Gerontocracy

[[File:Ali Khamenei in 2020 Friday Prayer 014.jpg|thumb|right|225px|The white-bearded geezers ruling [[Iran]] in 2020.]]
{{politics}}
'''Gerontocracy''' (meaning "rule by elders")<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gerontocracy Merriam-Webster]</ref> is a term for a type of [[oligarchical]] rule where the offices of [[government]] or influence are held predominantly by those of middle age or older. Gerontocracy has roots in [[Ancient Greece]], where [[Plato]] once said that "it is for the elderly to rule and for the young to submit."<ref>Bytheway, B. (1995). ''Ageism'' (p. 45). Buckingham: Open University Press.</ref> Gerontocracy has problems for any system of government in that it excludes or severely restrains the young from participating in the affairs of government, and hence only issues that the elderly are concerned about get any real attention.<ref name="usoldprio">[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/03/america-gerontocracy-problem-politics-old-politicians-trump-biden-sanders-227986/ America, the Gerontocracy]. ''Politico.''</ref>

==Examples==
===Soviet Union===
Gerontocracy started becoming increasingly prominent in the [[USSR]] from the 1970s onwards.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/06/archives/the-coming-change-of-generations-in-the-kremlin.html The Coming Change of Generations in the Kremlin]" - ''The [[New York Times]]''</ref> By 1980, ''all'' members of the {{wpl|Politburo}} were in their 70s or older.<ref>Kort, Michael. ''The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath'', p. 335. M. E. Sharpe, 2006, {{Isbn|0-7656-1454-5}}.</ref> {{wpl|Brezhnev}} himself died at the age of 75, but had a stroke ten years prior. By the last two years of his reign, he was so debilitated that he was little more than a figurehead.<ref>Post, Jerrold M.; ''Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World'', p. 96. Cornell University Press, 2004, {{Isbn|0-8014-4169-2}}</ref> Among the eight Soviet leaders, only the last one, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], was born in the actual Soviet Union.<ref>{{wpa|List of leaders of the Soviet Union}}</ref>

There had actually been something of a running theme of Soviet leaders dying of old age one after another. {{wpl|Yuri Andropov||,}} Brezhnev's successor, only served for 15 months before croaking.<ref>An article on [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yury-Andropov Yuri Andropov] courtesy of the ''{{wpl|Britannica Encyclopedia}}''</ref> His successor, {{wpl|Konstantin Chernenko||,}} actually fared worse, somehow, only lasting for 13 months before kicking the bucket. [[Saint Ronnie]], himself a noted gerontocrat, once said about this: "How am I supposed to get anywhere with the [[Russians]] if they keep dying on me?"<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/18/books/where-s-the-rest-of-him.html Where's the Rest of Him]" - ''The New York Times''</ref>

===United States===
It should come as no surprise that the good ol' [[US of A]] has a gerontocracy problem, rather sad for what was once a young nation [[American Revolution|born]] from [[revolution]]. [[Joe Biden]], the 46th [[POTUS]], left office at 82 years old.<ref>[https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/b000444 Biden Congressional Bio]</ref> The man himself has said his age is a "valid issue for [[voter]] concerns."<ref>"[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/biden-acknowledges-his-age-is-a-e2-80-98legitimate-e2-80-99-voter-concern/ar-AA13jVpU Biden acknowledges his age is an issue]"</ref> In fact, Biden is the ''oldest'' US President on record.<ref>"[https://www.bu.edu/articles/2020/oldest-president-elected-joe-biden/ Joe Biden Will Be the Oldest President Elected]"</ref> During the [[2024 U.S. presidential election|2024 election cycle]], Biden came off as raspy and incoherent during the first round of presidential debates, and his campaign strategists went into panic mode before the debate even ended.<ref name="dempanic">[https://apnews.com/article/bidentrumppresidentialdebate-0e7577e9a354a69f50675494fea54ca9 A halting Biden tries to confront Trump at debate but sparks Democratic anxiety about his candidacy]. ''Associated Press.'' June 28, 2024.</ref> Within a month of this disastrous performance, Biden dropped out of the election, becoming the first US president in history to do so after having already won his party's primaries.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/24/joe-biden-oval-office-speech Biden explains decision to drop out of election: ‘Best way to unite our nation’]. ''The Guardian.'' 25 Jul 2024.</ref>

