Plastic surgery

Categories: Plastic surgery


'''Plastic surgery''' is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. A wide variety of facial '''plastic surgery''' procedures exist. They can vary greatly in their cost, efficacy, intrusiveness, and results. A skilled surgeon will generally produce more favorable results than an unskilled one. Some famous surgeons, such as Dr. Eppley and Dr. Yaremchuk, and know for producing high-quality aesthetic results. [[Facial]] plastic surgeries fall into a few basic categories: Maxillofacial surgery, Implants, Soft Tissue surgery, and others. An [[incel]] who attempts to become more [[Beauty|attractive]] through plastic surgery is called [[surgerycel]]
==Maxillofacial Surgeries==
These surgeries tend to be the most complex and invasive type of [[facial]] cosmetic surgery. In many cases, they improve both function and [[Looks|appearance]]. They are performed by osteotomy, or bone cutting. Some portion of the facial bone structure is cut off, moved into a new position, and reattached using metal screws.
===[[LeFort 1 osteotomy]]===
The LeFort 1 procedure is relatively simple and frequently performed. It is most frequently performed on people who have had braces to correct a [[malocclusion]] (faulty bite). The LeFort 1 involves cutting the bone underneath the nose to separate the lower [[maxilla]] from the rest of the face. The [[maxilla]] can then be moved into a more ideal position and screwed into place. There is a great deal of flexibility in possible movement of the maxilla. It can be moved forward (to correct [[maxillary retrusion]]), backward (to correct [[bimaxillary prognathism]]), and, if a slice of bone is removed, even upward (to reduce the distance between the nose and mouth). 

When the maxilla's position is changed, the mandible's position will change along with it. This is because the teeth must come together, and when they do, the[[ mandible]] will move along with them. This usually will end up creating a more functional and attractive result for both the [[maxilla]] and mandible. Sometimes, in the case of [[maxillary advancement]], however, the [[mandible]] is not able to fit the maxilla's new position. In this case, a [[bisaggital split osteotomy]] can be performed to adjust the length of the mandible and create a better fit. This combined procedure is known as [[maxillomandibular advancement]].

When the [[maxilla]] is moved forward, this is called [[maxillary advancement]].

[[Maxillary impaction]] is a surgery which shortens the maxilla by cutting off a slice of it in the transverse plane.

[[Counterclockwise rotation]] or CCW rotation rotates the maxilla counterclockwise. It fixes a [[convex face]].

A counterclockwise rotation combined with [[maxillary advancement]] often produces superior results compared to a so-called "straight" maxillary advancement.

During a LeFort 1 procedure, it is possible to split the palate in half and re-attach it so that its width increases. This must be held in place by a palate expanding splint placed inside the mouth until the surgery is healed. A variant of this procedure is known as [[surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion]] or (S.A.R.P.E.).

Although the LeFort 1 is the simplest of the LeFort procedures, it is still a fairly invasive and serious procedure. It is therefore rarely performed on people who only have slight maxillary retrusion and desire a subtle change.
===[[LeFort 2 osteotomy]]===
The Lefort 2 is a similar concept to the LeFort 1, except in this case, the cut is made not under the nose, but above the nose. This means that the position of the nose can be adjusted along with the upper jaw. The procedure is more invasive than the LeFort 1 and carries a greater risk of complications. However, many individuals with maxillary retrusion have not only a problem with lower maxillary retrusion, but also with retrusion around the nose area. The LeFort 2 surgery can address this problem. It is generally only performed on those with a serious deformity. A person who only qualifies for a Lefort 1 but still desires enhancement of the paranasal region can simulate this effect with Paranasal Implants.
===[[LeFort 3 osteotomy]]===
A LeFort 3 involves making the cut such that the separated area includes the [[cheekbones]] and entire [[midface]] region. This allows the entire face to be altered in position. Normally, this is performed only on people with severe deformities. It is very invasive and has higher risks of complications.
===[[Bisaggital split osteotomy]]===
Also called BSSO for short, this surgery is often performed in conjunction with the LeFort 1. Its purpose is to adjust the [[mandibular base|mandibular border length]] (distance from the [[chin]] to [[ramus]]). This is done by cutting through the lower part of the jaw and shifting it forward, or removing a slice of bone and shifting it backward. As with the LeFort procedures, the jaw's new position is held in place with screws.
===[[Genioplasty]]===
This procedure involves cutting off the [[chin]] and moving it into a new position. It may be used to fix a [[receding chin]], which is a common aesthetic defect.
===[[Orbital box osteotomy]]===

Also known as OBO for short, this surgery is an operation used to correct abnormal eye socket shape or placement. 

To access the upper orbit, the bone over the forehead is removed, exposing the linings of the brain. This access allows protection of the eyes and brain while the bone cuts are made. Additionally, an incision inside the upper lip is made to access the lower cuts of the ‘box’. This heals very well in the gum line.

