Tribalism

{{politics}}
{{cquote|When people have tried everything and have discovered that nothing works, they will tend to revert to what they know best—which will often be the tribe, the totem, or the [[taboo]].|||[[Christopher Hitchens]]}}
'''Tribalism''' is a way of being, or a set of attitudes, associated with living in a small group of closely related people, with an implied cultural and ethnic uniformity. It may also be called '''chauvinism''', or an '''us vs. them mentality'''. Many traditional tribes have referred to themselves using an {{wpl|ethnonym}} meaning "people" or "human beings." Quite often, they use less flattering language to describe groups of people outside the tribe. 

In popular culture, tribalism connotes chauvinistic [[other]]ing: the belief, or tendency to accept, that a group that includes you is superior or should be favored over other groups. Often this includes [[demonization]] of groups that are seen as opposed in some way, and a tendency to sympathize with people who share certain traits with you over those who do not. 

While many in the [[Western world]] think tribalism is archaic, it remains a vital force in people's lives throughout the world, governing social conduct, political and militia alliances, and women's rights.

==Islamic culture==
Tribalism through arranged marriages to hold land became accepted practice in many Islamic societies. Islamic law intensely governs personal relationships, and the concept of [[corporation]]s never developed. In the [[Western world]], the concept of {{wpl|Mortmain}} developed to hold title for land held by churches whose stewardship passed to successive generations while ownership remained with the church. From this came the idea of a [[corporation]],{{cn}} a collective perpetual entity with the legal rights of a person whose overseers hold {{wpl|fiduciary}} responsibilities and not necessarily exclusive ownership rights. Under [[shariah]], no such corporate law exists other than rights to the holdings of mosques and religious [[property]].<ref>
[https://sites.duke.edu/timurkuran/files/2016/10/absence-of-corporation-1.original.pdf The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence], Timur Kuran, ''The American Journal of Comparative Law'', Vol. 53, No. 4 (Fall, 2005), pp. 785-834. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30038724
</ref>

==State formation==
One theory of socio-political [[Evolution#Non-biological evolution|evolution]] suggests that tribalism comprised an intermediate step on the road of state formation — starting with family groups and moving through forming clans and tribes and chiefdoms and ending up with [[empire]]s, [[nation-state]]s, and [[federalism|federal]] conglomerates like [[Canada]] or [[Mexico]]. Take the idea with a grain of salt.

In anthropology, the formation of these divisions may sometimes be called {{wpl|schismogenesis||.}}

=="Our" achievements==
One aspect of tribalism that pops up in a variety of contexts is a tendency to try to share in the credit for the achievements of other members of a group with which one identifies, without having put in any of the work — most often by misusing the pronoun "we". This is a common occurrence in sports fans who say "We won" instead of "My preferred team won while I stared at the screen from my recliner".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xN1WN0YMWZU Parodied by Mitchell & Webb].</ref> Interestingly, one doesn't hear "we lost" nearly as often. 

Less innocuously, this "self-conflation with high achievers" phenomenon can also manifest in [[nationalism]] and national and cultural pride, when one gleans a feeling of personal superiority on account of others of the same nationality who have done a service to the country,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORdeJQ-DVC8 This variant as addressed by Doug Stanhope].</ref> or when one states that "we invented" something without actually having done so, on the basis that the inventor was of the same culture. A blatant example of this variant was provided by [[Donald Trump]] who boasted "We write symphonies";<ref>Capehart, Jonathan. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2017/07/06/trumps-white-nationalist-dog-whistles-in-warsaw/ Trump’s white-nationalist dog whistles in Warsaw]. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', July 6, 2017.</ref> we have yet to hear of his symphonic output. A quote by Arthur Schopenhauer, equally applicable to both cultural and racial pride, comes to mind: "The cheapest sort of pride is national pride; for if a man is proud of his own nation, it argues that he has no qualities of his own of which he can be proud; otherwise he would not have recourse to those which he shares with so many millions of his fellowmen."

==See also==
*[[Echo chamber]]
*[[Nationalism]]
*[[Racism]]
*[[Sexism]]
*[[Other]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.salon.com/2014/03/25/robert_reich_tribalism_is_tearing_america_apart_partner Robert Reich, "Tribalism Is Tearing America Apart," ''Salon,'' 25 March 2014.]
*[http://www.the-american-interest.com/2014/12/30/tribalism-and-peak-left "Tribalism and Peak Left," ''American Interest,'' 30 December 2014]
{{stub|culture}}
[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Political terms]]
[[Category:Nationalism]]

Categories: Culture, Political terms, Nationalism