James Madison

{{significantly problematic}}{{sources needed}} [[File:James_Madison.jpg|thumb|165px|James Madison, starin' down the opposition]]{{uspolitics}}
'''James Madison''' {{lived|1751|1836}} was the primary [[author]] of the [[United States Constitution]] as well as the [[Bill of Rights (United States)|Bill of Rights]] that was added to it. He also served as the 4th [[President of the United States]] and lead the nation during the War of 1812. Notably, Madison was the smallest president, only 5'4" and about 100 pounds.<ref>[http://www.mikeswashingtonwatch.com/archives/2007/05/presidential_height_weight_and.shtml Presidential Height, Weight, and BMI]</ref>

Madison was one of seven Presidents who smoked [[marijuana]], even growing the plant on his plantation.<ref>[https://aadl.org/node/193822 7 Presidents Smoked It] Ann Arbor District Library</ref>

==Author of the Constitution==

As the Articles of Confederation began to crumble, Madison took it upon himself to draft a new constitution for the nation (commonly known as the "Virginia Plan"). He was by no means a novel political theorist. Still, in crafting the US Constitution, he drew on a long legacy of such writings in Europe, notably [[John Locke]] and Montesquieu. It called for a separation of power and checks and balances while still giving the federal government more centralism and overall control. This is important because the major issue with the Articles of Confederation was how weak it kept the federal government, giving them essentially no real power to do anything.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/collections/continental-congress-and-constitutional-convention-from-1774-to-1789/articles-and-essays/to-form-a-more-perfect-union/identifying-defects-in-the-constitution/ Identifying Defects in the Constitution] Library of Congress</ref> This was made especially clear after Shays' Rebellion in 1786 and 1787.<ref>[https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/shays-rebellion Shays' Rebellion] Mount Vernon</ref>

In the end, the Virginia Plan was not accepted wholesale but was instead, modified dramatically to win approval by all of the 13 states. Despite the modifications, James Madison still argued (along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay) for the states' ratification. Together, the three wrote the ''Federalist Papers'' to argue for a stronger government (sadly, after this, Hamilton and Madison became strong political enemies, with Hamilton wanting a much stronger federal government than Madison was comfortable with). This shows once again that the Founding Fathers were anything but a homogeneous bloc and that they had vastly different opinions on almost all issues, including the meaning of the very constitution they had agreed on.<ref group=note>Take that [[Antonin Scalia]]</ref>

Initially, Madison was opposed to a separate "Bill of Rights", fearing it would be only a paper cover and would cause people to think that rights not listed did not exist. However, it became clear that it would not be accepted without some kind of additional modifications. So Madison wrote up some of the first explicit prohibitions for a government to be involved in matters of conscience. His original desire was for these to be applied to the states as well, but that had to wait until after the [[American Civil War]]. Interestingly enough, the US Bill of Rights was passed the same year as the French declaration of human rights. Neither of those made any mention of [[women's rights]], of course.<ref group=note>The French word "homme" as in "droit de l'homme" can mean both "man" and "human" just like "man" used to include women as well</ref> That would just be crazy talk.

==President==

Madison's presidency was mostly taken up with the rivalry (and then war) with [[Great Britain]]. The [[War of 1812]] saw some very dramatic losses for the United States, including the sacking of [[Washington, D.C.]], but the conflict was considered a clear draw by the end. Many in the US saw it as a win, as they thought it consolidated the US's status as an independent nation.

