Witchcraft

[[File:Elizabeth Montgomery 1967.jpg|thumb|right|165px|They could be your next-door neighbor.]]
{{magic}}
{{cquote|In the poison'd entrails throw.— Toad, that under cold stone, Days and nights has thirty-one; Swelter'd venom sleeping got, Boil thou first i' the charmed pot!|||[[William Shakespeare]]<ref name="Linder"/> }}

[[Anthropology|Anthropologists]] and those who study [[religion]]s formally define '''witchcraft''' as the use of rituals and [[magic]] (and sometimes [[curse]]s) to accomplish some kind of ends on this earth. In modern lay idiom, the popular imagination largely associates witchcraft with religions like [[Wicca]] and various [[neopaganism|neopagans]] such as [[Lucy Cavendish]]. In the American folk/entertainment world, it is the evil wrought by gorgeous women on poor suffering men who cannot resist such temptations (though this is more properly within the domain of a {{wpl|succubus||,}} given that witches are rarely portrayed as attractive creatures in contemporary entertainment and folklore, even if modern media also presents them in a positive or at least neutral way (just as [[real life]] witches tend to be nicer than such stereotypical depictions and will not turn you into a newt unless you piss them off enough, nor are putting curses on people for fun or messing with [[Christians]] as noted below) and there're {{wpl|Practical Magic|exceptions}} to such typical depictions as ugly hags.)

Though the pop world often assumes that witches are female, both Wiccans and anthropologists use the term for male and female witches. And don't worry, the [[European witch-hunts|European witch-trials]] went after men too. As did the [[Salem witch trials]] in Massachusetts.

==Which witch is which?==
By definition, witches directly work upon the world though spells and rituals to obtain the results they desire.<ref group=note>In ordinary English, ''"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/witch witch]"'' especially means a woman, but in this article, the term refers to both sexes.</ref> This differs markedly from [[priest]]s, who are claimed to be intercessors between a [[deity|god]] or [[polytheism|gods]] and the people, and who use [[prayer|prayers]] and rituals to influence the gods in their favor 
and wizards, who learn to use magic through study
.  On the other hand, witches differ from herbalists in that they explicitly claim to invoke magic, while the herbalist maintains they are using the plant's own properties - though people without a grounding in modern [[science]] may believe the plant's properties are themselves a type of magic. There is no reason any particular witch cannot also 
multiclass as a
 be a priest(ess) or herbalist.

Virtually all [[religion]]s have a role that [[anthropology|anthropologists]] would call a "witch". Such individuals generally worship a deity not associated with the mainstream religion; such as  [[Hecate]] among the Greeks or {{wpl|Isis}} among Egyptians.  Depending on the society, these deities or their followers may not be considered "evil" though they may use poisonous or plants considered sacred in other contexts. Historically, many religions used the concept of witch to explain diseases, untimely death, droughts, and other unexplained negative circumstances that affect an individual or society. Socially deviant people are more frequently accused of witchcraft, and this works as a social control.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011118104230/http://anthro.palomar.edu/religion/rel_5.htm Magic and Religion]</ref>

Hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms are considered to have had an important role on witchcraft, with the origin of the stereotypical depiction of a witch riding a broomstick coming from them using hallucinogenic ointments greased in staffs that would be applied to places as their nether regions, causing witches to have a trip and fly higher than a kite, making them to believe after having [[Priming|primed]] themselves with what to expect they were actually flying and contacting with otherworldly entities, other witches, etc.<ref>[https://www.livescience.com/40828-why-witches-ride-broomsticks.html A Bewitching History: Why Witches Ride Broomsticks]</ref> Likewise, theories for the origin of the {{wpl|Witch hat|stereotypical witch hat}} include the hats used by {{wpl|Alewife (trade)|women who home-brewed beer}} and were accused by male brewers of selling watered down beer jumping from it to witchcraft on the grounds of women with knowledge of herbology suspected to be working with the occult.

