trentmkelly/rationalwiki huggingface dataset:
Hugh Dower

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'''Hugh Dower''' is a [[Young Earth creationism|young-earth creationist]] and essayist, best known for his criticism of [[neo-Darwinism]].

==Biography==

Dower is from a [[Quaker]] upbringing and claimed in the past to support Elaine Morgan’s [[Aquatic ape theory]] and the ideas of [[Rupert Sheldrake]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20090811000347/http://www.hughdower.com/about.html Biography of Hugh Dower]</ref>

==Views on evolution==

Like [[Shaun Johnston]] and [[Charlie Wagner]], Dower states that he accepts the theory of [[evolution]], but is interested in alternative evolutionary mechanisms. In practice, this involves much criticism of [[natural selection]] and advocacy for mechanisms such as [[Lamarckism]] (which he states might be considered the forerunner of [[punctuated equilibrium]] theory<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007132323/http://www.hughdower.com/Lamarck.htm Dower essay on Lamarck]</ref>).  This sort of argument has often paralleled the arguments of creationists, as in Dower's book ''The Alternative Life'', which echoes much [[intelligent design]] literature.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205002705/http://www.hughdower.com/Alternative.htm The Alternative Life by Hugh Dower]</ref>  As an example, Dower has argued that random [[mutation]] is unlikely to have had anything to do with evolution; in one essay, he criticizes "the improbability of a one-off mutation becoming established across a widespread species," a key concept of the theory of evolution by natural selection.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231917/http://www.hughdower.com/Evolve.html Essay by Hugh Dower]</ref>

It turns out from reading Dower's website that he doesn't believe in "macroevolution". When he says he believes in evolution, it is only "microevolution". This is a typical fallacy from creationists.

==Young earth creationism==

Similar to [[Richard Milton]] (who he claims was his biggest influence), Dower believes the earth is only a few thousand years old, writing:

{{quotebox|The current controversy amongst scientists of many disciplines over the reliability of radioactive dating techniques, and the growing body of evidence that the earth is much younger than is generally supposed, were the factors which led me to develop this theory. I am indebted to Richard Milton, whose book, "The Facts of Life", provided me with much of that evidence. The fact that this theory makes sense of the known facts, in those areas where neo-Darwinism does not, leads me to believe it will be shown to be essentially correct.<ref>https://archive.ph/zlDoz</ref>}}

However, there is no controversy over [[Radioactivity|radioactive]] techniques.

==References==
{{reflist}}
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[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience promoters]]

Categories: Authors, Chemists, Living people, Pseudoscience promoters
Huma Abedin

{{uspolitics}}
[[File:Huma Abedin DNC 2016 Pre Hillary Clinton Speech at Democratic National Convention (July 28, 2016).jpg|thumb|left|165px|Abedin in 2016.]]
'''Huma Mahmood Abedin''' {{lived|1975}} is a longtime close adviser to former First Lady, Secretary of State, and [[Democratic]] presidential candidate [[Hillary Clinton]] and the most distinguished [[American]] with both the [[FBI]] and the [[Islamic State]] on her ass.<ref>[http://hotair.com/archives/2016/04/02/huma-abedin-terrified-as-fbi-takes-over-state-dept-investigation-of-top-secret-emails/ Huma Abedin terrified as the FBI takes over State dept. Investigation], ''Hotair''</ref><ref>[http://thehill.com/policy/national-security/276159-isis-threatens-clinton-aide-congressman ISIS threatens Clinton aide Congressman], ''The Hill''</ref> She was married to former US [[Representative]] [[Anthony Weiner|Anthony "The Mongoose" Weiner]].<ref>https://www.thecut.com/2016/08/anthony-weiner-catfish-twitter.html</ref>

==Michelle Bachmann controversy==
Congresswoman [[Michele Bachmann]] during the [[2012 Republican Party presidential nomination#Dropped out|2012 Republican Presidential primaries]] accused Abedin of being a member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. Her campaign manager, Ed Rollins, who engineered [[Ronald Reagan]]'s 1984 landslide 49 state win, resigned shortly afterward. Rollins, who later signed onto a pro-[[Donald Trump|Trump]] SuperPAC, called Bachmann's [[Islamophobic]] comments "extreme and dishonest" and publicly advised her to apologize.<ref>[http://www.politico.com/story/2012/07/rollins-rips-extreme-bachmann-078692 Rollins rips extremes on Bachmann], ''Politico''</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:United States politicians]]
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[[Category:Living people]]

Categories: United States politicians, Living people
Human Genome Project

{{biology}}{{Sources needed}}
The '''Human Genome Project''' was a 13-year long project (1990-2003) with the goal of mapping out and understanding the entirety of the human [[Genome|genetic code]]. The project is reported to have cost the [[US]] approximately $3 billion, or about a dollar per base pair. 

