trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Background radiation

{{Nuclear}}

'''Background radiation''' is the small dose of ionizing radiation that everyone receives from natural radioactive elements present in the environment and from various human activity.

The average annual dose of background radiation is about 3 mSv,<ref name="nrc">U.S. NRC [http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/bio-effects-radiation.html Fact Sheet on Biological Effects of Radiation]</ref> but varies a lot depending on the location. Convincing evidence of increased risk of cancer is available for acute doses higher than 100 mSv<ref name="nrc"/> ("acute" means during a few hours, not in a year). For lower doses the evidence is inconclusive. Some scientists think that risk of cancer is proportional to radiation dose - this is called the [[linear no-threshold]] (LNT) hypothesis. Others think that there is a threshold below which there are no effects. Yet another group thinks that small doses of radiation are beneficial - this is called [[radiation hormesis]]. Currently the scientific consensus is in favor of the LNT model, but not overwhelmingly so.

==Sources==

[[Image:Strahlenexposar.png|thumb|200px|right|Map of background radiation in Germany. Permanently relocating from the northwest to some areas in Bavaria can increase your exposure by more than 0.6 mSv/year]]

* Radon gas in buildings - about 50%<ref name="orp">http://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/320-063_bkvsman_fs.pdf</ref><ref name="jpnet">[http://www.jpnetuk.com/jpnet/school/radiation/sources.htm Sources of Background Radiation]</ref>
* Direct irradiation from the ground and buildings
* Cosmic radiation - about 10%,<ref name="jpnet"/> significantly more for aircraft crew
* Medical procedures, such as X-ray, computed tomography, scintigraphy and radiotherapy - 10 to 15% in the developed countries<ref name="orp"/>
* Smoking
* Food and drink
* Fallout from atmospheric nuclear testing in the 50s and 60s - about 0.3%<ref name="orp"/>
* CRT television/computer monitors, which are still preferred for some applications. They can be more energy efficient than flat-panels if used the right way (having most of the screen dark most of the time)
* Household smoke detectors
* Coal-burning power-plant emissions, roughly 3.3x the radiation dosage one would receive living the same distance from a nuclear plant generating the same number of watts of electricity.
* [[Nuclear power]] - less than 0.01%<ref name="orp"/>

==External links==
* [http://www.darvill.clara.net/nucrad/sources.htm A nice pie chart of contributions to background radiation]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/radiation/backgroundradiationrev1.shtmlAnother nice pie chart]
* [http://blog.xkcd.com/2011/03/19/radiation-chart/ xkcd Radiation Dose Chart]

==References==
{{reflist}}
Bad (economics)

[[File:Qantas b747 over houses arp.jpg|200px|thumb|Noise pollution is often welfare reducing. What? I can't hear you!]]
'''Bad''' (sometimes "'''Bads'''") is an [[economic]] concept that refers to harmful economic products that cause more harm than good and thus result in negative utility.<ref>Caplan, Bryan. [https://www.econlib.org/archives/2006/03/goods_bads_marg.html Goods, Bads, Marginal Utility, and Happiness Research] ''Fee.com''</ref> They are therefore the opposite of goods. Many economic bads are [[negative externalities]] like [[pollution]] or traffic congestion. However, some bads may be products that people buy that have harmful effects on their own health like illegal [[drugs]], [[Fast food|unhealthy food]], or legal drugs like [[tobacco]] or [[alcohol]]. Many economic bads sold illegally in black markets are not measured in conventional [[National Income Accounting|national income accounts]] like [[gross domestic product]]. 

==See also==
*[[Free market]]: Where you can buy them.
*[[Medical woo]]: A common source of disutility.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{stub|economics}}
[[Category:Economics]]

Categories: Economics
Banana

{{fork}}

* [[Banana argument]], a particularly [[fallacy|fallacious]] version of the [[argument from design]]
** [[Ray Comfort]], infamous for promoting said argument
* [[Banana peels]], subject of a [[hoax]] that alleged they could be used as a [[drug]]
* [[Chiquita]], a fruit company whose [[imperialism|imperialistic]] shenanigans in [[Latin America]] led to the coining of the term "banana republic"
* [[Smedley Butler]], veteran of the "{{wpl|Banana Wars||"}} who became a critic of U.S. imperialism
* "Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything", an extreme form of [[NIMBY]]ism
Barnett Slepian

