12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid

{{crenav}}
'''12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid''' is a follow-up to [[Answers in Genesis]]' list of [[Conservapedia:Arguments creationists shouldn't use|arguments creationists shouldn't use]].<ref>"[http://www.answersingenesis.org/get-answers/features/arguments-evolutionists Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid]." Answers in Genesis. accessed 2010 September 28.</ref> 

While it is true that many of these arguments are perhaps best avoided, "[[evolutionist]]s" don't really use all of them. (At least scientists well versed in the biology of the theory generally don't use the more dubious ones, although they turn up frequently on [[YouTube]].) Unsurprisingly, AiG's refutations of these arguments and reasons why they should be avoided are lacking in substance and smell quite badly of [[straw man]] fallacies.

In fact, the list might be better titled a list of arguments that AiG would rather not hear.

__TOC__

{{sbs|title=1|Answers in Genesis|RationalWiki}}

{{sbs
|1=For years, we’ve maintained a list of arguments creationists should avoid. There are enough good arguments for biblical accuracy and a young earth that dubious claims can safely be discarded.
|2=Translation: "For years, we've maintained a list of really embarrassing arguments whose only value is ''comedic''; now that we've learned how to use [[bullshit]] we can avoid such outright lies."}}

{{sbs
|1=Now we want to address a similar topic: arguments evolutionists should avoid. These worn-out tropes have not only passed their expiration date, but they never should have been made to begin with.
|2=Replace "evolutionists" with "creationists" and the statement is true.}}

==Argument 1: Evolution is a fact==

{{sbs
|1=When our core beliefs are attacked, it’s often easy for humans to retreat to statements such as this: “[[Argument by assertion|My belief is a fact, and yours is wrong]].”
|2=It is true that creationists, evolution supporters, and really almost everyone on the planet are all guilty of this. Declaring something to be a [[fact]] can be fallacious, as it's technically impossible to provide the complete and total certainty that it requires, but it can be a useful rhetorical flourish. The difference is ''[[evidence]]''; evolution has plenty, enough to say with an almost-certain level of confidence that the basic idea proposed by evolution is correct, while creationists [[Argument by assertion|stop at the claim itself]] and rely on making [[PRATT|easily refuted]] attacks on evolution. Stating "evolution is a fact" is actually justifiable, because it meets the scientific usage of the word "fact" — that is, of something observed.}}

{{sbs
|1=That’s exactly why we cannot trust mere human understanding to explain the unobservable past—emotion and pride get in the way.
|2=The only "emotion" and "pride" involved in this question are the emotions felt by creationists<ref group=note>[[Cognitive dissonance|Fear of the realization that they're wrong and have been living a lie]], mainly…</ref> as they desperately clutch at straws to uphold their fallacious [[theology]], and the pride creationists take in deluding themselves (based on this theology) that they will spend [[Heaven|an eternity strumming harps]] and everyone who disagrees with them will spend [[Hell|an eternity being barbecued and eaten by worms]]. This sounds harsh, but it's pretty true. Science demands that individuals get over their personal pride or emotional attachment to ideas should they be proved wrong, religion and creationism less so. This is precisely because most scientists ''don't'' accept things as "facts" (at most, a theory can be considered "tentatively proven" due to being the best available explanation for current empirical observations) while creationists ''do''.}}

{{sbs
|1=Evolution is not a fact, no matter how many times evolutionists say it is. It’s a framework built on assumptions about the past—assumptions that will never have direct, first-hand, observational proof.
|2=It's usually very difficult for creationists to define what they mean by "direct, first-hand, observational proof" of evolution that doesn't ''also'' completely sink young Earth creationism as not having "direct, first-hand, observational proof" either. They will ignore [[Richard Lenski#Lenski's long-term E. Coli evolution experiment and intelligent design|Richard Lenski's results]], for example, when they are observational evidence for evolution. For instance, they may ask "[[were you there?]]" about events millions of years ago, but neglect the same question for the supposed 6000-year age of the young Earth (or give an answer that boils down to "The Bible says so"). All evidence is, to a degree, indirect and not "first-hand", and science always takes this into account.

