trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Edward Feser

{{significantly problematic}}[[File:157 Ed Feser - Copy.jpg|thumb|165px|Edward Feser]]
{{christianity|1}}
'''Edward Feser''' {{lived|1968}} is a [[Catholic]] / Christian [[apologist]] writer of books such as ''Aristotle’s Revenge: The Metaphysical Foundations of Physical and Biological Sciences, The Last Superstition: A Refutation of the New Atheism, Aquinas, Scholastic Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction,'' ''Five Proofs of the Existence of God'', and the co-author of ''By Man Shall His Blood Be Shed: A Catholic Defense of Capital Punishment.''<ref>{{wpa|Edward Feser}}</ref>

A critic of [[New Atheists]], Feser accuses his opponents of misreading philosophers like [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Aristotle]], and [[Leibniz]] and promotes a reversion to Aristotelian-Thomistic metaphysics.<ref>Edward Fesser, [http://edwardfeser.blogspot.com/2019/03/order-now-aristotles-revenge.html Aristotle's Revenge: The Metaphysical Foundations of the Physical and Biological Sciences] edwardfeser.blogspot.com. 4 March 2019.</ref><ref>Edward Fesser, [https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2017/06/taking-aquinas-seriously Taking Aquinas Seriously.] firstthings.com, 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2018/04/06/edward-feser-godsplains-why-atheists-dont-understand-religion/ Edward Feser godsplains why atheists don’t understand religion, and why there is absolutely, positively a God (the Catholic one)], Jerry Coyne, ''Why Evolution is True''</ref>

His book ''The Last Superstition'' claims to be a refutation of the New Atheism, which he accuses of "[[intellectual dishonesty]], [[philosophical]] shallowness, and historical, theological, and [[scientific]] ignorance"; he tries to prove the existence of [[God]] starting with [[Aristotle]]'s [[teleological]] [[metaphysics]], in contrast to mechanical [[Newton]]ian metaphysics which he rejects.<ref>[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-last-superstition-a-refutation-of-the-new-atheism-Edward-Feser.php The Last Superstition], Edward Feser, Montreal Review</ref> 

In contrast to some modern theologians, he also claims that [[dog]]s don't go to [[Heaven]].<ref>[https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2015/10/27/edward-feser-no-dogs-go-to-heaven/ Edward Feser: No dogs go to Heaven], Jerry Coyne, ''Why Evolution is True''</ref> His opinion about [[unicorn]]s is unrecorded.

==Works==
* ''The Last Superstition: A Refutation of the New Atheism'' (St. Augustine's Press, 2008) [[Special:Booksources/978-1587314520|ISBN 978-1587314520]]
* ''[[Aquinas]] (A Beginner's Guide)'' (Oneworld Publications, 2009) [[Special:Booksources/978-1851686902|ISBN 978-1851686902]]
==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Feser, Edward}}
{{stub|Christianity}}
{{apolbox}}
[[Category:Apologists and counter-apologists]]
[[Category:Christian apologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Apologists and counter-apologists, Christian apologists, Living people
Edwin Hubble

{{Astronomy}}{{cquote|''From this work, by him and by others of his generation, it is widely believed that some glimpse of a "creation event of the universe" became available to science by an objective method, not, as in other times, by metaphysics or speculation.''|30|30|Allan Sandage}}

'''Edwin Powell Hubble''' (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American boxer, a member of the Kentucky bar association and an [[astronomer]]. He is best known for his discovery that the [[universe]] is [[Expanding_universe|expanding]]. This discovery, in giving the [[Big Bang|Big Bang theory]] a factual base, permanently eliminated [[God|God's]] theory on the origins of the universe, [[Genesis]], from the competition.<ref>''It was later discovered that God had plagiarized Genesis from an ancient Babylonian book of fairy tales. In a plea deal with [[Scientist|authorities]] he was released under the condition that he never communicate or make his presence known to any person, or thing, that might "believe" in him or be a "follower" of him, ever. The deal was seen as an injustice by many. Many of God's ex-lovers had been in the court room when the deal was struck, one of them, a Mr. Gabriel, was incredulous..."He has never communicated with or made his presence known to any of his "followers" before..I mean..Why would he start now?...fuck...He is always bitching about them and calling them a bunch of wacko sheep....he could give a shit. So...I mean...How does this even qualify as a slap on the wrist for fuck's sake ?...Not even a slap on the wrist...sad.".''</ref> Hubble made no public comment on God's concession speech. ''(It was rumored that he climbed atop Griffith Observatory, looked up into stars and yelled "Gotcha! Fucker!" then had a smoke and danced til the sun came up.)'' Hubble, simply put, set down the observational foundations upon which modern [[Cosmology]] rests.

