Pan

{{Page is goat}}{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the genus consisting of 2 species, the [[chimpanzee]]s (Pan troglodytes), and [[bonobo]]s (Pan paniscus). Also not to be confused with [[pantheism]] or [[panentheism]].}}[[File:Sir Edward Burne-Jones - Pan and Psyche.jpg|thumb|right|thumb|165px|I don't think this turns out well for anyone.<br/><br/>"Are you ''sure'' it'll taste like goat's milk?"]]{{Goatnav}}[[File:Mosaic_Pan_Genazzano_Massimo.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Portrait of Pan, from a Roman mosaic, ca. 125 CE.]]
'''Pan''' (ancient [[Greek]]: '''Πάν'''), the [[Goat]]-foot [[deity|God]], is an [[Greece|ancient Greek]] rustic deity of shepherds, [[music]], [[male]] [[sexuality]], and [[alcohol]]. He is often identified with the [[Devil]] on account of his hooves, horns, and goat legs, and in fact is one of the historical sources for the standard Devil of folklore. He is also a source of inspiration for the [[Horned God]] of [[neopaganism]].

==Worship==
His [[Roman Empire|Roman]] equivalent was '''Faunus'''. Pan was the son of [[Mercury|Hermes]] by the nymph Dryope; but other ancient writers say that he was the son of Penelope, wife of Odysseus; [[Robert Graves]] repeats a tale that makes Pan the son of Penelope and all the suitors. He had two small goat's horns, and his legs, feet, and tail were those of a goat. He invented the pan pipes, and mastered them well before Zamfir. In Rome, he presided over the {{wpl|Lupercalia||,}} a festival in which young men, naked but for the goatskins they wore, went abroad beating people with goatskin thongs. Women who wished to become pregnant sought out these blows, believing that it helped. Pan was capable of inspiring sheer terror, and the English word "panic" reflects this.<ref>Lempriere, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=WY0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PT483&lpg=RA2-PT483&dq=lempriere+pan&source=bl&ots=a0LKo1xRMP&sig=dusCHNFwjENoBfxSjAPCjkQ8QEk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k6YtU9GeNIbcyQHC2YHADg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=lempriere%20pan&f=false Classical Dictionary]'', "Pan"</ref> The '''satyrs''' strongly resembled Pan, having goat horns and nether parts, and were on that account sometimes called ''Panes'' by the ancients. 

Worship of Pan took part in grottos, with {{wpl|Banias|one}} being located in Israel and the place referred in {{bible|Matthew|16|18}} as "the gates of [[Hell]]" (ie Hades, the Greek underworld).

''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'',<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/81/12707.html "Pan"].</ref> repeating the {{wpl|Stoicism|Stoic}} interpretations of Lucius Annaeus Cornutus, tells us:

:The personification of deity displayed in creation and pervading all things. As flocks and herds were the chief property of the pastoral age, Pan was called the god of flocks and herds. He is also called the god of ''hyle'', not the “woods” only, but “all material substances.” The lower part was that of a goat, because of the asperity of the earth; the upper part was that of a man, because ether is the “hegemonic of the world;” the lustful nature of the god symbolised the spermatic principle of the world; the libbard’s skin was to indicate the immense variety of created things, and the character of “blameless Pan” symbolised that wisdom which governs the world. (Greek, pan, everything.)<ref>Cornutus: De Natura Deorum, xxvii. 203.</ref>

{{cquote|“Universal Pan,<br>Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,<br>Led on the eternal spring.”|||Milton: Paradise Lost, iv. 266.}}

:In the National Museum of Naples is the celebrated marble of “Pan teaching Apollo to play on the panpipe.”
:The Great Pan. François Marie Arouet de [[Voltaire]], also called the Dictator of Letters. (1694–1778.)

It is good to know that the world has a spermatic principle.

The Greek name of Pan (''Πάν'') was associated by the ancient Greeks with the word for 'everything' (''πᾶν'') by folk [[etymology]]. In fact, the name of Pan is very likely cognate with the [[Vedas|Vedic]] sun god {{wpl|Pushan}}, both regularly derivable from a [[Indo-European languages|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*Péh<sup>2</sup>usōn''.<ref>Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2.</ref> This represents one of the few instances where an ancestral deity name can be reconstructed as far back as the proto-language and means too Pan is a ''very'' old deity. Scholarship has also proposed {{wpl|Hermes}}, god of boundaries (together with [[Hecate]]), heralds, travelers, thieves, and ''many'' other things, began as an aspect of Pan with the latter having at first such associations before they were spun off in Hermes independently, leaving Pan with the rustic associations most known for and later myths considering Pan as a son of Hermes.