Biden's immediate [[Trump|predecessor]] and successor is little better, being first elected into Office at the age of 70, and again at the age of 78.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/06/16/how-old-is-donald-trump/7615888001/ How old is Donald Trump?]</ref> Trump exhibited signs of {{wpl|dementia}} (an age-related<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/aging/dementia/index.html The CDC's guide on aging and dementia]</ref> spectrum of {{wpl|neurodegenerative}} diseases) while in Office and during the years between.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/04/09/does-donald-trump-have-dementia-we-need-know-psychologist-column/3404007002/ Does Trump have dementia?]</ref> In fact, Trump's own pet ghoul, [[Steve Bannon]], ''also'' apparently believed Trump had dementia.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/16/trump-dementia-claims-steve-bannon-25th-amendment Steve Bannon claims Trump has dementia] - ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> As Trump ran for president for a [[2024 U.S. presidential election|second]] (or [[2021 U.S. coup attempt|third]]) term, he showed increasing signs of confused speech,<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/23/new-hampshire-primary-2024-scene-trump-phillips-haley Donald Trump is very confused] by Dana Milbank (January 23, 2024) ''The Washington Post''.</ref> indicative of dementia. Now that he's back in Office, it will only get worse.

The [[US Congress]] is nearly as bad, with 117th Congress (2021-2022) having an average age of 64.3 for Senators and 58.4 for Representatives.<ref name="avguscong">[https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46705 Membership of the 117th Congress: A Profile]. ''Congressional Research Service.''</ref> The Senate is especially notable for having its average age barely below the US age of retirement. It's even worse when one looks at lengths in office, with an average of 8.9 years for the House and 11.0 years in the Senate.<ref name="avguscong"/> In short, many of these people are goddamn fossils and have been around for a long time. Like the people involved, the problem is very old. Senator [[Robert Byrd]], a [[Democrat]] from [[West Virginia]], stayed in the Senate for 51 years, and Patrick Leahy, also a Democrat but from [[Vermont]], had held his seat for 48 years.<ref name="longussenate">[https://www.senate.gov/senators/longest_serving_senators.htm Longest-Serving Senators]. US Senate.</ref> On the Republican side, former Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] has been in office for 37 years, and [[Orrin Hatch]] of [[Utah]] was in office for 42 years.<ref name="longussenate"/> Senator Byrd's time in office especially illustrates the kind of time periods we're talking about. Byrd entered office in 1959, before the 1964 Civil Rights Act,<ref name="longussenate"/> and he stayed in office long enough to vote on [[Obamacare]] in 2010.<ref>[https://www.healthreformvotes.org/congress/300016 Sen. Robert Byrd: key health care votes]. ''healthcarereformvotes.org''</ref> Also, continuing the subject of Joe Biden from above, he held his seat in the Senate for 36 years.<ref name="longussenate"/>

An explanation for why gerontocracy exists in the United States is:<ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4892936 Old Money: Campaign Finance and Gerontocracy in the United States] by Adam Bonica & Jacob M. Grumbach (2024) Working paper. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4892936.</ref>
#The median age per dollar donated to political campaigns is 66, far higher than the median age of the country as a whole.
#Older people tend to be wealthier then younger people from life savings and retirement income.
#The 2010 [[Supreme Court]] decision in ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]'' increased the level campaign donations, particularly among wealthy people.
#The age of the donor correlates roughly with the age of candidate that they financially support.

===Others===
Some have criticised the [[Vatican]] ergo the [[Roman Catholic Church]] for being a gerontocracy, though [[Pope Francis]] downplayed this accusation in a mass he presided in 2017.<ref name="lastampa">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-27 |title=“We are not the gerontocracy of the Church, but grandparents who dream” |url=https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2017/06/27/news/we-are-not-the-gerontocracy-of-the-church-but-grandparents-who-dream-1.34590507/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922122218/https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2017/06/27/news/we-are-not-the-gerontocracy-of-the-church-but-grandparents-who-dream-1.34590507 |archive-date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=La Stampa |language=it}}</ref><ref name="Crux">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-27 |title=Pope says elderly in Church aren’t a gerontocracy, they’re grandparents |url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/06/pope-says-elderly-church-arent-gerontocracy-theyre-grandparents |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803043207/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/06/pope-says-elderly-church-arent-gerontocracy-theyre-grandparents |archive-date=2024-08-03 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Crux |language=en}}</ref>

