{"question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for in October 1920?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for in October 1920?", "date": "October 27 1920", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Copenhagen"]}, "id": "L2_Q451225_P108_2", "fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from January 1934 to January 1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from January 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to January 1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1920 to January 1926. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from 01/1934 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from Jan 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from Jan 1920 to 01/1926.", "context": "Hans KramersHendrik Anthony \"Hans\" Kramers (2 February 1894 \u2013 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in G\u00f6ttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5 BKS theory. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers\u2013Heisenberg dispersion formula. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers\u2013Kronig relations with  Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes.On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Delft University of Technology", "Leiden University", "Utrecht University", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij"], "facts": [["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1926", "January 1934"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Delft University of Technology", "January 1931", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1934", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1920", "January 1926"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1916", "January 1919"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for in September 1931?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for in 09/1931?", "date": "September 08 1931", "text_answers": {"text": ["Utrecht University", "Delft University of Technology"]}, "id": "L2_Q451225_P108_4", "fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from January 1934 to January 1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1920 to January 1926. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from January 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to January 1952.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from Jan 1920 to 01/1926. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from Jan 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from 01/1934 to 01/1952.", "context": "Hans KramersHendrik Anthony \"Hans\" Kramers (2 February 1894 \u2013 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in G\u00f6ttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5 BKS theory. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers\u2013Heisenberg dispersion formula. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers\u2013Kronig relations with  Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes.On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Copenhagen", "Leiden University", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij"], "facts": [["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1926", "January 1934"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Delft University of Technology", "January 1931", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1934", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1920", "January 1926"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1916", "January 1919"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1912", "January 1916"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did J\u00fcri Adams belong to in September 1992?", "adv_question": "Which political party did J\u00fcri Adams belong to in 09/1992?", "date": "September 01 1992", "text_answers": {"text": ["Estonian National Independence Party"]}, "id": "L2_Q12365796_P102_0", "fact_context": "J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian National Independence Party from January 1988 to January 1995. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Pro Patria Union from January 1995 to January 2006. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Isamaa from January 2006 to January 2014. \n J\u00fcri Adams held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from March 2015 to May 2023. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian Free Party from January 2014 to January 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian National Independence Party from Jan 1988 to 01/1995. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Pro Patria Union from Jan 1995 to January 2006. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian Free Party from January 2014 to 01/2019. \n J\u00fcri Adams held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from Mar 2015 to May 2023. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Isamaa from Jan 2006 to January 2014.", "context": "J\u00fcri AdamsJ\u00fcri Adams (born 22 November 1947) is an Estonian politician. He formerly was the Justice Minister of Estonia from 1994 to 1995. He has been a member of numerous political parties, including the Estonian National Independence Party, Pro Patria Union and later the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. From 2014 to 2019 he was a member of the Estonian Free Party and a member of the Riigikogu.Adams graduated from the Tartu Distance Learning Secondary School in 1966, studied mathematics at Moscow State University and philology at the University of Tartu. He graduated from Luua Metsanduskool with a degree in forestry machinery in 1982.Adams has worked, among other things, as a teacher, forest warden and boiler-maker.In the time before Estonia regained its independence, Adams participated in the Estonian resistance movement and in the underground in the free press. Among other things, he translated the secret protocols of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact into Estonian. In 1978, he founded the magazine \"Additions to the Freedom of Thoughts and News in Estonia\". In 1988, Adams was one of the founders of the program and articles of association of the Estonian National Independence Party, and then the vice chairman of the party. From 1990 to 1992, he was the vice chairman of the Estonian Congress.Adams was a member of the Constitutional Assembly. He is considered to be the main author of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. From 1992 to 2003, and again from 2015 onwards, he has been a member of the Riigikogu, where he was chairman of the Committee on Legal Affairs.From 1994 to 1995, Adams was the Justice Minister of Estonia under prime minister Andres Tarand. However, from 2003 to 2014, he did not participate in active political activities. Adams is one of the founders of the Jaan T\u00f5nisson Institute and, since 2007, has been the chairman of their council.Adams is the son of writer and literary scholar Valmar Adams.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Pro Patria Union", "Estonian Free Party", "Isamaa"], "facts": [["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Isamaa", "January 2006", "January 2014"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Estonian Free Party", "January 2014", "January 2019"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Estonian National Independence Party", "January 1988", "January 1995"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Pro Patria Union", "January 1995", "January 2006"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "position held", "member of the Estonian Riigikogu", "March 2015", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for in July 1923?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for in Jul 1923?", "date": "July 02 1923", "text_answers": {"text": ["Philips"]}, "id": "L2_Q57070_P108_3", "fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to January 1909. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from January 1954 to January 1961. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to January 1920. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to January 1935. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from January 1925 to January 1928. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to January 1925.", "adv_fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from Jan 1925 to Jan 1928. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from Jan 1954 to Jan 1961. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to 01/1935. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to 01/1909. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to Jan 1920. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to 01/1925.", "context": "Gustav Ludwig HertzGustav Ludwig Hertz (; 22 July 1887 \u2013 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work on inelastic electron collisions in gases, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.Hertz was born in Hamburg, the son of Auguste (n\u00e9e Arning) and a lawyer, Gustav Theodor Hertz (1858\u20131904), Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' brother. He attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before studying at the Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen (1906\u20131907), the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1907\u20131908), and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1908\u20131911). He received his doctorate in 1911 under Heinrich Leopold Rubens.From 1911 to 1914, Hertz was an assistant to Rubens at the University of Berlin. It was during this time that Hertz and James Franck performed experiments on inelastic electron collisions in gases, known as the Franck\u2013Hertz experiments, and for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925.During World War I, Hertz served in the military from 1914. In 1915 he joined Fritz Haber's unit that would introduce poisonous chlorine gas as a weapon. He was seriously wounded in 1915. In 1917, he returned to the University of Berlin as a Privatdozent. In 1920, he took a job as a research physicist at the Philips Incandescent Lamp Factory in Eindhoven, which he held until 1925.In 1925, Hertz became ordinarius professor and director of the Physics Institute of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. In 1928 he became ordinarius professor of experimental physics and director of the Physics Institute of the \"Technische Hochschule Berlin\" (\"THB\"), now Technical University of Berlin. While there, he developed an isotope separation technique via gaseous diffusion. Since Hertz was an officer during World War I, he was temporarily protected from National Socialist policies and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, but eventually the policies and laws became more stringent, and at the end of 1934, he was forced to resign his position at THB, as he was classified as a \"second degree part-Jew\" (his paternal grandfather Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (originally named David Gustav Hertz) (1827\u20131914) had been Jewish as a child, before his whole family had converted to Lutheranism in 1834). He then took a position at Siemens, as director of Research Laboratory II. While there, he continued his work on atomic physics and ultrasound, but he eventually discontinued his work on isotope separation. He held this position until he departed for the Soviet Union in 1945.Hertz was concerned for his safety and, like his fellow Nobel laureate James Franck, was looking to move to the USA or any other place outside Germany. So he made a pact with three colleagues: Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory \"Forschungslaboratorium f\u00fcr Elektronenphysik\", Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the THB. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts.On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10\u00a0km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul'rips (Gulrip'shi). Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included:(1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader,(2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus M\u00fchlenpfordt was the leader,(3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Sch\u00fctze was the leader,(4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and(5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader;Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Other members of Institute G were Werner Hartmann and Karl-Franz Z\u00fchlke. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne's Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to.By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force. Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi. Volmer went to the Scientific Research Institute No. 9 (NII-9). in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water. In Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation.In 1949, six German scientists, including Hertz, Thiessen, and Barwich were called in for consultation at Sverdlovsk-44, which was responsible for uranium enrichment. The plant, smaller than the American Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion plant, was getting only a little over half of the expected 90% or higher enrichment.After 1950, Hertz moved to Moscow. In 1951, Hertz was awarded a Stalin Prize, second class, with Barwich. In that year, James Franck and Hertz were jointly awarded the Max Planck Medal by the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Hertz remained in the Soviet Union until 1955.Upon return from the Soviet Union, Hertz became ordinarius professor at the University of Leipzig. From 1955 to 1967, he was also the chairman of the Physical Society of the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (GDR); he was honorary chairman from 1967 to 1975.Gustav Hertz was a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz and a cousin of Mathilde Carmen Hertz. In 1919, Hertz married Ellen n\u00e9e Dihlmann, who died in 1941. They had two sons, Carl Helmut Hertz and Johannes Heinrich Hertz; both became physicists.Hertz was a Member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Corresponding Member of the G\u00f6ttingen Academy of Sciences, an Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, a Member of the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leipzig University", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Technical University of Berlin"], "facts": [["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "January 1925", "January 1928"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Leipzig University", "January 1954", "January 1961"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1906", "January 1908"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Technical University of Berlin", "January 1928", "January 1935"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1908", "January 1909"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Koninklijke Philips NV", "January 1920", "January 1925"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Evan Tom Davies work for in April 1971?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Evan Tom Davies work for in 04/1971?", "date": "April 28 1971", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Waterloo"]}, "id": "L2_Q20476511_P108_6", "fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from January 1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to January 1973. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from January 1946 to January 1969. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from January 1930 to January 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from January 1969 to January 1971.", "adv_fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from Jan 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from Jan 1921 to 01/1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from Jan 1946 to 01/1969. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from Jan 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to 01/1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from 01/1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from 01/1930 to Jan 1946.", "context": "Evan Tom DaviesEvan Tom Davies (24 September 1904 \u2013 8 October 1973) was a Welsh mathematician. He studied applications of the Lie derivative as it relates to Riemannian geometry as well as absolute differential calculus, and published a large number of papers relating to the subjects.Davies was born in 1904 in Pencader, Carmarthenshire, a small village in Wales. He was the son of two farmers and attended a local primary school. After finishing primary school, Davies received a full ride scholarship to Llandysul County School in the neighbouring town of Llandysul. There he became friends with Evan James Williams, a future professor of physics at Aberystwyth University and member of the Royal Society. In 1921, he enrolled in Aberystwyth University. He would graduate with a Bachelor of Science with honours in the field of applied mathematics. After graduation he went to Swansea University where he studied pure mathematics and received his master's degree. Davies would move to Rome in August 1926 to study with the leading expert on absolute differential calculus, Tullio Levi-Civita. There he received his doctorate.In 1930, after a short academic break due to poor health, Davies accepted a position as an assistant lecturer at King's College London. There he was promoted twice, first to Lecturer in 1935, and later to Reader in 1946. Davies was affected by the evacuation of King's College due to the London Blitz and was forced to temporarily relocate to the University of Bristol. After the conclusion of the Second World War and his subsequent promotion to Lecturer; Davie would become the chair of mathematics at the University of Southampton. He stayed at Southampton until his retirement in 1969 at the age of 65. After retirement, he went on to be a professor of mathematics at the University of Calgary for a period two years until leaving to be a professor at the University of Waterloo. He died at the age of 69 while employed there.Davies' first marriage was to Margaret Helen Picton in 1941, but she died a few years later in 1944. In 1955 he remarried, to Hilda Gladys Boyens, and they had one son. He made a hobby of linguistics and was fluent in five languages.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Southampton", "University of Calgary", "King's College London"], "facts": [["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "King's College London", "January 1930", "January 1946"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Calgary", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Southampton", "January 1946", "January 1969"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Waterloo", "January 1971", "January 1973"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Aberystwyth University", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Swansea University", "January 1924", "January 1926"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Aleksandr Dugin belong to in November 2013?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Aleksandr Dugin belong to in 11/2013?", "date": "November 28 2013", "text_answers": {"text": ["Eurasia Party"]}, "id": "L2_Q438839_P102_2", "fact_context": "Aleksandr Dugin studied at Moscow Aviation Institute from January 1978 to January 1979. \n Aleksandr Dugin was a member of the Eurasia Party from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Aleksandr Dugin worked for International Independent University of Environmental and Political Sciences from January 2000 to January 2001.", "adv_fact_context": "Aleksandr Dugin studied at Moscow Aviation Institute from January 1978 to Jan 1979. \n Aleksandr Dugin was a member of the Eurasia Party from Jun 2002 to May 2023. \n Aleksandr Dugin worked for International Independent University of Environmental and Political Sciences from Jan 2000 to 01/2001.", "context": "Aleksandr DuginAleksandr Gelyevich Dugin (; born 7 January 1962) is a Russian political analyst and strategist known for his fascist views.He reportedly has close ties with the Kremlin and the Russian military although this has been disputed, he instead being described as a fringe figure with limited influence. He served as an advisor to State Duma speaker Gennadiy Seleznyov and leading member of the ruling United Russia party, Sergei Naryshkin. Dugin was the main organizer of the National Bolshevik Party, National Bolshevik Front, and the Eurasia Party. He is the author of more than 30 books, among them \"Foundations of Geopolitics\" (1997) and \"The Fourth Political Theory\" (2009).Dugin was born in Moscow, into the family of a colonel-general in the Soviet military intelligence and candidate of law, Geliy Alexandrovich Dugin, and his wife Galina, a doctor and candidate of medicine. His father left the family when he was three, but did ensure that they had a good standard of living, and helped Dugin out of trouble with the authorities on occasion. He was transferred to the customs service due to his son's behaviour in 1983. In 1979, Aleksandr entered the Moscow Aviation Institute, but did not graduate, and had to undertake a correspondence course at a different college. He then got the master in philosophy and eventually two PhDs, one in sociology and the other one in political sciences.In 1980, Dugin joined the 'Yuzhinsky group', an avant-garde dissident group which dabbled in Satanism and other forms of the occult. In the group, he was known for his embrace of Nazism which he attributes to a rebellion against his Soviet raising, as opposed to genuine sympathy for Hitler. He adopted an alter ego with the name of 'Hans Siever', a reference to Wolfram Sievers, a Nazi researcher of the paranormal. Studying by himself, he learnt to speak Italian, German, French and English; he also speaks Spanish. He also discovered the writings of Julius Evola in the V. I. Lenin State Library, and adopted the beliefs of the Traditionalist School.In the 1980s, Dugin was a dissident and an anti-communist. Dugin worked as a journalist before becoming involved in politics just before the fall of communism. In 1988, he and his friend Geydar Dzhemal joined the nationalist group Pamyat, which would later give rise to Russian fascism. He helped to write the political program for the newly refounded Communist Party of the Russian Federation under the leadership of Gennady Zyuganov.Dugin published \"Foundations of Geopolitics\" in 1997; this work has been used as a textbook in the Academy of the General Staff of the Russian military, and alarms political scientists in the US, sometimes referenced by them as \"Russia's Manifest Destiny\". Also in 1997, his article, \"Fascism \u2013 Borderless and Red\", proclaimed the arrival of a \"genuine, true, radically revolutionary and consistent, fascist fascism\" in Russia. He believes that it was \"by no means the racist and chauvinist aspects of National Socialism that determined the nature of its ideology. The excesses of this ideology in Germany are a matter exclusively of the Germans ... while Russian fascism is a combination of natural national conservatism with a passionate desire for true changes.\" \"Waffen-SS and especially the scientific sector of this organization, Ahnenerbe,\" was \"an intellectual oasis in the framework of the National Socialist regime\", according to him.\"Dugin soon began publishing his own journal entitled \"Elementy\", which initially began by praising Franco-Belgian Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Thiriart, belatedly a supporter of a \"Euro-Soviet empire which would stretch from Dublin to Vladivostok and would also need to expand to the south, since it require(s) a port on the Indian Ocean.\" Consistently glorifying both Tsarist and Stalinist Russia, \"Elementy\" also indicated his admiration for Julius Evola. Dugin also collaborated with the weekly journal \"Den\" (The Day), previously directed by Alexander Prokhanov.Dugin disapproves of liberalism and the West, particularly US hegemony. He asserts that \"We are on the side of Stalin and the Soviet Union\". He calls himself a conservative: \"We, conservatives, want a strong, solid State, want order and healthy family, positive values, the reinforcing of the importance of religion and the Church in society\". He adds: \"We want patriotic radio, TV, patriotic experts, patriotic clubs. We want the media that expresses national interests\". According to Marlene Laruelle, the thinking of Dugin, main manufacturer of a fascism \"\u00e0-la-russe\", could be described as a series of concentric circles, with far-right ideologies underpinned by different political and philosophical traditions (Esoteric Nazism, Traditionalism/Perennialism, the German Conservative Revolution and the European New Right) at its backbone.Dugin supports Martin Heidegger's thought, notably the geo\u2013philosophical concept of \"Dasein\". According to Dugin, the forces of liberal and capitalist Western civilization represent what the ancient Greeks called \"\u1f55\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2\" (hubris), \"the essential form of titanism\" (the anti-ideal form), which opposes Heaven (\"the ideal form\u2014in terms of space, time, being\"). In other words, the West would summarize \"the revolt of the Earth against Heaven\". To what he calls the West's \"atomizing\" universalism, Dugin contrasts an apophatic universalism, expressed in the political idea of \"empire\". Values of democracy, human rights, individualism, etc are considered by him not to be universal but uniquely Western. In 2019, Dugin engaged in a debate with French intellectual Bernard-Henri L\u00e9vy on the theme of what has been called \"the crisis of capitalism\" and the insurrection of nationalist populisms.Dugin has espoused fascist views, and has theorized the foundation of a \"Euro-Asian empire\" capable of fighting the US-led Western world. In this regard, he was the organizer and the first leader of the National Bolshevik Party from 1993 to 1998 (along Eduard Limonov) and, subsequently, of the National Bolshevik Front and of the Eurasia Party, which then became a non-governmental association. Dugin's Eurasitic ideology therefore aims at the unification of all Russian-speaking peoples in a single country through the forced territorial dismemberment of the former republics of the Soviet Union.In the early 1990s Dugin's work at the National Bolshevik Front included research into the roots of national movements and the activities of supporting esoteric groups in the first half of the 20th century. Partnering Christian Bouchet, a then-member of the French OTO, and building on the national-fascist and migratory-integrative interest groups in Asia and Europe, they contribute in bringing international politics closer to Russia's Eurasian geopolitical concept.Dugin spent two years studying the geopolitical, semiotic and esoteric theories of the controversial German scholar Herman Wirth (1885-1981), one of the founders of the German Ahnenerbe. This resulted in book \"Hyperborean Theory\" (1993), in which Dugin largely endorsed Wirths ideas as a possible foundation for his Eurasianism. Apparently, this is \"one of the most extensive summaries and treatments of Wirth in any language\". According to the Moldavian anthropologist Leonid Mosionjnik Wirths overtly wild ideas fitted perfectly well in the ideological void after the demise of communism, liberalism and democracy. Dugin also promoted the legend that Wirth had written an important book on the history of the Jewish People and the Old Testament, the so-called \"Palestinabuch\", which could have changed the world had it not been stolen.Dugin's ideas, particularly those on \"a Turkic-Slavic alliance in the Eurasian sphere\" have begun to receive attention among certain nationalistic circles in Turkey, most notably among alleged members of the Ergenekon network, which is the subject of a high-profile trial (on charges of conspiracy). Dugin's Eurasianist ideology has also been linked to his adherence to the doctrines of the Traditionalist School. (Dugin's Traditionalist beliefs are the subject of a book length study by J. Heiser, \"The American Empire Should Be Destroyed\u2014Aleksandr Dugin and the Perils of Immanentized Eschatology.\") Dugin also advocates for a Russo-Arab alliance.The reborn Russia, according to Dugin's concept, is said by Charles Clover of the \"Financial Times\" to be a slightly remade version of the Soviet Union with echoes of \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" by George Orwell, where Eurasia was one of three continent-sized super states including Eastasia and Oceania as the other two and was participating in endless war between them. In the Eurasian public discourse sphere, the totalitarian communist policy deployed in over three decades of works by various international groups that are part of the movement, is \"a version of reintegration of the post-Soviet space into a \"Eurasian\" sphere of influence for Russia\". The North American program \"works with a wide range of partners from all sectors of civil society\" and \"is advanced through grant making, advocacy and research, regional initiatives, and close engagement\".Dugin was baptized at the age of six in the Russian Orthodox church of Michurinsk by his great-grandmother Elena Mikhailovna Kargaltseva. Since 1999, he formally embraced a branch of the Old Believers, a Russian religious movement which rejected the 1652\u20131666 reforms of the official Russian Orthodox Church. Dugin's Eurasian philosophy owes much to Traditional Integralism and \"Nouvelle Droite\" movements, and as such it resonates with Neopaganism, a category which in this context means the movement of Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery), especially in the forms of Anastasianism and Ynglism. Dugin's Eurasianism is often cited as belonging to the same spectrum of these movements, as well as also having influences from Hermetic, Gnostic and Eastern traditions. He himself calls to rely upon \"Eastern theology and mystical currents\" for the development of the Fourth Political Theory.According to Marlene Laruelle, Dugin's adherence to the Old Believers allows him to stand between Paganism and Orthodox Christianity without formally adopting either of them. His choice is not paradoxical, since, according to him\u2014in the wake of Ren\u00e9 Gu\u00e9non\u2014Russian Orthodoxy and especially the Old Believers have preserved an esoteric and initiatory character which was utterly lost in Western Christianity. As such, the Russian Orthodox tradition may be merged with Neopaganism and may host \"Neopaganism's nationalist force, which anchors it in the Russian soil, and separates it from the two other Christian confessions\".The Eurasia Party, which advances neo-Eurasianist ideas, was launched in April 2001. Dugin was reported as the group's founder. He said the movement would stress cultural diversity in Russian politics, and oppose \"American style globalisation, and would also resist a return to communism and nationalism.\" It was officially recognized by the Ministry of Justice on 31 May 2001. The Eurasia Party claims support in some military circles and by leaders of the Orthodox Christian faith in Russia, and the party hopes to play a key role in attempts to resolve the Chechen problem, with the objective of setting the stage for Dugin's objective of a Russian strategic alliance with European and Middle Eastern states, primarily Iran. In 2005, Dugin founded the Eurasian Youth Union of Russia as the youth wing of the International Eurasia Movement.In 1992, Eduard Limonov founded the National Bolshevik Front (NBF) as an amalgamation of six minor groups. Aleksandr Dugin was among the earliest members and was instrumental in convincing Limonov to enter politics, and signed the a declaration of the founding of the party in 1993. The party first attracted attention in 1992 when two members were arrested for possessing grenades. The incident gave the NBP publicity for a boycott campaign they were organizing against Western goods. The NBF joined forces with the National Salvation Front (a broad coalition of Russian communists and nationalists). In 1998, Dugin left the NBP as a result of a conflict with other members of the party. This led to the party moving further left in Russia's political spectrum, and lead to members of the party denouncing Dugin and his group as fascists.Dugin supports Putin and his foreign policies but has opposed the Russian government's economic policies. His 2007 quote, \"There are no more opponents of Putin's course and, if there are, they are mentally ill and need to be sent off for clinical examination. Putin is everywhere, Putin is everything, Putin is absolute, and Putin is indispensable\" \u2013 was voted number two in flattery by readers of \"Kommersant\".In the Kremlin, Dugin represents the \"war party\", a division within the leadership over Ukraine. Dugin is an author of Putin's initiative for the annexation of Crimea by Russia. He considered the war between Russia and Ukraine to be inevitable and appealed for Putin to start intervene in the War in Donbas. Dugin said: \"The Russian Renaissance can only stop by Kiev.\" During the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine, Dugin was in regular contact with pro-Russian separatist insurgents. He described his position as \"unconditionally pro-DPR and pro-LPR\". A Skype video call posted on YouTube showed Dugin providing instructions to separatists of South and Eastern Ukraine as well as advising Ekaterina Gubareva, whose husband Pavel Gubarev declared himself a local governor and after that was arrested by the Security Service of Ukraine. On 31 March 2014, Oleg Bahtiyarov, a member of the Eurasia Youth Union of Russia founded by Dugin, was arrested. He had trained a group of about 200 people to seize parliament and another government building, according to the Security Service of Ukraine. Dugin stated he was disappointed in Russian President Vladimir Putin, saying that Putin did not aid the pro-Russian insurgents in Ukraine after the Ukrainian Army's . In August 2014, Dugin called for a \"genocide\" of Ukrainians.Halya Coynash of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group said that the influence of Dugin's \"Eurasian ideology\" on events in eastern Ukraine and on Russia's invasion of the Crimea was beyond any doubt. According to Vincent Jauvert, Dugin's radical ideology today became the basis for the internal and foreign policy of the Russian authorities. \"So Dugin is worth listening to, in order to understand to which fate the Kremlin is leading its country and the whole of Europe.\"He has criticized the \"Euro-Atlantic involvement\" in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election as a scheme to create a \"cordon sanitaire\" around Russia, much like the French and British attempt post-World War I.Ukraine gave Dugin a five-year entry ban, starting in June 2006, and Kyiv declared him a \"persona non grata\" in 2007. His Eurasian Youth Union was banned in Ukraine. In 2007, the Security Service of Ukraine identified persons of the Eurasian Youth Union who committed : they climbed up the mountain of Hoverla, imitated sawing down the details of the construction in the form of the small coat of arms of Ukraine by tools brought with them and painted the emblem of the Eurasian Youth Union on the memorial symbol of the Constitution of Ukraine. He was deported back to Russia when he arrived at Simferopol International Airport in June 2007.Before war broke out between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Dugin visited South Ossetia and predicted, \"Our troops will occupy the Georgian capital Tbilisi, the entire country, and perhaps even Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula, which is historically part of Russia, anyway.\" Afterwards he said Russia should \"not stop at liberating South Ossetia but should move further,\" and \"we have to do something similar in Ukraine.\" In 2008, Dugin stated that Russia should repeat the Georgian scenario in Ukraine, namely attack it. In September 2008, after the Russian-Georgian war, he did not hide his anger towards Putin, who \"dared not drop the other shoe\" and \"restore the Empire.\"On 10 October 2014, Dugin said, \"Only after restoring the Greater Russia that is the Eurasian Union, we can become a credible global player. Now these processes slowed down very much. The Ukrainian maidan was the response of the West to the advance of the Russian integration.\" He described the Euromaidan as a coup d'\u00e9tat carried out by the United States: \"America wishes to wage the war against Russia not by its own hands but by the hands of the Ukrainians. Promising to wink at up to 10 thousand victims among the peaceful population of Ukraine and actually demanding the victims, the United States led to this war. The United States carried out the coup d'\u00e9tat during the maidan for the purpose of this war. The United States raised neo-Nazis Russophobes to the power for the purpose of this war.\" Dugin said Russia is the major driving force for the current events in Ukraine, \"Russia insists on its sovereignty, its liberty, responds to challenges thrown down to it, for example, in Ukraine. Russia is attempting to integrate the post-Soviet space...\" As Israeli political scientist Vyacheslav Likhachov states, \"If one seriously takes the fact that such a person as Alexander Dugin is the ideologist of the imperial dash for the West, then one can establish that Russia is not going to stop as far as the Atlantic Ocean.\"In the 2014 article by Dmitry Bykov \"Why TV, Alexander Dugin and Galina Pyshnyak crucified a boy\", Channel One Russia's use of the aired story by Dugin and Pyshnyak about the allegedly crucified boy as a pretext for escalating the conflict was compared to the case of Beilis. On 9 July 2014, Dugin on his Facebook account wrote a story that a 6-year-old child was allegedly nailed down to an advertisement board and shot to death before his father's eyes. On 16 July 2014, \"Novaya Gazeta\" provided a videotape of its correspondent Eugen Feldman walking along the main square in Sloviansk, asking local old women if they had heard of the murder of the child. They said such an event did not take place. The website Change.org hosted a petition of citizens who demanded \"a comprehensive investigation with identification for all persons involved in the fabrication of the plot.\"On 2 October 2014, Dugin described the situation in Donbas: \"The humanitarian crisis has long since been raging on the territory of Novorossiya. Already up to a million, if not more, refugees are in the Russian Federation. A large part of the inhabitants of the DPR and the LPR simply moved abroad.\" In the end of October 2014, Dugin advised the separatists to establish dictatorship in Novorossiya until they win in the confrontation.Dugin made contact with the French far-right thinker Alain de Benoist in 1990. Around the same time he also met the Belgian Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Thiriart and Yves Lacoste. In 1992 he invited some of the European far-right figures he had met into Russia. He has also has brought members of Jobbik and Golden Dawn to Russia in order to strengthen their ties to the country. According to the book \"War for Eternity\" by Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, Dugin met Steve Bannon in Rome in 2018 to discuss Russia's geopolitical relationships with the United States and China, as well as Traditionalist philosophy. Dugin also developed links with far-right and far-left political parties in the European Union, including Syriza in Greece, Ataka in Bulgaria, the Freedom Party of Austria, and Front National in France, to influence EU policy on Ukraine and Russia. Dugin is also closely aligned with Israeli journalist Avigdor Eskin, who previously served on the board of Dugin's Eurasia Party.The typical rhetoric about the fifth column as foreign agents is used by Dugin for political accusations in many publications. In his 2014 interview published by \"Vzglyad\" and \"Komsomolskaya Pravda\", he says, \"A huge struggle is being conducted. And, of course, Europe has its own fifth column, its own Bolotnaya Square-minded people. And if we have them sitting idly and doing nasty things on Dozhd, Europe is indeed dominated and ruled by the fifth column in full swing. This is the same American riffraff.\" He sees the United States standing behind all the scenes, including the Russian fifth column, according to his statement, \"The danger of our fifth column is not that they are strong, they are absolutely paltry, but that they are hired by the greatest 'godfather' of the modern world\u2014by the United States. That is why they are effective, they work, they are listened to, they get away with anything because they have the world power standing behind them.\" He sees the US embassy as the center for funding and guiding the fifth column and asserts, \"We know that the fifth column receives money and instructions from the American embassy.\"According to Dugin, the fifth column promoted the breakup of the Soviet Union as a land continental construction, seized power under Boris Yeltsin, and headed Russia as the ruling politico-economic and cultural elite until the 2000s; the fifth column is the regime of liberal reformers of the 1990s and includes former Russian oligarchs Vladimir Gusinsky, Boris Berezovsky, former government officials Mikhail Kasyanov, Boris Nemtsov, Vladimir Ryzhkov, artistic, cultural, and media workers, the Echo of Moscow, the Russian State University for the Humanities, the highest ranks of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, a significant part of teachers of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, and a minority part of teachers of the Moscow State University. Dugin proposes to deprive the fifth column of Russian citizenship and deport the group from Russia: \"I believe it is necessary to deport the fifth column and deprive them of their citizenship.\" However, in 2007, Dugin argued, \"There are no longer opponents of Putin's policy, and if there are, they are mentally ill and should be sent to prophylactic health examination.\" In 2014, Dugin in an interview to \"Der Spiegel\" confirmed that he considers the opponents of Putin to be mentally ill.In one of his publications, Dugin introduced the term \"the sixth column\" and defined it as \"the fifth column which just pretends to be something different\", those who are in favor of Putin, but demand that he stand for liberal values (as opposed to the liberal fifth column, which is specifically against Putin). During the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Dugin said that all the Russian sixth column stood up staunchly for Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov. As he asserts, \"We need to struggle against the fifth and sixth columns.\"Russian-American artist Mihail Chemiakin says Dugin is inventing \"the sixth column\". \"Soon, probably, there would already be the seventh one as well. \"The fifth column\" is understandable. That is we, intelligentsia, lousy, dirty, who read Camus. And \"the sixth column\", in his opinion, is more dangerous, because that is the personal entourage of Vladimir Putin. But he is naive and understands nothing. And as for Dugin, he can tell him who to shoot to death and who to imprison. Maybe, Kudrin and maybe, Medvedev ...\"According to Dugin, the whole Internet should be banned: \"I think that Internet as such, as a phenomenon is worth prohibiting because it gives nobody anything good.\" In June 2012, Dugin said in a lecture that chemistry and physics are demonic sciences, and that all Orthodox Russians need to unite around the president of Russia in the last battle between good and evil, following the example of Iran and North Korea. He added: \"If we want to liberate ourselves from the West, it is needed to liberate ourselves from textbooks on physics and chemistry.\"Dugin has characterized his position on the Ukrainian conflict as \"firm opposition to the Junta and Ukrainian Nazism that are annihilating peaceful civilians\" as well as rejection of liberalism and US hegemony.During the conflict in Ukraine, Dugin also lost the offered post Head of the Department of Sociology of International Relations of the Faculty of Sociology of the Moscow State University (while being Deputy Head since 2009). In 2014, a petition entitled \"We demand the dismissal of MSU Faculty of Sociology Professor A. G. Dugin!\" was signed by over 10,000 people and sent to the MSU rector Viktor Sadovnichiy. The petition was started after Dugin's interview in which he said in relation to pro-Russian activists burned in a building in Odessa on May 2, 2014: (\"But what we see on May 2nd is beyond any limits. Kill them, kill them, kill them. There should not be any more conversations. As a professor, I consider it so.\". While he was talking about \"those who perpetrated lawlessness on May 2nd\", media interpreted this as a call to kill Ukrainians. Dugin claimed to have been fired from this post; the university claimed the offer of the position of the department head resulted from a technical error and therefore cancelled, and that he would remain a professor and deputy department head under contract until September 2014. Dugin wrote the statement of resignation from the faculty staff to be reappointed to the Moscow State University staff due to the offered position of department head, but since the appointment was cancelled he was no longer a staff member of the faculty nor a staff member of the Moscow State University (the two staff memberships are formally different at the MSU).Dugin was named Chief Editor of Tsargrad TV by businessman Konstantin Malofeev soon after the TV station's founding.On 11 March 2015, the United States Department of the Treasury added Dugin to its list of Russian citizens who are sanctioned as a result of their involvement in the Ukrainian crisis; his Eurasian Youth Union was targeted too. In June 2015, Canada added Dugin to its list of sanctioned individuals.Several of Dugin's books have been published by the publishing house Arktos Media, an English-language publisher for Traditionalist and New Right books.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Aleksandr Dugin", "educated at", "Moscow Aviation Institute", "January 1978", "January 1979"], ["Aleksandr Dugin", "member of political party", "Eurasia Party", "June 2002", "May 2023"], ["Aleksandr Dugin", "employer", "International Independent University of Environmental and Political Sciences", "January 2000", "January 2001"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Jeannette Young work for in February 2011?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Jeannette Young work for in February 2011?", "date": "February 16 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Queensland Health"]}, "id": "L2_Q102105618_P108_5", "fact_context": "Jeannette Young held the position of Governor of Queensland from November 2021 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Queensland Health from August 2005 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young studied at Macquarie University from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Jeannette Young was married to Graeme Nimmo from March 2000 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Westmead Hospital from January 1986 to December 1994. \n Jeannette Young worked for Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane from January 1999 to January 2005. \n Jeannette Young worked for Rockhampton Base Hospital from December 1994 to January 1999.", "adv_fact_context": "Jeannette Young worked for Rockhampton Base Hospital from December 1994 to Jan 1999. \n Jeannette Young worked for Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane from 01/1999 to 01/2005. \n Jeannette Young worked for Queensland Health from Aug 2005 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young studied at Macquarie University from January 1993 to 01/1994. \n Jeannette Young held the position of Governor of Queensland from November 2021 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young was married to Graeme Nimmo from 03/2000 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Westmead Hospital from January 1986 to 12/1994.", "context": "Jeannette YoungJeannette Rosita Young (born 1962/1963) is an Australian medical doctor and administrator who is currently Chief Health Officer of Queensland, and the Governor-designate of Queensland. She has served in the role since 2005, and is as of 2020 Australia's longest-serving current chief health officer.Raised in Sydney, New South Wales, Young attended secondary school at St Ives High School, graduating in 1980, before studying at the University of Sydney and graduating in 1986 with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. She started her career as a doctor at Westmead Hospital in Sydney in 1986 before moving into medical administration at the same hospital in July 1992.She relocated to Queensland upon her appointment as Director of Medical Services at Rockhampton Hospital in December 1994. In April 1995, she was awarded a Master of Business Administration by Macquarie University. She then moved into a position similar to her role in Rockhampton, as Executive Director of Medical Services at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, in January 1999.On 17 August 2005, she was appointed to succeed Gerry FitzGerald as Chief Health Officer of Queensland. She gained prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, holding multiple press briefings regarding the disease. Her recommendation to the Palaszczuk Government to close the state's borders, which was implemented, proved controversial as she received numerous death threats and was placed under police protection in September 2020.On June 21 2021 the Premier of Queensland Annastacia Palaszczuk announced Young will become the 27th Governor of Queensland. The current Governor Paul de Jersey was due to retire in July 2021, but will extend his term until November to allow Young to focus on the COVID-19 vaccine rollout as Chief Health Officer.Young has been a fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators since November 2004. She has also received honorary doctorates from Griffith University, in 2015, and Queensland University of Technology, in 2017.In 2015, she was awarded the Public Service Medal for \"outstanding public service to Queensland Health\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Westmead Hospital", "Rockhampton Base Hospital", "Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane"], "facts": [["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Rockhampton Base Hospital", "December 1994", "January 1999"], ["Jeannette Young", "spouse", "Graeme Nimmo", "March 2000", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "educated at", "Macquarie University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Queensland Health", "August 2005", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Westmead Hospital", "January 1986", "December 1994"], ["Jeannette Young", "position held", "Governor of Queensland", "November 2021", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane", "January 1999", "January 2005"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Roy Jenkins hold in April 1998?", "adv_question": "Which position did Roy Jenkins hold in April 1998?", "date": "April 10 1998", "text_answers": {"text": ["Chancellor of the University of Oxford", "Member of the House of Lords"]}, "id": "L2_Q323488_P39_18", "fact_context": "Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the House of Lords from November 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to September 1964. