Primate

[[File:macaca nigra self-portrait (rotated and cropped).jpg|right|165px|thumb|A {{wpl|Monkey selfie|selfie}} taken by a primate.]]{{evolution}}
{{hatnote|Just to clear things up: even {{wpl|Primate|primates}} who aren't {{wpl|Primate_(bishop)|primates}} are still {{wpl|Primate|primates|.}}}}
The word '''primate''' has two definitions, if not more:
#In [[zoology]] and most commonly, '''primate''' refers to the order of [[mammals]] ('''Primates''') that have several physical characteristics in common:
#*Two forward-facing eyes: this allows primates to have vision with depth perception (binocular vision).  Having two forward-facing eyes also allows primates to focus at close range on objects — books for example — and study them.
#*Primates have relatively large brains compared to other mammals.
#*Most primates have hands (and sometimes feet) with opposable thumbs, rather than paws, allowing them to grasp, hold and carry objects — again, books for example.
#:Humans are the most common primates. Extant primates are divided into {{wpl|Ape|apes|,}} monkeys, and prosimians (e.g. lemurs).
#In [[religion]], '''primate''' refers to the top-ranking bishop or archbishop in a province, region, or country. This type of primate usually also belongs to the zoological kind defined above, though it's not inconceivable that at some point in history another kind of animal, such as a [[dolphin]] or a [[goat]], or an [[artificial intelligence]] might be chosen as primate of a particular region.

==Varieties of primate==
===Lemurs===
[[File:Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta).jpg|left|thumb|250px|A ring-tailed lemur in Madagascar.]]
Lemurs are a group of nocturnal tree-dwelling primates that are native to Madagascar. Despite their similarities to monkeys, they evolved independently of each other. Once, a continent called [[Lemuria]] was thought necessary to explain similarities between Indian and Malagasy fauna, but this was discredited by [[plate tectonics]]; despite this, the idea lives on among [[woo]]-pushers.

===Monkeys===
[[File:Marmoset.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A marmoset in a tree.]]
Monkeys ({{wpl|Simian|Simiiformes}}) are the most common type of primate, with 267 species on 5 continents. Monkeys are distinct from apes because they have tails, an appendage which apes lack due to most apes being ground dwellers.

Monkeys are classified as either Old World monkeys or New World monkeys. Old World monkeys are found exclusively in Africa, Asia, and [[Gibraltar]], while New World monkeys are found in Central and South America.

Despite apes being separate from monkeys, apes are cladistically monkeys due to evolving from monkeys.

===Apes===
Apes ({{wpl|Hominoidea||)}} are a superfamily of {{wpl|haplorrhine}} primates.
They are divided into two families:

*{{wpl|Hylobatidae||,}} also known as the "{{wpl|Lesser ape|lesser apes|"}} or gibbons, of which there are 13 extant species.

*{{wpl|Hominidae||,}} also known as the "{{wpl|Great ape|great apes|",}} of which the living members are [[orangutan]]s, [[Primate#Gorillas|gorillas]], [[chimpanzee]]s, [[bonobo]]s and [[human]]s, with there also being extinct members such as the ''[[Gigantopithecus]]''.

Most modern ape species have a fairly thick coating of hair over most of their bodies, with humans being a notable exception (they do have a covering of hair, but for most, it's so thin that it's virtually unnoticeable). Lesser apes are generally fairly small and agile, able to swing from branch to branch in trees at speeds of up to 35 mph, whereas the great apes tend to spend more time on the ground and travel by walking (though they still do climb trees as a normal part of their behaviour, for one reason or another). Lesser apes also differ from greater apes in that lesser apes generally do not make nests (or, in the case of humans, houses) and more closely resemble monkeys than the greater apes do.

The calls of the lesser apes can be very complex and are generally used to indicate territory, as mating calls, or to advertise pair bonds.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1762393 The Syntax and Meaning of Wild Gibbon Songs]</ref> Many great apes are generally very quiet, and even on occasions when they are not, they generally make noise by banging large branches around or by beating their chests. Although their vocalisations can be quite complex, they are usually not as much so as those of humans or of the lesser apes.

Grooming is also very important to apes, and a great deal of time is spent on this, with an ape allowing another to groom them usually being a sign of companionship or trust.

