Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis (book)

Categories: Books, Aesthetics, Lookism

This page contains the table of contents from the book '''Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis''' by Farhad B. Naini as an overview for facial aesthetics.

=Part II: Clinical Diagnosis=
==Section I==

===Chapter 7: Cephalometry and Cephalometric Analysis===
Natural Head Position foreword here

====Hard tissue lateral cephalometric (skeletal) landmarks ====
'''Anterior facial landmarks (from superior to inferior)'''
*Glabella
*Nason
*Frontonasomaxillary point (abbreviated FNM or M-point)
*Orbitale
*Anterior nasal spine
*A-point
*Prosthion
*Infradentale
*B-point
*D-point
*Pogonion
*Gnathion
*Menton
'''Posterior facial landmarks (approximately from superior to inferior)'''
*Sella entrance point
*Sella
*Posterior clinoid process point
*Porion
*Condylion
*Condylar midpoint
*Articulare
*Basion
*Opisthion
*Bolton point
*Pterygomaxillare superius
*Pterygomaxillare
*Posterior nasal spine
*Gonion
*Hyoid point

====Hard tissue lateral cephalometric (dental) landmarks====
*Centroid
*Incision superius apicalis
*Incision superius incisalis
*Incision inferior incisalis
*Incision inferior apicalis
*Mx6.mbc
*Mn6.mbc

====Soft tissue lateral cephalometric landmarks====
*Glabella
*Nasion
*Rhinion
*Pronasale
*Subnasale
*Soft tissue A-point
*Labrale superius
*Stomion superius
*Stomion
*Stomion inferius
*Labrale inferius
*Soft tissue B-point
*Pogonion
*Gnathion
*Menton
*Cervical point

[[File:Soft_tissue_lateral_cephalometric_landmarks_lachowski.png]]

====Hard tissue lateral cephalometric reference planes====
'''Horizontal reference planes'''
*Sella entrance to nasion (Se-N) plane
*Delaire horizontal line (superior cranial base line)
*Sella-nasion plane
*Optic plane
*Frankfort horizontal plane
*Constructed Frankfort horizontal plane
*Maxillary plane
*Occlusal plane
*Mandibular plane

'''Vertical reference planes'''
*Nasion perpendicular
*Facial plane (skeletal)
*Delaire vertical line
*A-pog line
*Y-axis
*Facial depth line
*Posterior ramus plane

====Soft tissue lateral cephalometric reference planes====
*E-line
*Facial plane (soft tissue)
*H-line
*Rees aesthetic plane
*Riedel plane
*S-line
*Sn-pog' line
*Zero-degree meridian
*Z-line

====Hard tissue posteroanterior cephalometric landmarks====
'''Midline landmarks'''
*Crista galli
*Anterior nasal spine
*Incision superius frontale
*Incision inferius frontale
*Menton

'''Bilateral landmarks'''
*Eurion
*Latero-orbitale
*Medio-orbitale
*Zygion
*Maxillare
*Mx6.bs
*Mn6.bs
*Mastoidale
*Mental foramen
*Gonion
*Antegonion

====Hard tissue posteroanterior cephalometric reference planes====
'''Vertical reference planes'''
*Midsaggital plane

'''Horizontal reference planes'''
*Superior transorbital plane
*Inter latero-orbitale plane
*Inter medio-orbitale plane
*Transpetrous plane
*Interzygomatic plane
*Inferior transorbital plane
*Intermaxillare plane
*Occlusal plane
*Canine line
*Incisal line
*Intergonial (bigonial) plane
*Inter mental foramen plane
*Inferior [[chin]] plane

====Linear cephalometric measurements and normative values====
*Anterior facial height
*Midface [[height]] (N-ANS)
*Midface [[height]] (N perpendicular to maxillary plane)
*Lower face [[height]] (ANS-Me)
*Lower face [[height]] (Me perpendicular to maxillary plane)
*Sella-point A
*Sella-gnathion (S-Gn)
*Sella-PNS
*Posterior facial [[height]] (S-Go)
*Lower posterior facial [[height]] (Ar-Go)

