Zen

{{buddhism}}[[Image:Zen.JPG|thumb|right|Zen Buddhism is also noted for gardens of raked sand or gravel.]]{{cquote|Remember one thing, boy.  Zen is not a philosophy.  Zen is not a religion.  Zen is just a damn attitude.|||Alf the Poet, or one of his minions<ref>http://alumni.cs.ucsb.edu/~raimisl/absfgFAQ.txt</ref>}}
'''Zen''' ([[Japan]]ese, from [[Sanskrit]] ''dhyana'' by way of [[Chinese]] ''chan'' 禅) is a form of [[Buddhism]] developed in China with influences from [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]]. It is best known in its Japanese form. Central to Zen practice is the heightening of personal awareness through regular sessions of ''zazen'', a form of quiet, seated [[meditation]], as well as other practices. Some schools of Zen Buddhism put a strong emphasis on bettering oneself through meditating on riddles known as koans (a famous example is: "What is the sound of one hand clapping?" Though actually rendered closer to "Clap.  Now only listen to one of those hands."), which helped it to become strongly influential on [[geek]] culture due to its love of mind puzzles and high-context communication. Especially popular in these groups is coming up with [[snark]]y answers to questions that, on purpose, are impossible to answer.

A somewhat faddish [[west]]ernized version of Zen became trendy during the 1970s in such places as the [[Esalen]] Institute and the [[Human Potential Movement]], primarily due to the influence of writers [[Alan Watts]], and D.T. Suzuki.

The main form of westernized Buddhism in the 1950s and 60s was Zen, but today there are many popular Buddhist teachers in the West who derive from other Buddhist traditions. In 2000, the term Shambhala Buddhism was coined — a Western form of Buddhism largely derived from Tibetan traditions which predate the Zen traditions of China and Japan. The Western teacher Pema Chödrön largely identifies with the Shambala tradition rather than Zen. The [[Dalai Lama]] is not in the Zen tradition of Buddhism.

==Nontheistic==
As Zen Buddhism has no "[[god]]," it's viewed as an [[atheistic religion]] in the west.  In many parts of the Western world afflicted with [[fundamentalist]] theology, practitioners often refer to it as "nontheistic" instead, to avoid negative connotations. By many accounts, it is ''not even a religion''; if one described it as an attitude or a practice, that would not be too far wrong.  Seen in this light, zen has nothing to do with [[War on Christmas|taking Christmas away]], nor is there any sensible reason to keep [[Christian]]s away from it.  

However, in eastern countries it is often viewed as a religion in the same way Christianity is, and many followers do believe in [[gods]] in some form.  However, belief in deities is regarded as a personal choice and is irrelevant to the path of enlightenment.  Zen followers who do believe in gods often derive them from native [[Folklore|folk]] [[folk religion|religion]].  This is most notable in Japan, where both Buddhism and [[Shinto]]ism often intermixed.

Zen teacher Gudo Wafu Nishijima (1919-2014) argues that Zen is a method for practicing [[humanism]] and is not a "religion" in the traditional sense of the word. Brad Warner made this the central theme in his book on the intersection of [[punk]] rock and Zen, ''Hardcore Zen''.

Robert Sharf describes zen as pure experience, ahistorical, transcultural, and "the ultimate source of all authentic religious teaching, both Eastern and Western."<ref name=sharf>[http://r210mhcc.yolasite.com/resources/Sharf1993,%20Zen%20Nationalism.pdf The Zen of Japanese Nationalism] by Robert H. Sharf, ''History of Religions'', Vol. 33, No. 1 (Aug., 1993),1-43.</ref> Despite this, zen enlightenment and zen monastic practice is "far from being a transcultural and transhistorical subjective experience, [but] is constituted in elaborately choreographed and eminently public ritual performances."<ref name=sharf/>

In a foreshadowing of the [[Bullshit|nonsense]] of [[Biblical scientific foreknowledge]] and [[Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge]], Buddhists in the Japanese Meiji era (1868-1912 CE) claimed that "early Buddhism actually anticipated modern scientific discoveries in areas as diverse as [[physics]], [[astronomy]], and [[psychology]]."<ref name=sharf/> Their apparent success can be summed up in one phrase, [[confirmation bias]]. By making rather vague statements, they escape falsification by empirical methods. They wait for actual discoveries to be announced and validated, then interpret those vague statements in such a way that gives them favorable light, with possible amplification or even distortion. Meanwhile, statements contradicted by science are generally overlooked. If pressed, they may claim that it is not what it seems, giving a false sense of profundity.

