Burqa

{{bronze}}
[[File:Burka.tif|right|thumb|185px|Trick or treat!]]
{{Islam}}
{{cquote|''My mother used to wear a burqa with a net over her  face. It reminded me of the meat safes in my grandmother’s house. Meat safe’s  net was made of metal, my mother’s  net was made of linen.  But the objective was the same: keeping the meat safe.''|||Taslima Nasreen, likening women to meat whilst dismissing rumours that Islam is in any way [[Misogyny|misogynistic]]<ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/taslima/2012/04/08/lets-burn-the-burqa/ Let’s Burn The Burqa], Freethought Blogs</ref>}}
A '''burqa''' (also spelled "'''burka'''" (برقع)) is an outer garment worn by some [[Muslim]] [[women]] in particular Islamic traditions to cover their body when going outside of the home or other safe areas. A burqa generally must be thick and drapy enough to conceal the body shape of the woman wearing it, as only her [[Family values|husband and family]] are allowed to see her form. The '''niqab''' is a face veil worn with outer garments and hair veil to have the same basic effect as a burqa. A yashmak is another similar garment, consisting of a veil for both the face and head, leaving only the eyes visible. The burqa raises many issues in the tagging of [[Facebook]] photos.

The burqa itself is ''extra''-[[Qur'an|Qur'anic]], having its roots in a pre-Islamic [[Middle Eastern]] [[gender]]-[[Segregation|segregating]] philosophy known as ''purdah''. The Qur'an uses the term "hijab," which Islamic scholars interpret as meaning "modesty" or "privacy"; the Qur'an does mention veils that can be "drawn over bosoms" ([[RationalWiki:Annotated Qur'an/The Light#Qur'an 24:31|24:31]]), but Islamic scholars differ on what type of veil this must be.

The history of this particular piece of women's fashion is an arcane study filled with much mystery and contradiction. Veiled figures believed to be powerful priestesses are depicted in statues dating back as far as 2,500 BCE,<ref>Kahf, Mohja (2008). From Royal Body the Robe was Removed: The Blessings of the Veil and the Trauma of Forced Unveiling in the Middle East. University of California Press. p. 27.</ref> and veils were later worn by Mesopotamian, Byzantine, Greek, and Persian elite women.<ref>Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 15.</ref> It's not a fair comparison to equate the hijab to a whale bone {{wpl|corset}} crushing ribs or {{wpl|foot binding}} deforming feet, other than being elite practices that could be enforced violently by the literal fashion police.

Conversely, the clothing was either a way for Jewish women to blend in with Greek and Roman society or as a ways for them to stand out from it; if anything like today's fashion world, it could reverse meanings in a generation.<ref>Richard Freund. "The Veiling of Women in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. A Guide to the Exhibition" (PDF). University of Hartford. Retrieved Aug 22, 2016.</ref> Eventually, the fashion of veiling the face lost favor with Jews and Christians and was later embraced by the upper classes of Arabia before then becoming common with the urban poor; like how sports apparel became affordable to chavs, only modest and mandatory.<ref>El Guindi, Fadwa; Sherifa Zahur (2009). "Hijab". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</ref>

Muhammad incorporated this traditionally Persian and Byzantine custom after the {{wpl|Verses of the Curtains}} was produced following his wedding to {{wpl|Zaynab||,}} when guests became rude and wouldn't leave and only the prophet's wives are specifically mentioned as requiring veils and none wore them during his lifetime,<ref>[https://www.thoughtco.com/quran-require-women-to-wear-veil-2353510 "Does the Quran Require Women to Wear the Veil?"], ''ThoughtCo''</ref> and it has been suggested it was done by women to emulate the prophet's wives.<ref>Aslan, Reza, No God but God, Random House, (2005), p.65–6.</ref> It's worth noting the word hijab originally referred to a curtain like the kinds that partitioned houses, showing the importance of translation, which by that reading would have meant only to speak to the prophet's wives from behind a closed door, not an article of clothing that they wore.

