Eponymous laws

{{Languagenav}}The following is a '''list of eponymous laws''' of varying degrees. Some are well known, others exist only on the [[internet]]. For laws specifically about the internet, see the main article on [[Internet laws]].

For the literally minded, none of these are actual laws of nature or legislature. A more proper name would be "adages", or, if you dislike [[Latin]], "sayings".

==Acton's Law==
Lord Acton's dictum:
{{cquote|Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.}}

Named after {{wpl|John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton||,}} usually mercifully shortened to "Lord Acton". The origin is an excerpt from a letter of his to Bishop {{wpl|Mandell Creighton||,}} a historian, written in 1887. Here's the broader context in which it appears:
{{quotebox|I cannot accept your canon that we are to judge Pope and King unlike other men, with a favourable presumption that they did no wrong. If there is any presumption it is the other way, against the holders of power, increasing as the power increases. Historic responsibility has to make up for the want of legal responsibility. Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority, still more when you superadd the tendency or the certainty of corruption by authority. There is no worse heresy than that the office sanctifies the holder of it.<ref name=acton>[https://archive.ph/A7Cr Acton on Moral Judgements in History]. Archived from oll.libertyfund.org, 9 December 2012.</ref>}}

Acton was a [[historian]] and the letter itself was written to defend his view that a historian has the right to make moral judgements on the actions of historical figures and institutions. (How sound any particular historian's particular moral judgements are is a separate question.) This is a view that non-historians tend to agree with in substance even if not in form. While it tends to appear as if power must have corrupted whomever holds it, the truth is far darker: Because power is so important, people tend to consider corrupt ways they may acquire or retain it.

==Augustine's laws==
[[Augustine's laws]] are a set of laws coined by Norman Ralph Augustine in 1983 pertaining to the [[military-industrial complex]].

==Benford's Law==
[[PIDOOMA#Benford's Law|Benford's Law]] describes the expected distribution of the digits in statistical samples. It can be used for detecting [[PIDOOMA|made-up data]], especially in very large sets.

==Crislip's Law==
'''Crislip’s law of the CAM transitive relationship''' is a tongue-in-cheek syllogism:

{{cquote|[[Alternative medicine]] is a [[placebo]] and therefore ineffective.}}

This "law" was proposed by Dr. Mark Crislip of the Quackcast podcast on alternative medicine and a blogger on Medscape and Science-Based Medicine. Note that Dr. Crislip refers to alternate medicine as "Supplements, Complementary and Alternative Medicine", forming the rather appropriate acronym of SCAM.

The law is stated as follows: "''SCAM effect = placebo'' and ''placebo effect = nothing'', therefore ''the SCAM effect = nothing''."<ref>[http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/cam-the-beer-goggles-of-medicine/ Science-Based medicine blog containing Crislip's law.]</ref>

==Dykstra's Law==
Dykstra's Law:

{{cquote|Everybody is somebody else's weirdo.}}

==Ebert's Law==
Ebert's Law, a law about film interpretation:

{{cquote|It's not what it's about, it's how it's about it.}}

==Firestone's Forecasting Law==
Firestone's Forecasting Law:

{{cquote|Chicken Little only has to be right once.}}

==Gall's Law==
'''Gall's Law''' is a rule of thumb taken from John Gall's ''Systemantics: How Systems Really Work and How They Fail''. It states:

{{cquote|A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that worked. The inverse proposition also appears to be true: A complex system designed from scratch never works and cannot be made to work. You have to start over, beginning with a working simple system. (p. 71)}}

The work cites [[Murphy's Law]] and the [[Peter Principle]] and is filled with similar sayings.

Although the quote may seem to validate the merits of simple systems, it is preceded by the qualifier "A simple system may or may not work." (p.&nbsp;70), to say nothing of the fact that the quote above already specifies a ''working'' simple system.

What it exemplifies is that while modern evolutionary theory may seem incredibly complex, it is based on three very simple rules - inheritance, mutation, and selection (survival, not of the fittest, but of the contextually 'fit-enough').

