trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Epistle of James

{{biblenav}}
The '''Epistle of James''' is a rather short book in the [[New Testament]]. It consists mostly of admonitions to live holy lives, to refrain from quarrels among the believers, to be patient, slow to speak, and slow to wrath, and to care for widows and orphans.  It also contains instructions on how to conduct [[faith healing]], by [[Alternative_medicine|anointing the sick with oil]].

Of particular note is chapter 5, a section dealing with the rich.  They shall weep and moan over their lost riches, which they have made on the backs of the poor by [[Slavery_in_the_Bible|exploiting their labor]]. They have unjustly withheld wages from their workers who toil in the fields, and the workers cry out for vengeance against the rich.  Their riches shall be as eaten by moths and rotted away.  Wait, is this the [[Bible]], or is this [[Eugene V. Debs]] speaking? 

On the other hand, James says that wars and quarrels among people come from passions waging war in our members. [[Sigmund Freud]] could probably have a field day with this one.

In chapter two, James clarifies a misunderstanding which had arisen from the teachings of [[Paul of Tarsus]] concerning whether works such as circumcision are necessary for salvation.  Paul says no.  James agrees that ''works of law'' are not required, but he says that faith which is not accompanied by ''good works'' (like feeding the poor) is dead. This didn't sit well with Martin Luther, who called this book an "epistle of straw" and tried to get it tossed out of the canon.

Although supposedly written by [[James, brother of Jesus|Jesus's brother James]], it says almost nothing about Jesus.<ref>Raphael Lataster, ''Jesus did not exist'', p68</ref> It was most likely written in the late 1<sup>st</sup> or early 2nd century (despite James being martyred in the '60s). Whoever wrote it was someone with strong literary skills in Greek, which doesn't exactly fit with authorship by James. One possibility is that it was later modified or edited. Another is that it may have been written by a disciple of James on James' orders. It only gradually entered into the canon, with Origen in the early 3<sup>rd</sup> century apparently the first to mention it.<ref>{{wpa|Epistle of James}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/James]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James, Epistle of}}
{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:General Epistles]]
[[Category:New Testament]]

Categories: General Epistles, New Testament
Epistle of Jude

{{Biblenav}}
The '''Epistle of St. Jude''' is yet another really short "book" in the [[Bible]].  It is St. Jude's only contribution to the literature of the civilized world, and boy does he let fly in this one which is probably why he was not allowed to contribute a second book to the Bible.<ref>{{wpa|Epistle of Jude}}</ref>

Jude is the quintessential True Believing Fanatic, spewing forth flowery language about the Chains of Darkness, God's Holy Judgment, Those Long Ago Marked Out For Condemnation, [[Blasphemy]], Woe To Them, etc etc etc, and a long run-on sentence about wild waves of the sea foaming up their shame, or something.  Whatever.  One gets the impression St. Jude had unkempt hair, a thousand-yard stare, hadn't bathed in several weeks, launched into wild "repent!" sermons at the drop of a hat, and probably kept a can of paint and painted "[[Fun:Roadside signs for Jesus|Trust Jesus]]" everywhere he went.

Jude paraphrases an incident in a book that has been lost about [[Satan]] and Michael quarrelling over the body of [[Moses]].  If the holy angel Michael did not rebuke Satan himself, but only said "the Lord rebuke thee" how much more so should we not rebuke human enemies of the [[faith]] but only pray for the Lord to make the rebuke.  Well and good. But at the same time Jude calls unbelievers "filthy dreamers" who "defile the flesh, despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities."  Thus he is the quintessential Christian preacher.

The Epistle of Jude is beloved by [[heresy]]-hunters everywhere because it contains the oft-quoted verse about "contending for the faith once delivered to the Saints."  [[Roman Catholic]]s used that verse to burn [[Protestant]]s at the stake, and Protestants used that verse to denounce the Great Satanic [[pope|Papal]] [[Whore of Babylon]] to eternal damnation in the [[Lake of Fire]], so Jude must have been onto something there if both sides agreed he was right. 

