies on various subjects that resulted in a voluminous writing. On his way home from a stay in Italy, he had to get off the train in Gardona because of a spirit vision. He locked himself in a hotel room for eight days and wrote a biology paper. The results he arrived at, would become the core of his continuing specialty: race and history.<ref>Dujardin, É. (1943). Rencontres avec Houston Stewart Chamberlain: souvenirs et correspondance. B. Grasset. (in French)</ref>

He then gradually imposed a biased, [[nationalist]], [[reactionary]] and even [[anti-Semitic]] reading of his father-in-law's texts and of Wagnerian mythology, the seed of Wagner's recovery by Nazi ideologues, and making it a "glorification of the Germanic soul in all its primitive force". Thusly becoming a sort of [[prophet]] of Greater Germany, he deemed Bayreuth as a place of worship and Wagnerism as his mission.

In 1885, he founded {{wpl|La Revue wagnérienne}} with the Frenchman {{wpl|Édouard Dujardin}}.<ref> A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. (2005): Camden House. Page 248. ISBN: 9781571132376</ref> From 1888 onwards, he would become a regular contributor for the {{wpl|Bayreuther Blätter}}, the main newspaper in Bayreuth.<ref>Millington, B. (2012). ''The Sorcerer of Bayreuth: Richard Wagner, His Work and His World.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199986958</ref> His marriage to the composer's daughter, making him a member of the Wagner family, would be for him like a fulfillment of his destiny.

In 1899, he published the first volume of his most famous book, {{wpl|The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century}} (the second one was published 1911), which was originally commissioned by Munich-based publisher {{wpl|Hugo Bruckmann}} (an notable [[Völkisch movement|völkisch]] activist who would later publish Hitler's [[Mein Kampf]]) to summarize all of the achievements of the 19th century. In it, Chamberlain argued that the superior race described by [[Arthur de Gobineau|Gobineau]] (the Indo-European "race" that Chamberlain called the "Aryan race") was the ancestor of all the [[ruling class]]es of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], that it had not ceased to exist and that it subsisted in a pure state in Germany. Chamberlain included in the Aryan race the Celtic and Nordic peoples whom he considered to belong to the same Germanic family as well as the Berbers of North Africa.

During his lifetime, Chamberlain's works were read throughout Europe and especially in Germany, after Emperor Wilhelm II called "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century" as a "monograph of the greatest importance". Regardless of Wilhelm II's praise, the book was already well received and popular amongst the conservative German elite. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany patronized him warmly, corresponding with him, inviting him to stay at his court, distributing copies of The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century among the German Army (the Deutsches Heer), and placing copies of the book in German libraries, as well as including it in school curriculum.<ref name="Chase1977"/><ref name="StackWinkle2013">{{cite book |last1=  Stackelberg |first1=Roderick|last2=  Winkle|first2=Sally A. |author-link= |date=2013 |title=The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Nazi_Germany_Sourcebook/dWticwVh4EkC |publisher=  Taylor & Francis|page= 84-85 |isbn=9781134596935}}</ref><ref name="Guinness2015"/>

===Later life===
Chamberlain tried to become "more German than the native Germans". In 1916 he officially became a German citizen. During the First World War, he joined the {{wpl|Alldeutscher Verband}} and carried out vicious propaganda against England, his country of origin.<ref>Lasswell, H. D. (1971). Propaganda Technique In World War I.: M.I.T. Press. Page 92. ISBN: 9780262620185</ref> He received the Iron Cross for his efforts. Nevertheless, he publicly distanced himself from {{wpl|Ernst Lissauer}}'s song "Hassgesang gegen England". A selection of his letters was published in 1928.

H.S. was not happy that Germany lost the war, being further appalled by the [[Germany#German_Revolution|German revolution of 1918–1919]], which ended up toppling the monarchist regime of the country. He would subsequently become a bitter enemy of the [[Weimar Republic]].<ref>Field, Geoffrey G. (1981), Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, New York: Columbia University Press, Page 396-419 ISBN: 978-0-231-04860-6</ref> Chamberlain was one of the first to believe that [[Adolf Hitler]] had a great future and that the Germans would have new opportunities if they followed him. They had met in Bayreuth in 1923 and Chamberlain would support him from 1923 to his death. He remained as one of the leading representatives of Pan-Germanism and devoted several monographs to German figures such as Richard Wagner, Heinrich von Stein, Kant and Goethe. His writings inspired [[Alfred Rosenberg]] and Adolf Hitler, who were one of the few people present at his funeral in 1927.<ref name="Shirer109">Shirer, William L.. Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon & Schuster, 1990. Page 109. ISBN: 9780671728687</ref>

==The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century==
[[File:Chamberlain - La Genèse du XIXe siècle, tome 1.djvu|right|thumb|200px|1913 French edition of Foundations' Volume II.]]
{{wpl|The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century}} was Chamberlain's major work, and his most notorious. Having set himself the task of revealing the foundations on which the nineteenth century rested, Chamberlain wrote that European culture was the result of the fusion of five components:<ref>Gottschalk, L. R. (1954). Europe and the modern world. Scott, Foresman. Page 462.</ref>
* the [[art]], [[literature]], and [[philosophy]] of [[Ancient Greece]]; 
* the [[law|legal system]] and [[government|form of government]] of [[Ancient Rome]]; 
* [[Christianity]] in its [[Protestant]] form; 
* the [[vitalism|reviving creativity]] of the [[Germany|Teutonic]] spirit; 
* and the "repulsive and destructive influence" of the [[Jews]] and [[Judaism]] in general.