[[File:Slepian.jpg|thumb|165px|Dr. Slepian.]]{{abortion}}
{{cquote|Abortion is undeniably the taking of potential life. It is not pretty. It is not easy. And in a perfect world, it would not be necessary.|||Dr. Barnett Slepian<ref>Robb, Amanda. "The Last Clinic Standing". Marie Claire.</ref>}}

'''Barnett Slepian''' {{lived|21 October 1946|23 October 1998}} was an [[American]] OB-GYN who was [[hypocrisy|murdered]] in 1998 by those who are "[[pro-life]]"  for his decision to help women with the safe, ''legal'' choice [[abortion|to end a pregnancy]].<ref group=note>Legal for now, at least</ref><ref>"[http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/s/barnett_a_slepian/index.html Barnett A. Slepian]."  ''New York Times''.  2009 June 2.</ref>

==Why perform abortions?==

"He felt he had no choice but to expose himself to those risks because others were not willing to provide choice to women."<ref>Mary Lou Greenberg.  "[http://www.rwor.org/a/v20/980-89/981/slepian.htm The Fighting Legacy of Dr. Barnett Slepian]."  ''Revolutionary Worker''.  issue #981.  1998 November 8.</ref>

He had received many death threats, and he and his family had been subjected to severe harassment. Like Doctors [[George Tiller|Tiller]] and [[Warren Hern|Hern]], he understood the risks to women's health and their well-being if people were willing to speak theoretically about women's rights but not get personally involved, so he continued to put himself at risk providing for their care.  

The majority of Dr. Slepian's patients were lower income women.  Many of his non-abortion patients were Medicaid patients who he treated throughout their pregnancy, even though he barely recouped the cost of their treatment.

==Threats and murder==

On October 23, 1998 James Kopp, an anti-[[abortion]] domestic terrorist, waited in the woods just outside of Dr. Slepian's home.  Like [[George Tiller]], Dr. Slepian was a religious man and had just returned from Synagogue where he mourned for his father who had died one year prior.  Also like Dr. Tiller, Dr. Slepian was shot in front of his wife.  Earlier that day, Mrs. Slepian had warned the police of a specific threat she had received about her husband.  The police chose not to act.

The anti-abortion group [[Army of God]] maintains a site dedicated to Kopp,<ref>"[http://www.armyofgod.com/JamesKopp2.html Babykiller Barnett Slepian]."  ''Army of God''.  accessed 2012 April 5. (Dead link)</ref> - a true hero for them.  

After his murder, newspaper reports were filled with testimonials of how he helped women have babies even when they could barely afford good care, as well as those who did not want, or could not continue a pregnancy.
<!-- Dr. Slepian was in his 156th trimester. -->

==See also==
*[[George Tiller]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{Abortionnav}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slepian, Barnett}}
[[Category:Physicians]]

Categories: Physicians
Baron d'Holbach

{{Sources needed}}
[[File:D'Holbach.jpg|right|thumb|165px|Baron d'Holbach. He'll ruin that chair if he leaves it outside.]]{{atheism|1}}
'''Paul-Henri Thiry d'Holbach''' (1723 {{--}} 1789) was a French [[Philosophy|philosopher]]. Maintaining one of the most famous salons of the French [[Enlightenment]], d'Holbach is often considered the first modern [[atheism|atheist]].<ref group=notes>Although many, including probably d'Holbach himself, would disagree and credit [[Jean Meslier]].</ref> By all accounts, d'Holbach was a pleasant guy to hang out with.

d'Holbach was born in the Palatinate in what is now [[Germany]] but moved to [[France]] at young age and lived in Paris for most of his life. From the 1750s to the 1780s Holbach maintained a salon at his house, treating guests with [[wine]], food and discussions twice a week. [[Denis Diderot]], the Marquis de Condorcet, Friedrich Grimm, [[Claude Helvétius]] and {{--}} until a falling-out {{--}} [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] were regulars at d'Holbach's salon, which also received various international luminaries.

==Reputation==
d'Holbach's most famous works include ''Le Christianisme dévoilé'', in which he attacked [[Christianity]] as a [[hypocritical]] and morally and [[scientific]]ally backwards belief system, and the more philosophical and theoretic ''Système de la Nature'' in which he defended atheism, [[materialism]] and [[determinism]]. He also contributed to Diderot's ''Encyclopédie''.