==Is this how you practice Dharma?==
===The sword and Zen are one===
{{cquote|"The sword and Zen are one" (''ken Zen ichinyo'')… there can be [no] doubt that with regard to their ultimate goals and aims, the sword and Zen are identical.|||Ōmori Sōgen in his 1966 book ''Sword and Zen'' 剣と禅<ref name=zenwar>''Zen at War'' by Brian Daizen Victoria (2006). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., 304 pp. ISBN 0742539261.</ref>}}
Prominent Japanese Zen Buddhists supported Japanese militarism both before and during [[World War II]].<ref name=zenwar/> The Zen association with [[war]]fare is not strictly a modern aberration: it dates back to the development of [[Bushido|bushidō]] (武士道), the Samurai warrior code, starting in the 15<sup>th</sup> century; bushidō was inspired by [[Confucianism]], [[Shintō]] and Zen.<ref name=zenwar/><ref name=sharf/>

{{cquote|[If ordered to] march: tramp, tramp, or shoot: bang, bang. This is the manifestation of the highest Wisdom [of Enlightenment]. The unity of Zen and war of which I speak extends to the farthest reaches of the holy war [now under way].|||Daiun Sogaku Harada, Sōtō Zen monk in 1939<ref name=zenwar/>}}

During the Meiji Period (1868-1912), the Japanese government became increasingly militarized and as Japan won wars against [[China]] (1895) and [[Russia]] (1905), Zen leaders increasingly appropriated nationalist ideology, such that Zen, bushidō and nationalism became increasingly intertwined [[Religious_Right|(similar in many ways to American Christian religious righters who wave American flags and mix right wing politics with religion and nationalism).]]<ref name=sharf/> During the Russo-Japanese War, numerous Buddhist temples served as detention centers for Russian prisoners of war.<ref name=zenwar/> Following Japanese annexation of [[Korea]], Japanese Zen temples began to be established in the Asian mainland, starting with a Sōtō Zen temple in Korea in 1904. These temples eventually served several functions: to spread Japanese Buddhism, to promote worship of the Japanese Emperor, to provide temporary shelter to Japanese troops, and to provide centers for espionage activities (Buddhist priests were conscripted by the army as spies).<ref name=zenwar/> In 1910 four radical Buddhist priests, including two Zen priests, were allegedly involved in an attempt to kill members of the royal family (the {{wpl|High Treason Incident}} or '大逆事件). By 1934, Daiun Sogaku Harada was explicitly embracing [[fascism]] in his writing.<ref name=sharf/> Following this incident, most Buddhist sects veered to the right and accepted an institutional Buddhism that supported the military state.<ref name=zenwar/> Buddhist support of the state was not historically unusual, and can be traced back to both China and the earliest days in [[India]].<ref name=zenwar/> 

Shortly after the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) began, two Buddhist scholars, both from the Sōtō Zen sect, published a book titled 仏教の戦争観, or in English "The Buddhist View of War".<ref name=zenwar/><ref>仏教の戦争観 [The Buddhist View of War] by Hayashiya Tomojirō and Shimakage Chikai (1937). Tokyo: 大東出版社.</ref> This book admitted that Buddhist scriptures had little to say about war. Nonetheless the authors began by referring to a 1937 proclamation by leaders of all the major Japanese Buddhist sects in support of the war. The authors then argued that war was neither inherently good nor bad, that Buddhist war was a [[Ends justify the means|means towards an end]], and asserted that Emperor Hirohito was a manifestation of the ideal Buddhist [[monarch]], {{wpl|Chakravartin|''cakravartin-raja''.}}<ref name=zenwar/> The book was therefore a Buddhist justification for the Japanese war of aggression that was then in progress.