==Sources==
''Edwin Hubble 1889-1953'', The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol.83, No.6 December 1989 Whole No. 621

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hubble, Edwin}}
[[category:Astronomers]]

Categories: Astronomers
Edwin Mellen Press

'''Edwin Mellen Press''' is an exceedingly dubious academic press, famous amongst university librarians for publishing works of second-class scholarship.<ref>[https://chronicle.com/forums/index.php/topic,79735.msg1907549.html#msg1907549 ''Chronicle'' forum thread], in which multiple posters suggest that being published by them will ''hurt'' your academic record for tenure.</ref>  It made itself even more famous as a dubious publisher when, in late 2012, it brought a defamation suit for $3 million against a university librarian who criticised it on their blog.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110630153231/http://htwkbk.wordpress.com/2010/09/22/the-curious-case-of-edwin-mellen-press/ The original blog post].</ref><ref>[https://docs.google.com/file/d/0Bz0QkOJbKc0mbVlBZmd3dUtDMmM/edit?usp=sharing&pli=1 The suit].</ref><ref>Jake New.  "[https://chronicle.com/article/Librarians-Rally-Behind/137329/ Librarians Rally Behind Blogger Sued by Publisher Over Critical Comments]."  ''The Chronicle of Higher Education''.  2013 February 14.</ref>

Another thing they were upset about was a commenter on the blog post who said they were [[Scientology|Scientologists]]. This claim is indeed ''absolutely false''.  They're actually [[Unification Church|Moonies]].<ref>Rebecca Moore.  "[http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/JonestownReport/Volume7/rem2.htm The Strange Case of Garry Scarff]."  ''The Jonestown Report''.  Volume 5, November 2007.</ref>

Their business model is to sell books of mediocre scholarship at stupendous markups to a perceived captive market of librarians, which is why they are quite so upset at a librarian calling them out.

"We do not know why the criticism persists," says the publisher in their newsletter, "but this problem has gone on for some time and has done a great deal of damage."  Indeed.

== External links ==

* [http://scienceblogs.com/confessions/2013/02/09/publisher-hits-new-low-suing-librarian-for-criticizing-their-books/ Confessions of a Science Librarian]:  A substantial list of links detailing the whole tale ''(which would be nice to extend this article)''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Publishers]]
[[Category:Unification Church]]

Categories: Publishers, Unification Church
Egotheism

{{Religion}}
'''Egotheism''' (Latin: ''ego'' &mdash; "I", Greek: ''theos'' &mdash; "god") is the deification of the self, or the belief that "you are [[God]]". Elizabeth Palmer Peabody allegedly coined the term in 1858.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Peabody
 | first1 = Elizabeth Palmer
 | author-link1 = Elizabeth Peabody
 | orig-year = 1858
 | chapter = Egotheism, the Atheism of To-Day
 | title = Last Evening with Allston, and Other Papers
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PhYIAQAAIAAJ
 | location = Boston
 | publisher = D. Lothrop
 | publication-date = 1886
 | page = 240-252
 | access-date = 2018-09-30
 | quote = 
}}
</ref>
But compare Robert Alfred Vaughan's "ego-theism" from 1856.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Vaughan
 | first1 = Robert Alfred
 | author-link1 = Robert Alfred Vaughan
 | title = Hours with the Mystics: A Contribution to the History of Religious Opinion
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PB0oAAAAYAAJ
 | volume = 1
 | location = London
 | publisher = John W. Parker
 | publication-date = 1856
 | page = 29
 | access-date = 2018-09-29
 | quote = Is not the history of mysticism bright with stories of dazzling spiritual enterprise, sombre with tragedies of the soul, stored with records of the achievements and the woes of martyrdom and saintship? [...] See it, in theory, verging repeatedly on pantheism, ego-theism, nihilism.
}}
</ref>

It is common for people with egotheistic views to assert claims such as "we are all our own gods."