==Witchcraft and nudity==
Witches have been depicted [[Nudity|nude]], when they're not dressed either in the stereotypical hat and black [[Puritans|Puritan era-inspired]] dress or also black, hooded, [[Middle Ages|medieval-like]] robes, for a long time<ref>For example, {{wpl|File:Witches going to their Sabbath (1878), by Luis Ricardo Falero.jpg|Witches going to their Sabbath (1878)}} and {{wpl|The Witches (Hans Baldung)||.}}</ref> in visual arts 
because most books on witchcraft are written by men
, with the origin of this coming from stories from many cultures where they are thought to go such way in their gatherings at night.<ref name=HuttonFear>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref> That was also mentioned in the book ''{{wpl|Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches||'',}}<ref name="Hutton225">{{cite book | first=Ronald | last=Hutton | title=Triumph of the Moon | publisher =Oxford University Press | year=2000 | isbn=0-500-27242-5 |pages=225}}</ref> jumping from it to [[Wicca]] and other forms of [[Neopaganism]] and contemporary witchcraft<ref>[https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Cl9cjqIWYAAUuu6?format=jpg&name=small Mostly SFW]</ref> and with [[Robert Graves]] using the term "skyclad" to refer to ritual nudity there based on {{wpl|Indian religions||,}} where the term {{wpl|Digambara}} means that.<ref name="Llewellyn">{{cite web | title=Llewellyn Encyclopedia and Glossary: Skyclad | url=http://www.llewellynencyclopedia.com/term/Skyclad}}</ref>

==Wicca==
{{main|Wicca}}
The modern neopagan religion, Wicca, is openly based on witchcraft, and the practitioners call themselves witches. There are many schools of thought about witchcraft within the larger rubric of "Wicca". For example, many Wiccans claim there is "white" (good) and "black" (evil) magic,<ref>[http://www.erinpavlina.com/blog/2006/06/what-is-black-magic/ What is black magic?]</ref> though other Wiccans claim this distinction of magic does not exist.<ref>[http://www.spellsofmagic.com/coven_ritual.html?ritual=2114&coven=6 Black magick and White magick]</ref> Some ([[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]]) Christians claim the whole of Wicca is [[devil]] worship and bad.<ref>[http://www.gotquestions.org/white-magic.html What does the Bible say about white magic?]</ref> Many Wiccans follow formal practices and have a set [[theology]], while others [[Fluffbunny|find their]] [[Wicca#Solo Practitioners|own path]] similar to [[Cafeteria Christian]]s.

==Christianity and witchcraft==
{{#ev:youtube|RSwZJ55g80Q|300|right|[[Dominionist]] literary critic and proud child abuser skipping the argument that Harry Potter is bad because it's kitsch pop literature and going straight to the real reason Harry Potter is bad: "Warlocks are enemies of God."}}
Christianity has often used Witchcraft to [[Problem of Evil|explain so-called "evil" in the world]]. Witchcraft was generally considered devil worship. [[Thomas Aquinas]] associated witchcraft with the corporeal enjoyments, including [[sex]]. [[Protestantism|Protestants]] and [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] both [[torture]]d and [[capital punishment|executed]] people, mostly women, accused of witchcraft.<ref name="Linder">Douglas Linder. [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/witchhistory.html A Brief History of Witchcraft Persecutions before Salem]. University of Missouri-Kansas City. 2005.</ref>

Unfortunately for those who prefer to view history as the indomitable march towards progress, the prevalent belief in the existence of witches and their persecution did not really take off in the Christian world until the beginning of the [[Renaissance]], with the modern, stereotyped, view of witchcraft being often considered a product of the [[Reformation]].<ref group=note>No "resurgence of intellectual curiosity and a flourishing of the arts and sciences in the Greco-Roman tradition" seems to be complete without a resurgence of [[misogyny]] and a flourishing of [[superstition]].</ref> During the early Middle Ages, the belief in witchcraft was seen as a form of superstition based on pagan beliefs. Accusing somebody of witchcraft was more likely to get ''you'' executed than the person you accused:
{{cquote|If anyone, deceived by [[Satan|the Devil]], shall believe, as is customary among pagans, that any man or woman is a night-witch, and eats men, and on that account burn that person to death... he shall be executed."<ref>Hutton, Ronald. The Pagan Religions of the Early British Isles. Blackwell. 1991.</ref>}}
The invention of the printing press only helped accelerate the belief in witches and undermined early skepticism.

Modern western views of witches generally comes from the [[Christianity|Christian]] view, where a society's undesirable women were tainted as "witches" and blamed for a community or individual's misfortunes. Simple herbalists, midwives, and the mentally ill were frequent targets of being accused of being "witches". [[European witch-hunts|The Black Death]] was largely blamed on witchcraft in the 14th century. In the XVI Century, reportedly King James was so obsessed with witchcraft that it influenced its [[King James Only|translation of the Bible]] (see below)<ref>[https://www.philippagregory.com/news/james-vi-and-witchcraft James VI and Witchcraft]</ref> and later on in the late 17th century, the Salem Witch Trials became an expedient way to eliminate political problems and blame women.

The Christian view that witchcraft is (as the song goes) "alive and kicking" is much rarer in the [[West]] than it was in centuries past except among Fundies as noted below, although it is still common in other parts of the world. In Africa, large portions of the population, including homosexuals and [[albino]]s, are presumed to be witches, associates of witches, or cursed by witches. Witchcraft, and the Christian fight against it, is, in fact, practiced openly in many African nations today.

