trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
China brain

{{sources needed}}{{philosophy}}
The '''China brain''' (also known as the Chinese Nation or Chinese Gym) is a [[thought experiment]] which asks what would happen if each person living in [[China]] were asked to simulate the action of one neuron in the [[brain]], using telephones or walkie-talkies to simulate the axons and dendrites that connect neurons. The experiment posits that this entity would therefore possess some form of [[consciousness]] as an [[emergent phenomenon]], as consciousness should, without invoking [[dualism]], be independent of the medium which it is made of and only on the patterns which the medium can create. The "China brain" could then, in principle, be asked questions; have a personality; and, perhaps, could die if the experiment was ended.

It is often invoked to cause some discomfort when talking about [[artificial intelligence]] or consciousness. If people are able to accept that neurons can combine to form a conscious entity (which they must, because we "know" that we are conscious by definition) then why not something else? This can apply equally to a computer, such as in [[singularity]] research where computers simulate human brains within them, or to more odd objects such as people.

==See also==

*[[Chinese room]]:  A related thought experiment reaching an antagonistic conclusion. Philosophers have a thing about China, it seems.

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[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:China]]
[[Category:Thought experiment]]

Categories: Philosophy, Artificial intelligence, China, Thought experiment
Chisholm v. Georgia

{{title-italics}}{{constnav}}{{caselaw|Chisholm v. Georgia|2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 419|February 18, 1793}}
'''''Chisholm v. Georgia''''' is considered the first [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] case of significance. An estate executor named Alexander Chisholm and his friend (both from [[South Carolina]]) sued the State of [[Georgia]] over things the state owed them, and Georgia refused to appear before the Supreme Court because it had claimed that it was its own "sovereign state" and didn't need to answer to anybody. The Court, led by [[Founding fathers|founding father]] John Jay, said that Article 3, Section 2 of the Constitution annulled any sovereign immunity Georgia claimed and held that federal courts could hear disputes between private citizens and States. The Court ruled 4 to 1 in favor of Chisholm.

In addition to Jay, two of the other majority justices in the opinion — James Wilson and John Blair — were founding fathers.  Apparently these [[Originalism|original originalists]] were completely wrong in what they thought when they wrote the [[Constitution]]. People were outraged!  
As a result of ''Chisholm'', the [[Eleventh Amendment]] was passed in 1795, overturning their ruling and removing federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state attempted to sue another state under state law in federal court. Now, the only way a citizen of one state or country can sue another in federal court is if the state being sued agrees, or the U.S. Congress takes away the state's immunity in the case via the [[Fourteenth Amendment]].

The lone dissenter in ''Chisholm'', James Iredell, a very active revolutionary from [[North Carolina]], was not involved in the drafting of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] or the Constitution, although he supported them both fervently. Iredell was instrumental in whipping up support for North Carolina's ratification of the new Constitution (but only after it included a [[Bill of Rights (United States)|Bill of Rights]] to protect the citizens from the federal government).

== Sources ==
*[http://www.cornellcollege.edu/politics/courses/allin/365-366/documents/chisholm_v_georgia.html Chisholm v. Georgia at Cornell College]
*{{wpa|Chisholm v. Georgia}}


[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]
[[Category:Constitutional law]]

Categories: United States Supreme Court cases, Constitutional law
Chlorella

{{foodnav}}[[File:Chlorella.png|thumb|left|Yum yum! Tastes like pond scum!]]
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with {{wpl|cholera||.}}}}
{{title-italics}}
'''''Chlorella''''' is a genus of green algae. Due to the fact that ''Chlorella'' is high in [[protein]], calories, fat, and other nutrients, there was once a great deal of interest in the possibility of developing ''Chlorella''-based substitutes for certain foods. This would, in theory, be a simple way of delivering food with high caloric content to the [[Third World]].<ref>Warren Belasco. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3106856 Algae Burgers for a Hungry World? The Rise and Fall of ''Chlorella'' Cuisine.] ''Technology and Culture'', Vol. 38, No. 3, Jul. 1997</ref> Today, it is more popular as a staple of health food [[quackery]] and often marketed as a "[[superfood]]".

