Calcium

[[File:Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Calcium grains in a glass tube]] {{Chemistry}}
'''Calcium''' is the chemical element brought to you by the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. 

==Calcium and health==
[[File:Calcium-Tablets-2007.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Calcium dietary supplements]]
It is best known for being essential for healthy bones and teeth.

The US [[FDA]] recommends that most adult men and women need around 1000 mg of calcium per day, or roughly 3 cups of [[milk]].

Since kidney stones consist primarily of calcium, folk wisdom held that excess calcium intake would increase the likelihood of getting kidney stones.  It turns out, that this is only the case for calcium supplements; dietary calcium seems to have the opposite effect, i.e. calcium ''deficiency'' carries a marginally greater risk of kidney stones than excess dietary calcium intake does.<ref name=Johri2010>{{cite journal|last=Johri|first=N|coauthors=Cooper B, Robertson W, Choong S, Rickards D, Unwin R|title=An update and practical guide to renal stone management|journal=Nephron Clinical Practice|volume=116|issue=3|pages=c159–71|year=2010|pmid=20606476|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006101944/http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=000317196}}</ref><ref name=IOM2010p413>Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, ''Tolerable upper intake levels: calcium and vitamin D'', pp. 403–56 in Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium (2011)</ref>

===Hazards===

Unlike [[magnesium]], the metal itself reacts violently with water with the release of heat, if not as vehemently as sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium. Calcium metal tarnishes in an oxygen-rich atmosphere to form calcium oxide, itself a strong and corrosive alkali, that itself reacts with water to form a highly alkaline solution of calcium hydroxide. This may not be quite as dangerous as sodium hydroxide (lye), but it is caustic. Calcium salts otherwise are generally no more toxic than the ions attached. An exception is calcium chloride, which absorbs water even from flesh and can cause burns from such.

==Calcium and woo==
===Cancer cure===
[[Robert Barefoot]] (among others) has pushed his "Coral Calcium" cure for [[cancer]] since the late 1990s. His claim is that undetectably low levels of calcium can impair the body's immune system, and "Over 200 degenerative diseases are caused by calcium deficiency. That includes cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's, you name it."<ref>Barrett, Stephen. [http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/DSH/coral.html A Critical Look at Robert Barefoot and Coral Calcium.] ''Quackwatch''. Center for Inquiry. September 13, 2012.</ref> The FDA issued a warning to Barefoot in 2008 to cease and desist marketing his products as '''cures''' for cancer or anything else.

As with most [[woo]], there is some kernel of "fact" that underlines the woo. There are preliminary studies that suggest a link between higher intake of calcium and reduced risks of cancer.<ref>Lappe, Joan M. et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697 Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial.] Am J Clin Nutr. June, 2007. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1586.</ref>  There are also preliminary studies that suggest calcium and magnesium help with the reduction of neurological side effects from chemotherapy.<ref>Mayo Clinic. [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080516094420.htm Cancer Treatment: Administering Calcium And Magnesium Effectively Reduces Neurological Sensitivity.] ''Science News''. ScienceDaily. May 16, 2008.</ref> This is a far cry from "curing" cancer.

===Fat absorption===
Preliminary studies on milk drinkers and weight loss suggest calcium might have a role in how much consumed fat is stored by the body, leading to a plethora of weight-loss products using calcium.<ref>Yeager, Selene. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210116180315/https://www.prevention.com/weight-loss/a20467305/calcium-supplements-and-weight-loss/ Sharpen Calcium's Weight Loss Edge.] Prevention. November 3, 2011. Archived from [http://www.prevention.com/weight-loss/weight-loss-tips/calcium-supplements-and-weight-loss the original] on January 16, 2021.</ref> Other studies suggested extra intake of calcium offered limited if any benefit to dieters.<ref>Shapses, Sue A et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764774 Effect of calcium supplementation on weight and fat loss in women.] The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism vol. 89,2 (2004): 632-7. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021136</ref>

===Other woo===
''Calcium the Wonder Drug'' cures everything else as well: Gum disease,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210918232432/https://www.calciumtherapy.com/latest-news/amazing-calcium-therapy/ Amazing Calcium Therapy.] Calcium Therapy Institute. Archived from [http://www.calciumtherapy.com/latest-news/amazing-calcium-therapy-cures-gum-disease-and-more the original] on September 18, 2021.</ref> insomnia, menopause and arthritis,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171022030841/https://www.tandurust.com/minerals/calcium-cures-for-insomnia-menopause-arthritis.html Benefits Of Calcium For Insomnia: Coral Calcium For Arthritis.] Tandurust. February 5, 2008. Archived from [http://www.tandurust.com/minerals/calcium-cures-for-insomnia-menopause-arthritis.html the original] on October 22, 2017.</ref> and PMS.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210117210129/https://www.algaecal.com/research/pms-treatment/ PMS Treatment – Calcium and PMS.] AlgaeCal. Archived from [http://www.algaecal.com/pms-treatment.html the original] on January 17, 2021.</ref> There is no scientific evidence to back up the notion that calcium "cures" any of these ailments, and no studies are compelling enough to warrant medical intake beyond the daily recommended amounts.

==Possible dangers of calcium supplements==
As with any supplement, consuming too much or consuming it in a form unnatural to the body can pose risks. Studies have suggested that consuming calcium in an "over the counter form" may pose a greater risk for heart attacks.<ref>Doheny, Kathleen. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210410211246/https://www.webmd.com/heart/news/20120523/calcium-supplements-may-raise-heart-attack-risk Calcium Supplements May Raise Heart Attack Risk.] WebMD. May 23, 2012. Archived from [http://www.webmd.com/heart/news/20120523/calcium-supplements-may-raise-heart-attack-risk the original] on April 10, 2021.</ref> As with any drug, it is important to let medical professionals know what and  how much calcium you are taking, especially if it is greater than the US FDA recommendations.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100714003601/http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/calcium American Cancer Society on calcium]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090323054825/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/prevention/calcium National Cancer Institute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120826221438/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92qmQFkYILM Decalcify your pineal gland!]

==References== 
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[[Category:Elements]]
[[Category:Alternative medicine]]

Categories: Elements, Alternative medicine