Due to problems with the [[censorship|censor]] and a rather opaque writing style, d'Holbach is not as famous as the other great Enlightenment thinkers. His works were largely published under pseudonyms (usually 'the late M. Boulanger', after a deceased friend) and were only positively identified with d'Holbach after his death. The thought of d'Holbach and the members of his salon was radical even for most other Enlightenment philosophers, who tried to settle down for a more moderate [[deism]], where [[God]] was believed still to have created the universe, but since then did not actively intervene (as through [[miracle]]s). [[Voltaire]] was known to condemn many of d'Holbach's works, especially after some correctly identified him as the author of ''Le Christianisme dévoilé''.

A famous anecdote tells about [[David Hume]] who, attending a dinner at d'Holbach's salon, remarked that he didn't believe anybody could really be an atheist. d'Holbach then asked Hume to count the number of people present at that moment. When Hume replied, he counted eighteen people, d'Holbach said, "I can point to fifteen atheists right here, the other three haven't made up their minds yet."

==External links==
*Works of Baron d'Holbach in [[wikisource:fr:Auteur:Paul Henri Thiry d’Holbach|French]] and [[wikisource:en:Author:Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach|English]] on Wikisource

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holbach}}

[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:France]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]

Categories: Atheists, France, Liberals, Philosophers
Barry Arrington

{{crenav|1}}
'''Barry Arrington''' is a lawyer from  Arvada, Colorado who is associated with [[William Dembski]] and the "Michele PAC."<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100902030456/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/08/unsurprising_connections.php</ref> He basically seems like the lawyer for the middle management agents of conservative right wing thought (read: nuttiness) in the United States.

In 2008 Arrington officially assumed control over the blog [[Uncommon Descent]], after Dembski “withdrew” to focus on “research”. This would leave Arrington in charge of the moderation policies at that site, which meant not allowing comments that provide coherent criticism of [[Intelligent Design]].<ref>http://www.antievolution.org/cs/</ref> True to the spirit of the movement, Arrington deletes critical comments to the posts, and then proclaims that the lack of comments from ID critics means that he won the argument.<ref>http://pandasthumb.org/archives/2011/08/di-claims-no-co.html</ref> To be fair it is not only critics of intelligent design who get the treatment. Upon Arrington's assertion that Darwin was a firm racist, fellow Uncommon Descent blogger DaveScot wrote a post pointing out that some Christians had been racists too. Arrington subsequently banned DaveScot from Uncommon Descent for violating its policies,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090318070104/http://scienceblogs.com/strangerfruit/2009/03/how_dare_you_suggest_a_christi.php</ref> and replied that these purported Christians [[No True Scotsman|were not really Christians]] and that atheists are worse.

Arrington has claimed that using the fossil record to argue for evolution is cheating since the fossil record is based on science.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100114132227/http://scienceblogs.com/authority/2010/01/how_do_we_know_that_most_of_th.php</ref> The silence following that statement was due to widespread facepalming.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|Creationism}}

{{crebox|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arrington, Barry}}

[[Category:Bloggers]]
[[Category:Lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Bloggers, Lawyers, Living people
Barry Lynes

{{conspiracynav}}

'''Barry Lynes''' {{lived|1942}} is an [[United States|American]] [[conspiracy theorist]] and promoter of dangerous and unproven [[cancer]] treatments.

Lynes [[author]]ed ''The Cancer Cure That Worked!: Fifty Years of Suppression'' in 1987, which claimed that the [[Quackery|quack]] inventor {{wpl|Royal Rife}} cured cancer with his [[radionics]] device but the evidence was suppressed by the American Medical Association.<ref>[https://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/rife.html Rife Devices]. National Council Against Health Fraud.</ref> According to a review of the book:

{{quotebox|If this book had been written as a way of showing an example of [[pathological science]] at work then it might have had some value. Instead, it was written by a true believer as a way of promoting Rife's work and promoting the nonsense to a wider audience. This book is less than worthless. I felt that I should have been paid to read it. Not only is it worthless, however, but it is dangerous as it could convince people with real diseases that someone following Rife's absurd ideas might actually be able to cure something.<ref>[http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/books/reviews/bl_rife.htm The Cancer Cure That Worked! by Barry Lynes]</ref>}}

