MetaMed

{{bronze}}[[File:Michael Vassar.jpg|thumb|right|Michael Vassar.]]{{altmed}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with other, legit "MetaMeds".}}

{{cquote|I decided to ignore Michael after our first in-person conversation, where he said I shouldn't praise the Swiss healthcare system which I have lots of experience with, because MetaMed is the only working healthcare system in the world (and a roomful of rationalists nodded along to that, suggesting that I bet money against him or something).|||cousin_it, LessWrong<ref>Scott Alexander, [https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/u8GMcpEN9Z6aQiCvp/rule-thinkers-in-not-out#AmqJfejgmwQKZYoCv Rule Thinkers In, Not Out]. LessWrong, 26 February 2019.</ref>}}
'''MetaMed''' was a medical consultancy started by '''Michael Vassar'''  (who called himself '''Michael Arc''' for a while), a [[LessWrong]]er and former President of the Singularity Institute, on the basis that superior rationality skills as taught by [[Eliezer Yudkowsky]] would make them ''obviously'' better at medical research than mere medical school and applicable scientific experience could. MetaMed was founded in 2012,<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=230460951 Bloomberg company database]</ref> started operations in 2013 and went broke by 2015, because it turned out rich [[hypochondria]]cs weren't dumb enough.

MetaMed was an instructive example on the value of experience and knowledge versus assuming one's own general brilliance and reasoning from first principles&nbsp;— and why people who think they're too smart to bother acquiring actual domain knowledge are potentially dangerous idiots. The people behind MetaMed seriously believed that LessWrong training was all one needed to out-doctor doctors reliably enough to base a [[business]] on it.

Medically speaking, MetaMed's rapid failure was probably the least worst outcome, and it didn't have time to rack up a body count.

The key thought everyone involved seemed to have was: "everything I don't know the tedious details of is simple because I am smart and radical in my thinking and know the [[Clickbait|One Weird Trick™]]!" Perhaps you are and do! But it's overwhelmingly likely you aren't and don't.

==Origins==
Vassar had been the President of Yudkowsky's Singularity Institute (now MIRI) and left to try his superior Yudkowskian rationality against the real world. He was very strong on the general applicability of skills gained from arguing on an amateur philosophy forum:

{{quotebox|"Imagine there is a set of skills," he said. "There is a myth that they are possessed by the whole population, and there is a cynical myth that they're possessed by 10 percent of the population. They've actually been wiped out in all but about one person in three thousand." It is important, Vassar said, that his people, "the fragments of the world," lead the way during "the fairly predictable, fairly total cultural transition that will predictably take place between 2020 and 2035 or so."<ref name=frank>Sam Frank, [https://harpers.org/archive/2015/01/come-with-us-if-you-want-to-live/ Come With Us If You Want to Live: Among the apocalyptic libertarians of Silicon Valley]. ''Harper's'', January 2015. [https://www.dropbox.com/s/lsvb8d3l9tgr2rk/2015-frank.pdf# mirror], [https://archive.is/Lh8vX archive]</ref>}}

Yudkowsky helped market it to LessWrongers.<ref>Eliezer Yudkowsky, [https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/f9s7pHub6hbsX7YKT/metamed-evidence-based-healthcare MetaMed: Evidence-Based Healthcare]. LessWrong, 5 March 2013.</ref> He was a big fan, as they had helped him resolve his sleep disorder.<ref>[http://www.hpmor.com/notes/98/ Author’s Note Ch. 98]. hpmor.com, 27 August 2013.</ref>

Vassar got together with Jaan Tallinn (a programmer, who had previously made it big with Skype and Kazaa, and started reading LessWrong in 2009 when sidelined by a lawsuit between Skype and eBay<ref>Aaron Labaree, [http://www.salon.com/2014/10/05/our_science_fiction_apocalypse_meet_the_scientists_trying_to_predict_the_end_of_the_world/ Our science-fiction apocalypse: Meet the scientists trying to predict the end of the world]. ''Salon'', 5 October 2014.</ref>) and Zvi Mowshowitz (previously a professional Magic: The Gathering player, who is also worried about [[Roko's basilisk]]<ref>Nitasha Tiku, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906021930/http://betabeat.com:80/2012/07/singularity-institute-less-wrong-peter-thiel-eliezer-yudkowsky-ray-kurzweil-harry-potter-methods-of-rationality/ Faith, Hope, and Singularity: Entering the Matrix with New York’s Futurist Set]. Archived from betabeat.com, 6 September 2012.</ref>). They also scored $500,000 in venture funding from [[Peter Thiel]].<ref>[https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/03/01/peter-thiel-backed-metamed-launches-to-provide-you-with-an-on-demand-medical-research-team/ Peter Thiel-backed MetaMed thinks you should have your own on-demand medical research team]. thenextweb.com, 1 March 2013.</ref>