While it's difficult to say that an idea ''is'' a "fact", we can far more easily say when it ''isn't'' a "fact" because we can spot when a proposed theory predicts evidence that doesn't match up with the evidence observed. There is very strong [[evidence against a recent creation]] available to say that creationism, as proposed, is not a fact and nor does it have any basis in fact. Similarly, [[flood geology]], which is one of their proposed replacements for modern [[uniformitarianism]], is also patently false and demonstrably ''not'' a fact. The same is true for their claims that natural selection and mutation have some [[The Edge of Evolution|hazily defined "limits"]]. Meanwhile, evidence continues to mount in favour of evolution — it may never be the hard 100% fact that people demand of it, but it hasn't yet been proved wrong as creationism certainly has been.}}

{{sbs
|1=What is evolution, anyway?
|2=Strictly speaking, evolution is a '''process''', something that happens in the word of life as we know it. An informal description is ''descent with modification''. A formal definition is: ''a change in the frequency of inheritable traits in a population with change of generations''. So evolution is a process we can see, without doubt, happening, and have every reason to accept that happens always and everywhere there is life as we know it. It can be compared with other things that happen in the natural world, such as radioactivity or orbiting or flight. It is a '''fact''' that evolution happens. (Or, by a simple metaphor, "Evolution is a fact.") No, we don't see ''all'' of the times that evolution happens, just as we don't see all of the orbits of all the asteroids or comets, but we can reasonably infer that and observe its effects.
}}

==Argument 2: Only the uneducated reject evolution==

{{sbs
|1=Besides the arrogance of such a statement, this argument has no footing and should be cast off. Those who make this claim usually define “educated people” as those who accept evolution.
|2=It would be fallacious to ''define'' educated people as those who accept evolution — as anyone can [[argumentum ad dictionarium|argue by definition]] and get away with it. However, acceptance in evolution ''does'' tend to correlate with a scientific education, and this is simply an observed statistical trend. Not all people with a high degree of education accept evolution (it's only a ''statistical'' trend, after all), but those who have studied both the theory and evidence properly don't tend to doubt it at all — though they will maintain varied religious beliefs, underscoring the point that evolution is not a religion and doesn't refute Christianity. While creationist organisations have a list of a few pro-creation scientists they use to back up their "arguments", these so-called "scientists" are rarely qualified professionals with an expertise in relevant fields respective to the subject they're speaking on (see "[[engineers and woo]]") and are heavily outnumbered by lists of scientists like [[Project Steve]].<ref group=note>It is important to note that Project Steve ''intentionally hamstrings itself'' by only accepting signatories with an arbitrarily specific name in order to prove its point about pro-creationism scientists being a '''very tiny''' minority who are challenging the [[scientific consensus]] largely out of ([[Willful ignorance|willful]]-to-some-possibly-lower-than-100%-but-higher-than-0%-degree) [[ignorance]] (see the note in our [[PRATT]] article about some creationists regurgitating bad arguments because ''they legitimately haven't heard the refutations''), arrogance, and [[Cognitive dissonance|unwillingness to make even the smallest adjustments to their worldview even in the face of evidence that refutes it]], ''not'' because they have any decent reasons for holding their alternative viewpoint (if "I don't want to disrespect what I learned from my parents and pastor" isn't accepted as a decent reason, which [[The God Delusion#Religion as a By-Product of Something Else|some would argue it shouldn't be]]) or legitimate evidence to back up said alternative viewpoint.</ref> Given the extremely high prevalence of creationist arguments that are flat-out false, it is completely legitimate to conclude that they have not been presented with the information that shows that their claims are false (and are therefore uneducated), have been presented with the information but did not understand it (and are therefore lacking in intelligence), or have been presented with the information and understand it, but choose to make false claims anyway (and are therefore being dishonest). Thus, evolutionists are being charitable in assuming that anyone who claims to not believe in evolution is uneducated, rather than stupid or a liar.}}


{{sbs
|1=Anyone who disagrees fails the test, no matter what their background (e.g., if we follow this ideology, Isaac Newton must have been uneducated).
|2=This is [[moving the goalposts]], obviously; for the theory of evolution to be rejected, it must first exist, which it did not in Newton's time. In fact, this is one of the most common misrepresentations of evolution. While creationists love to cite Darwin repeatedly (as if evolutionary theory hasn't changed thanks to things like [[genetics]], [[radiometric dating]], and a plethora of other scientific advancements), they forget that natural selection was quite revolutionary in its time. Brilliant scientists of the 17th and 18th centuries were as unaware of evolution by natural selection as the brilliant scientists of the 20th and 21st centuries will be unaware of what will be known in hundreds of years' time. Ironically, the example with Newton actually supports the proponents of evolution: as far as the theory of evolution is concerned, Newton was in fact uneducated.}}