====Angular cephalometric measurements and normative values====
*N-S-Gn
*SN to Frankfort plane
*SN to maxillary plane
*SN to functional occlusal plane
*SN to mandibular plane
*SN to posterior ramus plane
*Frankfort-mandibular plane angle
*Maxillary-mandibular plane angle

====Saggital skeletal relationships====
====Saggital dentoalveolar relationships====
====Vertical skeletal relationships====
====Vertical dentoalveolar relationships====
'''Inclination of the occlusal plane'''
'''Anterior maxillary dental height'''
'''Posterior maxillary dental height'''
'''Anterior mandibular dental height'''
'''Posterior mandibular dental height'''

==Section II==
===Chapter 8: Facial Type===
====Cephalic indices====
*Dolichocephalic
*Mesocephalic
*Brachycephalic

===Chapter 9: Facial Proportions===
====Vertical facial proportions====
====Transverse facial proportions====

===Chapter 10: Facial Symmetry and Asymmetry===
====Classification of facial asymmetry====
*Malformation
*Deformation
*Disruption

*Bilateral symmetry
*Mandibular lateral displacement

=Section III=
==Upper face analysis==
===Chapter 11: The Forehead===

====Forehead aesthetic unit====
*Superior forehead subunit
*Supraorbital ridge-lateral orbit rim subunit (inc. glabellar)

====Forehead anatomy====
*Squamous part of the frontal bone
*Glabellar region
*Supraorbital ridge
*Supraorbital rim

*Frontonasal suture
*Frontomaxillary suture
*Frontozygomatic suture

'''Frontal view'''
*Forehead width
Bizygomatic distance should be the widest part of the face.
Bitemporal distance should be between 80-80% of bizygomatic width.
Bigonial width 70-75% of bizygomatic width
*Forehead height

'''Profile view'''
*Forehead inclination
**Mildly posterior - (sloping backwards)
**Vertical
**Anterior - (opposite of men)
*Supraorbital rim projection
*Morphology of the glabellar-nasal radix region

'''Superior view'''
'''Curvilinear relationships'''

====Sexual dimorphism of the forehead====
Supraorbital ridge is more pronounced in male's than females'
Men usually have mildly posterior forehead inclination, whereas females usually have an anterior inclination
Men usually have a longer forehead

===Chapter 12: The Orbital Region===
In Chapter 12, Dr. Farhad argues that this region, is quite possibly, the most important of all features in the face.

====Orbital region subunit====
*Visible eye
*Eyelids
**Superior palpebral fold
***Inferior tarsal portion
***Superior septal portion

*Eyebrow
**Female eyebrow
**Male eyebrow


'''The orbit'''
*Superior orbital rim
*Supraorbital foramen
*Frontomaxillary suture
*Medial orbital rim
*Inferior orbital rim
*Infraorbital foramen
*Zygomaticomaxillary suture
*Lateral orbital rim
*Frontozygomatic suture
*Orbital part of the frontal bone
*Lacrimal bone
*Orbital part of the maxilla
*Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
*Optic canal

'''Eyelid anatomy'''
*Orbital septum
*Lacrimal gland
*Levator palpebrae superioris muscle and tendon
*Lacrimal sac
*Superior tarsal plate
*Palpebral fissure
*Inferior tarsal plate
*Medial palpebral ligament
*Lateral palpebral ligament

'''Surface features'''
*Superior orbital fold
*Upper eyelid
*Medial canthus
*Sclera with overlying conjunctiva
*Iris
*Pupil
*Lower eyelid
*Lateral canthus
*Medial limbus
*Lateral limbus