Great apes are generally more intelligent than most other animals, to the degree that they have been known to use tools. For example, chimpanzees have been known to thrust sticks into termite mounds in order to eat the termites that remain on the stick when they pull it back out, orangutans have been known to hold large leaves over their heads to keep the rain off them, much like umbrellas, and humans have been known to send communication satellites into geostationary orbit to allow them to watch ''[[Top Gear]]'' anywhere in the world.

====Gorillas====
[[File:Mountain Gorilla.jpg|left|thumb|250px|King Kong having a staring contest.]]
{{wpl|Gorilla|Gorillas}} (genus ''{{wpl|Gorilla (genus)|Gorilla}}'') are native to Central Africa, and reside on the forest floor. The word for the ape originated from an ancient term used by the local people, which translated to "hairy person". Gorillas are the largest living apes and the largest extant primates. They mostly consume stems, shoots, and fruits. Both species and their subspecies are listed as critically endangered.

Humans and gorillas share 97% of their genetic material.

====Orangutans====
[[File:Orangutan -Zoologischer Garten Berlin-8a.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Planet of the Apes|Dr. Zaius]] in his natural habitat.]]
{{wpl|Orangutan|Orangutans}} ([[genus]] ''{{wpl|Pongo (genus)|Pongo}}'') exclusively inhabit [[Asia]] and are considered the most arboreal members of the great ape family. There are three extant species: the {{wpl|Bornean orangutan}} (''{{wpl|Pongo pygmaeus}}'') and the Sumatran orangutan (''Pongo abeli'') were identified in 1996, and the third species, the {{wpl|Tapanuli orangutan}} (''{{wpl|P. tapanuliensis||''),}} identified definitively in 2017. The term "orangutan" derives from Indonesian and Malay words: ''orang'' meaning "person" and ''hutan'' meaning "forest"; hence "orangutan" means "person of the forest". Orangutans are considered one of the most intelligent members of the primate family. They live for around thirty years and subsist on a diet mostly of fruit with a smattering of honey, insects and bark. All three species are currently listed as critically endangered.

Humans and orangutans share 96% of the same [[genetic]] information.<ref>[http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jan2011/nhgri-26.htm NIH-funded scientists publish orangutan genome sequence]</ref> It is estimated that the human lineage diverged approximately 13 million years ago, compared to diverging from the chimpanzee lineage approximately 6 million years ago.<ref>[http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/3/424.full Estimation of Divergence Times for Major Lineages of primate Species]</ref> One controversial study of note has made a claim that orangutans are more closely related to humans than chimpanzees, asserting that humans and orangutans share more physical features and that previous genetic studies were flawed. This claim is not widely accepted and the study has been widely panned.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/06/090623-humans-chimps-related.html Orangutans May be Closest Human Relatives, Not Chimps]</ref>

====Chimpanzees====
{{main|Chimpanzee}}

====Bonobos====
{{main|Bonobo}}

====Humans====
{{main|Human}}

==The other primates==
[[image:Pope hat.jpg|right|thumb|Yet another primate. This one's a twofer.|165px]]
{{main|Pope}}
Confusion about the meaning and the usage of the word "primate" occurred on 16 July 2007 when noted [[Roman Catholic]] intellectual [[Bill O'Reilly]] of [[Fox News]] became incensed over a posting on the [[Daily Kos]] website, calling [[Pope]] [[Benedict XVI]] a "primate". Fox News dispatched hit-and-run reporter Jesse Watters to interview David Barger, CEO of JetBlue, one of Daily Kos' sponsors. Watters asked Barger a series of questions about Daily Kos' political viewpoints, including several about the statement (posted by on a comment board by one of Daily Kos' readers) that the Pope is a primate. If O'Reilly and Watters had bothered to look up the word "primate" in any English-language dictionary, they would have seen that Pope Benedict, and every other pope in history for that matter, meets ''both'' definitions of "primate". From this encounter we can deduce that the use of and familiarity with dictionaries is not required to work at Fox News. You only need an amped-up sense of righteous indignation. (Perhaps they eschew the use of dictionaries to demonstrate that they are not primates. Or they distrust the lexicographic [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy]].)

Note to Fox News employees: Dictionaries are a type of book. If you wish to know the definitions to difficult words like "zoology", "lemurs", and "eschew" or to words you think you know the definitions of &mdash; for instance, [[Fair and Balanced|"fair" and "balanced"]] &mdash; you'll have to go find a dictionary and look those words up yourselves.<ref group=note>For more information, [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Dictionary go here].</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Zoology]]

Categories: Animals, Biology, Zoology