Argument from desire

{{Christianity}} The  '''argument from desire''' is an argument for the existence of God used in [[Christian apologetics]]. It runs roughly as follows: 
*We have natural desires for certain things (ie. hunger, thirst). 
*Feeling these natural desires presupposes that certain things exist. (i.e., hunger presupposes the existence of food; thirst presupposes the existence of [[water]]) If those things did not exist, we wouldn’t naturally desire them. 
*We have a natural desire to be [[Spirituality|spiritually]] fulfilled. 
*This presupposes that certain things exist (ie. a [[soul]], spiritual fulfillment, a.k.a. [[Heaven]], a thing that can grant spiritual fulfillment, a.k.a. [[God]]). 
*Therefore those things exist. 
This is an [[argument from analogy]], claiming that because the desire for spiritual fulfillment is similar to desires for food and water in one way (we naturally desire them), they must be similar in another way (the object of that desire must really exist). 

==Aquinas’ arguments==
[[Thomas Aquinas]] used this argument to prove the existence of an immortal soul: 

{{quotebox|“[E]verything naturally aspires to existence after its own manner. Now, in things that have knowledge, desire ensues upon knowledge. The senses indeed do not know existence, except under the conditions of "here" and "now," whereas the intellect apprehends existence absolutely, and for all time; so that everything that has an intellect naturally desires always to exist. But a natural desire cannot be in vain.  Therefore every intellectual substance is incorruptible.” <ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1075.htm#article6 Summa Theologica, First Part, Question 75.6, Thomas Aquinas]</ref>}}

Aquinas also argued that spiritual satisfaction, which he called felicity, could not be achieved in this life. Nevertheless, he maintained that it could be achieved after this life because:
{{quotebox| “It is impossible for natural desire to be empty, for nature does nothing in vain. Now, a natural desire would be in vain if it could never be fulfilled. Therefore, man's natural desire [for felicity] is capable of fulfillment, but not in this life, as we have shown. So, it must be fulfilled after this life. Therefore, man’s ultimate felicity comes after this life.” <ref>[https://isidore.co/aquinas/english/ContraGentiles3a.htm#48 Summa Contra Gentiles, Book 3, 48, part 11, Thomas Aquinas]</ref>}}


==Problems==
===Natural desires versus artificial ones===
The immediate problem is obvious: [[moralistic fallacy|just because we want something doesn’t mean that thing exists]]. 
Defenders, however, point out that the argument only applies to natural or innate desires, not artificial ones. We naturally desire food and water, but we don’t naturally desire to fly or to become president. Rather, those desires are artificial — that is, they’re based on ideas shown or taught to us by society and the external world.<ref>[https://www.wordonfire.org/resources/article/revisiting-the-argument-from-desire/4582/ Revisiting the Argument from Desire, Bishop Robert Barron, Word on Fire, November 14, 2014]</ref>

But it is debatable whether the desire for spiritual fulfillment is really a “natural desire” in the same sense as hunger and thirst or if this is a faulty analogy. After all, “(i)f the desires for food, water, sex and other basics are never fulfilled, the human race dies out. The “hunger” for the supernatural has nothing to do with survival…

The innate desires (of hunger and thirst) "are those we share with other social animals. Since no animal desires God, why call that desire innate?"<ref name=seidensticker/>

Similarly, "(t)he category of innate desires is those things for which there is a clear target of the desire. No one doubts that food and drink exist, but there’s plenty of doubt about superpowers."<ref name=seidensticker>[https://www.patheos.com/blogs/crossexamined/2014/11/8-reasons-to-reject-c-s-lewiss-argument-from-desire/ 8 Reasons to Reject C. S. Lewis’s Argument from Desire] by Bob Seidensticker (November 19, 2014) ''Patheos''.</ref> One would think/hope that if God created us with a need for Him, He would reveal Himself to us in more obvious ways.

=== Other Criticisms===
Underlying the argument is the idea that “nature does nothing in vain”, a [[teleological]] claim. In other words, if something is natural, it must have a purpose. This claim is dubious, as it’s possible for something to naturally exist with no greater purpose in mind (i.e., [[nihilism]]) or for something to naturally exist but no longer have a purpose (i.e., [[Vestigial structure|vestigial organs]]). 

===Which God and Heaven?===
Even if Heaven and God do exist, this argument doesn’t prove which Heaven and God exist. It could conceivably be any Heaven or God (or heavens and gods) that [[humanity]] has dreamt up or even some that we haven’t dreamt up. Even supporters of the argument such as [[Peter Kreeft]] concede this point:

{{quotebox|The conclusion of the argument is not that everything the [[Bible]] tells us about God and life with God is really so… The argument points down an infinite corridor in a definite direction. Its conclusion is not "God" as already conceived or defined, but a moving and mysterious X which pulls us to itself and pulls all our images and concepts out of themselves. In other words, the only concept of God in this argument is the concept of that which transcends concepts, something "no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the human heart conceived" (1 Cor {{bible|1 Corinthians|2|9||filler}}). In other words, this is the real God.<ref>[https://peterkreeft.com/topics/desire.htm The Argument from Desire by Peter Kreeft, The Handbook of Christian Apologetics, March 22, 1994]</ref>}}

===Can we reach them?===
Even if the argument holds and the soul, God and Heaven all exist, that does not mean we can achieve them. Plenty of people want clean water but die of dehydration anyway. Plenty of people want food but die of starvation anyway. Likewise, even if Heaven and God exist and we naturally desire them, that doesn’t prove that we have the means to achieve them. Again, even supporters of the argument like [[C. S. Lewis]] admit this. 

{{quotebox|“[W]e remain conscious of a desire which no natural happiness will satisfy. But is there any reason to suppose that reality offers any satisfaction of it? … A man’s physical hunger does not prove that that man will get any bread; he may die on a raft in the Atlantic. But surely a man’s hunger does prove that he comes of a race which repairs its body by eating and inhabits a world where eatable substances exist.”<ref>[https://www.wheelersburg.net/Downloads/Lewis%20Glory.pdf The Weight of Glory by C. S. Lewis, June 8, 1942]</ref>}}

Likewise, even if we consider the desire for spiritual fulfillment to be like the desires for food and water, it’s possible that we will never be spiritually satisfied. After all, even if you eat to your heart’s (or stomach’s) content now, eventually you will become hungry again. Even if you drink to your heart’s (or liver’s) content now, eventually you will become thirsty again. In other words, even if we have a natural desire and we fulfill it, said fulfillment is only temporary and not permanent.

==See Also==
*[[Appeal to emotion]]
*[[Moralistic fallacy]], of which argument from desire is a substype

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Existence of gods]]
[[Category:Fallacies]]

Categories: Existence of gods, Fallacies