Vassar explained to ''Harper's'' how MetaMed would leverage this to ''[[Delusions of grandeur|change the world]]'', and serve as incontrovertible evidence of the power of Yudkowsky's philosophy:

{{quotebox|Vassar had left to found MetaMed, a personalized-medicine company, with Jaan Tallinn of Skype and Kazaa, $500,000 from Peter Thiel, and a staff that included young rationalists who had cut their teeth arguing on Yudkowsky's website. The idea behind MetaMed was to apply rationality to medicine — "rationality" here defined as the ability to properly research, weight, and synthesize the flawed medical information that exists in the world. Prices ranged from $25,000 for a literature review to a few hundred thousand for a personalized study. "We can save lots and lots and lots of lives," Vassar said (if mostly moneyed ones at first). "But it's the signal — it's the 'Hey! Reason works!' — that matters. It's not really about medicine." Our whole society was sick — root, branch, and [[memeplex]] — and rationality was the only cure.<ref name=frank/>}}

==The plan==
Vassar explained the plan to ''Bloomberg'':

{{quotebox|At its core, MetaMed tries to offer a second opinion that's more nuanced and more thoroughly researched than those of most general practitioners. When a patient contacts the company and provides information about his or her illness, staffers enter the data into an analysis and collaboration system that enlists a team of consultants from a growing 40-person network. In addition to physicians and medical specialists, there are [[chemists]], [[Molecular biology|molecular biologists]], data scientists, librarians, and others—some of these experts are salaried, some are paid per consult. Researchers drawn from [[Google]] and top universities compare the patient's case with the latest scientific studies, medical journals, and health data, seek out the procedures and hospitals that offer them the best chance at recovery, and give patients a wider look at their treatment options than a physician might provide. Jaan Tallinn, one of the chief engineers behind Skype, is the company's chairman. "Our attitude is that medicine would be better if it were more of a science than an art," Vassar says.<ref>Ashlee Vance, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-13/metamed-enhances-medical-diagnoses-with-data-analysts-researchers MetaMed Enhances Medical Diagnoses With Data Analysts, Researchers]. Bloomberg, 13 June 2013.</ref>}}

The actual working model was: you paid Metamed $5000 (for the starting package), then someone who'd just heard of the disorders involved for the first time in their lives, but was experienced in arguing on LessWrong, would enter your symptoms into various scientific journal databases and give you their rational advice in return, ''e.g.'':
{{quotebox|Health Researcher: Justin Alderis is an Eagle Scout who co-chaired the Princeton Philosophical Society for four years while he earned his BS degree from Princeton University, with a focus on the philosophy underlying cognitive science.<ref>[https://archive.ph/mzDt8#selection-321.26-321.33 That's not borne out by the site. Health Researcher: Justin Alderis is an Eagle Scout who co-chaired the Princeton Philosophical Society for four years while he earned his BS degree from Princeton University, with a focus on the philosophy underlying cognitive science.] by ceejayoz (Feb 28, 2013) ''Ycombinator'' (archived from 25 Nov 2023 21:23:58 UTC).</ref>}}

Their doctors would review the reports first, at least.

MetaMed's target market was rich [[hypochondria]]cs&nbsp;— the "worried well", the perennial favourite targets of [[quack]]s and [[alternative medicine]] scammers&nbsp;— who they could convince of their ability to ''beat the system'':
{{quotebox|Clients provide personal data—medical records, blood workups, [[genetic]] profiles—via e-mail,{{efn|Since email is generally insecure, requiring patients to email medical records would likely be a violation of the [[privacy]] rules of HIPAA.<ref>[https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-individuals/guidance-materials-for-consumers/index.html Your Rights Under HIPAA] ''U.S. Department of Health and Human Services''.</ref>}} then undergo a one-to-four-hour intake interview with a MetaMed doctor via Skype. After a few weeks, MetaMed's analysts deliver a report based on their analyses of the primary and secondary literature. It might suggest obscure specialists, or point out risks associated with an unusual combination of genetic factors, or warn against rarely detected interactions in whatever cocktail of medications the client has accumulated. Sometimes it will note that all of the studies suggesting a particular drug were funded by that drug's manufacturer. For bigger spenders, the analysts might offer to construct a [[statistical]]ly complex "[[Bayesian]] mathematical assessment of diagnosis," or even conduct an original experiment&nbsp;— for $50,000, Vassar says, MetaMed could design a study particular to an individual patient's physiology, which might then cost an additional few million dollars to carry out.<ref>Luke Mitchell, [http://nymag.com/health/bestdoctors/2013/metamed-personalized-health-care/ The $250,000 Physical] by Luke Mitchell (14 June 2013) ''The New Yorker''.</ref>}}