{{sbs
|1=There are many lists of well-educated scholars who look to the Bible for answers
|2=We would hazard a guess that these lists mostly contain Christian theologians with a deeply rooted religious agenda. Even in the days when the Bible went completely unchallenged, scientists did not "look to the Bible for answers" in the course of their scientific work. In fact, no one has ever made a successful scientific prediction from a holy book — they simply [[shoehorn]] Bible verses into [[Biblical scientific foreknowledge|already known phenomena]].


Not to mention that the AiG approach is ''very'' different from a scientist who is also a believer, but [[Non-overlapping magisteria|who wouldn't be caught dead mixing the Bible and science]]. "[[Creation science|Creation scientists]]" like AiG have a rigidly-defined conclusion (a [[dogma]] or a [[sacred]] narrative that they take as an axiom) that they have already decided '''''must be true'' and ''must'' be supported ''at all costs''''' and try to force real-world observations to support that conclusion, with little to no regard to how ridiculous their fabricated narrative may (or ''will'') sound to those who don't [[Preaching to the choir|already share their beliefs]]. ''Actual'' scientists start with, at ''most'', a loosely-constructed conclusion (a [[hypothesis]]) that they then revise, update, or even throw out entirely if warranted in accordance with what they observe in the real world, using controlled [[experiment]]ation where possible to refine those observations and rule out [[List of cognitive biases|bias]] and [[confounding factor]]s.}}


{{sbs
|1=([http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/ here’s one])—
|2=That is Answers in Genesis's little laundry list of creation scientists. This list cannot be trusted, as it includes "scientists" such as {{wpl|Steve Austin}} who are [[Expert for hire|working for pressure groups]] such as the [[Institute for Creation Research]], and people who either [[Professor of nothing|have little to no involvement with hard science]] (''e.g.'' [[Jerry Bergman]] or Jack W. Cuozzo, D.D.S.), or who are not trained in the relevant scientific disciplines (''e.g.'', Angela Meyer).}}


{{sbs
|1=and we could point out Darwin’s own deficit of formal education (he earned a bachelor’s in theology).
|2=As noted above, science in the past was an entirely different animal — we had a different level of knowledge and a different ability to understand the world. Darwin was a naturalist by trade, and at the time such activity was carried out by clergy in their spare time. These days, aspiring scientists who jump in without education in the relevant field usually get things wrong, because without that education, they are entirely unaware of the mounds of data collected over the last century and a half that falsifies most "alternative" theories. It's quite mind-boggling to think that cutting-edge research was being done by people in their 20s a century ago, and now it takes people long into their 20s just to learn what they all did!


Still, Darwin's clerical aspirations, as well as his documented antipathy toward the idea that the world came about "by chance", work against some creationist claims about him. It isn't compatible with the often cited claim that he was deliberately pushing an agenda of [[atheism]] with his work, and attempting to "destroy God" by coming up with a naturalistic theory. He simply saw the evidence, and built his theory with meticulous supporting detail.}}


{{sbs
|1=But the bigger issue is that education—or lack—does not guarantee the validity of a person’s position.
|2=True; however, burying one's head in the sand and ignoring contradictory evidence, as creationists do, does not guarantee it either, and it is fairly difficult (though [[Michael Behe|not impossible]]) to get an education in science if one has a blinkered outlook. If people who learn about evolution accept it, while the vast majority of people who say they disagree with evolution don't actually understand what the theory consists of, that's a very big clue that disbelief in evolution does not have a valid basis.}}

==Argument 3: Overwhelming evidence in all fields of science supports evolution==

