Rotation of the Earth

{{crenav}}{{Astronomy}}
The '''rotation of the [[Earth]]''' (and its change over time) is significant because it is evidence for an old Earth, yet [[Young earth creationist]]s (YECs) try to use it as evidence for a young one.

==Old Earth==
{{main|Evidence against a recent creation}}
There are two separate lines of evidence for an Old Earth coming from the slowing rotation of the Earth.

===Coral===
Thwaites ''et al.'' (1982) suggests that the Earth's rotation slows by 0.005 seconds per year, every year (0.005 s/yr<sup>2</sup>).<ref name=Thwaites /> Because the rate of change of the rotation of the Earth is relatively predictable, we would predict a 22.7 hour-long day (in a year of 386.2 days) about 370 million years ago.<ref group=Calculation>https://www.google.com/search?q=8766%2F%28%28%28%28-0.005*-370+million%29%29%2F24%2F60%2F60%29%2B365.25%29</ref><ref name=HowGood>http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hovind/howgood-yea.html#proof20</ref>

<center><math>-0.005\text{ s/yr}^2 \times -370\text{ million yr} = +1,850,000\text{ s/yr} = +21.4\text{ days/yr}</math>

<math>(365.25 + 21.4)\text{ days/yr} = 386.66\text{ days/yr}</math>

<math>\frac{8766\text{ hrs/yr}}{386.66\text{ days/yr}} = 22.7\text{ hrs/day}</math></center>

Measurements of the Earth's past rotation rates go back to work on the growth lines of rugose corals by John Wells (1963), who discovered that a year in [[Devonian]] times ([[Radiometric dating|radiometrically dated]] to ca. 370 million years ago) had around days of about 22 hours (in a year of about 400 days).<ref>Wells, John W. (1963). Coral Growth and Geochronometry. ''Nature'' '''197''': 948 - 950.</ref> This (rough) agreement between multiple dating methods (radiometric dating, coral clocks, and the Earth's rotation) suggests an old Earth.

===Tidal rhythmites===
More recent work suggests that the Earth's day was 21.9±0.4 hours long about 620 million years ago, a value derived from studying {{wpl|Rhythmite|"tidal rhythmites"}} of Elatina and Reynella, [[Australia]].<ref name="GW_Earth_Moon">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999RG900016/abstract Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit - Williams - 2010 - Reviews of Geophysics - Wiley Online Library]</ref>

Again using Thwaites ''et al.'' 1982, we would predict a 21.9 hour-long day (in a year of 401 days) about 620 million years ago.<ref group=Calculation>https://www.google.com/search?q=8766%2F%28%28%28%28-0.005*-620+million%29%29%2F24%2F60%2F60%29%2B365.25%29</ref><ref name=HowGood>http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hovind/howgood-yea.html#proof20</ref>

<center><math>-0.005\text{ s/yr}^2 \times -620\text{ million yr} = +3,100,000\text{ s/yr} = +35.9\text{ days/yr}</math>

<math>(365.25 + 35.9)\text{ days/yr} = 401.13\text{ days/yr}</math>

<math>\frac{8766\text{ hrs/yr}}{401.13\text{ days/yr}} = 21.9\text{ hrs/day}</math></center>

Again, this (rough) agreement between multiple dating methods (radiometric dating, tidal rhythmites, and the Earth's rotation) suggests an old Earth.

===Chambered nautilus===
Sometimes creationists will bring up the failures of using the chambered nautilus to measure number of days. As [[Dave Matson]] of [[Talk Origins]] explains:<ref name=HowGood />

{{quotebox|Studies of the chambered nautilus, for a time, was also proposed as a geologic clock by Kahn and Pompea. However, that effort ran into problems. Creationists still cite it in their efforts to discredit the coral clocks. Each case, of course, has to be judged on its own merits. The nautilus is not a coral, and the coral clocks are good enough to destroy the young-earth claims.}}

===Slower past rate===
The present rate of slowing of the Earth's rotation may be off (though this, if anything, would further support an old Earth). Sonleitner 1991 wrote:<ref>Sonleitner, Frank J. 1991. An Evolutionist Goes to the Creationist Movies 2 computer diskettes; 23 files National Center for Science Education, P.O. Box 9477, Berkeley, CA 94709-0477</ref>

{{quotebox|[T]he correct present rate of slowing of the earth's rotation is excessively high, because the present rate of spin is in a resonance mode with the back-and-forth motion of the oceans' waters in the ocean basins. In past ages when the rotation rate was faster, the resonance was much less or nonexistent, resulting in a much more gradual slowing of the rotation rate. The most recent calculations indicate that the earth could be 4 to 5 billion years old and not have been spinning excessively fast or requiring the moon to be any closer to the earth than 225,000 kilometers (140,000 miles).}}

==Young Earth==
{{main|Young Earth creationism}}
Creationists argue that the Earth's slowing rotation independently proves a young universe ''and'' supports proof that the moon could not have been old. [[Kent Hovind]] of [[Creation Science Evangelism]] said:<ref name=HowGood />

{{cquote|The earth's rotation is slowing down, meaning that the earth can't be older than a few million years.}}