In '''Volume I''' of his book, Chamberlain examines events up to year 1200, the legacy of the ancient world. Chamberlain wrote that Hellenism provided a breakthrough in human intelligence. The [[Greeks]] created everything; the language, religion, politics, philosophy, science, history, geography. The pinnacle of this creative spirit was Homer. But the legacy of the Hellenes also included dark sides: cruel, short-sighted democracies, the absence of high politics, outdated morality and the decline of religion.

The world is indebted to the [[Romans]], who freed it from Semitic-Arab enslavement and allowed "Indo-Teutonic Europe to become the beating heart and thinking brain of all mankind." Greece, unlike Rome, according to Chamberlain, gravitated toward Asia. Despite its two-thousand-year legacy, Rome was unable to resist the disintegration of its vast territory. It shifted the center of gravity of civilization toward the West, unknowingly completing an act of world significance. But Rome left behind an incredible hodgepodge of different types and races. Among this chaos of nations, there were the [[Jews]], the only race that managed to preserve the purity of their blood. History chose the "[[Aryan]]s" as the force opposing the tiny but influential Jewish nation.

In '''Volume II''', Chamberlain analyzes the revival of the new German world and the struggle for world domination. According to Chamberlain, three religious ideals participate in this struggle: the East (the Greeks), the North (the Aryans), and Rome. In the north of the former Roman Empire, the Aryans managed to create a new culture, which is "undoubtedly the greatest of all that mankind has achieved to date." The Jews became the heirs of the Roman racial chaos; the "Aryan race" turned out to be responsible for the spiritual salvation of mankind. All the achievements of science, industry, political economy, and art were stimulated and advanced by the "Aryans." 

Two main themes run through Chamberlain's entire book: the "Aryans" as creators and bearers of civilization, and the Jews as a negative racial force, a destructive and degenerating factor in history. Chamberlain viewed the "Aryans" as the only support for world development. The Jews deserved to be condemned, not from a position of hatred or suspicion, but from a position of unattainable heights of "Aryan" superiority.<ref>Jones, J. S. (2002). Hitler in Vienna, 1907-1913: Clues to the Future. Cooper Square Press. Page 316. ISBN: 9781461661047</ref>

Chamberlain calls the [[Virgin birth|birth of]] [[Christ]] the most important date in the history of mankind. Chamberlain wrote that "it should be obvious to everyone" that "Christ was not a Jew", there was not a drop of Jewish blood in him, and those who called him a Jew were simply ignorant or hypocritical people.<ref>Chamberlain, H. S. (1910). Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. J. Lane. Page 5. ISBN: 9785878889049</ref><ref>A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. (2005): Camden House. Page 263. ISBN: 9781571132376</ref>

==Impact==
The leaders and ideologists of [[Nazi Germany]] highly valued Chamberlain's ideas, which formed he basis of the [[racial]] doctrine of [[Nazism]].<ref name="Britannica2024"/><ref>The Catastrophe of European Jewry: Antecedents, History, Reflections : Selected Papers. (1976). Yad Vashem. ISBN: 9780870683367</ref> In particular, [[Joseph Goebbels]] had called him "the father of our spirit."<ref>Hamann, B. (2005). Winifred Wagner: A Life at the Heart of Hitler's Bayreuth. Granta. Page 122. ISBN: 9781862076716</ref> Chamberlain carried out a de facto synthesis of the anti-Semitic schools that existed during Pan-Germanism with the dominant position of racism. William Shirer in his book "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" emphasized Chamberlain's influence on the ideology of the Nazis, especially regarding the effect he had on [[Alfred Rosenberg]] and [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="Shirer109"/>

==See also==
* [[Oswald Spengler]]: another pseudo-historical crank that influenced the Nazis.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chamberlain, Houston Stewart}}
[[Category:Antisemites]]
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[[Category:Ethnic entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Eugenics supporters]]
[[Category:European history]]
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Categories: Antisemites, Authoritarianism, Authors, Christians, Conspiracy theorists, Crank magnetism, Declinists, Ethnic entrepreneurs, Eugenics supporters, European history, European politicians, Fascists, Nazis, Propagandists, Pseudohistory promoters, Pseudoscience promoters, Racists, Right-wing activists, Totalitarianism, White supremacists