In 1941, the Sotō Zen sect, the largest Zen sect in Japan, raised funds to buy a fighter plane for the army and two hospital transport planes for the navy. The smaller Rinzai sect raised funds to buy three fighter planes for the navy.<ref name=zenwar/>

The Japanese edition of Brian Victoria's book ''Zen at War''<ref>禅と戦争―禅仏教は戦争に協力したか [''Zen at War'', Japanese edition] by Brian Daizen Victoria (2015). えにし書房, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., 317 pp. ISBN 4908073198.</ref> was responsible for two branches (Myōshin-ji 妙心寺 and Tenryū-ji 天龍寺) of the Rinzai (臨済宗) Zen sect issuing public apologies for their behavior prior to and during the war.<ref name=zenwar/> Zen however remains influential with the Japanese 
military
 Self-Defense Forces for spiritual guidance.<ref name=zenwar/>

===Sex===
{{main|Sexual abuse in Buddhism}}
In the 1960s, four major Zen [[missionaries]] moved to the [[United States]] to teach Zen: Shunryu Suzuki, Taizan Maezumi, Kyozan Joshu Sasaki, and Eido Tai Shimano. Three of these four (Shimano, Sasaki, and Maezumi) were involved in major sexual misconduct.<ref>[http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/the-zen-predator-of-the-upper-east-side/383831/ The Zen Predator of the Upper East Side: Nearly 50 years ago, a penniless monk arrived in Manhattan, where he began to build an unrivaled community of followers—and a reputation for sexual abuse. The ongoing accusations against him expose a dark corner of the Buddhist tradition] by Mark Oppenheimer (Dec 18, 2014) ''The Atlantic''.</ref>

==Further reading==
*Reps, Paul, and Nyogen Senzaki, ''Zen Flesh, Zen Bones''. - A 20th-century collection of Zen lore, including the Mumonkan and some influential Taoist writings.
*Suzuki, Shunryu, ''Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind'' - A series of transcribed and edited dharma talks (sermons) originally delivered in [[English]].<ref group=note>"The editing is further complicated by the fact that English is profoundly dualistic in its basic assumptions and has not had the opportunity over centuries to develop a way of expressing non-dualistic Buddhist ideas, as has Japanese. Suzuki-roshi uses these different cultural vocabularies quite freely, expressing himself in a combination of the Japanese feeling-attributive way of thinking and the Western idea-specific way that to his listeners makes perfect sense poetically and philosophically." - from the introduction by {{wpl|Zentatsu Richard Baker|Richard Baker}}</ref> Careful reading reveals a brief verbal description of the secret of zen practice.
*Aitken, Robert, ''Taking the Path of Zen'' -  A practical description of how to follow the Zen movement, including specific instructions regarding meditation, life style and applying Zen to everyday life.
*Kapleau, Philip, ''The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice, and Enlightenment'' - One of the very few texts that contains actual, concrete descriptions of an enlightenment experience.
*Van de Wetering, Janwillem, ''The Empty Mirror: Experiences in a Japanese Zen Monastery'', 1971
*Van de Wetering, Janwillem, ''A Glimpse of Nothingness: Experiences in an American Zen Community'', 1975
*Anything by Charlotte Joko Beck
*Anything by Thích Nhất Hạnh

==External links==
*{{wpa|Zen Buddhism}}
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/zen/mumonkan.htm The Gateless Gate (Jap. ''Mumonkan'', Ch. ''Wu-wen Kuan'')], a collection of Chinese Zen koans
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070612081522/http://scbs.stanford.edu/sztp3/translations/eihei_shingi/translations/tenzo_kyokun/translation.html Dogen's ''Instructions for the Cook'' (Jap. ''Tenzo Kyokun'')]
==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Eastern religions]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]

Categories: Atheism, Eastern religions, Philosophy