Stab-in-the-back legend

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[[File:Stab-in-the-back postcard.jpg|thumb|165px|[[Evil Jew|The Evil Female Jewish Chef]] stabs Germany in the back.]]{{antisemitism}}
The '''stab-in-the-back legend''' ('''Dolchstoßlegende''' in [[German]]) was a [[conspiracy theory]] propagated by the [[Nazi]]s and other [[right-wing]] groups in the aftermath of [[World War I]] that blamed the [[Bolshevik]]s, Weimar politicians, and [[Jew]]s for the loss of the war.

Backstab myths remain a common ''casus belli'' in neofascist rabble-rousing and are used in right-wing [[affinity fraud]] asking for contributions to fight in a [[culture war]].

==Nazi pseudohistory==
{{cquote|In the will of Lieutenant Josef Zürndorfer, who crashed as a pilot on 19 September 1915, we read: “I moved into the field as a German to protect my oppressed fatherland. But also as a Jew, to encourage the full equality of my brothers in faith.” The longed-for equality never came. After the war, Jewish soldiers were slandered by antisemites, and later by National Socialists as slackers.|||The German War Graves Commission<ref name="WarGravesCommission"/>}}
{{cquote|[[Hitler|There's a man alone]], without family, without children, without God. Why should he be human? … For a few months I was inclined to believe in National Socialism. I thought of it as a necessary fever. And I was gratified to see that there were associated with it for a time some of the wisest and most outstanding Germans. But these, one by one, he has got rid of, or even killed. … He has left nothing but a bunch of shirted gangsters! … Of our Germany, which was a nation of poets and musicians, of artists and soldiers, he has made a nation of hysterics and hermits, engulfed in a mob and led by a thousand liars or fanatics…|||Kaiser Wilhelm II himself in 1938, on Hitler's own "stab-in-the-back"<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 8, 1938 |title=What the Ex-Kaiser Thinks of Hitler |url=https://archive.org/details/per_st-louis-post-dispatch_1938-12-08_91_94/page/n23 |work=The St. Louis Post-Dispatch |pages=2C |volume=91 |issue=94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pietrusza |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/1932riseofhitler0000piet/page/288 |title=1932: The Rise of Hitler and FDR ; Two Tales of Politics, Betrayal, and Unlikely Destiny |date=2015 |publisher=Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press |isbn=978-0-7627-9302-0 |pages=289}}</ref>}}
[[File:Jewish soldiers at military Hanukkah celebration in Russia (4854032784).jpg|thumb|left|265px|A group of German soldiers celebrate Hanukkah (1916). The {{w|Judenzählung||,}} a 1916 census by the German military intended to prove Jews' lack of patriotism, in fact estimated that 62,515 German Jews fought in the war by that point; the finding was covered up. Later estimates say some 100,000 Jews served Germany and about 12,000 of them died in service.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HStYzfvVBr8C&pg=PA17 |title=Jewish Integration in the German Army in the First World War |date=2012-04-26 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-026816-4 |pages=17}}</ref><ref name="WarGravesCommission">[https://gedenkportal.volksbund.de/gedenktage/deutsche-juedische-soldaten "Deutsche jüdische Soldaten"] ("German Jewish soldiers"). The German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge).</ref>]]
In 1918, members of the Central Powers began to drop out of the war like flies. On the Western Front, the German lines still ran over [[French]] territory, but the Imperial army had started to run out of reserve forces and to suffer seriously from blockades, leaving it chronically short of nearly every war material and even food. Additionally, the arrival of fresh American troops led to a very successful Allied "Hundred Days Offensive", which was rapidly pushing German forces out of France.

While the tide had turned against Germany at this point, the picture was entirely different for German civilians. The withdrawal of [[Russia]] in 1917 as a result of the [[October Revolution]] represented a great victory for Germany. The Spring Offensive had launched German forces further into French territory. However, German losses had been significantly under-reported, as was the ultimate failure of the Spring Offensive and launching of the Hundred Days Offensive, making the German surrender seem like it had come from nowhere to those on the home front.