For Vassar, MetaMed was all about ''fighting the power'':

{{quotebox|When asked about what makes a good doctor, he said it's those who feel that their residency forced them to "violate" the principles they learned in medical school.<ref>[http://venturebeat.com/2013/03/01/peter-thiel-backed-metamed-brings-personalized-health-care-to-the-1-percent/ Peter Thiel-backed MetaMed brings personalized health care — but only to the 1 percent]. ''Venture Beat'', 1 March 2013.</ref>}}

They also aimed to aid doctors with advanced [[artificial intelligence]] and data from information experts. This, despite Vassar's complete lack of experience in any real-world AI development&nbsp;— only in talking about the [[Singularity|risk of AI dooming humanity]].

[[Scott Alexander]] worked for them early on (his day job is as a psychiatrist), and was very excited about the possibilities the MetaMed model offered.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130307113106/http://slatestarcodex.com/2013/02/27/metamed-launch-day/ MetaMed Launch Day]. Archived from slatestarcodex.com, 7 March 2013.</ref>

At least one of the doctors involved, Hank Gardstein (Henry F. Gardstein, Jr.), turned out to have been struck off for writing online pharmacy prescriptions.<ref>[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5296694 Hacker News] by ceejayoz (28 February 2013) ''Ycombinator''.</ref><ref>[https://apps.health.ny.gov/pubdoh/professionals/doctors/conduct/factions/PhysicianDetailsAction.action?finalActionId=7309 Physician Information: Gardstein, Jr, Henry F] ''New York State Department of Health''. License surrender… "The physician did not contest the charges of practicing fraudulently and negligence on more than one occasion involving prescribing via the internet."</ref> MetaMed did fire him quickly once others had pointed it out, though it indicates a serious lack of due diligence at MetaMed.<ref name=marginalrevolution>Tyler Cowen, [http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/03/sarah-constantin-replies-on-metamed.html Sarah Constantin replies on MetaMed]. marginalrevolution.com, 23 March 2013.</ref>

==The hype==
Despite touting their superior Bayesian statistics and research skills, their main promotional page "Vital Facts and Statistics",<ref name="VFS">[http://web.archive.org/web/20130329033528/www.metamed.com/vital-facts-and-statistics Vital Facts and Statistics]. Archived from metamed.com, 2013.</ref> a collection of [[Fear, uncertainty, and doubt|scary claims]] about the failings of the medical field in general, had a number of problems. One of them was a lack of hyperlinks, despite it being a ''web page'' and many of the cited references being online.

Unsurprisingly, it's full of [[vagueness]], [[weasel word]]ing, and references that simply don't back the claims. Even if you thought MetaMed fundamentally had the right approach, the claims on this page showed worrying deficiencies in understanding basic statistical reasoning and researching and assessing scientific sources. Just a few examples:

===CT scanning and radiation===
The claim:
{{quotebox|One million children every year have had unnecessary CT scans, which risks exposing them to radiation levels up to those experienced by survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<ref name="VFS"/>}}

…but if you examine their own linked reference, what it ''actually'' says is:
{{quotebox|Most of the quantitative information that we have regarding the risks of [[radiation]]-induced [[cancer]] comes from studies of survivors of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945]]. Data from cohorts of these survivors are generally used as the basis for predicting radiation-related risks in a population because the cohorts are large and have been intensively studied over a period of many decades, they were not selected for disease, all age groups are covered, and a substantial subcohort of about 25,000 survivors received radiation doses similar to those of concern here&nbsp;— that is, less than 50 mSv.<ref>Brenner, D. J., and E. J. Hall. 2007. [http://www.columbia.edu/~djb3/papers/nejm1.pdf Computed tomography — An increasing source of radiation exposure.] ''N. Engl. J. Med.'' 357:2277– 2284.</ref>}}

That is, it is ''not'' a warning that a CT scan exposes you to [[atomic bomb]] radiation levels — but is a passing note that some atomic bomb survivors got doses ''as low as'' a CT scan (this is almost a certainty, since radiation exposure decreases with approximately distance-squared from the source).