==Midfacial analysis==
===Chapter 13: The Ears===
'''Auricle (external ear) anatomy'''
*Helix
*Crus of the helix
*Auricular tubercle
*Antihelix
*Superior crus of the helix
*Inferior crus of the helix
*Triangular fossa
*Scaphoid fossa
*Concha of the auricle
*External acoustic meatus
*Tragus
*Antitragus
*Intertragic notch
*Lobule (ear lobes)

===Chapter 14: The Nose===
'''Bony skeleton of the external nose'''
*Nasal bone
*Frontal process of the maxilla
*Nasal process of the frontal bone

'''Cartilaginous skeleton of the external nose'''
*Septal cartilage
*Upper lateral (nasal) cartilage (paired)
*Major alar cartilage (paired)

'''Nasal aesthetic subunits'''
*Nasal radix
*Nasal dorsum
*Nasal sidewalls
*Nasal lobule
*Nasal ala
*Nasal facets
*Columella

'''Nasal type'''
Hyperleptorrhine (excessively tall and narrow)
Leptorrhine (tall and narrow)
Mesorrhine (medium)
Platyrrhine (broad and flat)
Hyperleptorrhine (excessively broad and flat)

===Chapter 15: The Malar Region===
'''Anatomy of the zygomatic arch'''
*Frontozygomatic (FZ) suture
*Frontal process of the zygomatic bone
*Zygomatic process of the maxilla
*Zygomaticomaxillary suture
*Zygomatic arch
**Temporal process of the zygomatic bone
**Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
*Zygomatic minor
*Zygomatic minor

===Chapter 16: The Maxilla and Midface===
'''Terms used to describe position of the jaws in the saggital plane'''
*Prognathic
*Retrognathic
*'Relative' prognathism
*'Relative' retronathism
*Protrusion
*Retrusion
*Dentoalveolar protrusion

'''Terms of maxillary position in the vertical plane'''
*Vertical maxillary excess
*Vertical maxillary deficiency
'''Terms of jaw size'''
*Macrognathia
*Micrognathia
*Hypoplasia

'''Terms of maxillary bodily movement in the three planes of space'''
*Saggital plane (forward and backward)
*Vertical plane (upward and downward)
*Transverse plane (right and left)

'''Terms of maxillary rotation around the three axes of rotation'''
*Rotation around the vertical axis
*Rotation around the saggital axis
*Rotation around the transverse axis

'''Maxilla and midface (frontal view)'''
*Frontal process
*Inferior orbital margin
*Infraorbital foramen
*Zygomatic process
*Zygomaticomaxillary suture
*Alveolar process
*Canine fossa
*Canine eminence
*Incisive fossa
*Anterior nasal spine

'''Maxillary processes'''
*Zygomatic process
*Frontal process
*Palatine process
*Alveolar process

====Sagittal midfacial-maxillary evaluation====
'''Soft tissue evaluation'''
*Scleral exposure
(usually caused by saggital upper midfacial deficiency due to retrusion of inferior orbital rim)
*Inferior orbital rim projection
An important indicator of midfacial retrusion is reduced saggital projection of the inferior orbital rim.
*Cheek morphology and contour
**Borders of the cheek
***Superiorly: inferior orbital rim and zygomatic arch
***Inferiorly: just above the inferior border of the mandible
***Laterally: just anterior to the preauricular crease
***Medially: middle and [[lower third]] of the lateral border of the nose and nasolabial fold

*Midfacial curvilinear relationship
*Paranasal region
*Nasal base support
*Upper lip prominence
*Upper lip inclination
*Upper lip inclination to nasal-perpendicular
*Nasolabial angle 
*Upper lip support
*True vertical plane through glabella

'''Dento-skeletal evaluation'''
'''Transverse maxillary evaluation'''

When it comes to maxillary shortcomings, they can be categorised as either a:

====Maxillary deficiency====
Maxillary deficiency means that the [[maxilla]] is either positioned too far posteriorly or superiorly and is too narrow (which is termed specifically, maxillary hypoplasia). Deficiencies may only be the [[maxilla]] and lower midface but can involve the upper midface. If there is higher maxillary and upper midface deficiency, there may be flatness of the malar region, infraorbital rims, subpupil-mid cheek region and paranasal region.