Remarkably, according to the mythos that surround Pan, he had a much lower frag count that most other gods of Greek religion, having not killed or even hurt anyone, preferring to often wander peacefully through the woods, playing a {{wpl|Pan flute|pipe|,}} or dancing despite {{wpl|Panic#Etymology|often scaring the Hell out of}} whoever ruined his siestas and especially loving to chase nymphs for [[Sex|rather obvious reasons]] and including to have had a tryst with {{wpl|Selene}}, the goddess of the Moon, wrapping himself in a sheepskin.

Pan has often been seen in the constellation of {{wpl|Capricornus#Mythology|Capricornus}}, appearing there as having a fish tail and jumping into a river to escape from {{wpl|Typhon}}.

==Death==
According to the Roman historian Plutarch's ''De defectu oraculorum'' ("On the Silence of the Oracles"), during the reign of Tiberius (14 - 37 CE) a sailor named Thammus heard a divine voice from the sea, instructing him to proclaim that "the great god Pan is [[Death|dead]]" when he reached the shore. The announcement of Pan's death was met with groans and mourning.<ref>Plutarch, ''[http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/plutarch-the-morals-vol-4 Moralia]'' 5.17.</ref> [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologists]] ran with this legend, claiming that it was [[Jesus]] and his [[resurrection]] that caused the death of Pan, and with him, the decline of classical [[paganism]].

{{Wpl|Pan_(god)#"The_great_god_Pan_is_dead"|Later proposals}} are that whoever listened to that mistook the laments of {{wpl|Tammuz}} worshippers, who were directed to an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] sailor named Thamus, or that the story is quite similar to a class of widely known tales known as "Fairies Send a Message".

==Comeback==
[[File:Francesco Mancini Kampf zwischen Amor und Pan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Believe it or not, it gets worse.]]
Literary [[Romanticism]] launched a revival of interest in Pan. John Keats's {{wpl|Endymion (poem)|''Endymion''}} opens at a festival dedicated to Pan. Arthur Machen's 1896 novella {{wpl|The Great God Pan|''The Great God Pan''}} uses Pan as a figure of supreme supernatural terror. In Kenneth Grahame's {{wpl|The Wind in the Willows|''The Wind In the Willows''}} (1906), the unnamed "Piper at the Gates of Dawn" is inspired by Pan. Most importantly for the later revival of Pan, [[Aleister Crowley]] wrote a "Hymn to Pan",<ref>Aleister Crowley, [http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/hymn-to-pan/ Hymn to Pan]</ref> identifying him with {{wpl|Bacchus}} (he was oftener identified with {{wpl|Silenus}}) and invoking the god in pagan ritual:

{{cquote|Thrill with lissome lust of the light,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O man ! My man !<br>Come careering out of the night<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of Pan ! Io Pan.<br>Io Pan ! Io Pan ! Come over the sea<br>From Sicily and from Arcady !<br>Roaming as Bacchus, with fauns and pards<br>And nymphs and satyrs for thy guards,<br>On a milk-white ass, come over the sea<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To me, to me...|||Aleister Crowley, "Hymn to Pan"}}

[[Jack Parsons]] would frequently recite it during rocket tests.

In 1933, [[Margaret Murray]] published the book, ''The God of the Witches'', in which she theorised that Pan was merely one form of a horned god who was worshipped across Europe by a [[witchcraft|witch-cult]].<ref>Ronald Hutton, ''The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft'', page 199</ref> This theory influenced the [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] notion of the [[Horned God]], as an archetype of male virility and sexuality. In [[Wicca]], the archetype of the Horned God is highly important, as represented by such deities as the Celtic [[Cernunnos]], Indian Shiva Pashupati and Greek Pan.

According to Robert Ogilvie Crombie's ''The Findhorn Garden'' and ''The Magic of Findhorn'',<ref>Harper & Row, 1975</ref> he and other Scottish hippies have reported seeing visions of Pan in various places of rural [[Scotland]]. Crombie claimed to have met Pan many times at various locations in Scotland, including Edinburgh, on the island of Iona and at the Findhorn Foundation.

==See also==
*[[Baphomet]]
*[[Cernunnos]]

==External links==
*Aleister Crowley, "[http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/hymn-to-pan/ Hymn to Pan]"
*Jason Mankey, [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/panmankey/2013/02/pan-the-god-of-all/ Pan, the god of all], patheos.org

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Ancient history]]
[[Category:Deities]]
[[Category:Folklore]]
[[Category:Goats]]
[[Category:Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Paganism]]

Categories: Ancient history, Deities, Folklore, Goats, Greek mythology, Paganism