Psychosomatic

{{Psychology}}
'''Psychosomatic''' illnesses or symptoms refer to physical conditions that are [[psychology|psychologically]] induced. While most symptoms are brought about by physical causes, psychosomatic symptoms are instead believed to be produced in the [[mind]] of the person, and may even result in physical manifestations of that symptom. Note that this ''does not mean that the person is faking an illness''. It just means that specific symptoms do not have physical causes. When studied as a field, we refer to this as '''psychosomatic medicine'''.

It is often difficult for doctors to determine which conditions are psychosomatic and which are physical. Often, psychosomatic illness is proposed as a hypothesis when there is no identifiable cause for a patient's condition. This is particularly an issue with chronic pain. Psychosomatic effects can be positive as well as negative, as demonstrated in the [[placebo effect]]. Placebos can be used successfully to treat psychosomatic conditions, as well as other minor or temporary illnesses.

According to Wikipedia, a psychosomatic ailment is more correctly called a {{wpl|somatoform disorder}} unless it's related to high blood pressure, stress, etc..

==Perspectives==
One criticism of the term "psychosomatic" is that is stigmatizes people's experiences, since there's not much of a difference between thinking you have pain and actually having pain.<ref>[https://overthinkpodcast.com/episodes/episode-109 Predictive Brain with Andy Clark], Overthink podcast, episode 109. 30 July 2024. (Transcript included)</ref> Though the term psychosomatic isn't pejorative itself, it's often implicitly used to describe symptoms as "fake" or that the person is merely "crazy."

On a more extreme angle, some theories about the human body's psychosomatic abilities assert that in extreme cases, the body can even produce the appearance of wounds. This is proposed as one possible explanation for the phenomenon of [[stigmata]].{{cn}}

===Baudrillard===
Pyschosomatic illness is one topic of discussion for French [[philosopher]] [[Jean Baudrillard]] in his book ''Simulacra and Simulation''.<ref>''Simulacra and Simulation'' by Jean Baudrillard (2020). The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472065211.</ref> The book quotes Émile Littré speaking on psychosomatic illness and simulation: "Someone who feigns an illness can simply go to bed and make believe he is ill. Some[one] who simulates an illness produces in himself some of the symptoms."<ref>http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Baudrillard,Jean/simulations.html</ref> To Baudrillard, such illness is a form of simulation which denies treatment by medicine.

==Example: Multiple Chemical Sensitivity==
{{cquote|Some people are especially sensitive to our treated water, polluted air, synthetic clothing, cleaning products, paints, perfumes, and other items that many of us are likely to come in contact with in our day to day activities. The only way to identify those who are especially sensitive to things in our modern environment is by their complaints and behaviors. There is apparently no organic basic for their sensitivity, which makes it impossible to develop something like a blood or allergy test to identify who is especially sensitive.|||The Skeptic's Dictionary<ref>[http://www.skepdic.com/mcs.html Multiple chemical sensitivity]. The Skeptic's Dictionary, 21 October 2015.</ref>}}

Widespread [[chemophobia]], coupled with the fact that some volatile compounds smell nauseatingly bad, has led a number of folks to believe that they have severe, allergy-like physical reactions to a wide variety of chemicals. When tested, many of these patients have no symptoms at all if their nose is plugged up and they're not aware that they're being exposed to one of the chemicals they're "sensitive" to.<ref>Das-Munshi et al., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17137865 Multiple chemical sensitivities: A systematic review of provocation studies], ''Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology'', vol. 118 no. 6 (Dec 2006), pp. 1257-1264</ref>

{{quackbox|“Multiple chemical sensitivity” is not a legitimate diagnosis. Instead of testing their claims with well-designed research, its advocates are promoting them through publications, talk shows, support groups, lawsuits, and political maneuvering (such as getting state governors to designate a Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Awareness Week). Many are also part of a network of questionable legal actions alleging injuries by environmental chemicals.|<ref>Stephen Barrett, [https://quackwatch.org/related/mcs/ Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Spurious Diagnosis]. [[Quackwatch]], 23 November 2016.</ref>}}

==See also==
*[[Placebo effect]]
*[[Mind over body]]
*[[Illness anxiety disorder]] — a similar yet distinct phenomenon

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Mental health]]
[[category:Psychology]]
{{stub|medicine}}

Categories: Medicine, Mental health, Psychology