{{sbs
|1=The irony, of course, is that for centuries prior to Darwin’s publication of On the Origin of Species, the majority of scientists found the opposite to be true: the "evidence" supported creation. What changed? Not the evidence. Rather, the starting point changed (i.e., moving from the Bible, God’s Word, to humanism, man’s word). Creationists continue to see everything in light of God’s Word and all evidence as supporting the biblical account.
|2=What this argument fails to take into account is the technological limitations of the time periods in question. For example: without particle accelerators, most of today's experiments in the field of physics would simply be impossible to perform; without [[MRI]] machines, the inner workings of the brain would still be a mystery. Back in Elizabethan England, no one would have had the faintest clue about quantum mechanics or [[special relativity]] — yet this doesn't mean that the world didn't obey the Schrodinger equation at the time.<br/>
So this line from AiG seems to be using "evidence" in two different ways; firstly, it tries to imply that "evidence" ''is'' what we can see, and then it switches to implying the "evidence" is the world around us and so must be unchanging (this is a rhetorical trick of language that's common to most fallacious arguments in general). The world didn't change, but what we were able to observe and how our ability to look at it and piece it together inside a more consistent framework ''did'' change. Darwin made detailed observations of animals, their appearances, their interactions, and their environments. And he took these observations and put them into a new theoretical framework that explained them, and so was effectively "new" even though the world didn't really change.}}

{{sbs
|1=In reality, there is no “neutral” starting point; everyone—whether they acknowledge it or not—interprets the “facts” according to a particular way of thinking (i.e., worldview).
|2=AiG is big on the "worldview" thing: the idea that one's starting point determines their worldview. In some respects, this is correct, as [[Bayesian|prior]] knowledge and opinion is often a big deciding factor in how people think. However, the worldview of many scientists is that actual [[evidence]] should be given a vast amount of weight when forming ideas and opinions. This argument of theirs is particularly ironic because by dismissing evolution as merely a "worldview", it must also dismiss creationism as a mere "worldview". Also, the idea that there is no "neutral" choice between creationism and evolution is absurd; AiG ''admits'' that they start with the assumption that the Bible is literally true. Clearly, not starting with locked-in beliefs about the world is the neutral starting point.}}

==Argument 4: Doubting evolution is like doubting gravity==

{{sbs
|1=Why does this argument fail? We’ll show you. Take a pencil or pen. Hold it in the air. Then drop it to the floor. That’s gravity. Next, make a single-celled organism—like an amoeba—turn into a goat. Go ahead. We’ll wait. . . . No? As you can see, there’s a fundamental difference between operational science, which can be tested through repeatable experimentation, and historical science, which cannot.
|2=In terms of observations and evidence, dropping a pencil shows that ''falling'' — some kind of force in the direction of the Earth's center — exists, not gravity as a theory. Newton proposed the major theories of gravity, which were later subsumed by [[general relativity]] — with newer formulations attempting to marry up relativistic physics with quantum theory. These theories will propose what evidence (observations) needs to be found for them, and then they will be tested. Although these are clearly a naturalistic conspiracy to take [[Intelligent falling|God out of the picture by claiming that some "random force" causes it to fall]]. This interplay between observation, prediction, and theory is essential to science — but is almost universally misused by creationists, and this accusation here is no exception. There is a difference between doubting the theory and doubting the evidence that we observe to back it up.

Historical science can be, and has been, ''falsified'' through repeatable experimentation, and so theories change based on these observations. Really, this distinction between "historical" and "operational" science is not at all scientifically recognized, but instead something that creationists invented and have used for many years to disregard the insurmountable evidence falsifying their young-earth theories — not to mention [[Lenski affair|evidence in favor of evolutionary theories]].

We ''know'' Newtonian mechanics didn't fully explain the workings of the world because of things like time dilation and the orbit of Mercury, and we know relativity doesn't fully explain it because it doesn't marry up with quantum theory. In much the same way that we spotted evidence that could show the limits of gravitational theories, there are a number of ways in which one could attempt to [[Disproving evolution|falsify evolution]] — though none have yet shown the overall theory to be false. Perhaps ironically, an amoeba turning into a [[goat]] would be something that would very quickly falsify the gradual changes proposed by evolution by natural selection. The analogy itself also seems to prove the previous "Argument 2", and demonstrates that creationists often have a very poor understanding of how evolution actually works.}}