Although Mark Isaak references Eicher (1976) for a 2 second/100,000 year (0.00002 s/yr) slowdown of the Earth's rotation,<ref name=Eicher /><ref name=CE /> the more recent Thwaites ''et al.'' (1982) suggests that the Earth's rotation slows 0.005 seconds per year per year (0.005 s/yr<sup>2</sup>).<ref name=Thwaites>Thwaites, William and Frank Awbrey. 1982. "As the World Turns: Can Creationists Keep Time?" Creation/Evolution, Issue IX (Summer 1982), pp.18-22 National Center for Science Education, P.O. Box 9477, Berkeley, CA 94709-0477</ref> Even given this faster rate of slowing, there's no trouble with a 4.6 bn year old Earth:<ref group=Calculation>https://www.google.com/search?q=8766%2F%28%28%28%28-0.005*-4.6+billion%29%29%2F24%2F60%2F60%29%2B365.25%29</ref>

<center><math>-0.005\text{ s/yr}^2 \times -4.6\text{ billion yr} = +23,000,000\text{ s/yr} = +266.20\text{ days/yr}</math>

<math>(365.25 + 266.20)\text{ days/yr} = 631.45\text{ days/yr}</math>

<math>\frac{8766\text{ hrs/yr}}{631.45\text{ days/yr}} = 14\text{ hrs/day}</math></center>

While a 14-hour day may seem strange, it's certainly not impossible. In fact, it's exactly the conclusion that Thwaites ''et al'' 1982 come to.<ref name=Thwaites />

[[Mark Isaak]] of [[TalkOrigins]] notes that there are several lines of evidence (even before 1980) for a faster past Earth rotation (numbered-points added):<ref name=CE>[http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CE/CE110.html CE110], [[Mark Isaak]] at [[TalkOrigins]]</ref>

{{quotebox|The rate of earth's rotation in the distant past can be measured.
#Corals<ref group=note>Coral also independently provides evidence for an old universe; see: [[Evidence_against_a_recent_creation#Coral]].</ref> produce skeletons with both daily layers and yearly patterns, so we can count the number of days per year when the coral grew. Measurements of fossil corals from 180 to 400 million years ago show year lengths from 381 to 410 days, with older corals showing more days per year (Eicher 1976;<ref name=Eicher>Eicher, D. L., 1976. Geologic Time. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.</ref> Scrutton 1970;<ref>Scrutton, C. T., 1970. Evidence for a monthly periodicity in the growth of some corals. In: Palaeogeophysics, S. K. Runcorn, ed., London: Academic Press, pp. 11-16.</ref> Wells 1963;<ref>Wells, J. W., 1963. Coral growth and geochronometry. Nature 197: 948-950.</ref> 1970<ref>Wells, J. W., 1970. Problems of annual and daily growth-rings in corals. In: Palaeogeophysics, S. K. Runcorn, ed., London: Academic Press, pp. 3-9.</ref>).
#Similarly, days per year can also be computed from growth patterns in mollusks (Pannella 1976;<ref>Pannella, G., 1976. Tidal growth patterns in Recent and fossil mollusc bivalve shells: A tool for the reconstruction of paleotides. Naturwissenschaften 63: 539-543.</ref> Scrutton 1978<ref>Scrutton, C. T., 1978. Periodic growth features in fossil organisms and the length of the day and month. In: Tidal Friction and the Earth's Rotation. P. Brosche and J. Sundermann, eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 154-196.</ref>)
#and stromatolites (Mohr 1975;<ref>Mohr, R. E., 1975. Measured periodicities of the Biwabik (Precambrian) stromatolites and their geophysical significance. In: Rosenberg and Runcorn, pp. 43-56. [Rosenberg, G. D. and S. K. Runcorn (eds.), 1975. Growth Rhythms and the History of the Earth's Rotation. New York: Wiley.]</ref> Pannella et al. 1968<ref>Pannella, G., C. MacClintock and M. Thompson, 1968. Paleontological evidence of variation in length of synodic month since Late Cambrian. Science 162: 792-796.</ref>)
#and from sediment deposition patterns (Williams 1997<ref>Williams, G. E., 1997. Precambrian length of day and the validity of tidal rhythmite paleotidal values. Geophysical Research Letters 24(4): 421-424.</ref>).
All such measurements are consistent with a gradual rate of earth's slowing for the last 650 million years.}}

==Faster lunar recession==
{{main|Lunar recession}}
YECs argue that a faster Earth rotation would mean a faster [[Moon]] recession, which means a young Earth. They're wrong.

==Biblical scientific errors==
{{main|1=Biblical scientific errors#Rotation of the Earth|3=Biblical scientific foreknowledge}}
Some fundamentalists argue that the [[Bible]] shows [[Biblical scientific foreknowledge|scientific foreknowledge]] by predicting that the Earth rotates. Instead, the Bible assumes a [[geocentrist]] universe by implying that the Sun goes around the Earth, rather than the Earth rotating.

==See also==
*[[Lunar recession]] (the moon is going away from the Earth too fast)
*[[Lunar dust]] (there's not enough moon dust)
*[[Lunar formation]] (the moon couldn't have formed)
*[[Lunar radioactivity]] (the moon is too hot)
*[[Lunar atmosphere]] (there's too much moon gas)
*[[Lunar bukkake hypothesis]] (the moon got shot with water during the Flood)

==Calculations==
{{reflist|group=Calculation}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|90%}}

{{crebox}}

[[Category:Creationist claims]]
[[Category:Evidence against a recent creation]]

Categories: Creationist claims, Evidence against a recent creation