The [[Encyclopedia of American Loons]] have noted that "Lynes’s promotion of woo is the kind of crankery that actually harms people. He may not be among the more famous loons in the US, but he is certainly among the more obviously dangerous ones."<ref>[http://americanloons.blogspot.com/2014/02/900-barry-lynes.html #900: Barry Lynes]. The Encyclopedia of American Loons.</ref>

Lynes has written the following books:

*''The Cancer Cure That Worked!: 50 Years of Suppression'' (1987)
*''The Healing of Cancer: The Cures the Cover-Ups and the Solution Now!'' (1990)
*''The Cancer Conspiracy: Betrayal, Collusion and the Suppression of Alternative Cancer Treatments'' (2002)
*''Rife's World of Electromedicine: The Story, the Corruption and the Promise'' (2009)
*''Rife's Great Discovery: Why "Resonant Frequency" Therapy Is Kept Hidden From Public Awareness'' (2017)

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lynes, Barry}}
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Cancer woo]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]

Categories: Authors, Cancer woo, Living people, Pseudoscience promoters
Bart Sibrel

[[File:Bart Sibrel in February 2014.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Sibrel in 2014, making sure he has enough electrolytes at all times]]
{{DenialismSide|1}}
'''Bart Sibrel''' {{lived|1964}} is an [[United States|American]] [[conspiracy theorist]] notable mostly for [[Buzz Aldrin#The punchline|getting punched in the face by Buzz Aldrin]].<ref name=punch>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OROlF8zB9z0 Buzz Aldrin Punches Guy] on YouTube.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2272321.stm No charges were filed]</ref> Sibrel has created two "documentary" movies alleging that [[Moon landing hoax|the Moon landings were hoaxed]] and the astronauts only reached low [[Earth]] orbit.

==Movies==
Sibrel appears in the notorious [[Fox]] TV special, ''[[Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?]]'', which aired in 2001, and ''A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon'', also from 2001. 

In ''Astronauts Gone Wild'' (2004), Sibrel, much in the style of [[James O'Keefe]], prefers to use deceptive and outright shameful tactics in order to catch astronauts doing compromising things so he can say "Gotcha!" In a video with Ed Mitchell, Sibrel challenges Mitchell to hit him so he can sue. In the case of Aldrin, he followed around and harassed him, calling him names to his face until Buzz had finally had enough.<ref name=punch />

==AFTH LLC==
AFTH is Sibrel's production company, so if you try following [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUFO8AGMwic the original link] to a video of the punching incident on [[YouTube]] and you get a message saying it was taken down because it contains content copyrighted by "AFTH LLC", you know who it is. ("AFTH" are the initials of ''A Funny Thing Happened''.) [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wptn5RE2I-k Another version] now shows "This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by Bart Sibrel."

==''Taxi Driver''==
In 2009, Sibrel got in trouble with the law over an incident of 
road
 ''parking'' rage (he got on the hood of a car and jumped up and down several times). At that time he was working as a taxi driver, but there's no evidence suggesting he was wearing a mohawk.<ref>[http://www.newschannel5.com/Global/story.asp?S=10799169 Inside Story: Apollo Conspiracy Theorist Arrested After Tirade]</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.moonmovie.com/ Moonmovie.com], Sibrel's website
* Clavius.org, as usual:
** [http://www.clavius.org/bibsibrel.html Bart Sibrel's Top Fifteen] (a refutation of Sibrel's "top 15" pieces of evidence for a hoax)
** Review of ''A Funny Thing Happened''' in 8 parts: [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny1.html 1], [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny2.html 2], [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny3.html 3], [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny4.html 4], [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny5.html 5], [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny6.html 6], [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny7.html 7], [http://www.clavius.org/bibfunny8.html 8]

==References==
{{reflist|80%}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibrel, Bart}}
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Moon]]

Categories: Conspiracy theorists, Living people, Moon
Baryon

{{sources needed}}
'''Baryons''' are the heavy stuff of [[matter]] and most of our mass consists of baryons. In our part of the [[Universe]] the only important baryons are [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s as far as scientists know.

All baryons &mdash; protons and neutrons included &mdash; are each made up of three [[quark]]s. Antimatter baryons also exist, which are made of three antiquarks. These include antiprotons, which have a negative charge, and antineutrons which are neutral. Since antimatter is destroyed on contact with matter there aren't many of these antiparticles around.

Exotic baryons of exotic types have been proposed but their existence is completely unproven.