Hardcore [[woo]]-meisters will hawk it as part of [[detox]] diets or [[chelation]] regimens, as it allegedly flushes "[[toxin]]s" and [[mercury|heavy metals]] out of the body.<ref>Quick, purchase your [[Joseph Mercola|Mercola Brand]]<sup>TM</sup> ''Chlorella'' [http://products.mercola.com/chlorella/ here!]</ref> Unsurprisingly, like many organisms, ''Chlorella'' produces its own toxins: lipopolysaccharides that can cause inflammation.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871685/ Systemic LPS Causes Chronic Neuroinflammation and Progressive Neurodegeneration] by Liya Qin et al. (2007) ''Glia'' 55(5): 453–462. doi:10.1002/glia.20467.</ref>

Like most [[food woo]], ''Chlorella'' is advertised on any and every diet page that will take their [[advertising]] [[money]]. With no evidence whatsoever, it is sold as a [[supplement]] that makes weight loss easier, in that vague, non-committal, not testable way that is so popular with food wooists.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|food woo}}
{{foodbox}}

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Food supplement woo]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Categories: Biology, Food supplement woo, Plants
Chlorophyll

{{sources needed}}
{{biology}}
'''Chlorophyll''' is what makes some [[plant]]s (and cyanobacteria) green. There are several different pigment proteins with the name chlorophyll, but they're all functionally similar. It is essential to [[photosynthesis]]. Chlorophyll is usually located in the [[chloroplast]]s.

==Health claims==
Chlorophyll is often claimed to be useful in [[:category:toxins|detoxification]], and there's a [http://healthy-lifestyle-detox.blogspot.com/2007/12/testimonials-after-using-chlorophyll.html rather worrying blog] which claims it can cure gangrene and [[breast]] [[cancer]]. If chlorophyll did by any chance have miraculous health effects, we would have already felt them by now because all green vegetables contain chlorophyll.

The counterclaim to chlorophyll-[[woo]] is an old ditty (made in reference to the supposed breath-freshening properties of a certain chewing gum)

*The [[goat]] that lives on yonder hill
*Lives all day on chlorophyll

{{stub|biology}}
{{foodbox}}

[[Category:Food supplement woo]]
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Cancer woo]]

Categories: Food supplement woo, Biology, Cancer woo
Choice theory

{{expand}}
{{newage}}
{{sources needed}}
The term '''Choice theory''' (originally called '''Control theory''') is a theory of behaviors posited by Dr. William Glasser, who has made a living publishing numerous books on the subject. It was first coined with the 1998 book entitled ''Choice Theory'' but the ideas had evolved from his earlier writings from the 1960s.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160411070125/http://www.wglasserinternational.org/courses/professional-development/choice-theory-psychology/] Choice Theory Psychology, by William Glasser International </ref> According to Glasser, we all choose how to behave at any time, and cannot control anyone's behavior but our own. This behavior is driven by five central needs:<ref>[https://wglasser.com/quickstart-guide-to-choice-theory/#basic-needs] The Glasser Institute For Choice Theory's Quickstart Guide to Choice Theory.</ref>

*Survival
*The need to belong
*The need to have fun
*The need for power
*The need for freedom

Like [[Neurolinguistic programming]] (NLP), this theory has caught on with adherents applying it to elements of educational teaching.

==Criticisms==
Glasser's books have been criticized as being anti-psychiatry and anti-medical science. For example, it is Glasser's belief that there is no biological basis for mental illness - the brain is simply creatively expressing its unhappiness that can't be cured with medication. If the cause of this mental illness is almost always unhappiness then helping people to find happiness would cure most of these conditions, but it doesn't.

In education, when a student misbehaves, Glasser in his book ''Schools Without Failure'', written in 1968,  places responsibility for that misbehavior on the teacher for failing to meet the needs of the student. This goes against his principle of choice theory which posits it is the individual who is responsible for their own behavior.

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:New Age]]
[[Category:Psychology]]

Categories: New Age, Psychology
Chris Stedman

[[File:Chris Stedman photo.jpg|thumb|225px|left|Chris Stedman, 2023]]
{{atheism|1}}
'''Chris D. Stedman''' is a [[Author|writer]] and interfaith activist. He is Managing Director of State of Formation for ''The Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue'' and Assistant Humanist Chaplain and the Values in Action Coordinator for the Humanist Community at Harvard (where he was previously the inaugural Interfaith and Community Service Fellow).