The Bible specifically states that witches must be put to death:
*"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live."  —{{bible|Exodus|22|18}}
*"A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them." —{{bible|Leviticus|20|27}} ([[King James Bible|KJV]])
Consequently, these witch hunts often end quite badly.<ref>Johann Hari, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/witch-hunt-africas-hidden-war-on-women-1642907.html Witch hunt: Africa's hidden war on women]. ''The Independent'', 12 March 2009.</ref>

Ironically, it was the [[Spanish Inquisition]] after its first and only mass witchcraft trial in 1610 that came up with what became the go-to book for all future handling of witchcraft claims, which, when followed, required things like verifiable witnesses and actual physical evidence.<ref>Phillips, Perrott (1978) ''Out of this world : the illustrated library of the bizarre and extraordinary'' Volume 23 Phoebus Publishing company pg 10-11</ref><ref>Henningsen, Gustav (1980) ''The Witches' Advocate: Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition (1609–1619)'', Nevada</ref>

Witch trials seem to have been a comparatively short-term fad in most of the world; {{wpl|Witch trials in Spain|they ended}} in [[Spain]] in the 17th century. The {{wpl|Witch trials in France|last execution}} in [[France]] was in 1745, while the last trial was probably in 1768, which ended in a fine. The last trial for witchcraft in the US is often considered the {{wpl|Salem witchcraft trial (1878)|1878 trial in Salem, Mass}} where one [[Christian Science|Christian Scientist]], Lucretia L. S. Brown, sued another, Daniel H. Spofford, for using mesmerism to harm her; the case was dismissed, and in any case was not a criminal trial<ref>[https://knotmagickknitter.wordpress.com/2019/07/22/the-last-witch-trial-in-america/ The Last Witch Trial in America], ''Knotmagick'', Sophia Beaumont, July 22, 2019</ref>

===Contemporary Era===
Laws against witchcraft remained on the statute books into the 20th century (or later) in many countries. In England, the Witchcraft Act 1735 was later used to pursue spirit mediums, with wartime seeming to provide both a desire for magic and a desire to clamp down on anything abnormal: there were two trials in 1944, most famously of [[Helen Duncan]], sentenced to nine months in jail after running a profitable line in [[seance]]s, and then in December of Jane Rebecca Yorke from Forest Gate in East London, who was fined 5 pounds. The Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951 replaced the Witchcraft Act, and was itself repealed and replaced by consumer protection law in 2008.<ref>[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/obiter/britains-last-witch-trial/5043624.article Britain’s last witch trial], Law Gazette, 29 Sept 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/Helen-Duncan-Scotlands-last-witch/ Helen Duncan, Scotland’s Last Witch], Historic UK</ref>

In [[Canada]], the criminal code was amended in 2018 to remove the crime of "fraudulently pretend<nowiki>[ing]</nowiki> to exercise or to use any kind of witchcraft, sorcery, enchantment or conjuration", but before then there were several 21st century law cases against psychics, "healers", and others claiming mystic powers. Often there was an element of deception, as in the 2018 prosecution of Samantha Stevenson, a psychic who told a male client that the only way to be free of evil spirits was to sell his house and give her the money. There were claims that the law was being used to persecute women and those of minority ethnic groups, while Canada's consumer law would protect against many fraudulent practices associated with mediums and "witches".<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-45983540 Canada's last witch trials: Women accused of fake witchcraft], BBC, 30 October 2018, 2018</ref>

There are plenty of Western Christians who still believe in witches, including some Roman Catholics<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm Witchcraft]</ref> and Protestants (especially [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]]).<ref>[http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/False%20Religions/Wicca%20&%20Witchcraft/witchcraft_is_satanic.htm All Witchcraft Is Satanic!]</ref>, including to differentiate between witches and sorcerers<ref group=note>No, they don't consider that sorcerers and sorceresses have an innate capacity for magic and can cast spells without having to prepare them beforehand.</ref>, to mix [[spiritual warfare]] in, and consider that either practicing it (up to and including things as banal as [[Tarot]] readings) or consulting a witch opens the gate to [[demonic possession]], or of course that [[Persecution complex|witches are out there to mess with them]]. And of course, any time a popular book or movie with [[Harry Potter|witches or wizards]] comes out, there are always Christians protesting.