==Burqa requirements==
[[File:Islam_veil.jpg|thumb|right|thumb|200px|Restroom sign, Saudi Arabia. Apparently, in the categories of "Beard" and "No Beard".]]
In some parts of the Islamic world, a woman is required to wear a burqa at all times in public, and this is enforced by law. [[Saudi Arabia]] has a particularly nasty group of police, the [[Morality police#Saudi Arabia|Mutaween]], who are most famous to non-Saudis for allowing 14 schoolgirls to die in a fire because the girls were not wearing the proper covering. [[Afghanistan]] is another country that requires women to wear a burqa at all times when outside of the home. Women who do not wear the covering can be arrested and/or beaten.

However, across global Islam as a whole, burqa wearing is not particularly common.<ref>[http://www.cracked.com/article_18911_5-ridiculous-things-you-probably-believe-about-islam.html 5 Ridiculous Things You Probably Believe About Islam], ''Cracked''</ref>

==Burqa bans==
Banning the burqa has become a popular call for right-wing, [[Populism|populist]] politicians.<ref>{{wpa|Hijab by country}}</ref><ref name=telegraphburqaban/> Proponents say:
# A ban encourages integration and communication because seeing people's faces and eyes is important<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/oct/06/politics.uk I felt uneasy talking to someone I couldn't see], Jack Straw, The Guardian, 6 Oct 2006</ref>
# It is important for security and public safety to prevent people concealing their identity in public (as with bans on wearing a motorcycle helmet in banks)<ref name=nssveil/>
# It protects women who are forced to wear the veil against their will
# It enforces equality and [[secularism]] both by removing religious symbols and by removing a symbol of female inequality and the subjugation of women<ref name=emory/><ref name=nssveil>[https://www.secularism.org.uk/veil-debate-should-the-uk-ban-th.html Veil Debate], National Secular Society (UK)</ref>

However, there are arguments against bans:
# It's a basic civil liberty to wear what you like
# It infringes on [[Freedom of religion|the rights to practice religion and express your religious identity and religious beliefs]]
# A ban is racist/islamophobic because it is intended largely to punish and/or suppress Muslims, even if drafted in a neutral, secular way<ref name=emory>[http://law.emory.edu/eilr/content/volume-25/issue-3/comments/burqa-ban-limitation-religious-freedom-restriction.html The Burqa Ban: An Unreasonable Limitation on Religious Freedom or a Justifiable Restriction?], Shaira Nanwani, Emory International Law Review</ref>
# Although intended to promote integration in public spaces, {{wpl|Perverse incentive|it may actually encourage Muslim women to stay at home}} (or lead to dominant Muslim males forcing their wives and daughters not to go out)
# A ban is sexist or misogynistic because it largely targets women
# A ban would encourage feelings of victimhood and persecution<ref group=note>Remember: it's not a [[persecution complex]] if the persecution is real!</ref> and encourage [[Wahhabism|radicalism]]<ref name=nssveil/><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/denmark-burqa-veil-ban/566630/ Banning Muslim Veils Tends to Backfire—Why Do Countries Keep Doing It?], Sigal Samuel, The Atlantic, 3 August 2018</ref>

==Burqas in Europe==
Currently, in no small part due to confusions or even [[Islamophobia|fears]] of the Islamic religion, several [[West]]ern countries have addressed the issues of veils and women in a variety of ways. Several countries, cities, and regions in [[Europe]] have legislation regulating what women can wear in public. Some specifically ban head coverings, others face coverings, and others more generally restrict religious clothing or symbols. Some have bans only for certain groups, e.g. teachers or government workers, while most restrict the ban to specific locations (e.g. public buildings, schools, universities, public transport).