==Argument 5: Doubting evolution is like believing the earth is flat==

{{sbs
|1=Ironically, the Bible describes the earth as round and hanging in space—long before this could have been directly observed (Job 26:10; Isaiah 40:22).
|2=This is far from true. One can tell that the Earth is spherical (as opposed to "round") by many observations; how a ship drops off the horizon as it sails away, or how the sun's position changes very specifically depending on your location. These facts among many others are not consistent with a [[flat Earth]]. One also needs to cherry-pick biblical verses with exquisite care to find those suggesting that the earth is "round" — it's just as easy to find verses implying a flat earth or one [[Fixedearth.com|fixed in place]], and indeed people have done this! The fact that you can use the Bible like this to apparently prove ''either'' is very strong evidence that you can't really use it at all, scientifically. Again, like most [[Bible science]], such claims are made entirely after the facts have been established separately by science.}}

{{sbs
|1=The appeal of this claim is that it stereotypes creationists as stuck in the past, since the common assumption is that people once universally believed the earth was flat before science “proved” otherwise (which wasn't the case—only a few bought into the idea that the earth was flat).
|2=This is, at least, mostly true. It is a popular myth that educated people believed in a flat Earth in Christopher Columbus's time ({{wpl|Myth of the flat Earth|thanks Walt!}}). Despite the popularity of it, it is entirely a modern legend, and most of the motive behind it is indeed about making people in the religion-dominated past look silly. However, there were times in the past long before this where people believed that the Earth was flat. Many ancient cultures recorded beliefs in a flat Earth. In the West, it wasn't until the [[Classical antiquity|classical period]] in ancient Greece where it was determined that the Earth was spherical, with [[Aristotle]] providing some of the first observational evidence on the subject.<br/><br/>
But some creationists will believe in just about anything, and the creationist and Flat Earther [[Charles K. Johnson]] believed that spherical-Earth theories were an anti-Biblical conspiracy. With a bit of ingenuity, one could potentially use the Bible to "prove" whatever they like.}}

{{sbs
|1=But even if this were true (it’s not), direct, repeatable observation shows us the earth is round and orbiting the sun. Evolutionary stories about fossils are not direct observations; they’re assumption-based beliefs.
|2=A more appropriate comparison is that "doubting evolution is like believing ''[[Geocentrism|the sun revolves around the Earth]]''", since the most notable proponent of this now falsified idea was the magisterium of the Church. But Answers in Genesis is loath to bring ''this'' one up, since they have seen fit to publish geocentrist ravings in their so-called "scientific" journals on occasion.<ref>M. Bowden. "[http://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j16_2/j16_2_79-82.pdf A geocentrist replies to 'Geocentrism and Creation']." ''Journal of Creation'', Volume 16:2. August 2002.</ref>

Anyway, if the point is that comparing creationists to flat Earthers is because both beliefs fly in the face of actual evidence, this is one piece of rhetoric "[[evolutionist]]s" can get away with.}}

==Argument 6: It’s here, so it must have evolved==

{{sbs
|1=A conclusion does not prove the premises are true. That is, if the answer is “four,” we could arrive at that any number of ways: 2 + 2, 5 - 1, etc. In the same way, evolutionists often assume that since certain species or traits exist, this is proof of evolution because that’s how it must have happened. This argument, however, is self-reflexive and useless. The Bible offers another (and more sound) framework for how those traits and species came to be.
|2=We take this to be a misinterpretation of an argument used to answer the creationist's question, "What are the chances that we could have evolved?" The assumption that any given organism must have evolved is based on the fact that '''all''' organic life has evolved from a common ancestor. But that isn't ''quite'' what this is trying to address. Does evolution work using [[circular logic]]? If it evolved it exists, so if it exists it evolved? In simple terms, if evolution does this, then creationism works using practically ''spherical'' logic. Using the Bible as a basis for proving how the world works despite any evidence against it is not a good starting point for any kind of respectable science.

In slightly more technical terms and using conditional [[probability]] we can explain the two situations of "evolved therefore exists" and "exists therefore evolved":

Let the random variable X represent the event of some species coming to be (either it does, or it does not), and the random variable E represents the event of their evolving into existence by natural selection and mutation (again, either it does, or does not). X and E are not statistically independent, since P, the probability that the species exists given that it evolved, is 100%.

The original creationist argument is that P is very low, but this is pretty much just an assertion at this stage. The authentic counterargument is that we are not talking about P, but about P(\text{evolved}|\text{exists}), the probability that the species evolved given that it exists, which is significantly higher because of the evidence for evolution. 

