Alan Sokal

[[File:Alan Sokal.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Sokal in 2011]]
{{Atheism|1}}
{{cquote|Anyone who believes that the laws of physics are mere social conventions is invited to try transgressing those conventions from the windows of my apartment. (I live on the twenty-first floor.)|||Alan Sokal, ''A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies''<ref>http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html</ref>}}[[File:Sokal-Pseudosciences-ENG.svg|right|thumb|250px|Alan Sokal's continuum from [[Science|real science]] (left) to [[Pseudoscience|pseudosciences]] (right).]]
'''Alan Sokal''' {{lived|1955|}} is an [[United States|American]] [[Physics|physicist]] and [[Mathematics|mathematician]]. He is best known for his criticism of [[postmodernism]]. He came to prominence for the eponymous "Sokal Hoax"; namely, getting a parody paper published in the postmodernist journal ''Social Text''.

==The Sokal Affair==
{{cquote|But why did I do it? I confess that I'm an unabashed Old Leftist who never quite understood how deconstruction was supposed to help the working class. And I'm a stodgy old scientist who believes, naively, that there exists an external world, that there exist objective truths about that world, and that my job is to discover some of them.|||Alan Sokal, ''Transgressing the Boundaries: an afterword.''<ref>http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/afterword_v1a.pdf</ref>}}
In 1994, Sokal authored the article ''Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity'', which was riddled with errors and nonsense obvious to everyone with an undergraduate's understanding of physics. Among other revelations, the piece posits that [[reality]] doesn't exist, that an increasing number of natural scientists were converting to postmodernist [[relativism]], and that these developments would lead to a "liberatory science." He asserted that [[gravity]] was a social construct.<ref>[http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/transgress_v2/transgress_v2_singlefile.html The original "Sokal affair" paper]</ref> Sokal submitted the work to ''Social Text'', suspecting it would be published because it was suffused with postmodernist jargon coupled with science-y sounding terms and equations that flattered the editors' ideological preconceptions. As a result of the affair, ''Social Text'' was awarded the dubious honor of an [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in literature for "eagerly publishing research that they could not understand, that the author said was meaningless, and which claimed that reality does not exist."<ref>[http://www.improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize]</ref>

===Hoax===
{{cquote|When scientific research is increasingly funded by private corporations that have a financial interest in particular outcomes of that research—is the drug effective or not?—scientific objectivity is undermined. When universities are more interested in patent royalties than in the open sharing of scientific information, the public suffers. There are hundreds of important political and economic issues surrounding science and technology. Sociology of science, at its best, has done much to clarify these issues. But sloppy sociology, like sloppy science, is useless or even counterproductive.|||Alan Sokal, ''Mystery Science Theatre.''<ref>http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/9607/mst.html</ref>}}
Shortly after "Transgressing the Boundaries" was published, Sokal published another article in ''Lingua Franca'' revealing the first was a hoax. He claimed his main motivation was not so much to defend science against the onslaught of postmodernism, but rather to "defend the Left from a trendy segment of itself." According to Sokal, denying absolute truths exist will undermine any campaign for left wing causes. He further pointed out that left wing academics had historically shown that many of society's justifications for wrongs like racism or sexism were based on assertions that could not stand up to scrutiny; if postmodernism prevailed the basis for determining that an advocate of woman's rights or racial equality was right—factually and morally—would be wholly undermined.

Sokal went on to co-author a book titled ''Fashionable Nonsense'' with Jean Bricmont<ref>http://www.monoskop.org/File:Sokal_Alan_Bricmont_Jean_Fashionable_Nonsense.pdf</ref> in 1998 and ''Beyond the Hoax'' in 2008. In these works, he argues that most postmodernist claims regarding science are based on sloppy reasoning, mistaking scientific and everyday definitions of certain terms and wholesale misunderstanding of the [[scientific method]]. This book specifically attacked the use of science and scientific concepts in the works of many leading postmodernists such as [[Jacques Lacan]] and Luce Irigaray.