The surgeon will then make a series of cuts around each orbit so that the entire socket can be moved while the eye balls remain protected. They will reposition each socket so that it is more closely spaced than previously and also more level if they were uneven before. Sometimes a wedge of bone needs to be removed at the bridge of the nose.

Once the surgeon is happy with the result, the sockets are fixed in position with plates and screws or strong stitches that will dissolve over the next few months as the bone heals. Bone grafts may be used to fill any gaps created when the sockets were moved. The skin is then closed over the incision site and held in place with dissolvable stitches.

==Rhinoplasty==
The [[rhinoplasty]] is a broad term which encompasses many types of [[nose]] plastic surgery. It can straighten deviated [[septum]], remove a [[dorsal hump|bump]] from the nasal bridge, create a pointier [[nasal tip]], among other possible changes. 

The nose is one of the least important facial features for determining aesthetics, as long as it is not severely deformed. Many people who are unattractive in general focus on their nose as the culprit because they have no understanding of the other, more important reasons why they are unattractive. They then end up getting a rhinoplasty and are unsatisfied with the results, because their other, unnoticed features still look bad, and/or because the surgeon did not do a good job creating a nose that is harmonious with their face.

Many people, like [[David Gandy]], look attractive despite having a hooked nose. Fixing other facial flaws should usually occupy a higher priority than improving the shape of the nose.
==Implants==
There are a wide variety of facial implants which can serve to increase the prominence of various features.

'''[[Chin]] Implantation''': a weak or recessed [[chin]] is a common aesthetic defect. It creates a weak, submissive, feminine appearance from the profile view. Most of time a recessed chin is not caused by a lack of the chin bone projection, but an overall downward growth of the face, thus the most effective way of fixing a recessed chin is a double jaw surgery with counter clockwise rotation.
A simpler way to stretch the chin forward is addressing to a genioplasty or by placing an implant into the chin. In severe cases of [[chin]] recession, both surgeries may be needed to create a normal-looking result. 

'''Chin Schield''': a middle way between a genioplasty and a chin wing surgery. The Chin Schield involves an advancement of the chin and a part of the jawline. This surgery can be performed at the same time with a Bimax.

'''[[Jawline]] Implantation''': a jawline implant can increase the width of the jaw and/or increase the angularity of the gonial region and length of the ramus.

'''[[Orbital Rim]] Implantation''': a common (and usually unnoticed) aesthetic deformity is called a negative orbital vector. This deformity is caused by a weakly developed lower orbital rim (bottom of the eye socket, directly above the cheekbones). It causes the [[eyes]] to look tired and overly protrusive or bulging. Sometimes, it leads to scleral show. This means that the whites of the [[eyes]] are visible underneath the iris, since the lower orbital rim is too weakly developed to hold the lower eyelid in its ideal position. An implant can be placed directly under the eye, through an incision made into the lower eyelid, to correct this problem.

'''[[Cheekbone]] Implantation''': this involves using an implant to augment the malars, or the front of the cheekbones. It is not common to augment the zygomatic arches, or sides of the cheeks, through implants. Unfortunately, this procedure does not always produce quality results. They are often too subtle to make much of a visual impact, or they may create an unnatural shape to the cheeks. 

'''Brow Implantation''': an implant can be placed underneath the eyebrows to enhance the [[brow ridge]] protrusion, which will improve [[facial masculinity]].

'''Paranasal Implantation''': paranasal hollowing is a common facial defect. It is often related to [[maxillary retrusion]]. With paranasal hollowing, the bones around the base of the nose are weakly developed, leading to the appearance of a sunken midface. This can be addressed with implants placed around the base of the nose.
==Hair transplantation==
People suffering from [[balding]] can have a hair transplant done. This involves moving androgen-resistant hairs from the back of the head into areas affected by baldness, namely the hairline and the crown of the head. Because there is no way to create new hairs, the end result will still have fewer hairs than there originally were. This means that even after a hair transplant, the hairline will be higher and weaker than it was prior to the onset of Norwooding. Despite this, it can still produce a fair improvement in looks. 

'''Strip Harvesting''': in this procedure, a strip of skin is removed from the back of the head, and then the resulting wound is sewn back up, creating a single line scar that is easily covered by hair. The strip is put under a microscope and the follicles are removed from the skin and loaded into a syringe-like tool, which "injects" the follicles into the desired areas of the scalp. Hairs themselves are not transplanted, only the follicles. It takes around 3 months for the follicles to settle into their new environment and begin producing hairs.

'''Follicular Unit Excision''': also called FUE for short, this procedure involves using a punch to remove individual follicles from the back of the head and then inserting them into the desired area. This results in the hair becoming thinner in the back of the head, and many small dot scars appear. In the early days of hair transplantation, this was done using large plugs which each held many follicles, resulting in an unnatural appearance of "clusters" of hairs in the hairline. Today, a smaller punch is used to work with individual follicles and create a more natural-looking result.

Some people will have a strip harvesting procedure performed first. Later, when more hair falls out, they will find new bald spots, which they can have filled in using an additional FUE procedure.
[[Category:Plastic surgery]]
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