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the University of Oxford from March 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1974 to January 1977. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1950 to October 1951. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1955 to September 1959. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of President of the European Commission from January 1977 to January 1981. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1982 to May 1983. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from April 1948 to February 1950. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to February 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from July 1955 to October 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from November 1967 to June 1970. \n Roy Jenkins was a member of the Liberal Democrats from March 1988 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1964 to March 1966. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1951 to May 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from April 1956 to January 1957. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1966 to May 1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 1970 to April 1972. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1983 to May 1987. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Home Secretary from November 1973 to March 1974.", "adv_fact_context": "Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to 02/1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from 05/1955 to Sep 1959. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar 1966 to May 1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from November 1967 to 06/1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1983 to May 1987. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Home Secretary from November 1973 to March 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 03/1982 to 05/1983. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the House of Lords from 11/1987 to 01/2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1964 to 03/1966. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to Sep 1964. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of President of the European Commission from Jan 1977 to 01/1981. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 10/1974 to January 1977. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1950 to Oct 1951. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the University of Oxford from Mar 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins was a member of the Liberal Democrats from Mar 1988 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr 1948 to 02/1950. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jul 1955 to October 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 1970 to Apr 1972. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1951 to May 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Apr 1956 to 01/1957.", "context": "Roy JenkinsRoy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, (11 November 1920\u00a0\u2013 5 January 2003) was a British politician who served as President of the European Commission from 1977 to 1981. At various times a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Labour Party, Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Liberal Democrats, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary under the Wilson and Callaghan Governments.The son of Arthur Jenkins, a coal-miner and Labour MP, Jenkins was educated at the University of Oxford and served as an intelligence officer during the Second World War. Initially elected as MP for Southwark Central in 1948, he moved to become MP for Birmingham Stechford in 1950. On the election of Harold Wilson after the 1964 election, Jenkins was appointed Minister of Aviation. A year later, he was promoted to the Cabinet to become Home Secretary. In this role, Jenkins embarked on a major reform programme; he sought to build what he described as \"a civilised society\", overseeing measures such as the effective abolition in Britain of both capital punishment and theatre censorship, the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality, relaxing of divorce law, suspension of birching and the liberalisation of abortion law.After the devaluation crisis in November 1967, Jenkins replaced James Callaghan as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Throughout his time at the Treasury, Jenkins oversaw a tight fiscal policy in an attempt to control inflation, and oversaw a particularly tough Budget in 1968 which saw major tax rises. As a result of this, the Government's current account entered a surplus in 1969. After Labour unexpectedly lost the 1970 election, Jenkins was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in 1970. He resigned from the position in 1972 after the Labour Party decided to oppose Britain's entry to the European Communities, which he strongly supported. When Labour returned to power following the 1974 election, Wilson appointed Jenkins as Home Secretary for the second time. Two years later, when Wilson resigned as Prime Minister, Jenkins stood in the leadership election to succeed him, finishing third behind Michael Foot and the winner James Callaghan. He subsequently chose to resign from Parliament and leave British politics, to accept appointment as the first-ever British President of the European Commission, a role he took up in January 1977.After completing his term at the Commission in 1981, Jenkins announced a surprise return to British politics; dismayed with the Labour Party's move further left under the leadership of Michael Foot, he became one of the \"Gang of Four\", senior Labour figures who broke away from the party and founded the SDP. In 1982, Jenkins won a by-election to return to Parliament as MP for Glasgow Hillhead, taking the seat from the Conservatives in a famous result. He became leader of the SDP ahead of the 1983 election, during which he formed an electoral alliance with the Liberal Party. After his disappointment with the performance of the SDP in the election, he resigned as leader. He subsequently lost his seat in Parliament at the 1987 election, and accepted a life peerage shortly afterwards; he sat in the House of Lords as a Liberal Democrat.He was later elected to succeed former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as Chancellor of the University of Oxford following the latter's death; he would hold this position until his own death sixteen years later. In the late 1990s, he served as a close adviser to Prime Minister Tony Blair and chaired a major commission on electoral reform. In addition to his political career, he was also a noted historian, biographer and writer. His (1991) is regarded as one of the best autobiographies of the later twentieth century, which \"will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten\". Jenkins died in 2003, aged 82.Born in Abersychan, Monmouthshire, in southeastern Wales, as an only child, Roy Jenkins was the son of a National Union of Mineworkers official, Arthur Jenkins. His father was imprisoned during the 1926 General Strike for his alleged involvement in disturbances. Arthur Jenkins later became President of the South Wales Miners' Federation and Member of Parliament for Pontypool, Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee, and briefly a minister in the 1945 Labour government. Roy Jenkins' mother, Hattie Harris, was the daughter of a steelworks foreman.Jenkins was educated at Pentwyn Primary School, Abersychan County Grammar School, University College, Cardiff, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was twice defeated for the Presidency of the Oxford Union but took First-Class Honours in Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE). His university colleagues included Tony Crosland, Denis Healey and Edward Heath, and he became friends with all three, although he was never particularly close to Healey.In John Campbell's biography \"A Well-Rounded Life\" a romantic relationship between Jenkins and Crosland was detailed. Other figures he met whilst at Oxford who would become notable in public life included Madron Seligman, Nicholas Henderson and Mark Bonham Carter.During the Second World War, Jenkins received his officer training at Alton Towers and was posted to the 55th West Somerset Yeomanry at West Lavington, Wiltshire. Through the influence of his father, in April 1944 Jenkins was sent to Bletchley Park to work as a codebreaker; whilst there he befriended the historian Asa Briggs.Having failed to win Solihull in 1945, after which he spent a brief period working for the Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation, he was elected to the House of Commons in a 1948 by-election as the Member of Parliament for Southwark Central, becoming the \"Baby of the House\". His constituency was abolished in boundary changes for the 1950 general election, when he stood instead in the new Birmingham Stechford constituency. He won the seat, and represented the constituency until 1977.In 1947 he edited a collection of Clement Attlee's speeches, published under the title \"Purpose and Policy\". Attlee then granted Jenkins access to his private papers so that he could write his biography, which appeared in 1948 (\"Mr Attlee: An Interim Biography\"). The reviews were generally favourable, including George Orwell's in \"Tribune\".In 1950, he advocated a large capital levy, abolition of public schools and introduction of a measure of industrial democracy to nationalised industries as key policy objectives for the Labour government. In 1951 \"Tribune\" published his pamphlet \"Fair Shares for the Rich\". Here, Jenkins advocated the abolition of large private incomes by taxing them, graduating from 50 per cent for incomes between \u00a320,000 and \u00a330,000 to 95 per cent for incomes over \u00a3100,000. He also proposed further nationalisations and said: \"Future nationalisations will be more concerned with equality than with planning, and this means that we can leave the monolithic public corporation behind us and look for more intimate forms of ownership and control\". He later described this \"almost Robespierrean\" pamphlet as \"the apogee of my excursion to the left\".Jenkins contributed an essay on 'Equality' to the 1952 collection \"New Fabian Essays\". In 1953 appeared \"Pursuit of Progress\", a work intended to counter Bevanism. Retreating from what he had demanded in \"Fair Shares for the Rich\", Jenkins now argued that the redistribution of wealth would occur over a generation and abandoned the goal of public school abolition. However, he still proposed further nationalisations: \"It is quite impossible to advocate both the abolition of great inequalities of wealth and the acceptance of a one-quarter public sector and three-quarters private sector arrangement. A mixed economy there will undoubtedly be, certainly for many decades and perhaps permanently, but it will need to be mixed in very different proportions from this\". He also opposed the Bevanites' neutralist foreign policy platform: \"Neutrality is essentially a conservative policy, a policy of defeat, of announcing to the world that we have nothing to say to which the world will listen. ... Neutrality could never be acceptable to anyone who believes that he has a universal faith to preach\". Jenkins argued that the Labour leadership needed to take on and defeat the neutralists and pacifists in the party; it would be better to risk a split in the party than face \"the destruction, by schism, perhaps for a generation, of the whole progressive movement in the country\".Between 1951 and 1956 he wrote a weekly column for the Indian newspaper \"The Current\". Here he advocated progressive reforms such as equal pay, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the liberalisation of the obscenity laws and the abolition of capital punishment. \"Mr Balfour's Poodle\", a short account of the House of Lords crisis of 1911 that culminated in the Parliament Act 1911, was published in 1954. Favourable reviewers included A. J. P. Taylor, Harold Nicolson, Leonard Woolf and Violet Bonham Carter. After a suggestion by Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins then wrote a biography of the Victorian radical, Sir Charles Dilke, which was published in October 1958.During the 1956 Suez Crisis, Jenkins denounced Anthony Eden's \"squalid imperialist adventure\" at a Labour rally in Birmingham Town Hall. Three years later he claimed that \"Suez was a totally unsuccessful attempt to achieve unreasonable and undesirable objectives by methods which were at once reckless and immoral; and the consequences, as was well deserved, were humiliating and disastrous\".Jenkins praised Anthony Crosland's 1956 work \"The Future of Socialism\" as \"the most important book on socialist theory\" since Evan Durbin's \"The Politics of Democratic Socialism\" (1940). With much of the economy now nationalised, Jenkins argued, socialists should concentrate on eliminating the remaining pockets of poverty and on the removal of class barriers, as well as promoting libertarian social reforms. Jenkins was principal sponsor, in 1959, of the bill which became the liberalising Obscene Publications Act, responsible for establishing the \"liable to deprave and corrupt\" criterion as a basis for a prosecution of suspect material and for specifying literary merit as a possible defence.In July 1959 Penguin published Jenkins' \"The Labour Case\", timed to anticipate the upcoming election. Jenkins argued that Britain's chief danger was that of \"living sullenly in the past, of believing that the world has a duty to keep us in the station to which we are accustomed, and showing bitter resentment if it does not do so\". He added: \"Our neighbours in Europe are roughly our economic and military equals. We would do better to live gracefully with them than to waste our substance by trying unsuccessfully to keep up with the power giants of the modern world\". Jenkins claimed that the Attlee government concentrated \"too much towards the austerity of fair shares, and too little towards the incentives of free consumers' choice\". Although he still believed in the elimination of poverty and more equality, Jenkins now argued that these aims could be achieved by economic growth. In the final chapter ('Is Britain Civilised?') Jenkins set out a list of necessary progressive social reforms: the abolition of the death penalty, decriminalisation of homosexuality, abolition of the Lord Chamberlain's powers of theatre censorship, liberalisation of the licensing and betting laws, liberalisation of the divorce laws, legalisation of abortion, decriminalisation of suicide and more liberal immigration laws. Jenkins concluded:Let us be on the side of those who want people to be free to live their own lives, to make their own mistakes, and to decide, in an adult way and provided they do not infringe the rights of others, the code by which they wish to live; and on the side of experiment and brightness, of better buildings and better food, of better music (jazz as well as Bach) and better books, of fuller lives and greater freedom. In the long run these things will be more important than the most perfect of economic policies.In the aftermath of Labour's 1959 defeat, Jenkins appeared on \"Panorama\" and argued that Labour should abandon further nationalisation, question its connection with the trade unions and not dismiss a closer association with the Liberal Party. In November he delivered a Fabian Society lecture in which he blamed Labour's defeat on the unpopularity of nationalisation and he repeated this in an article for \"The Spectator\". His \"Spectator\" article also called for Britain to accept its diminished place in the world, to grant colonial freedom, to spend more on public services and to promote the right of individuals to live their own lives free from the constraints of popular prejudices and state interference. Jenkins later called it a \"good radical programme, although...not a socialist one\".In May 1960 Jenkins joined the Campaign for Democratic Socialism, a Gaitskellite pressure group designed to fight against left-wing domination of the Labour Party. In July 1960 Jenkins resigned from his frontbench role in order to be able to campaign freely for British membership of the Common Market. At the 1960 Labour Party conference in Scarborough, Jenkins advocated rewriting Clause IV of the party's constitution but he was booed. In November he wrote in \"The Spectator\" that \"unless the Labour Party is determined to abdicate its role as a mass party and become nothing more than a narrow sectarian society, its paramount task is to represent the whole of the Leftward-thinking half of the country\u2014and to offer the prospect of attracting enough marginal support to give that half some share of power\".During 1960\u201362 his main campaign was British membership of the Common Market, where he became Labour's leading advocate of entry. When Harold Macmillan initiated the first British application to join the Common Market in 1961, Jenkins became deputy chairman of the all-party Common Market Campaign and then chairman of the Labour Common Market Committee. At the 1961 Labour Party conference Jenkins spoke in favour of Britain's entry.Since 1959 Jenkins had been working on a biography of the Liberal Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith. For Jenkins, Asquith ranked with Attlee as the embodiment of the moderate, liberal intelligence in politics that he most admired. Through Asquith's grandson, Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins had access to Asquith's letters to his mistress, Venetia Stanley. Kenneth Rose, Michael Foot, Asa Briggs and John Grigg all favourably reviewed the book when it was published in October 1964. However, Violet Bonham Carter wrote a defence of her father in \"The Times\" against the few criticisms of Asquith in the book, and Robert Rhodes James wrote in \"The Spectator\" that \"Asquith was surely a tougher, stronger, more acute man...than Mr. Jenkins would have us believe. The fascinating enigma of his complete decline is never really analysed, nor even understood. ... We required a Sutherland: but we have got an Annigoni\". John Campbell claims that \"for half a century it has remained unchallenged as the best biography and is rightly regarded as a classic\".Like Healey and Crosland, he had been a close friend of Hugh Gaitskell and for them Gaitskell's death and the elevation of Harold Wilson as Labour Party leader was a setback. For Jenkins, Gaitskell would remain his political hero. After the 1964 general election Jenkins was appointed Minister of Aviation and was sworn of the Privy Council. While at Aviation he oversaw the high-profile cancellations of the BAC TSR-2 and Concorde projects (although the latter was later reversed after strong opposition from the French Government). In January 1965 Patrick Gordon Walker resigned as Foreign Secretary and in the ensuing reshuffle Wilson offered Jenkins the Department for Education and Science; however, he declined it, preferring to stay at Aviation.In the summer of 1965 Jenkins eagerly accepted an offer to replace Frank Soskice as Home Secretary. However Wilson, dismayed by a sudden bout of press speculation about the potential move, delayed Jenkins' appointment until December. Once Jenkins took office \u2013 the youngest Home Secretary since Churchill \u2013 he immediately set about reforming the operation and organisation of the Home Office. The Principal Private Secretary, Head of the Press and Publicity Department and Permanent Under-Secretary were all replaced. He also redesigned his office, famously replacing the board on which condemned prisoners were listed with a fridge.After the 1966 general election, in which Labour won a comfortable majority, Jenkins pushed through a series of police reforms which reduced the number of separate forces from 117 to 49. \"The Times\" called it \"the greatest upheaval in policing since the time of Peel\". His visit to Chicago in September (to study their policing methods) convinced him of the need to introduce two-way radios to the police; whereas the Metropolitan Police possessed 25 radios in 1965, Jenkins increased this to 2,500, and provided similar numbers of radios to the rest of the country's police forces. Jenkins also provided the police with more car radios, which made the police more mobile but reduced the amount of time they spent patrolling the streets. His Criminal Justice Act 1967 introduced more stringent controls on the purchase of shotguns, outlawed last-minute alibis and introduced majority verdicts in juries in England and Wales. The Act was also designed to lower the prison population by the introduction of release under licence, easier bail, suspended sentences and earlier parole.Immigration was a divisive and provocative issue during the late 1960s and on 23 May 1966 Jenkins delivered a speech on race relations, which is widely considered to be one of his best. Addressing a London meeting of the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants he notably defined Integration:Before going on to ask:And concluding that:By the end of 1966, Jenkins was the Cabinet's rising star; the \"Guardian\" called him the best Home Secretary of the century \"and quite possibly the best since Peel\", the \"Sunday Times\" called him Wilson's most likeliest successor and the \"New Statesman\" labelled him \"Labour's Crown Prince\".In a speech to the London Labour Conference in May 1967, Jenkins said his vision was of \"a more civilised, more free and less hidebound society\" and he further claimed that \"to enlarge the area of individual choice, socially, politically and economically, not just for a few but for the whole community, is very much what democratic socialism is about\". He gave strong personal support to David Steel's Private Member's Bill for the legalisation of abortion, which became the Abortion Act 1967, telling the Commons that \"the existing law on abortion is uncertain and...harsh and archaic\", adding that \"the law is consistently flouted by those who have the means to do so. It is, therefore, very much a question of one law for the rich and one law for the poor\". When the Bill looked likely to be dropped due to insufficient time, Jenkins helped ensure that it received enough parliamentary time to pass and he voted for it in every division.Jenkins also supported Leo Abse's bill for the decriminalisation of homosexuality, which became the Sexual Offences Act 1967. Jenkins told the Commons: \"It would be a mistake to think...that by what we are doing tonight we are giving a vote of confidence or congratulation to homosexuality. Those who suffer from this disability carry a great weight of loneliness, guilt and shame. The crucial question...is, should we add to those disadvantages the full rigour of the criminal law? By its overwhelming decisions, the House has given a fairly clear answer, and I hope that the Bill will now make rapid progress towards the Statute Book. It will be an important and civilising Measure\".Jenkins also abolished the use of flogging in prisons. In July 1967 Jenkins recommended to the Home Affairs Select Committee a bill to end the Lord Chamberlain's power to censor the theatre. This was passed as the Theatres Act 1968 under Jenkins' successor as Home Secretary, James Callaghan. Jenkins also announced that he would introduce legislation banning racial discrimination in employment, which was embodied in the Race Relations Act 1968 passed under Callaghan. In October 1967 Jenkins planned to introduce legislation that would enable him to keep out the 20,000 Kenyan Asians who held British passports (this was passed four months later under Callaghan as the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968, which was based on Jenkins' draft).Jenkins is often seen as responsible for the most wide-ranging social reforms of the late 1960s, with popular historian Andrew Marr claiming \"the greatest changes of the Labour years\" were thanks to Jenkins. These reforms would not have happened when they did, earlier than in most other European countries, if Jenkins had not supported them. In a speech in Abingdon in July 1969, Jenkins said that the \"permissive society\" had been allowed to become a dirty phrase: \"A better phrase is the 'civilized society', based on the belief that different individuals will wish to make different decisions about their patterns of behaviour and that, provided these do not restrict the freedom of others, they should be allowed to do so within a framework of understanding and tolerance\". Jenkins' words were immediately reported in the press as \"The permissive society is the civilised society\", which he later wrote \"was not all that far from my meaning\".For some conservatives, such as Peter Hitchens, Jenkins' reforms remain objectionable. In his book \"The Abolition of Britain\", Hitchens accuses him of being a \"cultural revolutionary\" who takes a large part of the responsibility for the decline of \"traditional values\" in Britain. During the 1980s Margaret Thatcher and Norman Tebbit would blame Jenkins for family breakdowns, the decline of respect for authority and the decline of social responsibility. Jenkins replied by pointing out that Thatcher, with her large parliamentary majorities, never attempted to reverse his reforms.From 1967 to 1970 Jenkins served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, replacing James Callaghan following the devaluation crisis of November 1967. Jenkins' ultimate goal as Chancellor was economic growth, which depended on restoring stability to sterling at its new value after devaluation. This could only be achieved by ensuring a surplus in the balance of payments, which had been in a deficit for the previous five years. Therefore, Jenkins pursued deflation, including cuts in public expenditure and increases in taxation, in order to ensure that resources went into exports rather than domestic consumption. Jenkins warned the House of Commons in January 1968 that there was \"two years of hard slog ahead\".He quickly gained a reputation as a particularly tough Chancellor with his 1968 budget increasing taxes by \u00a3923\u00a0million, more than twice the increase of any previous budget to date. Jenkins had warned the Cabinet that a second devaluation would occur in three months if his budget did not restore confidence in sterling. He restored prescription charges (which had been abolished when Labour returned to office in 1964) and postponed the raising of the school leaving age to 16 to 1973 instead of 1971. Housing and road building plans were also heavily cut, and he also accelerated Britain's withdrawal East of Suez. Jenkins ruled out increasing the income tax and so raised the taxes on: drinks and cigarettes (except on beer), purchase tax, petrol duty, road tax, a 50 per cent rise in Selective Employment Tax and a one-off Special Charge on personal incomes. He also paid for an increase in family allowances by cutting child tax allowances.Despite Edward Heath claiming it was a \"hard, cold budget, without any glimmer of warmth\" Jenkins' first budget broadly received a warm reception, with Harold Wilson remarking that \"it was widely acclaimed as a speech of surpassing quality and elegance\" and Barbara Castle that it \"took everyone's breath away\". Richard Crossman said it was \"genuinely based on socialist principles, fair in the fullest sense by really helping people at the bottom of the scale and by really taxing the wealthy\". In his budget broadcast on 19 March, Jenkins said that Britain had been living in a \"fool's paradise\" for years and that it was \"importing too much, exporting too little and paying ourselves too much\", with a lower standard of living than France or West Germany.Jenkins' supporters in the Parliamentary Labour Party became known as the \"Jenkinsites\". These were usually younger, middle-class and university-educated ex-Gaitskellites such as Bill Rodgers, David Owen, Roy Hattersley, Dick Taverne, John Mackintosh and David Marquand. In May\u2013July 1968 some of his supporters, led by Patrick Gordon Walker and Christopher Mayhew, plotted to replace Wilson with Jenkins as Labour leader but he declined to challenge Wilson. A year later his supporters again attempted to persuade Jenkins to challenge Wilson for the party leadership but he again declined. He later wrote in his memoirs that the 1968 plot was \"for me...the equivalent of the same season of 1953 for Rab Butler. Having faltered for want of single-minded ruthlessness when there was no alternative to himself, he then settled down to a career punctuated by increasingly wide misses of the premiership. People who effectively seize the prime ministership \u2013 Lloyd George, Macmillan, Mrs Thatcher \u2013 do not let such moments slip\".In April 1968, with Britain's reserves declining by approximately \u00a3500 million every quarter, Jenkins went to Washington to obtain a $1,400 million loan from the International Monetary Fund. Following a further sterling crisis in November 1968 Jenkins was forced to raise taxes by a further \u00a3250\u00a0million. After this the currency markets slowly began to settle and his 1969 budget represented more of the same with a \u00a3340\u00a0million increase in taxation to further limit consumption.By May 1969 Britain's current account position was in surplus, thanks to a growth in exports, a drop in overall consumption and, in part, the Inland Revenue correcting a previous underestimation in export figures. In July Jenkins was also able to announce that the size of Britain's foreign currency reserves had been increased by almost $1\u00a0billion since the beginning of the year. It was at this time that he presided over Britain's only excess of government revenue over expenditure in the period 1936\u20137 to 1987\u20138. Thanks in part to these successes there was a high expectation that the 1970 budget would be a more generous one. Jenkins, however, was cautious about the stability of Britain's recovery and decided to present a more muted and fiscally neutral budget. It is often argued that this, combined with a series of bad trade figures, contributed to the Conservative victory at the 1970 general election. Historians and economists have often praised Jenkins for presiding over the transformation in Britain's fiscal and current account positions towards the end of the 1960s. Andrew Marr, for example, described him as one of the 20th century's \"most successful chancellors\". Alec Cairncross considered Jenkins \"the ablest of the four Chancellors I served\".Public expenditure as a proportion of GDP rose from 44 per cent in 1964 to around 50 per cent in 1970. Despite Jenkins' warnings about inflation, wage settlements in 1969\u201370 increased on average by 13 per cent and contributed to the high inflation of the early 1970s and consequently negated most of Jenkins' efforts to obtain a balance of payments surplus.After Labour unexpectedly lost power in 1970 Jenkins was appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by Harold Wilson. Jenkins was also subsequently elected to the deputy leadership of the Labour Party in July 1970, defeating future Labour Leader Michael Foot and former Leader of the Commons Fred Peart at the first ballot. At this time he appeared the natural successor to Harold Wilson, and it appeared to many only a matter of time before he inherited the leadership of the party, and the opportunity to become Prime Minister.This changed completely, however, as Jenkins refused to accept the tide of anti-European feeling that became prevalent in the Labour Party in the early 1970s. After a special conference on the EEC was held by the Labour Party on 17 July 1971, but from which Jenkins was forbidden from addressing, he delivered one of the most powerful speeches of his career. Jenkins told a meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party on 19 July: \"At conference the only alternative [to the EEC] we heard was 'socialism in one country'. That is always good for a cheer. Pull up the drawbridge and revolutionize the fortress. That's not a policy either: it's just a slogan, and it is one which becomes not merely unconvincing but hypocritical as well when it is dressed up as our best contribution to international socialism\". This reopened the old Bevanite\u2013Gaitskellite divide in the Party; Wilson told Tony Benn the day after Jenkins' speech that he was determined to smash the Campaign for Democratic Socialism.At the 1971 Labour Party conference in Brighton, the NEC's motion to reject the \"Tory terms\" of entry into the EEC was carried by a large majority. Jenkins told a fringe meeting that this would have no effect on his continued support for Britain's entry. Benn said Jenkins was \"the figure dominating this Conference; there is no question about it\". On 28 October 1971, he led 69 Labour MPs through the division lobby in support of the Heath government's motion to take Britain into the EEC. In so-doing they were defying a three-line whip and a five-to-one vote at the Labour Party annual conference. Jenkins later wrote: \"I was convinced that it was one of the decisive votes of the century, and had no intention of spending the rest of my life answering the question of what did I do in the great division by saying 'I abstained'. I saw it in the context of the first Reform Bill, the repeal of the Corn Laws, Gladstone's Home Rule Bills, the Lloyd George Budget and the Parliament Bill, the Munich Agreement and the May 1940 votes\".Jenkins' action gave the European cause a legitimacy that would have otherwise been absent had the issue been considered solely as a party political matter. However, he was now regarded by the left as a \"traitor\". James Margach wrote in the \"Sunday Times\": \"The unconcealed objective of the Left now is either to humiliate Roy Jenkins and his allies into submission \u2013 or drive them from the party\". At this stage, however, Jenkins would not fully abandon his position as a political insider, and chose to stand again for deputy leader, an act his colleague David Marquand claimed he later came to regret. Jenkins promised not to vote with the government again and he narrowly defeated Michael Foot on a second ballot.In accordance with the party whip, Jenkins voted against European Communities Bill 55 times. However, he resigned both the deputy leadership and his shadow cabinet position in April 1972, after the party committed itself to holding a referendum on Britain's membership of the EEC. This led to some former admirers, including Roy Hattersley, choosing to distance themselves from Jenkins. Hattersley later claimed that Jenkins' resignation was \"the moment when the old Labour coalition began to collapse and the eventual formation of a new centre party became inevitable\". In his resignation letter to Wilson, Jenkins said that if there were a referendum \"the Opposition would form a temporary coalition of those who, whatever their political views, were against the proposed action. By this means we would have forged a more powerful continuing weapon against progressive legislation than anything we have known in this country since the curbing of the absolute powers of the old House of Lords\".Jenkins' lavish lifestyle\u00a0\u2014 Wilson once described him as \"more a socialite than a socialist\"\u00a0\u2014 had already alienated much of the Labour Party from him. Wilson accused him of having an affair with socialite Ann Fleming - and it was true.In May 1972 he collected the Charlemagne Prize, which he had been awarded for promoting European unity. In September an ORC opinion poll found that there was considerable public support for an alliance between the 'moderate' wing of the Labour Party and the Liberals; 35 per cent said they would vote for a Labour\u2013Liberal alliance, 27 per cent for the Conservatives and 23.5 per cent for 'Socialist Labour'. \"The Times\" claimed that there were \"twelve million Jenkinsites\". During the spring and summer of 1972, Jenkins delivered a series of speeches designed to set out his leadership credentials. These were published in September under the title \"What Matters Now\", which sold well. In the book's postscript, Jenkins said that Labour should not be a narrow socialist party advocating unpopular left-wing policies but must aim to \"represent the hopes and aspirations of the whole leftward thinking half of the country\", adding that a \"broad-based, international, radical, generous-minded party could quickly seize the imagination of a disillusioned and uninspired British public\".After Dick Taverne's victory in the 1973 Lincoln by-election, where he stood as \"Democratic Labour\" in opposition to the official Labour candidate, Jenkins gave a speech to the Oxford University Labour Club denouncing the idea of a new centre party. Jenkins was elected to the shadow cabinet in November 1973 as Shadow Home Secretary. During the February 1974 election, Jenkins rallied to Labour and his campaign was described by David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh as sounding \"a note of civilised idealism\". Jenkins was disappointed that the Liberal candidate in his constituency won 6000 votes; he wrote in his memoirs that \"I already regarded myself as such a closet Liberal that I na\u00efvely thought they ought nearly all to have come to me\".Jenkins wrote a series of biographical essays that appeared in \"The Times\" during 1971\u201374 and which were published as \"Nine Men of Power\" in 1974. Jenkins chose Gaitskell, Ernest Bevin, Stafford Cripps, Adlai Stevenson II, Robert F. Kennedy, Joseph McCarthy, Lord Halifax, L\u00e9on Blum and John Maynard Keynes. In 1971 Jenkins delivered three lectures on foreign policy at Yale University, published a year later as \"Afternoon on the Potomac?\"When Labour returned to power in early 1974, Jenkins was appointed Home Secretary for the second time. Earlier, he had been promised the treasury; however, Wilson later decided to appoint Denis Healey as Chancellor instead. Upon hearing from Bernard Donoughue that Wilson had reneged on his promise, Jenkins reacted angrily. Despite being on a public staircase, he is reported to have shouted \"You tell Harold Wilson he must bloody well come to see me\u00a0...and if he doesn't watch out, I won't join his bloody government\u00a0... This is typical of the bloody awful way Harold Wilson does things!\" The Jenkinsites were dismayed by Jenkins' refusal to insist upon the Chancellorship and began to look elsewhere for leadership, thus ending the Jenkinsites as a united group.Jenkins served from 1974 to 1976. Whereas during his first period as Home Secretary in the 1960s the atmosphere had been optimistic and confident, the climate of the 1970s was much more fractious and disillusioned. After two Northern Irish sisters, Marian Price and Dolours Price, were imprisoned for 20 years for the 1973 Old Bailey bombing, they went on hunger strike in order to be transferred to a prison in Northern Ireland. In a television broadcast in June 1974, Jenkins announced that he would refuse to give in to their demands, although in March 1975 he discreetly transferred them to a Northern Irish prison.He undermined his previous liberal credentials to some extent by pushing through the controversial Prevention of Terrorism Act in the aftermath of the Birmingham pub bombings of November 1974, which, among other things, extended the length of time suspects could be held in custody and instituted exclusion orders. Jenkins also resisted calls for the death penalty to be restored for terrorist murderers. On 4 December he told the Cabinet committee on Northern Ireland that \"everything he heard made him more convinced that Northern Ireland had nothing to do with the rest of the UK\". When reviewing Garret FitzGerald's memoirs in 1991, Jenkins proclaimed: \"My natural prejudices, such as they are, are much more green than orange. I am a poor unionist, believing intuitively that even Paisley and Haughey are better at dealing with each other than the English are with either\".The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (which legislated for gender equality and set up the Equal Opportunities Commission) and the Race Relations Act 1976 (which extended to private clubs the outlawing of racial discrimination and founded the Commission for Racial Equality) were two notable achievements during his second time as Home Secretary.Jenkins opposed Michael Foot's attempts to grant pickets the right to stop lorries during strikes and he was dismayed by Anthony Crosland's decision to grant an amnesty to the 11 Labour councillors at Clay Cross who had been surcharged for refusing to increase council rents in accordance with the Conservatives' Housing Finance Act 1972. After two trade unionists, Ricky Tomlinson and Des Warren (known as the \"Shrewsbury Two\"), were imprisoned for intimidation and affray for their part in a strike, Jenkins refused to accede to demands from the labour movement that they should be released. This demonstrated Jenkins' increasing estrangement from much of the labour movement and for a time he was heckled in public by people chanting \"Free the Two\". Jenkins also unsuccessfully tried to persuade the Cabinet to adopt electoral reform in the form of proportional representation and to have the Official Secrets Act 1911 liberalised to facilitate more open government.Although becoming increasingly disillusioned during this time by what he considered the party's drift to the left, he was the leading Labour figure in the EEC referendum of June 1975 (and was also president of the 'Yes' campaign). In September 1974 he had followed Shirley Williams in stating that he \"could not stay in a Cabinet which had to carry out withdrawal\" from the EEC. During the referendum campaign, Tony Benn claimed that 500,000 jobs had been lost due to Britain's membership; Jenkins replied on 27 May that \"I find it increasingly difficult to take Mr Benn seriously as an economics minister\". He added that Britain outside the EEC would enter \"an old people's home for fading nations. ... I do not even think it would be a comfortable or agreeable old people's home. I do not much like the look of some of the prospective wardens\". The two men debated Britain's membership together on \"Panorama\", which was chaired by David Dimbleby. According to David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, \"they achieved a decidedly more lucid and intricate level of discussion than is commonly seen on political television\". Jenkins found it congenial to work with the centrists of all parties in the campaign and the 'Yes' campaign won by two to one.After the referendum, Wilson demoted Benn to Energy Secretary and attempted to balance the downgrading of Benn with the dismissal of the right-wing minister Reg Prentice from the Department of Education, despite already promising Jenkins that he had no intention of sacking Prentice. Jenkins threatened to resign if Prentice was sacked, telling Wilson that he was \"a squalid little man who was using squalid little arguments in order to explain why he was performing so much below the level of events\". Wilson quickly backed down. In September Jenkins delivered a speech in Prentice's constituency of Newham to demonstrate solidarity with him after he was threatened with deselection by left-wingers in the constituency party. Jenkins was heckled by both far-left and far-right demonstrators and he was hit in the chest by a flour bomb thrown by a member of the National Front. Jenkins warned that if Prentice was deselected \"it is not just the local party that is undermining its own foundations by ignoring the beliefs and feelings of ordinary people, the whole legitimate Labour Party, left as well as right, is crippled if extremists have their way\". He added that if \"tolerance is shattered formidable consequences will follow. Labour MPs will either have to become creatures of cowardice, concealing their views, trimming their sails, accepting orders, stilling their consciences, or they will all have to be men far far to the left of those whose votes they seek. Either would make a mockery of parliamentary democracy\".In January 1976 he further distanced himself from the left with a speech in Anglesey, where he repudiated ever-higher public spending: \"I do not think you can push public expenditure significantly above 60 per cent [of GNP] and maintain the values of a plural society with adequate freedom of choice. We are here close to one of the frontiers of social democracy\". A former supporter, Roy Hattersley, distanced himself from Jenkins after this speech.In May 1976 he told the Police Federation conference to \"be prepared first to look at the evidence and to recognize how little the widespread use of prison reduces our crime or deals effectively with many of the individuals concerned\". He also responded to the Federation's proposals on law and order: \"I respect your right to put them to me. You will no doubt respect my right to tell you that I do not think all the points in sum amount to a basis for a rational penal policy\".When Wilson suddenly resigned as Prime Minister in March 1976, Jenkins was one of six candidates for the leadership of the Labour Party but came third in the first ballot, behind Callaghan and Michael Foot. Realising that his vote was lower than expected, and sensing that the parliamentary party was in no mood to overlook his actions five years before, he immediately withdrew from the contest. On issues such as the EEC, trade union reform and economic policy he had proclaimed views opposite to those held by the majority of Labour Party activists, and his libertarian social views were at variance with the majority of Labour voters. A famous story alleged that when one of Jenkins' supporters canvassed a group of miners' MPs in the Commons' tea-room, he was told: \"Nay, lad, we're all Labour here\".Jenkins had wanted to become Foreign Secretary, but Foot warned Callaghan that the party would not accept the pro-European Jenkins as Foreign Secretary. Callaghan instead offered Jenkins the Treasury in six months' time (when it would be possible to move Denis Healey to the Foreign Office). Jenkins turned the offer down. Jenkins then accepted an appointment as President of the European Commission (succeeding Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Ortoli) after Callaghan appointed Anthony Crosland to the Foreign Office.In an interview with \"The Times\" in January 1977, Jenkins said that: \"My wish is to build an effective united Europe. ... I want to move towards a more effectively organized Europe politically and economically and as far as I am concerned I want to go faster, not slower\". The main development overseen by the Jenkins Commission was the development of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union from 1977, which began in 1979 as the European Monetary System, a forerunner of the Single Currency or Euro. His biographer calls Jenkins \"the godfather of the euro\" and claims that among his successors only Jacques Delors has made more impact.In speech in Florence in October 1977, Jenkins argued that monetary union would facilitate \"a more efficient and developed rationalisation of industry and commerce than is possible under a Customs Union alone\". He added that \"a major new international currency\" would form \"a joint and alternative pillar of the world monetary system\" which would lead to greater international stability. Monetary union would also combat inflation by controlling the money supply. Jenkins conceded that this would involve the diminution of national sovereignty but he pointed out that \"governments which do not discipline themselves already find themselves accepting very sharp surveillance\" from the IMF. Monetary union would also promote employment and diminish regional differences. Jenkins ended the speech by quoting Jean Monnet's statement that politics was \"not only the art of the possible, but...the art of making possible tomorrow what may seem impossible today\".President Jenkins was the first President to attend a G8 summit on behalf of the Community. He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) from the University of Bath in 1978.In October 1978 \"Tribune\" reported (falsely) that Jenkins and his wife had not paid their Labour Party subscription for several years. After this was repeated in the national press, Jenkins' drafted his wife's letter to \"The Times\" that refuted the allegation. Jenkins blamed the story on a \"malicious Trot in the North Kensington Labour Party\". Jenkins was disillusioned with the Labour Party and he was almost certain that he could not stand again as a Labour candidate; in January 1979 he told Shirley Williams that the \"big mistake we had made was not to go and support Dick Taverne in 1973; everything had got worse since then\".He did not vote in the 1979 election. After the Conservatives won the election Margaret Thatcher contemplated appointing Jenkins Chancellor of the Exchequer on the strength of his success at cutting public expenditure when he was Chancellor. However, his friend Woodrow Wyatt claimed that Jenkins \"had other and fresh fish to fry\".The Director-General of the BBC, Ian Trethowan, invited Jenkins to deliver the Richard Dimbleby Lecture for 1979, which he did on 22 November. The title Jenkins gave to his lecture, \"Home Thoughts from Abroad\", derived from a Robert Browning poem. He delivered it in the Royal Society of Arts and it was broadcast live on television. Jenkins analysed the decline of the two-party system since 1951 and criticised the excessive partisanship of British politics, which he claimed alienated the bulk of voters, who were more centrist. He advocated proportional representation and the acceptance of \"the broad line of division between the public and private sectors\", a middle way between Thatcherism and Bennism. Jenkins said that the private sector should be encouraged without too much interference to create as much wealth as possible \"but use the wealth so created both to give a return for enterprise and to spread the benefits throughout society in a way that avoids the disfigurements of poverty, gives a full priority to public education and health services, and encourages co-operation and not conflict in industry and throughout society\". He then reiterated his long-standing commitment to libertarianism:You also make sure that the state knows its place...in relation to the citizen. You are in favour of the right of dissent and the liberty of private conduct. You are against unnecessary centralization and bureaucracy. You want to devolve decision-making wherever you sensibly can. ... You want the nation to be self-confident and outward-looking, rather than insular, xenophobic and suspicious. You want the class system to fade without being replaced either by an aggressive and intolerant proletarianism or by the dominance of the brash and selfish values of a 'get rich quick' society. ... These are some of the objectives which I believe could be assisted by a strengthening of the radical centre.