Meditation

{{Psychology}}
{{newage}}
'''Meditation''' is a contemplative practice in which one trains one's attention to focus on different aspects of one's experience.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/deborah-schoeberlein/mindfulness-practice_b_2285235.html</ref> This is done in various ways, often by sitting still in a quiet location, limiting external stimuli, and focusing on a single point of reference. The pure training of attention is known as mindfulness,<ref>http://www.psychologytomorrowmagazine.com/the-science-of-enlightenment-by-jeff-warren/</ref> whereas there are also practices for training the brain to experience loving-kindness,<ref>https://thebuddhistcentre.com/text/loving-kindness-meditation</ref> and practices for gaining insight into the nature of thought.<ref>http://www.shinzen.org/Articles/artPurpose.htm</ref>

==Religions==
[[File:Seated Iron Vairocana Buddha of Borimsa Temple(장흥 보림사 철조비로자나불좌상).jpg|thumb|left|Ummm...]]
Meditation is a discipline within many [[religion]]s, particularly [[Buddhism]]. For example, [[Roman Catholics]] reciting the [[Rosary]] can be a form of meditation, [[Christian]]s in general may meditate on a specific verse of [[scripture]], and for [[Zen]] practitioners, meditation is a central part of their religious practice. ([[Wim Hof]] attributes his endurance to Buddhist Tummo meditation.) Meditation is often a popular practice among [[Neopaganism|Neopagans]] and [[New Age]] believers. New Agers will sometimes tie meditation in with [[parapsychology]], [[ESP]], and other related [[woo]].

In [[Hindu]] beliefs, several different forms of [[Yoga]] meditation exist, of which the best known is Hatha Yoga, a series of body positions and exercises. Hatha Yoga is often what most people think of when they think of Yoga.

==Cults==
A number of alleged [[cult]]s sell their own specific form of meditation as a path to "higher consciousness." These include [[Transcendental Meditation]] and its practice of [[Yogic flying]], plus Shri Ravi Shankar's Art of Living movement, and the Orgasmic Meditation cult of San Francisco.

==The straight dope==
From a [[rationalist]] and [[secularist]] standpoint, meditation is a valid practice that does not have to be linked to any religious belief. The [[psychology]] community may promote meditation as a general stress-relieving technique. It can also be done with the intent of bringing about an altered state of [[consciousness]] without any [[drug]]s. However, there is also a lot of [[woo]] surrounding the practice, and not all of the claims made by its advocates may be valid; many of its perceived benefits may be merely [[psychosomatic]]. A relaxed state in general may bring about temporary biochemical changes which affect (and reduce) blood pressure, stress, heart rate, and respiration rate. It may also have effects such as reducing pain by removing one's mental focus from it and as a sleep aid, but this does not necessarily translate into permanent health benefits. One should be wary of specific claims, especially health-related claims, to screen out [[pseudoscience]].

On the other hand, some would say that the ''whole point'' of meditation is to intentionally produce psychosomatic effects, so this means it's working just fine:

{{quotebox|The second criticism, that any change is a result of [[placebo]], does not seem to make sense in this context. There doesn’t seem to be a way to define a placebo as separate from a “real” treatment. In drug testing, a patient is given a fake drug (a placebo) which they believe is real, and they experience some tangible health change because they are convinced the drug they are taking is beneficial. They actually create this change for themselves – it’s an internal mental thing rather than a result of the material pill. This parallel doesn’t work for meditation, because meditation *is* an internal mental thing – that is the whole point. If practicing shooting a basketball gives one the confidence to sink more baskets, the practice is not referred to as a placebo – rather, the practice is serving an important function, building confidence. If practicing focusing my attention improves my ability to focus my attention in my day-to-day life by improving my confidence, then it is doing exactly what it’s supposed to do, and it’s a worthwile practice.<ref>[http://theframeproblem.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/a-skeptics-testimonial-on-mindfulness-meditation A Skeptic’s Testimonial on Mindfulness Meditation]</ref>}}

Sorting out the [[science]] of meditation and its observable effects from many of the practices and alleged benefits can be tricky, because many of the explanations traditionally given for meditation's effects are of a [[Protoscience|pre-scientific]] or religious nature.

In 2007, the largest [[peer review]]ed independent meta-analysis of meditation techniques was published by the [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] (NCCAM). It found that some studies have reported positive effects for meditation in regard to conditions such as stress and hypertension. However, it ruled that most of the studies were too poorly designed to say anything definitive on the medical use of meditation. It concluded:
{{quotebox|Many uncertainties surround the practice of meditation. Scientific research on meditation practices does not appear to have a common theoretical perspective and is characterized by poor methodological quality. Firm conclusions on the effects of meditation practices in healthcare cannot be drawn based on the available evidence. Future research on meditation practices must be more rigorous in the design and execution of studies and in the analysis and reporting of results.<ref>Maria Ospina et al. [http://archive.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/meditation/medit.pdf Meditation Practices for Health: State of the Research.] Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 155.</ref>}}

Some [[neuroscience|neuroscientific]] research has found expertise in meditation to be correlated with increased concentration and less mind-wandering.<ref>Judson A. Brewer et al. [http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/11/22/1112029108.abstract Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity.] ''PNAS'', Nov. 23, 2011</ref> Some studies have detected differences in gray matter in the [[brain]] for those who meditated.<ref>http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/how-meditation-may-change-the-brain/</ref>

The research showing benefits of meditation is unimpressive, to say the least, and is corrupted by the “allegiance effect,” the tendency of proponents of a treatment to find evidence that it works.<ref>[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/2013/03/08/research-has-not-shown-that-meditation-beats-a-placebo/]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hypnosis]]
*[[Placebo effect]]

==External links==
*[http://skepdigest.awardspace.us/Themythsofmeditation.html The Myths of Meditation], Arthur Chappell, ''Skeptic''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SGwiQZ1vzI Breathe In Strength, Breathe Out Bullshit] - guided meditation

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:New Age]]
[[Category:Woo]]
[[Category:Eastern religions]]

Categories: Psychology, Religion, New Age, Woo, Eastern religions