===Austria===
[[Austria]] banned headscarves in primary/elementary schools and Burqas nationwide in legislation passed in May 2019. The ban specifies "ideologically or religiously influenced clothing which is associated with the covering of the head", although apparently it will not apply to [[Sikh]] patka and [[Judaism|Jewish]] kippa.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/16/austria-approves-headscarf-ban-in-primary-schools Austria approves headscarf ban in primary schools], The Guardian, 16 May 2019</ref>

===Belgium===
In 2011, [[Belgium]] banned the wearing of full-face veils in most public spaces. The punishment is up to 7 days in jail or a fine.<ref name=telegraphburqaban>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/burka-bans-the-countries-where-muslim-women-cant-wear-veils/ Burka bans: The countries where Muslim women can't wear veils ], The Daily Telegraph (UK), 17 Aug 2017</ref>

===Bulgaria===
Predominantly-[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Bulgaria]] passed a law in 2016 banning full-face veils in public places.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-burqa-bulgaria/bulgaria-bans-full-face-veils-in-public-places-idUSKCN1201FV Bulgaria bans full-face veils in public places], Reuters, 30 Sep 2016</ref>

===Denmark===
[[Denmark|The Danes]] introduced a law in 2018 which bans the wearing of veils in public places: police can ask women to remove the veil, fine them, or send them home (the last not necessarily a good way to promote integration).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/danish-burqa-ban-comes-into-effect-amid-protests Protests in Denmark as 'burqa ban' comes into effect], The Guardian, 1 Aug 2018</ref>

===France===
In [[France]], it is not only illegal to wear the burqa at all places, but all religious headscarves are banned in public offices and [[public schools|schools]], and this applies to both teachers and students. It has remained unchallenged since 2004, despite protest from most Muslims and some Liberals over the issue of growing Islamophobia and breaching of individual freedom. The French law is wrapped into a whole "protection from religion" law which bars [[religious]] manifestations in schools, including [[Christian]] crosses and [[Jewish]] skullcaps.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3325285.stm The deep roots of French secularism], BBC News</ref> Nationalist 2017 French presidential candidate Marie Le Pen called for the banning of the hijab and all religious garb.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/le-pens-attacks-on-islam-are-no-longer-veiled-8181891.html "Le Pen's attacks on Islam are no longer veiled."], Thursday 27 September 2012, Aurelien Mondon </ref>

===Germany===
[[File: Germany Headscarfban.jpeg|thumb|200px|States where headscarves are banned in schools (red).]]
Several [[Germany|German]] states ban the wearing of headscarves in schools. Hesse also bans civil servants from wearing them, and Bavaria also bans them in universities, government offices, and polling stations.<ref name=bbcban>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13038095 The Islamic veil across Europe], BBC, 31 May 2018</ref> There is an anti-mask law (''Vermummungsverbot''), which is basically a burqa ban.

===Italy===
[[Italy]] has some local bans but no national legislation; in some cases, old laws against wearing masks in public have been revived.<ref name=telegraphburqaban/><ref>[https://www.thelocal.it/20170308/italian-region-bans-veiled-women-from-entering-hospitals Italian region bans women in face veils from entering hospitals], The Local, 8 Mar 2017</ref>

===Netherlands===
In the [[Netherlands]], full face coverings such as the burqa have been outlawed in some public spaces, including many public buildings and on public transport.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces], CNN, 27 June 2018</ref> On the first day of the ban, 1 August 2019, the police indicated it was not a priority, leaving its enforcement in doubt.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/dutch-police-signal-unwillingness-enforce-new-burqa-ban Dutch 'burqa ban' rendered largely unworkable on first day], The Guardian, 1 Aug 2019</ref>

===Norway===
Full-face veils are banned in schools and universities.

===Russia===
Owing to the variations in religion among [[Russia]]'s republics, Stavropol bans the hijab, but in nearby Chechnya, headscarves are mandatory in public buildings.<ref name=bbcban/>

===Spain===
There is no [[Spain|national legislation]], but there are restrictions in parts of [[Catalonia]], notably Barcelona, which has banned veils in local government offices, markets, and libraries.<ref name=bbcban/>

===Switzerland===
There are bans in the regions of Ticino (Tessin) and St Gallen, with a fine as punishment, but proposals for a national ban were rejected in 2018, with the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] federal government leaving it up to individual cantons.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-swiss-burqa/swiss-government-rejects-proposed-burqa-ban-idUSKBN1JN1H3?il=0 Swiss government rejects proposed burqa ban], Reuters, 27 Jun 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/swiss-region-votes-ban-burqa-public-places-180923155654658.html Swiss region of St Gallen votes to ban 'burqa' in public places], Al Jazeera, 23 Sep 2018</ref> In 2021, the Swiss voted for a burqa ban.