In a non-political example, [[Nintendo]]'s upper management has also been criticised of being a gerontocracy, whether literally or figuratively, which is a bit of a shocker given how [[video game]]s have always been marketed towards younger generations (though not necessarily children).<ref name="bign1">{{Cite web |title=Nintendo forces Garry's Mod to delete 20 years of content - Hacker News |url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40164391 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240428222823/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40164391 |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=news.ycombinator.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Famiboards">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Former Nintendo Contractor accuses all Nintendo branches of being shit, threatening blackballing from industry |url=https://famiboards.com/threads/former-nintendo-contractor-accuses-all-nintendo-branches-of-being-shit-threatening-blackballing-from-industry.2672/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228235231/https://famiboards.com/threads/former-nintendo-contractor-accuses-all-nintendo-branches-of-being-shit-threatening-blackballing-from-industry.2672/ |archive-date=2024-12-29 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Famiboards |language=en-US}}</ref> Nintendo's unwillingness to quickly adapt to Western tastes e.g. the use of music streaming services for distributing their official soundtracks and their draconian enforcement of their copyrights and trademarks could be chalked up to as a symptom of their gerontocracy.

==Problems==
===Cognitive decline===
Cognitive impairment is a major health problem for the elderly. Studies show that the risk of cognitive impairment starts to rise significantly after age 70, and the prevalence of moderate to severe cognitive impairment in the US population 70 and over is about 9.5%.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/58/3/S179/583380 Life Expectancy With Cognitive Impairment in the Older Population of the United States]. Kristen Suthers, Jung Ki Kim, Eileen Crimmins. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Volume 58, Issue 3, May 2003, Pages S179–S186, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.3.S179 Published: 01 May 2003.</ref> Symptoms of mental decline include forgetfulness, difficulty following a conversation, difficulty making decisions, and potentially shortness of temper or increased aggression.<ref>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mild-cognitive-impairment/symptoms-causes/syc-20354578 Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)]. ''Mayo Clinic.''</ref> These are really traits which one should not find desirable in their national and world leaders. Cognitive decline is also a potential symptom of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, a point that raised the debate over whether [[Ronald Reagan]] was suffering from Alzheimer's while he was sparring and dealing with the Soviets from the White House.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/17/ronald-reagan-alzheimers-president-son Ronald Reagan had Alzheimer's while president, says son]. ''The Guardian.''</ref> 

For the United States, this has already had an impact on politics. In the [[2016 U.S. presidential election]], supporters of both [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Donald Trump]] snidely raised concerns that the opposing candidate was getting slow in their old age.<ref name="politrump">[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/02/2016-elections-cognitive-science-213679/ Is Donald Trump Too Old to Be President?] ''Politico.''</ref> After Trump — good god — became President, his increasingly erratic and twisted speaking style<ref>[https://www.statnews.com/2017/05/23/donald-trump-speaking-style-interviews/ Trump wasn’t always so linguistically challenged. What could explain the change?] ''Stat News.''</ref> combined with his obesity and age as risk factors<ref>[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-brain-food/202204/obesity-and-advanced-age-are-risk-factors-trump Obesity and Advanced Age Are Risk Factors for Trump]. ''Psychology Today.''</ref> led journalists and voters to speculate whether Trump was suffering from neurological problems and whether the US government was even equipped to deal with such an eventuality.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/01/trump-cog-decline/548759/ Is Something Neurologically Wrong With Trump?] ''The Atlantic.''</ref> Trump's successor [[Joe Biden]], even older, suffered from such speculation as well, especially after he asked an audience where US Representative Jackie Walorski was when she had actually died in a widely-publicized car accident the previous month.<ref>[https://www.thedailybeast.com/bidens-brain-farts-should-scare-anyone-who-doesnt-want-trump-back-in-the-white-house Biden’s Brain Farts Should Scare the Hell Out of Anyone Who Doesn’t Want Trump Back in the White House]. ''The Daily Beast.''</ref> US Representative Ronny Jackson of [[Texas]] went so far as to call on Biden to take a cognitive test and share the results.<ref>[https://jackson.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=438 Rep. Jackson Renews Call For President Biden To Take A Cognitive Test As Democrats Acknowledge Biden’s Cognitive Decline]. Ronny Jackson, Congressman for Texas-13.</ref> Despite partisanship motivating much of this furor, it is concerning for anyone when the most powerful men in the world, with a massive [[Nuclear war|nuclear arsenal]] at their fingertips, are subject to the "should Dad still be driving" talk.

