trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Cloth coat Republican

{{Sources needed}}[[Image:Checkers speech shot.png|thumb|right|165px|Shut up, dammit!]]{{languagenav}}
{{cquote|I should say this— that Pat doesn't have a mink coat. But she does have a ''respectable Republican cloth coat''. And I always tell her that she'd look good in anything.|||Former U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]], referring to his wife<ref>[http://watergate.info/1952/09/23/nixon-checkers-speech.html Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech]</ref>}}
'''"Cloth coat Republican"''' is a phrase denoting [[Republican]]s of humbler means and lifestyle.  The term originated with a 1952 speech by Richard Nixon in response to accusations of corruption, where he referred to his and his wife's modest lifestyle. It's basically the exact opposite of a [[Champagne socialist]].

The "cloth coat" is intended to contrast with the "fur coat" worn by the [[privilege]]d wives of political men.  The "ideal" was Pat Nixon, the wife of Tricky Dick, a self-made man who was utterly [[paranoid]] in so many ways we will only address one here: he was from the "folk," not the select few who went to Ivy League colleges and lived lives of pre-ordained privilege.  As such, he hated the people who had managed to climb the ladder of power with [[Nepotism|assistance from their relatives and backgrounds]], and tried to emphasize his struggle to succeed in spite of all odds.

[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was also arguably a "cloth coat Republican" as he didn't have a family that propped him up in becoming General and later President. Although [[Abraham Lincoln]] beat him to the punch by a good century.

Another Republican given the cloth coat label was former Senate Majority Leader [[Bob Dole]], "son of the heartland".<ref>Christopher Matthews, [https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/bob-dole-cloth-coat-republican-3147757.php Bob Dole, cloth coat Republican]. ''SFGate'', 13 April 1995.</ref>

Another label was the Rotary Club "[[Rockefeller Republican]]s," named after [[Nelson Rockefeller]] despite their significant wealth (and who Nixon probably disliked for being so privileged); they failed to combat the [[New Right (United States)|New Right]], and now we all have to pay for it. 

==See also==
*[[Champagne socialist]], the polar opposite of the term
*[[Radical Republicans]]
*[[False consciousness]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|politics}}

[[Category:Political terms]]

Categories: Political terms
Clustering illusion

[[File:RandomPoints.gif|thumb|right|165px|Randomly distributed points showing apparent clusters]]
{{Psychology}}
'''Clustering illusion''' is the [[cognitive bias]] of seeing a pattern in what is actually a random sequence of numbers or events. It is a type of [[apophenia]] related to the [[gambler's fallacy]].

A simple way to understand this illusion is to imagine casting ten pennies in a one foot square space. Unless all of the pennies fall in an exactly even distribution, which is extremely improbable, some pennies will be closer to each other than others and seem to form a cluster or group solely from the random distribution.

It's sometimes called the "'''hot hand fallacy'''" due to the belief common among basketball coaches and players that it was best to use players on a hot streak (i.e., those who had a "hot hand"). A study demonstrated that the hot hand was a matter of coaches picking a short run of baskets out of a larger sequence that was more or less random.<ref>Thomas Gilovich, Robert Vallone, and Amos Tversky. [http://www.psych.cornell.edu/sec/pubPeople/tdg1/Gilo.Vallone.Tversky.pdf The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences.] ''Cognitive Psychology'' vol. 17, pp. 295-314, 1985.</ref> Though there some dispute that the researchers defined "hot hand" (i.e., making exactly one basket following another) differently than basketball players actually conceptualize it (in a vaguer sense).<ref>[https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/scientists-who-claim-%E2%80%98hot-hand%E2%80%99-myth-have-never-had-one Scientists who claim ‘hot hand’ is a myth have never had one] by Tom Siegfried</ref>

