Jean-Luc Mélenchon

[[File:Jean-Luc Melenchon Front de Gauche 2009-03-08.jpg|thumb|165px|Mélenchon in 2009]]
{{FrenchPolitics}}
'''Jean-Luc Mélenchon''' {{lived|1951|}} is a [[France|French]] politician and former [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]]. 
Mélenchon views himself as a republican socialist and an eco-socialist, and his platform is perceived as broadly [[social democratic]] and left-wing by some<ref>http://en.rfi.fr/france/20170220-boost-public-spending-tax-rich-french-left-winger-melenchons-presidential-pledges</ref><ref>https://blogs.mediapart.fr/christian-delarue/blog/160114/cest-melenchon-le-social-democrate-pas-hollande</ref><ref>http://www.reveilcommuniste.fr/2016/10/lettre-ouverte-aux-communistes-sur-la-necessite-de-la-candidature-jean-luc-melenchon.html</ref><ref>https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ceta/id/CETATEXT000049267171</ref><ref> https://www.cairn.info/revue-mouvements-2012-1-page-101.htm</ref><ref>https://europeelects.eu/france/</ref> and as far-left by others.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=2022-04-10 |title=French Election: Macron Leads Le Pen as Runoff Looms |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/10/world/french-presidential-election |access-date=2022-04-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jabkhiro |first=Juliette |date=2022-04-05 |title=Far-left Melenchon makes last push to reach French presidential run-off |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/far-left-melenchon-makes-last-push-reach-french-presidential-run-off-2022-04-05/ |access-date=2022-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=What's behind far-left candidate Melenchon's surge in the French polls? {{!}} DW {{!}} 13.04.2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/whats-behind-far-left-candidate-melenchons-surge-in-the-french-polls/a-38415812 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Who get di upper hand as Macron and Le Pen dey battle for presidency? |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61064185 |access-date=2022-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French President Emmanuel Macron Wins Re-Election |url=https://time.com/6170037/emmanuel-macron-wins-french-elections/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=France’s Macron wins presidency, holding off Le Pen’s far-right threat to upend Europe and relations with Russia |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/24/french-election-2022-results/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Early political career==
Before he started his own political party, Mélenchon was a [[socialist]] for 30 years and he once was the youngest French senator. For Prime Minister Lionel Jospin, Mélenchon was to serve as Minister for Vocational Education from 2000&ndash;2002. At the time, Mélanchon was a [[left-wing]] maverick: the main opposition to a ''Yes'' vote to the 2005 referendum on the European constitution—and this opposition constituted—going against (future President) [[Francois Hollande]] (as well as the rest of the party leadership). The "No" vote ultimately won by 55%)<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/06/jean-luc-melenchon-campaign-interview Jean-Luc Mélenchon: the poetry-loving pitbull galvanising the French elections</ref>

In 2008, Mélenchon decided he had enough, however, and moved to create his own party, the {{wpl|Left Party (France)|Left Party|.}}

In 2012, Mélenchon ran for President, and in the first round of the 2012 election, he won just over 11% of the vote.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/new/2017/04/profile-jean-luc-melenchon-170402123518317.html Profile: Who is Jean-Luc Melanchon?</ref>

==2017 election==
{{See also|2017 French presidential elections}}

===Background===
Following the unsuccessful Presidency of [[François Hollande]], who has refused to run for a second term, and the near collapse of the Socialist Party as a result, Mélenchon, who was now leading the {{wpl|La France Insoumise|Unsubmissive France}} coalition, a big-tent coalition made up of members from the Greens, the still-powerful French Communist party, his own Left Party and others, snatched up much of the left-wing vote and steadily rose in the polls, even appearing to be a potential contender that could seriously rival Le Pen or Macron.<ref>https://newrepublic.com/article/142110/rise-jean-luc-melenchon-frances-post-democracy</ref>

===Political positions===
====Economy====
Mélenchon is economically anti-[[liberalism|liberal]], while not being anti-capitalist. He wants a large 275 billion euro Keynesian stimulus package over the course of 5 years, from mid-2017 to mid-2022, with the goal to reduce unemployment from its current level of 10% to 6% by then. Of this 275 billion euros, 50 billion would go to protecting the environment, with half of that going towards funding a transition to renewable energy, 45 billion would go to social projects, of which 18 billion would go to developing new housing, 102 billion would be invested towards better public services, 33 billion would towards fighting poverty, 32 billion would go lowering the retirement age to 60 and the rest will go to various cultural and educational programs. 

How would he pay for it? Mélenchon plans on levying an absolutely insane 90% tax rate on income of 400,000 euros, higher taxes on property sales and luxury goods, taxing robots, closing various tax deductions/exemptions created by Hollande (which would be in part funneled towards a corporate tax cut from the average rate of 33% to 25%), clamping down on tax evasion<ref>http://en.rfi.fr/france/20170220-boost-public-spending-tax-rich-french-left-winger-melenchons-presidential-pledges</ref> and radically altering the rules of the European Central Bank, ending its independence and allowing the government to borrow from it at 1% interest from it, as banks can currently do, in addition to targeting a higher 4% inflation rate and forcing a devaluation of the euro vis-a-vis with the dollar.