===Symptom of an elite class===
Gerontocracy, when discussed as a problem, also exposes the deeper problem of entire generations maintaining a disproportionate hold on political capital and regular capital. The Soviet Union, for instance, became a widely-recognized gerontocracy thanks to the generation born before the 1917 [[October Revolution]] keeping a stranglehold on the Politburo until [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] managed to take over in 1985.<ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-03-17-8501150833-story.html Who`s Got A Gerontocracy Now?] ''Chicago Tribune.''</ref> These men stayed in power despite the average life-expectancy of the Soviet Union being in the low 60s.<ref>[https://www.salon.com/2020/03/21/when-brezhnev-comes-to-america-gerontocracy-in-action_partner/ When Brezhnev comes to America: Gerontocracy in action]. ''Salon.''</ref> 

More relevantly, the United States' current problem with elderly lawmakers is reflected in its economy. In 2021, Americans age 70 and above had a net worth of nearly $35 trillion, more than a quarter of all wealth in the US (and you know it's bad when the goddamn ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' is sounding the alarm on this).<ref name="usoldrich">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/older-americans-35-trillion-wealth-giving-away-heirs-philanthropy-11625234216 Older Americans Stockpiled a Record $35 Trillion. The Time Has Come to Give It Away.] ''Wall Street Journal.''</ref> It's estimated that this elderly generation will hand down $61 trillion to their direct heirs, and inheritances in general increased 45% from 1998 to 2021.<ref name="usoldrich"/> What these numbers demonstrate are members of an entire generation stockpiling a nation's wealth for themselves. Millennials, by contrast, had less than 5% of all US wealth in 2020, while baby boomers who were the same age in 1989 had 21%.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/09/millennials-own-less-than-5percent-of-all-us-wealth.html Millennials own less than 5% of all U.S. wealth]. ''CNBC.''</ref> Most millennials could also forget about the stock market, as they only held 2% of corporate equities and mutual funds, while in 1989 baby boomers had 18.2%.<ref>[https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/dataviz/dfa/distribute/table/#quarter:119;series:Corporate%20equities%20and%20mutual%20fund%20shares;demographic:generation;population:all;units:shares Corporate equities and mutual fund shares by generation]. ''Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.''</ref> The youth in America are broadly worse off than their parents and grandparents were before them.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/12/oecd-why-millennials-are-falling-out-of-the-middle-class.html Here’s why millennials have to fight harder than their parents did to stay in the middle class]. ''CNBC.''</ref> Instead of fulfilling the human dream of leaving behind a better life for their children, older Americans are leaving behind a worse one.

In the United States, the problem won't be going away soon either. Baby boomers experienced far better economic circumstances far earlier in their lives than any future generations and therefore stockpiled a greater degree of wealth from a younger point in their lives.<ref name="usalongtime">[https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/03/gerontocracy-is-hurting-american-democracy.html Gerontocracy Is Hurting Democracy]. ''New York Magazine.''</ref> Older people, having more money, resources, and connections, find it much easier to win offices. And the electoral advantage enjoyed by incumbents ensures they stick around for a long time as well. The gerontocracy problem will also get worse for the US in the future. The number of elderly Americans will be at its highest point ever in 2023, and the baby boomer hold on the US government won't break until they literally start dying off in about 20 years.<ref name="usalongtime"/>

===Political paralysis===
An elderly ruling class also has serious implications for the overall direction a country is heading in. The much-criticized Soviet gerontocracy created a ruling class that stockpiled wealth and resources for itself while refusing to reform old economic policies that were clearly failing in the modernizing world.<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/soviet-gerontocracy-collapse-cautionary-tale-united-states-2022-9 Old men helped cause the Soviet Union's collapse. Historians say it's a warning sign for the United States.] ''Business Insider.''</ref> For the United States, the elderly are 52% of the voting population despite being only 34% of the overall population.<ref name="usalongtime"/> It's therefore their ideals and priorities to which Congress and the president will respond. The US government therefore spends far more on [[Medicare]] (which benefits the elderly) than Medicaid (which benefits the [[poor]]), and its approach towards race and immigration are tailored in response to elderly voters' overall more [[conservative]] ([[Bigotry|read]]: [[Xenophobia|terrible]]) attitude towards those subjects.<ref name="usoldprio" /> On the issue of [[climate change]], the issue is seen even more clearly. Gallup polls showed 70% of respondents aged 18-34 worried about climate change versus only 54% of respondents 55 and up.<ref name="usoldprio"/> With that context, it really makes perfect fucking sense that the US government likes to drag its shoes so much on [[Global warming|climate issues]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Forms of government]]
[[Category:Government incompetence]]

Categories: Forms of government, Government incompetence