The book has been controversial, with postmodernists largely claiming that Sokal fails to understand the texts he cites and thus misrepresents them. Sokal counters this argument in the book, noting that if a scientist cannot understand the use of science to explain a concept, there is something wrong with the explanation. Sokal counters that he is not critiquing postmodernist's works at large, but rather their misappropriation of science. He maintains that heavily relying on unfamiliar scientific concepts as supposed metaphors only serves to obfuscate.

===Concluding remarks===
{{cquote|The results of my little experiment [Sokal affair] demonstrate, at the very least, that some fashionable sectors of the American academic Left have been getting intellectually lazy. The editors of Social Text liked my article because they liked its conclusion: that ‘‘the content and methodology of postmodern science provide powerful intellectual support for the progressive political project’’ [sec. 6]. They apparently felt no need to analyze the quality of the evidence, the cogency of the arguments, or even the relevance of the arguments to the purported conclusion.|||Alan Sokal, ''Sokal Hoax: The Sham That Shook the Academy''<ref>Sokal, Alan. "''Revelation: A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies''". ''Sokal Hoax: The Sham That Shook the Academy''. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, 2000. 49-54. Print.</ref>}}
As with many criticisms on nearly any movement, charges against the most extreme and dogmatic representatives often fail against the whole movement - some sensible postmodernists acknowledge that [[empirical reality]] exists and recognize that science is extremely useful for things like curing diseases and keeping us from freezing to death.

==Responses==
In defense, theoreticians who initially used postmodernist approaches to study science have argued that scientific knowledge is 'constructed,' rather than 'socially constructed';<ref>Bruno Latour, 2005, ''Reassembling the Social''</ref> that interpretations otherwise have failed to appreciate the distinction between these two points. This assertion is, however, not true.

Sokal and Bricmont had already pointed out that it is, of course, trivially true that science is a human endeavor and as such 'constructed' and even 'socially constructed' in a mundane sense. Scientists are, after all, humans who developed their interests in a social setting. The scientific enterprise relies on funding and other factors that are likewise part of a cultural context. The ''knowledge'' that is produced is 'constructed' in a trivial sense, too, as humans discover some aspect of [[reality]] and have to cast this into a shape intelligible to humans. Sokal and Bricmont argued that postmodernists often rely on at least two different meanings of a word or a passage: one which is trivially true, [[Deepity|and one that seems profound but is meaningless]]. In this instance, postmodernists had confused different notions of “science”, where “scientific knowledge” is but one aspect. The postmodernist response is exactly as expected, as they switched back to the trivially true meaning. [[Noam Chomsky]] has commented on this tendency of postmodernism with the remark that “ALL of this can be described literally in monosyllables, and it turns out to be truisms. On the other hand, you don’t get to be a respected intellectual by presenting truisms in monosyllables.”<ref>[http://www.openculture.com/2013/07/noam-chomsky-calls-postmodern-critiques-of-science-over-inflated-polysyllabic-truisms.html Noam Chomsky Calls Postmodern Critiques of Science Over-Inflated “Polysyllabic Truisms”], Open Culture, July 13, 2013</ref> 

The whole affair has also been the subject of much reverence as well. In a ''New York Times'' piece, cultural critic Edward Rothstein wrote that Sokal is standing up for "the territory of reasoned argument, objective fact and Enlightenment insight, where even debates like these might take place."<ref>https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/books/120798sokal-book.html</ref> ''Natural Science'' put in a review of the Sokal/Bricmont book that the two perform a "thorough exercise in intellectual and moral hygiene."<ref>http://naturalscience.com/ns/books/book04.html</ref> Unfortunately, in typical [[reactionary]] fashion, some who do not understand neither physics nor postmodernism will say Sokal "DESTROYED" postmodernism, with a clear political bias.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rnmfe6qskRY Did the Sokal affair "destroy postmodernism"?] Jonas Čeika, YouTube. 21 May 2018.</ref>

===Dawkins===
In a review of Sokal and Bricmont's work, [[Richard Dawkins]] observes:

{{quotebox|In similar manner, Sokal and Bricmont expose Bruno Latour's confusion of relativity with relativism, Jean-François Lyotard's 'post-modern science', and the widespread and predictable misuses of [[Gödel's incompleteness theorems|Gödel's Theorem]], [[quantum theory]] and [[chaos theory]]. The renowned Jean Baudrillard is only one of many to find chaos theory a useful tool for bamboozling readers. Once again, Sokal and Bricmont help us by analysing the tricks being played. The following sentence, "though constructed from scientific terminology, is meaningless from a scientific point of view":

{{quotebox|Perhaps history itself has to be regarded as a chaotic formation, in which acceleration puts an end to linearity and the turbulence created by acceleration deflects history definitively from its end, just as such turbulence distances effects from their causes<ref>http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/dawkins.html</ref>}}

I won't quote any more, for, as Sokal and Bricmont say, Baudrillard's text "continues in a gradual crescendo of nonsense". They again call attention to "the high density of scientific and pseudo-scientific terminology &mdash; inserted in sentences that are, as far as we can make out, devoid of meaning."}}

===Fink===
Bruce Fink offers a critique, in which he accuses Sokal and Bricmont of demanding that "serious writing" do nothing other than "convey clear meanings."<ref>Bruce Fink, 2004, ''''Lacan to the Letter''''</ref> Fink asserts that some concepts which Sokal and Bricmont consider arbitrary or meaningless do have roots in the history of linguistics, and that Lacan is explicitly using mathematical concepts in a metaphoric way, not claiming that his concepts are mathematically founded. And to be sure, Sokal and Bricmont take to task one of Lacan's students, Luce Irigaray, whom they quote as follows:

{{quotebox|1=Is E=Mc<sup>2</sup> a ''sexed equation''? Perhaps it is. Let us make the hypothesis that it is insofar as it privileges the [[speed of light]] over other speeds that are vitally necessary to us. What seems to me to indicate the possibly sexed nature of the equation is not directly its uses by nuclear weapons, rather it is having privileged what goes the fastest...}}

In her defense, the Irigaray quote can be seen as [[Quote mining|quote mining]]. It comes from an interview about the separation of science and philosophy which leads to scientists not questioning implicit biases in their research and publications. She said that scientists don't question the choice of the speed of light as the unit measurement in that equation because there is not enough room for philosophy in science to discuss whether a more commonly used unit of measurement might make more sense.<ref group=note>For the provenance of the quote, see [https://zetetical.blogspot.com/2016/12/the-hunt-for-sexed-equation.html here].</ref> Whether or not the argument makes sense, taking an ad hoc<ref group=note>and badly translated</ref> response during an interview out of context and complaining that it does not "convey clear meaning" betrays a certain [[Confirmation bias|confirmation bias]]. Especially if the quote conveys its meaning much clearer in the original French where, to give but one example, "Faisons l'hypothèse" simply means "Let's assume" rather than the very clumsily translated "Let us make the hypothesis".

===Dr. Fatima===
Dr. Fatima Abdurrahman, a PhD in astrophysics turned YouTuber, in her video "the physicist who tried to debunk postmodernism", in typical firebrand fashion, lays out a lot of criticisms of not just the affair, but also its cultural legacy.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESEFUaEA7kk the physicist who tried to debunk postmodernism]. Dr. Fatima, YouTube. 10 Aug 2024.</ref> She draws both on her own reasoning and also other research about academic publishing and the Sokal affair itself. For one, she highlights that academic publishing in general is rife with peer review issues. She also notes that ''Social Text'' was not only not peer-reviewed at the time, but also published opinion pieces and fiction, making it much closer to a zine. She questions just how incoherent "Transgressing the Boundaries" actually would be to an editor, and says that many of the so-called incoherent claims are merely ones Sokal disagrees with.