Jude's real name was Judas, but [[Judas Iscariot]] did for that first name what [[Adolph Hitler]] did for those little square mustaches. He might have been Judas Thaddaeus, or Jude/Judas, Jesus's brother (see also [[James, brother of Jesus]] who is blamed for some by the [[Epistle of James]], making them the wackiest sibling authors till the Bront&euml;s). Since the book of Jude talks about persevering in the midst of hopelessness, Catholics often take out ads in the newspaper praying for St. Jude to do something about their life savings invested in Washington Mutual stocks.

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Jude]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jude, Epistle of}}
{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:Blasphemy (probably)]]
[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:General Epistles]]

Categories: Blasphemy (probably), New Testament, General Epistles
Epistle to Philemon

{{Biblenav}}
'''Philemon''' is one of [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]'s letters, written from jail.<ref>{{wpa|Epistle to Philemon}}</ref> Philemon is a ''stub'', but at least it is a bit longer than [[Second Epistle of John|2 John]] and [[Third Epistle of John|3 John]].

Paul is apparently planning a jailbreak, because he asks Philemon, leader of the Colossian church to prepare a lodging for him, in the hope that through their "prayers" (or perhaps a get out of jail free card) he might be restored to them.

Paul also pleads on behalf of Onesimus, a former [[slavery|slave]] of Philemon whom Paul converted in prison.  Paul is sending Onesimus back to them, and please don't make him a slave again.  This part of Philemon was later cited by the abolitionism movement in support of ending slavery in the United States, which just goes how sparse Biblical condemnations of slavery are.  

There is another later letter attributed to Paul written to the Christians of Colossae, but it's probably not actually by Paul, or at any rate written for him: [[Colossians]].

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Philemon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philemon, Epistle to}}
{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:Pauline Epistles]]

Categories: New Testament, Pauline Epistles
Epistle to Titus

{{Biblenav}} 
'''Titus''' is  a [[New Testament]] book supposedly written by [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] to his fellow evangelical, Titus.{{efn| It's also a TV show that ran in the early 2000s with some off color humor.  Course, being that it was actually funny, it was pulled within a year.}}  Scholars typically doubt that the three pastoral letters (Titus, [[First Timothy|Timothy 1]] & [[Second Timothy|2]]) were written by Paul.

Titus advises the reader to always obey princes and authorities, [[slaves]] to obey their masters, and to avoid foolish controversies and genealogies.  Foolish genealogies?  This could either mean don't [[Incest|marry your cousin]], or don't hang around with [[Mormonism|those who foolishly trace their ancestry so they can baptize their dead relatives]].  Titus also contains some choice words about Them.  Them?  You know, ''them''.  "Those of the [[circumcision]]".  ([[Jews|Wink wink]]).  "These must be rebuked, for they upset whole households" … "Hence rebuke them sharply that they may not listen to [[Jewish]] fables" … "Being abominable and unbelieving and useless for any good work".  Blah blah blah.  Nope, doubt that the circumcised Rabbi Paul wrote this at all.

Blatant [[antisemitism]] aside, Titus is a fairly [[boring]] letter.

Titus 1:12-13 gives insight to the famous {{wpl|Epimenides paradox||:}}

''<bible book="Titus" chapter=1 verse1=12 verse2=13/>''

Where the Cretan [[prophet]] said "The Cretians are alway liars", which pretty much includes the prophet him/herself.  See also [[self-refuting idea]].

(This is not a stub, how can it be a stub.  The letter is shorter than this article.)
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Titus]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Titus, Epistle to}}
{{BibleGuide}}
[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:Pauline Epistles]]

Categories: New Testament, Pauline Epistles
Epistle to the Hebrews

{{Biblenav}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with {{wpl|Gospel of the Hebrews}}}}

The Epistle to the Hebrews is one of the books in the [[New Testament]]. The primary purpose of this Epistle is to exhort [[Christian]]s to persevere in the face of persecution.  Its content mostly revolves around the doctrine of the Person of Christ and his role as mediator between [[God]] and humanity. Because it is written in much better [[Greek]] than most of the New Testament there is dispute over its authorship.