\"The Listener\" reprinted the text along with assessments by Enoch Powell, Paul Johnson, Jack Jones, J. A. G. Griffith, Bernard Crick, Neil Kinnock and Jo Grimond. They were all critical; Kinnock thought him misguided as Britain had already suffered from centrist rule for thirty years and Grimond complained that Jenkins' clarion call had come 20 years too late.Jenkins' last year as President of the European Commission was dominated by Margaret Thatcher's fight for a rebate on Britain's contribution to the EEC budget. He believed that the quarrel was unnecessary and regretted that it soured Britain's relationship with the Community for years. In November 1980 Jenkins delivered the Winston Churchill memorial lecture in Luxembourg, where he proposed a solution to the British budgetary question. The proportion of the Community's budget spent on agriculture should be reduced by extending Community spending into new areas where Britain would receive more benefit, such as regional spending. The size of the Community's budget would, in his scheme, be tripled by transferring from the nation states to the Community competence over social and industrial policy.After his Dimbleby Lecture, Jenkins increasingly favoured the formation of a new social democratic party. He publicly aired these views in a speech to the Parliamentary Press Gallery in June 1980, where he repeated his criticisms of the two-party system and attacked Labour's move to the left. At the previous month's Wembley conference, Labour had adopted a programme which included non-cooperation with the EEC and \"a near neutralist and unilateralist\" defence policy that would, Jenkins argued, render meaningless Britain's NATO membership. Labour's proposals for further nationalisation and anti-private enterprise policies, Jenkins claimed, were more extreme than in any other democratic country and it was not \"by any stretch of the imagination a social democratic programme\". He added that a new party could reshape politics and lead to the \"rapid revival of liberal social democratic Britain\".The Labour Party conference at Blackpool in September 1980 adopted a unilateralist defence policy, withdrawal from the EEC and further nationalisation, along with Tony Benn's demands for the mandatory reselection of MPs and an electoral college to elect the party leader. In November Labour MPs elected the left-winger Michael Foot over the right-wing Denis Healey and in January 1981 Labour's Wembley conference decided that the electoral college that would elect the leader would give the trade unions 40 per cent of the vote, with MPs and constituency parties 30 per cent each. Jenkins then joined David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams (known as the \"Gang of Four\") in issuing the Limehouse Declaration. This called for the \"realignment of British politics\". They then formed the Social Democratic Party (SDP) on 26 March.Jenkins delivered a series of speeches setting out the SDP's alternative to Thatcherism and Bennism and argued that the solution to Britain's economic troubles lay in the revenue from North Sea oil, which should be invested in public services. He attempted to re-enter Parliament at the Warrington by-election in July 1981 and campaigned on a six-point programme which he put forward as a Keynesian alternative to Thatcherism and Labour's \"siege economy\", but Labour retained the seat with a small majority. Despite it being a defeat, the by-election demonstrated that the SDP was a serious force. Jenkins said after the count that it was the first parliamentary election that he had lost in many years, but was \"by far the greatest victory in which I have ever participated\".At the SDP's first annual conference in October 1981, Jenkins called for \"an end to the futile frontier war between public and private sectors\" and proposed an \"inflation tax\" on excessive pay rises that would restrain spiralling wages and prices. After achieving this, an SDP government would be able to embark on economic expansion to reduce unemployment.In March 1982 he fought the Glasgow Hillhead by-election, in what had previously been a Conservative-held seat. Polls at the beginning of the campaign put Jenkins in third place but after a series of ten well-attended public meetings which Jenkins addressed, the tide began to turn in Jenkins' favour and he was elected with a majority of just over 2000 on a swing of 19 per cent. The evening after his victory in Hillhead Jenkins told a celebration dinner of 200 party members held at the North British Hotel in Edinburgh \"that the SDP had a great opportunity to become the majority party\". Jenkins' first intervention in the House of Commons following his election, on 31 March, was seen as a disappointment. The Conservative MP Alan Clark wrote in his diary:Jenkins, with excessive and almost unbearable gravitas, asked three very heavy statesman-like non-party-political questions of the PM. I suppose he is very formidable, but he was so portentous and long-winded that he started to lose the sympathy of the House about half way through and the barracking resumed. The Lady replied quite brightly and freshly, as if she did not particularly know who he was, or care.Whereas earlier in his career Jenkins had excelled in the traditional set-piece debates in which he spoke from the dispatch box, the focus of parliamentary reporting had now moved to the point-scoring of Prime Minister's Questions, which he struggled with. Seated in the traditional place for third parties in the Commons (the second or third row below the gangway), and without a dispatch box and the gravitas it could have conferred, Jenkins was situated near (and shared the same microphone with) Labour's \"awkward squad\" that included Dennis Skinner and Bob Cryer, who regularly heckled abuse (\"Roy, your flies are undone\").Seven days after Jenkins' by-election victory Argentina invaded the Falklands and the subsequent Falklands War transformed British politics, increased substantially the public's support for the Conservatives and ended any chance that Jenkins' election would reinvigorate the SDP's support. In the SDP leadership election, Jenkins was elected with 56.44 of the vote, with David Owen coming second. During the 1983 election campaign his position as the prime minister-designate for the SDP-Liberal Alliance was questioned by his close colleagues, as his campaign style was now regarded as ineffective; the Liberal leader David Steel was considered to have a greater rapport with the electorate. Jenkins held on to his seat in Hillhead, which was the subject of boundary changes. While on the old boundaries the Conservatives had held the seat prior to Jenkins' victory, it was estimated by the BBC and ITN that on the new boundaries Labour would have captured the seat with a majority of just over 2,000 votes in 1979. Jenkins was challenged by Neil Carmichael, the sitting Labour MP for the Glasgow Kelvingrove constituency which had been abolished and a ministerial colleague of Jenkins in the Wilson governments. Jenkins defeated Carmichael by 1,164 votes to retain his seat in the House of Commons. According to \"The Glasgow Herald\" Labour supporters at the election count in the Kelvin Hall booed and jeered when Jenkins' victory was announced, and he and his wife were \"dismayed as police pushed back jostling crowds.\"After the general election Owen succeeded him unopposed. Jenkins was disappointed with Owen's move to the right, and his acceptance and backing of some of Thatcher's policies. At heart, Jenkins remained an unrepentant Keynesian. In his July 1984 Tawney Lecture, Jenkins said that the \"whole spirit and outlook\" of the SDP \"must be profoundly opposed to Thatcherism. It could not go along with the fatalism of the Government's acceptance of massive unemployment\". He also delivered a series of speeches in the Commons attacking the Thatcherite policies of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson. Jenkins called for more government intervention to support industry and for North Sea oil revenues to be channelled into a major programme of rebuilding Britain's infrastructure and into educating a skilled workforce. He also attacked the Thatcher government for failing to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.In 1985 he wrote to \"The Times\" to advocate the closing down of the political surveillance role of MI5. During the controversy surrounding Peter Wright's \"Spycatcher\", in which he alleged that Harold Wilson had been a Soviet spy, Jenkins rubbished the allegation and reiterated his call for the end of MI5's powers of political survelliance.In 1986 he won \"The Spectator\"'s Parliamentarian of the Year award. He continued to serve as SDP Member of Parliament for Glasgow Hillhead until his defeat at the 1987 general election by the Labour candidate George Galloway, after boundary changes in 1983 had changed the character of the constituency. After his defeat was announced, \"The Glasgow Herald\" reported that he indicated he would not stand for parliament again in the future.In 1986 appeared his biography of Harry S. Truman and the following year his biography of Stanley Baldwin was published.From 1987, Jenkins remained in politics as a member of the House of Lords as a life peer with the title Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, of Pontypool in the County of Gwent. Also in 1987, Jenkins was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He was leader of the Liberal Democrats in the Lords from 1988 until 1997.In 1988 he fought and won an amendment to the Education Reform Act 1988, guaranteeing academic freedom of speech in further and higher education establishments. This affords and protects the right of students and academics to \"question and test received wisdom\" and has been incorporated into the statutes or articles and instruments of governance of all universities and colleges in Britain.In 1991 his memoirs, \"A Life at the Centre\", was published by Macmillan, who paid Jenkins an \u00a3130,000 advance. He was magnanimous to most of those colleagues with whom he had clashed in the past, except for David Owen, whom he blamed for destroying the idealism and cohesion of the SDP. In the last chapter ('Establishment Whig or Persistent Radical?') he reaffirmed his radicalism, placing himself \"somewhat to the left of James Callaghan, maybe Denis Healey and certainly of David Owen\". He also proclaimed his political credo:My broad position remains firmly libertarian, sceptical of official cover-ups and uncompromisingly internationalist, believing sovereignty to be an almost total illusion in the modern world, although both expecting and welcoming the continuance of strong differences in national traditions and behaviour. I distrust the deification of the enterprise culture. I think there are more limitations to the wisdom of the market than were dreamt of in Mrs Thatcher's philosophy. I believe that levels of taxation on the prosperous, having been too high for many years (including my own period at the Treasury), are now too low for the provision of decent public services. And I think the privatisation of near monopolies is about as irrelevant as (and sometimes worse than) were the Labour Party's proposals for further nationalisation in the 1970s and early 1980s.\"A Life at the Centre\" was generally favourably reviewed: in the \"Times Literary Supplement\" John Grigg said it was a \"marvellous account of high politics by a participant writing with honesty, irony and sustained narrative verve\". In \"The Spectator\" Anthony Quinton remarked that Jenkins was \"not afraid to praise himself and earns the right to do so by unfudged self-criticism\". However, there were critical voices: John Smith in \"The Scotsman\" charged that Jenkins never had any loyalty to the Labour Party and was an ambitious careerist intent only on furthering his career. John Campbell claims that \"A Life at the Centre\" is now generally recognised as one of the best political memoirs. David Cannadine ranked it alongside Duff Cooper's \"Old Men Forget\", R. A. Butler's \"The Art of the Possible\" and Denis Healey's \"The Time of My Life\" as one of the four best political memoirs of the post-war period.In 1993, he was appointed to the Order of Merit. Also that year, his \"Portraits and Miniatures\" was published. The main body of the book is a set of 6 biographical essays (Rab Butler, Aneurin Bevan, Iain Macleod, Dean Acheson, Konrad Adenauer, Charles de Gaulle), along with lectures, articles and book reviews.A television documentary about Jenkins was made by Michael Cockerell, titled \"Roy Jenkins: A Very Social Democrat\", and broadcast on 26 May 1996. Although an admiring portrait overall, Cockerell was frank about Jenkins' affairs and both Jenkins and his wife believed that Cockerell had betrayed their hospitality.Jenkins hailed Tony Blair's election as Labour Party leader in July 1994 as \"the most exciting Labour choice since the election of Hugh Gaitskell\". He argued that Blair should stick \"to a constructive line on Europe, in favour of sensible constitutional innovation...and in favour of friendly relations with the Liberal Democrats\". He added that he hoped Blair would not move Labour further to the right: \"Good work has been done in freeing it from nationalisation and other policies. But the market cannot solve everything and it would be a pity to embrace the stale dogmas of Thatcherism just when their limitations are becoming obvious\".Jenkins and Blair had been in touch since the latter's time as Shadow Home Secretary, when he admired Jenkins' reforming tenure at the Home Office. Jenkins told Paddy Ashdown in October 1995: \"I think Tony treats me as a sort of father figure in politics. He comes to me a lot for advice, particularly about how to construct a Government\". Jenkins tried to persuade Blair that the division in the centre-left vote between the Labour and Liberal parties had enabled the Conservatives to dominate the 20th century, whereas if the two left-wing parties entered into an electoral pact and adopted proportional representation, they could dominate the 21st century. Jenkins was an influence on the thinking of New Labour and both Peter Mandelson and Roger Liddle in their 1996 work \"The Blair Revolution\" and Philip Gould in his \"Unfinished Revolution\" recognised Jenkins' influence.Before the 1997 election, Blair had promised an enquiry into electoral reform. In December 1997, Jenkins was appointed chair of a Government-appointed Independent Commission on the Voting System, which became known as the \"Jenkins Commission\", to consider alternative voting systems for the UK. The Jenkins Commission reported in favour of a new uniquely British mixed-member proportional system called \"Alternative vote top-up\" or \"limited AMS\" in October 1998, although no action was taken on this recommendation. Blair told Ashdown that Jenkins' recommendations would not pass the Cabinet.British membership of the European single currency, Jenkins believed, was the supreme test of Blair's statesmanship. However, he was disappointed with Blair's timidity in taking on the Eurosceptic tabloid press. He told Blair in October 1997: \"You have to choose between leading Europe or having Murdoch on your side. You can have one but not both\". Jenkins was also critical of New Labour's authoritarianism, such as the watering down of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and their intention to ban fox hunting. By the end of his life Jenkins believed that Blair had wasted his enormous parliamentary majority and would not be recorded in history as a great Prime Minister; he ranked him between Harold Wilson and Stanley Baldwin.After Gordon Brown attacked Oxford University for indulging in \"old school tie\" prejudices because it rejected a state-educated pupil, Laura Spence, Jenkins told the House of Lords in June 2000 that \"Brown's diatribe was born of prejudice out of ignorance. Nearly every fact he adduced was false\". Jenkins voted for the equalisation of the homosexual age of consent and for repealing Section 28.Jenkins wrote 19 books, including a biography of Gladstone (1995), which won the 1995 Whitbread Award for Biography, and a much-acclaimed biography of Winston Churchill (2001). His then-designated official biographer, Andrew Adonis, was to have finished the Churchill biography had Jenkins not survived the heart surgery he underwent towards the end of its writing. The popular historian Paul Johnson called it the best one-volume biography on its subject.Jenkins underwent heart surgery in the form of a heart valve replacement on 12 October 2000 and postponed his 80th birthday celebrations whilst recovering, by having a celebratory party on 7 March 2001. He died on 5 January 2003, after suffering a heart attack at his home at East Hendred, in Oxfordshire. His last words, to his wife, were, \"Two eggs, please, lightly poached\". At the time of his death Jenkins was starting work on a biography of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.After his death, Blair paid tribute to \"one of the most remarkable people ever to grace British politics\", who had \"intellect, vision and an integrity that saw him hold firm to his beliefs of moderate social democracy, liberal reform and the cause of Europe throughout his life. He was a friend and support to me\". James Callaghan and Edward Heath also paid tribute and Tony Benn said that as \"a founder of the SDP he was probably the grandfather of New Labour\". However, he was strongly criticised by others including Denis Healey, who condemned the SDP split as a \"disaster\" for the Labour Party which prolonged their time in opposition and allowed the Tories to have an unbroken run of 18 years in government.The Professor of Government at Oxford University, Vernon Bogdanor, provided an assessment in \"The Guardian\":Roy Jenkins was both radical and contemporary; and this made him the most influential exponent of the progressive creed in politics in postwar Britain. Moreover, the political creed for which he stood belongs as much to the future as to the past. For Jenkins was the prime mover in the creation of a form of social democracy which, being internationalist, is peculiarly suited to the age of globalisation and, being liberal, will prove to have more staying power than the statism of Lionel Jospin or the corporatist socialism of Gerhard Schr\u00f6der. ... Roy Jenkins was the first leading politician to appreciate that a liberalised social democracy must be based on two tenets: what Peter Mandelson called an aspirational society (individuals must be allowed to regulate their personal lives without interference from the state); and that a post-imperial country like Britain could only be influential in the world as part of a wider grouping (the EU).His alma mater, Cardiff University, honoured the memory of Roy Jenkins by naming one of its halls of residence Roy Jenkins Hall.On 20 January 1945, Jenkins married Mary Jennifer (Jennifer) Morris (18 January 1921 \u2013 2 February 2017). They were married for almost 58 years until his death, although he had \"several affairs\", including one with Jackie Kennedy's sister Lee Radziwill. Among his long-term mistresses were Leslie Bonham Carter and Caroline Gilmour, wives of fellow MPs and close friends Mark Bonham Carter and Ian Gilmour. However, these extra-marital relationships were conditional on his lovers having a good relationship with his wife: he later stated that he \"could not imagine loving anyone who was not very fond of Jennifer\".She was made a DBE for services to ancient and historical buildings. They had two sons, Charles and Edward, and a daughter, Cynthia.Early in his life Jenkins had a relationship with Anthony Crosland. According to the Liberal Democrat Leader Vince Cable, Jenkins was bisexual.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "President of the European Commission", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"], "facts": [["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "President of the European Commission", "January 1977", "January 1981"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1951", "May 1955"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1955", "September 1959"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "April 1956", "January 1957"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1983", "May 1987"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "November 1967", "June 1970"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1950", "October 1951"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1966", "May 1970"], ["Roy Jenkins", "member of political party", "Liberal Democrats", "March 1988", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1974", "September 1974"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Chancellor of the University of Oxford", "March 1987", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1970", "February 1974"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1982", "May 1983"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1974", "January 1977"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1964", "March 1966"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "July 1955", "October 1955"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the House of Lords", "November 1987", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "April 1948", "February 1950"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1959", "September 1964"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "June 1970", "April 1972"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Shadow Home Secretary", "November 1973", "March 1974"]]}
{"question": "Where was Elisa Granato educated in March 2016?", "adv_question": "Where was Elisa Granato educated in March 2016?", "date": "March 17 2016", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Zurich"]}, "id": "L2_Q88957305_P69_2", "fact_context": "Elisa Granato studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 2011 to January 2013. \n Elisa Granato studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 2008 to January 2011. \n Elisa Granato worked for University of Oxford from November 2017 to May 2023. \n Elisa Granato studied at University of Zurich from June 2013 to October 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Elisa Granato worked for University of Oxford from 11/2017 to May 2023. \n Elisa Granato studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 2011 to Jan 2013. \n Elisa Granato studied at University of Zurich from 06/2013 to October 2017. \n Elisa Granato studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 2008 to Jan 2011.", "context": "Elisa GranatoElisa Teresa Granato (born 23 April 1988) is a molecular microbiologist in the Departments of Zoology and Biochemistry at the University of Oxford, where she researches bacterial interactions and how they evolved, including the significance of features of bacteria that contribute to disease, also known as virulence factors.Elisa Granato was born on 23 April 1988. She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, in 2011. In 2013 she received her Master of Science degree in microbiology and immunology from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), and in 2017 she received her PhD from the Life Science Zurich Graduate School of the University of Zurich for a thesis supervised by Rolf K\u00fcmmerli.Granato works as a molecular microbiologist in the Departments of Zoology and Biochemistry at the University of Oxford. She researches the evolution of bacterial interactions and the significance of bacterial traits, also known as virulence factors, that contribute to a bacteria's capability of causing disease, including the siderophore pyoverdine produced by \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\".On 23 April 2020, her 32nd birthday, she was the first volunteer in the Oxford vaccine trial for COVID-19. On 26 April 2020, Granato responded to circulating fake news of her death in a Twitter feed by commenting, \u201cNothing like waking up to a fake article on your death ... I\u2019m doing fine everyone.\u201d", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["ETH Z\u00fcrich", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"], "facts": [["Elisa Granato", "employer", "University of Oxford", "November 2017", "May 2023"], ["Elisa Granato", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 2008", "January 2011"], ["Elisa Granato", "educated at", "University of Zurich", "June 2013", "October 2017"], ["Elisa Granato", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 2011", "January 2013"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Kersti Kaljulaid belong to in October 2003?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Kersti Kaljulaid belong to in 10/2003?", "date": "October 12 2003", "text_answers": {"text": ["Pro Patria Union"]}, "id": "L2_Q12366816_P102_1", "fact_context": "Kersti Kaljulaid worked for Hansabank from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Kersti Kaljulaid was a member of the Pro Patria Union from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Kersti Kaljulaid held the position of President of Estonia from October 2016 to October 2021.", "adv_fact_context": "Kersti Kaljulaid was a member of the Pro Patria Union from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Kersti Kaljulaid worked for Hansabank from Jan 1998 to January 1999. \n Kersti Kaljulaid held the position of President of Estonia from 10/2016 to Oct 2021.", "context": "Kersti KaljulaidKersti Kaljulaid (; born 30 December 1969) is an Estonian politician who is the fifth and current president of Estonia, in office since 10 October 2016. She is the first female head of state of Estonia since the country declared independence in 1918, as well as the youngest president, age 46 at the time of her election.Kaljulaid is a former state official, serving as Estonia's representative in the European Court of Auditors from 2004 until 2016. After several unsuccessful rounds of Estonian presidential elections in 2016, Kaljulaid was nominated on 30 September 2016 by the majority of parliamentary parties as a joint candidate for president, as the only official candidate for that round. Kaljulaid was voted president on 3 October 2016, with 81 votes and 17 abstentions.In 1987, Kaljulaid graduated from Tallinn Secondary School no. 44. During her studies there, she was a member of the Students' Scientific Association, specializing in ornithology. In 1992, she graduated from University of Tartu \"cum laude\" as a biologist. She is a member of Estonian female student corporation, Filiae Patriae. In 2001, she graduated from the University of Tartu with an MBA in business management. Her thesis was titled as \"Riigi poolt asutatud sihtasutuste juhtimiss\u00fcsteemi t\u00e4iustamine\" or \"The improvement of the management system of state-founded foundations\" in English.From 1996 to 1997 Kaljulaid was a sales manager in state-owned telecom Eesti Telefon and from 1997 to 1998 a project manager in Hoiupanga Investeeringute AS. From 1998 to 1999 she was employed in Hansabank's investment banking division Hansabank Markets. From 1999 to 2002, Kaljulaid worked as the economic policy advisor to Estonian Prime Minister Mart Laar. From 2002 to 2004, Kaljulaid was the director of Iru Power Plant, a subsidiary of the state-owned energy company Eesti Energia. She was the first woman to lead a power plant in Estonia.In 2004, when Estonia joined the European Union, Kaljulaid was appointed the country's representative at the European Court of Auditors. Since 2011, Kaljulaid has been the chairperson of the board of the University of Tartu.As Kaljulaid's term as a member of the European Court of Auditors was due to end on 7 May 2016, she was confirmed as the next head of PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies in November 2015. Although the Estonian government should have proposed her replacement in the court by 7 February 2016, it still had not managed to do so by the end of her term, so she remained in the position.On 19 September 2016, the freshly founded Development Monitoring Advisory Board at the chancellery of Estonian Parliament voted Kaljulaid to be its chair.From 2001 to 2004, Kaljulaid was a member of the political party Pro Patria Union, a predecessor of the current Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, yet did not run in any elections.After several failed rounds in the Estonian presidential elections in August through September 2016, a so-called \"council of elders\" of the Riigikogu, which included the representatives of all parliamentary parties, the speaker and vice-speakers, asked for Kaljulaid's consent and then proposed her as the only potential presidential candidate to be put before the members of the Riigikogu on 3 October 2016. Her candidacy was officially registered on 30 September. Riigikogu Speaker Eiki Nestor said that Kaljulaid undoubtedly had the required 68 votes from the 101-member Riigikogu, but the exact number remained to be seen. Ultimately her candidacy was supported by 90 Riigikogu MPs. She won the elections by 81 votes with 17 abstainers and no votes against her, while the only parliamentary party that had publicly declared not to support her was EKRE which had only 7 votes.The main objection raised repeatedly during her candidacy by media as well as politicians and street polls was her being relatively unknown, compared to the candidates that had participated in the campaign. She confronted the objection in her public letter and during several interviews by promising to become visible across the country, visiting different areas and talking to the people directly. In mid-October 2016, the first conducted survey showed Kaljulaid's approval rating at 73%.In 2020, the Estonian government nominated Kaljulaid as its candidate to succeed Angel Gurr\u00eda in the position of Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for a five-year term. In January 2021, Kaljulaid announced that she had withdrawn her candidacy, citing consultations that led her to believe that accepting the position at the end of her first term as president amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia would \"not be the best solution.\" She had just advanced to the second round of the interview process.On 21 January 2021, the opposition Social Democratic Party announced that they would support Kaljulaid should she run for a second term in the 2021 Estonian presidential election. If she is proposed by the incumbent government as their presidential candidate in the election, this would give her enough votes to be elected by the Riigikogu. The government has not yet indicated if they will support Kaljulaid for a second term. By June 2021, it was stated that the government had \"cooled\" on the prospective of Kaljulaid serving a second term as president, due to her divisiveness in Estonian society.In June 2021, United Nations Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres appointed Kaljulaid to the newly established role as Global Advocate for the Every Woman Every Child Global Strategy for Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health.Kaljulaid has defined herself as a liberal conservative. She has spoken in support of strong civil society with less state interference, whilst placing high importance on helping those in need. She holds liberal views on social issues such as LGBT rights and immigration. She has often published opinion pieces in Estonian media, considering the position of Estonia in the European Union and on social and economical matters. Additionally, she has been a regular participant in political analysis programmes of Radio Kuku, e.g. \"Keskp\u00e4evatund\".In 2017, Kaljulaid became the first Estonian to be featured in the \"Forbes\" magazine's list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, placed at 78th, and came twenty second among the most influential female political leaders.Kaljulaid has a daughter and a son from her first marriage. She is also a grandmother of three. Kaljulaid's second husband is Georgi-Rene Maksimovski; they have two sons. Kaljulaid's half-brother, Estonian Social Democratic Party politician Raimond Kaljulaid, served as the Elder of P\u00f5hja-Tallinn district from 2016 to 2019, and was later elected to the Riigikogu in 2019.Besides Estonian, Kaljulaid is fluent in English, Finnish, French and to a certain extent, Russian.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Kersti Kaljulaid", "employer", "Hansabank", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Kersti Kaljulaid", "position held", "President of Estonia", "October 2016", "October 2021"], ["Kersti Kaljulaid", "member of political party", "Pro Patria Union", "January 2001", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira belong to in September 2004?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira belong to in Sep 2004?", "date": "September 12 2004", "text_answers": {"text": ["Republican Left of Catalonia"]}, "id": "L2_Q3055462_P102_4", "fact_context": "Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Socialist Party of National Liberation from January 1971 to January 1977. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Left Nationalists from January 1980 to January 1986. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira held the position of Vice President of Catalonia from December 2008 to December 2010. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Republican Left of Catalonia from January 1987 to January 2011. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Marxist Unification Movement from January 1977 to January 1980. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Agreement of Left Nationalists from January 1985 to January 1986. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira held the position of Chairman of Republican Left of Catalonia from July 2004 to June 2008.", "adv_fact_context": "Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Agreement of Left Nationalists from Jan 1985 to Jan 1986. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Left Nationalists from 01/1980 to 01/1986. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Marxist Unification Movement from January 1977 to 01/1980. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira held the position of Chairman of Republican Left of Catalonia from July 2004 to Jun 2008. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Republican Left of Catalonia from January 1987 to Jan 2011. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira held the position of Vice President of Catalonia from Dec 2008 to December 2010. \n Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira was a member of the Socialist Party of National Liberation from January 1971 to Jan 1977.", "context": "Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-RoviraJosep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira () (born 17 May 1952 in Cambrils, Catalonia, Spain) is a Spanish politician. He was the Vice-president of the Catalan Government from 2006 to 2010. From 1996 to 2008 he was the leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia (\"Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya\", ERC).ERC campaigns for Catalonia's independence from Spain and, secondarily, extend it to other Catalan Countries, the whole Catalan linguistic domain.He was one of the two Vice Presidents of the Catalan autonomous government formed after the 2006 Catalan regional election. He now serves as vice president of the Ramon Llull Foundation. Previously, after the previous 2003 cabinet, he was appointed First Minister (Catalan: \"conseller en cap\") of the Generalitat de Catalunya. After his, at times, controversial style, eventually the other partners in the cabinet forced him to resign after his action culminated in a secret meeting with representatives of the Basque separatist group ETA, which was leaked to the press; this was followed by general political pressure asking for his resignation.Carod-Rovira received a bachelor's degree in Catalan Philology from the UB. He then enrolled as a teacher of the Catalan language at the University School of Tarragona (from 1978 to 1982). In the University world, he was also professor and vicepresident of the Catalan Summer University (\"Universitat Catalana d'Estiu\") between 1986 and 1995. Before this, he also worked as Head Technician of Generalitat's linguistic planning policy (1981\u20131988) and headed the Cultural Territorial Services of the Generalitat at Tarragona (1982 to 1984).Carod-Rovira has been involved in several civic organisations, among which are \"\u00d2mnium Cultural\" (member of its board between 1986 and 1995 and president of its Tarragon\u00e8s division), \"Llull-Federaci\u00f3 d'Entitats dels Pa\u00efsos Catalans\" (member of its board between 1991\u20131995), the \"castellers\" association \"Colla Jove Xiquets de Tarragona\" (\"colla\" means association), the Catalan Language Writers Association, the PEN Club of Catalonia and the \"Societat Catalana d'Onom\u00e0stica\".As a writer, he has published \"Rovira i Virgili i la q\u00fcesti\u00f3 nacional\" (1994), \"Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo, de l'escola a la Rep\u00fablica\" (1988), \"Tornar amb la gent\" (1997), \"Jubilar la Transici\u00f3\" (1998), \"El futur a les mans\" (2003) and \"La nova Catalunya\" (2003). He also has contributed in the \"Catalans from America Dictionary\" and in the book \"America and Catalonia\", as well as several encyclopedias and specialized magazines. He has won several awards for historical essays and journalism.He was actively involved in the fight against the authoritarian government of Franco and was jailed in 1973 when the 113 members of the Permanent Board of Catalonia's Assembly were arrested and the board was dissolved. Before entering, in 1987, ERC, he was an active member of the Socialist National Liberation Party (PSAN) between 1970 and 1977 and of the Left Nationalists (NE) between 1980 and 1986. Carod-Rovira also wrote the Resolution about the right to self-determination of the Catalan Nation in 1989.Carod-Rovira was first elected General Secretary of ERC in November 1996, in the 21st National Congress of the party at Vilafranca del Pened\u00e8s. He was reelected in Girona (22nd National Congress) by July 1998 and in Tarragona (23rd National Congress) by March 2001.Carod-Rovira is president of ERC since its 24th National Congress, held in Lleida on 3 and 4 July 2004.After the Catalan elections in 2003, he achieved the position of First Minister of the Catalan government between December 2003 and January 2004 in the coalition government led by socialist Pasqual Maragall, when he was forced to resign over his secret meeting with ETA. He subsequently became a candidate for the Spanish Congress of Deputies in the elections of March 2004 and his party got 8 seats and almost quadrupled its popular support. This represented a major boost for ERC, which had had at most one seat since the establishment of the Spanish modern democracy in 1979. After the elections, Carod-Rovira asked for its substitution as a Deputy and remained in the Catalan Parliament.Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira has been deputy at the Parliament of Catalonia since 1988 and also was First Minister of the Generalitat de Catalunya between December 2003 and January 2004. He was the Vice President of the Catalan Government in the eighth constituency.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Agreement of Left Nationalists", "Socialist Party of National Liberation", "Nacionalistes d'Esquerra", "Marxist Unification Movement"], "facts": [["Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira", "position held", "Chairman of Republican Left of Catalonia", "July 2004", "June 2008"], ["Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira", "member of political party", "Agreement of Left Nationalists", "January 1985", "January 1986"], ["Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira", "member of political party", "Socialist Party of National Liberation", "January 1971", "January 1977"], ["Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira", "position held", "Vice President of Catalonia", "December 2008", "December 2010"], ["Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira", "member of political party", "Marxist Unification Movement", "January 1977", "January 1980"], ["Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira", "member of political party", "Nacionalistes d'Esquerra", "January 1980", "January 1986"], ["Josep-Llu\u00eds Carod-Rovira", "member of political party", "Republican Left of Catalonia", "January 1987", "January 2011"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Carlos Bertulani work for in April 1990?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Carlos Bertulani work for in Apr 1990?", "date": "April 23 1990", "text_answers": {"text": ["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro"]}, "id": "L2_Q5041838_P108_0", "fact_context": "Carlos Bertulani received Guggenheim Fellowship from January 2000 to January 2001. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Michigan State University from January 1991 to January 1992. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for University of Arizona from January 2004 to January 2006. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Texas A&M University\u2013Commerce from January 2007 to May 2023. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Oak Ridge National Laboratory from January 2006 to January 2007. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from January 1980 to January 2000. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for University of Tennessee, Knoxville from January 2006 to January 2007.", "adv_fact_context": "Carlos Bertulani worked for University of Arizona from Jan 2004 to 01/2006. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Texas A&M University\u2013Commerce from Jan 2007 to May 2023. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for University of Tennessee, Knoxville from January 2006 to 01/2007. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from Jan 1980 to 01/2000. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Michigan State University from Jan 1991 to 01/1992. \n Carlos Bertulani worked for Oak Ridge National Laboratory from January 2006 to 01/2007. \n Carlos Bertulani received Guggenheim Fellowship from 01/2000 to 01/2001.", "context": "Carlos BertulaniCarlos A. Bertulani is a Brazilian and American theoretical physicist and professor at the Department of Physics of the Texas A&M University-Commerce. He graduated, PhD, at University of Bonn and is working on nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics. He was formerly a professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from 1980-2000.Prof. Bertulani's thesis work on electromagnetic processes in relativistic heavy ion collisions is often taken as the standard reference for gamma-nucleus and gamma-gamma physics in collisions with heavy nuclei. Numerous processes related to lepton-pair (e.g., ee, or quark-antiquark) production, and to meson production in Peripheral nuclear collisions were first discussed and proposed in his thesis. The excitation of multiple giant resonances (i.e., a giant resonance on top of another) in nuclei was also a prediction of his thesis work. The excitation of multiple dipole resonances were verified in experiments at the Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Germany. The Coulomb dissociation Method (CDM) was another product of his earlier work, as a PhD student, in 1986. This method is now used in several nuclear accelerators worldwide to extract information on radiative capture processes in stars, which often cannot be measured directly.Since 1990, Prof. Bertulani's work is focused on the physics of nuclei far from the stability line, e.g. halo nuclei. But he has contributed to pioneering theoretical articles on the subject, as far back as 1986 on the nature of the Li nucleus. On the subject of rare nuclear species, he has co-authored the first theoretical review in 1993 and the first textbook in 2002. Prof. Bertulani has published textbooks on nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics and edited books of international conferences that he organized. He is often involving in popularizing science, e.g. a feature article on Physics Today, March 1994.He was a recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellowship in 2000-2001 and of other prestigious awards worldwide.Prof. Bertulani has taught over 55 courses at the undergraduate and graduate level at universities in Brazil, United States and Germany. As of 2012, he was thesis advisor of 4 PhD students, 7 MS students, and mentored numerous undergraduate students. Prof. Bertulani was chair of a PhD program for 3 years, participated and chaired in several committees on education and graduate student fellowships for the CNPq, Coordenadoria de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, National Science Foundation, and is a member (2012-2015) of the Committee of Education for the American Physical Society.Carlos' youngest son Daniel Bertulani was a member of the United States Air Force. As a proud USAF Airman 1st Class, Daniel died in September 2012, leaving one of the biggest impacts on the Sheppard and Charleston Air Force Bases. His body rests at the Beaufort National Cemetery in South Carolina. Daniel is survived by his father, mother (Eliete Bertulani) and brother (Henrique Bertulani).Carlos' older son Henrique Bertulani is an artist and anthropologist (Michigan State University). Henrique's paintings are present in several countries and were exhibited in prestigious galleries and art centers such as the Eisemann Center for Performing Arts.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Arizona", "Oak Ridge National Laboratory", "University of Tennessee, Knoxville", "Texas A&M University\u2013Commerce", "Michigan State University"], "facts": [["Carlos Bertulani", "employer", "University of Tennessee, Knoxville", "January 2006", "January 2007"], ["Carlos Bertulani", "employer", "Michigan State University", "January 1991", "January 1992"], ["Carlos Bertulani", "employer", "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro", "January 1980", "January 2000"], ["Carlos Bertulani", "employer", "University of Arizona", "January 2004", "January 2006"], ["Carlos Bertulani", "employer", "Oak Ridge National Laboratory", "January 2006", "January 2007"], ["Carlos Bertulani", "employer", "Texas A&M University\u2013Commerce", "January 2007", "May 2023"], ["Carlos Bertulani", "award received", "Guggenheim Fellowship", "January 2000", "January 2001"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to in May 1994?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to in 05/1994?", "date": "May 15 1994", "text_answers": {"text": ["Italian People's Party"]}, "id": "L2_Q787816_P102_0", "fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to January 2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from January 2000 to January 2002. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from April 2006 to July 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from July 2001 to January 2008. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from January 1994 to January 1995.", "adv_fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from 01/1998 to 01/1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from Jan 1994 to 01/1995. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from 04/2006 to Jul 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to 01/2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from Jan 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from Jan 2000 to Jan 2002. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from 07/2001 to January 2008.", "context": "Salvatore CuffaroSalvatore \"Tot\u00f2\" Cuffaro (born 21 February 1958 in Raffadali, Agrigento) is a former Italian politician and former President of Sicily. He has served an almost 5-year jail sentence for aiding Cosa Nostra. He has earned the nickname \"Vasa Vasa\" (Sicilian for Kiss Kiss) for his tendency to kiss all and sundry \u2013 he claims that he has kissed a quarter of all the people on the island.A graduate of medicine and surgery at the University of Palermo, with a specialization in radiology, Cuffaro was expelled from the medical order for indignity. He joined the Christian Democrat (DC) party during his student days. Then, after having served as City Councillor in his native city, Raffadali, and Palermo, Cuffaro was first elected Member of the Sicilian Regional Assembly in 1991; in 1996 he served as Regional Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries.His political career began under the wing of former minister Calogero Mannino, who in the past was suspected of having ties with the Mafia. Following the demise of the DC, he became a member of ex-DC splinter parties before joining the party Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC). He first became known nationally in September 1991, when he defended his political patron Mannino, accused of being a witness at a Mafia wedding, live on television in a joint broadcasting of the Maurizio Costanzo show and Michele Santoro\u2019s Samarcanda, accusing the presenters that their journalism was Mafia journalism. Later, Mannino was absolved. For many years it was falsely told that: \"In the presence of Antimafia judge Giovanni Falcone he (Cuffaro) accused the Sicilian prosecutors of manipulating state witnesses (pentiti). In october 2009, Cuffaro denounced for \"defamation and threats\" the 5000 and above YouTube users who commented the video of the TV show. But, with judgment number 1742 of 2013, the Civil Court of Palermo has ordered compensation in favor of Cuffaro by Antonio Di Pietro, who had linked on its website the video of Cuffaro in Samarcanda under the title \"Costanzo show: Tot\u00f2 Cuffaro attacks Giovanni Falcone. \"In its judgment the Court found that \"there is no evidence of a direct attack from Cuffaro against Prosecutor Falcone,\" and that Cuffaro himself, if anything, had criticized an investigation that was declared unfounded a few days later. In any case, the prosecutor criticized by Cuffaro was another one, not Falcone.In 2001, after having joined the UDC, Cuffaro was endorsed by the House of Freedoms as presidential candidate for Sicily. He won the election, with 59.1% of the vote, defeating Leoluca Orlando. Cuffaro was elected as part of Silvio Berlusconi's sensational clean sweep of the island, when his coalition won all 61 of its parliamentary seats.On 26 June 2003, it was revealed that Cuffaro was being investigated for Mafia-related crimes, after Domenico Miceli, a fellow UDC politician, was arrested for allegedly acting as a link between a Mafia chief and top Sicilian politicians, including Cuffaro. A few months later he was committed for trial. Despite all this, Cuffaro stood for the 2004 European Parliament election. Later that year, Cuffaro was appointed national vice-secretary of UDC, the party headed by Pier Ferdinando Casini. Until 2008 he was also President of COPPEM.In the 2006 Italian general election, he was elected senator for his party, UDC. In the 2006 regional election, he was successively re-elected President of Sicily with 53.1% of the vote, defeating Rita Borsellino, the Union candidate and sister of the late judge Paolo Borsellino, killed by the mafia in 1992.Cuffaro and the Italian Minister of Justice, Clemente Mastella were involved in a scandal when it was found that they had been best men of Francesco Campanella, a former member of the Mafia and town councilor of Villabate, who helped the boss Bernardo Provenzano during his absconding. In 2001 Campanella used his official position to supply Cosa Nostra's top \"godfather\" with an identity card so he could travel abroad for medical treatment. In July 2000 Mastella and Cuffaro had been witnesses at Campanella's wedding.In the year 2005 he was the object of media attention thanks to the television reportage \"La Mafia \u00e8 Bianca\" (The Mafia is White) by investigative journalists Stefano Maria Bianchi and Alberto Nerazzini, which aimed to expose rife corruption in the Sicilian Health service and shows a clip of police film footage of Cuffaro meeting with a known \"mafioso\". Cuffaro tried unsuccessfully to prevent the publishers from broadcasting their reportage on the grounds of its allegedly \"defamatory\" contents but in January 2006 the Civil Court in Bergamo rejected his request, stating that both text and video, including the audio commentary by the journalists, were not defamatory. Following later investigations and trial Cuffaro has been jailed for seven years after losing a final appeal against a mafia conviction and being banned for life from holding public office.On 15 October 2007, assistant public prosecutor Giuseppe Pignatone requested eight years' imprisonment for Cuffaro charged with aiding and abetting Cosa Nostra and passing confidential information about the trial to the so-called moles in the Palermo Antimafia directorate.Cuffaro's indictment emerged from an inquiry set up to trace leaks during an inquiry into a local doctor, Giuseppe Guttadauro, accused of being the Cosa Nostra boss in its Palermo stronghold Brancaccio. Guttadauro learned that his home was being \"bugged\" from another doctor. The colleague alleged that he, in turn, had been tipped off by Cuffaro. Guttadauro was recorded describing how the Mafia had funded Cuffaro's 2001 election campaign. According to a transcript, he told that Cuffaro was handed packages of cash \"in the least elegant, but most tangible way possible\".On 18 January 2008, Cuffaro was found guilty of having helped the Mafia and was given a five-year sentence, during which time he will be suspended from all public offices. Cuffaro was not found guilty of outright collusion with Cosa Nostra but the court concluded he acted in favour of several people sentenced for Mafia crimes and committed breaches of confidentiality. By Italian law, both the sentence and suspension from public office can only begin after the automatic appeals process is concluded. The prosecution had asked that Cuffaro be given an eight-year sentence but judges concluded that while he had helped the Mafia, there had been neither conspiracy nor willful intent. He has denied all wrongdoing and refused to step down, despite that he has also been banned from public office. \"I knew I didn't do anything to willfully help the Mafia and tomorrow morning I intend to be back at my desk,\" Cuffaro said after the court adjourned.The day after, Cuffaro handed out cannoli, a Sicilian pastry, as if celebrating the sentence, which he considered positive as he was not convicted for ties to the Mafia. The ricotta sweets have become \"instrumentalized,\" he told the daily Corriere della Sera. Adding that he \"never celebrated\" and fully understands the weight of the charges brought against him. He didn't bring the celebratory cannoli with him, but one of his many well-wishers did.Cuffaro resigned on 26 January 2008. His resignation followed reports that the national government was planning a move to oust him. The announcement represents a reversal for Cuffaro, who earlier said he would hang on to his post and appeal his five-year prison sentence of 18 January. Many, including some politicians from allied parties, were angry that he celebrated not being convicted of a more serious accusation \u2013 helping the Mafia as an organization. The head of Italy's politically influential industrial lobby, Confindustria, lamented that Cuffaro remained in office while Sicilian businessmen were defying the Mafia by increasingly refusing to pay systematic \"protection\" money. A widely published photo of him offering his aides a tray of cannoli pastries to celebrate fuelled the outrage.While Cuffaro was undergoing his appeals trial, the Union of the Centre nominated him in the 2008 general election and he was re-elected senator. On 23 January 2010 the Palermo Appeals Court confirmed his two previous convictions and added the aggravation of favoring the Mafia, sentencing him to seven years in prison. He subsequently announced his intention to appeal the sentence before the Supreme Court and to resign from all party offices.On 22 January 2011, the Italian Supreme Court definitively confirmed the seven-year prison sentence and the perpetual ban from holding public office.Salvatore Cuffaro served his time in jail at the Roman prison of Rebibbia. He was taken to Rome's Rebbibia prison the same day the Supreme Court confirmed the mafia conviction. As a result of his conviction, he lost his seat in the senate.Under the term of the sentencing as a mafia convict, Cuffaro is also barred in perpetuity from holding public office.He served his sentence and was released on 13 December 2015.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Democratic Union for the Republic", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow", "United Christian Democrats"], "facts": [["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Democratic Union for the Republic", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "president of Sicily", "July 2001", "January 2008"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Italian People's Party", "January 1994", "January 1995"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "United Christian Democrats", "January 2000", "January 2002"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow", "January 2010", "January 2011"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "member of the Italian Senate", "April 2006", "July 2006"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to in February 2001?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to in February 2001?", "date": "February 23 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["United Christian Democrats"]}, "id": "L2_Q787816_P102_3", "fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to January 2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from January 1994 to January 1995. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from July 2001 to January 2008. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from April 2006 to July 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from January 2000 to January 2002.", "adv_fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from 07/2001 to January 2008. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from 01/1998 to 01/1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from Jan 1994 to 01/1995. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to 01/2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from 04/2006 to Jul 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from Jan 2000 to Jan 2002. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from Jan 1999 to Jan 2000.", "context": "Salvatore CuffaroSalvatore \"Tot\u00f2\" Cuffaro (born 21 February 1958 in Raffadali, Agrigento) is a former Italian politician and former President of Sicily. He has served an almost 5-year jail sentence for aiding Cosa Nostra. He has earned the nickname \"Vasa Vasa\" (Sicilian for Kiss Kiss) for his tendency to kiss all and sundry \u2013 he claims that he has kissed a quarter of all the people on the island.A graduate of medicine and surgery at the University of Palermo, with a specialization in radiology, Cuffaro was expelled from the medical order for indignity. He joined the Christian Democrat (DC) party during his student days. Then, after having served as City Councillor in his native city, Raffadali, and Palermo, Cuffaro was first elected Member of the Sicilian Regional Assembly in 1991; in 1996 he served as Regional Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries.His political career began under the wing of former minister Calogero Mannino, who in the past was suspected of having ties with the Mafia. Following the demise of the DC, he became a member of ex-DC splinter parties before joining the party Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC). He first became known nationally in September 1991, when he defended his political patron Mannino, accused of being a witness at a Mafia wedding, live on television in a joint broadcasting of the Maurizio Costanzo show and Michele Santoro\u2019s Samarcanda, accusing the presenters that their journalism was Mafia journalism. Later, Mannino was absolved. For many years it was falsely told that: \"In the presence of Antimafia judge Giovanni Falcone he (Cuffaro) accused the Sicilian prosecutors of manipulating state witnesses (pentiti). In october 2009, Cuffaro denounced for \"defamation and threats\" the 5000 and above YouTube users who commented the video of the TV show. But, with judgment number 1742 of 2013, the Civil Court of Palermo has ordered compensation in favor of Cuffaro by Antonio Di Pietro, who had linked on its website the video of Cuffaro in Samarcanda under the title \"Costanzo show: Tot\u00f2 Cuffaro attacks Giovanni Falcone. \"In its judgment the Court found that \"there is no evidence of a direct attack from Cuffaro against Prosecutor Falcone,\" and that Cuffaro himself, if anything, had criticized an investigation that was declared unfounded a few days later. In any case, the prosecutor criticized by Cuffaro was another one, not Falcone.In 2001, after having joined the UDC, Cuffaro was endorsed by the House of Freedoms as presidential candidate for Sicily. He won the election, with 59.1% of the vote, defeating Leoluca Orlando. Cuffaro was elected as part of Silvio Berlusconi's sensational clean sweep of the island, when his coalition won all 61 of its parliamentary seats.On 26 June 2003, it was revealed that Cuffaro was being investigated for Mafia-related crimes, after Domenico Miceli, a fellow UDC politician, was arrested for allegedly acting as a link between a Mafia chief and top Sicilian politicians, including Cuffaro. A few months later he was committed for trial. Despite all this, Cuffaro stood for the 2004 European Parliament election. Later that year, Cuffaro was appointed national vice-secretary of UDC, the party headed by Pier Ferdinando Casini. Until 2008 he was also President of COPPEM.In the 2006 Italian general election, he was elected senator for his party, UDC. In the 2006 regional election, he was successively re-elected President of Sicily with 53.1% of the vote, defeating Rita Borsellino, the Union candidate and sister of the late judge Paolo Borsellino, killed by the mafia in 1992.Cuffaro and the Italian Minister of Justice, Clemente Mastella were involved in a scandal when it was found that they had been best men of Francesco Campanella, a former member of the Mafia and town councilor of Villabate, who helped the boss Bernardo Provenzano during his absconding. In 2001 Campanella used his official position to supply Cosa Nostra's top \"godfather\" with an identity card so he could travel abroad for medical treatment. In July 2000 Mastella and Cuffaro had been witnesses at Campanella's wedding.In the year 2005 he was the object of media attention thanks to the television reportage \"La Mafia \u00e8 Bianca\" (The Mafia is White) by investigative journalists Stefano Maria Bianchi and Alberto Nerazzini, which aimed to expose rife corruption in the Sicilian Health service and shows a clip of police film footage of Cuffaro meeting with a known \"mafioso\". Cuffaro tried unsuccessfully to prevent the publishers from broadcasting their reportage on the grounds of its allegedly \"defamatory\" contents but in January 2006 the Civil Court in Bergamo rejected his request, stating that both text and video, including the audio commentary by the journalists, were not defamatory. Following later investigations and trial Cuffaro has been jailed for seven years after losing a final appeal against a mafia conviction and being banned for life from holding public office.On 15 October 2007, assistant public prosecutor Giuseppe Pignatone requested eight years' imprisonment for Cuffaro charged with aiding and abetting Cosa Nostra and passing confidential information about the trial to the so-called moles in the Palermo Antimafia directorate.Cuffaro's indictment emerged from an inquiry set up to trace leaks during an inquiry into a local doctor, Giuseppe Guttadauro, accused of being the Cosa Nostra boss in its Palermo stronghold Brancaccio. Guttadauro learned that his home was being \"bugged\" from another doctor. The colleague alleged that he, in turn, had been tipped off by Cuffaro. Guttadauro was recorded describing how the Mafia had funded Cuffaro's 2001 election campaign. According to a transcript, he told that Cuffaro was handed packages of cash \"in the least elegant, but most tangible way possible\".On 18 January 2008, Cuffaro was found guilty of having helped the Mafia and was given a five-year sentence, during which time he will be suspended from all public offices. Cuffaro was not found guilty of outright collusion with Cosa Nostra but the court concluded he acted in favour of several people sentenced for Mafia crimes and committed breaches of confidentiality. By Italian law, both the sentence and suspension from public office can only begin after the automatic appeals process is concluded. The prosecution had asked that Cuffaro be given an eight-year sentence but judges concluded that while he had helped the Mafia, there had been neither conspiracy nor willful intent. He has denied all wrongdoing and refused to step down, despite that he has also been banned from public office. \"I knew I didn't do anything to willfully help the Mafia and tomorrow morning I intend to be back at my desk,\" Cuffaro said after the court adjourned.The day after, Cuffaro handed out cannoli, a Sicilian pastry, as if celebrating the sentence, which he considered positive as he was not convicted for ties to the Mafia. The ricotta sweets have become \"instrumentalized,\" he told the daily Corriere della Sera. Adding that he \"never celebrated\" and fully understands the weight of the charges brought against him. He didn't bring the celebratory cannoli with him, but one of his many well-wishers did.Cuffaro resigned on 26 January 2008. His resignation followed reports that the national government was planning a move to oust him. The announcement represents a reversal for Cuffaro, who earlier said he would hang on to his post and appeal his five-year prison sentence of 18 January. Many, including some politicians from allied parties, were angry that he celebrated not being convicted of a more serious accusation \u2013 helping the Mafia as an organization. The head of Italy's politically influential industrial lobby, Confindustria, lamented that Cuffaro remained in office while Sicilian businessmen were defying the Mafia by increasingly refusing to pay systematic \"protection\" money. A widely published photo of him offering his aides a tray of cannoli pastries to celebrate fuelled the outrage.While Cuffaro was undergoing his appeals trial, the Union of the Centre nominated him in the 2008 general election and he was re-elected senator. On 23 January 2010 the Palermo Appeals Court confirmed his two previous convictions and added the aggravation of favoring the Mafia, sentencing him to seven years in prison. He subsequently announced his intention to appeal the sentence before the Supreme Court and to resign from all party offices.On 22 January 2011, the Italian Supreme Court definitively confirmed the seven-year prison sentence and the perpetual ban from holding public office.Salvatore Cuffaro served his time in jail at the Roman prison of Rebibbia. He was taken to Rome's Rebbibia prison the same day the Supreme Court confirmed the mafia conviction. As a result of his conviction, he lost his seat in the senate.Under the term of the sentencing as a mafia convict, Cuffaro is also barred in perpetuity from holding public office.He served his sentence and was released on 13 December 2015.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Democratic Union for the Republic", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "Italian People's Party"], "facts": [["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Democratic Union for the Republic", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow", "January 2010", "January 2011"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Italian People's Party", "January 1994", "January 1995"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "president of Sicily", "July 2001", "January 2008"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "member of the Italian Senate", "April 2006", "July 2006"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "United Christian Democrats", "January 2000", "January 2002"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Jacqui Lambie belong to in November 2011?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Jacqui Lambie belong to in November 2011?", "date": "November 26 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Liberal Party of Australia"]}, "id": "L2_Q16731201_P102_1", "fact_context": "Jacqui Lambie worked for Australian Defence Force from January 1989 to January 2000. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Jacqui Lambie Network from May 2015 to May 2023. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Clive Palmer's United Australia Party from January 2013 to November 2014. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia from November 2011 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia from November 2011 to January 2012. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Jacqui Lambie Network from May 2015 to 05/2023. \n Jacqui Lambie worked for Australian Defence Force from Jan 1989 to 01/2000. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Clive Palmer's United Australia Party from Jan 2013 to Nov 2014.", "context": "Jacqui LambieJacquiline Louise Lambie (born 26 February 1971) is an Australian politician who is the leader and founder of the Jacqui Lambie Network (JLN). She was a Senator for Tasmania from 2014 to 2017, and was re-elected in 2019.First elected as a member of the Palmer United Party (PUP), she received national prominence for her intense grassroots campaign and subsequently her display of aggressive and vociferous parliamentary behaviour, championing issues concerning foreign affairs, veterans' affairs, youth unemployment and the criticism of Islam. After persistent internal divisions, Lambie resigned from the PUP and sat as an independent before forming her own political party.Attempting to seek Liberal preselection after joining the party in 2011, and previously working as a staff member of Labor senator Nick Sherry, Lambie joined the Palmer United Party (PUP), led by Australian billionaire Clive Palmer. She was elected to the Senate at the 2013 federal election. Her term began in July 2014. In November 2014, Lambie resigned from the Palmer United Party to sit in the Senate as an independent.In May 2015, Lambie formed the Jacqui Lambie Network political party with herself leader. She was elected to a six-year term in her own right at the 2016 federal election (a double dissolution). In November 2017, she was revealed to hold Australian-British dual citizenship, having inherited the British one from her Scottish-born father. As part of the parliamentary eligibility crisis, she announced her resignation on 14 November 2017. After a recount, she was expected to be replaced by Devonport Mayor Steve Martin, who had been second on the JLN ticket in the 2016 federal election. He survived a challenge to his own eligibility, on a different constitutional ground, but refused to step down so as to create a casual Senate vacancy to which Lambie could be appointed. She expelled him from the party for disloyalty.Lambie was born in the town of Ulverstone in north-western Tasmania. Her parents separated when she was 13, and she was raised in a public housing estate in Devonport, attending Devonport High School until she left at Year 11. Lambie enlisted in the Australian Army in 1989. She completed her recruit training while unknowingly pregnant with her first child, a fact the army took four months to recognise.After basic training, she was assigned to the Royal Australian Corps of Transport in 1990. She remained with the Transport Corps for five years before being transferred to the Royal Australian Corps of Military Police, where she worked for another five years, achieving the rank of Corporal. During a field exercise in July 1997, Lambie sustained a back injury resulting in long-term detriments to her spine. After physiotherapy and medical interventions, she was unable to regain operational fitness and was discharged on medical grounds (thoracic pain) in 2000. This prompted her to pursue a claim for a military pension from the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA). She has since been an advocate for veterans with the Returned and Services League of Australia and involved in fundraising with the Burnie Chamber of Commerce, the Country Women's Association and Rotary.The Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) initially rejected her application for compensation, but subsequently approved it and put her on a military disability pension. She later applied for compensation for depression related to her back pain, which was also initially rejected. The DVA hired a private investigation firm to conduct five hours of surveillance on her activities within her home. On the basis of this surveillance, the department concluded that she was a malingerer, cancelling her military pension and coverage of her medical care.Lambie fought the department's conclusion for five years, during which time she was accepted for a Centrelink disability pension. In 2006, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal was about to rule on whether the video evidence was admissible in her case when DVA abandoned its use of the video and accepted that Lambie was entitled to compensation. The tribunal's Deputy President, Justice Christopher Wright, concluded that \"it is likely that even greater improvement would have been achieved a long time ago if her medical treatments, which were initially funded by the respondent, had not been terminated in 2001\".Lambie's political involvement began in 2008 when she began working for Tasmanian Labor senator Nick Sherry.In November 2011, she joined the Liberal Party of Australia and later decided to run for preselection for the Division of Braddon. However she subsequently left the Liberal Party, saying that the Liberals are a \"boys' club\", and she joined to \"infiltrate\" them to see what she could learn about politics.In 2012, Lambie sold her house to help fund her run as an independent, before turning to the newly formed Palmer United Party founded by billionaire Clive Palmer as she said \"I just didn't have the money like the big players did for advertising.\"In the 2013 federal election, Lambie won Tasmania's sixth Senate seat as a candidate for the Palmer United Party, receiving 6.58% of first preference votes. She has credited the final result of her win to \"the big man upstairs\" \u2013 referring not to Palmer, but to God: \"Once it gets to that point, it's up to God upstairs. There's not much else I can do about it.\"On 24 November 2014, Lambie resigned from the Palmer United Party, announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent. Lambie's resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with party leader Clive Palmer.In April 2015, Lambie applied to register a political party called the Jacqui Lambie Network. In May 2015, the party was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission, with Lambie as its leader. She was re-elected to the Senate in the 2016 Australian federal election under the banner of her own party, the Jacqui Lambie Network.On 14 November 2017, Lambie announced her resignation from the Senate, after revealing she held both British and Australian nationality, prohibited under Section 44 of the Australian Constitution. She stated in her resignation that she wished to return to federal politics, and that if Justine Keay was forced to resign from her seat of Braddon over her citizenship status, that she would consider running, but did not nominate for the 2018 Braddon by-election.In 2018, the High Court ruled that Devonport Mayor Steve Martin would replace Lambie as Senator of Tasmania. Lambie expected Martin to immediately resign, which would have cleared the way for her to be appointed to fill the resulting casual vacancy and return to the Senate. She claimed that \"personal morality\" and loyalty dictated that Martin stand down. A party spokesman contended that Tasmanians intended for Lambie to hold the seat, and there was \"an opportunity for that vote to be restored\" if Martin resigned. When Martin refused to do so, Lambie expelled him from the party. In a letter to Martin, Lambie accused him of failing to uphold the JLN's values of \"mateship, respect and integrity\".She was re-elected to the Senate in the 2019 Australian federal election. In the midst of the debate of the government bill \"Ensuring Integrity Bill\" in Parliament, Lambie threatened to vote for the bill if John Setka, the secretary of the Victorian branch of Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU), did not resign as head of the branch. She even invited Setka over to her Tasmanian home for Sunday roast, in a bid to convince Setka to resign. She eventually voted against the bill after her amendments were rejected by the government.In 2020, Lambie opposed the Liberal Party's university reform bill due to her belief it would harm the mental health and economic opportunities of low-income students. She made her position clear in when addressing the Senate, saying she would \"refuse to be the vote that tells poor kids out there \u2026 no matter how gifted, no matter how determined you are, you might as well dream a little cheaper, because you're never going to make it, because you can't afford it\".In August 2014, Lambie expressed her belief that China could invade Australia: \"If anybody thinks that we should have a national security and defence policy which ignores the threat of a Chinese Communist invasion \u2013 you're delusional and got rocks in your head ... The Communist Chinese military capacity and level of threat to the western world democracies is at an unprecedented and historical high.\" Her comments incurred a rebuke from the Premier of Tasmania Will Hodgman. She later added Indonesia as a potential military threat. Lambie has made comments suggesting her support for potential reintroduction of national service, stating \"It's time to teach [our youth] some respect, loyalty and honour.\"In October 2015 she declared her opposition to the China\u2013Australia Free Trade Agreement, saying she considers the Chinese government to be \"push[ing] totalitarian ideologies\", \"anti-democratic\" and \"a bully, thief, liar and international human rights abuser\".In October 2014, Lambie stated in a radio interview with ABC Radio National that she liked Vladimir Putin, saying: \"I think he has very strong leadership. He has great values. He's certainly doing his bit to stamp out terrorism and I guess you've got to pay the man for that.\" In February 2015, Lambie called for the reintroduction of the death penalty for Australian citizens who leave the country to become foreign fighters.In October 2016, she called for a pre-emptive pardon for any defence personnel accused of war crimes against the Taliban or Islamic State, on the grounds that Taliban and Islamic State fighters were not entitled to the protection of the rules of war or international human rights because of their \"subhuman behaviour and vile, disgusting culture and ideology\".In September 2014, Lambie announced plans to introduce a private member's bill aimed at banning the burqa in Australia. However, constitutional expert Professor George Williams described the law as \"unworkable, it would frankly be a bit silly\". She also attacked supporters of Islamic sharia law, describing them as \"maniacs and depraved humans\" who will not stop committing \"cold-blooded butchery and rapes until every woman in Australia wears a burka\". However, when asked to explain her understanding of sharia law in an interview, she was unable to and instead said \"it obviously involves terrorism\". According to ABC political reporter Andrew Greene, some commentators described the interview as a \"train wreck\". In February 2017, she introduced a private member's bill which would amend the Criminal Code Act 1995 to make it illegal to wear full face coverings in public places when a terrorism threat declaration is in force, unless it was necessary for certain purposes.In January 2017, she said that Australia should follow Donald Trump's lead in his order to restrict entry of citizens of certain Muslim-majority countries to the USA. She called for deporting from Australia all Muslims who supported Sharia law, as well as deporting everyone on the ASIO terror watch list, or at least charging them with treason or sedition.In an interview with \"ABC News\" in 2018 Lambie distanced herself from her previous views on Sharia law, stating they were \"divisive\" and influenced by \"a previous advisor that was really driving that in\". Following her involvement in the TV show \"Go Back to Where You Came From\" in 2018 where she was placed in a Syrian warzone, Lambie shifted towards a pro-refugee stance, stating that \"the discussion [about accepting more refugees] needs to be on the political table\".In October 2013 she criticised the Australian Greens, accusing them of having \"destroyed all hope in Tasmania\" and saying that the party should be subject to a Senate inquiry over the state's high unemployment rate. In July 2015 she likened The Greens to Islamic State in that \"both those groups would like us to go back and live in the dark ages ... They'd like us to go live back in caves with candles and eat tofu.\"In 2020, Lambie worked alongside the Greens in criticising a bill that would 'weaken' political donation laws.In February 2016, Lambie raised the matter of former soldiers who claim to have suffered abuse, calling for an inquiry into cover-ups and Lieutenant General David Morrison's involvement.In response to a Change.org petition organised by Julie-Ann Finney, whose son David Finney took his own life after a crippling battle with Post-Traumatic Stress injury, Lambie called for a Royal Commission into Veteran Suicide. the petition had over 400,000 signatures. On 5 February 2020, the Morrison Government announced their intention to appoint a National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention to inquire into the deaths by suicide of serving and former ADF members.Lambie criticised the Government's plan in a Dissenting Report, noting that \"The families of veterans who have taken their own lives support a Royal Commission. The institutions who are being blamed for those suicides support a National Commissioner.\" Two bills related to the Commissioner were introduced into Parliament by the Attorney-General on 27\u00a0August 2020, the \"National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention Bill 2020\", and the \"National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention (Consequential Amendments) Bill 2020\". Magistrate Bernadette Boss was appointed as the first (interim) National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention on 1 October 2020.On 22 March 2021 both chambers of Parliament passed motions in support of the royal commission. On 19 April 2021 a Royal Commission into Defence and Veterans Suicide in Australia was established.Jacqui Lambie introduced a Bill to the Australian Senate in February 2020 that proposes to tighten political donations laws. The bill seeks to amend current laws that permit political donations under $14,300 to not be disclosed. Lambie has proposed lowering this threshold to $2,500.The bill also proposes to introduce electoral expenditure accounts for organisations that run political campaigns. This will compel parties and others to disclose the source of any money they spend on their electoral campaigns.In early 2020, Lambie started a campaign to support Australian manufacturing with concerns about Australia's reliance on foreign imported products, she believes these concerns are a threat to Australia's economic sovereignty; magnified with the advent of COVID19.Lambie has said on her website \"It\u2019s about time that the people in Parliament woke up to China\u2019s attempts to infiltrate our economy and our democracy.\" Her concerns are echoed by Duncan Lewis, formerly the Director-General of Security at ASIO. There is ongoing debate over whether Liberal MP Gladys Liu's ties to the Chinese Communist Party are appropriate, with the Labor party arguing she may not be 'fit and proper' to sit as an MP.Lambie is single, with two children. She gave birth to her first son Brentyn at age 18 in 1989, the product of her relationship with a high school boyfriend, after her enlistment for the Army. She met John Milverton while working in the Royal Australian Corps of Transport. They began a de facto marriage, where Milverton formally adopted Brentyn, and also went on to have another son, Dylan, born in 1992. Milverton and Lambie separated shortly before her discharge from the Army in 2000. In August 2015, she went public with her 21-year-old son's battle with methamphetamine addiction. She has also stated that she was addicted to pain medication and attempted suicide once.Lambie lives in the city of Burnie, on the North Coast of Tasmania. She has jokingly described her perfect man as having \"heaps of cash\" and \"a package between their legs\". Her comments were met with much ire, and she later declared it to be her most embarrassing moment.In 2014, Lambie described herself as \"Catholic; I'm religious\" \u2014 citing it as a reason for rejecting an invitation to visit a Sydney mosque.In her first speech to Parliament in 2014, Lambie stated that, through her mother's family, she shares \"blood, culture, and history\" with Aboriginal Australians, as a descendant of Mannalargenna, an Aboriginal Tasmanian leader. She later provided a family tree to \"Australian Story\" claiming descent from Margaret Briggs, a granddaughter of Mannalargenna who married into the Hite family. In 2002, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal had ruled that descent from Margaret Briggs was sufficient to meet the Aboriginal ancestry requirements for ATSIC elections. However, Lambie's claims of Indigenous descent have been questioned by several sources including \"Australian Story\", the Tasmanian Pioneer Index, and members of the Aboriginal community in Tasmania. Clyde Mansell, chairman of the Aboriginal Land Council of Tasmania, stated they were \"absolutely outrageous and scandalous\". Another Tasmanian elder, Roy Maynard, said that \"she's identified as Aboriginal, she\u2019s got that right as far as I\u2019m concerned\", and criticised Mansell for doubting her claims. The Parliamentary Library of Australia includes Lambie on its list of Indigenous parliamentarians.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Clive Palmer's United Australia Party", "Jacqui Lambie Network"], "facts": [["Jacqui Lambie", "member of political party", "Liberal Party of Australia", "November 2011", "January 2012"], ["Jacqui Lambie", "member of political party", "Jacqui Lambie Network", "May 2015", "May 2023"], ["Jacqui Lambie", "employer", "Australian Defence Force", "January 1989", "January 2000"], ["Jacqui Lambie", "member of political party", "Clive Palmer's United Australia Party", "January 2013", "November 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold in November 2008?", "adv_question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold in Nov 2008?", "date": "November 30 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief marketing officer"]}, "id": "L2_Q6761974_P39_7", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief strategy officer", "executive vice president", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for in March 2020?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for in March 2020?", "date": "March 22 2020", "text_answers": {"text": ["Philip Morris International"]}, "id": "L2_Q6761974_P108_9", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Young & Rubicam", "TBWA Worldwide", "Porter Novelli", "Havas", "J. Walter Thompson"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Who was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left in December 2011?", "adv_question": "Who was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left in Dec 2011?", "date": "December 19 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Roland Muzeau"]}, "id": "L2_Q2450519_P488_6", "fact_context": "Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from June 2012 to May 2023. \n Roland Muzeau was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from November 2011 to June 2012. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the The Greens from June 2007 to November 2010. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Communist Party of R\u00e9union from June 2007 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Guianese Socialist Party from June 2012 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Martinican Independence Movement from June 2007 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the French Communist Party from June 2007 to May 2023. \n Jean-Claude Sandrier was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from June 2007 to November 2011. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Tavini Huiraatira from June 2017 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens from November 2010 to November 2011.", "adv_fact_context": "Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Communist Party of R\u00e9union from Jun 2007 to 05/2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens from 11/2010 to 11/2011. \n Jean-Claude Sandrier was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from 06/2007 to Nov 2011. \n Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from June 2012 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Martinican Independence Movement from Jun 2007 to 05/2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Guianese Socialist Party from 06/2012 to May 2023. \n Roland Muzeau was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from November 2011 to 06/2012. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Tavini Huiraatira from 06/2017 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the The Greens from June 2007 to November 2010. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the French Communist Party from 06/2007 to May 2023.", "context": "Democratic and Republican Left groupThe Democratic and Republican Left group ( or GDR) is a parliamentary group in the National Assembly including representatives of the French Communist Party (PCF) as well as leftist parties with bases in Overseas France.The electoral record of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 2007 was marked by dismal performances, first in the presidential election in which the party's national secretary Marie-George Buffet stood as a candidate supported by the PCF within the framework of an anti-liberal alliance; she was routed in the first round, receiving just 1.93% of the overall vote, a result deemed \"catastrophic\" for the party. The party's result in the subsequent legislative elections was similarly middling: though it outpaced the projections of pollsters, which placed it between only 5 and 15 seats, it still fell short of the threshold of 20 deputies, then required for the formation of a parliamentary group in the National Assembly. As a result, Alain Bocquet, outgoing leader of the preceding communist group in the assembly, demanded on 18 June that the requirement for the number of deputies to form a political group be lowered to 15 from 20 then needed, with a total of 15 deputies elected under the PCF label in the legislative elections (not counting PCF dissident Maxime Gremetz or PCF associate deputies Jean-Pierre Brard and Jacques Desallangre). Bocquet, referring to the recent election of Nicolas Sarkozy in the presidential election, added \"if the president of the Republic is a democrat, he will prove it\", further arguing that \"contrary to all predictions, the conditions for the constitution of a communist group in the National Assembly have been met, and their recognition is only a regulatory formality\".During the evening of 17 June, the second round of the legislative elections, Buffet issued an appeal to form an \"open\" group to carry the \"people's voice\" in the National Assembly, singling out the Greens (VEC) as a potential target. PCF spokesperson Olivier Dartigolles speculated that the party could secure an alliance \"with the non-inscrits, with the elected officials of the DOM-TOM, with the progressive elected officials of the left\", believing that the other forces on the left were sufficient to constitute a parliamentary group. Recognizing the predicament of the PCF, ecologist deputy No\u00ebl Mam\u00e8re proposed that evening that the four members of the Greens elected in the legislative elections join the communist deputies in order to provide the necessary support to form a political group in the National Assembly, saying that he believed that the Green deputies accept the opening proposed by Buffet, hoping to sit along the PCF and others on the left in an \"autonomous group\" in the National Assembly, independent of the Socialist Party (PS); he later added that his invitation was also extended the Movement of Citizens of Jean-Pierre Chev\u00e8nement, the Radical Party of the Left (PRG), and miscellaneous left. Bocuqet on 18 June indicated that \"the group was open to the world\" but did not signify that it would accept the support of the Greens in order to establish a group.Despite this initial outreach to the Greens, however, Buffet's initiative to form a common group with the Greens was ultimately rebuffed, ending the possibility of a \"communist, republican and ecologist\" group as envisaged by Mam\u00e8re. Discussions between Mam\u00e8re, PCF deputy Patrick Braouezec, and miscellaneous left deputies including G\u00e9rard Charasse were briefly initiated with the apparent support of the leadership of the PCF, which sought to strengthen its position in the assembly and diminish troublemakers within it ranks; however, these ultimately came to no avail, with Bocquet believing that an alliance with the Greens would be unfeasible during the debates of the Grenelle de l'environnement and legislation proposed as a result. Maxime Gremetz, ousted from the communist federation in the Somme and antagonistic towards the national party, made conditional his membership of a parliamentary group contingent on his demand that he and the other communists in the Somme excluded from the departmental federation be permitted to rejoin. With 18 total communist deputies, it was therefore necessary to seek two additional deputies for the formation of the group.Unable to pass the threshold of 20 deputies on their own, however, the communists \u2013 Bocquet in particular \u2013 were eventually forced to reopen the door to the Greens and PRG, with Mam\u00e8re proposing a \"radical, communist, and green\" group. Though the PCF continued to petition for a lowering of the bar for a parliamentary group from 20 to 15 deputies, the necessary change of regulation required the assent of a majority of the National Assembly, then controlled by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). There being no guarantee that this would happen, Bocquet said that the communists needed to act with \"pragmatism\". The Democratic and Republican Left group (\"groupe de la Gauche d\u00e9mocrate et r\u00e9publicaine\") was ultimately formed on 26 June with 24 deputies, Jean-Claude Sandrier becoming its first president; it included the deputies of the PCF (with the exception of Andr\u00e9 Gerin, who refused to join), four Greens, and two miscellaneous left deputies: Alfred Marie-Jeanne for Martinique and Huguette Bello for R\u00e9union.After leaving the PS along with Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon to co-found the Left Party, Marc Dolez left the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left group to join the GDR group as an associate deputy before becoming a member on 27 January 2009. On 11 July 2010, Anny Poursinoff of the Greens was elected in a by-election in Yvelines's 10th constituency, defeating Jean-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Poisson, thus becoming the 26th member of the GDR group. On 1 September 2010, the Green deputy Yves Cochet took over the presidency of the GDR group. Maxime Gremetz was expelled from the group on 12 April 2011 after interrupting a parliamentary meeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and subsequently resigned from his seat on 16 May. Cochet left the GDR group on 6 December after being designated as an MEP, and was replaced by Roland Muzeau; this decision reflected the dissatisfaction of the Left Front at the decision of their ecologist partners, now known as Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens (EELV), to present a common candidate with the PS against incumbent Fran\u00e7ois Asensi in Seine-Saint-Denis's 11th constituency. The four ecologist deputies subsequently left the GDR group, Cochet departing on 6 December to take his seat as an MEP and the three others quitting on 7 December. Jacques Desallangre left the group on 17 February 2012.Following the 2012 legislative elections, Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne was designated by the 10 deputies of the Left Front to form a parliamentary group, with only 15 deputies now required to form a parliamentary group, again raising the possibility of seeking support from \"progressive\" deputies representing R\u00e9union, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. With the support of two such deputies already confirmed, as previous members of the group, the support of two newly elected deputies in Martinique, Jean-Philippe Nilor and Bruno Nestor Azerot, was sought out. The search for the fifteenth deputy proved difficult; though Ary Chalus of Guadeloupe, another newly minted deputy, was expected to join the group, the situation was complicated by Chalus's statement on 21 June that he would associate with the Socialist group. The continued existence of the group was finally assured with the confirmation that Gabriel Serville of the Guianese Socialist Party (PSG) would sit with the GDR in the assembly, the group now reduced to 15 deputies.In the 2017 legislative elections, the PCF and la France Insoumise, the movement founded by Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon prior to the presidential election, failed to establish an alliance to run common candidates in the legislative elections. Both subsequently decided to form separate parliamentary groups; Chassaigne declared that the GDR would continue on 21 June, including 11 of its own deputies and 4 from overseas France, but would not oppose the initiatives of the la France Insoumise group. M\u00e9lenchon's insistence on voting discipline respecting his movement's program proved an obstacle in any potential alliance between the two. At the time of its formation on 27 June, the parliamentary group included 16 deputies.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne", "Jean-Claude Sandrier"], "facts": [["Democratic and Republican Left", "chairperson", "Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne", "June 2012", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "French Communist Party", "June 2007", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens", "November 2010", "November 2011"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Guianese Socialist Party", "June 2012", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "The Greens", "June 2007", "November 2010"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "chairperson", "Jean-Claude Sandrier", "June 2007", "November 2011"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Martinican Independence Movement", "June 2007", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Communist Party of R\u00e9union", "June 2007", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "chairperson", "Roland Muzeau", "November 2011", "June 2012"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Tavini Huiraatira", "June 2017", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Democratic and Republican Left belong to in August 2021?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Democratic and Republican Left belong to in August 2021?", "date": "August 09 2021", "text_answers": {"text": ["French Communist Party", "Communist Party of R\u00e9union", "Martinican Independence Movement", "Guianese Socialist Party", "Tavini Huiraatira"]}, "id": "L2_Q2450519_P102_9", "fact_context": "Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the French Communist Party from June 2007 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens from November 2010 to November 2011. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the The Greens from June 2007 to November 2010. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Martinican Independence Movement from June 2007 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Guianese Socialist Party from June 2012 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Communist Party of R\u00e9union from June 2007 to May 2023. \n Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from June 2012 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Tavini Huiraatira from June 2017 to May 2023. \n Jean-Claude Sandrier was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from June 2007 to November 2011. \n Roland Muzeau was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from November 2011 to June 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "Jean-Claude Sandrier was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from 06/2007 to Nov 2011. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the French Communist Party from 06/2007 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Tavini Huiraatira from 06/2017 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Martinican Independence Movement from Jun 2007 to 05/2023. \n Roland Muzeau was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from November 2011 to 06/2012. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the The Greens from June 2007 to November 2010. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Communist Party of R\u00e9union from Jun 2007 to 05/2023. \n Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne was the chair of Democratic and Republican Left from June 2012 to May 2023. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens from 11/2010 to 11/2011. \n Democratic and Republican Left was a member of the Guianese Socialist Party from 06/2012 to May 2023.", "context": "Democratic and Republican Left groupThe Democratic and Republican Left group ( or GDR) is a parliamentary group in the National Assembly including representatives of the French Communist Party (PCF) as well as leftist parties with bases in Overseas France.The electoral record of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 2007 was marked by dismal performances, first in the presidential election in which the party's national secretary Marie-George Buffet stood as a candidate supported by the PCF within the framework of an anti-liberal alliance; she was routed in the first round, receiving just 1.93% of the overall vote, a result deemed \"catastrophic\" for the party. The party's result in the subsequent legislative elections was similarly middling: though it outpaced the projections of pollsters, which placed it between only 5 and 15 seats, it still fell short of the threshold of 20 deputies, then required for the formation of a parliamentary group in the National Assembly. As a result, Alain Bocquet, outgoing leader of the preceding communist group in the assembly, demanded on 18 June that the requirement for the number of deputies to form a political group be lowered to 15 from 20 then needed, with a total of 15 deputies elected under the PCF label in the legislative elections (not counting PCF dissident Maxime Gremetz or PCF associate deputies Jean-Pierre Brard and Jacques Desallangre). Bocquet, referring to the recent election of Nicolas Sarkozy in the presidential election, added \"if the president of the Republic is a democrat, he will prove it\", further arguing that \"contrary to all predictions, the conditions for the constitution of a communist group in the National Assembly have been met, and their recognition is only a regulatory formality\".During the evening of 17 June, the second round of the legislative elections, Buffet issued an appeal to form an \"open\" group to carry the \"people's voice\" in the National Assembly, singling out the Greens (VEC) as a potential target. PCF spokesperson Olivier Dartigolles speculated that the party could secure an alliance \"with the non-inscrits, with the elected officials of the DOM-TOM, with the progressive elected officials of the left\", believing that the other forces on the left were sufficient to constitute a parliamentary group. Recognizing the predicament of the PCF, ecologist deputy No\u00ebl Mam\u00e8re proposed that evening that the four members of the Greens elected in the legislative elections join the communist deputies in order to provide the necessary support to form a political group in the National Assembly, saying that he believed that the Green deputies accept the opening proposed by Buffet, hoping to sit along the PCF and others on the left in an \"autonomous group\" in the National Assembly, independent of the Socialist Party (PS); he later added that his invitation was also extended the Movement of Citizens of Jean-Pierre Chev\u00e8nement, the Radical Party of the Left (PRG), and miscellaneous left. Bocuqet on 18 June indicated that \"the group was open to the world\" but did not signify that it would accept the support of the Greens in order to establish a group.Despite this initial outreach to the Greens, however, Buffet's initiative to form a common group with the Greens was ultimately rebuffed, ending the possibility of a \"communist, republican and ecologist\" group as envisaged by Mam\u00e8re. Discussions between Mam\u00e8re, PCF deputy Patrick Braouezec, and miscellaneous left deputies including G\u00e9rard Charasse were briefly initiated with the apparent support of the leadership of the PCF, which sought to strengthen its position in the assembly and diminish troublemakers within it ranks; however, these ultimately came to no avail, with Bocquet believing that an alliance with the Greens would be unfeasible during the debates of the Grenelle de l'environnement and legislation proposed as a result. Maxime Gremetz, ousted from the communist federation in the Somme and antagonistic towards the national party, made conditional his membership of a parliamentary group contingent on his demand that he and the other communists in the Somme excluded from the departmental federation be permitted to rejoin. With 18 total communist deputies, it was therefore necessary to seek two additional deputies for the formation of the group.Unable to pass the threshold of 20 deputies on their own, however, the communists \u2013 Bocquet in particular \u2013 were eventually forced to reopen the door to the Greens and PRG, with Mam\u00e8re proposing a \"radical, communist, and green\" group. Though the PCF continued to petition for a lowering of the bar for a parliamentary group from 20 to 15 deputies, the necessary change of regulation required the assent of a majority of the National Assembly, then controlled by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). There being no guarantee that this would happen, Bocquet said that the communists needed to act with \"pragmatism\". The Democratic and Republican Left group (\"groupe de la Gauche d\u00e9mocrate et r\u00e9publicaine\") was ultimately formed on 26 June with 24 deputies, Jean-Claude Sandrier becoming its first president; it included the deputies of the PCF (with the exception of Andr\u00e9 Gerin, who refused to join), four Greens, and two miscellaneous left deputies: Alfred Marie-Jeanne for Martinique and Huguette Bello for R\u00e9union.After leaving the PS along with Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon to co-found the Left Party, Marc Dolez left the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left group to join the GDR group as an associate deputy before becoming a member on 27 January 2009. On 11 July 2010, Anny Poursinoff of the Greens was elected in a by-election in Yvelines's 10th constituency, defeating Jean-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Poisson, thus becoming the 26th member of the GDR group. On 1 September 2010, the Green deputy Yves Cochet took over the presidency of the GDR group. Maxime Gremetz was expelled from the group on 12 April 2011 after interrupting a parliamentary meeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and subsequently resigned from his seat on 16 May. Cochet left the GDR group on 6 December after being designated as an MEP, and was replaced by Roland Muzeau; this decision reflected the dissatisfaction of the Left Front at the decision of their ecologist partners, now known as Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens (EELV), to present a common candidate with the PS against incumbent Fran\u00e7ois Asensi in Seine-Saint-Denis's 11th constituency. The four ecologist deputies subsequently left the GDR group, Cochet departing on 6 December to take his seat as an MEP and the three others quitting on 7 December. Jacques Desallangre left the group on 17 February 2012.Following the 2012 legislative elections, Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne was designated by the 10 deputies of the Left Front to form a parliamentary group, with only 15 deputies now required to form a parliamentary group, again raising the possibility of seeking support from \"progressive\" deputies representing R\u00e9union, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. With the support of two such deputies already confirmed, as previous members of the group, the support of two newly elected deputies in Martinique, Jean-Philippe Nilor and Bruno Nestor Azerot, was sought out. The search for the fifteenth deputy proved difficult; though Ary Chalus of Guadeloupe, another newly minted deputy, was expected to join the group, the situation was complicated by Chalus's statement on 21 June that he would associate with the Socialist group. The continued existence of the group was finally assured with the confirmation that Gabriel Serville of the Guianese Socialist Party (PSG) would sit with the GDR in the assembly, the group now reduced to 15 deputies.In the 2017 legislative elections, the PCF and la France Insoumise, the movement founded by Jean-Luc M\u00e9lenchon prior to the presidential election, failed to establish an alliance to run common candidates in the legislative elections. Both subsequently decided to form separate parliamentary groups; Chassaigne declared that the GDR would continue on 21 June, including 11 of its own deputies and 4 from overseas France, but would not oppose the initiatives of the la France Insoumise group. M\u00e9lenchon's insistence on voting discipline respecting his movement's program proved an obstacle in any potential alliance between the two. At the time of its formation on 27 June, the parliamentary group included 16 deputies.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["The Greens", "Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens"], "facts": [["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Martinican Independence Movement", "June 2007", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "chairperson", "Andr\u00e9 Chassaigne", "June 2012", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Communist Party of R\u00e9union", "June 2007", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "chairperson", "Jean-Claude Sandrier", "June 2007", "November 2011"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Tavini Huiraatira", "June 2017", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "chairperson", "Roland Muzeau", "November 2011", "June 2012"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "The Greens", "June 2007", "November 2010"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Europe Ecology \u2013 The Greens", "November 2010", "November 2011"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "Guianese Socialist Party", "June 2012", "May 2023"], ["Democratic and Republican Left", "member of political party", "French Communist Party", "June 2007", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge in February 2015?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge in Feb 2015?", "date": "February 02 2015", "text_answers": {"text": ["Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge"]}, "id": "L2_Q36812_P26_3", "fact_context": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge was married to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge from April 2011 to May 2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Wetherby School from January 1987 to January 1990. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge held the position of heir apparent from April 2021 to May 2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Ludgrove School from September 1990 to July 1995. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst from January 2006 to December 2006.", "adv_fact_context": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Wetherby School from Jan 1987 to January 1990. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge was married to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge from April 2011 to 05/2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Ludgrove School from September 1990 to July 1995. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge held the position of heir apparent from April 2021 to May 2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst from January 2006 to 12/2006.", "context": "Prince William, Duke of CambridgePrince William, Duke of Cambridge, (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982) is a member of the British royal family. He is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. Since birth, he has been second in the line of succession to the British throne.Born in St Mary's Hospital, London, William was educated at Wetherby School, Ludgrove School and Eton College. He spent parts of his gap year in Belize and Chile before earning a Scottish Master of Arts degree in geography at the University of St Andrews. William then trained at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst prior to serving with the Blues and Royals. In April 2008, William graduated from Royal Air Force College Cranwell, joining RAF Search and Rescue Force in early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance from July 2015 for two years.The Duke performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the Queen. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations, including the Tusk Trust, Centrepoint, and London's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through The Royal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, and emergency workers. In December 2014, he founded the \"United for Wildlife\" initiative, which aims to reduce worldwide illegal wildlife trade. In April 2016, the Cambridges and Prince Harry initiated the mental health awareness campaign \"Heads Together\" to encourage people to open up about their mental health issues. In October 2020, William launched the Earthshot Prize, a \u00a350 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade.In 2011, William was made Duke of Cambridge preceding his marriage to Catherine Middleton. The couple have three children: Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis of Cambridge.Prince William was born at St Mary's Hospital, London on 21 June 1982 as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II) and Diana, Princess of Wales. His names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace on 28 June. He was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August, the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. He was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, when he was nine months old, as his first trip overseas. He traveled with his family to Canada in 1991 and 1998.Known informally as \"Wills\" within the family, William was nicknamed \"Wombat\" by his mother, who wished him and his younger brother, Harry, to obtain broader life experiences than those usually available to royal children. She took them to Walt Disney World and McDonald's, AIDS clinics, shelters for the homeless, and bought them items typically owned by teenagers, such as video games. His parents divorced in 1996. Diana died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, were staying at Balmoral Castle at the time. The Prince of Wales waited until his sons awoke the following morning to tell them about their mother's death. William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and his maternal uncle Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, at his mother's funeral. William and Harry walked behind the funeral cort\u00e8ge from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey.William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart. At Ludgrove, he participated in football, swimming, basketball, clay pigeon shooting, and cross country running. He sat the entrance exam to Eton College and was admitted. There, he studied Geography, Biology, and History of Art at A-Level, obtaining an 'A' in Geography, a 'C' in Biology, and a 'B' in History of Art. At Eton, he took up water polo and continued to play football, captaining his house team.The decision to place William in Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children to Gordonstoun, which his grandfather, father, two uncles, and two cousins all attended. Diana's father and brother both attended Eton. The royal family and the tabloid press agreed William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life. John Wakeham, chairman of the Press Complaints Commission, said of the arrangement, \"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\"After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part in British Army training exercises in Belize, worked on English dairy farms, visited Africa, and for ten weeks taught children in southern Chile. As part of the Raleigh International programme in the town of Tortel, William lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores\u2014including cleaning the toilet\u2014and also volunteered as a guest disc jockey at a local radio station. His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himself Swahili.By 2001, William was back in the United Kingdom and had enrolled at the University of St Andrews. The extra attention did not deter him; he embarked on a degree course in Art History, later changing his main subject to Geography. William wrote his dissertation on the coral reefs of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean and graduated with Scottish Master of Arts degree with upper second class honours in 2005. While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004. He was known as \"Steve\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. William returned to St Andrews alongside his wife in February 2011 as patron of the university's 600th Anniversary Appeal.Upon graduation from university, William interned in land management at Chatsworth House and in banking at HSBC. To prepare for his eventual management of the Duchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enrolled in a vocational agricultural management course at Cambridge, which was organised by the Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership (CPSL), of which his father is patron. According to a CNN report in 2014, the duchy is \"a \u00a3760\u00a0million (about $1.25\u00a0billion) entity established in 1337 to provide a private income for use by the reigning monarch's eldest son\", which William will inherit when his father becomes king.Having decided to follow a military career, he was admitted to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in January 2006. William officially received his commission as a lieutenant at midnight. As \"Lieutenant Wales\"\u2014a name based on his father's title Prince of Wales\u2014he followed his younger brother into the Blues and Royals as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post at Bovington Camp, Dorset.William's position as second-in-line to the throne and the convention of ministers advising against placing that person into dangerous situations cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat, which increased after Prince Harry's deployment was cancelled in 2007 due to \"specific threats\". William, instead, went on to train in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, obtaining his commission as a sub-lieutenant in the former and flying officer in the latter\u2014both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant.After completing his training, William undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force at RAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with his RAF wings by his father, who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell. During this secondment, William flew to Afghanistan in a C-17 Globemaster that repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson. William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy. Whilst serving on HMS \"Iron Duke\" in June 2008, William participated in a \u00a340m drug bust in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados. He was a part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter, which helped seize 900\u00a0kg of cocaine from a speedboat.In January 2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted to Flight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF's Search and Rescue Force. In January 2010, he graduated from the Defence Helicopter Flying School at RAF Shawbury. On 26 January 2010, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit at RAF Valley, Anglesey, to receive training on the Sea King search and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010. This made him the first member of the British royal family since Henry VII to live in Wales.William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of an RAF Sea King was a response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard on 2 October 2010. In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue two sailors.William was deployed to the Falkland Islands for a six-week tour with No. 1564 Flight from February to March 2012. The Argentine government condemned the Duke's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of the Falklands War as a \"provocative act\". In June 2012, Prince William gained a qualification to be captain or pilot in command of a Sea King rather than a co-pilot. His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.In 2014, it was announced that William would accept a full-time role as a pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance (EAAA) based at Cambridge Airport. Despite his qualifications as a military helicopter pilot, William needed a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to take command of the Air Ambulance. Although his position was paid, Kensington Palace announced that William would donate his full salary to the EAAA charity. He underwent part of his training as an EAAA pilot at Norwich Airport. On 13 July 2015, William started his new job, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous role as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot. The Duke described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly with critical care cases. He also publicly discussed the consequences, witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement as an emergency worker, stating that it impacted his mental health and personal life. \"BBC\" has written that the Duke was \"exposed to the National Health Service in a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\"William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties on behalf of his grandmother. After supporting an anniversary campaign for London's Air Ambulance Charity in 2019, the Duke became the charity's official patron in March 2020. In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during the COVID-19 pandemic. To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \"profound respect\" for the community, particularly during the \"immeasurably difficult\" outbreak, and stated that \"the country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude.\"In 2001, William met Catherine Middleton while they were students in residence at St Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews. She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show on campus. The couple began dating in 2003. During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends. From 2003 to 2005, they both resided at Balgove House on the Strathtyrum estate with two roommates.Their relationship was followed so closely by the tabloid press that bookmakers took bets on the possibility of marriage, and the retail chain Woolworths produced memorabilia bearing their likenesses. Media attention became so intense that William formally asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton. On 15 December 2006, Middleton attended Prince William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton ended their relationship. Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana in July 2007 at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart. The couple were subsequently seen together in public on a number of occasions and news sources stated that they had \"rekindled their relationship\". Middleton was in attendance during the Order of the Garter procession ceremony at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where Prince William was made a Royal Knight of the Garter. In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on the Bodorgan Estate in Anglesey, Wales, where William resided during his RAF search-and-rescue training and subsequent career.On 16 November 2010, Clarence House announced that William and Catherine were to marry; the couple had become engaged in Kenya in October. The engagement ring given by William to Catherine had belonged to his mother. The wedding took place on 29 April 2011 in Westminster Abbey, London. A few hours before the ceremony, William's new titles Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300\u00a0million or more, whilst 26\u00a0million watched the event live in Britain alone. The couple were given the country home, Anmer Hall, on the Sandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen. The Duke and Duchess owned an English Cocker Spaniel, Lupo, from December 2011 to November 2020.Catherine's first pregnancy was announced on 3 December 2012. She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth to Prince George. On 8 September 2014, it was announced that the Duchess of Cambridge was pregnant with her second child. She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital and gave birth to Princess Charlotte. The Duchess's third pregnancy was announced on 4 September 2017; Prince Louis was born on 23 April 2018. The family officially reside at Kensington Palace.William is the godfather of Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark (b. 1998), a distant relation though his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Mia Tindall (b. 2014), the eldest child of his paternal cousin, Zara Tindall.William and his brother Harry inherited the \"bulk\" of the \u00a312.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown since her 1997 death to \u00a310 million each in 2014. In 2002 \"The Times\" reported that William would also share with his brother a payment of \u00a34.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on their respective 21st birthdays and would share a payment of \u00a38 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. As the eldest son of the heir-apparent, William is expected to inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, which would bring him an additional income.In 2014, the brothers inherited their mother's wedding dress along with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters, and paintings. The brothers also received the original lyrics and score of \"Candle in the Wind\" by Bernie Taupin and Elton John as performed by John at Diana's funeral.On 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a \"Harry Potter scar\" and said, \"I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it\u2014other times they don't notice it at all\".On 1 November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for coronavirus in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'. \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported he had been \"very ill\" and had isolated away from his family.At the age of 21, William was appointed a Counsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 2003. On his 21st birthday, William accompanied his father on a visit to Wales, visiting the Anglesey Food Festival and opening a centre for the homeless in Newport. Upon graduating from university, William began royal duties in support of, and on behalf of, the Queen at official events, public engagements, and overseas tours. In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo overseas tour, travelling to New Zealand to participate in World War II commemorations. For the 30th anniversary of his father's charity The Prince's Trust, William and his brother were jointly interviewed for the first time by television personalities Ant & Dec. According to author Tina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to become Governor-General of Australia. Prime Minister of Australia John Howard expressed his wish for the position to be held by an Australian citizen. In 2009, the Queen set up a private office for William with David Manning as his adviser. Manning accompanied him in January 2010 as he toured Auckland and Wellington; William opened the new building of the Supreme Court of New Zealand and was welcomed by a M\u0101ori chief. In June 2010, William and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, visiting projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children. In November 2010, he attended a memorial service held on Remembrance Day at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. In March 2011, William visited Christchurch, New Zealand, shortly after the earthquake, and spoke at the memorial service at Hagley Park on behalf of his grandmother. He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding in Queensland and Victoria. In May 2011, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge met with U.S President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at Buckingham Palace. The couple toured Canada in summer 2011, attending Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill. On 2 November, the Duke and Duchess visited the UNICEF Supply Division for malnourished children in Copenhagen, Denmark.William and Catherine served as ambassadors for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2012, they toured Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. The Duke and Duchess attended further commemorations of the Jubilee throughout the year, including the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in July. The Duke hosted his first investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace in October 2013. In April 2014, William and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia with their son, Prince George. The itinerary included visiting the Plunket Society for children and visiting fire-damaged areas in New South Wales. In June 2014, the couple visited France to attend the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings at Gold Beach. In September 2014, the Duke visited Malta to commemorate its 50th independence anniversary, substituting for his wife after the announcement of her second pregnancy. On 21 October, the Duke and Duchess met the President of Singapore, Tony Tan, during his state visit to the UK. In December 2014, the William met with President Obama in the Oval Office, and made a speech at the World Bank in Washington, D. C., condemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In December 2014, the couple visited New York and attended a charity dinner at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.In February 2015, the Duke visited Japan, meeting with Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko at the Imperial Palace and visiting survivors devastated by the 2011 tsunami. From 1 to 4 March, the Duke visited the Chinese cities Beijing, Shanghai, and Yunnan and met with President Xi Jinping. It was the first royal visit to mainland China in almost three decades. In April 2016, the William and his wife undertook a tour to India and Bhutan. Activities included visiting children's charities such as Childline India, as well as a visit to Lingkana Palace. Later that month, the couple met again with the Obamas at Kensington Palace. In April 2016, William and Catherine toured to India and Bhutan. The couple toured Canada once again in September 2016. In November 2016, he visited Vietnam, meeting with Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc and touring local primary schools. Countries visited by the couple in 2017 include France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium. In January 2018, the couple visited Sweden and Norway. The visits, which were, like others, requested by the Foreign Office, were interpreted to benefit UK-European relations post Brexit. In June 2018, the Duke toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine.In February 2019, William and Catherine carried out a two-day visit of Northern Ireland, visiting Belfast, Fermanagh, and Ballymena. The Duke and Duchess toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years. In December 2019, William visited Kuwait and Oman, commemorating the 120th anniversary of the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899. In March 2020, the couple carried out a three-day tour of Ireland, visiting County Meath, Kildare, and Galway. In October 2020, the Duke and Duchess met Volodymyr Zelensky, the President of Ukraine, and First Lady Olena Zelenska, at Buckingham Palace, the first royal engagement held at the residence since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In December, the couple embarked on a three-day tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the British Royal Train \"to pay tribute to the inspiring work of individuals, organisations and initiatives across the country\" in 2020. Prime Minister Boris Johnson expressed his support for the initiative, while First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon criticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; UK, Scottish and Welsh governments were consulted before planning the tour. In William's capacity as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, the couple toured Edinburgh, Fife and Orkney in May 2021. In Cornwall on 11 June 2021, William and Catherine attended the G7 summit for the first time. They also attended a reception, where the Duke and his father discussed governmental and corporate solutions to environmental problems.William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, William and his brother volunteered at a British Red Cross aid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. In September that year, William granted his patronage to Centrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless. In December 2009, he, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, spent the night sleeping bag near the Blackfriars Bridge to raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth. The Duke opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50-year anniversary. In 2005, William worked in the children's unit at The Royal Marsden Hospital, his mother's former patronage, for two days of work experience; he also assisted in the medical research, catering, and fundraising departments. In May that year, he spent two weeks in North Wales with Mountain Rescue England and Wales. In May 2007, William became patron of both organisations. In October 2020, the Duke laid the foundation stone of the hospital's Oak Cancer Centre, 30 years after his mother did the same for their Chelsea Wing in 1990.Prince William became a patron of the Tusk Trust in December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development, including providing education, across Africa. He became associated with the organisation after he witnessed its work first hand in Africa. Stating that \"rural African initiatives that foster education, responsibility and participation in the local community light the way to conservation\", he carried out his first official duty with the trust in launching a bike ride across the African continent in 2007. Later that year, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry. In 2010, he also became a patron of 100 Women in Hedge Funds Philanthropic Initiatives. William succeeded Lord Attenborough in 2010 as the fifth president of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. In March 2011, the Duke and Duchess set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities instead. The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple's choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation. The charity has since been renamed The Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. In December 2014, The Duke founded the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce, which aims to reduce worldwide illegal wildlife trade. The Duke has spoken out for LGBT rights as part of his work against cyberbullying, stating the importance of being \"proud of the person you are\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and discrimination. He was recognised at the British LGBT Awards in May 2017. In 2018, the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry to de-stigmatise mental health. Legacy programmes include Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with the Football Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess launched Shout, the UK's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues. William has cited his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, as well as his work with homelessness, veterans welfare, and his wife's advocacy on addiction.William has been patron of homelessness charity The Passage since 2019 after first visiting the center in 1992 with his mother. In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2020, the Duke volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences. In March 2020, the Duke appeared in a video for the National Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised \u00a311 million in its first week, eventually totalling to \u00a390 million, with the money going out to \"front line charities\" and to the UK Community Foundations to be distributed among \"local community foundations\". In April 2020, he officially became the patron of the organisation. In late March 2020, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England amidst the coronavirus pandemic. He made a surprise appearance in \"The Big Night In\", a 20 April 2020 telethon held during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call with Stephen Fry, who revised his role as (a descendant of) Lord Melchett, from the Blackadder series. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In May and June 2020, the Duke and Duchess, alongside their children, delivered food parcels made on the Sandringham Estate to local isolated pensioners during the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, The Duke of Cambridge, stated that he had been serving as a volunteer on the Shout hotline during the pandemic. In September 2020, the Duke established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders. The project is in partnership with King's College London and the Open University. After two years of research, the Duke launched the Earthshot Prize in October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade. The Prize is slated to be given every year from 2021 until 2030 to five winners each year, in accordance with five categories detailing the restoration of nature, air cleanliness, ocean conservation, waste-free living, and climate change. The selection process will be performed by the Duke, alongside a council of judges from six continents, overseen by a panel of experts. The first awards ceremony is slated to take place in London in autumn 2021. Following the launch, William gave a TED Talk on environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative. Later that month, the Duke took over the patronages of Flora and Fauna International and the British Trust for Ornithology, passed on from the Queen and Prince Philip. In December 2020, the Duke and Duchess became joint patrons of NHS Charities Together. In February 2021, William visited a vaccination centre in King's Lynn and later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncing false information that could cause vaccine hesitancy. In May 2021, he got his first dose of vaccine by NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.William often plays polo to raise money for charity. He is a fan of football, and supports the English club Aston Villa. He became President of England's Football Association in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron. The same year, the WRU's decision to name a new cup for test matches between Wales and South Africa the Prince William Cup caused controversy; some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it after Ray Gravell. In December 2010, William and Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong-joon at which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA's ethics investigator because they considered vote-swapping to be a violation of anti-collusion rules. In 2011, William as President of the English FA, voted against Australia's 2022 FIFA bid and instead voted for South Korea; despite being the country's future heir. In 2020, again as President of the English FA, he voted against the joint Australia\u2013New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bid and instead voted for Colombia.In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed toward Marcus Rashford, the Duke released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \"racist abuse.. whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\" as \"despicable\" and stating that \"we all have a responsibility\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability. In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competition The Super League, adding that he \"share[d] the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\"In 2006, William, along with other Sandhurst officers, took part in a run to support the charity Sport Relief, as he had done in 2004 with a team from Clarence House. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association. In 2012, together with the Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the 2012 Olympics and provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach. In 2013, he succeeded his grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as president of the UK charity Fields in Trust. In 2014 he and the Duchess were awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club. In May 2020, the Duke of Cambridge appeared in a BBC One Documentary titled \"Football, Prince William and Our Mental Health\" as a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium.Both William and his brother are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns a Ducati 1198 S Corse. In May 2014, William, like his father and paternal grandfather, became president of the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC). He enthusiastically took part in a bandy event in Stockholm in January 2018.The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duke and his wife have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In September 2012, the French edition of \"Closer\" and Italian gossip magazine \"Chi\" published photographs of the Duchess of Cambridge sun-bathing topless while on holiday at the Ch\u00e2teau d'Autet (a private ch\u00e2teau on a 260-ha estate 71\u00a0km north of Aix-en-Provence). Analysts from \"The Times\" believed the photographs were taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road half a kilometre from the pool\u2014a distance that would require an 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens. On 17 September 2012, the Duke and Duchess filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at the \"Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre\". The following day the courts granted an injunction against \"Closer\" prohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced a criminal investigation would be initiated. Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded but intrusions of privacy are a criminal offence carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to \u20ac45,000 for individuals and \u20ac225,000 for companies. In September 2017, \"Closer\" was fined \u20ac100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined \u20ac45,000.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \"dangerous\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Jason Knauf, communications secretary to the Cambridges, wrote the letter to media standards organisations in various countries.In March 2017, a video of William dancing alongside an unidentified woman at a nightclub in Verbier, Switzerland, surfaced in the media. At the time, he was on a skiing holiday with his friends. The press criticised William's behaviour because he had failed to attend the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by other senior members of the royal family.The hereditary titles of Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced on 29 April 2011 and formally patented on 26 May that year. William uses the earldom in Scotland and the barony in Northern Ireland. He is a Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG), a Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT), a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC), and a Personal Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to the Queen.As a British prince, William does not use a surname for everyday purposes. For formal and ceremonial purposes, children of the Prince of Wales use the title \"prince\" or \"princess\" before their forename and follow it with their father's territorial designation. Thus, before his marriage, Prince William was styled \"Prince William of Wales\". Such territorial designations are discarded by women when they marry and by men if they are given a peerage of their own, such as when Prince William was given his dukedom.Although the name of the Royal House is Windsor, the surname \"Mountbatten-Windsor\" belongs to all the children and male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, and is used, if needed, by those who do not have the style of Royal Highness and the title Prince or Princess; when a female descendant marries, she traditionally takes her husband's surname from that point onward, and their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge.Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.In September 2013, the Queen granted to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge a conjugal coat of arms consisting of their individual arms displayed side-by-side beneath a helm and coronet denoting the Duke's status as grandson of the Sovereign.In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic flag for the Duke of Cambridge's use in Canada. It is the Royal Arms of Canada in banner form defaced with a blue roundel surrounded with a wreath of gold maple leaves and shells within which is a depiction of a \"\"W\"\" surmounted by a coronet. Above the roundel is a white label of three points, charged with a red shell.William is a member of the House of Windsor. Patrilineally, he descends from the House of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses; and more specifically the cadet branch known as the House of Gl\u00fccksburg.Through his mother, William descends from the Earls Spencer\u2014a cadet branch of the Spencer family descended from the Earls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now also Dukes of Marlborough; the Barons Fermoy; and more anciently from Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond\u2014two illegitimate sons of King Charles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since Anne to descend from Charles I and the first to descend from Charles II.William descends matrilineally from Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his eighteenth-century ancestor Theodore Forbes\u2014a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company in Surat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \"a dark-skinned native woman\", \"an Armenian woman from Bombay\", and \"Mrs. Forbesian\". Genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner assumed Kewark was Armenian. In June 2013, BritainsDNA announced that genealogical DNA tests on two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "position held", "heir apparent", "April 2021", "May 2023"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Royal Military Academy Sandhurst", "January 2006", "December 2006"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Ludgrove School", "September 1990", "July 1995"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "spouse", "Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge", "April 2011", "May 2023"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Wetherby School", "January 1987", "January 1990"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Prince William, Duke of Cambridge hold in October 2022?", "adv_question": "Which position did Prince William, Duke of Cambridge hold in 10/2022?", "date": "October 08 2022", "text_answers": {"text": ["heir apparent"]}, "id": "L2_Q36812_P39_4", "fact_context": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Ludgrove School from September 1990 to July 1995. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge was married to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge from April 2011 to May 2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge held the position of heir apparent from April 2021 to May 2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst from January 2006 to December 2006. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Wetherby School from January 1987 to January 1990.", "adv_fact_context": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge held the position of heir apparent from April 2021 to May 2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge was married to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge from April 2011 to 05/2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst from January 2006 to 12/2006. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Wetherby School from Jan 1987 to January 1990. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Ludgrove School from September 1990 to July 1995.", "context": "Prince William, Duke of CambridgePrince William, Duke of Cambridge, (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982) is a member of the British royal family. He is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. Since birth, he has been second in the line of succession to the British throne.Born in St Mary's Hospital, London, William was educated at Wetherby School, Ludgrove School and Eton College. He spent parts of his gap year in Belize and Chile before earning a Scottish Master of Arts degree in geography at the University of St Andrews. William then trained at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst prior to serving with the Blues and Royals. In April 2008, William graduated from Royal Air Force College Cranwell, joining RAF Search and Rescue Force in early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance from July 2015 for two years.The Duke performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the Queen. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations, including the Tusk Trust, Centrepoint, and London's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through The Royal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, and emergency workers. In December 2014, he founded the \"United for Wildlife\" initiative, which aims to reduce worldwide illegal wildlife trade. In April 2016, the Cambridges and Prince Harry initiated the mental health awareness campaign \"Heads Together\" to encourage people to open up about their mental health issues. In October 2020, William launched the Earthshot Prize, a \u00a350 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade.In 2011, William was made Duke of Cambridge preceding his marriage to Catherine Middleton. The couple have three children: Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis of Cambridge.Prince William was born at St Mary's Hospital, London on 21 June 1982 as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II) and Diana, Princess of Wales. His names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace on 28 June. He was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August, the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. He was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, when he was nine months old, as his first trip overseas. He traveled with his family to Canada in 1991 and 1998.Known informally as \"Wills\" within the family, William was nicknamed \"Wombat\" by his mother, who wished him and his younger brother, Harry, to obtain broader life experiences than those usually available to royal children. She took them to Walt Disney World and McDonald's, AIDS clinics, shelters for the homeless, and bought them items typically owned by teenagers, such as video games. His parents divorced in 1996. Diana died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, were staying at Balmoral Castle at the time. The Prince of Wales waited until his sons awoke the following morning to tell them about their mother's death. William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and his maternal uncle Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, at his mother's funeral. William and Harry walked behind the funeral cort\u00e8ge from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey.William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart. At Ludgrove, he participated in football, swimming, basketball, clay pigeon shooting, and cross country running. He sat the entrance exam to Eton College and was admitted. There, he studied Geography, Biology, and History of Art at A-Level, obtaining an 'A' in Geography, a 'C' in Biology, and a 'B' in History of Art. At Eton, he took up water polo and continued to play football, captaining his house team.The decision to place William in Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children to Gordonstoun, which his grandfather, father, two uncles, and two cousins all attended. Diana's father and brother both attended Eton. The royal family and the tabloid press agreed William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life. John Wakeham, chairman of the Press Complaints Commission, said of the arrangement, \"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\"After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part in British Army training exercises in Belize, worked on English dairy farms, visited Africa, and for ten weeks taught children in southern Chile. As part of the Raleigh International programme in the town of Tortel, William lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores\u2014including cleaning the toilet\u2014and also volunteered as a guest disc jockey at a local radio station. His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himself Swahili.By 2001, William was back in the United Kingdom and had enrolled at the University of St Andrews. The extra attention did not deter him; he embarked on a degree course in Art History, later changing his main subject to Geography. William wrote his dissertation on the coral reefs of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean and graduated with Scottish Master of Arts degree with upper second class honours in 2005. While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004. He was known as \"Steve\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. William returned to St Andrews alongside his wife in February 2011 as patron of the university's 600th Anniversary Appeal.Upon graduation from university, William interned in land management at Chatsworth House and in banking at HSBC. To prepare for his eventual management of the Duchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enrolled in a vocational agricultural management course at Cambridge, which was organised by the Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership (CPSL), of which his father is patron. According to a CNN report in 2014, the duchy is \"a \u00a3760\u00a0million (about $1.25\u00a0billion) entity established in 1337 to provide a private income for use by the reigning monarch's eldest son\", which William will inherit when his father becomes king.Having decided to follow a military career, he was admitted to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in January 2006. William officially received his commission as a lieutenant at midnight. As \"Lieutenant Wales\"\u2014a name based on his father's title Prince of Wales\u2014he followed his younger brother into the Blues and Royals as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post at Bovington Camp, Dorset.William's position as second-in-line to the throne and the convention of ministers advising against placing that person into dangerous situations cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat, which increased after Prince Harry's deployment was cancelled in 2007 due to \"specific threats\". William, instead, went on to train in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, obtaining his commission as a sub-lieutenant in the former and flying officer in the latter\u2014both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant.After completing his training, William undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force at RAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with his RAF wings by his father, who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell. During this secondment, William flew to Afghanistan in a C-17 Globemaster that repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson. William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy. Whilst serving on HMS \"Iron Duke\" in June 2008, William participated in a \u00a340m drug bust in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados. He was a part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter, which helped seize 900\u00a0kg of cocaine from a speedboat.In January 2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted to Flight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF's Search and Rescue Force. In January 2010, he graduated from the Defence Helicopter Flying School at RAF Shawbury. On 26 January 2010, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit at RAF Valley, Anglesey, to receive training on the Sea King search and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010. This made him the first member of the British royal family since Henry VII to live in Wales.William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of an RAF Sea King was a response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard on 2 October 2010. In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue two sailors.William was deployed to the Falkland Islands for a six-week tour with No. 1564 Flight from February to March 2012. The Argentine government condemned the Duke's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of the Falklands War as a \"provocative act\". In June 2012, Prince William gained a qualification to be captain or pilot in command of a Sea King rather than a co-pilot. His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.In 2014, it was announced that William would accept a full-time role as a pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance (EAAA) based at Cambridge Airport. Despite his qualifications as a military helicopter pilot, William needed a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to take command of the Air Ambulance. Although his position was paid, Kensington Palace announced that William would donate his full salary to the EAAA charity. He underwent part of his training as an EAAA pilot at Norwich Airport. On 13 July 2015, William started his new job, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous role as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot. The Duke described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly with critical care cases. He also publicly discussed the consequences, witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement as an emergency worker, stating that it impacted his mental health and personal life. \"BBC\" has written that the Duke was \"exposed to the National Health Service in a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\"William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties on behalf of his grandmother. After supporting an anniversary campaign for London's Air Ambulance Charity in 2019, the Duke became the charity's official patron in March 2020. In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during the COVID-19 pandemic. To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \"profound respect\" for the community, particularly during the \"immeasurably difficult\" outbreak, and stated that \"the country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude.\"In 2001, William met Catherine Middleton while they were students in residence at St Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews. She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show on campus. The couple began dating in 2003. During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends. From 2003 to 2005, they both resided at Balgove House on the Strathtyrum estate with two roommates.Their relationship was followed so closely by the tabloid press that bookmakers took bets on the possibility of marriage, and the retail chain Woolworths produced memorabilia bearing their likenesses. Media attention became so intense that William formally asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton. On 15 December 2006, Middleton attended Prince William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton ended their relationship. Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana in July 2007 at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart. The couple were subsequently seen together in public on a number of occasions and news sources stated that they had \"rekindled their relationship\". Middleton was in attendance during the Order of the Garter procession ceremony at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where Prince William was made a Royal Knight of the Garter. In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on the Bodorgan Estate in Anglesey, Wales, where William resided during his RAF search-and-rescue training and subsequent career.On 16 November 2010, Clarence House announced that William and Catherine were to marry; the couple had become engaged in Kenya in October. The engagement ring given by William to Catherine had belonged to his mother. The wedding took place on 29 April 2011 in Westminster Abbey, London. A few hours before the ceremony, William's new titles Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300\u00a0million or more, whilst 26\u00a0million watched the event live in Britain alone. The couple were given the country home, Anmer Hall, on the Sandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen. The Duke and Duchess owned an English Cocker Spaniel, Lupo, from December 2011 to November 2020.Catherine's first pregnancy was announced on 3 December 2012. She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth to Prince George. On 8 September 2014, it was announced that the Duchess of Cambridge was pregnant with her second child. She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital and gave birth to Princess Charlotte. The Duchess's third pregnancy was announced on 4 September 2017; Prince Louis was born on 23 April 2018. The family officially reside at Kensington Palace.William is the godfather of Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark (b. 1998), a distant relation though his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Mia Tindall (b. 2014), the eldest child of his paternal cousin, Zara Tindall.William and his brother Harry inherited the \"bulk\" of the \u00a312.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown since her 1997 death to \u00a310 million each in 2014. In 2002 \"The Times\" reported that William would also share with his brother a payment of \u00a34.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on their respective 21st birthdays and would share a payment of \u00a38 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. As the eldest son of the heir-apparent, William is expected to inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, which would bring him an additional income.In 2014, the brothers inherited their mother's wedding dress along with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters, and paintings. The brothers also received the original lyrics and score of \"Candle in the Wind\" by Bernie Taupin and Elton John as performed by John at Diana's funeral.On 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a \"Harry Potter scar\" and said, \"I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it\u2014other times they don't notice it at all\".On 1 November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for coronavirus in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'. \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported he had been \"very ill\" and had isolated away from his family.At the age of 21, William was appointed a Counsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 2003. On his 21st birthday, William accompanied his father on a visit to Wales, visiting the Anglesey Food Festival and opening a centre for the homeless in Newport. Upon graduating from university, William began royal duties in support of, and on behalf of, the Queen at official events, public engagements, and overseas tours. In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo overseas tour, travelling to New Zealand to participate in World War II commemorations. For the 30th anniversary of his father's charity The Prince's Trust, William and his brother were jointly interviewed for the first time by television personalities Ant & Dec. According to author Tina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to become Governor-General of Australia. Prime Minister of Australia John Howard expressed his wish for the position to be held by an Australian citizen. In 2009, the Queen set up a private office for William with David Manning as his adviser. Manning accompanied him in January 2010 as he toured Auckland and Wellington; William opened the new building of the Supreme Court of New Zealand and was welcomed by a M\u0101ori chief. In June 2010, William and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, visiting projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children. In November 2010, he attended a memorial service held on Remembrance Day at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. In March 2011, William visited Christchurch, New Zealand, shortly after the earthquake, and spoke at the memorial service at Hagley Park on behalf of his grandmother. He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding in Queensland and Victoria. In May 2011, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge met with U.S President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at Buckingham Palace. The couple toured Canada in summer 2011, attending Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill. On 2 November, the Duke and Duchess visited the UNICEF Supply Division for malnourished children in Copenhagen, Denmark.William and Catherine served as ambassadors for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2012, they toured Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. The Duke and Duchess attended further commemorations of the Jubilee throughout the year, including the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in July. The Duke hosted his first investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace in October 2013. In April 2014, William and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia with their son, Prince George. The itinerary included visiting the Plunket Society for children and visiting fire-damaged areas in New South Wales. In June 2014, the couple visited France to attend the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings at Gold Beach. In September 2014, the Duke visited Malta to commemorate its 50th independence anniversary, substituting for his wife after the announcement of her second pregnancy. On 21 October, the Duke and Duchess met the President of Singapore, Tony Tan, during his state visit to the UK. In December 2014, the William met with President Obama in the Oval Office, and made a speech at the World Bank in Washington, D. C., condemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In December 2014, the couple visited New York and attended a charity dinner at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.In February 2015, the Duke visited Japan, meeting with Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko at the Imperial Palace and visiting survivors devastated by the 2011 tsunami. From 1 to 4 March, the Duke visited the Chinese cities Beijing, Shanghai, and Yunnan and met with President Xi Jinping. It was the first royal visit to mainland China in almost three decades. In April 2016, the William and his wife undertook a tour to India and Bhutan. Activities included visiting children's charities such as Childline India, as well as a visit to Lingkana Palace. Later that month, the couple met again with the Obamas at Kensington Palace. In April 2016, William and Catherine toured to India and Bhutan. The couple toured Canada once again in September 2016. In November 2016, he visited Vietnam, meeting with Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc and touring local primary schools. Countries visited by the couple in 2017 include France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium. In January 2018, the couple visited Sweden and Norway. The visits, which were, like others, requested by the Foreign Office, were interpreted to benefit UK-European relations post Brexit. In June 2018, the Duke toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine.In February 2019, William and Catherine carried out a two-day visit of Northern Ireland, visiting Belfast, Fermanagh, and Ballymena. The Duke and Duchess toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years. In December 2019, William visited Kuwait and Oman, commemorating the 120th anniversary of the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899. In March 2020, the couple carried out a three-day tour of Ireland, visiting County Meath, Kildare, and Galway. In October 2020, the Duke and Duchess met Volodymyr Zelensky, the President of Ukraine, and First Lady Olena Zelenska, at Buckingham Palace, the first royal engagement held at the residence since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In December, the couple embarked on a three-day tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the British Royal Train \"to pay tribute to the inspiring work of individuals, organisations and initiatives across the country\" in 2020. Prime Minister Boris Johnson expressed his support for the initiative, while First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon criticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; UK, Scottish and Welsh governments were consulted before planning the tour. In William's capacity as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, the couple toured Edinburgh, Fife and Orkney in May 2021. In Cornwall on 11 June 2021, William and Catherine attended the G7 summit for the first time. They also attended a reception, where the Duke and his father discussed governmental and corporate solutions to environmental problems.William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, William and his brother volunteered at a British Red Cross aid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. In September that year, William granted his patronage to Centrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless. In December 2009, he, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, spent the night sleeping bag near the Blackfriars Bridge to raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth. The Duke opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50-year anniversary. In 2005, William worked in the children's unit at The Royal Marsden Hospital, his mother's former patronage, for two days of work experience; he also assisted in the medical research, catering, and fundraising departments. In May that year, he spent two weeks in North Wales with Mountain Rescue England and Wales. In May 2007, William became patron of both organisations. In October 2020, the Duke laid the foundation stone of the hospital's Oak Cancer Centre, 30 years after his mother did the same for their Chelsea Wing in 1990.Prince William became a patron of the Tusk Trust in December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development, including providing education, across Africa. He became associated with the organisation after he witnessed its work first hand in Africa. Stating that \"rural African initiatives that foster education, responsibility and participation in the local community light the way to conservation\", he carried out his first official duty with the trust in launching a bike ride across the African continent in 2007. Later that year, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry. In 2010, he also became a patron of 100 Women in Hedge Funds Philanthropic Initiatives. William succeeded Lord Attenborough in 2010 as the fifth president of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. In March 2011, the Duke and Duchess set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities instead. The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple's choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation. The charity has since been renamed The Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. In December 2014, The Duke founded the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce, which aims to reduce worldwide illegal wildlife trade. The Duke has spoken out for LGBT rights as part of his work against cyberbullying, stating the importance of being \"proud of the person you are\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and discrimination. He was recognised at the British LGBT Awards in May 2017. In 2018, the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry to de-stigmatise mental health. Legacy programmes include Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with the Football Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess launched Shout, the UK's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues. William has cited his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, as well as his work with homelessness, veterans welfare, and his wife's advocacy on addiction.William has been patron of homelessness charity The Passage since 2019 after first visiting the center in 1992 with his mother. In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2020, the Duke volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences. In March 2020, the Duke appeared in a video for the National Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised \u00a311 million in its first week, eventually totalling to \u00a390 million, with the money going out to \"front line charities\" and to the UK Community Foundations to be distributed among \"local community foundations\". In April 2020, he officially became the patron of the organisation. In late March 2020, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England amidst the coronavirus pandemic. He made a surprise appearance in \"The Big Night In\", a 20 April 2020 telethon held during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call with Stephen Fry, who revised his role as (a descendant of) Lord Melchett, from the Blackadder series. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In May and June 2020, the Duke and Duchess, alongside their children, delivered food parcels made on the Sandringham Estate to local isolated pensioners during the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, The Duke of Cambridge, stated that he had been serving as a volunteer on the Shout hotline during the pandemic. In September 2020, the Duke established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders. The project is in partnership with King's College London and the Open University. After two years of research, the Duke launched the Earthshot Prize in October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade. The Prize is slated to be given every year from 2021 until 2030 to five winners each year, in accordance with five categories detailing the restoration of nature, air cleanliness, ocean conservation, waste-free living, and climate change. The selection process will be performed by the Duke, alongside a council of judges from six continents, overseen by a panel of experts. The first awards ceremony is slated to take place in London in autumn 2021. Following the launch, William gave a TED Talk on environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative. Later that month, the Duke took over the patronages of Flora and Fauna International and the British Trust for Ornithology, passed on from the Queen and Prince Philip. In December 2020, the Duke and Duchess became joint patrons of NHS Charities Together. In February 2021, William visited a vaccination centre in King's Lynn and later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncing false information that could cause vaccine hesitancy. In May 2021, he got his first dose of vaccine by NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.William often plays polo to raise money for charity. He is a fan of football, and supports the English club Aston Villa. He became President of England's Football Association in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron. The same year, the WRU's decision to name a new cup for test matches between Wales and South Africa the Prince William Cup caused controversy; some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it after Ray Gravell. In December 2010, William and Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong-joon at which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA's ethics investigator because they considered vote-swapping to be a violation of anti-collusion rules. In 2011, William as President of the English FA, voted against Australia's 2022 FIFA bid and instead voted for South Korea; despite being the country's future heir. In 2020, again as President of the English FA, he voted against the joint Australia\u2013New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bid and instead voted for Colombia.In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed toward Marcus Rashford, the Duke released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \"racist abuse.. whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\" as \"despicable\" and stating that \"we all have a responsibility\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability. In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competition The Super League, adding that he \"share[d] the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\"In 2006, William, along with other Sandhurst officers, took part in a run to support the charity Sport Relief, as he had done in 2004 with a team from Clarence House. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association. In 2012, together with the Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the 2012 Olympics and provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach. In 2013, he succeeded his grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as president of the UK charity Fields in Trust. In 2014 he and the Duchess were awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club. In May 2020, the Duke of Cambridge appeared in a BBC One Documentary titled \"Football, Prince William and Our Mental Health\" as a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium.Both William and his brother are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns a Ducati 1198 S Corse. In May 2014, William, like his father and paternal grandfather, became president of the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC). He enthusiastically took part in a bandy event in Stockholm in January 2018.The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duke and his wife have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In September 2012, the French edition of \"Closer\" and Italian gossip magazine \"Chi\" published photographs of the Duchess of Cambridge sun-bathing topless while on holiday at the Ch\u00e2teau d'Autet (a private ch\u00e2teau on a 260-ha estate 71\u00a0km north of Aix-en-Provence). Analysts from \"The Times\" believed the photographs were taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road half a kilometre from the pool\u2014a distance that would require an 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens. On 17 September 2012, the Duke and Duchess filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at the \"Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre\". The following day the courts granted an injunction against \"Closer\" prohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced a criminal investigation would be initiated. Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded but intrusions of privacy are a criminal offence carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to \u20ac45,000 for individuals and \u20ac225,000 for companies. In September 2017, \"Closer\" was fined \u20ac100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined \u20ac45,000.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \"dangerous\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Jason Knauf, communications secretary to the Cambridges, wrote the letter to media standards organisations in various countries.In March 2017, a video of William dancing alongside an unidentified woman at a nightclub in Verbier, Switzerland, surfaced in the media. At the time, he was on a skiing holiday with his friends. The press criticised William's behaviour because he had failed to attend the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by other senior members of the royal family.The hereditary titles of Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced on 29 April 2011 and formally patented on 26 May that year. William uses the earldom in Scotland and the barony in Northern Ireland. He is a Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG), a Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT), a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC), and a Personal Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to the Queen.As a British prince, William does not use a surname for everyday purposes. For formal and ceremonial purposes, children of the Prince of Wales use the title \"prince\" or \"princess\" before their forename and follow it with their father's territorial designation. Thus, before his marriage, Prince William was styled \"Prince William of Wales\". Such territorial designations are discarded by women when they marry and by men if they are given a peerage of their own, such as when Prince William was given his dukedom.Although the name of the Royal House is Windsor, the surname \"Mountbatten-Windsor\" belongs to all the children and male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, and is used, if needed, by those who do not have the style of Royal Highness and the title Prince or Princess; when a female descendant marries, she traditionally takes her husband's surname from that point onward, and their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge.Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.In September 2013, the Queen granted to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge a conjugal coat of arms consisting of their individual arms displayed side-by-side beneath a helm and coronet denoting the Duke's status as grandson of the Sovereign.In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic flag for the Duke of Cambridge's use in Canada. It is the Royal Arms of Canada in banner form defaced with a blue roundel surrounded with a wreath of gold maple leaves and shells within which is a depiction of a \"\"W\"\" surmounted by a coronet. Above the roundel is a white label of three points, charged with a red shell.William is a member of the House of Windsor. Patrilineally, he descends from the House of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses; and more specifically the cadet branch known as the House of Gl\u00fccksburg.Through his mother, William descends from the Earls Spencer\u2014a cadet branch of the Spencer family descended from the Earls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now also Dukes of Marlborough; the Barons Fermoy; and more anciently from Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond\u2014two illegitimate sons of King Charles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since Anne to descend from Charles I and the first to descend from Charles II.William descends matrilineally from Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his eighteenth-century ancestor Theodore Forbes\u2014a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company in Surat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \"a dark-skinned native woman\", \"an Armenian woman from Bombay\", and \"Mrs. Forbesian\". Genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner assumed Kewark was Armenian. In June 2013, BritainsDNA announced that genealogical DNA tests on two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "position held", "heir apparent", "April 2021", "May 2023"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Ludgrove School", "September 1990", "July 1995"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Royal Military Academy Sandhurst", "January 2006", "December 2006"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Wetherby School", "January 1987", "January 1990"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "spouse", "Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge", "April 2011", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Where was David Kennedy Fraser educated in August 1913?", "adv_question": "Where was David Kennedy Fraser educated in August 1913?", "date": "August 23 1913", "text_answers": {"text": ["Cornell University"]}, "id": "L2_Q24579049_P69_3", "fact_context": "David Kennedy Fraser studied at University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education from January 1911 to January 1912. \n David Kennedy Fraser worked for Cornell University from January 1914 to January 1919. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at Cornell University from January 1913 to January 1914. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at Leipzig University from January 1910 to January 1911. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at George Watson's College from January 1893 to January 1904.", "adv_fact_context": "David Kennedy Fraser studied at Leipzig University from 01/1910 to January 1911. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education from Jan 1911 to Jan 1912. \n David Kennedy Fraser worked for Cornell University from January 1914 to Jan 1919. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at George Watson's College from January 1893 to 01/1904. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at Cornell University from 01/1913 to 01/1914.", "context": "David Kennedy FraserDavid Kennedy Fraser FRSE FEIS (10 February 1888 \u2013 26 August 1962) was a Scottish psychologist, educator and amateur mathematician. He was an author of several books looking at the education of the handicapped and was closely associated with the Scottish Association for Mental Health. He campaigned vigorously for the rights of handicapped persons.He was the grandson of the celebrated Scottish singer David Kennedy and was named in his honour.Fraser was born on 10 February 1888 in Edinburgh the son of the celebrated singer Marjory Kennedy (1857-1930) and Alexander Yule Fraser FRSE (1850-1890), a maths teacher at George Watson's College. His father died when he was two years old. His mother raised Fraser at their home, 5 Mayfield Road in south Edinburgh, together with his grandmother, two aunts and a sister, an all-female environment.Together with Andrew J G Barclay his father had founded the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and mathematics was inevitably a lifelong interest despite his father's early death.Fraser attended George Watson's College from 1893 to 1904. He then took a general degree at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc in 1908 and an MA in 1909. He undertook foreign studies first at Leipzig in Germany and Cornell University in the United States, studying there under G M Whipple. At Cornell he was appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Education in 1914.In 1919 he became a lecturer at the newly rebuilt Moray House School of Education in Edinburgh, also teaching at the University of Edinburgh. In 1923 he became a Psychologist for Glasgow Education Authority, working at Jordanhill Training College.In 1929 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Drever, George Carse, James Hartley Ashworth and Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker.He died after a short illness at his home in Milngavie, Glasgow on 26 August 1962. He left a wife and three daughters.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["George Watson's College", "Leipzig University", "University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education"], "facts": [["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education", "January 1911", "January 1912"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "George Watson's College", "January 1893", "January 1904"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "Cornell University", "January 1913", "January 1914"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "Leipzig University", "January 1910", "January 1911"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "employer", "Cornell University", "January 1914", "January 1919"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Tar\u014d Morishima work for in October 1954?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Tar\u014d Morishima work for in Oct 1954?", "date": "October 05 1954", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Tokyo"]}, "id": "L2_Q7686503_P108_5", "fact_context": "Tar\u014d Morishima studied at University of Tokyo from January 1924 to January 1928. \n Tar\u014d Morishima studied at Okayama Junior and Senior High School from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for Shizuoka Senior High School from January 1928 to January 1930. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for Tokyo Metropolitan University High School from January 1930 to January 1942. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for University of Tokyo from January 1951 to January 1973. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for Tsuda University from January 1948 to January 1951.", "adv_fact_context": "Tar\u014d Morishima studied at Okayama Junior and Senior High School from 01/1921 to Jan 1924. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for Tsuda University from January 1948 to 01/1951. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for Tokyo Metropolitan University High School from 01/1930 to 01/1942. \n Tar\u014d Morishima studied at University of Tokyo from 01/1924 to 01/1928. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for Shizuoka Senior High School from 01/1928 to Jan 1930. \n Tar\u014d Morishima worked for University of Tokyo from Jan 1951 to 01/1973.", "context": "Taro MorishimaGranville wrote that Morishima's proof could not be accepted. ", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Shizuoka Senior High School", "Tokyo Metropolitan University High School", "Tsuda University"], "facts": [["Tar\u014d Morishima", "educated at", "Okayama Junior and Senior High School", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Tar\u014d Morishima", "employer", "University of Tokyo", "January 1951", "January 1973"], ["Tar\u014d Morishima", "employer", "Tsuda University", "January 1948", "January 1951"], ["Tar\u014d Morishima", "educated at", "University of Tokyo", "January 1924", "January 1928"], ["Tar\u014d Morishima", "employer", "Tokyo Metropolitan University High School", "January 1930", "January 1942"], ["Tar\u014d Morishima", "employer", "Shizuoka Senior High School", "January 1928", "January 1930"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Andres Ammas belong to in February 2015?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Andres Ammas belong to in Feb 2015?", "date": "February 09 2015", "text_answers": {"text": ["Estonian Free Party"]}, "id": "L2_Q20528366_P102_2", "fact_context": "Andres Ammas worked for Haapsalu Basic School from January 1986 to January 1987. \n Andres Ammas was a member of the Isamaa from November 1992 to February 2012. \n Andres Ammas held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from March 2015 to April 2018. \n Andres Ammas was a member of the Estonian Free Party from October 2014 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Andres Ammas was a member of the Estonian Free Party from Oct 2014 to May 2023. \n Andres Ammas held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from Mar 2015 to April 2018. \n Andres Ammas was a member of the Isamaa from November 1992 to Feb 2012. \n Andres Ammas worked for Haapsalu Basic School from January 1986 to Jan 1987.", "context": "Andres AmmasAndres Ammas (25 February 1962, Tallinn \u2013 4 April 2018) was an Estonian politician, representing the Estonian Free Party in the Riigikogu. He was elected with 1,859 votes in the 2015 election.In 1990\u20131992, Ammas was a member of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia and voted for the Estonian restoration of Independence on 20 August 1991.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Isamaa"], "facts": [["Andres Ammas", "member of political party", "Isamaa", "November 1992", "February 2012"], ["Andres Ammas", "member of political party", "Estonian Free Party", "October 2014", "May 2023"], ["Andres Ammas", "position held", "member of the Estonian Riigikogu", "March 2015", "April 2018"], ["Andres Ammas", "employer", "Haapsalu Basic School", "January 1986", "January 1987"]]}
{"question": "Where was Nathan Rourke educated in June 2017?", "adv_question": "Where was Nathan Rourke educated in Jun 2017?", "date": "June 10 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["Ohio University"]}, "id": "L2_Q89005562_P69_2", "fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from January 2015 to January 2016. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from January 2017 to January 2019. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from January 2016 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from 01/2015 to Jan 2016. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from Jan 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from Jan 2017 to Jan 2019. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from 01/2016 to 01/2017.", "context": "Nathan RourkeNathan Rourke (born May 24, 1998) is a Canadian professional football quarterback for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Ohio Bobcats.Rourke attended high school for three years at Holy Trinity Catholic Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario, before transferring to Edgewood Academy in Elmore, Alabama for his senior season of high school football. He committed to play college football at Fort Scott Community College in Fort Scott, Kansas.Rourke spent one season at Fort Scott, where he was named first-team All-KJCCC. He then transferred to Ohio University, where he started at quarterback for three years for the Bobcats. Rourke led Ohio to a 25\u201314 overall record as a starting quarterback for the Bobcats, while leading the team to three consecutive bowl victories in the 2017 Bahamas Bowl, 2018 Frisco Bowl, and the 2020 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (January).He was the first winner of the Jon Cornish Trophy as the top Canadian football player in the NCAA for 2017, and repeated as winner in 2018. He is the only two-time winner of the award. Rourke was ranked as the seventh-overall prospect entering the 2020 CFL Draft; after being ranked third overall in both September 2019 and December 2019. He was eventually drafted in the second round with the 15th overall pick by the BC Lions. Rourke was the highest drafted Canadian quarterback since Jesse Palmer in the 2001 CFL Draft. On May 19, 2021, Rourke signed a three-year contract with the Lions.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Edgewood Academy", "Fort Scott Community College"], "facts": [["Nathan Rourke", "member of sports team", "Ohio Bobcats football", "January 2017", "January 2019"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Ohio University", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Edgewood Academy", "January 2015", "January 2016"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Fort Scott Community College", "January 2016", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Which team did Nathan Rourke play for in February 2018?", "adv_question": "Which team did Nathan Rourke play for in 02/2018?", "date": "February 27 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["Ohio Bobcats football"]}, "id": "L2_Q89005562_P54_3", "fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from January 2016 to January 2017. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from January 2015 to January 2016. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from January 2017 to January 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from 01/2015 to Jan 2016. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from Jan 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from Jan 2017 to Jan 2019. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from 01/2016 to 01/2017.", "context": "Nathan RourkeNathan Rourke (born May 24, 1998) is a Canadian professional football quarterback for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Ohio Bobcats.Rourke attended high school for three years at Holy Trinity Catholic Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario, before transferring to Edgewood Academy in Elmore, Alabama for his senior season of high school football. He committed to play college football at Fort Scott Community College in Fort Scott, Kansas.Rourke spent one season at Fort Scott, where he was named first-team All-KJCCC. He then transferred to Ohio University, where he started at quarterback for three years for the Bobcats. Rourke led Ohio to a 25\u201314 overall record as a starting quarterback for the Bobcats, while leading the team to three consecutive bowl victories in the 2017 Bahamas Bowl, 2018 Frisco Bowl, and the 2020 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (January).He was the first winner of the Jon Cornish Trophy as the top Canadian football player in the NCAA for 2017, and repeated as winner in 2018. He is the only two-time winner of the award. Rourke was ranked as the seventh-overall prospect entering the 2020 CFL Draft; after being ranked third overall in both September 2019 and December 2019. He was eventually drafted in the second round with the 15th overall pick by the BC Lions. Rourke was the highest drafted Canadian quarterback since Jesse Palmer in the 2001 CFL Draft. On May 19, 2021, Rourke signed a three-year contract with the Lions.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Ohio University", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Fort Scott Community College", "January 2016", "January 2017"], ["Nathan Rourke", "member of sports team", "Ohio Bobcats football", "January 2017", "January 2019"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Edgewood Academy", "January 2015", "January 2016"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough in May 1958?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough in May 1958?", "date": "May 23 1958", "text_answers": {"text": ["Susan Hornby"]}, "id": "L2_Q335796_P26_0", "fact_context": "John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough held the position of Member of the House of Lords from March 1972 to November 1999. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Susan Hornby from October 1951 to January 1961. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Tina Onassis Niarchos from October 1961 to March 1971. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Lily Sahni from December 2008 to October 2014. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough from May 1972 to May 2008.", "adv_fact_context": "John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Lily Sahni from Dec 2008 to 10/2014. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Susan Hornby from 10/1951 to 01/1961. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Tina Onassis Niarchos from October 1961 to Mar 1971. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough held the position of Member of the House of Lords from March 1972 to 11/1999. \n John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough was married to Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough from May 1972 to 05/2008.", "context": "John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of MarlboroughJohn George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, (13 April 1926 \u2013 16 October 2014) was a British peer. He was the elder son of The 10th Duke of Marlborough and his wife, The Hon. Alexandra Mary Hilda Cadogan. He was known as \"Sunny\" after his courtesy title of Earl of Sunderland.His principal seat was Blenheim Palace, in Woodstock, Oxfordshire. He was ranked 224th in the \"Sunday Times Rich List\" 2004, with an estimated wealth of \u00a3185\u00a0million. His death was announced on 16 October 2014 by Blenheim Palace.He was educated at Eton College and served seven years in the Life Guards, in which he achieved the rank of captain. In 1972, on inheriting the Dukedom of Marlborough, he took over the management of Blenheim Palace and the Blenheim estate.To fund the maintenance of the house, he opened it to visitors and as a film set, and established a number of businesses, including a garden furniture company and a water bottling plant.He was also active in a range of organisations, including the Thames and Chilterns Tourist Board and Oxford United Football Club. He served as vice-president of the Witney Conservative Association, the local party of David Cameron.Marlborough was married four times and had a total of six children, two of whom died in infancy.Firstly, he married Susan Mary Hornby (1929\u20132005), daughter of Michael Charles St John Hornby and Nicolette Joan Ward, on 19 October 1951. They divorced in 1961 after having three children:Secondly, on 23 October 1961, he married Athina Onassis (\"n\u00e9e\" Livanos), former wife of Aristotle Onassis, and daughter of Stavros Livanos. They were divorced in March 1971 and had no children.Thirdly, on 20 May 1972, he married Countess Rosita Douglas-Stjernorp, daughter of ambassador Count Carl Douglas-Stjernorp and Ottora Haas-Heye. They had three children and were divorced in 2008.Finally, at the age of 82, Marlborough married Lily Mahtani (\"n\u00e9e\" Sahni; born c. 1954\u201357 in Iran) 3 December 2008 in the Private Chapel at Blenheim. There were no children from this marriage.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Lily Sahni", "Tina Onassis Niarchos", "Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough"], "facts": [["John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough", "spouse", "Rosita Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough", "May 1972", "May 2008"], ["John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough", "position held", "Member of the House of Lords", "March 1972", "November 1999"], ["John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough", "spouse", "Tina Onassis Niarchos", "October 1961", "March 1971"], ["John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough", "spouse", "Lily Sahni", "December 2008", "October 2014"], ["John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough", "spouse", "Susan Hornby", "October 1951", "January 1961"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Laurence Olivier in December 1947?