'''Saggital maxillary deficiency'''
Saggital maxillary deficiency is characterised by, but not always as
*Retrusive appearane of the upper lip
*Prognathic appearance of the maxillary due to the retrognathic nature of the maxilla
*with concomitant vertical maxillary deficiency (hereon, VMD) leading upward and forward mandibular rotation and increased [[chin]] prominence insomuch as to cause over-closure of the [[lips]] which causes them to curl together and outwardly.
*Reduced or negative facial contour angle (concave midfacial appearance)
*Increased nasolabial angle (lower component) due to the posterior inclination of the upper lip, though the upper component may be negative, as the nasal tip is often hanging
*Nasal prominence due to retrusive upper lip and lower midface and paranasal hollowing
*Maxillary incisor exposure reduced or non-existent (even when smiling in severe cases) with concomitant VMD the maxillary incisor tips tend to be at a vertical level superior to the upper lip
*Retrusion of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus resulting from retroposition or hypoplasia of the maxilla.
*Dental occlusion
**Reverse incisor overjet
**Tendency to posterior crossbite
**Dentoalveolar compensation due to skeletal pattern (proclination of maxillary incisors, with or without retroclination of the mandibular incisors)
*Chin-neck (submental) length is normal

'''Vertical maxillary deficiency'''
*Reduced total anterior facial height, square face in frontal view
*Lack of maxillary skeletal development, no bone between the root of the teeth and the nasal floor, sometimes the roots can extent to the maxillary sinuses
*Upper lip incisor relationship
**Reduced exposure of the maxillary incisors in relation to the upper lip in repose
**Reduced or no teeth showing upon a smile
*Anterior mandibular rotation (having an affect on saggital prominence of chin, deep mentolabial fold, reduced mentolabial angle)
*Reduced mandibular plane angle
*Bigonial width is increased, the gonial angles are reduced
*Lips are squared together.
*Mouth width is increased; oral commisures turn downwardly
*Nose tends to have an increased alar base width
*Palatal vault tends to be flat and broad
*Dental occlusion
**Incisor overbite
**Free way space increased to 10mm

'''Transverse maxillary deficiency'''
*Relative transverse maxillary deficiency
*Absolute transverse maxillary deficiency
(usually a result of true skeletal narrowing of the maxilla)

====Maxillary excess====
Maxillary excess is overdevelopment on the maxilla, which can be present in the saggital, vertical and transverse planes.

'''Saggital maxillary exesss'''
*
*

'''Vertical maxillary excess'''
*Increased total anterior facial height
*Excessive inferior maxillary skeletal development
**Total VME
**Posterior VME
**Anterior VME
*Upper lip-incisor relationship
**Increased exposure of the maxilary incisors
**Increased dentogingival exposure upon smiling
*Posterior (downward and backward) mandibular rotation
*Increased mandibular plane angle
*Lip incompetence
*Nose
*Palatal vault
*Incisor overbite

'''Transverse maxillary excess'''
====Maxillary asymmetry====

==Lower facial analysis==
===Chapter 17: The Lips===
*Philtrum
*Philtrum ridges/columns
*Cupid's bow
*High points of the vermillion
*White roll
*Upper lip vermillion
*Upper lip tubercle
*Vermillion border
*Lower lip vermillion
*Oral commissures
*Nasolabial groove
*Mentolabial groove

====Lip morphology====
'''Lip height'''
'''Lip thickness'''
'''Lip contour'''
'''Lip curvature'''
'''Lip curl'''
'''Lip inclination'''