The Human Genome Project may irrationally be considered [[Satan|Satanic]] by some [[Pithecophobia|because it is also, by a factor of 98%]], the [[chimpanzee]] genome project.<ref>https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/human-origins-and-cultural-halls/anne-and-bernard-spitzer-hall-of-human-origins/understanding-our-past/dna-comparing-humans-and-chimps/</ref>

==Ethical considerations==
As a result of the sequencing of [[human]] [[DNA]] the purpose and effects of specific [[gene]]s is quickly being discovered. The unprecedented amount of information and control this promises to give us over our own state of being has raised many new [[ethical]] concerns, and not all are easily addressed.

===Gene testing===
We now have the ability to use gene testing to screen people, and even embryos, for inherited diseases with a high degree of accuracy. Embryonic gene testing is already done in many cases of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), especially when a couple is at high risk of having children with certain disorders. Performing gene testing gives such couples the highest chance of having a healthy child.

Some groups (e.g., [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist Christians]]) argue against the very idea of embryonic gene testing on the basis that [[abortion]]s will be performed as a result of the information gained. This is of course true, as most would opt not to carry to term an embryo which, for example, exhibited the genetic markers for a debilitating disease that promised [[death]] in early childhood. However, to frame embryonic gene testing only in terms of abortion is disingenuous, as the utility is obvious for the application of future treatments for disease such as gene therapy early in development.

===Gene patents===
The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has already issued a few [[patent]]s for gene fragments, including fragments in the human genome. This is done after identifying a sequence and determining its purpose as well as usefulness. This kind of patent allows companies to exercise control over use of the gene in a commercial process or product. In the case of a human, this could include diagnosis of or therapy for a disease.

A gene patent does not in any way give control over an aspect of humans or humanity to the company holding it, nor does it at all limit or require licensing of the natural expression of the gene. The primary valid concern regarding gene patents is what impact they have on continuing genetic research.

==See also==
*[[DNA]]
*[[Francis Collins]]
*[[Genetics]]
*[[Genetic modification]]

==External links==
*[http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml Human Genome Project Information]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Genetics]]

Categories: Genetics
Human magnet

{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[crank magnetism]].}}
'''Human magnets''' are people who can stick various metallic objects to their skin for some time, allegedly due to some kind of "magnetic" properties.

While it's a neat parlour trick, this is nothing [[paranormal]]. The "stickiness" is explained with literal stickiness — the natural skin secretions of these people make their skin unusually adhesive. This also explains why "human magnets" can "attract" non-magnetic materials like [[aluminum]] and plastic. [[James Randi]] dealt with several of them and suggests using [[talc|talcum powder]] to dry the skin before testing. Another possibility is using a thin sheet of (dry) plastic — in both cases, the thin layer of material wouldn't be a problem for a true [[Magnet|magnetic field]].<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/06/23/the-unfiltered-truth-behind-human-magnetism-vaccines-and-covid-19/?sh=15c29e2a540c | The Unfiltered Truth Behind Human Magnetism, Vaccines, And COVID-19, Forbes — retrieved 8/4/2021</ref> <ref>https://sciencebasedlife.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/are-there-really-magnetic-people/ | Are There Really Magnetic People? from the '''Science-Based Life ~ Add a Little Reason to Your Day''' blog — retrieved 8/4/2021</ref>

==External links==
*{{wayback|http://www.randi.org/jr/082704gluton.html#7}} "Same Old Magnetic Flummery", Randi's SWIFT Commentary, 27 August 2004
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/8512931/Magnetic-boy-shows-off-skills.html 'Magnetic' boy shows off skills] (video), [[Daily Telegraph|Telegraph.co.uk]], 13 May 2011
* {{wayback|http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift-blog/1311-talcum-powder-cures-magnetism.html}} Talcum Powder Cures Magnetism], Randi's SWIFT Blog, 17 May 2011

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

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[[Category:Woo]]

Categories: Woo
Human nature

{{sources needed}}{{Philosophy}}
'''Human nature''' is, in a nutshell, how humans tend to behave towards their world, other animals, and each other. Human nature is neither universally "good" nor "bad". We are just as capable of selfishness, greed, cruelty, and violence as we are of selflessness, kindness, and compassion. That this is true has utterly no bearing on the validity of either [[socialism]] or [[capitalism]], as neither economic system requires that those living within them behave universally selfishly or universally altruistically, respectively. However, it ''does'' refute any ideology or philosophy (such as [[Objectivism]]) based on the assumption that all people will behave a certain way, all of the time.