==Authorship==
Its author is not known and there is no mention in the text; it is traditionally attributed to St [[Paul of Tarsus]] despite being completely different from any of his other epistles, and this attribution is largely based on a guess by the authors of the [[King James Version]] although a few earlier writers had guessed likewise. Other proposed candidates include Pope [[Clement I]], Barnabas, [[Luke]] the Evangelist, and two of Paul's associates, Apollos and Priscilla. If it was by Priscilla, that would be neat as it would be one of the very few Biblical writings by a woman, but the author uses masculine gender to talk of themself which is problematic for that guess.<ref name=wp>{{wpa|Epistle to the Hebrews}}</ref>

[[Conservapedia]] suggests it was a sermon given by the actual Jesus on the Road to Emmaus.<ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews</ref> Mainstream scholarship based on textual clues dates it to 63 or 64 CE and does not agree with the illustrious writers of the right-wing encyclopedia<ref name=wp/>; it's implausible that Jesus would have had such a nice prose style unless he was actually God (and even then, the other parts of the Bible supposedly written by God are hardly known for their [[Ten Commandments|concision, comprehensibility, or consistency]]). But apparently it's a sign of "liberal denial" to believe anybody other than Jesus wrote it.<ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Liberal_denial&oldid=1204134 Liberal Denial] at Conservapedia</ref>

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Hebrews|RationalWiki Annotated Bible on Hebrews]]
*[[Hebrew]], for the language of the actual Hebrews

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hebrews, Epistle to the}}
{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:General Epistles]]

Categories: New Testament, General Epistles
Epistle to the Philippians

{{Biblenav}}
The '''Epistle to the Philippians''' is an epistle of [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] to the church in Philippi, in Macedonia, [[Greece]]. He claimed that he wanted to hurry up and be called home by [[God|the Lord]] because "to die is gain."<ref>[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Philippians#Philippians 1:21|Philippians 1:21]]</ref> However, at a great personal sacrifice, Paul decided to remain on the Earth so he could write more epistles.

The heart of this letter is Paul's theology of the atonement of [[Jesus|Christ]], who was equal to the Father but humbled himself and was obedient even to the point of accepting death by crucifixion.<ref>[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Philippians#Philippians 2:8|Philippians 2:8]]</ref> By so doing, he pleased God more than all of humanity displeased God through sin. Philippians forms the basis of [[Anselm]]'s satisfaction theory of atonement, an alternative to the substitution theory of atonement that counts as one of the five fundamentals of [[fundamentalism]]. Paul argues that [[Christianity|Christians]] are to follow Christ's example by their own obedience.

==See also==
*[[RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Philippians|The RationalWiki Annotated Bible: Philippians]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philippians, Epistle to}}
{{stub|Bible}}
{{BibleGuide}}

[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:Pauline Epistles]]

Categories: New Testament, Pauline Epistles
Epperson v. Arkansas

{{title-italics}}
{{sources needed}}
{{constnav}}{{caselaw|Epperson v. Arkansas|393 U.S. 97|1968}}
'''''Epperson v. Arkansas''''' is a 1968 court case, handled by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], to challenge a 1920s statute preventing the teaching of [[evolution]] (specifially, [[human]] evolution) in [[Arkansas]] public schools (in lieu of [[creationism]], specifically that which is found in the [[Book of Genesis]]).

The Supreme Court found in favor of the plaintiff, stating the statute was in violation of the [[Establishment Clause]] of the [[First Amendment]].  In addition, their decision asserted that the State of Arkansas (and, by extension, any other [[state]]) had no right nor any interest to prevent the teaching of theories critical to the views of any [[religion]].

==See also==
* [[Edwards v. Aguillard]]
* [[Scopes trial]]

{{stub|law}}
{{crebox}}

[[Category:Creationism]]
[[Category:First Amendment cases]]
[[Category:Constitutional law]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]

Categories: Creationism, First Amendment cases, Constitutional law, United States Supreme Court cases
Erasmus Darwin

