Social science

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{{sociology}}{{economics}}{{psychology}}
The '''social sciences''' attempt to explore elements of [[human]] [[society]].

They are sometimes criticized for being less rigorous than other hard [[science]]s and for not really following the [[scientific method]], but this behaviour is usually notable of less-mainstream "schools" of social science disciplines. Sadly, it is because of the existence of these schools, coupled with the state of [[falsifiability]] for some of these disciplines, which keeps many of them in a [[Protoscience|pre-scientific]] state, sometimes dangerously close to [[pseudoscience]].

Regardless, there is great value in understanding, quantifying, and predicting human behaviour and interaction, such that a lot of social science is actually applied with genuine benefit and recognized by [[peer review]]. In fact, one of the greatest strengths of the social sciences is the interdisciplinary nature of the various studies (social [[psychology]], political [[economics]], etc.), which can bring (hopefully) [[rational]], reasonable, and peer-reviewed insight from multiple disciplines together to explain human behavioural phenomena.

The difficulty thus lies in sorting out who or what is [[pseudoscientific]] in the social sciences. A good rule of thumb is that the wider the array of human behavior a concept, field, or theory attempts to explain, the less likely there is to be [[Scientific consensus|consensus]] on it. In psychology, for example, there is no disagreement on simple concepts like the existence of optical illusions (such as the {{wpl|Müller-Lyer illusion}}), but there are contentious debates over even the definition of more complex concepts such as "mental illness."

==Disciplines==
===Anthropology===
{{main|Anthropology}}
[[Anthropology]] is quite simply the study of humans. The discipline covers a wide area of study ranging from human [[literature]] to [[biological]] differences between different [[culture]]s. Due to this, what goes under the umbrella of anthropology can look like anything from hard science to a humanistic field. On one end of the spectrum is biological, or physical, anthropology, which in some cases differs little from straight biology or [[ecology]]. On the other end, branches such as visual anthropology can resemble [[art]], [[history]], or [[media]] studies.

===Economics===
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A particularly controversial social science, [[economics]] deals with the distribution, allocation, and exchange of "wealth". What "wealth" is varies dramatically from person to person, but the general consensus among economists is "more is better". Economics further stands out from other social sciences due to its reliance on [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]], followed by the conclusions derived from its various proofs and analyses. It is generally divided into micro-economics, which deals with elements of an economy (such as a firm, an individual person, etc.) and macro-economics, which deals with economies as a whole.

Lastly, economics seems to have some of the most polarized opinions within the discipline, especially with regards to the role and function of [[government]], [[tax]]ation, [[Welfare state|social welfare]], regulation, international trade, [[globalization]], and more.<ref group=note>It is generally recommended that you not bring these topics up in a room full of economists, as the resultant explosion may be catastrophic!</ref>

===Geography===
Geography is the study of locations on the surface of the [[Earth]]. Geography can be split down into natural and human geography, wherein the latter is more social science and the former very closely resembles [[geology]].

Regardless, geography is used to understand the nature of the various locations of the world and how human interactions generally benefit/harm these locations/humans, and vice versa.

===Psychology===
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[[Psychology]] is the study of the human mind, which includes examining the physical brain, but more often than not examines human behaviour, thought process, emotion, perception, and more. Following the [[cognitive revolution]] of the 1950s and '60s, cognitivism has become the dominant school within the field. Cognitive psychology has become part of the larger, emerging field of [[cognitive science]], which integrates psychology with biology, [[neuroscience]], [[philosophy of mind]], anthropology, [[computer]] science ([[artificial intelligence]]), and [[linguistics]].

Popular psychology usually focuses around behavioural disorders (formally the province of abnormal psychology), given that laypersons have relatively no understanding of psychology and the function of the human [[brain]], not to mention certain biases towards what they think is "normal human behaviour," thus they think the sole function of the psychologist is to identify and correct this behaviour.

===Sociology===
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[[Sociology]] is the study of how humans function in groups. More specifically, it's a study that analyzes how humans interact [[social]]ly and the various phenomena therein. Sociology is similar to anthropology in that the answer to how much it follows the scientific method can range from "strictly" to "not at all". The more strictly scientific areas of sociology often resemble something closer to anthropology, social psychology, or demography and statistics. On the other hand, the (usually much less) scientific areas of sociology such as social and critical theory are closer to political and moral [[philosophy]].

It is extremely popular for [[wingnuts]] to conflate [[liberal]] attitudes with the discipline of sociology, especially considering that the founder of one of the three schools of thought in modern sociology was [[Karl Marx]]. This is further complicated when a lot of the conclusions generated by sociology seemingly take on a particularly left-wing bent, regardless of how well substantiated they are.<ref group=note>Of course, this could simply be another example of [[Stephen Colbert|reality having a liberal bias]].</ref>

===Political science===
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Political science concerns itself with the study of political systems, policies, and [[international relations]]. It takes many of its cues and analytical tools from neighboring fields like economics and sociology, resulting in a strong interdisciplinary bent and a wide variety of theories, like political economy or constructivist approaches in IR. It's also sometimes dismissed by right-wingers as ''political'' science, because some researchers in the field think that Marx actually had something interesting to say, clearly designating them as left-wing lunatics dedicated to poisoning the minds of impressionable youths.

===Social science, or humanities?===
Some disciplines are sometimes classed as either humanities or social sciences, usually depending on the university:
*[[History]] – Areas of history relying more on statistical techniques (e.g. economic history) or hard sciences (e.g. [[environmental]] history) are sometimes considered social science. Fields like history of science often sit at the intersection of the sciences and humanities.
*Statistics – Often sits on the fence between mathematics and social science.
*Philosophy – Relevant philosophy may be integrated into the social sciences, e.g. philosophy of mind and psychology. Like history of science, [[philosophy of science]] is highly multi-disciplinary.
*Linguistics – May be considered either part of the social sciences or humanities.
*Anthropology, as well as its sub-discipline of [[archaeology]], uses all three.
*[[Theology]], due to its status as an extension of religion, is… complicated. Some would call it a social science in as far as it describes human [[belief]] [[Faith|systems]] and [[worldview]]s, while [[New Atheism|others]] are more inclined to call anything derived from religion a pile of steaming bovine feces. [[Religious studies]] is a closely related field, which is much closer to being a true social science.

==References==
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==Notes==
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[[Category:Culture wars]]
[[Category:Social science]]
[[Category:Protoscience]]

Categories: Culture wars, Social science, Protoscience