==In religion==
This belief is perhaps most prevalent in [[Anton LaVey|LaVeyan]] [[Satanism]], which posits that each individual is essentially their own [[God]], meaning they are the master of their own reality. However, Satanists rarely use the term egotheism, instead preferring "apotheosis".

In [[Hinduism]], practitioners identify themselves with God through their ''atman'' ("soul"). It might seem to some that this is a form of egotheism, as they believe God is within themselves. However, the way the practitioner attempts to accomplish this is through a complete submission of ego, so it's doubtful if the term is appropriate.

==God complex==
The belief that one is infallible and therefore a god, is known as the "{{wpl|God complex}}". It exists among some [[cult]] leaders and other [[delusional]] people but does not appear in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] because the DSM explicitly excludes religion-related diagnoses.

==See also (but not to be confused with)==
*[[Self projection as god]]
*[[Solipsism]]
*[[Ethical egoism]]
*[[Transhumanism]]
*[[Jerusalem syndrome]]
*[[Caligula]]

==External links==
*[http://boingboing.net/2015/06/26/documentary-about-people-who-h.html Those Who Are Jesus], a 2001 documentary by Steven Eastwood.
*[http://www.buzzfeed.com/danmeth/15-living-people-who-say-they-are-god#.siwmaKGa6 15 Living People Who Say They Are God], at least according to BuzzFeed.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Theism]]
[[Category:New Age]]

Categories: Theism, New Age
Elasticity (economics)

{{economics}}
'''Elasticity''' is an [[economic]] concept used to measure how sensitive [[Supply curve|supply]] and [[Demand curve|demand]] are to changes in price. A very elastic product would see small changes in price result in large changes in demand or supply. The elasticity curve of an individual or society may change for any number or reasons.<ref>"[https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/elasticity-tutorial/price-elasticity-tutorial/a/price-elasticity-of-demand-and-price-elasticity-of-supply-cnx Price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply]". ''Khan Academy''. Retrieved 2020-01-26.</ref><ref>Kenton, Will. "[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/priceelasticity.asp Price Elasticity of Demand]". ''Investopedia''. Retrieved 2020-01-26.</ref> Changes in taste, preferences, substitutes, or how much someone needs something can alter the elasticity demanded of a good.

==Demand==
The elasticity of demand refers to how responsive the quantity demanded is to changes in the price of a good. To formula to calculate the elasticity of demand is as follows:

(ΔQ/Q)/(ΔP/P)

Where ΔQ is the change in quantity demanded. Q represents the average of the two quantities demanded. ΔP is the change in price and P is the average price.

'''Example''': Suppose the price of a dozen eggs rises from $2 to $2.50. Quantity demanded falls from 20 to 15.

(20-15)/[(20-15)/2]=2

(2-2.50)/[(2-2.50)/2]=2

2/2='''1'''

The elasticity of demand for a dozen eggs is 1. So a 5% increase in price will result in a 5% decrease in quantity demanded (5×1=5). Note that in most instances the answer will come up as a negative number, but you always take its absolute value.

==Supply==
The elasticity of supply refers to how responsive producers are to changes in price. To calculate the elasticity of supply, simply substitute quantity demanded with the quantity supplied.

==Types of elasticity==
*Perfectly elastic: =∞ A situation in which quantity drops to 0. People immediately stop buying.
*Elastic: >1 Relatively high elasticity, consumers have plenty of options to substitute out.
*Unit elastic: =1 Equivalent or proportional responsiveness to changes in price.
*Inelastic: <1 A fairly low level of elasticity. People have a difficult time giving up the item and few options.
*Perfectly inelastic: =0 A situation in which there is no change in quantity at all when price changes. People cannot stop buying the item.