Perhaps most potently, Abdurrahman criticizes Sokal's experimental methods and accuses him of being not only acting in [[bad faith]], but being [[Intellectual honesty|intellectually dishonest]]. Studies attempting to study bias in publishing often submit to hundreds of journals and report their findings; Sokal made a claim about an entire field of study based on one single data point. This single piece of evidences ballooned into a media circus. So, ironically:
{{Quotebox|Sokal made all this fuss about the academic Left being ideologically biased in what they choose to publish, but the Sokal affair only made any kind of impact because of how well it served people who want to argue against the legitimacy of scholarship on things like [[Marxism]] and [[feminism]]: a politically motivated [[confirmation bias]] that demonstrates the same thing he's accusing of ''Social Text''.}}

===Derrida===
In [[Jacques Derrida]]'s response, "Sokal and Bricmont Aren't Serious," first published in ''Le Monde'', Derrida writes that the Sokal hoax is rather "sad [''triste'']," not only because Alan Sokal's name is now linked primarily to a hoax, not to science, but also because the chance to reflect seriously on this issue has been ruined for a broad public forum that deserves better.<ref>Jacques Derrida, 2005, ''''Paper Machine''''</ref> He writes: 

{{Quotebox|This is all rather sad, don't you think? For poor Sokal, to begin with. His name remains linked to a hoax—"the Sokal hoax," as they say in the United States—and not to scientific work. Sad too because the chance of serious reflection seems to have been ruined, at least in a broad public forum that deserves better [...] What interest is involved for those who launched this operation in a particular academic world and, often very close to that, in publishing or the press? For instance, a news weekly printed two images of me (a photo and a caricature) to illustrate a whole "dossier" in which my name did not appear once! Is that serious? Is it decent? In whose interest was it to go for a quick practical joke rather than taking part in the work which, sadly, it replaced? This work has been going on for a long time and will continue elsewhere and differently, I hope, and with dignity: at the level of the issues involved.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mraCffnS9VsC&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=Le+Monde+asks+for+my+comments+on+Alan+Sokal+and+Jean+Bricmont%27s+book+Impostures+intellectuelles,+although+they+consider+that+I+am+much+less+badly+treated+in+it+than+some+other+French+thinkers.+Here+is+my+response:%22&source=bl&ots=QVrrcI4pn8&sig=Gxa9hQKYV-es4Q9XUb9D6e05Z0Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TZ0PUsvRKumc2QXipIGYAw#v=onepage&q&f=false "Sokal and Bricmont Aren't Serious], Derrida, Jacques, 2005.</ref>}}

==Views on gender==
Unfortunately, but predictably for anyone paying attention, Sokal seems to have fallen into the [[Trans-exclusionary radical feminist|'gender-critical']] trap, with this unpublished letter responding to [[Judith Butler]], giving the usual nonsense about "the radical idea that self-declared gender identity should supplant biological sex for all legal and social purposes."<ref>https://physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/letter_to_Guardian_Oct_25_21.html</ref>

Sokal seems to have also submitted a document to the UK Government consulting on banning conversion therapy, detailing his 'opposition' to the ban. However, his arguments seem to be based on several flawed assumptions and misrepresentations about [[Gender ideology|gender identity]].<ref> https://physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/conversion_therapy_submission.pdf</ref>

==Support for ''Cynical Theories''==

Along with [[Steven Pinker]], [[Jerry Coyne]] and [[Andrew Sullivan]], Sokal wrote a "testimonial" for ''Cynical Theories,'' a book co-written by Helen Pluckrose and X/Twitter troll James Lindsay<ref>[https://archive.ph/8hGMw Vote yes because it's funny] (March 22, 2025) James Lindsay ''X/Twitter'' (retrieved March 22, 2025)</ref>, who pulled the [[Grievance studies hoax]] stunt along with Peter Boghossian. Sokal wrote:

{{quotebox|In this important and timely book, Pluckrose and Lindsay trace the intellectual origins of today's Social Justice crusaders. With clear prose and a fair-minded spirit, they argue forcefully that struggles for social justice are strongest when they are founded on respect for evidence, reason, and free and open debate. They deplore the harm that closed-minded Social Justice ideologues are doing to the cause of social justice (lower-case), and they offer practical strategies for doing better.<ref>[https://archive.ph/SjAG6 Cynical Theories - Testimonials] (retrieved March 22, 2025)</ref>}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/transgress_v2/transgress_v2_singlefile.html The hoax article]
* [http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html The article in which Sokal reveals the Social Text article was a hoax]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sokal, Alan}}
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