Giving someone excessive CT scans can in fact cause cancer, and this is a risk that actual CT operators know all about and keep careful track of, where the risk from the X-rays is balanced against the risk of not having the test done;<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/medical-radiation-patient-doses/patient-dose-information-guidance Patient dose information: guidance]. Public Health England.</ref> but the comparison to [[Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] is purely for [[radiophobia|radiophobic]] scaremongering.

One should note that lifespan studies — performed regularly since the 1950s onwards on the survivors of the aforementioned atomic bombings — actually ''fail to show'' an increase in cancer rates, even at radiation levels greatly surpassing that of the low-exposure survivors which MetaMed invoke for their flawed comparison to CT scans.<ref>Yehoshua Socol and Ludwik Dobrzyński, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4674181/ Atomic Bomb Survivors Life-Span Study: Insufficient Statistical Power to Select Radiation Carcinogenesis Model]. PubMed Central, 4 May 2015.</ref>

===98,000 deaths per year from medical errors===
The claim:
{{quotebox|As many as 98,000 people die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors.<ref name="VFS"/>}}

This is cited from the 2000 book ''To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System'' by Linda T. Kohn et al. which actually says:<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225182/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK225182.pdf ''To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System''] by Linda T. Kohn et al. (2000) National Academy Press. ISBN 0309261740.</ref>{{rp|1}}
{{quotebox|Two large studies, one conducted in Colorado and Utah and the other in New York, found that adverse events occurred in 2.9 and 3.7 percent of hospitalizations, respectively. In Colorado and Utah hospitals, 6.6 percent of adverse events led to death, as compared with 13.6 percent in New York hospitals. In both of these studies, over half of these adverse events resulted from medical errors and could have been prevented. 

When extrapolated to the over 33.6 million admissions to U.S. hospitals in 1997, the results of the study in Colorado and Utah imply that at least 44,000 Americans die each year as a result of medical errors. The results of the New York Study suggest the number may be as high as 98,000.</ref>}}

That is: from two single studies, one sees 0.2% errors leading to [[death]]s in [[Colorado]] and [[Utah]], 0.8% in [[New York]], which could have been halved with more attention. That's potentially important, but it's not clear how medical amateurs doing their own research could be applicable to this problem. Not to mention hyping the larger number.

It is also important to note two responses regarding this "44,000-98,000" number:
* The journal article by Harold C. Sox, Jr. and Steven Woloshin, "How Many Deaths Are Due to Medical Error? Getting the Number Right" in 2000 shows that the numbers are derived via a long chain of extrapolation, with very wide error bars that aren't noted by MetaMed:
{{quotebox| In fact, the original studies cited did not define preventable adverse events, and the reliability of subjective judgments about preventability was not formally assessed. The committee's estimate of the number of preventable deaths due to medical errors is least substantiated. The methods used to estimate the upper bound of the estimate (98,000 preventable deaths) were highly subjective, and their reliability and reproducibility are unknown, as are the methods used to estimate the lower bound (44,000 deaths).<ref>Harold C. Sox, Jr, and Stevem Woloshin, [http://web.archive.org/web/20140803101416/http://ecp.acponline.org/novdec00/sox.pdf How Many Deaths Are Due to Medical Error? Getting the Number Right] by Harold C. Sox, Jr. & Steven Woloshin (2000) Eff. Clin. Pract. 6:277-283. Archived from 3 August 2014.</ref>}}

* The 2000 American College of Clinical Pharmacology response to the report, particularly the bogus nature of the 44,000-98,000 claim.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1177/009127000004001001/abstract American College of Clinical Pharmacology Response to the Institute of Medicine Report "To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System"] (2000) ''The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology'', 40:1075-1078. doi:10.1177/009127000004001001.</ref>

Surely MetaMed's research skills had found these as well, and surely people who literally bragged about their "statistical literacy"<ref name=marginalrevolution/> would have spotted these problems in the material they were citing.