Stedman, who was raised in a secular home, converted to Evangelical Christianity at age 11 and later rejected his belief in the supernatural (and coming out as gay),<ref>[http://nonprophetstatus.com/about-the-author/ About the Author]</ref> tends to promote atheist and non-religious dialogue with the religious for the sake of finding "common ground" on social justice issues, and tends to criticize fellow atheists for not doing enough to address issues such as [[Islamophobia]]<ref>[http://www.religiondispatches.org/archive/atheologies/6330/atheists_ignore_islamophobia_at_their_peril Atheists Ignore Islamophobia at their Peril]</ref> (a critique which has been rebutted,<ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/almostdiamonds/2012/08/31/islamophobia-and-skepticism/ Islamophobia and Skepticism], by Stephanie Zvan</ref> He catches significant heat from atheist bloggers due to perceived "[[accommodationism]]" with purveyors of faith and [[woo]].)

==Relations with other writers==
===Sam Harris===
Stedman criticized [[Sam Harris]] over Harris' support for look-based profiling at airports as an anti-terror tactic<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-stedman/sam-harris-racial-profiling_b_1472360.html Sam Harris, Will You Visit A Mosque With Me?], open letter</ref>) and Harris' strenuous critique of Islam and Muslims (which Stedman calls "Islamophobic"). Harris suggested that Stedman misunderstood the problem of Islam, but appreciated his tone.<ref>[https://twitter.com/SamHarrisOrg/status/197926931990183937 Sam Harris's Twitter account],</ref>

===PZ Myers===
[[PZ Myers]] has frequently criticized Stedman on his blog over the idea of faith as something positive,<ref>[http://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2012/03/25/me-vs-chris-stedman/ Me vs. Chris Stedman]</ref> which Myers flatly rejects. The two were joined by Leslie Cannold and Meredith Doig in a panel debate, ''Can Believers & Atheists Work Together for the Common Good?'', at The Road Less Traveled, a conference held in May 2012 in Melbourne.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsqqFpWh7m8 Meredith Doig, PZ Myers, Chris Stedman, Leslie Cannold - The Road Less Travelled]</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Faithiest: How an Atheist Found Common Ground with the Religious'' (Beacon Press, November 2012)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://nonprophetstatus.com/ NonProphet Status] - main blog to which he contributes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stedman, Chris}}
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Atheists, Authors, LGBTQ people, Living people
Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry

{{Christianity}}
The '''Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry''' ('''CARM''') is a Christian ministry founded by [[apologist]] Matt Slick, who is also its president.<ref name=about>{{cite web|url=https://carm.org/general-information-about-carm |title= General Information about Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry |publisher= CARM |access date=19 September 2019}}</ref> Slick holds a Masters of Divinity degree from the Westminster Theological Seminary,<ref name=person>{{cite web|url=https://carm.org/matt-slick |title= Matt Slick |publisher= CARM |access date=19 September 2019}}</ref> a conservative seminary in the [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] tradition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-westminster-theologic_b_5624650 |title= How Westminster Theological Seminary Came to Define Fundamentalism for Me |publisher=Huffington Post |access date=19 September 2019}}</ref> CARM is written from a [[Biblical inerrancy|Biblical inerrantist]], conservative [[Protestant]] point of view and has a trove of arguments against differing versions of Christianity such as [[Catholicism]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and against other religions such as [[Islam]].

Along with "[[Got Questions]]", CARM is one of the most in-depth conservative [[evangelical]] online resources and ranks high in search engine rankings. 