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Laurence Olivier in Dec 1947?", "date": "December 23 1947", "text_answers": {"text": ["Vivien Leigh"]}, "id": "L2_Q55245_P26_1", "fact_context": "Laurence Olivier held the position of Member of the House of Lords from March 1971 to July 1989. \n Laurence Olivier was married to Vivien Leigh from August 1940 to January 1960. \n Laurence Olivier was married to Jill Esmond from January 1930 to January 1940. \n Laurence Olivier was married to Joan Plowright from March 1961 to January 1989.", "adv_fact_context": "Laurence Olivier was married to Jill Esmond from Jan 1930 to 01/1940. \n Laurence Olivier was married to Vivien Leigh from Aug 1940 to Jan 1960. \n Laurence Olivier held the position of Member of the House of Lords from 03/1971 to July 1989. \n Laurence Olivier was married to Joan Plowright from Mar 1961 to 01/1989.", "context": "Laurence OlivierLaurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, (; 22 May 1907 \u2013 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, was one of a trio of male actors who dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles. Late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles.His family had no theatrical connections, but Olivier's father, a clergyman, decided that his son should become an actor. After attending a drama school in London, Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s. In 1930 he had his first important West End success in No\u00ebl Coward's \"Private Lives\", and he appeared in his first film. In 1935 he played in a celebrated production of \"Romeo and Juliet\" alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft, and by the end of the decade he was an established star. In the 1940s, together with Richardson and John Burrell, Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic, building it into a highly respected company. There his most celebrated roles included Shakespeare's Richard III and Sophocles's Oedipus. In the 1950s Olivier was an independent actor-manager, but his stage career was in the doldrums until he joined the \"avant garde\" English Stage Company in 1957 to play the title role in \"The Entertainer\", a part he later played on film. From 1963 to 1973 he was the founding director of Britain's National Theatre, running a resident company that fostered many future stars. His own parts there included the title role in \"Othello\" (1965) and Shylock in \"The Merchant of Venice\" (1970).Among Olivier's films are \"Wuthering Heights\" (1939), \"Rebecca\" (1940), and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor/director: \"Henry V\" (1944), \"Hamlet\" (1948), and \"Richard III\" (1955). His later films included \"Spartacus\" (1960), \"The Shoes of the Fisherman\" (1968), \"Sleuth\" (1972), \"Marathon Man\" (1976), and \"The Boys from Brazil\" (1978). His television appearances included an adaptation of \"The Moon and Sixpence\" (1960), \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" (1973), \"Love Among the Ruins\" (1975), \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" (1976), \"Brideshead Revisited\" (1981) and \"King Lear\" (1983).Olivier's honours included a knighthood (1947), a life peerage (1970) and the Order of Merit (1981). For his on-screen work he received four Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The National Theatre's largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by the Society of London Theatre. He was married three times, to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940, Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960, and Joan Plowright from 1961 until his death.Olivier was born in Dorking, Surrey, the youngest of the three children of the Reverend Gerard Kerr Olivier (1869\u20131939) and his wife Agnes Louise, \"n\u00e9e\" Crookenden (1871\u20131920). Their elder children were Sybille (1901\u20131989) and Gerard Dacres \"Dickie\" (1904\u20131958). His great-great-grandfather was of French Huguenot descent, and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen. Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster, but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious vocation and was ordained as a priest of the Church of England. He practised extremely high church, ritualist Anglicanism and liked to be addressed as \"Father Olivier\". This made him unacceptable to most Anglican congregations, and the only church posts he was offered were temporary, usually deputising for regular incumbents in their absence. This meant a nomadic existence, and for Laurence's first few years, he never lived in one place long enough to make friends.In 1912, when Olivier was five, his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant rector at St Saviour's, Pimlico. He held the post for six years, and a stable family life was at last possible. Olivier was devoted to his mother, but not to his father, whom he found a cold and remote parent. Nevertheless, he learned a great deal of the art of performing from him. As a young man Gerard Olivier had considered a stage career and was a dramatic and effective preacher. Olivier wrote that his father knew \"when to drop the voice, when to bellow about the perils of hellfire, when to slip in a gag, when suddenly to wax sentimental\u00a0... The quick changes of mood and manner absorbed me, and I have never forgotten them.\"In 1916, after attending a series of preparatory schools, Olivier passed the singing examination for admission to the choir school of All Saints, Margaret Street, in central London. His elder brother was already a pupil, and Olivier gradually settled in, though he felt himself to be something of an outsider. The church's style of worship was (and remains) Anglo-Catholic, with emphasis on ritual, vestments and incense. The theatricality of the services appealed to Olivier, and the vicar encouraged the students to develop a taste for secular as well as religious drama. In a school production of \"Julius Caesar\" in 1917, the ten-year-old Olivier's performance as Brutus impressed an audience that included Lady Tree, the young Sybil Thorndike, and Ellen Terry, who wrote in her diary, \"The small boy who played Brutus is already a great actor.\" He later won praise in other schoolboy productions, as Maria in \"Twelfth Night\" (1918) and Katherine in \"The Taming of the Shrew\" (1922).From All Saints, Olivier went on to St Edward's School, Oxford, from 1920 to 1924. He made little mark until his final year, when he played Puck in the school's production of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"; his performance was a tour de force that won him popularity among his fellow pupils. In January 1924, his brother left England to work in India as a rubber planter. Olivier missed him greatly and asked his father how soon he could follow. He recalled in his memoirs that his father replied, \"Don't be such a fool, you're not going to India, you're going on the stage.\"In 1924 Gerard Olivier, a habitually frugal man, told his son that he must gain not only admission to the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art, but also a scholarship with a bursary to cover his tuition fees and living expenses. Olivier's sister had been a student there and was a favourite of Elsie Fogerty, the founder and principal of the school. Olivier later speculated that it was on the strength of this that Fogerty agreed to award him the bursary.One of Olivier's contemporaries at the school was Peggy Ashcroft, who observed he was \"rather uncouth in that his sleeves were too short and his hair stood on end but he was intensely lively and great fun\". By his own admission, he was not a very conscientious student, but Fogerty liked him and later said that he and Ashcroft stood out among her many pupils. On leaving the school after a year, Olivier gained work with small touring companies before being taken on in 1925 by Sybil Thorndike and her husband Lewis Casson as a bit-part player, understudy and assistant stage manager for their London company. He modelled his performing style on that of Gerald du Maurier, of whom he said, \"He seemed to mutter on stage but had such perfect technique. When I started I was so busy doing a du Maurier that no one ever heard a word I said. The Shakespearean actors one saw were terrible hams like Frank Benson.\" Olivier's concern with speaking naturally and avoiding what he called \"singing\" Shakespeare's verse was the cause of much frustration in his early career, as critics regularly decried his delivery.In 1926, on Thorndike's recommendation, Olivier joined the Birmingham Repertory Company. His biographer Michael Billington describes the Birmingham company as \"Olivier's university\", where in his second year he was given the chance to play a wide range of important roles, including Tony Lumpkin in \"She Stoops to Conquer\", the title role in \"Uncle Vanya\", and Parolles in \"All's Well That Ends Well\". Billington adds that the engagement led to \"a lifelong friendship with his fellow actor Ralph Richardson that was to have a decisive effect on the British theatre.\"While playing the juvenile lead in \"Bird in Hand\" at the Royalty Theatre in June 1928, Olivier began a relationship with Jill Esmond, the daughter of the actors Henry V. Esmond and Eva Moore. Olivier later recounted that he thought \"she would most certainly do excellent well for a wife\u00a0... I wasn't likely to do any better at my age and with my undistinguished track-record, so I promptly fell in love with her.\"In 1928 Olivier created the role of Stanhope in R.\u00a0C. Sherriff's \"Journey's End\", in which he scored a great success at its single Sunday night premiere. He was offered the part in the West End production the following year, but turned it down in favour of the more glamorous role of Beau Geste in a stage adaptation of P. C. Wren's 1929 novel of the same name. \"Journey's End\" became a long-running success; \"Beau Geste\" failed. \"The Manchester Guardian\" commented, \"Mr.\u00a0Laurence Olivier did his best as Beau, but he deserves and will get better parts. Mr.\u00a0Olivier is going to make a big name for himself\". For the rest of 1929 Olivier appeared in seven plays, all of which were short-lived. Billington ascribes this failure rate to poor choices by Olivier rather than mere bad luck.In 1930, with his impending marriage in mind, Olivier earned some extra money with small roles in two films. In April he travelled to Berlin to film the English-language version of \"The Temporary Widow\", a crime comedy with Lilian Harvey, and in May he spent four nights working on another comedy, \"Too Many Crooks\". During work on the latter film, for which he was paid \u00a360, he met Laurence Evans, who became his personal manager. Olivier did not enjoy working in film, which he dismissed as \"this anaemic little medium which could not stand great acting\", but financially it was much more rewarding than his theatre work.Olivier and Esmond married on 25 July 1930 at All Saints, Margaret Street, although within weeks both realised they had erred. Olivier later recorded that the marriage was \"a pretty crass mistake. I insisted on getting married from a pathetic mixture of religious and animal promptings.\u00a0... She had admitted to me that she was in love elsewhere and could never love me as completely as I would wish\". Olivier later recounted that following the wedding he did not keep a diary for ten years and never followed religious practices again, although he considered those facts to be \"mere coincidence\", unconnected to the nuptials.In 1930 No\u00ebl Coward cast Olivier as Victor Prynne in his new play \"Private Lives\", which opened at the new Phoenix Theatre in London in September. Coward and Gertrude Lawrence played the lead roles, Elyot Chase and Amanda Prynne. Victor is a secondary character, along with Sybil Chase; the author called them \"extra puppets, lightly wooden ninepins, only to be repeatedly knocked down and stood up again\". To make them credible spouses for Amanda and Elyot, Coward was determined that two outstandingly attractive performers should play the parts. Olivier played Victor in the West End and then on Broadway; Adrianne Allen was Sybil in London, but could not go to New York, where the part was taken by Esmond. In addition to giving the 23-year-old Olivier his first successful West End role, Coward became something of a mentor. In the late 1960s Olivier told Sheridan Morley:In 1931 RKO Pictures offered Olivier a two-film contract at $1,000 a week; he discussed the possibility with Coward, who, irked, told Olivier \"You've no artistic integrity, that's your trouble; this is how you cheapen yourself.\" He accepted and moved to Hollywood, despite some misgivings. His first film was the drama \"Friends and Lovers\", in a supporting role, before RKO loaned him to Fox Studios for his first film lead, a British journalist in a Russia under martial law in \"The Yellow Ticket\", alongside Elissa Landi and Lionel Barrymore. The cultural historian Jeffrey Richards describes Olivier's look as an attempt by Fox Studios to produce a likeness of Ronald Colman, and Colman's moustache, voice and manner are \"perfectly reproduced\". Olivier returned to RKO to complete his contract with the 1932 drama \"Westward Passage\", which was a commercial failure. Olivier's initial foray into American films had not provided the breakthrough he hoped for; disillusioned with Hollywood, he returned to London, where he appeared in two British films, \"Perfect Understanding\" with Gloria Swanson and \"No Funny Business\"\u2014in which Esmond also appeared. He was tempted back to Hollywood in 1933 to appear opposite Greta Garbo in \"Queen Christina\", but was replaced after two weeks of filming because of a lack of chemistry between the two.Olivier's stage roles in 1934 included Bothwell in Gordon Daviot's \"Queen of Scots\", which was only a moderate success for him and for the play, but led to an important engagement for the same management (Bronson Albery) shortly afterwards. In the interim he had a great success playing a thinly disguised version of the American actor John Barrymore in George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber's \"Theatre Royal\". His success was vitiated by his breaking an ankle two months into the run, in one of the athletic, acrobatic stunts with which he liked to enliven his performances.In 1935, under Albery's management, John Gielgud staged \"Romeo and Juliet\" at the New Theatre, co-starring with Peggy Ashcroft, Edith Evans and Olivier. Gielgud had seen Olivier in \"Queen of Scots\", spotted his potential, and now gave him a major step up in his career. For the first weeks of the run Gielgud played Mercutio and Olivier played Romeo, after which they exchanged roles. The production broke all box-office records for the play, running for 189 performances. Olivier was enraged at the notices after the first night, which praised the virility of his performance but fiercely criticised his speaking of Shakespeare's verse, contrasting it with his co-star's mastery of the poetry. The friendship between the two men was prickly, on Olivier's side, for the rest of his life.In May 1936 Olivier and Richardson jointly directed and starred in a new piece by J.\u00a0B. Priestley, \"Bees on the Boatdeck\". Both actors won excellent notices, but the play, an allegory of Britain's decay, did not attract the public and closed after four weeks. Later in the same year Olivier accepted an invitation to join the Old Vic company. The theatre, in an unfashionable location south of the Thames, had offered inexpensive tickets for opera and drama under its proprietor Lilian Baylis since 1912. Her drama company specialised in the plays of Shakespeare, and many leading actors had taken very large cuts in their pay to develop their Shakespearean techniques there. Gielgud had been in the company from 1929 to 1931, and Richardson from 1930 to 1932. Among the actors whom Olivier joined in late 1936 were Edith Evans, Ruth Gordon, Alec Guinness and Michael Redgrave. In January 1937 he took the title role in an uncut version of \"Hamlet\", in which once again his delivery of the verse was unfavourably compared with that of Gielgud, who had played the role on the same stage seven years previously to enormous acclaim. \"The Observer\"s Ivor Brown praised Olivier's \"magnetism and muscularity\" but missed \"the kind of pathos so richly established by Mr Gielgud\". The reviewer in \"The Times\" found the performance \"full of vitality\", but at times \"too light\u00a0... the character slips from Mr Olivier's grasp\".After \"Hamlet\", the company presented \"Twelfth Night\" in what the director, Tyrone Guthrie, summed up as \"a baddish, immature production of mine, with Olivier outrageously amusing as Sir Toby and a very young Alec Guinness outrageous and more amusing as Sir Andrew\". \"Henry V\" was the next play, presented in May to mark the Coronation of George VI. A pacifist, as he then was, Olivier was as reluctant to play the warrior king as Guthrie was to direct the piece, but the production was a success, and Baylis had to extend the run from four to eight weeks.Following Olivier's success in Shakespearean stage productions, he made his first foray into Shakespeare on film in 1936, as Orlando in \"As You Like It\", directed by Paul Czinner, \"a charming if lightweight production\", according to Michael Brooke of the British Film Institute's (BFI's) Screenonline. The following year Olivier appeared alongside Vivien Leigh in the historical drama \"Fire Over England\". He had first met Leigh briefly at the Savoy Grill and then again when she visited him during the run of \"Romeo and Juliet\", probably early in 1936, and the two had begun an affair sometime that year. Of the relationship, Olivier later said that \"I couldn't help myself with Vivien. No man could. I hated myself for cheating on Jill, but then I had cheated before, but this was something different. This wasn't just out of lust. This was love that I really didn't ask for but was drawn into.\" While his relationship with Leigh continued he conducted an affair with the actress Ann Todd, and possibly had a brief affair with the actor Henry Ainley, according to the biographer Michael Munn.In June 1937 the Old Vic company took up an invitation to perform \"Hamlet\" in the courtyard of the castle at Elsinore, where Shakespeare located the play. Olivier secured the casting of Leigh to replace Cherry Cottrell as Ophelia. Because of torrential rain the performance had to be moved from the castle courtyard to the ballroom of a local hotel, but the tradition of playing Hamlet at Elsinore was established, and Olivier was followed by, among others, Gielgud (1939), Redgrave (1950), Richard Burton (1954), Christopher Plummer (1964), Derek Jacobi (1979), Kenneth Branagh (1988) and Jude Law (2009). Back in London, the company staged \"Macbeth\", with Olivier in the title role. The stylised production by Michel Saint-Denis was not well liked, but Olivier had some good notices among the bad. On returning from Denmark, Olivier and Leigh told their respective spouses about the affair and that their marriages were over; Esmond moved out of the marital house and in with her mother. After Olivier and Leigh made a tour of Europe in mid-1937 they returned to separate film projects\u2014\"A Yank at Oxford\" for her and \"The Divorce of Lady X\" for him\u2014and moved into a property together in Iver, Buckinghamshire.Olivier returned to the Old Vic for a second season in 1938. For \"Othello\" he played Iago, with Richardson in the title role. Guthrie wanted to experiment with the theory that Iago's villainy is driven by a suppressed love for Othello. Olivier was willing to co-operate, but Richardson was not; audiences and most critics failed to spot the supposed motivation of Olivier's Iago, and Richardson's Othello seemed underpowered. After that comparative failure, the company had a success with \"Coriolanus\" starring Olivier in the title role. The notices were laudatory, mentioning him alongside great predecessors such as Edmund Kean, William Macready and Henry Irving. The actor Robert Speaight described it as \"Olivier's first incontestably great performance\". This was Olivier's last appearance on a London stage for six years.In 1938 Olivier joined Richardson to film the spy thriller \"Q Planes\", released the following year. Frank Nugent, the critic for \"The New York Times\", thought Olivier was \"not quite so good\" as Richardson, but was \"quite acceptable\". In late 1938, lured by a salary of $50,000, the actor travelled to Hollywood to take the part of Heathcliff in the 1939 film \"Wuthering Heights\", alongside Merle Oberon and David Niven. In less than a month Leigh had joined him, explaining that her trip was \"partially because Larry's there and partially because I intend to get the part of Scarlett O'Hara\"\u2014the role in \"Gone with the Wind\" in which she was eventually cast. Olivier did not enjoy making \"Wuthering Heights\", and his approach to film acting, combined with a dislike for Oberon, led to tensions on set. The director, William Wyler, was a hard taskmaster, and Olivier learned to remove what Billington described as \"the carapace of theatricality\" to which he was prone, replacing it with \"a palpable reality\". The resulting film was a commercial and critical success that earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and created his screen reputation. Caroline Lejeune, writing for \"The Observer\", considered that \"Olivier's dark, moody face, abrupt style, and a certain fine arrogance towards the world in his playing are just right\" in the role, while the reviewer for \"The Times\" wrote that Olivier \"is a good embodiment of Heathcliff\u00a0... impressive enough on a more human plane, speaking his lines with real distinction, and always both romantic and alive.\"After returning to London briefly in mid-1939, the couple returned to America, Leigh to film the final takes for \"Gone with the Wind\", and Olivier to prepare for filming of Alfred Hitchcock's \"Rebecca\"\u2014although the couple had hoped to appear in it together. Instead, Joan Fontaine was selected for the role of Mrs de Winter, as the producer David O. Selznick thought that not only was she more suitable for the role, but that it was best to keep Olivier and Leigh apart until their divorces came through. Olivier followed \"Rebecca\" with \"Pride and Prejudice\", in the role of Mr. Darcy. To his disappointment Elizabeth Bennet was played by Greer Garson rather than Leigh. He received good reviews for both films and showed a more confident screen presence than he had in his early work. In January 1940 Olivier and Esmond were granted their divorce. In February, following another request from Leigh, her husband also applied for their marriage to be terminated.On stage, Olivier and Leigh starred in \"Romeo and Juliet\" on Broadway. It was an extravagant production, but a commercial failure. In \"The New York Times\" Brooks Atkinson praised the scenery but not the acting: \"Although Miss Leigh and Mr Olivier are handsome young people they hardly act their parts at all.\" The couple had invested almost all their savings in the project, and its failure was a grave financial blow. They were married in August 1940, at the San Ysidro Ranch in Santa Barbara.The war in Europe had been under way for a year and was going badly for Britain. After his wedding Olivier wanted to help the war effort. He telephoned Duff Cooper, the Minister of Information under Winston Churchill, hoping to get a position in Cooper's department. Cooper advised him to remain where he was and speak to the film director Alexander Korda, who was based in the US at Churchill's behest, with connections to British Intelligence. Korda\u2014with Churchill's support and involvement\u2014directed \"That Hamilton Woman\", with Olivier as Horatio Nelson and Leigh in the title role. Korda saw that the relationship between the couple was strained. Olivier was tiring of Leigh's suffocating adulation, and she was drinking to excess. The film, in which the threat of Napoleon paralleled that of Hitler, was seen by critics as \"bad history but good British propaganda\", according to the BFI.Olivier's life was under threat from the Nazis and pro-German sympathisers. The studio owners were concerned enough that Samuel Goldwyn and Cecil B. DeMille both provided support and security to ensure his safety. On the completion of filming, Olivier and Leigh returned to Britain. He had spent the previous year learning to fly and had completed nearly 250 hours by the time he left America. He intended to join the Royal Air Force but instead made another propaganda film, \"49th Parallel\", narrated short pieces for the Ministry of Information, and joined the Fleet Air Arm because Richardson was already in the service. Richardson had gained a reputation for crashing aircraft, which Olivier rapidly eclipsed. Olivier and Leigh settled in a cottage just outside RNAS Worthy Down, where he was stationed with a training squadron; No\u00ebl Coward visited the couple and thought Olivier looked unhappy. Olivier spent much of his time taking part in broadcasts and making speeches to build morale, and in 1942 he was invited to make another propaganda film, \"The Demi-Paradise\", in which he played a Soviet engineer who helps improve British-Russian relationships.In 1943, at the behest of the Ministry of Information, Olivier began working on \"Henry V\". Originally he had no intention of taking the directorial duties, but ended up directing and producing, in addition to taking the title role. He was assisted by an Italian internee, Filippo Del Giudice, who had been released to produce propaganda for the Allied cause. The decision was made to film the battle scenes in neutral Ireland, where it was easier to find the 650 extras. John Betjeman, the press attach\u00e9 at the British embassy in Dublin, played a key liaison role with the Irish government in making suitable arrangements. The film was released in November 1944. Brooke, writing for the BFI, considers that it \"came too late in the Second World War to be a call to arms as such, but formed a powerful reminder of what Britain was defending.\" The music for the film was written by William Walton, \"a score that ranks with the best in film music\", according to the music critic Michael Kennedy. Walton also provided the music for Olivier's next two Shakespearean adaptations, \"Hamlet\" (1948) and \"Richard III\" (1955). \"Henry V\" was warmly received by critics. The reviewer for \"The Manchester Guardian\" wrote that the film combined \"new art hand-in-hand with old genius, and both superbly of one mind\", in a film that worked \"triumphantly\". The critic for \"The Times\" considered that Olivier \"plays Henry on a high, heroic note and never is there danger of a crack\", in a film described as \"a triumph of film craft\". There were Oscar nominations for the film, including Best Picture and Best Actor, but it won none and Olivier was instead presented with a \"Special Award\". He was unimpressed, and later commented that \"this was my first absolute fob-off, and I regarded it as such.\"Throughout the war Tyrone Guthrie had striven to keep the Old Vic company going, even after German bombing in 1942 left the theatre a near-ruin. A small troupe toured the provinces, with Sybil Thorndike at its head. By 1944, with the tide of the war turning, Guthrie felt it time to re-establish the company in a London base and invited Richardson to head it. Richardson made it a condition of accepting that he should share the acting and management in a triumvirate. Initially he proposed Gielgud and Olivier as his colleagues, but the former declined, saying, \"It would be a disaster, you would have to spend your whole time as referee between Larry and me.\" It was finally agreed that the third member would be the stage director John Burrell. The Old Vic governors approached the Royal Navy to secure the release of Richardson and Olivier; the Sea Lords consented, with, as Olivier put it, \"a speediness and lack of reluctance which was positively hurtful.\"The triumvirate secured the New Theatre for their first season and recruited a company. Thorndike was joined by, among others, Harcourt Williams, Joyce Redman and Margaret Leighton. It was agreed to open with a repertory of four plays: \"Peer Gynt\", \"Arms and the Man\", \"Richard III\" and \"Uncle Vanya\". Olivier's roles were the Button Moulder, Sergius, Richard and Astrov; Richardson played Peer, Bluntschli, Richmond and Vanya. The first three productions met with acclaim from reviewers and audiences; \"Uncle Vanya\" had a mixed reception, although \"The Times\" thought Olivier's Astrov \"a most distinguished portrait\" and Richardson's Vanya \"the perfect compound of absurdity and pathos\". In \"Richard III\", according to Billington, Olivier's triumph was absolute: \"so much so that it became his most frequently imitated performance and one whose supremacy went unchallenged until Antony Sher played the role forty years later\". In 1945 the company toured Germany, where they were seen by many thousands of Allied servicemen; they also appeared at the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise theatre in Paris, the first foreign company to be given that honour. The critic Harold Hobson wrote that Richardson and Olivier quickly \"made the Old Vic the most famous theatre in the Anglo-Saxon world.\"The second season, in 1945, featured two double bills. The first consisted of \"Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2\". Olivier played the warrior Hotspur in the first and the doddering Justice Shallow in the second. He received good notices, but by general consent the production belonged to Richardson as Falstaff. In the second double bill it was Olivier who dominated, in the title roles of \"Oedipus Rex\" and \"The Critic\". In the two one-act plays his switch from searing tragedy and horror in the first half to farcical comedy in the second impressed most critics and audience members, though a minority felt that the transformation from Sophocles's bloodily blinded hero to Sheridan's vain and ludicrous Mr Puff \"smacked of a quick-change turn in a music hall\". After the London season the company played both the double bills and \"Uncle Vanya\" in a six-week run on Broadway.The third, and final, London season under the triumvirate was in 1946\u201347. Olivier played King Lear, and Richardson took the title role in \"Cyrano de Bergerac\". Olivier would have preferred the roles to be reversed, but Richardson did not wish to attempt Lear. Olivier's Lear received good but not outstanding reviews. In his scenes of decline and madness towards the end of the play some critics found him less moving than his finest predecessors in the role. The influential critic James Agate suggested that Olivier used his dazzling stage technique to disguise a lack of feeling, a charge that the actor strongly rejected, but which was often made throughout his later career. During the run of \"Cyrano\", Richardson was knighted, to Olivier's undisguised envy. The younger man received the accolade six months later, by which time the days of the triumvirate were numbered. The high profile of the two star actors did not endear them to the new chairman of the Old Vic governors, Lord Esher. He had ambitions to be the first head of the National Theatre and had no intention of letting actors run it. He was encouraged by Guthrie, who, having instigated the appointment of Richardson and Olivier, had come to resent their knighthoods and international fame.In January 1947 Olivier began working on his second film as a director, \"Hamlet\" (1948), in which he also took the lead role. The original play was heavily cut to focus on the relationships, rather than the political intrigue. The film became a critical and commercial success in Britain and abroad, although Lejeune, in \"The Observer\", considered it \"less effective than [Olivier's] stage work.\u00a0... He speaks the lines nobly, and with the caress of one who loves them, but he nullifies his own thesis by never, for a moment, leaving the impression of a man who cannot make up his own mind; here, you feel rather, is an actor-producer-director who, in every circumstance, knows exactly what he wants, and gets it\". Campbell Dixon, the critic for \"The Daily Telegraph\" thought the film \"brilliant\u00a0... one of the masterpieces of the stage has been made into one of the greatest of films.\" \"Hamlet\" became the first non-American film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, while Olivier won the Award for Best Actor.In 1948 Olivier led the Old Vic company on a six-month tour of Australia and New Zealand. He played Richard\u00a0III, Sir Peter Teazle in Sheridan's\" The School for Scandal\" and Antrobus in Thornton Wilder's \"The Skin of Our Teeth\", appearing alongside Leigh in the latter two plays. While Olivier was on the Australian tour and Richardson was in Hollywood, Esher terminated the contracts of the three directors, who were said to have \"resigned\". Melvyn Bragg in a 1984 study of Olivier, and John Miller in the authorised biography of Richardson, both comment that Esher's action put back the establishment of a National Theatre for at least a decade. Looking back in 1971, Bernard Levin wrote that the Old Vic company of 1944 to 1948 \"was probably the most illustrious that has ever been assembled in this country\". \"The Times\" said that the triumvirate's years were the greatest in the Old Vic's history; as \"The Guardian\" put it, \"the governors summarily sacked them in the interests of a more mediocre company spirit\".By the end of the Australian tour, both Leigh and Olivier were exhausted and ill, and he told a journalist, \"You may not know it, but you are talking to a couple of walking corpses.\" Later he would comment that he \"lost Vivien\" in Australia, a reference to Leigh's affair with the Australian actor Peter Finch, whom the couple met during the tour. Shortly afterwards Finch moved to London, where Olivier auditioned him and put him under a long-term contract with Laurence Olivier Productions. Finch and Leigh's affair continued on and off for several years.Although it was common knowledge that the Old Vic triumvirate had been dismissed, they refused to be drawn on the matter in public, and Olivier even arranged to play a final London season with the company in 1949, as Richard\u00a0III, Sir Peter Teazle, and Chorus in his own production of Anouilh's \"Antigone\" with Leigh in the title role. After that, he was free to embark on a new career as an actor-manager. In partnership with Binkie Beaumont he staged the English premiere of Tennessee Williams's \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", with Leigh in the central role of Blanche DuBois. The play was condemned by most critics, but the production was a considerable commercial success, and led to Leigh's casting as Blanche in the 1951 film version. Gielgud, who was a devoted friend of Leigh's, doubted whether Olivier was wise to let her play the demanding role of the mentally unstable heroine: \"[Blanche] was so very like her, in a way. It must have been a most dreadful strain to do it night after night. She would be shaking and white and quite distraught at the end of it.\"The production company set up by Olivier took a lease on the St James's Theatre. In January 1950 he produced, directed and starred in Christopher Fry's verse play \"Venus Observed\". The production was popular, despite poor reviews, but the expensive production did little to help the finances of Laurence Olivier Productions. After a series of box-office failures, the company balanced its books in 1951 with productions of Shaw's \"Caesar and Cleopatra\" and Shakespeare's \"Antony and Cleopatra\" which the Oliviers played in London and then took to Broadway. Olivier was thought by some critics to be under par in both his roles, and some suspected him of playing deliberately below his usual strength so that Leigh might appear his equal. Olivier dismissed the suggestion, regarding it as an insult to his integrity as an actor. In the view of the critic and biographer W.\u00a0A. Darlington, he was simply miscast both as Caesar and Antony, finding the former boring and the latter weak. Darlington comments, \"Olivier, in his middle forties when he should have been displaying his powers at their very peak, seemed to have lost interest in his own acting\". Over the next four years Olivier spent much of his time working as a producer, presenting plays rather than directing or acting in them. His presentations at the St James's included seasons by Ruggero Ruggeri's company giving two Pirandello plays in Italian, followed by a visit from the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise playing works by Moli\u00e8re, Racine, Marivaux and Musset in French. Darlington considers a 1951 production of \"Othello\" starring Orson Welles as the pick of Olivier's productions at the theatre.While Leigh made \"Streetcar\" in 1951, Olivier joined her in Hollywood to film \"Carrie\", based on the controversial novel \"Sister Carrie\"; although the film was plagued by troubles, Olivier received warm reviews and a BAFTA nomination. Olivier began to notice a change in Leigh's behaviour, and he later recounted that \"I would find Vivien sitting on the corner of the bed, wringing her hands and sobbing, in a state of grave distress; I would naturally try desperately to give her some comfort, but for some time she would be inconsolable.\" After a holiday with Coward in Jamaica, she seemed to have recovered, but Olivier later recorded, \"I am sure that\u00a0... [the doctors] must have taken some pains to tell me what was wrong with my wife; that her disease was called manic depression and what that meant\u2014a possibly permanent cyclical to-and-fro between the depths of depression and wild, uncontrollable mania. He also recounted the years of problems he had experienced because of Leigh's illness, writing, \"throughout her possession by that uncannily evil monster, manic depression, with its deadly ever-tightening spirals, she retained her own individual canniness\u2014an ability to disguise her true mental condition from almost all except me, for whom she could hardly be expected to take the trouble.\"In January 1953 Leigh travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to film \"Elephant Walk\" with Peter Finch. Shortly after filming started she suffered a breakdown, and returned to Britain where, between periods of incoherence, she told Olivier that she was in love with Finch, and had been having an affair with him; she gradually recovered over a period of several months. As a result of the breakdown, many of the Oliviers' friends learned of her problems. Niven said she had been \"quite, quite mad\", and in his diary, Coward expressed the view that \"things had been bad and getting worse since 1948 or thereabouts.\"For the Coronation season of 1953, Olivier and Leigh starred in the West End in Terence Rattigan's Ruritanian comedy, \"The Sleeping Prince\". It ran for eight months but was widely regarded as a minor contribution to the season, in which other productions included Gielgud in \"Venice Preserv'd\", Coward in \"The Apple Cart\" and Ashcroft and Redgrave in \"Antony and Cleopatra\".Olivier directed his third Shakespeare film in September 1954, \"Richard III\" (1955), which he co-produced with Korda. The presence of four theatrical knights in the one film\u2014Olivier was joined by Cedric Hardwicke, Gielgud and Richardson\u2014led an American reviewer to dub it \"An-All-Sir-Cast\". The critic for \"The Manchester Guardian\" described the film as a \"bold and successful achievement\", but it was not a box-office success, which accounted for Olivier's subsequent failure to raise the funds for a planned film of \"Macbeth\". He won a BAFTA award for the role and was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award, which Yul Brynner won.In 1955 Olivier and Leigh were invited to play leading roles in three plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford. They began with \"Twelfth Night\", directed by Gielgud, with Olivier as Malvolio and Leigh as Viola. Rehearsals were difficult, with Olivier determined to play his conception of the role despite the director's view that it was vulgar. Gielgud later commented:The next production was \"Macbeth\". Reviewers were lukewarm about the direction by Glen Byam Shaw and the designs by Roger Furse, but Olivier's performance in the title role attracted superlatives. To J. C. Trewin, Olivier's was \"the finest Macbeth of our day\"; to Darlington it was \"the best Macbeth of our time\". Leigh's Lady Macbeth received mixed but generally polite notices, although to the end of his life Olivier believed it to have been the best Lady Macbeth he ever saw.In their third production of the 1955 Stratford season, Olivier played the title role in \"Titus Andronicus\", with Leigh as Lavinia. Her notices in the part were damning, but the production by Peter Brook and Olivier's performance as Titus received the greatest ovation in Stratford history from the first-night audience, and the critics hailed the production as a landmark in post-war British theatre. Olivier and Brook revived the production for a continental tour in June 1957; its final performance, which closed the old Stoll Theatre in London, was the last time Leigh and Olivier acted together.Leigh became pregnant in 1956 and withdrew from the production of Coward's comedy \"South Sea Bubble\". The day after her final performance in the play she miscarried and entered a period of depression that lasted for months. The same year Olivier decided to direct and produce a film version of \"The Sleeping Prince\", retitled \"The Prince and the Showgirl\". Instead of appearing with Leigh, he cast Marilyn Monroe as the showgirl. Although the filming was challenging because of Monroe's behaviour, the film was appreciated by the critics.During the production of \"The Prince and the Showgirl\", Olivier, Monroe and her husband, the American playwright Arthur Miller, went to see the English Stage Company's production of John Osborne's \"Look Back in Anger\" at the Royal Court. Olivier had seen the play earlier in the run and disliked it, but Miller was convinced that Osborne had talent, and Olivier reconsidered. He was ready for a change of direction; in 1981 he wrote:Osborne was already at work on a new play, \"The Entertainer\", an allegory of Britain's post-colonial decline, centred on a seedy variety comedian, Archie Rice. Having read the first act\u2014all that was completed by then\u2014Olivier asked to be cast in the part. He had for years maintained that he might easily have been a third-rate comedian called \"Larry Oliver\", and would sometimes play the character at parties. Behind Archie's brazen fa\u00e7ade there is a deep desolation, and Olivier caught both aspects, switching, in the words of the biographer Anthony Holden, \"from a gleefully tacky comic routine to moments of the most wrenching pathos\". Tony Richardson's production for the English Stage Company transferred from the Royal Court to the Palace Theatre in September 1957; after that it toured and returned to the Palace. The role of Archie's daughter Jean was taken by three actresses during the various runs. The second of them was Joan Plowright, with whom Olivier began a relationship that endured for the rest of his life. Olivier said that playing Archie \"made me feel like a modern actor again\". In finding an \"avant-garde\" play that suited him, he was, as Osborne remarked, far ahead of Gielgud and Ralph Richardson, who did not successfully follow his lead for more than a decade. Their first substantial successes in works by any of Osborne's generation were Alan Bennett's \"Forty Years On\" (Gielgud in 1968) and David Storey's \"Home\" (Richardson and Gielgud in 1970).Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his supporting role in 1959's \"The Devil's Disciple\". The same year, after a gap of two decades, Olivier returned to the role of Coriolanus, in a Stratford production directed by the 28-year-old Peter Hall. Olivier's performance received strong praise from the critics for its fierce athleticism combined with an emotional vulnerability. In 1960 he made his second appearance for the Royal Court company in Ionesco's absurdist play \"Rhinoceros\". The production was chiefly remarkable for the star's quarrels with the director, Orson Welles, who according to the biographer Francis Beckett suffered the \"appalling treatment\" that Olivier had inflicted on Gielgud at Stratford five years earlier. Olivier again ignored his director and undermined his authority. In 1960 and 1961 Olivier appeared in Anouilh's \"Becket\" on Broadway, first in the title role, with Anthony Quinn as the king, and later exchanging roles with his co-star.Two films featuring Olivier were released in 1960. The first\u2014filmed in 1959\u2014was \"Spartacus\", in which he portrayed the Roman general, Marcus Licinius Crassus. His second was \"The Entertainer\", shot while he was appearing in \"Coriolanus\"; the film was well received by the critics, but not as warmly as the stage show had been. The reviewer for \"The Guardian\" thought the performances were good, and wrote that Olivier \"on the screen as on the stage, achieves the tour de force of bringing Archie Rice\u00a0... to life\". For his performance, Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He also made an adaptation of \"The Moon and Sixpence\" in 1960, winning an Emmy Award.The Oliviers' marriage was disintegrating during the late 1950s. While directing Charlton Heston in the 1960 play \"The Tumbler\", Olivier divulged that \"Vivien is several thousand miles away, trembling on the edge of a cliff, even when she's sitting quietly in her own drawing room\", at a time when she was threatening suicide. In May 1960 divorce proceedings started; Leigh reported the fact to the press and informed reporters of Olivier's relationship with Plowright. The decree \"nisi\" was issued in December 1960, which enabled him to marry Plowright in March 1961. A son, Richard, was born in December 1961; two daughters followed, Tamsin Agnes Margaret\u2014born in January 1963\u2014and actress Julie-Kate, born in July 1966.In 1961 Olivier accepted the directorship of a new theatrical venture, the Chichester Festival. For the opening season in 1962 he directed two neglected 17th-century English plays, John Fletcher's 1638 comedy \"The Chances\" and John Ford's 1633 tragedy \"The Broken Heart\", followed by \"Uncle Vanya\". The company he recruited was forty strong and included Thorndike, Casson, Redgrave, Athene Seyler, John Neville and Plowright. The first two plays were politely received; the Chekhov production attracted rapturous notices. \"The Times\" commented, \"It is doubtful if the Moscow Arts Theatre itself could improve on this production.\" The second Chichester season the following year consisted of a revival of \"Uncle Vanya\" and two new productions\u2014Shaw's \"Saint Joan\" and John Arden's \"The Workhouse Donkey\". In 1963 Olivier received another BAFTA nomination for his leading role as a schoolteacher accused of sexually molesting a student in the film \"Term of Trial\".At around the time the Chichester Festival opened, plans for the creation of the National Theatre were coming to fruition. The British government agreed to release funds for a new building on the South Bank of the Thames. Lord Chandos was appointed chairman of the National Theatre Board in 1962, and in August Olivier accepted its invitation to be the company's first director. As his assistants, he recruited the directors John Dexter and William Gaskill, with Kenneth Tynan as literary adviser or \"dramaturge\". Pending the construction of the new theatre, the company was based at the Old Vic. With the agreement of both organisations, Olivier remained in overall charge of the Chichester Festival during the first three seasons of the National; he used the festivals of 1964 and 1965 to give preliminary runs to plays he hoped to stage at the Old Vic.The opening production of the National Theatre was \"Hamlet\" in October 1963, starring Peter O'Toole and directed by Olivier. O'Toole was a guest star, one of occasional exceptions to Olivier's policy of casting productions from a regular company. Among those who made a mark during Olivier's directorship were Michael Gambon, Maggie Smith, Alan Bates, Derek Jacobi and Anthony Hopkins. It was widely remarked that Olivier seemed reluctant to recruit his peers to perform with his company. Evans, Gielgud and Paul Scofield guested only briefly, and Ashcroft and Richardson never appeared at the National during Olivier's time. Robert Stephens, a member of the company, observed, \"Olivier's one great fault was a paranoid jealousy of anyone who he thought was a rival\".In his decade in charge of the National, Olivier acted in thirteen plays and directed eight. Several of the roles he played were minor characters, including a crazed butler in Feydeau's \"A Flea in Her Ear\" and a pompous solicitor in Maugham's \"Home and Beauty\"; the vulgar soldier Captain Brazen in Farquhar's 1706 comedy \"The Recruiting Officer\" was a larger role but not the leading one. Apart from his Astrov in the \"Uncle Vanya\", familiar from Chichester, his first leading role for the National was Othello, directed by Dexter in 1964. The production was a box-office success and was revived regularly over the next five seasons. His performance divided opinion. Most of the reviewers and theatrical colleagues praised it highly; Franco Zeffirelli called it \"an anthology of everything that has been discovered about acting in the past three centuries.