==Gibson's Law==
Gibson's Law holds that:

{{cquote|For every PhD there is an equal and opposite PhD.}}

The term specifically refers to the conflict between testimony of expert witnesses called by opposing parties in a trial under an adversarial system of justice. It is also applied to conflicting scientific opinion injected into policy decisions by interested parties creating a controversy to promote their interests.<ref name=Proctor2004>{{cite journal
 | author = Proctor, Robert N.
 | year = 2004
 | title = Should medical historians be working for the tobacco industry?
 | journal = The Lancet
 | volume = 363
 | issue = 9416
 | pages = 1174–1175
 | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673604159813 
 | accessdate = 2007-08-05
 | quote=There is a saying in American public-relations circles that for every PhD there is an equal and opposite PhD
 | pmid=15081644
 }}</ref>

==Gumperson's Law==
Gumperson's Law:

{{cquote|The probability of a given event occurring is inversely proportional to its desirability.}}

==Gygax's Law==
Named after {{wpl|Gary Gygax||,}} inventor of [[Dungeons & Dragons]], a [[role-playing game]] in which one rolls dice (notably a 20-sided die) in order to determine how tasks go. The law, closely related to [[Murphy's Law]], reads:

{{cquote|The more vital the intended outcome, the higher chance of failing the roll.}}

==Hofstadter's Law==
Hofstadter's Law is a recursive statement about how long it will take to accomplish a task:

{{cquote|It always takes longer than you expect, even when you take into account Hofstadter's Law.<ref>[[W:Hofstadter's Law | Hofstadter's Law]]</ref>}}

==Kitman's Law==
Kitman's Law:

{{cquote|Pure drivel tends to drive away ordinary drivel.}}

==Machiavelli's Law==
Machiavelli's Law (other dicta might qualify, but this is most famous):

{{cquote|Never do your enemy a minor injury.}}

==Mencken's Law==
Mencken's Law (or Shaw's Law):

{{cquote|Those who can, do. Those who cannot, teach.<ref>Or, as put by Shaw in 1903: "He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches."</ref>}}

Some corollaries:
*Martin's Extension: Those who cannot teach, teach education (or teach teachers; or administrate).
*Short's Extension: Those who cannot teach, criticize.
*Russell’s Extension: Those who cannot teach, write.<ref>[http://dekudekuplex.wordpress.com/2009/12/10/h-l-menckens-law-and-the-inverse-relationship-between-knowledge-and-happiness/ Source of this and related quote extensions]</ref>
*Some Yale Prof's Extension: Those who cannot teach, do research.
*Allen's Extension: Those who cannot teach, teach gym.

==Muphry's Law==
Muphry's Law:

{{cquote|If you write anything criticizing editing or proofreading, there will be a fault of some kind in what you have written.}}

==Murc's Law==
Murc's Law:

{{cquote|Only [[Democratic Party|Democrats]] have any agency or causal influence over American politics.}}

Murc's Law was coined by Murc, a commenter on the blog ''Lawyers, Guns & Money.'' It escaped containment from LGM sometime in 2020 and was later discussed on ''Salon,''<ref>[https://www.salon.com/2022/12/02/uh-politico-biden-didnt-make-marjorie-taylor-greene-the-face-of-the-gop--did/ Uh, Politico? Biden didn't make Marjorie Taylor Greene "the face of the GOP" — Republicans did], Amanda Marcotte, ''Salon,'' 2 December 2022</ref> ''The Urbanist,'' <ref>[https://www.theurbanist.org/2023/10/06/why-reactionary-conservatives-get-a-free-pass-from-local-press/ Why Reactionary Conservatives Get a Free Pass from Local Press], Ray Dubicki, ''The Urbanist,'' 6 October 2023</ref> and the blog of the late Larry Franz.<ref>[https://whereofonecanspeak.com/2023/03/02/youve-probably-never-heard-of-murcs-law-but-youve-seen-it-in-action-lots-of-times/ You've Probably Never Heard of "Murc's Law", But You've Seen It in Action Lots of Times], Larry Franz, ''Whereof One Can Speak,'' 2 March 2023</ref> LGM blogger Paul Campos elaborated on "agency" in 2024:<ref>[https://www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2024/12/the-paradoxical-limits-of-murcs-law The paradoxical limits of Murc’s law], Paul Campos, ''Lawyers, Guns & Money,'' 20 December 2024</ref>