[[File:Richard-Stern-protesting-in-the-door-of-his-store.jpg|thumb|185px|German Jewish WWI veteran protests Nazi stormtroopers and their {{wpl|Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses|boycott of Jewish businesses}} (1933). He wears an Iron Cross earned in service,<ref name="NIL">W. Jack Romberg (January 25, 2022). [https://blog.nli.org.il/en/lbh-richard-stern/ "This Jewish War Hero Protested the Nazis… Then Helped Defeat Them"]. ''National Library of Israel''.</ref><ref name="CNNstern">Lianne Kolirin (January 27, 2020). [https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/27/europe/richard-stern-photo-grm-scli-intl/index.html "The story behind the German Jewish war hero honored on both sides of the Atlantic, decades apart"]. ''CNN''.</ref><ref name="Romberg"/> as about 18,000 Jews did.<ref name="WarGravesCommission"/> He distributed leaflets accusing the Nazis of betraying war veterans.<ref name="NIL"/><ref name="CNNstern"/><ref name="Romberg">Jack Romberg (June 12, 2013). [https://thejewishobserver.com/2013/06/12/connecting-dotsraising-questions/ "Connecting Dots/Raising Questions"]. ''The Jewish Observer''. Quote: "On the wall of my office is a picture of my great uncle, Richard Stern. … Uncle Richard is standing in the doorway of his bedding store in Cologne, wearing the Iron Cross he was awarded for valor in World War I. Next to him is a uniformed Nazi – complete with swastika and all. Uncle Richard was protesting the boycott of Jewish businesses, the first official anti-Jewish decree by the Nazi government in April 1933. What you do not see is that he was handing out anti-Nazi leaflets, condemning the actions of Hitler, Frick and Goering as an insult to all the Jewish soldiers who served Germany in World War I. … Uncle Richard made a point of keeping all the records of his service in the German army and his later rejection on the basis of being Jewish. Yet, when America entered World War II, he purposefully turned in his Iron Cross medal to the scrap metal drive to be made into bullets to kill Nazis."</ref>]]
General Erich Ludendorff is generally credited with coining the phrase stab-in-the-back, or at least popularizing the concept, upon returning home in 1918. The establishment of the Weimar Republic in November 1918 and the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1919 helped the legend gain traction. To German civilians, it looked as if Germany had been in a position to stalemate at worst, and made their sudden defeat seem rather suspicious. On top of that, the Treaty of Versailles dumped on Germans very punitive war reparations as well as blaming Germany entirely for the war. Like Ludendorff, many Germans went into [[denial]]. Isolated incidents of union [[strike]]s at munitions factories, desertions, and mutinies were [[Manufactroversy|exaggerated]] and contorted into a grand conspiracy of internal dissidents.

Various theories sprung up, generally making assertions that Bolshevik [[trade union|unions]] had helped cut off supplies to the front lines, and that the [[Communism|commies]], Jews, and Weimar republicans had secretly worked to incite internal dissent in the military, cut back-room deals with the Allied Powers, and generally sold out Germany for their own gain. The theories found considerable acceptance among [[Nationalism|nationalists]] and [[Antisemitism|anti-Semites]]. The Jews made particularly effective [[scapegoat]]s due to Germany's history of anti-Semitism. The legend also proved effective at delegitimizing the newly-established [[democracy]]: while the aristocratic military elites had been responsible for Germany's debacle, the abolition of the old Second Reich system meant they could step into the background and let the new democratic government take full responsibility for the punitive terms of the armistice and of the peace treaty. Referring to the date of the armistice, opponents of the politicians from Germany's post-war [[Social democracy|social democratic]] government (who had signed the armistice) dubbed them the "November criminals".

[[Adolf Hitler]] wrote about the stab-in-the-back legend in ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (first published in 1925) fantasizing about a shadowy alliance between Bolsheviks, center-left Weimar politicians, and Jews. Nazi propaganda made heavy use of the legend, which exploited German resentment of the Allied Powers and of the Versailles Treaty. When the Nazis gained control of Germany's government in 1933, the party shoved accounts of historical reality down the [[memory hole]] and promoted the [[negationism|negationist]] account to the "official story".

