Extended evolutionary synthesis

{{Evolution}}
'''Extended evolutionary synthesis''' also known as the '''extended synthesis''' is an extension of the [[modern evolutionary synthesis]].

==Introduction==

The neo-Darwinian [[modern synthesis]] was developed in the period from 1930 to 1950 due to the reconciliation of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]] and the incorporation of [[Mendelian]] and population [[genetics]]. It has been over 60 years and evolution today includes mechanisms and even entire new fields that were not part of the foundational structure of the modern synthesis. Some scientists have proposed that ingredients of an extended synthesis are gradually becoming visible and that the modern synthesis as it stands is incomplete and needs to be extended.<ref>[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12173 Evolution—the Extended Synthesis]</ref>

In 1978 {{wpl|Michael JD White|Michael JD White}} attempted to extend the modern evolutionary synthesis in his book ''Modes of Speciation'' due to evidence of new processes underlying [[speciation]].<ref>Heralding a New Synthesis Modes of Speciation. by M. J. D. White Review by: Dennis R. Parnell Systematic Botany , Vol. 3, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), p. 126</ref> [[Stephen Jay Gould]] also called for an extended synthesis in publications such as '' Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging?'' (1980) and ''Darwinism and the Expansion of Evolutionary Theory'' (1982).<ref>Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging? Stephen Jay Gould Paleobiology , Vol. 6, No. 1 (Winter, 1980), pp. 119-130 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2400240?seq=1&Search=yes&searchText=%22Is+a+new+and+general+theory+of+evolution+emerging%3F%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3D%26Query%3D%2522Is%2Ba%2Bnew%2Band%2Bgeneral%2Btheory%2Bof%2Bevolution%2Bemerging%253F%2522%26wc%3Don%26Search.x%3D9%26Search.y%3D11&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=95&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null Online] also see Darwinism and the Expansion of Evolutionary Theory Stephen Jay Gould Science , New Series, Vol. 216, No. 4544 (Apr. 23, 1982), pp. 380-387 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1688091?&Search=yes&searchText=%22Stephen+Jay+Gould%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Stephen%2BJay%2BGould%2522%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=17&ttl=181&returnArticleService=showFullText Online]</ref> According to {{wpl|David Jablonski|David Jablonski}}, Gould claimed the conventional [[neo-Darwinism|neo-Darwinian]] framework consists of three fundamental ideas: [[natural selection]] working almost entirely at the level of organisms (rather than at multiple levels extending from genes to species), that selection is the exclusive shaper of evolutionary change, and that the extrapolation of minute, incremental changes can explain the entire history of life. Gould wrote all three of these ideas are in need of expansion.<ref>[http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-more-modern-synthesis A More Modern Synthesis by David Jablonski]</ref>

Phenotypic plasticity and the work of [[Conrad Hal Waddington]] on genetic assimilation has also been incorporated into the extended evolutionary synthesis.<ref>[http://jeb.biologists.org/content/209/12/2362.full Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation by Massimo Pigliucci, Courtney J. Murren and Carl D. Schlichting ]</ref>

==Altenberg Conference==
{{Main|Altenberg 16 controversy}}

[[File:ExtendedSynthesis.png|thumb|left|Click to enlarge.]]

In 2008 sixteen scientists met at the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition in Altenberg, Austria to discuss an extended synthesis. The group which included scientists such as [[Massimo Pigliucci]], [[Eva Jablonka]] and Gerd B. Müller explained that there have been calls for an expansion of the synthesis framework through the integration of more recent achievements in evolutionary theory and that new approaches have opened up new theoretical horizons, with new possibilities for integration and expansion in evolutionary theory, such as [[Evo-devo]], {{wpl|Niche construction|Niche Construction}}, {{wpl|Epigenetic inheritance|Epigenetic Inheritance}}, and many more.<ref>[http://www.kli.ac.at/events/event-detail/1215705600/toward-an-extended-evolutionary-synthesis Toward an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis]</ref> 