{{cquote|[[Republican Party|Republicans]] are like rocks rolling down hill or perhaps sharks eating seals: they do what they do because that’s just what they are, so there’s no point in holding them responsible for anything, since they could not do otherwise.}}

==Napoleon's Law==
Napoleon's Law:

{{cquote|Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake.}}

==Parkinson's Law==
Parkinson's Law:

{{cquote|Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.<ref>{{wpa|Parkinson's Law}}</ref>}}

This has some corollaries, namely:
*Data expands to fill the space available for storage.
*Your stuff accumulates to fill the size of your home.

==The Peter Principle==
The '''Peter Principle''' is an observation coined by Prof. Lawrence Peter in his book titled ''The Peter Principle'' in 1968.<ref>[http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/peter-principle.asp Investopedia]</ref> It generally holds:

{{cquote|[I]n an organizational hierarchy, every employee will rise or get promoted to their level of incompetence.}}

In essence, the principle is based on the observation that in an organization new employees move up the hierarchy, each time they prove to be competent at their current level. Eventually, they will reach a point where they are no longer competent, or skilled enough, to perform the required tasks, and at this point they cease to be promoted.

It can be applied to [[evolution]] by saying "in evolution[,] systems tend to develop up to the limit of their adaptive competence."<ref>[http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/peterpr.html Principea Cybernetica]</ref> Except of course, if a species mutates ''beyond'' "competence", it doesn't get to keep its job. It dies out.

[http://money.howstuffworks.com/peter-principle.htm How the Peter Principle works]

The Dilbert Principle describes a remedy for the Peter Principle, and is built on the assumption that leadership positions are filled by people who cannot (or will not) be fired, but are too dangerous to leave in a place where they can do damage. Prof. Peter calls the process "percussive sublimation," a [[euphemism]] for being "kicked upstairs" to a position with a more impressive title but fewer responsibilities. Alternatively, problem individuals may be treated to a "lateral arabesque" by moving them to another department, making them someone else's problem.

{{cquote|Leadership is nature's way of removing morons from the productive flow.}}

The results of the Peter Principle are further codified in Reynolds' Law:

{{cquote|The larger an organization, the more likely its continued successful operation will not be due to management, but in spite of management.}}

==Sinclair's Law==
'''Upton Sinclair's Law''' (named after the Pulitzer Prize-winning author) states that:

{{cquote|It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it!<ref>''I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked''. Sinclair, Upton. (1935), ISBN 0-520-08198-6; repr. University of California Press, 1994, p. 109.</ref>}}

First published in a newspaper in 1934 in an excerpt from his book ''I, Candidate for Governor'', Sinclair's is similar to an observation from [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1893: "It is useless to argue with a man whose opinion is based upon a personal or pecuniary interest; the only way to deal with him is to outvote him."<ref>[https://quoteinvestigator.com/2017/11/30/salary/ It Is Difficult to Get a Man to Understand Something When His Salary Depends Upon His Not Understanding It], Quote Investigator, Nov 30, 2017</ref>

==Sturgeon's Law==
Sturgeon's Law is an observation that in any given field, the vast majority of its works are of low quality. It is commonly stated as:

{{cquote|90 per cent of everything is crap.}}
The law was formulated by Theodore Sturgeon in defence of [[science fiction]] and was first known as ''Sturgeon's Revelation''. In the March 1958 issue of Venture Science Fiction, he wrote:

{{quotebox|I repeat Sturgeon's Revelation, which was wrung out of me after twenty years of wearying defense of science fiction against attacks of people who used the worst examples of the field for ammunition, and whose conclusion was that ninety percent of sf is crud.

The Revelation: Ninety percent of everything is crud.<ref group=note>The part of everything that is crud has a {{wpl|Normal_distribution|standard score}} of 1.281 or less to three decimal places.</ref>

Corollary 1: The existence of immense quantities of trash in science fiction is admitted and it is regrettable; but it is no more unnatural than the existence of trash anywhere.