A similar idea cropped up among birders, known as the '''Patagonia Picnic Table Effect''', that once a rare [[bird]] is spotted in one area, other rare birds will soon be spotted in the same area. An analysis of the birding database eBird, however, showed that this is unlikely to be a real effect.<ref>[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/birding-rare-bird-sighting-patagonia-picnic-table-effect A rare bird sighting doesn't lead to seeing more kinds of rare birds: The so-called Patagonia Picnic Table Effect is a [[myth]], an analysis of bird sightings suggests] by Anushree Dave (February 16, 2021 at 12:57 pm) ''Science News''.</ref><ref>[https://peerj.com/articles/10713/ The influence of rare birds on observer effort and subsequent rarity discovery in the American birdwatching community] by Jesse A. Laney et al. (January 21, 2021) ''Peerj'' 9:e10713 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10713.</ref>

Randomness is not such an intuitive concept for [[humans]]. In addition to being poor at recognizing [[random]] sequences for what they are, [[people]] are also bad at generating random numbers.<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RandomNumber.html Random Number], Wolfram Math</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gambler's fallacy]]
*[[Pareidolia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{cognitive biases}}

[[Category:Psychology]]
{{stub|psychology}}

Categories: Psychology
Coalition government

{{sources needed}}
{{UKpolitics}}
A '''coalition government''' sometimes happens in a multi-party state when no single [[Political party|party]] has a majority representation following an election.

Countries with a two-party system<ref group="note">A form of party system where two major political parties dominate voting.</ref> rarely have any reason for a coalition. However, a small third party or parties might take up some of the slack between the major parties resulting in a ''hung'' legislature with neither having sufficient representatives to definitively control the government. The third (fourth, etc.) party might then assume more power than justified by its share of the vote by demanding concessions from one or other of the two main parties to form a coalition.

Coalitions are more common in countries that do not use the "[[first past the post]]" system to elect legislators as often more minority parties have a respectable number of electees.

In some countries, such as [[Israel]] and [[Finland]], with many represented parties, coalitions are the norm rather than the exception. Such coalitions can be formed from two big parties and one or several smaller parties. Minor parties can get things done much more effectively in the government than by protesting in the opposition, but they often have to make serious compromises to get in.

==UK coalition 2010==
In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], following the 2010 election,<ref group="note">Actually the figures are for June 2010 following a by-election</ref> the makeup of the main legislative body, the House of Commons, was:

{|
!style=text-align:left|Party!!Number of MPs
|-
|Conservative||306
|-
|Labour||258
|-
|Liberal Democrat||57
|-
|DUP||8
|-
|SNP||6
|-
|Sinn Fein||5
|-
|Plaid Cymru||3
|-
|SDLP||3
|-
|Alliance||1
|-
|English Greens||1
|}

Although the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and its allies had the largest number of seats, they did not have an ''overall'' majority. Following a considerable amount of horse-trading (presumably) over some four or so days, the [[Liberal Democrats]] agreed to form a coalition with the Conservatives despite their extreme differences on some matters. Whoever gets the coalition with the Liberal Democrats is often what decides who gets to rule a coalition government.

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:British politics]]
[[Category:Political terms]]

Categories: British politics, Political terms
Codeine

{{drugs}}
'''Codeine''' is a natural opiate, a derivative of morphine, that is used in prescription cough syrup and Purple Tang. In recreational doses (60-400 mg), it induces mild euphoria. In therapeutic doses (10-60 mg), it prevents coughing.

Codeine is sold over-the-counter in preparations containing up to 15mg codeine and either 200mg ibuprofen or 500mg paracetamol per tablet in the UK and Australia, where it is known as Nurofen Plus, Panadeine, Mydol, etc.
Since it is less powerful than morphine, it is less tightly regulated, and in some countries such as Canada and France certain codeine preparations are sold over the counter, without a doctor's prescription.

Large amounts of paracetamol and/or ibuprofen can be fatally toxic to the liver and kidneys respectively, hence users often dissolve the tablets in water and filter it to isolate the water-soluble codeine from the relatively insoluble paracetamol or ibuprofen.

Codeine is actually a "prodrug", i.e. a substance that converts to an active metabolite (in this case morphine) within the human body.