{{stub|physics}}
Bath salts

{{drugs}}
Assuming we're not talking about the stuff you put in the bath to smell nice and/or ease sore muscles, '''bath salts''' is a [[euphemism|euphemistic]] term for a variety of manufactured "[[legal highs]]" and some illegal [[drugs]].

The phrase "bath salts" has been used by various manufacturers and retailers to sell these products over the counter without drawing too much attention to the fact that they are in fact peddling narcotics.

==Mode of action==

Bath salts typically contain a cocktail of drugs.  For example, synthetic [[marijuana]] and asthma medication, with methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and the synthetic compounds known as cathinones as their primary ingredients. The synthetic cathinones are derived from the khat plant.

The cathinones mephedrone and methylone act like ecstasy, making nerve cells release more dopamine. The other major ingredient, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), is like cocaine and blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. By itself, MDPV is about 10 times more potent than cocaine.

==Scientific studies and media reaction==

Studies on rats have suggested MDPV may be more addictive than [[meth]]. MDPV, one of the active ingredients in bath salts, was banned by the DEA in 2011. Long-term effects appear to be damage to the brain's connectivity, which may explain some of the stranger stories associated with use. Despite its association on the news with [[cannibalism]], the scientific consensus is that despite the drug's extreme addictiveness and potential for brain damage, it does not turn people into [[cannibalism|zombies]].<ref> http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/no-bath-salts-wont-turn-you-into-cannibal-180953418/?no-ist</ref>

== External links ==
*[http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2012/10/new-research-stresses-potential-health-dangers-bath-salts New research is stressing potential health dangers of use]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Drugs]]
[[Category:Moral panics]]

Categories: Chemistry, Drugs, Moral panics
Beale

{{fork}}
*[[Beale ciphers]] — coded messages that appeared in an 1885 pamphlet alleging the existence of buried treasure by Thomas Beale
*[[Robert Beale]] — father of Theodore, [[tax protester]], convicted felon, and [[pseudolaw]] proponent
*[[Theodore Beale]] — son of Robert, [[Gamergater]], [[alt-right]]er, [[pseudoscience]] promoter, founder of the [[Infogalactic]] [[wiki]]
Bee

{{fork}}
*[[Apitherapy]], a type of [[alternative medicine]] using bee venom
*[[The Babylon Bee]], a conservative "[[satire]]" site
*[[Samantha Bee]], comedian
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Qur'an/The Bee|The Bee]], one of the [[sura]]s in the [[Qur'an]]
*[[Bumblebee argument]], a [[fallacy|fallacious]] [[anti-intellectualism|anti-intellectual]] [[creationism|creationist]] argument
*[[Mike Huckabee]], who loves the aforementioned argument
*[[Colony collapse disorder]], a problem faced by beehives
*[[Raw honey]], the product
Beforeplay.org

{{sex}}
'''Beforeplay.org''' is a publicly funded website and billboard campaign in [[Colorado]], [[United States]] aiming to reduce unintended [[pregnancy]].

Their ads show "before play" as separate words, with "play" referring to [[sex]], but it can also be read as a play on the word "foreplay."

==Purpose==
Ripped from their website:

{{cquote|Beforeplay.org is the hub for a Colorado statewide effort to reduce unintended pregnancy and help 
"normalize" conversation around sexual health and well being. About 40% of Colorado pregnancies are unintended, and the rate is even higher among young adults in their twenties. Poor knowledge about effective contraception or how to use it, jobs without health insurance, and ambivalence toward starting a family&mdash;''If it happens, it happens''&mdash;all contribute to this situation.}}

The campaign's goal is to produce results where [[abstinence programs|abstinence-only sex education]] has failed, as well as to reduce [[abortion]]s and [[STD]] cases.

==Methodology==
The campaign uses cutting-edge, ultra-innovative concepts like [[fact]]s, [[science]], and [[reality]], as well as some rather sexy and suggestive but not [[porn]]ographic images, to convey their message.

==Impact==
Combined with a program to provide 30,000 women with free [[birth control]] from an anonymously-donated fund, the teen birth rate in Colorado dropped 40% over a four-year period, saving state taxpayers an estimated USD 42 million in medical costs.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/10/health/colorado-teen-pregnancy/</ref>

==External links==
* [http://www.beforeplay.org Beforeplay.org] website

==References==
{{reflist}}