Rudolf Steiner

[[File:Steiner um 1905.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Rudolf Steiner, now waiting to reincarnate in about 400 years.]]
{{pseudoscience}}
'''Rudolf Steiner''' {{lived|February 25, 1861|March 30, 1925}} was an [[Austria]]n born in what now is [[Croatia]] (part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in those days) and was educated at the Vienna Institute of Technology. He also lived in [[Germany]] and [[Switzerland]]. Early in his life, he was the scientific editor of an edition of Goethe's works; later he was a writer and lecturer on primarily [[philosophical]] and [[spiritual]] topics. His lectures also included some scientific themes treated from a 'spiritual' point of view. He is most famous for his role in the foundation of the [[spiritual]] path of [[anthroposophy]]. Anthroposophy teaches that people [[Reincarnation|reincarnate]] in a 500-year cycle. [[Waldorf|Nearly a thousand schools]] have adopted his philosophy of education, which promotes use of the imagination as well as analytical skills, and which do not encourage reading until age 6-7. Steiner was a [[pseudoscientific]] polymath of sorts, working in the fields of [[education]], [[medicine]] and farming.

==Early nuttery==
In the early 1900s, Steiner published a book promoting the theory of lost continents [[Lemuria]] and [[Atlantis]],<ref>[http://anthroposophie.byu.edu/schriften/011.pdf ''Aus der Akasha-Chronik''] by Rudolf Steiner (1904/1905). Philosophisch-Anthroposophischer Verlag am Goetheanum</ref><ref>''Unsere atlantischen Vorfahren'' by Rudolf Steiner (1909). Philosophisch-Theosophischer Verlag.</ref> which at the time before [[plate tectonics]] was widely accepted — it would not have in-and-of-itself been considered pseudoscience.<ref name=submerged>[http://www.tbm100.org/Lib/Ste11.pdf ''The Submerged Continents of Atlantis and Lemuria: Their History and Civilization, Being Chapters from the Âkâshic Records''] by Rudolf Steiner, translated by Max Gysi (1911) Theosophical Publishing Society.</ref> However, given that Steiner relied exclusively on the pseudoscientific anthroposophic [[Akashic Records]],<ref name=submerged/> Steiner's claims were and are a lot of nonsense.

==Waldorf education==
{{main|Waldorf education}}
The Waldorf education concept was developed by Steiner, and first implemented in 1919 by Emil Molt, CEO of the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory.<ref>[http://www.waldorfanswers.com/RudolfSteiner.htm Who was Rudolf Steiner?] ''Waldorf Answers''</ref> Modern Waldorf schools may be [[crank magnet]]s. In particular, they seem to attract [[antivax]]ers, with vaccination rates as low as 8%.<ref>[http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2011/07/waldorfsteiner-schools-and-low-vaccine-uptake-rates.html Waldorf/Steiner Schools and Low Vaccine Uptake Rates] (July 08, 2011) ''I Speak of Dreams''</ref><ref>[http://lizditz.typepad.com/files/2010izratetable.pdf 2010 Immunization Status of Kindergarten Students, California In schools with 10 or more kindergarten students enrolled]</ref><ref>[http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/02/california-least-vaccinated-schools-waldorf Here's What Some of California's Least-Vaccinated Schools Have to Say for Themselves. "If we attract people who choose not to immunize, it's not because we recruit them."] by Rebecca Cohen (Feb. 23, 2015 7:00 AM) ''Mother Jones''.</ref> The attraction for antivaxers is likely Steiner's view that bouts of childhood [[disease]] were spiritually beneficial.<ref>[https://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/steiner.html Rudolf Steiner's Quackery] by Roger Rawlings (July 23, 2012) ''Quackwatch''.</ref>

==Anthroposophical medicine==
{{main|Anthroposophy}}
Steiner created the [[philosophy]] called Anthroposophy, and its allied field of Anthroposophical medicine. Anthroposophy attempts to bridge the gap between [[science]], [[art]], and [[religion]] by connecting the [[soul]] in the individual and in [[society]] to that in nature. It was derived from [[Theosophy]].

Anthroposophical medicine is a mixture of real medicine with various [[quack]]eries from [[alternative medicine]]. Anthroposophical doctors are real doctors who have gone through medical school but who often prescribe [[Herbal supplement|herbal]] and [[homeopathic]] products.<ref>[https://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/steiner.html Rudolf Steiner's Quackery] by Roger Rawlings (revised on July 23, 2012) ''Quackwatch''.</ref> While not entirely opposed to vaccinations, Anthroposophical medicine is often reticent to prescribe them, making them borderline [[Anti-vaccination movement|antivax]].

Steiner also invented [[Iscador]], a quack [[cancer]] treatment derived from European mistletoe, ''Viscum album''.

==Biodynamic farming==
The original organic farming movement is called biodynamic agriculture. It began in 1924 and was based upon Steiner's.<ref>''Power of Narrative in Environmental Networks'' by R. P. Lejano et al. (2013). MIT Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780262519571.</ref> Biodynamic agriculture is still practiced, primarily in [[Germany]], but is much less common than modern organic farming.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723070359/http://www.ifrnd.org/JSDS/1(4)%20May%202011/Organics%20Olympiad%202011_Global%20Indices%20of%20Leadership.pdf Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture] by John Paull (2011) ''Journal of Social and Development Sciences'' Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 144-150.</ref>