It is nevertheless a significant drug of abuse.  Codeine is sometimes used by dependent individuals to stave off opioid withdrawal symptoms until they get their next fix of [[heroin]]. Codeine, like other opioids, can be potentiated with subtherapeutic doses of dissociatives such as dextromethorphan. This combination increases the analgesic and euphoriant effects of the drug and also slows down the development of physiological tolerance.

==Structure==
[[File:Codein - Codeine.svg|thumb|center|Chemical structure of codeine. Very similar to [[heroin]] and morphine.]]
{{clear}}
[[File:Morphine B3-LYP-6-31G.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Morphine.]]
[[File:Codeine B3-LYP 6-31G.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Codeine.]]




<center>Time to play... <br/> <big>Spot the difference!</big></center>

{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[Heroin]]
*[[Legal highs]]
*[[Krokodil]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|codeine}}
*[http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=codeine&is_main_search=1 Drugs.com articles]{{Dynamic reference}} on [http://www.drugs.com/codeine.html codeine]
 
[[Category:Chemicals]]
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Opiates]]

Categories: Chemicals, Drugs, Opiates
Codex Alimentarius

{{Conspiracynav}}
The '''Codex Alimentarius''' (or "food code") is a compilation of safety guidelines and handling standards published by a branch of the [[United Nations|World Health Organization]].  It contains general principles that are agreed upon by most health professionals, such as how [[fun:hunting|meat]] should be processed and the dangers of [[toxin|pesticides]], as well as more specific instructions for the collection of testing samples and statistical analyses.

The stated aim of the Codex Alimentarius is to be a "global reference point for consumers, food producers and processors, national food control agencies and the international food trade."<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0850e/a0850e00.htm Understanding the Codex Alimentarius]'', WHO.  2006.</ref>  Despite this aim, and the fact that none of the guidelines or standards in the Codex are binding on any country or its institutions, some people believe that it is part of a global [[conspiracy]] to make people eat their vegetables or something even more sinister.

The Alliance for Natural Health Europe, for instance, claims that it is a plan to destroy [[organic food]], natural foods, [[food supplements]] and so on.<ref>Alliance for Natural Health Europe, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080620063210/http://www.anhcampaign.org/campaigns/codex Codex Alimentarius campaign]</ref> They are joined by the usual band of [[Alex Jones]] nuts ranting about how everything from [[vaccines]] to [[water fluoridation]] is part of a secret conspiracy to kill them for knowing the truth.<ref>[[Ian R. Crane]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080406204441/http://www.ianrcrane.co.uk/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=20 Codex Alimentarius] page</ref> Part of this is undoubtedly due to the scary Latin name - "International Food Safety Standards" sounds much less like a scary, secretive Vatican-related plot device from a [[Dan Brown]] novel than "Codex Alimentarius" does.

According to [[Wiki4cam]], "Codex Alimentarius is a set of rules that want to limit people's freedom of being healthy.<sup>{{sic}}</sup>"

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]

Categories: Conspiracy theories
Cognition

{{psychology}}
'''Cognition''' describes the way we perceive, think, understand, and remember. Humans (and all other animals), being products of [[evolution]], have both positive and negative cognitive abilities. One of the central elements to cognition is [[pattern recognition]]. Because evolution benefits species that are able to stay alive, we often have an oversensitive ability to detect patterns in external stimuli where there are none. This phenomenon is called [[pareidolia]]. Examples of this include:
* Ink blobs looking like familiar faces and objects
* Random data appearing unrandom and patterned (such as coin flips, see the [[clustering illusion]])
* Seeing [[jesus|jebus!!!]] in toast
* Continuing to believe that an elevated mesa in the Cydonia region of Mars is [[Face on Mars|a sculpted face]], despite the fact that as the imagery has steadily improved, it looks less and less face-like.
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|psychology}}

[[Category:Psychology]]

Categories: Psychology
Cognition Based Medicine

{{altmed}}
'''Cognition Based Medicine''' ('''CBM''') is the [[woo]] alternative to [[evidence based medicine]]. It is basically an [[anthroposophy|anthroposophical]] construct which elevates patient perception above objective outcomes such as serum counts; its methodology closely follows the [[pseudoscientific method]]. 