{{sources needed}}
[[File:Darwin cutout.gif|right|thumb|165px|The loveable chubby chops of Erasmus Darwin, as seen on a bust in Derby Central Museum and Library.]]{{philosopher}}
'''Erasmus Darwin''' {{lived|1731|1802}}, was an [[England|English]] physician, [[natural philosophy|natural philosopher]], physiologist, inventor and poet. He was one of the founding members of the Lunar Society, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers. His more famous grandsons were [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Francis Galton]], though the latter may or may not be more [[Eugenics|infamous]]. He developed a [[theory of evolution]],<ref group=notes>In his ''Zoonomia'' and the posthumously published ''Temple of nature'' he postulated that animals and [[plants]] developed from simpler forms.</ref> which, though similar to [[Lamarck]]ism,<ref group=notes>His version was in fact proposed before Lamarck's, but renaming Lamarckism Darwinism would be far too confusing, and "Erasmism" would be unlikely to catch on for other reasons.</ref> probably inspired Charles's thoughts on the subject. His first name, Erasmus, is after the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Humanism|Humanist]] philosopher of that name. As a [[Freemason]], he is frequently [[Know Your Enemy|attacked by Conspiracy Theorists]] who believe the Theory of Evolution was inspired by Masonic philosophy.

==Other achievements==
*Inventing the horizontal windmill,<ref group=notes>According to {{wpl|Erasmus Darwin|Wikipedia}} anyway...</ref> a speaking machine and an artificial bird.
*Campaigning against [[slavery]].
*Making a sketch of a liquid-fueled rocket.
*Customizing a table with a semicircle cutout, which his being enormously fat necessitated.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}
==External links==
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3099 Works of Erasmus Darwin on Project Gutenberg]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darwin, Erasmus}}

{{stub|evolution}}

[[Category:British people]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:Scientists]]

Categories: British people, Evolution, Philosophers, Scientists
Eric Hufschmid

{{conspiracynav|1}}'''Eric Hufschmid''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorist]] who has been "avoiding Zionist traps since 2002". He spews forth a wide variety of conspiracy theories, mostly centered around [[Jews]] and/or [[Zionism|Zionists]].  He seems to think that Jews are reptilians, who "use their intelligence to kill, sabotage and blackmail their competition ''[that's us humans]''".<ref>http://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Reptilians.html</ref> This is probably inspired by (though not directly connected to) [[David Icke]]'s Reptoid theory. Anyone even remotely close to sane can recognize his penchant for doing all his hard-hitting data research in his ass.

He believes the {{wpl|King David Hotel bombing}} ([[Irony|which was a Zionist ''correct'' flag operation, as the Irgun took responsibility for the bombing]]), [[9/11 conspiracy theories|9/11]], [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory|JFK assassination]], and the [[holocaust]] were all Zionist [[false flag]] operations. His [[paranoia]] goes so far that he believes his potential wife-to-be is a Zionist agent and that it's best to break off the relationship<ref>http://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Peggy_sequel.html</ref>, and that Michael Jackson's death was a conspiracy to "divert attention away from Zionism, [[Israel]], and Jews in general".<ref>http://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Jackson-inside-job.html</ref>

He also believes in the [[moon landing hoax]] and that [[Paul is dead|Paul McCartney was killed in 1966]] and replaced by someone else.<ref>http://www.hugequestions.com/Eric/Paul-McCartney.html</ref>

He appeared in the episode "''Conspiracy Theories''" of ''[[Penn & Teller: Bullshit!]]''.

==External links==
* [http://www.hugequestions.com hugequestions.com], his homepage; here be 
dragons
 
lions
 wackos.
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXeJJ291oXGoDP-hC50V0SQ Channel] at [[YouTube]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{stub|Conspiracy theorists}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Hufschmid, Eric}}
[[Category:Antisemites]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Holocaust denialists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Racists]]

Categories: Antisemites, Authors, Conspiracy theorists, Holocaust denialists, Living people, Racists
Eric Robert Rudolph

[[File:Eric Rudolph (cropped).png|thumb|left|165px|Rudolph in 1997]]{{crimenav|1}}
'''Eric Robert Rudolph''' {{lived|1966}} is an American [[Christian]] [[terrorist]] responsible for a series of bombings in the southern [[United States]] from 1996 to 1998, most notably the Atlanta Centennial Olympic Park bombing in 1996 which killed two people.<ref>http://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1998/October/477crm.htm</ref> Along with the Olympic Park bombing, he bombed a lesbian bar and two abortion clinics.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20130414003813/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_176.htm</ref>