==="Deaths caused by medicine itself total 225,000 per year in the US"===
The claim:
{{quotebox|By some estimates, deaths caused by medicine itself total 225,000 per year in the US. [iii] This includes 50,000 to 100,000 deaths caused by errors in hospitals alone (as of 2000), not including outpatient care. [iv]<ref name="VFS"/>}}

This claim is not substantiated by the references:
*The first citation is not to a scientific finding, but to an article in a law journal, which is actually a lecture transcript,<ref>[http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjolt/vol2/iss1/3/ Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law] by David L. Faigman (1999) ''Yale Journal of Law and Technology''. Edited transcript of remarks delivered to the Yale Law and Technology Society on October 12, 1999.</ref> the text of which ''at no point'' backs a claim of "225,000".
*The second citation is to a ''JAMA'' article titled, "Defensive medicine among high-risk specialist physicians in a volatile malpractice environment", but does not at any point contain the claimed numbers.<ref>David M. Studdert, Michelle M. Mello, and William M. Sage, [http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/200994 Defensive Medicine Among High-Risk Specialist Physicians in a Volatile Malpractice Environment] by David M. Studdert et al. (June 1, 2005) ''JAMA'' 293(21):2609-2617. doi:10.1001/jama.293.21.2609.</ref>

==''Memento mori''==
[[File:Edinburgh. St. Cuthbert's Churchyard. Grave of James Bailie. Detail.jpg|thumb|right|165px|"Death is a-comin' in"<ref>[https://genius.com/The-fugs-carpe-diem-lyrics Carpe Diem] by The Fugs via ''Genius''.</ref>]]
By about April 2015, MetaMed had gone to its richly deserved fate, because its original idea (LessWrong rationalists are automatically smarter than domain experts!) was stupid, and its pivoted idea (concierge medicine to the rich worried well!) didn't have much of a market.

Tallinn attributed MetaMed's failure to the difficulty of producing research results — they were actually surprised when medical research turned out to be harder than they'd thought — and the limited interest from consumers.<ref>Liuat Clark, [http://www.wired.co.uk/article/jaan-tallinn-wired-health-2015 The solution to saving healthcare systems? New feedback loops]. ''Wired'', 24 April 2015.</ref> Of course, he was still all about fixing medicine with One Weird Trick™&nbsp;— the horrifyingly dysfunctional US health care system apparently being the only example he could think of in the world.

Zvi Mowshowitz blogged about why they went down. His take was that ''everyone else'' was too irrational and signaling-obsessed to understand that they ought to pay large sums of money for Metamed's advice:

{{quotebox|Michael Vassar speculates that this has overtaken giant sections of the economy, and that many or even most products and services are symbolic representations of themselves first and the product or service itself second or not at all. I certainly find examples of this all around me. This last week, my wife and I went on vacation to a place that charges quite a bit of money for things that I see no value in, but which she enjoys greatly, and I believe that what she enjoys is that it symbolically says "Vacation" to her. I see the actual thing, and so I do not get it.<ref>[https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/the-thing-and-the-symbolic-representation-of-the-thing/ The Thing and the Symbolic Representation of The Thing]. thezvi.wordpress.com, 30 June 2015.</ref>}}

This raises the question of how they understood [[marketing]], where the job is literally to promote the sizzle in order to shift the sausages. MetaMed VP of research Sarah Constantin details that they were really quite bad at this, with a list of mistakes that are actually not unusual for failed startups (i.e., lessons ''not'' learned); she considers they could have had a viable business had they made less retrospectively-obvious errors.<ref>[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HzZd3jsG9YMU4DqHc62mMqKWtRer_KqFpiaeN-Q1rlI/edit Lessons Learned from MetaMed]. docs.google.com.</ref>

Of course, they spent early 2015 stiffing people.<ref>[https://archive.is/8HVY5 ..am preparing a complaint to be filed with the Federal Court for the Northern District of Texas against MetaMed…] by Joseph Martin III (20 March 2015) ''Twitter'' (archived from 25 Nov 2023 19:03:04 UTC).</ref><ref>[https://archive.is/wip/TcuCj Yesterday I sent my lawsuit to MetaMed's registered attorney for service of process by priority certified mail…] by Joseph Martin III (1 April 2015) ''Twitter'' (archived from ).</ref><ref>[https://archive.ph/wip/R738w Just delivered proof of delivery of service of my lawsuit against MetaMed to the courthouse...they have until…] by Joseph Martin III (20 April 2015) ''Twitter'' (archived from 25 Nov 2023 19:11:11 UTC).</ref>

==After MetaMed==
Michael Vassar started another company, BayesCraft. That's "Bayes" in the special sense of "talks [[transhumanist]] [[Technobabble|bafflegab]] but doesn't seem to understand actual statistics."