The war was incredibly controversial in its day with those in [[New England]] and among members of the [[Federalist Party]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-1812 War of 1812] Britannica</ref> New England even almost seceded over the conflict, while their opposition led to episodes such as Massachusetts Governor Caleb Strong intentionally creating intentionally terrible battle preparations for no other reason than because he didn't want battle to occur at all.<ref>[https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2012/06/15/new-england-succession Why New England Almost Seceded Over The War Of 1812] WBUR</ref>

What is notable about this war is the powers Madison simply did not use, even when many of his successors would have gladly done so. One source notes "Madison didn’t seek the unilateral and more expedient remedies that his successors in office would: repress dissent, suspend habeas corpus, and claim the authority to hold American citizens in military custody. In fact, Madison explicitly disclaimed that authority."<ref>[https://www.washingtonian.com/2012/12/06/remember-when-wartime-presidents-were/ What Would James Madison (Not) Do?] Washingtonian</ref>

Madison had better luck in the Mediterranean than with his home country. Despite the terms of the {{wpl|Treaty of Tripoli (1805)|1805 Treaty of Tripoli}} (different from [[Treaty of Tripoli|the one]] that refutes the idea of [[The United States as a Christian nation]]), pirates based in Algiers (part of modern-day [[Algeria]]) continued to attack American ships in the Mediterranean. During the [[War of 1812]], the British even managed to get the Algerian government to formally declare war on the US for supposedly failing to pay up tribute,<ref>[https://clements.umich.edu/exhibit/barbary-wars/between-the-barbary-wars/ Between the Wars: America’s Presence in the Mediterranean, 1805-1812], William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan</ref> though the effects of piracy had been limited due to the British blockade preventing American ships from actually reaching the Mediterranean in the first place. After the end of the War of 1812, Mr. Madison turned his sights to Algiers, and on May 10th, 1815, he sent forth a squadron of ships headed by William Bainbridge and Stephen Decatur. After about a month of fighting, Decatur managed to secure full shipping rights, an end to tribute payments, and the release and compensation of ten American captives in exchange for releasing all the Algerian ships the Americans had captured,<ref>[https://clements.umich.edu/exhibit/barbary-wars/second-barbary-war/ The Second Barbary War: The Algerine War], William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan</ref> putting an end to the {{wpl|Second Barbary War||.}}

==Advocate of religious freedom==
Madison was a lifelong champion for [[freedom of religion]] and [[separation of church and state]]. In his eyes, [[secular|secularity]] not only promoted religious liberty but also political liberty. Madison was himself a [[deist]]. For example, after the [[Boston Tea Party]], he stood with the Sons of Liberty and argued that the reason Massachusetts could make such a bold statement was because, unlike Virginia, the colonists in Massachusetts did not have an [[State religion|established church]] and therefore had the freedom of mind to fight the Tea Act.<ref>''These Truths'' by Jill Lepore (2018) W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-63524-9</ref>{{rp|89-90}}

In 1776, in the wake of several attacks on [[Baptist]] and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] ministers, Madison managed to insert an provision for "free exercise of religion" into the Virginia Declaration of Rights, though it was fairly vague and failed to address whether Virginia would still have an [[State religion|established church]].<ref name="encyclopedia-virginia-religious-freedom">[https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/virginia-statute-for-establishing-religious-freedom-1786/ Virginia Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom (1786)] by John Ragosta (Last updated December 07, 2020) ''Encyclopedia Virginia'', Virginia Humanities</ref> Later that year, he and [[Thomas Jefferson]] managed to pass an act repealing a religious on dissenters from the [[Church of England]], the established religion of Virgina. In addition to explaining how to collect money for church buildings and clergy salaries under the revised system, the act argued that it made absolutely no sense for someone to pay a tax to build or maintain a church building they didn't even go to.<ref>[https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/an-act-for-exempting-the-different-societies-of-dissenters-from-contributing-to-the-support-and-maintenance-of-the-church-as-by-law-established-and-its-ministers-and-for-other-purposes-therein-menti/ An act for exempting the different societies of Dissenters from contributing to the support and maintenance of the church as by law established, and its ministers, and for other purposes therein mentioned (1776)], ''Encyclopedia Virginia'', Virginia Humanities</ref>

==Notes==
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==References==
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[[Category:Deists]]
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Categories: Deists, Former United States Representatives, Former U.S. Cabinet Members, Founding Fathers, Philosophers, Presidents of the United States, Slavery, United States politicians