==The site==
CARM does a good job of refuting the viewpoints of sects like [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Mormons]] while promoting its own brand of [[biblical literalism]]. Bizarrely, it also warns about other Christian [[cults]]. Although Slick claims to emphasize reasoned argumentation, his arguments were not sufficient to persuade his own teenage daughter who is now an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://friendlyatheist.patheos.com/2013/07/15/the-atheist-daughter-of-a-notable-christian-apologist-shares-her-story/ |title=The Atheist Daughter of a Notable Christian Apologist Shares Her Story |Author=Rachael Slick |publisher=Patheos |access date=19 September 2019}}</ref> It is sometimes more honest than many other apologetics websites; for instance, CARM quotes [[Charles Darwin]]'s often [[Quote mining|quote-mined]] quote about the [[eye]] in whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carm.org/charles-darwin-on-the-human-eye |title= GWhat did Charles Darwin say about the human eye? |author=Helen Fryman |publisher= CARM |access date=19 September 2019}}</ref>  On the other hand it also claims that humans and dinosaurs co-existed so it's clearly not where you want to go for your scientific advice.

==Fundamentalism==
CARM, is a literalist and [[fundamentalist]] website, and predictably rejects rational stuff like scientifically-supported theory of [[evolution]] and opposes sensible viewpoints on issues like [[homosexuality]] and [[abortion]].  Surprise!


==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Creationists]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]

Categories: Christianity, Creationists, Fundamentalism
Christian Democratic Party (The Fred Nile Group)

{{politics}}
The '''Christian Democratic Party (The Fred Nile Group)''' is a minor, [[Australia|Australian]] [[Conservative]] [[Political party|political party]]. The party is, by any reasonable measure, deeply [[xenophobic]] and [[homophobic]].  It is wholly distinct from the centre-right Christian Democrat tradition of mainland Europe.

==Policies and political stance==
As the name implies, the party expounds Christian values, and this is reflected in their policies. 
*A [[Eugenics|10-year moratorium on all Arab immigration]]
*No action on [[climate change]], as they believe that "the issue remains [[Global Warming denialism|unresolved]]"
*A ban on ''in vitro'' fertilisation (IVF)
*No [[gay marriage]]
*A ban on [[abortion]]<ref>[http://www.cdp.org.au/federal-policies.html The Federal policies of the party]</ref>
*Promotion of religious and scripture classes into public schools and the removal of "Safe Schools and Gender ideologies"<ref>[https://www.cdp.org.au/policies/ Education.] ''Our Policies''. Christian Democratic Party. Accessed July 17, 2021.</ref>
*law based on "the Judeo-Christian ethic"<ref>[https://www.cdp.org.au/principles/ Our Principles.] Christian Democratic Party. Accessed July 17, 2021.</ref>

==The porn research incident==
In September of 2010, it was revealed that some 200,000 hits on [[porn]]ographic sites had been made from the computer within [[Fred Nile]]'s office at the NSW Parliament. Nile claimed that this was performed as "research." As of yet, no action has been taken.<ref>Jamal, Nadia and Paul Tatnell. [http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/fred-nile-caught-in-web-porn-scandal-20100902-14nuc.html Fred Nile caught in web porn scandal.] The Sydney Morning Herald. September 2, 2010.</ref>

==Prominent members==
*[[Fred Nile]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|Politics}}
{{Template:Down Under}}

[[Category:Anti-abortion activists]]
[[Category:Australian political parties]]
[[Category:Far-right political parties]]
[[Category:Global warming denialists]]
[[Category:Homophobia]]
[[Category:Racism]]

Categories: Anti-abortion activists, Australian political parties, Far-right political parties, Global warming denialists, Homophobia, Racism
Christian Liberty Party

{{cquote|...we acknowledge the [[God]] of the [[Bible]] as the Supreme Judge, Lawgiver and King and the first cause of all existence. Consequently, the principles and the platform of our party are rightly derived from Biblical presuppositions.<ref>https://sites.google.com/site/christianlibertyparty/platform</ref>}}

{{uspolitics}}
The '''Christian Liberty Party''' is a (thankfully) very small American political party that, despite the middle name, is a [[fringe]] [[wingnut|right]], [[theocrat]]ic, ultra-[[authoritarian]] party that seeks to enact biblical positions into government laws.

==Social issues==

Their stand on [[homosexuality]] is about what you would expect for a [[Christian]] [[Fundamentalist]] party.