Until Rudolph made a statement claiming a motive for the 1996 Olympic bombing, security guard Richard Jewell was falsely accused of planting the bombs himself, when in fact he's the reason that the bombing didn't have a higher bodycount.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jewell?wprov=sfla1</ref>

The FBI named Rudolph a suspect in 1998 and added him to the Most Wanted Fugitives list and captured Rudolph in 2003. [[white nationalism|White nationalists]] considered Rudolph to be a hero.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Teror_92/4264_72.htm ADL press release, 2003]</ref> When he was young, Rudolph's mom brought him during her  visits to ''The Church Of Jesus Christ-Christian'' (a spin-off group of the [[Aryan Nations]]) which subscribed to the [[Christian Identity]] movement.<ref>[http://www.cultnews.com/?cat=27 Is hate group leader Dan Gayman telling the truth about his involvement with Eric Rudolph?]</ref> Christian Identity ideology considers people of white European ancestry "God's chosen people" and people of all other races condemned to hell. However, Rudolph stated that his motivation for the bombing was religious and political, not racial. He believed abortion was a sin, and also believed in the [[Homosexual Agenda]] (the "Gay celebrities want to make being gay accepted!" version). He also believed the Olympics was a plot by corporations to manipulate the world into celebrating [[socialism]].<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/07/18/national/main709777.shtml Abortion clinic bomber gets life]</ref> 

Rudolph was given multiple life sentences and has been incarcerated in the maximum security Supermax federal prison since 2005.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudolph, Eric Robert}}
[[Category:Anti-abortion activists]]
[[Category:Anti-LGBT bigots]]
[[Category: Antisemites]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Convicted felons]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Homophobes]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Militia movement]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:Terrorists]]
[[Category:Criminals]]
[[Category:We're on a mission from God]]

Categories: Anti-abortion activists, Anti-LGBT bigots,  Antisemites, Christians, Conspiracy theorists, Convicted felons, Fascists, Homophobes, Living people, Militia movement, Racists, Terrorists, Criminals, We're on a mission from God
Eric Turkheimer

[[File:Eric Turkheimer 2017.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Turkheimer in 2017]]
{{Psychology}}
'''Eric Turkheimer''' is an [[United States|American]] [[psychologist]] and debunker of [[hereditarianism]] [[pseudoscience]]. He is the Hugh Scott Hamilton Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia.

Turkheimer has coined what he calls the "three laws of behaviour genetics":

{{cquote|
*First Law. All human behavioral traits are heritable.
*Second Law. The effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of [[genes]].
*Third Law. A substantial portion of the variation in complex human behavioral traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or families.<ref>Turkheimer, Eric. "Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean." ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'' 9.5 (2000): 160-164.</ref>}}

In contrast to other contributors in the field, such as [[Robert Plomin]], he emphasizes the fact that we have in very few cases demonstrated specific causal links between genes and behavior.<ref>Turkheimer, E. (2016). Weak Genetic Explanation 20 Years Later: Reply to Plomin et al. (2016). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615617442</ref>

Turkheimer is critical of [[hereditarianism|hereditarianism]] about differences in average [[IQ]] scores between one race and another,<ref>https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/6/15/15797120/race-black-white-iq-response-critics</ref> and argues they are best understood as environmental in origin.<ref>https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-24333-015</ref> He has, along with two other prominent behavioral geneticists (Kathryn Harden and Richard Nisbett), authored various article disproving ''The Bell Curve''s hereditarian [[bullshit]] on [[Race and intelligence|IQ differences between various "races"]].<ref>https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/6/15/15797120/race-black-white-iq-response-critics</ref>

==Criticism of racist pseudoscience==

In recent years, Turkheimer has criticized racist pseudoscience.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34793248/ Race, Ethnicity, and the Scarr-Rowe Hypothesis: A Cautionary Example of Fringe Science Entering the Mainstream]. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.</ref><ref>[https://journalofcontroversialideas.org/article/4/2/284 Controversy Requires Competence: Comment on Rindermann et al. (2024)]. journalofcontroversialideas.org.</ref>

==External links==
*[http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/vita1_turkheimer.htm Curriculum Vitae] 

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}
{{stub|psychology}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkheimer, Eric}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Psychologists]]

Categories: Living people, Psychologists