==Analysis==
[[File:Tax incidence (mixed).svg|175px|thumb|right|Tax incidence.]]
Elasticity is a key concept in economics. It is useful for businesses to understand how changes in the prices of their products can impact sales. Elasticity is also used in [[tax]] analysis. The more elastic a good is, the more of the incidence of a sales or excise tax will fall on the producer. Conversely, something with an inelastic demand curve will see that most of the tax incidence will fall on the consumer.<ref>[https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Tax_incidence.html Tax incidence] ''EconomicsOnline''.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economics]]

Categories: Economics
Electromagnetism

{{cquote|When we turn our attention to the general case of electrodynamics… our first impression is surprise at the enormous complexity of the problems to be solved.|||Max Planck.<ref>[https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.4913414 ''Modern Electrodynamics'' by Andrew Zangwill]. ISBN 978-0-521-89697-9. Reviewed by James S. Russ. ''American Journal of Physics''. June 22, 2015. </ref>}}
{{Physics}}
'''Electromagnetism''' is one of the four fundamental forces. It is responsible for most of what happens in daily life, being responsible for [[chemistry]] and indeed the existence of [[atoms]], wherein the [[quark]]s that group as [[baryon]]s, such as [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s. Protons and neutrons then group as nuclei and electrically attract a pile of [[electron]]s.

Electromagnetism manifests as electric fields and magnetic fields. These were thought of as separate until James Clerk Maxwell set out in 1873 precisely how and why one always implies the other. In the process, he discovered that light is [[Radiation#Electromagnetic|electromagnetic radiation]].<ref>https://www.biography.com/people/james-c-maxwell-9403463</ref>

Physicists used to assume electromagnetism travelled in a medium they called "[[aether]]", because how could you have a ''wave'' without a ''medium''. That's just ''silly''. Except it turned out to be the case. The [[Michelson-Morley experiment]] established that there was such a thing as a [[speed of light]] and that it was apparently constant. This was enough to start [[Einstein]] on the path to [[special relativity]].<ref>http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Michelson-MorleyExperiment.html</ref>

[[Richard Feynman]] got a [[Nobel]] for working out the [[quantum mechanics]] of electromagnetism, quantum electrodynamics.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Feynman</ref>

==Woo==
*[[Magnet]]s have been regarded as [[magic]]al since they were popularly available: [[magnetic water treatment]], [[magnetic field therapy]]. [[engineering]], was a fount of electromagnetic [[crankery]].
*Dewey Larson's [[Reciprocal Theory]]
*[[Scalar wave]]s should leave you gibbering into the sunset.
*[[Precision Herbs]] which builds [[quack]] electronic zappers that they claim kills [[parasite]]s
* Some folks believe that even ridiculously small levels of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation are hurting them, thanks to [[electromagnetic hypersensitivity]].

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

==See also==
{{fun|Electricity}}
*[[Physics]]
*[[Gravity]]

{{clear}}
{{Stub|Physics}}
[[Category:Physics]]

Categories: Physics
Electron

{{sources needed}}{{Physics}}
An '''electron''' is a negatively (-) charged subatomic particle. In a neutral atom they exactly balance the positive charge(s) of the [[proton]](s).

==In chemistry==
Electrons are arranged into "shells" of increasing energy around the nucleus, and within each shell they are arranged into orbitals. The highest energy electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are known as the "valence" electrons, and these are the basis of all [[chemistry]]. When atoms exchange or share valence electrons, and thus rearrange themselves, a molecule is formed. The formation of molecules, and changes in them, are called chemical reactions. To particle physicists, the electron is too large to bother with, so they like to smash them against positrons to see what happens.

The term "particle" is unfortunately a misleading misnomer, for in fact the electron does not on its tiny level resemble a spheroid. Indeed, it doesn't "look" like ''anything'', for visible light consists of waves of electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths are considerably larger than the packet of negatively charged mass whose behavior in exchange with counterparts surrounding other atoms constitute what are termed chemical bonds.

==Duality==
An electron is an example of "particle-wave duality". Originally, the electron was thought to orbit the atom's nucleus like a planet would orbit a star. This {{wpl|Bohr model|model}} fails, however, since the electron's orbit would decay, and it would eventually crash into the nucleus rather than stay stable. After it was shown that an electron fired through a fine grating would diffract like a wave, it was re-described as a wave. At the same time [[Albert Einstein|a good boffin]] showed conclusively that the electron was a particle, as exhibited by the photoelectric effect. As a result, an electron is sometimes (quite informally) referred to as a "wavicle".

It's important to note that this doesn't mean that it ''is'' a particle and a wave, it's something else entirely, that we cannot fully comprehend in our macroscopic environment, that has the ''properties'' of both particles and waves. This is the basis of most [[quantum mechanics]].