That said, conceptions of human nature as either plastic or fixed identify locations on [[Political spectrum|the traditional Left-Right political ideological spectrum]]. The ideological Left is committed to the proposition that human nature is plastic, that nurture trumps nature and behavior is what social institutions produce. The ideological Right is committed to the proposition that human nature is fixed, that nature trumps nurture and even optimal social institutions still produce less than admirable individual human beings. Each is right some of the time and wrong some of the time; the deciding factor in where you fit on the political spectrum depends on which one you think is correct more often than the other.

There are many who believe that [[human]] nature does not exist at all. [[Existentialism]], in particular, believes that humans choose all aspects of their own psychology. Others, like the [[philosophy|philosophers]] [[John Locke]] and [[Thomas Hobbes]], believed that man, in his state of nature, was a selfish and warlike creature who would do anything in order to get ahead of others. They believed that civil society was a state that 
men
 
women
 people would move into in order to escape the conditions of human nature. [[Enlightenment]] thinkers such as [[David Hume]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] reasoned the opposite in that, in nature, mankind was peaceful and benevolent, and that human morals lay in the passions, not within human reasoning. It was only at the advent of society that greed and selfishness became apparent.  

[[Category:psychology]]
[[Category:philosophy]]{{stub|philosophy}}

Categories: psychology, philosophy
Humanists International

{{atheism}}
The '''Humanists International''' ('''HI''') (formerly the '''International Humanist and Ethical Union''') is an international organisation composed of over 100 [[humanist]], [[rationalist]], [[secular]], [[atheist]] and [[freethought]] groups worldwide.<ref name="memberlist">[https://humanists.international/about/our-members/list/?civiwp=CiviCRM&q=civicrm/profile&gid=4&reset=1&force=1 Our members and Associates.] ''Humanists International''.</ref> Its stated goal is to promote, develop and support humanism worldwide, and to defend human rights, particularly those of irreligious people.<ref>[https://humanists.international/about/ About.] ''Humanists International''.</ref>

As of June 2021, HI has 118 member groups, including large organisations such as [[Humanists UK]] and [[American Atheists]].<ref name="memberlist" />

==See also==
*[[Freedom from Religion Foundation]]
*[[Secularism]]
*[[National Secular Society]]
*[[Humanists UK]]

==External links==
*[https://humanists.international/ HI homepage]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub|secularism}} 

[[Category:Organizations]]

Categories: Organizations
Hutterites

{{Communism}}
The '''Hutterites''' are an [[Anabaptists|Anabaptist]] [[sect]] known for their [[pacifism]] and communal living style.

The Hutterites describe themselves as "a communal people".<ref>[http://www.hutterites.org/ Hutterites: a communal people.]</ref> They "believe in sharing their possessions in common as demonstrated by [[Christ]] and His [[Apostle]]s and as later further refined and described in the [[Book of Acts]]".<ref>[http://www.hutterites.org/history Hutterite History.]</ref> The Hutterites have been practicing Christian [[communism]] for about 500 years. 

A Hutterite colony usually has 60 to 160 members. The colonies are scattered "throughout the prairies in North America" and contain more than 40,000 people. The Hutterite website includes sections about their religion, structure, education, recreation, livelihood, and other topics.<ref>[http://www.hutterites.org/ Hutterites website.]</ref>

There are not to be confused with the [[Hutaree]], a Christian [[terrorist]] group.

==See also==
* [[Amish]] — a more well-known Anabaptist sect

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christian denominations]]
[[Category:Communism]]{{stub|communism}}

Categories: Christian denominations, Communism
Hwang Kyo-ahn

[[File:Hwang Kyo-ahn December 2016.jpg|thumb|165px|right|Hwang Kyo-ahn.]]
{{politics}}
'''Hwang "the Angry Old Male<ref>[https://news.v.daum.net/v/20190225090104458 왜 극우 세력이 등장하는가]</ref>" Kyo-ahn''' (Hangul:황교안, Hanja:黃敎安) {{lived|1957}} is a social conservative and [[far-right]] [[populist]] of [[South Korea]]. He was Prime Minister of South Korea from 2015-2017.