Corollary 2: The best science fiction is as good as the best fiction in any field.<ref>[http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/misc/faq.html Theodore Sturgeon FAQ], physics.emory.edu, 19 June 2007.</ref>}}

Sturgeon had originally intended his eponymous law to be "Nothing is always absolutely so", but the "90 per cent" statement has entered common usage instead.<ref>[http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/328 Sturgeon’s Law], jessesword.com.</ref>

This law may be viewed additionally as a commentary on [[survivorship bias]], for example in comparing the allegedly awful music of today to classics of the past, while ignoring the fact that the past music is remembered because it was the best of its time. There's no reason to think that there were no bad composers or musicians writing or performing during the lifetimes of Bach, Beethoven, or Mahler, and much reason to think otherwise.

==Thoreau's Law==
Thoreau's Law exists in several different versions but the original from ''Walden'' (1854) is:

{{cquote|If I knew for a certainty that a man was coming to my house with the conscious design of doing me good, I should run for my life.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/205/205-h/205-h.htm Walden], Henry David Thoreau (1854), Project Gutenberg</ref>}}
Paraphrases are often given, such as:

{{cquote|If you see a man approaching you with the obvious intention of doing you good, you should run for your life.}}

==Tuchman's Law==
'''Tuchman's Law''', formulated by German-American historian Barbara W. Tuchman in her book ''A Distant Mirror'', states that:

{{cquote|The fact of being reported multiplies the apparent extent of any deplorable development by five- to tenfold (or any other figure the reader would care to supply).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tuchman|first1=Barbara W.|title=A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|year=1978|page=xviii|isbn=0-345-34957-1}}</ref>}}

The law was formed when Tuchman found that the different figures of, say, the population count of medieval France were so far apart due to dramatisation of historical events that nobody had any idea what the actual population count was.

==Zeigler's Law==
'''Zeigler's Law'''<ref group=note>Not to be confused with the Ziegler-Nichols method of tuning PID controllers.</ref> is a principle for evaluating politicians, first formulated by Jon F. Zeigler on [http://forum.rpg.net/showpost.php?p=9284675&postcount=21 RPGnet]. It states:

{{cquote|If a politician says that government is a problem, what he means is that if you elect him, government will be a problem.}}

==Sci Fi Laws==
===The Three Laws of Robotics===
[[Isaac Asimov|Asimov]]'s Three Laws of Robotics:
*First law: A robot may not, through its actions or inactions, allow a human to come to harm.
*Second law: A robot must obey any order given to it, unless in contradiction of the First Law.
*Third law: A robot must protect its own existence, unless in contradiction of the First or Second Law.

In one of his much later novels, Asimov added a fourth law with a higher priority than the original three:
*Zeroth law: A robot may not, through its actions or inactions, allow humanity as a whole to come to harm.

===Clarke's Laws===
[[Arthur C. Clarke|Clarke]]'s Laws:
*First law: When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.
*Second law: The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible.
*Third law: Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
**Gehm's Corollary: Any technology distinguishable from magic is insufficiently advanced.
**Heterodyne's Inversion: Any sufficiently well-understood magic is indistinguishable from technology.<ref group=note>As "science" is defined as "''the systematic study of the world through observation and experiment,''" and "technology" is defined as "''the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes,"'' well-understood "magic" ''is'' technology.</ref><ref>[http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/comic.php?date=20081205 Agatha Heterodyne as Cinderella], girlgeniusonline.com.</ref>
**Ambrose's Appendix: Any technology, no matter how primitive, is magic to those who don't understand it.<ref>[http://freefall.purrsia.com/ff300/fv00255.htm Ambrose's Appendix], freefall.purrsia.com.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hanlon's razor]]
*[[Augustine's laws]]
*[[Internet laws]]
*[[Murphy's Law]]
*[[Poe's Law]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Stigler's law of eponymy}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Eponymous laws| ]]
{{Eponymous laws}}

Categories: Eponymous laws