BayesCraft is:
#Another medical startup (though what it actually does, the internet does not reveal);
#that has "Bayes" in the name.

From this, we can presume that Vassar really does want to make a difference in medicine in particular, and considers his LessWrong-trained rationalist skills ideally suited to the task, without all that tedious mucking about with training as a doctor, scientist, or both.

It is quite possible he will attain fame for this &mdash; though the Bayesian likelihood from prior probabilities is that it will be the sort of fame that results in [[FDA]] warning letters, and writeups in [[Respectful Insolence]], [[Science-Based Medicine]], [[Edzard Ernst]]'s blog, [[Quackwatch]], and [[RationalWiki|the very wiki you're reading right now]].

Fortunately for potential patients, this endeavor seems to have gone nowhere, with no web presence, and the only indication of its existence being Vassar's old Twitter profile.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151219121851/https://twitter.com/michaelvassar Michael Vassar] ''Twitter'' (archived from December 19, 2015).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051646/https://twitter.com/michaelvassar Michael Vassar] ''Twitter'' (archived from May 17, 2023).</ref>

Vassar continued to look for wealthy people to fund his projects. A 2018 email to [[Jeffrey Epstein]] begins:
{{quotebox|My friend Michele Reilly asked me to reintroduce her to you; you met her and Michael Vassar a few years ago on the island<ref>https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%2011/EFTA02607800.pdf</ref>}}
Many of Epstein's crimes against underaged girls took place on a private island in the Caribbean.

Vassar became controversial even within the Bay Area Rationalist movement.<ref>AnnaSalamon, [https://www.greaterwrong.com/posts/u8GMcpEN9Z6aQiCvp/rule-thinkers-in-not-out/comment/JLpyLwR2afav2xsyD Rule Thinkers In, Not Out], ''Greater Wrong'', February 28, 2019 (further comments by Scott Alexander, S.R. Constantin, Wei Dai and an unknown who claims that Vassar inspired Eliezer Yudkowsky's version of Professor Quirell) {{quotebox|Even when a reader is seeking help brainstorming hypotheses (rather than vetting conclusions), they can still be lied-to and manipulated, and such lies/manipulations can sometimes disrupt their thinking for long and costly periods of time (e.g., handing Ayn Rand to the wrong 14-year-old; or, in my opinion, handing Michael Vassar to a substantial minority of smart aspiring rationalists).}}</ref><ref>Eliezer Yudkowsky, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/MnFqyPLqbiKL8nSR7/my-experience-at-and-around-miri-and-cfar-inspired-by-zoe?commentId=brycrrbzpzr9G7Puw {{quotebox|I should be explicit that concern about outcomes of psychedelic advocacy includes Michael Vassar ...}}</ref><ref>Scott Alexander, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/MnFqyPLqbiKL8nSR7/my-experience-at-and-around-miri-and-cfar-inspired-by-zoe?commentId=4j2GS4yWu6stGvZWs {{quotebox|Jessica was (I don't know if she still is) part of a group centered around a person named Vassar, informally dubbed "the Vassarites". Their philosophy is complicated, but they basically have a kind of [[gnostic]] stance where regular society is infinitely corrupt and conformist and traumatizing and you need to "jailbreak" yourself from it (I'm using a term I found on [[Zizians|Ziz]]'s discussion of her conversations with Vassar; I don't know if Vassar uses it himself). Jailbreaking involves a lot of tough conversations, breaking down of self, and (at least sometimes) lots of [[psychedelic]] drugs.}}</ref> The 2020 bio for his online talk at a rationalist event said that "he lives in Austria and [[New York]] and is currently active in prison reform."<ref>JoshuaFox, [https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/iWWjq5BioRkjxxNKq/michael-vassar-at-the-slatestarcodex-online-meetup Michael Vassar at the SlateStarCodex Online Meetup], ''LessWrong'', November 11, 2020 </ref>

==See also==
*[[Dunning-Kruger effect]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|80%}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Epsteinsphere]]
[[Category:LessWrong]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Thielsphere]]

Categories: Alternative medicine, California, Epsteinsphere, LessWrong, Living people, Medicine, Thielsphere