CBM criteria as set out in the [[Homeopathy in Healthcare: Effectiveness, Appropriateness, Safety, Costs|Swizz Report]] are:<ref>''Anthroposophic medicine: effectiveness, utility, costs, safety'' by Gunver Sophia Kienle et al. (2006) Schattauer, 350 pp. ISBN 3794524950.</ref><ref>''Homöopathie in der Krankenversorgung: Wirksamkeit, Nutzen, Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit ; ein HTA-Bericht zur Homöopathie im Rahmen des Programms Evaluation Komplementärmedizin der Schweiz'' by Gudrun Bornhöft (2006). VAS, 343 pp.</ref><ref>''Homeopathy in healthcare &mdash; Effectiveness, appropriateness, safety, costs: an HTA report on homeopathy as part of the Swiss Complementary Medicine Evaluation Programme'' by Gudrun Bornhöft and Peter F. Matthiessen (2011). Springer, 209 pp.</ref>
* before/after temporal relationship
* correspondence of temporal patterns
* correspondence of spatial patterns
* morphological correspondence
* dose-effect correspondence
* process correspondence
* dialogue correspondence
* functional causal gestalt
* functional therapeutic process

Unpacking this list, it amounts to: accept that [[Correlation does not imply causation|correlation equals causation]], assume that any rationale that sounds even minimally plausible is supporting evidence, never blind or [[double-blind]], and maximise the potential for [[placebo]] responses.

Needless to say this is much more satisfactory than scientific investigations which show the outcomes to be consistent with the placebo effect. Under CBM, the placebo effect is a therapeutic effect and therefore a success. As long as the [[quack]] and the patient agree it worked, that is the end of the story.

==See also==
* [[Confirmation bias]]
* [[Post-hoc fallacy]]
* [[Choice theory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine promoters]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, Alternative medicine promoters
Cognitive behavioral therapy

{{Psychology}}
{{hatnote|CBT redirects here. If you are looking for the other meaning of this acronym, we're not "E-N dot Wikipedia dot org".}}
'''Cognitive behavioral therapy''' ('''CBT''') is a term for a set of psychotherapeutic techniques and its various derivatives, including dialectic behavioural therapy (DBT) and Brief cognitive behavioral therapy (BCBT). Rather than trying to repair the root causes of the patient's problem, CBT attempts to fix reactions to perceptions and the associated thought patterns — it focuses on alleviating behavioral symptoms.

==Uses==
In the UK, CBT is the recommended treatment of choice for problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, OCD, bulimia nervosa, and clinical depression. Randomised controlled trials have even shown computer-based CBT to be beneficial.

==Limitations==
It is not effective for everyone; in particular, its form doesn't completely manage bipolar disorder or schizophrenia; they are best treated with psychoactive medication. However, it can help some, but by no means all, bipolar patients as an add-on treatment with to prevent relapses in mood stability.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-01898-009 | title = The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in bipolar disorder: A quantitative meta-analysis. | publisher = APA PsycNet | accessdate = February 24, 2023}}</ref>

==Criticism==
It's getting criticism in the UK from non-CBT psychotherapists suspicious of the NHS and NICE having swooped upon it with great glee on account of it being relatively cheap and somewhat effective, because it is not in fact the answer to everything. (That said, the waiting list is typically measured in months to years.)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|Psychology}}

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Mental health]]