Lip posture
Lip prominence

===Chapter 18: Mentolabial (Labiomental) Fold===
Mentolabial fold depth

'''Mentolabial angle'''
*Upper component
*Lower component

*Soft tissue factors
*Skeletal factors
*Dentoalveolar factors

'''Advantages of mandibular advancement over genioplasty'''
*Lower lip position
*Mentolabial angle
*Lower anterior facial height
*Dental occlusion

===Chapter 19: The Mandible===
*Condylar process
**Condylar head
**Condylar neck
**Pterygold fovea
*Coronoid process
*Ramus
*Oblique line
*Gonial angle
*Alveolar process
*Body (mandibular corpus)
*Mental foramen
*Inferior border
*Mental protuberance
*Mandibular foramen
*Superior and inferior mental spines
*Sigmoid notch

'''Mandibular subunits'''
*Condylar subunit
*Coronoid subunit
*Ramus
*Gonial angle
*Body
*Dentoalveolar subunit
*Inferior border
*Mandibular symphysis

'''Mandibular growth rotations'''
*Anterior rotation
*Posterior rotation

'''Bjork's seven structural signs of mandibular growth'''
*Inclination of the condylar head
*Curvature of the mandibular canal
*Shape of the lower border of the mandible
*Inclination of the mandibular symphysis
*Interincisal angle
*Intermolar and interpremolar angle
*Lower anterior facial height

===Chapter 20: The Chin===
====Chin excess and deficiency====
*Primary progenia (primary sagittal [[chin]] excess):
**Horizontal osseous macrogenia
**Increased thickness of the [[chin]] pad
**Combination of above

*Retrogenia
**Primary retrogenia
**Secondary retrogenia

===Chapter 21: Submental-Cervical Region===
'''Submental anatomy in relation to the mandible'''
*Mylohyoid muscle
*Submandibular salivary gland
*Genloglossus muscle
*Genlohyoid muscle
*Anterior belly of digastric muscle
*Medial pterygoid muscle

==Section IV==
*Teeth and the alveolar bone make up the dentoalveolar process. Loss of teeth will case absorption of the alveolar process and thus cause a reduction in lower anterior facial height.

===Chapter 22: Dental-Occlusal Relationships: Terminology, Description and Classification.===
Chapter 22 covers the importance of the [[relationship]]s between the dental-occlusal [[relationship]]s together with the [[relationship]] of the dento-alveolar process and the craniofacial complex. The chapter begins by refreshing your knowledge on dental anatomy and terminology, discusses different kinds of malocclusion and deformities and ideal ratios.

===Chapter 23: Smile Aesthetics===
There are two types of smiles
*Posed smile
A fake smile.

*Spontaneous smile
Regarded as involuntary, linked to the emotions, considered a 'genuine' smile. Also called a Duchenne smile.

*Stages of smile formation
**Stage I:
**Stage II:

===Chapter 24: Dentogingival Aesthetics===
Dentogingival complex is divided into two subunits which form one aesthetic unit of the face.
*Gingival subunit
*Dental subunit

====Dental aesthetics====
Tooth shape is genetically determined and subject to individual variability, each individual will bit into one of three spectra.
*Ovoid
*Rectangular
*Triangular

Many theories on ideal tooth-shape have been discussed.
*Tooth shape-face shape correlation
*Tooth width-face width correlation
*SAP theory
**Sex
**Age
**Personality

Dental arch form
*Zone of soft tissue equilibrium: the position of stability of tongue, [[lips]] and cheek musculature.
Orthodontist Allan G Brodie described the [[relationship]] between orofacial musculature and tooth position, it was vertified by Weinstein et al., who concluded that "teeth are maintained in a state of equilibrium between the perioral soft tissue forces"

*Ovoid arch form
*Square arch form
*Tapered arch form

==See also==
*[[:Category:Aesthetics|List of aesthetics]]

[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Aesthetics]]
[[Category:Lookism]]
{{Lookism}}
{{History}}