[[category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Fundamental particles]]

Categories: Chemistry, Physics, Fundamental particles
Electronic Frontier Foundation

[[File:EFF-logo-lockup-red.svg|thumb]]
{{internet}}
The '''Electronic Frontier Foundation''' (or '''EFF''') is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the defense of [[free speech]] and protection of [[privacy]] and consumer rights for [[internet]] users. It was established in 1990 and is headquartered in [[San Francisco]], [[California]], and has been involved in a number of legal cases. In a lot of ways, they're essentially the online equivalent to the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and its relatives.

==Deep Crack==
In 1998, they published a book titled ''Cracking DES''.<ref>Electronic Frontier Foundation, ''Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics & Chip Design''. O'Reilly Media, 11 July 1998. {{isbn|1565925203}}.</ref> In this book, they not only laid out a case for the [[United States]] {{wpl|Data Encryption Standard}} for not being secure, but also came to the conclusion that the {{wpl|National Security Administration}} was very likely on its third or fourth generation of DES cracking devices at the time. In order to do this, they created their own {{wpl|EFF_DES_cracker|DES cracker machine.}} The bulk of the book's text is the {{wpl|VHDL}} code used to generate the code-cracking chips that did the actual work, and it's not only recommended reading for cryppies, but also for anyone interested in computer hardware design. 

==Criticism==
The EFF has been criticized by ''The Baffler'' magazine as a highly successful [[astroturf]] group created by Silicon Valley to defend their illiberal business models especially regarding [[copyright]] and [[privacy]], as well as having a major role into making the Internet what it is today.<ref>Yasha Levine, [https://thebaffler.com/salvos/all-effd-up-levine All EFF’d Up]. ''The Baffler'', July 2018.</ref> This is nonsensical, as the EFF is strongly pro-privacy, which runs directly counter to the business models employed by Silicon Valley companies.

==External links==
*[https://www.eff.org/ Official website]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Copyright]]
[[Category:Organizations]]

{{stub|Internet}}

Categories: California, Copyright, Organizations
Element

{{Chemistry}}
'''Elements''' are the different varieties of atoms that exist. They are the basic components of matter, which cannot be broken down into smaller parts (except by much higher energy nuclear reactions). The twenty or so heaviest are so unstable they only ever occur in intentional lab experiments, and even then not for very long. Elements are distinguished from each other by their numbers of protons. For instance, any atom with 26 protons is [[iron]]. Protons and neutrons congregate in the nucleus, and electrons zip around far away from the nucleus. Chemical reactions result from the addition or subtraction of electrons. Removing an electron creates a positive charge, and adding an electron creates a negative charge to an atom. 

The elements have different chemical properties, and so do their compounds.   

==Overview==
Each element has distinct chemical properties in its pure form, and some (like [[carbon]], phosphorus, and tin) have very different pure forms. or allotropes. [[Diamond]]s and graphite as both carbon, although they look very different. The allotropes of phosphorus are known by their colors and act very differently. Tin has a metallic form and a non-metallic form. The various elements are related due to the rather repetitious and simplistic structures that recur as they get larger, probably due to our [[God|creator's]] laziness. These similarities allow the elements to be grouped in the Bible of Chemistry, known as the [[Periodic Table]]. 

Well, even without a Creator, elements with completed outer shells of electrons (the "noble" elements [[helium]], argon, neon, krypton, and xenon; [[radon]] is likely much the same except that its radioactivity makes its chemistry "messy") refuse to accept electrons and (except for krypton and xenon) hold on so tightly to their outer electrons that they remain distinct atoms. It is possible to make compounds out of krypton and xenon with great difficulty, and these compounds are usually quite unstable. The elements with one or two more electrons than a noble gas typically cast off their outermost electrons much as a stripper removes her clothes, but to form positive ions instead of showing some shocking anatomy; elements with two or one fewer electrons than a noble gas tend to grab enough electrons to create a negative ion. The difference between negative and positive ions is shocking, and positive and negative ions tend to form salt-like ionic compounds like salt (sodium chloride) or calcium oxide. Chemistry is much more complicated for elements more than two electrons away from having an inert-gas structure.

==See Also==
*[[List of elements in the periodic table]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{stub|science}}

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Elements| ]]

Categories: Chemistry, Physics, Elements