In the straw-man version ''Answers in Genesis'' is talking about here, the counterargument is instead that P=P — indeed a fallacy, known as [[confusion of the inverse]]. This exact same argument (which would still be fallacious, though) could be very easily adapted to refute [[Argument from design]].

How carefully should we read "framework for how those traits and species came to be"? The Bible does '''not''' suggest how any trait in the world of life came to be, except for a few instances relating the consequences of the Fall of Adam — why childbirth is difficult, why the serpent lacks legs. As far as the origins of ''species'', those creationists who believe [[Baraminology]] tell us that modern species appeared only after the Flood, and neither the Bible nor the elaboration of Baraminology supply a "framework for how those ... species came to be". (Unless one makes "framework" so simplistic as to make it pointless.) If one confines oneself to what we read in the Bible, what framework do we have for how kangaroos came to be only in Australia and nearby? Or how animals that have the bony skeleton of vertebrates share other traits, like eye structure and blood circulation, while others do not? And the Bible makes ''no mention'' of the ''majority'' of the variety of life: the microbes, let alone anything about how they came to be. Mostly, what the Bible has to supply for the framework for the origins of living things is that animals and plants came from the land and the water (if one is going to ignore the suggestions for spontaneous generation, but let's not get into arguments about that). Not that it is any fault of the Bible not to teach biology, no more than it teaches chemistry or mathematics.}}

==Argument 7: Natural selection is evolution==

{{sbs
|1=This is likely the most abused argument on the list—and most in need of being scrapped. Often evolutionists bait people into showing them a change that is merely natural selection and then switch to say this proves molecules-to-man evolution.
|2=[[Natural selection]] and [[evolution]] are, in principle, separate entities. The distinction is that evolution is a grand scale theory combining mutability of species, genetics, selection, and change over time, while natural selection is a method by which evolution can be driven naturally. But neither are the two concepts completely inseparable. Descent with modification ''implies'' evolution that is driven by a selection process. The only leap with "natural selection", which was made by Darwin, is that there is a selection process inherent in nature whereby more suitable organisms for a given environment are more likely to survive long enough to reproduce, passing on the traits that made them survive. The fact is that we've known about [[artificial selection]] for centuries before Darwin and the process is identical, except that in ''artificial'' selection, a person controls which organisms breed and which don't, not nature — humans and the environment apply different standards of fitness.
<br/><br/>
There is a slight undertone of [[microevolution and macroevolution]] in AiG's argument here; many creationists do accept certain aspects of natural selection and evolution but deny others. However, there has [[equivocation|never been any concrete distinction]] between them in the creationist definition. In reality, they're the same process on two different scales, like walking down to the corner versus walking to the next town.}}

{{sbs
|1=However, this is quite misleading. Natural selection, even according to evolutionists, does not have the power to generate anything "new".
|2=This is mostly false. Only in the [[straw man]] version of evolution, as put forward by creationists, is the power of natural selection artificially limited. This is where the "micro" and "macro" evolution concepts come in handy for creationists, but their lack of firm definition causes a problem. What does AiG mean by "new" here? New traits, new abilities, or simply existing abilities done in more efficient ways or being transferred to become useful at other tasks? It's very easy to fall for this sort of handwaving, but the lack of rigor is damaging. Evolution ''has'' been shown to develop new information in the lab, perhaps most recently in the case of [[Richard Lenski#Lenski's long-term E. Coli evolution experiment and intelligent design|Lenski's bacteria]], which began to consume citrate — a process certainly not observed in the original strain — after being grown in such a medium for thousands of generations.

Every time an experiment is carried out in the lab, new evidence comes to light about what evolution can do. Creationists seek to say "evolution can't do this"... but would they change their beliefs if evolution ''did'' do that? Evidence suggests that instead, they'd simply [[moving the goalposts|move the goalposts]] again.}}

{{sbs
|1=The observable process can only act upon existing characteristics so that some members of a species are more likely to survive. In fact, it's an important component of the biblical worldview.
|2=Survival of the fittest, an "important component of the biblical worldview"? What happened to [http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v27/n2/darwin all] [http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v24/i3/morality.asp the] [[:File:Hitwin.jpg|squawking]] about how this satanic concept led in a direct line to Hitler and the Holocaust?}}