Categories: Psychology, Mental health
Cognitive infiltration

{{conspiracynav}}
'''Cognitive infiltration''' is a term coined by Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule to refer to the use of government and third party "cognitive" [[agent provocateur|provocateurs]] and [[front group]]s to "infiltrate" social networks, other online groups, and "real life" groups built around [[conspiracy theories]].<ref>Sunstein and Vermeule. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1084585 Conspiracy Theories.] Harvard Public Law Working Paper 08-03, Jan. 15 2008.</ref> They use the term mostly in reference to the [[9/11 conspiracy theories|9/11 conspiracist subculture]]. In response, [[David Ray Griffin]] wrote a book entitled ''Cognitive Infiltration'', once again railing against the "official conspiracy theory".<ref>[http://davidraygriffin.com/books/cognitive-infiltration-an-obama-appointees-plan-to-undermine-the-911-conspiracy-theory/ Cognitive Infiltration], davidraygriffin.com</ref> Critics have noted that various aspects of this strategy are illegal and similar to the [[FBI]]'s [[COINTELPRO]] and the [[George Bush|Bush administration's]] use of "independent analysts" and [[wingnut welfare|paid-off pundits]].<ref>[http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/01/13/obama-staffer-infiltration-911-groups/ Obama Staffer Wants 'Cognitive Infiltration' of 9/11 Conspiracy Groups], Raw Story</ref><ref>[http://www.salon.com/2010/01/15/sunstein_2/ Obama Confidant's Spine-Chilling Proposal], Glenn Greenwald</ref> Truthers can now write off anyone who debunks their conspiracy theories as merely "cognitive infiltrators" (which they have done before, though). The tendrils of cognitive infiltration have wound their way into every aspect of society — even [[Wikileaks]] is an attempt at cognitive infiltration by Sunstein through the use of the [[limited hangout]]!<ref>[http://theintelhub.com/2011/01/22/wikileaks-is-the-cognitive-infiltration-operation-demanded-by-cass-sunstein/ Wikileaks is the Cognitive Infiltration Operation Demanded by Cass Sunstein], The Intel Hub</ref>

==See also==
*[[Astroturf]]
*[[Sockpuppet]]
*[[Troll]]
*[[Agent provocateur]]

==External links==
*[http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2010/01/cognitive-infiltration.html "Cognitive Infiltration"], Prawfs Blog
*[http://skeptoid.com/blog/2011/06/27/disinformation-agents/ In Defense of Government Disinformation Agents], [[Skeptoid]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|conspiracy theories}}
[[Category:Propaganda]]
[[Category:Political terms]]

Categories: Propaganda, Political terms
Cohort study

{{philosophyscience}}
{{Sources needed}}
A '''cohort study''' is a type of study that gathers data by observation. A typical study design would involve enrolling a large group of people and watching them for the appearance of a disease or other event of interest. This is less powerful than a [[randomized controlled trial]] ("RCT"), but allows examination of [[evidence]] that RCTs cannot evaluate. One of the more commonly cited cohort studies is the Nurse's Health Study which follows roughly 120,000 nurses, starting in 1973, gathering various information about their health, including but not limited to [[cancer]], heart disease, and [[obesity]].

Cohort studies are often contrasted to [[case-control study|case-control studies]], where correlations are drawn after the fact. For example, if you are interested in the association between condom use and syphilis transmission, you could use a case-control design or a cohort design. In the case-control design, you would look at people who have syphilis, and those who do not, and look at the rates of condom use in each group. By contrast, in a '''cohort''' study, you would observe a group of people, recording who uses condoms and who does not, and looking at who catches syphilis and who does not, using statistics to calculate the strength of the relationship. Cohort studies are generally more effective at demonstrating causality since subjects are observed with different risk factors before they get the disease and then followed to assess relationships between risk factors and subsequent new disease. Usually, cohort studies 
create more scientific jobs
 are more costly than case-control studies since they require larger [[sample size]]s followed for a longer time.

Theoretically, an RCT could be designed to look at the same question, but this would often be unethical (e.g. if one is measuring the contracting of diseases). The corresponding RCT would randomly assign a group of people to use condoms, and a similar group of people to not use condoms, and then let them do what they will, and calculate syphilis rates at the end.

A RationalWiki cohort study has shown that a large percentage of regular users will, in fact, develop obsessions for [[goat]]s.{{fact|joke}}
{{stub|Science}}

[[category:Research terms]]
[[Category:Types of medical studies]]

Categories: Research terms, Types of medical studies