He is [[Homophobia|against homosexuality]], and detests [[LGBT]] Pride Parades. He advocates for traditional [[family values]], and he also regards [[Pro-life|abortion as a sin]]. and Hwang is also a far-right [[paleoconservative]] who argues that {{wpl|Park Geun-hye|Park Geun-hye's impeachment}} was not right.

He said that the number of foreign workers should be reduced, and that they should not be given the same wages as domestic workers.<ref>[http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/assembly/898504.html 황교안 “외국인 근로자에 똑같은 임금 불공정”…차별·혐오 발언 논란]</ref>

He also interacted with a young Korean YouTuber who used to make racist remarks against race minorities.

He is as opposed to the press as [[Donald Trump]] is, and he criticizes the media for calling his party extreme rightists, and in turn he has called the press extreme leftists.<ref>[http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/04/24/2019042400966.html 황교안 "우릴 극우라 공격하는 친문언론·댓글부대는 극좌"]</ref>

Hwang Kyo-ahn takes a very ultra-conservative view of South Korea's appalling military human rights violations. Therefore, men in their 20s who are conscripted or who have already been drafted hate Hwang. [[George Soros]] was also concerned about the human rights situation in the South Korean military.<ref>http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2018/06/113_250087.html</ref>

He is also very hostile to other minority issues, such as the mentally disabled, and deify his right-wing military dictator, {{wpl|Park Chung-hee|Park Chung-hee}}

He made some claims that President [[Moon Jae-in]] is [[Red-baiting|a secret communist]]. Just think of the American right-wingers pushing the false narrative that [[Barack Obama]] is a Muslim.

Hwang Kyo-an was the leader of the [[2021 U.S. Capitol riot#Similar case (2019 South Korean Capitol riot)|2019 South Korean Capitol riot]].<ref>https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23658823</ref>

==See also==
* [[Yoon Suk Yeol]], another Korean politician who has been compared to Trump
* [[McCarthyism]]
* [[Shinzō Abe]]
* [[Marine Le Pen]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[Ali Khamenei]]

==External links==
*{{wpa|Hwang Kyo-ahn}}

==References==
{{reflist|80%}}
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[[Category:Ableism]]
[[Category:Chickenhawks]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:Culture wars]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:Homophobes]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Machismo]]
[[Category:Paleoconservatives]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Racists]]
[[Category:South Korean politics]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:Transphobes]]
[[Category:Right-wing activists]]

Categories: Ableism, Chickenhawks, Christians, Culture wars, Fascists, Homophobes, Living people, Machismo, Paleoconservatives, Sexism, Racists, South Korean politics, Terrorism, Transphobes, Right-wing activists
Hybrid

{{fork}}

'''Hybrid''' is a term which refers to the result of the blending of two unlike things.  In common usage, it may refer to one of several specific things related to this idea of mixing two different objects to make something new.

[[File:St-Guyomard - Bardot (6).jpg|thumb|right|165px|A hinny]]
*In [[biology]], a hybrid is the offspring, usually sterile, produced by the mating of two different strains or species. For example, a mule is a hybrid of a female [[horse]] and a male donkey — a hybrid of male horse and female donkey is called hinny. Similarly, a hybrid between a lion and a tiger is a liger or tigron, depending on whether you have a male tiger and female lion or female tiger and male lion. It shows how the definition of [[species]] can be not straightforward, leading to contentious debates on species and sub-species statuses. The ability for animals of similar [[genetics]] to hydbridize is one piece of evidence for [[common descent]]. One proponent of [[non-Darwinian evolution]], [[Eugene M. McCarthy]], sees hybrids [[Golden hammer|almost everywhere]].

*In [[chemistry]], hybridization refers to the mixing of electronic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals when atoms bond to each other. For instance, a shell usually consists of three ''p'' orbitals and one ''s'' orbital, these then "mix" to form four identical ''sp3'' orbitals. This is mostly a mathematical simplification to help explain structure and valance, ''sp3'' hybridisation explains the tetrahedral structure of a carbon atom with 4 single bonds; ''sp2'' explains the planar structure of a carbon atom with a double bond attached to it. Hybrid orbitals don't necessarily exist, ''per se'', but they work as a good [[theory]] to make predictions of molecular and electronic structure.