[[Fundamentalist Christianity|Fundamentalist Christians]] in Africa have been responsible for deaths of children and adults in contemporary efforts to eliminate "witches", which are sometimes believed to be children. Most of these anti-witch movements in Christianized Africa are exclusively confined to Pentecostal and Evangelical influence in the continent. Some governments have taken steps to reduce the number of witch hunters in their country, but others are reticent to do so, as they either hold similar beliefs as the fundamentalists and/or see it as politically beneficial.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbGzFN_NalI Dispatches: Return to Africa's Witch Children]. AthiestMediaDotCom, [[YouTube]], 25 November 2009.</ref><ref>Jill Filipovic, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104015042/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/12/20/Angels_and_Demons_Africa_Malawi_witches_HIV Angels and Demons]. Archived from ''Foreign Policy'', 20 December 2013.</ref> The conduct of these religious groups is a testament to the potentially vile nature of religious belief, but many of the tribal religions prior to extensive Christianized influence affirmed the belief in witches and other forms of maleficent spiritual phenomena. In other words, it's doubtful that Dawkins or atheistic philosophy in general would fare much better in social management<ref group=note>Remember, atheism is only disbelief in god(s). An atheist might still believe in witches.</ref> without a large-scale restructuring and improvement of economic conditions which facilitates ease of access to technology and education. Witchcraft accusations have also gotten worse after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prominent Nigerian humanist and skeptic Dr. [[Leo Igwe]], chair of the Humanist Association of Nigeria, has stated that crises such as the HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 pandemic have encouraged "superstition and irrationalism ..." and further encourages people "to take a leap of faith, to engage in witchcraft allegations and suspicions of demonic possession." He also has stated that other religious groups, such as Christian missionaries, have weaponized them to sell ideas of further witchcraft and exorcism, exacerbating the problem.<ref>[https://humanists.international/2020/04/alleged-witches-are-still-killed-today-in-2020-says-humanist-anti-witchcraft-activist-leo-igwe/ “Alleged witches are still killed today, in 2020”, says humanist anti-witchcraft activist Leo Igwe]. ''Humanists International'', 24 April 2020.</ref> 

In the [[United Kingdom]], children believed to be witches can be subject to beatings, traumatic [[exorcism]], and/or other abuse. There have even been child murders associated with witchcraft beliefs.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34475424 'Witchcraft' abuse cases on the rise]</ref> The problem exists in the United States as well as the UK, notably within African migrant communities. Authorities tend not to give it the attention it merits,<ref>[http://www.butterfliesandwheels.org/2016/stopping-olukoya-and-witch-hunting-in-uk-black-communities/ Stopping Olukoya and Witch hunting in UK Black Communities]</ref> much the same as with child deaths by (exclusive) faith healing.

==Islamic witchcraft==

Most [[Islam]]ic belief in witchcraft centers around the idea of [[jinn]]. These are said to be supernatural creatures akin to [[demon]]s and [[angel]]s which have the power to interact with the physical world, but have [[free will]], unlike angels or demons. The [[Qur'an]] mentions sorcery and jinn and both are regarded as generally malevolent by Islam as well as sources of power which may be utilized by kafir.<ref>[http://www.quran-islam.org/faq/witchcraft_and_sorcery_%28P1380%29.html Witchcraft and Sorcery in the Quran]. True Islam.</ref> The Qur'an mentions "tying of knots" as a form of witchcraft, so sailors are recommended to take wide berth.<ref>Emilie Savage-Smith, [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/476350 Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft]. University of Pennsylvania Press, Volume 7, Number 1, Summer 2012. pp. 124-127.</ref>

In [[Saudi Arabia]], the penalty for witchcraft is death by beheading — so they don't seem particularly fond of it.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18503550 Saudi man executed for 'witchcraft and sorcery']. ''BBC'', 19 June 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16150381 Saudi woman executed for 'witchcraft and sorcery']. ''BBC'', 12 December 2011.</ref>

==India==
In [[India]], women are sometimes accused of witchcraft, and after that, their lives can be in danger.<ref>[http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/02/29/one-womans-fight-to-stop-deadly-accusations-of-witchcraft-in-india/ One Woman’s Fight to Stop Deadly Accusations of Witchcraft in India]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aleister Crowley]]
*[[European witch-hunts]]
*[[Margaret Murray]]
*[[Morton's fork]]
*
[[Christine O'Donnell]]


==External links==
*[http://www.butterfliesandwheels.org/2016/for-our-tomorrow-and-for-their-tomorrow/ For Our Tomorrow and For Their Tomorrow] Men and women in Africa are sometimes attacked and seriously injured or killed due to witchcraft suspicions.
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjeqRHdBwkY Horrible Histories - ''Witchfinder Direct''] on [[YouTube]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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[[Category:Magic]]
[[Category:Paranormal]]
[[Category:Religious terms]]
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Categories: Folklore, Magic, Paranormal, Religious terms, Horror