Cloning

{{biology}}
'''Cloning''' is the practice of making a genetically identical copy of an organism, either naturally (such as cell [[mitosis]]) or through man-made means.

Most people think of cloning as meaning making an exact copy of sexually-reproducing critters like [[Mammal|mammals]] and, more controversially, the idea of cloning humans.

==Plant cloning==
It is a standard practice in horticulture (tree, shrub, and [[plant]] reproduction), due to the fact that many plants utilize this method of reproduction naturally. Branches or stems that lay on the ground can grow roots, and can be separated from the "parent" intentionally or accidentally and become new "individuals" that are genetically identical to their parent. Other plants or trees can sprout what may become new "individuals" from their root systems. Also many plants can be split into several individuals mechanically.

==Human cloning==
[[Human]] cloning is the eponymous process of cloning humans. It is the creation of a genetically identical human from the [[DNA]] of an existing critter in our genus. While human clones have technically existed for as long as humans have - they're called "identical twins" - the latent idea of intentional human cloning is controversial. Laws in many countries and several [[US]] states ban attempts to intentionally create full-grown human clones,<ref>http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/human-cloning-laws.aspx</ref> although licences to clone embryos for therapeutic use and research are granted in some places, such as the genetics research centre at the University of Newcastle.<ref>http://www.ncl.ac.uk/nesci/stemcells/dna/</ref>

==Sheep==
Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, the first mammal cloned from an adult [[somatic cell]]. Five years later, the endangered {{wpl|mouflon}} sheep species was cloned as part of a protection program.

==Pet cloning==
Pet cats and dogs have been commercially cloned since 2004, with companies charging grieving families $50,000 or $100,000 a pop to bring back a copy of a dead pet. Sooam Biotech claims to be able to clone a puppy up to 12 days after the death of an original pet dog.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/26/british-couple-celebrate-after-birth-of-first-cloned-puppy-of-its-kind British couple celebrate after birth of first cloned puppy of its kind], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 26 December 2015</ref>

==Cloning organs==
The practice of cloning organs, particularly human organs, is the object of ongoing research. The idea of growing cloned organs from a person's own cells is certainly very promising, as it would solve many potential problems associated with organ transplants; patients wouldn't have to wait for donors, and transplant rejections would be a thing of the past. In addition, the kidney black market would go out of business,<ref group=note>Except those for the restaurant trade</ref> which would probably make jittery tourists feel more at ease. Cloning organs has also been semi-successful in cows.<ref>[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml#organsQ Human genome Project: Cloning fact sheet]</ref>

==Problems with full reproductive cloning==
In reality, human cloning is nowhere near as straightforward as it is in [[science fiction]] (where the clonee typically finds that their clone is a full adult version of themselves, including personality) because:

*The science and technology to rapidly age a person to maturity is much, much further off and less practical than it is portrayed.
*The success rate of any cloning procedure ranges from 0.1 percent to 3 percent which is equivalent to 970 to 999 failures in 1000 tries.<ref name="risks">[http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/cloningrisks/ cloning risks]</ref> It would be difficult to recruit the necessary 1,000 surrogate mothers necessary for an experiment.
*Of the successful clones which are brought to term, many seem to have some form of abnormality.<ref name="risks" />

==In the Mahabarata==

B.G. Matapurkar, a surgeon with the Maulana Azad Medical College in New Delhi, has stated the 100 Kauravas he says were created from an embryo divided into 100 "were products of a technology that modern science has not even developed yet".<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kauravas-were-cloned-says-scientist/articleshow/8871649.cms </ref> It's worth mentioning they are the bad guys according to most [[Vaishnavites]].

==See also==
*[[Sheep]]
*[[Thylacine]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
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[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Culture wars]]
[[Category:Transhumanism]]

Categories: Biology, Culture wars, Transhumanism