===Turkey===
Headscarves were illegal in predominantly-Muslim [[Turkey]] until 2013 as part of legislation aimed at [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|secularization]], with a 2016 law also legalising headscarves for police officers. It is still illegal to wear them in the armed forces and judiciary, but they are now generally allowed.<ref name=telegraphburqaban/><ref name=bbcban/>

==Burqas in Canada==
While [[Canada]] itself hasn't banned burqas, a previous pro-separatist government (led by the Parti Québécois) in [[Quebec]] tried to ban religious symbolism worn by public workers, among other restrictions. This "secular charter" was criticized as [[xenophobic]] and would have been deemed unconstitutional.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/charter-of-quebec-values-will-be-uniting-force-for-province-marois-says/article13945945/ Marois believes Quebec will rally behind controversial secular charter], ''The Globe and Mail''</ref> Its constitutionality is a moot point for now, given the PQ being tossed from power before it could be tabled. A similar law, the ''Act respecting the laicity of the State'' introduced in 2019 by the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ)-led government is creating a similar controversy, and its constitutionality is debated as well.

==Some insiders' views==
Afghan women have paradoxically found the Burqa to be useful to resisting the Taliban, in that walking under what is basically a portable personal tent can allow you to hide forbidden objects. Almost all of the images of Afghanistan during the Taliban years (especially images of atrocities) were filmed with cameras underneath burqas and smuggled out of the country the same way.<ref>Soft Weapons: Autobiography in Transit by Gillian Whitlock. p.50</ref>

==Other forms of Islamic dress==
{{cquote|Mandatory hijab is a [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] & [[Misogyny|misogynist]] instrument of control. As a [[Liberalism|liberal]], I support ''legal choice'' to wear it, but still ''intellectually & morally oppose'' it everywhere for what it represents (just like the [[Confederate flag]]).|20px|20px|[[Maajid Nawaz]]<ref>Nawaz, Maajid, ''[https://twitter.com/MaajidNawaz/status/947493089194790913 Mandatory hijab]'', [[Twitter]], 31 December 2017.</ref>}}
[[File:Im5.jpg|thumb|left|165px|[[British]] woman wearing a hijab and smoking a [[Fun:Faggot#Fag|fag]].]]
[[File:Burqini.jpg|thumb|right|165px|The burkini]]
Islam requires that both men and women dress modestly. To this end, many styles from simple long-sleeved shirts to full burka and niqab can be found in any mosque.

The hijab is the most common form of headdress associated with Muslim women. It is a veil that covers the hair only, and is common throughout most of the [[Middle East]], parts of the [[India]] subcontinent (such as [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]), and in the Islamic cultures of [[Southeast Asia]] (such as [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Brunei]]). Often, in Western or Westernized societies, the hijab is worn with typical everyday western wear.

An Abaya is a long coat that covers the body's form.  

Many [[American]]s only think of the long black burqa and niqab when they think of Muslim women, but women can be very fashionable, even in the most modest of clothing. Examples of modern conservative Muslim dress can be found at a number of online Islamic clothing stores.

Modest Islamic swimwear for women is often called a burkini or burqini ("burka" + "bikini"). In 2016, the city of Nice, [[France]] attempted to ban the burkini even though it is not much different in appearance than a wetsuit; the ban was overturned by a French court.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/02/europe/france-burkini-ban/index.html Burkini ban in Nice overturned by French court] by Lauren Said-Moorhouse (Updated 10:07 AM ET, Fri September 2, 2016) ''CNN''.</ref> The burqini has also been adopted by non-Muslim women such as Orthodox Jews and skin cancer survivors or those with a high risk thereof, as it allows them the flexibility of swimwear and the protection of wearing full clothing.

==See also==
*[[Kinder, Küche, Kirche]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

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[[Category:Islamic fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]
[[Category:Qur'an]]
[[Category:Sexism]]

Categories: Islamic fundamentalism, Purity culture, Qur'an, Sexism