==Argument 8: Common design means common ancestry==

{{sbs
|1=Historical common descent is not and cannot be confirmed through observation. Rather, certain observations are explained by assumptions about the past. These observations, we might add, have alternative explanations. Common body plans ([[homology]]), for example, do not prove common descent—that’s an assumption.
|2=Those so-called "assumptions" are called '''scientific theories'''. Competing ones are always differentiated by what observations and evidence they do propose. The best ones are those having the most supporting evidence and no falsifying evidence — no "assumptions", as AiG implies it to mean — involved.}}

{{sbs
|1=A common Designer fits the evidence just as well, if not better.
|2=This is a bold statement. Any explanation can fit the evidence "just as well". We can say anything from atomic theory to analytical chemistry is explained by [[magic]] goblins — the question is "what evidence differentiates this theory from more established theory?" In other words, ''what evidence is exclusive to that new theory'' and so what do we expect from a common designer that we don't expect to see from common descent? Where such differences can't be spotted either because the hypothesis is not sufficiently powerful, or those proposing it are [[wishful thinking|deliberately not providing]] these details, then we can refer to [[Occam's razor]], which lets us discount a designer as an unnecessary complication for which the [[burden of proof]] has not been satisfied.

Common descent would predict a mix of creatures with DNA similarities between organisms that matched both their fossil records and their physical appearance. It would predict vestigial organs and certain conditions for [[speciation]], too, as it forms a core part of [[taxonomy]]. If we believe in an intelligent designer, we expect to see intelligent design and a ''lack'' of the appearance of common ancestry and naturalistic refinement. We also wouldn't expect to find examples of [[Suboptimal design|''unintelligent'' design]], such as weak knees and colorblindness. A simple "it looks designed" as creationists tend to use doesn't cut it — such a proposition needs tightly defined specifics, not "first impression" type observations. Something like "it looks designed" — that is, an organism appears suited to its environment — is also what natural selection would predict. In short, we don't see sufficient evidence of ''intelligent'' design. Why is every single cephalopod eye wired differently than every single vertebrate eye despite the fact that they serve the same function? Common descent explains this neatly through all cephalopod eyes being closely related, and all vertebrate eyes being closely related, but them not being closely related to each other. That's just one basic example; there are many others.

A common designer explanation can only posit a whimsical designer who "just felt" like handing out different designs for different creatures. This makes for a nice story, but doesn't amount to sufficient evidence to differentiate a designer from common descent.}}

==Argument 9: Sedimentary layers show millions of years of geological activity==

{{sbs
|1=Sedimentary layers show one thing: sedimentary layers.
|2=To suggest that "evolutionists should avoid" saying "Sedimentary layers show millions of years of geological activity" is the height of absurdity. In other words, scientists should avoid mentioning facts which contradict ''Answers in Genesis'''s interpretation of the Bible. It's fully understandable that they don't want to hear about these facts — but suggesting that others therefore shouldn't say them is specious. Remember, it's '''geologists''', not biologists, who figured out what sedimentary layers represent.}}

{{sbs
|1=In other words, we can—and should—study the rocks, but the claim that rocks prove the earth must be billions of years old ignores one important point: such an interpretation is built upon a stack of assumptions. When we start from the Bible and examine the rocks within the framework of a global Flood, the need for long ages vanishes.
|2=The overriding assumption of geology is that [[Uniformitarianism|the laws of physics and chemistry have been uniform over time for the same conditions]]. The Law of Superposition states that newer rocks are laid on top of older rocks — hardly a major leap of faith.<br>If you accept a Biblical framework for global geology, then you ''can'' eliminate the need for long ages, but you also need to eliminate any coherent explanation of how all the world's rocks and their strata came to be in the configuration that we now observe.}}

==Argument 10: Mutations drive evolution==

{{sbs
|1=Perhaps because of movies and fiction, the popular idea is that mutations make evolution go. Given enough time, shifts in the genetic code will produce all the variety of plants and animals on earth—and beyond. The problem? Mutations cannot produce the types of changes evolution requires—not even close. Some may benefit an organism (e.g., beetles on a windy island losing wings), but virtually every time mutations come with a cost.
|2=This argument isn't right either — not even close. See our articles on [[mutation]] and [[microevolution and macroevolution]].}}