Bizarrely enough, some Jews continued going to extreme lengths attempting to prove their loyalty to Germany even after this point; the {{wpl|Association of German National Jews}} supported the Nazi government. Their leader ({{w|Max Naumann||,}} himself an Iron Cross recipient) was rewarded with a trip to a concentration camp, and the organization was outlawed. One Jewish World War I veteran, in 1944, wrote in his diary of the Allied bombings against Nazi Germany: "That goes right to our hearts—this is our home, our city; our house in which our parents had died … Our homeland is and remains ours, and whatever evil befalls it also wounds us. We love our parents, honor and respect them even when they chastise us. Should our attitude toward the fatherland be different?"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manes |first=Philipp |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/As_If_It_Were_Life/KTZrLkIgejYC |title=As If It Were Life: A WWII Diary from the Theresienstadt Ghetto |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-230-10393-1 |pages=99}}</ref><ref name="ComradesBetrayed"/>{{rp|194}} He got his answer three months later, when the Nazis decided to gas that "traitor" at [[Auschwitz]].<ref name="ComradesBetrayed">{{Cite book |last=Geheran |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcy9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |title=Comrades Betrayed: Jewish World War I Veterans Under Hitler |date=2020 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-5103-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|194}} Hitler initially protected his own WWI commanding officer, {{wpl|Ernst Moritz Hess||,}} a Protestant of Jewish ancestry; the two were wounded together during the {{wpl|Battle of the Somme||.}} The protection order was later revoked, and Hess was subject to slave labor in a concentration camp. His sister died in Auschwitz.<ref>(July 6, 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyle/hitler-protected-jewish-world-war-one-veteran-letter-idUSBRE8650G8/ "Hitler protected Jewish World War One veteran: letter"]. ''Reuters''.</ref><ref>{{wpa|Ernst Moritz Hess}}</ref>

After [[World War II]], a new "stab-in-the-back" legend flourished to some extent: Germany could allegedly have won the war, [[Irony|had it not been for the incompetent leadership of Hitler and the Nazis]]. While having a mentally unstable ex-artist as commander-in-chief did not help matters, this demonstrated at best wishful thinking on behalf of the defeated German generals &mdash; invading Russia has [[Mongolia|rarely]] proven a good idea.

==Wider usage==
Blaming internal dissidents for the loss of a war is a recurring theme in history. Thus, [[Pundit|political commentators]] sometimes refer to these legends of betrayal as "stab-in-the-back" theories. Similar beliefs in France about the Algerian War led to a right-wing terrorist campaign against the government through the early '60s. One example from America is the [[wingnut]] idea that the US would have won the [[Vietnam War]] if it weren't for the dirty [[hippie]]s and [[liberal media]] destroying our troops' morale. If we had just [[magical thinking|sung the national anthem loud enough and waved our flags hard enough]], victory [[Nuclear war|could have been ours]]! Ultra-batshit publishing house [[Regnery Publishing]] manages to one-up this theory with its ''Politically Incorrect Guide to Vietnam'', which claims that the US actually did win and the ''true'' history is just being covered up by liberal history professors! Apparently, the liberal conspiracy is so strong it was able to cause South Vietnam to be overrun, and the communist party to take control of the entire country. As you can see, the book's title is overly modest: it's much more than just ''politically'' incorrect. However, this myth is widespread in popular discourse, with the idea of the spat upon Vietnam vet being a common meme, despite the fact that there are exactly zero confirmed cases of it ever happening.

Another example of the legend can be found south of the border. After the disastrous [[Mexican-American War]], the Catholic Church became the target of some backstab legends. According to this theories, had the Catholic Church lent their enormous resources to the government, the Mexican army would've had a chance to defeat the invaders. Some people even go as far as claiming that the Church struck a deal with the Americans; US soldiers would not harm any of their properties and they in turn would tell the deeply religious people that killing Americans was a [[sin]], thus limiting the recruitment abilities of the army.

==See also==
*[[Red-baiting]]
*[[Antisemitism]]
*[[Lost Cause of the South]] (for the [[neo-Confederate]] exercise in [[Pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] [[Historical revisionism|revisionism]] and [[scapegoat]]ing)
*[[Holocaust denial]] ([[Denialism|denial]] of one of the ultimate consequences of the [[Antisemitism|accusations]] of the stab-in-the-back legend and typically peddled by the legend's [[Neo-Nazism|"intellectual" successors]])

==External links==
*[https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/publications/reviews/BarthRev069.htm#ill Stab-in-the-back propaganda], and a book review
*[https://mjhnyc.org/blog/german-patriots-jewish-germans-during-wwi/ "German Patriots: Jewish Germans During WWI"], from the Museum of Jewish Heritage
*{{wpa|Stab-in-the-back myth}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Nazism]]
[[Category:Nationalist pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:World War I]]

Categories: Antisemitism, Conspiracy theories, Denialism, Nazism, Nationalist pseudohistory, Pseudohistory, Racism, World War I