Biodynamics eschews usage of synthetic chemicals, and views farming as a [[holistic]] process that integrates soil fertility, plant growth and livestock care.<ref>"Overview of organic agriculture" by Paul Kristiansen and Charles Mansfield (2006). In ''Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective'', edited by Acram Taji Paul Kristiansen & John Reganold CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0801445248.</ref>
In addition to now-standard organic farming practices (crop rotation, polyculture/intercropping, cover cropping, minimizing tillage, use of manure and compost, pesticide avoidance methods), biodynamics also includes [[spiritual]]/[[mystic]]al aspects including [[sympathetic magic]],<ref>"Blut und Bohnen: Der Paradigmenwechsel im Künast-Ministerium ersetzt Wissenschaft durch Okkultismus" by Peter Treue (2002) ''Die Gegenwart '' Nr. 61, S. 12 (archived from April 17, 2003).</ref> [[astrology]],<ref name=chalker2013>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286356710_The_Science_Behind_Biodynamic_Preparations_A_Literature_Review The Science Behind Biodynamic Preparations: A Literature Review] by Linda Chalker-Scott (2013). ''HortTechnology'' 23(6):814-819.</ref><ref>[http://www.biodynamics.in/Rhythm.htm The Planting Calendar Rhythms] Bio-Dynamic Association of India</ref> [[alchemy]], [[homeopathy]], {{wpl|Menhir|menhirs}} to "cosmic energy and radiant fields through geo-acupuncture", "pest ashing" (burning offending pests and scattering the ashes), and "sensitive testing" ("image-forming practices variously called biocrystallization, capillary dynamolysis, morphochromatog- raphy, sensitive crystallization, and the Steigbild method").<ref name=chalker2013/>

Although claims  have been made about the effectiveness of biodynamics, these are for the most part untestable and hence [[unfalsifiable]].<ref name=chalker2013/><ref>[https://puyallup.wsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/403/2015/03/biodynamic-agriculture.pdf The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture: Biodynamics is a scientifically sound approach to sustainable management of plant systems"] by Linda Chalker-Scott</ref>

==Racism==
Though many deny it, and to the embarrassment of modern Anthroposophists, Steiner held views on race prevalent in his time. To wit, he held the white race as the highest, with the others inferior in different ways. Naturally, as an occultist he added that this was also in spiritual not just physical ways, and that their characteristics were related to various cosmic forces (skin color especially). He claimed black people were childish, Asians stagnant etc. In his view, both the black and Asian races had absorbed too much "light" without giving it back-naturally, only the whites give back enough. He believed only whites invent things, with Asians simply adopting them (a hilarious claim after seeing technological development in Asia since his time). Steiner claimed that the races should not move from their origin places, because this will lead to extinction, with him going on to assert that Malays were already becoming extinct because of it. He also believed Native Americans were going extinct, as a supposed offshoot from the black race in the "wrong" part of Earth. Only the white race, again, were the exception to this. Steiner held they alone were capable of fully evolving into humanity's potential (both spiritually and physically, since he views both as interlinked). He clearly felt the white race would be the one to evolve into the next and higher stage Steiner held existed.<ref>[https://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA349/English/UNK1969/19230303v01.html Color and the Human Races] Note that this source is from the Rudolf Steiner Archive, only recently posted (in 2016).</ref> 

Steiner also felt the Jews had distinct characteristics from other people, and recycled some antisemitic claims of the time. However, he is more even-handed toward them, praising Jews somewhat, while not supporting anti-Jewish laws (despite the claims that he saw the future, Steiner here shows no inkling that Jews are in any way endangered, dismissing a need for Zionism, saying World War One-which recently occurred when he lectured on this in 1923-was the 20th century's greatest disaster, unaware that a second world war, let alone the Holocaust, were coming within a couple decades). He felt the Jews' purpose had been to introduce monotheism, and since that was past they should be assimilated into the wider world, ceasing to exist as a people.<ref>[https://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA353/English/RSPC1950/19240508p01.html Star Wisdom: Lecture III: The Characteristics of Judaism] From the same Anthroposopist site.</ref> These lectures were left out of English-language translations when Steiner's works had been collected. It is not hard to see why.

Although certainly unfortunate, even this was too much for virulent antisemites of the time, including the Nazi Party (which was new then). Even in 1919 when it was founded, an early Nazi activist, Dietrich Eckart, launched an attack on Steiner in the press, saying he was a Jew.<ref name=Werner>Uwe Werner, ''Anthroposophen in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus'', Munich (1999), p. 7.</ref> Hitler himself later attacked Steiner in 1921, saying he was a tool of the Jews, while Steiner (presciently here, unlike with the Jews in general above) said it would be a disaster for Europe if the Nazis came to power. In 1922 Steiner narrowly escaped a physical assault by Nazis while giving a lecture within their stronghold Munich, and his tour was canceled.<ref>Rudolf Steiner, ''The Esoteric Aspect of the Social Question: The Individual and Society'', Steinerbooks, p xiv and see also Lindenberg, ''Rudolf Steiner: Eine Biographie'', pp. 769–70</ref><ref>"Riot at Munich Lecture", New York Times, 17 May 1922.</ref><ref>Marie Steiner, Introduction, in Rudolf Steiner, ''Turning Points in Spiritual History'', Dornach, September 1926.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Oswald Spengler]] - another user of the "Goethean alternative science".

==External links==
*{{wpa|Rudolf Steiner}}
*[http://www.demeter.net/ Demeter] &mdash; Biodynamics certification organization
*[http://www.demeter-usa.org/ Demeter Association, Incl] &mdash; the US branch

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Steiner, Rudolf}}
[[Category:Anthroposophy]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Germ theory denialism]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]
[[Category:Austria]]

Categories: Anthroposophy, Authors, Germ theory denialism, Pseudoscience promoters, Austria