==Argument 11: The Scopes trial==

{{sbs
|1=Misconceptions about the Scopes trial run rampant. Often, accounts sound something like this: Fundamentalist Christian bigots arrested an innocent biology teacher fighting for scientific freedom, and while they won the court case, they ultimately lost the public perception battle to the well reasoned presentation of the defense. Thanks to the play Inherit the Wind, this common—though completely flawed—perception of the event continues to be used against creationists. But real history presents a much different account.
|2=''Inherit the Wind'' was, like so many dramatic works of its time, an allegory against [[McCarthyism]].<ref group=note>Another example of a work using a case of religion running amok as a parallel for McCarthyism is {{wpl|The Cruicible|''The Crucible''}} by {{wpl|Arthur Miller||,}} which focused on the [[Salem witch trials]].</ref> Unfortunately, it has often been assumed to be accurate history. However, let us not forget one crucial detail: the law that was being challenged at that trial, the [[Scopes trial#Background|Butler Act]], [[War on Science|did prohibit the teachers of the state from teaching what was then the established science curriculum]].}}

==Argument 12: Science vs. religion==

{{sbs
|1=News stories thrive on conflict and intrigue, and one common meme presents science and religion as opposing forces—reason struggling to overcome draconian divine revelation. It grabs attention, but it’s bunk. Many atheists and humanists oppose biblical Christianity, but science does not.
|2=This is true (if one ignores the fallaciously placed "biblical" qualifier), and it is unfortunate that some atheists, such as [[Richard Dawkins]], have seized upon evolution as confirming their views about religion as a whole, instead of merely falsifying a very narrow range of Christian theological positions.


However, the modern-day conception of this dispute is mostly due to creationists framing it as a question of evolution versus Christianity, which is a [[false dilemma]]. As a result, it's often overlooked that this is not a question of science versus religion, but science versus '''young-earth creationism''': most mainstream Christian denominations accept evolution, and have actively supported science against the attacks of creationists, as evidenced by the [[Clergy Letter Project]].}}


{{sbs
|1=After all, the truth of a risen Savior and an inerrant Bible puts quite the damper on the belief that God cannot exist. However, science, as a tool for research, works quite well within (and, in fact, requires) a God-created universe. Otherwise, there’d be no reason to do science in the first place.
|2=This is one of the AiG/[[CMI]] group's [[PRATT|endless repetitions]] of the old [[presuppositionalist]] line that "the only proof for the existence of God is that without God you couldn't prove anything." We have replied to one of their longer attempts to argue this point, "[[Not Circular Reasoning]]" by [[Jonathan Sarfati]].}}

==Why address these arguments?==

{{sbs
|1=Answers in Genesis wants to show the world that the creation-gospel message and the book that contains it are trustworthy from the first word to the last. We don’t try to hide that. Most of the attacks against the Bible and those who trust in it are based on flawed premises and faulty logic, which is why we point out the arguments above as just a sampling.
|2=It is hard to see the Bible as being wholly trustworthy when one considers the [[Bible#Problems_with_using_the_Bible_as_a_literal_guide_to_truth|contradictions, flawed science, and other imperfections in it]]. And if one is approaching the subject from the point of view that anything the Bible says is factually true when taken at face value (even ignoring the possibility of things like figurative speech or hyperbole), then any argument against it will necessarily appear flawed and faulty, regardless of merit. You don't get to ''declare'' that something is 100% trustworthy and then dismiss out of hand the flaws found in it.}}

{{sbs
|1=Beliefs about the past—and arguments against what God says—have real consequences. If we do demolish such strongholds, it’s because we want as many as possible to experience the fullness of God in Christ.
|2=Such beliefs certainly do have real-world consequences. People have hurt, even killed, others over matters of faith. And while it's also true that religion has inspired good deeds, such a mixed track record suggests that faith in the Abrahamic God is hardly of unambiguous benefit to society. AIG's argument would hold more water if Christianity had an unblemished record.}}

==See also==
*[[Arguments evolution supporters shouldn't use]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{crebox}}

[[Category:Answers in Genesis]]
[[Category:Intelligent design creationism]]
[[Category:Side-by-side articles]]

Categories: Answers in Genesis, Intelligent design creationism, Side-by-side articles