* [[Hybrid cars]] are vehicles that are powered by ''both'' a traditional gasoline engine and some form of battery-provided electrical power.

[[Category:Biology]]

Categories: Biology
Hydrogen

[[File:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg|thumb|left|Hygrogen in a discharge tube]]{{Chemistry}}
'''Hydrogen''' (H) is an element comprising 1 [[proton]] and 1 [[electron]] per atom. It is the only chemical element that normally doesn't have any [[neutron]]s in its atoms.

At earth's surface conditions, hydrogen forms a diatomic gas (H<sub>2</sub>), which is colorless and odorless, but highly flammable.

Hydrogen reacts violently with [[oxygen]] to form [[water]] (H<sub>2</sub>O), liberating a great deal of chemical energy in the process. The Hindenburg disaster was caused by an ignition source sparking this chemical reaction.

Hydrogen nuclei at high enough temperatures and pressures react even more violently to form [[helium]] nuclei, liberating a very great deal of [[nuclear energy]] in the process. See the [[sun]] (but not with unprotected eyes) for an example of this.

== Isotopes ==
[[File:Deuterium discharge tube.jpg|thumb|left|Deuterium in a discharge tube. See the difference?]]
Almost all hydrogen in the universe is the normal (hydrogen-1) isotope, with no [[neutron]]s in its nucleus. Because the nucleus of hydrogen-1 consists entirely of a single proton, it is sometimes called "protium".

There are two other hydrogen isotopes: '''deuterium''', which contains 1 neutron, and '''tritium''', which contains 2 neutrons. Normal hydrogen (protium) and deuterium are stable, while tritium is [[radioactive]]. Water made with deuterium atoms instead of hydrogen-1 atoms is called "heavy water",{{efn|Not to be confused with "[[Oxygen#Oxygen ratio cycle|heavy oxygen water]]".}} and is used in [[Nuclear power#CANDU|some nuclear reactor designs]]. Interestingly, and for reasons that are not fully understood, heavy water differs greatly in many of its properties from "light water", the 'normal' form of water, to the point of being significantly, albeit slightly, toxic to all but the simplest organisms. 

Both deuterium and tritium are of interest to researchers in [[fusion woo|nuclear fusion]], since the reaction cross-sections of their nuclei are so high. This is also why they're used in nearly all modern [[nuclear weapon]] designs. Some manufacturers of [[gun]]s and related products, such as [[Militant Christianity#Christian message on guns etc.|Trijicon]], make use of tritium in their products for the glow emitted by its decay.

==See also==
* [[Hydrogen economy]]
* [[Cold fusion]]
* [[Fusion woo]]
* [[Hydrogen water]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{stub|science}}
[[Category:Elements]]

Categories: Elements
Hyperpower

{{Sources needed}}{{politics}}
'''Hyperpower''' is a neologism created by the [[France|French]] to denote a power that not only has no rival but is orders of magnitude greater than its next closest rival. This term was created specifically to refer to the position of the [[United States]] after the end of the [[Cold War]] (when the US and the [[Soviet Union]] were referred to as superpowers, leaving the terms megapower, ultrapower, and the like still to be coined). It has also been used (retroactively for analogous purposes) to describe the Roman Empire and the [[British Empire]], as well as comparable entities.

While [[neoconservatism|neoconservatives]] hoped to harness the US's status as a hyperpower to change the world through the promotion of [[democracy]] and preemptive war, it appears they may have put the US on a path to gradually ''lose'' the status instead by pursuing unilateral and insular policies, just as Rome did during her latter days, as her overextended military was a major contribution to her ultimate decline. Rampant corruption was another major cause for the decline and fall of Rome. A much better way to maintain one's status as a great power is to invest in one's own country, specifically in [[Mathematics|mathematical]] and [[Science|scientific research]], [[education]], infrastructure, and [[Healthcare|healthcare]], namely things that improve the standards of living of the average citizen, rather than things that fulfill the interests or desires of the elite few.

Today, in light of the rapid economic growth of [[Communist]] [[China]] and [[India]], it is entirely plausible that in the not too distant future, we will be living in a multi-polar world, namely, one with many global powers. No single one will completely dominate world affairs.

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[[Category:Neologisms]]
[[Category:Political terms]]
[[Category:History]]

Categories: Neologisms, Political terms, History