The biolologist {{wpl|Gert Korthof|Gert Korthof}} describes the 'Extended Evolutionary Synthesis' as:

{{cquote|Neo-Darwinism plus molecular genetics (Watson & Crick, 1953). That is about 50 years ago. Furthermore, there are or probably will be included: developmental biology (evo-devo), genomics, epigenetics, ecology, symbiosis, life history, hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, systems biology, Earth System Science (including Niche Construction and Gaia), origin of life, astrobiology, sociobiology (incl. evolutionary psychology), evolution of the brain and mind (consciousness).<ref>[http://wasdarwinwrong.com/kortho13.htm Towards The Third Evolutionary Synthesis]</ref>}}

The extended evolutionary synthesis accepts many tenets of the classical framework from the neo-Darwinian synthesis yet in certain areas extends the framework into new fields. The extended synthesis is not anti-Darwinian, it merely says that the neo-Darwinian synthesis is incomplete. [[Massimo Pigliucci]] published ''Evolution - the Extended Synthesis'' (2011) [[Special:Booksources/9780262513678|ISBN 9780262513678]] which included contributions from sixteen leading evolutionary biologists and philosophers of science.

==Reception==

In 1981 {{wpl|G. Ledyard Stebbins|G. Ledyard Stebbins}} criticised the extended synthesis of Gould and others.<ref>Is a New Evolutionary Synthesis Necessary? G. Ledyard Stebbins and Francisco J. Ayala Science , New Series, Vol. 213, No. 4511 (Aug. 28, 1981), pp. 967-971 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1687039?&Search=yes&searchText=%22new+evolutionary+synthesis%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicResults%3Fhp%3D25%26la%3D%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Don%26gw%3Djtx%26jcpsi%3D1%26artsi%3D1%26Query%3D%2522new%2Bevolutionary%2Bsynthesis%2522%26sbq%3D%2522new%2Bevolutionary%2Bsynthesis%2522%26prq%3D%2522new%2Bevolutationay%2Bsynthesis%2522%26si%3D1%26jtxsi%3D1&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=67&returnArticleService=showFullText Online]</ref> Recent scientists such as {{wpl|Michael J. Wade|Michael J. Wade}} have been supportive of the extended evolutionary synthesis<ref>The Neo-Modern Synthesis: The Confluence of New Data and Explanatory Concepts Evolution—the Extended Synthesis by Massimo Pigliucci; Gerd B. Müller. Michael J. Wade, BioScience , Vol. 61, No. 5 (May 2011), pp. 407-408</ref> whilst others such as [[Jerry Coyne]] have criticised it.<ref>[http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/are-we-ready-for-an-extended-evolutionary-synthesis/ Are we ready for an “extended evolutionary synthesis”?]</ref> Pigliucci has responded to the criticism of Coyne.<ref>[http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/jerry-coyne-and-extended-evolutionary.html Jerry Coyne and the Extended evolutionary Synthesis]</ref> Anya Plutynski in a review for the [[National Center for Science Education]] wrote "Anyone interested in becoming aware of both what we know now and what theoretical advances may come from this new data for evolutionary theory should take a look through Pigliucci and Müller’s superb collection.<ref>[http://ncse.com/store/title/evolution-extended-synthesis Evolution: The Extended Synthesis] also see [http://reports.ncse.com/index.php/rncse/article/view/39/40 Full Review Online]</ref> The author of evolution textbooks, Douglas Futuyma <ref>[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0145 Evolutionary biology today and the call for an extended synthesis]</ref> and Brian Charlesworth have criticized extended synthesis, and claim that the mechanisms proposed by its proponets are incapable of producing substantial, adaptive or transgenerationally inherited change. <ref>[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2016.2864 The sources of adaptive variation]</ref>

==External links==

*[http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080917/full/455281a.html Biological theory: Postmodern evolution?]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784144/ The Origin at 150: is a new evolutionary synthesis in sight? by Eugene V. Koonin]

==References==
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{{Evonav}}

[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Biology]]

Categories: Evolution, Biology