{{cquote|We oppose state-sanctioned [[gay marriage|homosexual marriage]], child adoption and [[persecution complex|special minority status]]. We oppose any legislation that restricts the right to express [[death penalty|the Biblical position on homosexuality.]]}}

Of course, whether this means they want gays imprisoned or murdered is unclear, as that is all they say on the subject. Either way, it's not pretty.

Not surprisingly, they also want to ban [[abortion]] and [[pornography]], and have harsh consequences for participating in either.

==Services==
They would also like to repeal [[Social Security]], the [[Federal Reserve]], [[minimum wage]], the Federal Food and Drug Administration, and other "unconstitutional agencies". The public education system also needs to go because public schools aren't willing to [[brainwashing|indoctrinate]] children with Christianity as homeschooling might. No, really, that's their position.

The government's only jobs appear to be providing national security, implementing tariffs, and harshly punishing heathens. Sounds fun.

==Nuttiness== 

{{cquote|[[New World Order]]/One World Government: [[Nationalism|Nationhood is a blessing and the basic building block of a stable world order.]] We oppose the transfer of governing authority to international agencies, alliances and treaty organizations as a dangerous step toward global tyranny. We call for an end to U.S . funding of the [[United Nations]].}}

==See also==
*[[American Taliban]]
*[[Constitution party]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{USPoliticalParty}}

[[Category:Far-right political parties]]
[[Category:Homophobia]]
[[Category:Paleoconservatism]]
[[Category:Purity culture]]
[[Category:United States political parties]]
[[Category:Misnomers]]

Categories: Far-right political parties, Homophobia, Paleoconservatism, Purity culture, United States political parties, Misnomers
Christian Schwabe

{{evolution}}'''Christian Schwabe''' {{Lived|1930}} is an [[United States|American]] professor of [[biochemistry]]. He is most well known for presenting an alternative hypothesis to biological [[evolution]].

==Biography==
Schwabe earned his PhD in 1965 in biochemistry. He was a professor of biochemistry at Harvard Medical School up until 1971.<ref>[http://academicdepartments.musc.edu/biochemistry/faculty/schwabe.htm Profile for Christian Schwabe]</ref>

==Genomic Potential Hypothesis==

Schwabe, in writing a number of scientific papers on biochemistry, began to criticise biological [[evolution]]. After studying the formation of lysosomes, cytochromes and amino acids he claimed his research shows anomalies from the neo-Darwinian point of view. 

Instead, Schwabe maintains that all proteins had their present forms right from the start of life independently, he further claims that no [[Transitional fossil|intermediate form]] has been found between molecules.

Schwabe published his ideas in a book titled ''The Genomic Potential Hypothesis: a Chemist's View of the Origins, Evolution and Unfolding of Life'' in 2001. His hypothesis proposes that biological events are actually a consequence of chemical and biochemical principles rather than genetic mutation or genetic drift. He contends that life on Earth has a multiplicity of origins, rather than all species evolving from one single cell.<ref>[http://www.landesbioscience.com/books/iu/id/673/?nocache=737851460 The Genomic Potential Hypothesis: A Chemist's View of the Origins, Evolution and Unfolding of Life]</ref> 

Schwabe rejects common descent and his hypothesis is that all species on earth have an independent but natural origin from chemical pools of nucleic acids.

==Publications==

*Christian Schwabe and Gregory Warr, "A Polyphyletic View of Evolution: The Genetic Potential Hypothesis," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 27 (1984):465-85.
*Christian Schwabe, "On the validity of molecular evolution," Trends in Biochemical Sciences 11 (1986):280-3.
*Christian Schwabe and E.E. Ballesbach, "Relaxin: structures, functions, promises, and nonevolution," FASEB Journal 8 (1994):1152-60.
*Christian Schwabe, "Theoretical limitations of molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of relaxins," Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 107B (1994):167-77.
*Christian Schwabe, "Genomic Potential Hypothesis of Evolution: A Concept of Biogenesis in Habitable Spaces of the Universe," The Anatomical Record 268 (2002):171—179.
*Christian Schwabe, "Chemistry and Biodiversity," Chemistry and Biodiversity 1 (2004):1584-9. 

==References==
{{reflist}}
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[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: Authors, Chemists, Evolution, Living people