Additionally, Mélenchon plans to boost labor rights, enforcing a 35-hour working week and boosting the minimum wage by 16%. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/15/jean-luc-melenchon-france-presidential-candidate</ref>

All good, bar the tax on robots - lowering the amount of labor inputs through lower retirement ages and less working hours means more capital (ie robots) are needed to do the work for us to maintain a higher standard of living, something that a tax on capital would prevent<ref>http://cepr.net/publications/op-eds-columns/bill-gates-is-clueless-on-the-economy</ref>, which is especially counterproductive in the context of falling French productivity for years.<ref>http://piketty.blog.lemonde.fr/2017/01/09/of-productivity-in-france-and-in-germany/</ref>

====Foreign affairs====
Mélenchon is fairly left-wing on the topic of France's involvement in the world too, advocating for a withdrawal from [[NATO]] and the adoption of a non-aligned position, critical of the west's involvement in [[Ukraine]] and [[Syria]], arguing against war and in favor of [[Russian]] involvement in [[Syria]] as a way to exterminate [[DAESH]]. Additionally, Mélenchon advocates for a renegotiation of France's commitments to the [[EU]] or else he'll hold a referendum on the topic of whether to leave, namely due to opposition towards [[neoliberalism]] and his vision of a free, independent France.

====Social issues====
Mélenchon is societally progressive, supporting legalization of [[cannabis]] and [[euthanasia]], railing against police brutality, arguing for improving the conditions of refugees in France (During the debates, he mocked conservative candidate Francois Fillon for arguing for the reinstatement of quotas, saying that no matter what, immigrants will still come in) and criticizing [[Islamophobia]], saying "Jews were persecuted, then Protestants, and today Muslims" in context of the Burkini Ban scandal in France in 2016 as well as being an outspoken [[feminist]], arguing for laws to affirm the equality of women in government, work and society, strongly supporting abortion rights and calling for an end to [[prostitution]] and the degradation of women.

====Ecology/Environment====
Mélenchon is a staunch environmentalist, arguing for a progressive water tax to discourage overuse, the swift transition towards renewable energy from fossil fuels and the eventual shutting down of France's nuclear plants. A big supporter of animal rights too, Mélenchon himself as a vegan and argued during an interview about the imperative to reduce consumption of meat on moral and environmental grounds<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brJu7qMJdVc&feature=youtu.be&t=6m11s</ref>, even adding the goal of stopping animal abuse to his campaign platform.

====Abolition of the French Fifth Republic====    
In his arguably most radical proposal yet, Mélenchon desires a total revamp of France's government, planning to be the last President of France before a total transition to a parlimentary system, like that of Germany, without the upper house, in addition to enshrining in the constitution other major changes, such as lowering the voting age to 16, mandatory voting, the ability to propose laws and recall MPs via referendum, tight restrictions on government officials going to work in related sectors in the private industry and a ban on lobbying.<ref>http://www.lemonde.fr/personnalite/jean-luc-melenchon/programme/</ref>

===Electoral results===   
In the end, Mélenchon only snapped up 19.6% of the vote, putting him behind Francois Fillon, [[Marine Le Pen]] and [[Emmanuel Macron]]. That being said, if Benoit Hamon, the socialist party candidate, teamed up with Melanchon, as was considered,<ref>http://time.com/4674432/jean-luc-melenchon-and-benoit-hamon-pair-up/</ref> their combined vote would be a leading 26%, 2 percentage points above what Macron got, which would have allowed them to advance to the 2nd round against Macron in a firm position.

After news of his defeat, Mélenchon refused to endorse Macron but advised voters to not make the "Terrible mistake" of voting for Le Pen, suggesting that Macron appeal to disaffected voters by shelving his labor reform plans.<ref>https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/europe/144073-170430-leftist-melenchon-warns-against-terrible-mistake-of-voting-for-le-pen</ref>

==After the 2017 election==
In the following 2017 legislative elections, Mélenchon won a seat representing the 4th constituency of Bouches-du-Rhône department (Marseille) in the national assembly. Given the Republican's implicit alliance with Macron and Le Pen and the National Front's implosion, Mélenchon has become the de-facto opposition to Macron, mostly rallying unions to protest Macron's labor reforms. Despite this, Mélenchon and his party's polling numbers have dropped since the election and whether or not this strategy will be fruitful in the long-run remains to be seen. <ref>https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21731400-populist-left-and-right-offer-more-whimper-bang-frances-political-extremes-have</ref> 

Mélenchon ran again in the 2022 election. He came third and missed out on getting into the second round by about 1% of the vote. He encouraged his supporters not to vote for Le Pen. Following Macron's re-election, Mélenchon described him as the "most poorly elected president of the 5th Republic".<ref>https://twitter.com/JLMelenchon/status/1518294605472673794</ref>

==References==
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