\" Dissenting voices included \"The Sunday Telegraph\", which called it \"the kind of bad acting of which only a great actor is capable\u00a0... near the frontiers of self-parody\"; the director Jonathan Miller thought it \"a condescending view of an Afro Caribbean person\". The burden of playing this demanding part at the same time as managing the new company and planning for the move to the new theatre took its toll on Olivier. To add to his load, he felt obliged to take over as Solness in \"The Master Builder\" when the ailing Redgrave withdrew from the role in November 1964. For the first time Olivier began to suffer from stage fright, which plagued him for several years. The National Theatre production of \"Othello\" was released as a film in 1965, which earned four Academy Award nominations, including another for Best Actor for Olivier.During the following year Olivier concentrated on management, directing one production (\"The Crucible\"), taking the comic role of the foppish Tattle in Congreve's \"Love for Love\", and making one film, \"Bunny Lake is Missing\", in which he and Coward were on the same bill for the first time since \"Private Lives\". In 1966, his one play as director was \"Juno and the Paycock\". \"The Times\" commented that the production \"restores one's faith in the work as a masterpiece\". In the same year Olivier portrayed the Mahdi, opposite Heston as General Gordon, in the film \"Khartoum\".In 1967 Olivier was caught in the middle of a confrontation between Chandos and Tynan over the latter's proposal to stage Rolf Hochhuth's \"Soldiers\". As the play speculatively depicted Churchill as complicit in the assassination of the Polish prime minister W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sikorski, Chandos regarded it as indefensible. At his urging the board unanimously vetoed the production. Tynan considered resigning over this interference with the management's artistic freedom, but Olivier himself stayed firmly in place, and Tynan also remained. At about this time Olivier began a long struggle against a succession of illnesses. He was treated for prostate cancer and, during rehearsals for his production of Chekhov's \"Three Sisters\" he was hospitalised with pneumonia. He recovered enough to take the heavy role of Edgar in Strindberg's \"The Dance of Death\", the finest of all his performances other than in Shakespeare, in Gielgud's view.Olivier had intended to step down from the directorship of the National Theatre at the end of his first five-year contract, having, he hoped, led the company into its new building. By 1968 because of bureaucratic delays construction work had not even begun, and he agreed to serve for a second five-year term. His next major role, and his last appearance in a Shakespeare play, was as Shylock in \"The Merchant of Venice\", his first appearance in the work. He had intended Guinness or Scofield to play Shylock, but stepped in when neither was available. The production by Jonathan Miller, and Olivier's performance, attracted a wide range of responses. Two different critics reviewed it for \"The Guardian\": one wrote \"this is not a role which stretches him, or for which he will be particularly remembered\"; the other commented that the performance \"ranks as one of his greatest achievements, involving his whole range\".In 1969 Olivier appeared in two war films, portraying military leaders. He played Field Marshal French in the First World War film \"Oh! What a Lovely War\", for which he won another BAFTA award, followed by Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding in \"Battle of Britain\". In June 1970 he became the first actor to be created a peer for services to the theatre. Although he initially declined the honour, Harold Wilson, the incumbent prime minister, wrote to him, then invited him and Plowright to dinner, and persuaded him to accept.After this Olivier played three more stage roles: James Tyrone in Eugene O'Neill's \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" (1971\u201372), Antonio in Eduardo de Filippo's \"Saturday, Sunday, Monday\" and John Tagg in Trevor Griffiths's \"The Party\" (both 1973\u201374). Among the roles he hoped to play, but could not because of ill-health, was Nathan Detroit in the musical \"Guys and Dolls\". In 1972 he took leave of absence from the National to star opposite Michael Caine in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's film of Anthony Shaffer's \"Sleuth\", which \"The Illustrated London News\" considered to be \"Olivier at his twinkling, eye-rolling best\"; both he and Caine were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, losing to Marlon Brando in \"The Godfather\".The last two stage plays Olivier directed were Jean Giradoux's \"Amphitryon\" (1971) and Priestley's \"Eden End\" (1974). By the time of \"Eden End\", he was no longer director of the National Theatre; Peter Hall took over on 1 November 1973. The succession was tactlessly handled by the board, and Olivier felt that he had been eased out\u2014although he had declared his intention to go\u2014and that he had not been properly consulted about the choice of successor. The largest of the three theatres within the National's new building was named in his honour, but his only appearance on the stage of the Olivier Theatre was at its official opening by the Queen in October 1976, when he made a speech of welcome, which Hall privately described as the most successful part of the evening.Olivier spent the last 15 years of his life securing his finances and dealing with deteriorating health, which included thrombosis and dermatomyositis, a degenerative muscle disorder. Professionally, and to provide financial security, he made a series of advertisements for Polaroid cameras in 1972, although he stipulated that they must never be shown in Britain; he also took a number of cameo film roles, which were in \"often undistinguished films\", according to Billington. Olivier's move from leading parts to supporting and cameo roles came about because his poor health meant he could not get the necessary long insurance for larger parts, with only short engagements in films available.Olivier's dermatomyositis meant he spent the last three months of 1974 in hospital, and he spent early 1975 slowly recovering and regaining his strength. When strong enough, he was contacted by the director John Schlesinger, who offered him the role of a Nazi torturer in the 1976 film \"Marathon Man\". Olivier shaved his pate and wore oversized glasses to enlarge the look of his eyes, in a role that the critic David Robinson, writing for \"The Times\", thought was \"strongly played\", adding that Olivier was \"always at his best in roles that call for him to be seedy or nasty or both\". Olivier was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and won the Golden Globe of the same category.In the mid-1970s Olivier became increasingly involved in television work, a medium of which he was initially dismissive. In 1973 he provided the narration for a 26-episode documentary, \"The World at War\", which chronicled the events of the Second World War, and won a second Emmy Award for \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" (1973). In 1975 he won another Emmy for \"Love Among the Ruins\". The following year he appeared in adaptations of Tennessee Williams's \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" and Harold Pinter's \"The Collection\". Olivier portrayed the Pharisee Nicodemus in Franco Zeffirelli's 1977 miniseries \"Jesus of Nazareth\". In 1978 he appeared in the film \"The Boys from Brazil\", playing the role of Ezra Lieberman, an ageing Nazi hunter; he received his eleventh Academy Award nomination. Although he did not win the Oscar, he was presented with an Honorary Award for his lifetime achievement.Olivier continued working in film into the 1980s, with roles in \"The Jazz Singer\" (1980), \"Inchon\" (1981), \"The Bounty\" (1984) and \"Wild Geese II\" (1985). He continued to work in television; in 1981 he appeared as Lord Marchmain in \"Brideshead Revisited\", winning another Emmy, and the following year he received his tenth and last BAFTA nomination in the television adaptation of John Mortimer's stage play \"A Voyage Round My Father\". In 1983 he played his last Shakespearean role as Lear in \"King Lear\", for Granada Television, earning his fifth Emmy. He thought the role of Lear much less demanding than other tragic Shakespearean heroes: \"No, Lear is easy. He's like all of us, really: he's just a stupid old fart.\" When the production was first shown on American television, the critic Steve Vineberg wrote:The same year he also appeared in a cameo alongside Gielgud and Richardson in \"Wagner\", with Burton in the title role; his final screen appearance was as an elderly, wheelchair-bound soldier in Derek Jarman's 1989 film \"War Requiem\".After being ill for the last 22 years of his life, Olivier died of kidney failure on 11 July 1989 aged 82 at his home near Steyning, West Sussex. His cremation was held three days later; his ashes were buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey during a memorial service in October that year.Olivier was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 1947 Birthday Honours for services to the stage and to films. A life peerage followed in the 1970 Birthday Honours for services to the theatre; he was subsequently created Baron Olivier, of Brighton in the County of Sussex. Olivier was later appointed to the Order of Merit in 1981. He also received honours from foreign governments. In 1949 he was made Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog by the Danish king Frederick IX; the French appointed him ', Legion of Honour, in 1953; the Italian government created him ', Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, in 1953; and in 1971 he was granted the Order of Yugoslav Flag with Golden Wreath.From academic and other institutions, Olivier received honorary doctorates from Tufts University in Massachusetts (1946), Oxford (1957) and Edinburgh (1964). He was also awarded the Danish Sonning Prize in 1966, the Gold Medallion of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities in 1968; and the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in 1976.For his work in films, Olivier received four Academy Awards: an honorary award for \"Henry V\" (1947), a Best Actor award and one as producer for \"Hamlet\" (1948), and a second honorary award in 1979 to recognise his lifetime of contribution to the art of film. He was nominated for nine other acting Oscars and one each for production and direction. He also won two British Academy Film Awards out of ten nominations, five Emmy Awards out of nine nominations, and three Golden Globe Awards out of six nominations. He was nominated once for a Tony Award (for best actor, as Archie Rice) but did not win.In February 1960, for his contribution to the film industry, Olivier was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with a star at 6319 Hollywood Boulevard; he is included in the American Theater Hall of Fame. In 1977 Olivier was awarded a British Film Institute Fellowship.In addition to the naming of the National Theatre's largest auditorium in Olivier's honour, he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, bestowed annually since 1984 by the Society of West End Theatre. In 1991 Gielgud unveiled a memorial stone commemorating Olivier in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey. In 2007, the centenary of Olivier's birth, a life-sized statue of him was unveiled on the South Bank, outside the National Theatre; the same year the BFI held a retrospective season of his film work.Olivier's acting technique was minutely crafted, and he was known for changing his appearance considerably from role to role. By his own admission, he was addicted to extravagant make-up, and unlike Richardson and Gielgud, he excelled at different voices and accents. His own description of his technique was \"working from the outside in\"; he said, \"I can never act as myself, I have to have a pillow up my jumper, a false nose or a moustache or wig... I cannot come on looking like me and be someone else.\" Rattigan described how at rehearsals Olivier \"built his performance slowly and with immense application from a mass of tiny details\". This attention to detail had its critics: Agate remarked, \"When I look at a watch it is to see the time and not to admire the mechanism. I want an actor to tell me Lear's time of day and Olivier doesn't. He bids me watch the wheels go round.\"Tynan remarked to Olivier, \"you aren't really a contemplative or philosophical actor\"; Olivier was known for the strenuous physicality of his performances in some roles. He told Tynan this was because he was influenced as a young man by Douglas Fairbanks, Ramon Navarro and John Barrymore in films, and Barrymore on stage as Hamlet: \"tremendously athletic. I admired that greatly, all of us did.\u00a0... One thought of oneself, idiotically, skinny as I was, as a sort of Tarzan.\" According to Morley, Gielgud was widely considered \"the best actor in the world from the neck up and Olivier from the neck down.\" Olivier described the contrast thus: \"I've always thought that we were the reverses of the same coin... the top half John, all spirituality, all beauty, all abstract things; and myself as all earth, blood, humanity.\"Together with Richardson and Gielgud, Olivier was internationally recognised as one of the \"great trinity of theatrical knights\" who dominated the British stage during the middle and later decades of the 20th century. In an obituary tribute in \"The Times\", Bernard Levin wrote, \"What we have lost with Laurence Olivier is \"glory\". He reflected it in his greatest roles; indeed he walked clad in it\u2014you could practically see it glowing around him like a nimbus... no one will ever play the roles he played as he played them; no one will replace the splendour that he gave his native land with his genius.\" Billington commented:After Olivier's death, Gielgud reflected, \"He followed in the theatrical tradition of Kean and Irving. He respected tradition in the theatre, but he also took great delight in breaking tradition, which is what made him so unique. He was gifted, brilliant, and one of the great controversial figures of our time in theatre, which is a virtue and not a vice at all.\"Olivier said in 1963 that he believed he was born to be an actor, but his colleague Peter Ustinov disagreed; he commented that although Olivier's great contemporaries were clearly predestined for the stage, \"Larry could have been a notable ambassador, a considerable minister, a redoubtable cleric. At his worst, he would have acted the parts more ably than they are usually lived.\" The director David Ayliff agreed that acting did not come instinctively to Olivier as it did to his great rivals. He observed, \"Ralph was a natural actor, he couldn't stop being a perfect actor; Olivier did it through sheer hard work and determination.\" The American actor William Redfield had a similar view:In comparing Olivier and the other leading actors of his generation, Ustinov wrote, \"It is of course vain to talk of who is and who is not the greatest actor. There is simply no such thing as a greatest actor, or painter or composer\". Nonetheless, some colleagues, particularly film actors such as Spencer Tracy, Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, came to regard Olivier as the finest of his peers. Peter Hall, though acknowledging Olivier as the head of the theatrical profession, thought Richardson the greater actor. Olivier's claim to theatrical greatness lay not only in his acting, but as, in Hall's words, \"the supreme man of the theatre of our time\", pioneering Britain's National Theatre. As Bragg identified, \"no one doubts that the National is perhaps his most enduring monument\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Joan Plowright", "Jill Esmond"], "facts": [["Laurence Olivier", "spouse", "Vivien Leigh", "August 1940", "January 1960"], ["Laurence Olivier", "spouse", "Jill Esmond", "January 1930", "January 1940"], ["Laurence Olivier", "spouse", "Joan Plowright", "March 1961", "January 1989"], ["Laurence Olivier", "position held", "Member of the House of Lords", "March 1971", "July 1989"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for in April 1955?", "adv_question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for in April 1955?", "date": "April 24 1955", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institute for Advanced Study", "United States Atomic Energy Commission"]}, "id": "L2_Q17455_P108_11", "fact_context": "John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1933 to January 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from January 1955 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to January 1941. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from January 1911 to January 1921. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1926 to January 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from January 1941 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 1923 to January 1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from January 1943 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from January 1950 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from January 1930 to January 1933. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from January 1929 to January 1930. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from January 1938 to February 1957.", "adv_fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 1923 to 01/1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 01/1950 to Jan 1955. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from 01/1938 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from Jan 1955 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan 1933 to Jan 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from Jan 1941 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from Jan 1911 to 01/1921. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1926 to Jan 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from Jan 1930 to 01/1933. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from 01/1943 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from Jan 1929 to 01/1930.", "context": "John von NeumannJohn von Neumann (; , ; December 28, 1903\u00a0\u2013 February\u00a08, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be \"the last representative of the great mathematicians\". He integrated pure and applied sciences.Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, representation theory, operator algebras, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.Von Neumann published over 150 papers in his life: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical ones. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was in the hospital, was later published in book form as \"The Computer and the Brain\".His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term \"kiloton\" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and consulted for organizations including the United States Air Force, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a Hungarian \u00e9migr\u00e9, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos to a wealthy, acculturated and non-observant Jewish family. In Hungarian the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mih\u00e1ly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907\u20131989) and Mikl\u00f3s (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911\u20132011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873\u20131928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation \"Margittai\", meaning \"of Margitta\" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann de Margitta), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, \"What are you calculating?\".When they were young, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages in addition to Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume \"Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen\". A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evang\u00e9likus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1914. Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend. This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, which included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (born 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as \"The Martians\".Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeg\u0151 posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.According to his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. in mathematics simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, \"Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort.\" He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected \"Privatdozent\" in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His powers of recall allowed him to quickly memorize the pages of telephone directories, and recite the names, addresses and numbers therein. In 1929, he briefly became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University.On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Marietta K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930. Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.In 1933, he was offered a lifetime professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he had announced his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California, Los Angeles. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: \"Oh, France won't matter.\"Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community. His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, \"Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?\" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did.Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving\u2014frequently while reading a book\u2014occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up. Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's \"Elements\", had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and in geometry, thanks to Hilbert's axioms. But at the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics, but did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the \"axiom of foundation\" and the notion of \"class.\"The axiom of foundation proposed that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel. If one set belongs to another, then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession. This excludes the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration called the \"method of inner models\", which became an essential instrument in set theory.The second approach to the problem of sets belonging to themselves took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class that belongs to other classes, while a \"proper class\" is defined as a class that does not belong to other classes. On the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets that do not belong to themselves. In contrast, on von Neumann's approach, the class of all sets that do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a \"proper class\", not a set.With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets avoided the contradictions of earlier systems and became usable as a foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth expressible in their language. Moreover, every consistent extension of these systems necessarily remains incomplete.Less than a month later, von Neumann, who had participated in the Conference, communicated to G\u00f6del an interesting consequence of his theorem: that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem, and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"Building on the work of Felix Hausdorff, in 1924 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski proved that given a solid ball in 3\u2011dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets that can be reassembled together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. Banach and Tarski proved that, using isometric transformations, the result of taking apart and reassembling a two-dimensional figure would necessarily have the same area as the original. This would make creating two unit squares out of one impossible. But in a 1929 paper, von Neumann proved that paradoxical decompositions could use a group of transformations that include as a subgroup a free group with two generators. The group of area-preserving transformations contains such subgroups, and this opens the possibility of performing paradoxical decompositions using these subgroups. The class of groups von Neumann isolated in his work on Banach\u2013Tarski decompositions was very important in many areas of mathematics, including von Neumann's own later work in measure theory (see below).In a series of papers published in 1932, von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure. Of the 1932 papers on ergodic theory, Paul Halmos wrote that even \"if von Neumann had never done anything else, they would have been sufficient to guarantee him mathematical immortality\". By then von Neumann had already written his articles on operator theory, and the application of this work was instrumental in the von Neumann mean ergodic theorem.Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as being equal to the bicommutant. Von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of F.J. Murray, on the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 \"rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century\". The direct integral was later introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann.In measure theory, the \"problem of measure\" for an -dimensional Euclidean space may be stated as: \"does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of ?\" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if or and a negative solution (because of the Banach\u2013Tarski paradox) in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character\": the existence of a measure could be determined by looking at the properties of the transformation group of the given space. The positive solution for spaces of dimension at most two, and the negative solution for higher dimensions, comes from the fact that the Euclidean group is a solvable group for dimension at most two, and is not solvable for higher dimensions. \"Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is a substitute of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., \"n\", it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Earlier, Menger and Birkhoff had axiomatized complex projective geometry in terms of the properties of its lattice of linear subspaces. Von Neumann, following his work on rings of operators, weakened those axioms to describe a broader class of lattices, the continuous geometries.While the dimensions of the subspaces of projective geometries are a discrete set (the non-negative integers), the dimensions of the elements of a continuous geometry can range continuously across the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.Between 1937 and 1939, von Neumann worked on lattice theory, the theory of partially ordered sets in which every two elements have a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices (properties that arise in the lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces): \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\"Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice having a \"basis\" of pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring . This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized in 1926 that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.The \"physics\" of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the \"mathematics\" of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the \"non-commutativity\" of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1935, Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. Hermann's work was largely ignored until after John S. Bell made essentially the same argument in 1966. In 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach.Von Neumann's proof inaugurated a line of research that ultimately led, through Bell's theorem and the experiments of Alain Aspect in 1982, to the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a \"notion of reality\" substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity.In a chapter of \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter. He argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective consciousness\" of the human observer. Although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance among the majority of physicists. The Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation has been summarized as follows:The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) \"minds\", which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.Though theories of quantum mechanics continue to evolve, there is a basic framework for the mathematical formalism of problems in quantum mechanics underlying most approaches that can be traced back to the mathematical formalisms and techniques first used by von Neumann. In other words, discussions about interpretation of the theory, and extensions to it, are now mostly conducted on the basis of shared assumptions about the mathematical foundations.Von Neumann entropy is extensively used in different forms (conditional entropy, relative entropy, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory. Entanglement measures are based upon some quantity directly related to the von Neumann entropy. Given a statistical ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix formula_1, it is given by formula_2 Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and conditional quantum entropy.Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics. Decades later, Shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von Neumann what to call it. Von Neumann said to call it Shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von Neumann entropy.The formalism of density operators and matrices was introduced by von Neumann in 1927 and independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively. The density matrix is an alternative way to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann led to the development of quantum decoherence theories.Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann and Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (\"e.g.\", horizontally and vertically), and therefore, \"a fortiori\", it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added \"between\" the other two, the photons will indeed pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the \"non-commutativity\" of conjunction formula_3. It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, formula_4 and formula_5, are not valid for quantum theory.The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is in turn attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case in quantum mechanics that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members is necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., \"x\" and \"y\") results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the \"x\" direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction \"y\" will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive or the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative\" must be true for \u0278.In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which \"formula_6\", while formula_7.As Hilary Putnam writes, von Neumann replaced classical logic with a logic constructed in orthomodular lattices (isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of the Hilbert space of a given physical system).Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. He proved his minimax theorem in 1928. It establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 \"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\", written with Oskar Morgenstern. Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that \"The New York Times\" ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analysis, especially convex sets and the topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.Independently, Leonid Kantorovich's functional analytic work on mathematical economics also focused attention on optimization theory, non-differentiability, and vector lattices. Von Neumann's functional-analytic techniques\u2014the use of duality pairings of real vector spaces to represent prices and quantities, the use of supporting and separating hyperplanes and convex sets, and fixed-point theory\u2014have been the primary tools of mathematical economics ever since.Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several influential publications. For his model of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil\u00a0\" A\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bbB\" with nonnegative matrices\u00a0A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors\u00a0\"p\" and\u00a0\"q\" and a positive number\u00a0\"\u03bb\" that would solve the complementarity equationalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector \"p\" represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \"\u03bb\" represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate.Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where his model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of his model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in German that was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began while he was lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929. He spent his summers back home in Budapest, as did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in the book and corrected them\u2013for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras's Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.Building on his results on matrix games and on his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann invented the theory of duality in linear programming when George Dantzig described his work in a few minutes, and an impatient von Neumann asked him to get to the point. Dantzig then listened dumbfounded while von Neumann provided an hourlong lecture on convex sets, fixed-point theory, and duality, conjecturing the equivalence between matrix games and linear programming.Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Paul Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.Subsequently, Denis Sargan and Alok Bhargava extended the results for testing if the errors on a regression model follow a Gaussian random walk (\"i.e.\", possess a unit root) against the alternative that they are a stationary first order autoregression.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in the field of fluid dynamics.Von Neumann's contributions to fluid dynamics included his discovery of the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery (independently of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Werner D\u00f6ring) of the ZND detonation model of explosives. During the 1930s, von Neumann became an authority on the mathematics of shaped charges.Later with Robert D. Richtmyer, von Neumann developed an algorithm defining \"artificial viscosity\" that improved the understanding of shock waves. When computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of \"artificial viscosity\" smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics.Von Neumann soon applied computer modelling to the field, developing software for his ballistics research. During WW2, he arrived one day at the office of R.H. Kent, the Director of the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, with a computer program he had created for calculating a one-dimensional model of 100 molecules to simulate a shock wave. Von Neumann then gave a seminar on his computer program to an audience which included his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. After von Neumann had finished, von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n said \"Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics.\" It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's M\u00e9canique analytique.Stan Ulam, who knew von Neumann well, described his mastery of mathematics this way: \"Most mathematicians know one method. For example, Norbert Wiener had mastered Fourier transforms. Some mathematicians have mastered two methods and might really impress someone who knows only one of them. John von Neumann had mastered three methods.\" He went on to explain that the three methods were:Edward Teller wrote that \"Nobody knows all science, not even von Neumann did. But as for mathematics, he contributed to every part of it except number theory and topology. That is, I think, something unique.\"Von Neumann was asked to write an essay for the layman describing what mathematics is, and produced a beautiful analysis. He explained that mathematics straddles the world between the empirical and logical, arguing that geometry was originally empirical, but Euclid constructed a logical, deductive theory. However, he argued, that there is always the danger of straying too far from the real world and becoming irrelevant sophistry.Beginning in the late 1930s, von Neumann developed an expertise in explosions\u2014phenomena that are difficult to model mathematically. During this period, von Neumann was the leading authority of the mathematics of shaped charges. This led him to a large number of military consultancies, primarily for the Navy, which in turn led to his involvement in the Manhattan Project. The involvement included frequent trips by train to the project's secret research facilities at the Los Alamos Laboratory in a remote part of New Mexico.Von Neumann made his principal contribution to the atomic bomb in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.In a visit to Los Alamos in September 1944, von Neumann showed that the pressure increase from explosion shock wave reflection from solid objects was greater than previously believed if the angle of incidence of the shock wave was between 90\u00b0 and some limiting angle. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of an atomic bomb would be enhanced with detonation some kilometers above the target, rather than at ground level.Von Neumann, four other scientists, and various military personnel were included in the target selection committee that was responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on to the Soviet Union by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"For his wartime services, von Neumann was awarded the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award in July 1946, and the Medal for Merit in October 1946.In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons. Over the following two years, he became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate-range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.Shortly before his death from cancer, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, which would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.Von Neumann is credited with developing the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Soviets considered that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons; they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:Von Neumann's assessment that the Soviets had a lead in missile technology, considered pessimistic at the time, was soon proven correct in the Sputnik crisis.Von Neumann entered government service primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the United States would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"On February 15, 1956, von Neumann was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His citation read:Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Von Neumann was the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged.Von Neumann wrote the 23 pages long sorting program for the EDVAC in ink. On the first page, traces of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased, can still be seen. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanis\u0142aw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. Von Neumann's algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\" Von Neumann also noted that when this method went awry it did so obviously, unlike other methods which could be subtly incorrect.While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is the basis of most modern computer designs, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture was based on the work of Eckert and Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.John von Neumann consulted for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, most notably on the ENIAC project, as a member of its Scientific Advisory Committee.The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved.The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed \"the defense computer\", include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953.However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s.Von Neumann's rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.Von Neumann created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.The detailed proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward in lectures von Neumann delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he first only proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicator due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop a more abstract model self-replicator based on his original concept of cellular automata.Subsequently, the concept of the Von Neumann universal constructor based on the von Neumann cellular automaton was fleshed out in his posthumously published lectures \"Theory of Self Reproducing Automata\". Ulam and von Neumann created a method for calculating liquid motion in the 1950s. The driving concept of the method was to consider a liquid as a group of discrete units and calculate the motion of each based on its neighbors' behaviors. Like Ulam's lattice network, von Neumann's cellular automata are two-dimensional, with his self-replicator implemented algorithmically. The result was a universal copier and constructor working within a cellular automaton with a small neighborhood (only those cells that touch are neighbors; for von Neumann's cellular automata, only orthogonal cells), and with 29 states per cell. Von Neumann gave an existence proof that a particular pattern would make infinite copies of itself within the given cellular universe by designing a 200,000 cell configuration that could do so.Von Neumann addressed the evolutionary growth of complexity amongst his self-replicating machines. His \"proof-of-principle\" designs showed how it is logically possible, by using a general purpose programmable (\"universal\") constructor, to exhibit an indefinitely large class of self-replicators, spanning a wide range of complexity, interconnected by a network of potential mutational pathways, including pathways from the most simple to the most complex. This is an important result, as prior to that it might have been conjectured that there is a fundamental logical barrier to the existence of such pathways; in which case, biological organisms, which do support such pathways, could not be \"machines\", as conventionally understood. Von Neumann considers the potential for conflict between his self-reproducing machines, stating that \"our models lead to such conflict situations\", indicating it as a field of further study.The cybernetics movement highlighted the question of what it takes for self-reproduction to occur autonomously, and in 1952, John von Neumann designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically make a copy of its initial configuration of cells. The von Neumann neighborhood, in which each cell in a two-dimensional grid has the four orthogonally adjacent grid cells as neighbors, continues to be used for other cellular automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth.Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming.Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.As part of his research into weather forecasting, von Neumann founded the \"Meteorological Program\" in Princeton in 1946, securing funding for his project from the US Navy. Von Neumann and his appointed assistant on this project, Jule Gregory Charney, wrote the world's first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann and his team published the results as \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Together they played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. Von Neumann proposed as the research program for climate modeling: \"The approach is to first try short-range forecasts, then long-range forecasts of those properties of the circulation that can perpetuate themselves over arbitrarily long periods of time, and only finally to attempt forecast for medium-long time periods which are too long to treat by simple hydrodynamic theory and too short to treat by the general principle of equilibrium theory.\"Von Neumann's research into weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo), thereby inducing global warming. Von Neumann proposed a theory of global warming as a result of the activity of humans, noting that the Earth was only colder during the last glacial period, he wrote in 1955: \"Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil - more than half of it during the last generation - may have changed the atmosphere's composition sufficiently to account for a general warming of the world by about one degree Fahrenheit.\" However, von Neumann urged a degree of caution in any program of intentional human weather manufacturing: \"What \"could\" be done, of course, is no index to what \"should\" be done... In fact, to evaluate the ultimate consequences of either a general cooling or a general heating would be a complex matter. Changes would affect the level of the seas, and hence the habitability of the continental coastal shelves; the evaporation of the seas, and hence general precipitation and glaciation levels; and so on... But there is little doubt that one \"could\" carry out the necessary analyses needed to predict the results, intervene on any desired scale, and ultimately achieve rather fantastic results.\"The first use of the concept of a in the technological context is attributed to von Neumann, who according to Ulam discussed the \"ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.\" This concept was fleshed out later in the book \"Future Shock\" by Alvin Toffler.Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe said \"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", and later Bethe wrote that \"[von Neumann's] brain indicated a new species, an evolution beyond man\". Seeing von Neumann's mind at work, Eugene Wigner wrote, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was\u00a0... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller admitted that he \"never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.\" Peter Lax wrote \"Von Neumann was addicted to thinking, and in particular to thinking about mathematics\".When George Dantzig brought von Neumann an unsolved problem in linear programming \"as I would to an ordinary mortal\", on which there had been no published literature, he was astonished when von Neumann said \"Oh, that!\", before offhandedly giving a lecture of over an hour, explaining how to solve the problem using the hitherto unconceived theory of duality.Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Eugene Wigner writes: \"'Jancsi,' I might say, 'Is angular momentum always an integer of \"h?\" ' He would return a day later with a decisive answer: 'Yes, if all particles are at rest.'... We were all in awe of Jancsi von Neumann\". Enrico Fermi told physicist Herbert L. Anderson: \"You know, Herb, Johnny can do calculations in his head ten times as fast as I can! And I can do them ten times as fast as you can, Herb, so you can see how impressive Johnny is!\"Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:Eugene Wigner told a similar story, only with a swallow instead of a fly, and says it was Max Born who posed the question to von Neumann in the 1920s.Von Neumann was also noted for his eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory). Herman Goldstine wrote:Von Neumann was reportedly able to memorize the pages of telephone directories. He entertained friends by asking them to randomly call out page numbers; he then recited the names, addresses and numbers therein.\"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"John von Neumann: Selected Letters\". James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 said that von Neumann \"may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\". In the foreword of Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei's \"Selected Letters\", Peter Lax wrote, \"To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics\".In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer after he was examined by physicians for a fall, whereupon they inspected a mass growing near his collarbone. The cancer was possibly caused by his radiation exposure during his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, \"So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,\" referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, \"There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Father Strittmatter administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic\". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.Von Neumann was on his deathbed when he entertained his brother by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's \"Faust\". On his deathbed, his mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish; at times Von Neumann even forgot the lines that his brother recited from Goethe's \"Faust\". He died at age 53 on February 8, 1957, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., under military security lest he reveal military secrets while heavily medicated. He was buried at Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey.PhD students BooksPopular periodicalsVideo", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "University of Hamburg", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "Princeton University", "Ballistic Research Laboratory"], "facts": [["John von Neumann", "employer", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "January 1955", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "University of Hamburg", "January 1929", "January 1930"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1923", "January 1925"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "January 1943", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "January 1950", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1933", "January 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "January 1941", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium", "January 1911", "January 1921"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["John von Neumann", "spouse", "Klara Dan von Neumann", "January 1938", "February 1957"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk in March 2023?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk in March 2023?", "date": "March 24 2023", "text_answers": {"text": ["Vadim Skripchenko"]}, "id": "L2_Q211477_P286_6", "fact_context": "Artsyom Chelyadzinski was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from December 2021 to November 2022. \n Oleh Protasov was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from January 2012 to January 2013. \n Vadim Skripchenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from November 2022 to May 2023. \n Leonid Kuchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from April 2020 to June 2021. \n Sergei Gurenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from June 2019 to April 2020. \n Roman Pylypchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from February 2019 to May 2019. \n FC Dinamo Minsk was owned by Dinamo Minsk from January 2020 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "FC Dinamo Minsk was owned by Dinamo Minsk from Jan 2020 to May 2023. \n Oleh Protasov was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from January 2012 to January 2013. \n Artsyom Chelyadzinski was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from Dec 2021 to November 2022. \n Vadim Skripchenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 11/2022 to 05/2023. \n Leonid Kuchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 04/2020 to 06/2021. \n Roman Pylypchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 02/2019 to 05/2019. \n Sergei Gurenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from June 2019 to 04/2020.", "context": "FC Dinamo MinskFC Dinamo Minsk (, \"FK Dynama Minsk\"; ) is a professional football club based in the Belarusian capital city of Minsk.It was founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society, and was the only club from the Byelorussian SSR that competed in the Soviet Top League, playing 39 of the 54 seasons, and winning the title in 1982. Since the independence of Belarus, the club participates in the Belarusian Premier League, having won 7 league titles and 3 Belarusian Cups.Dinamo plays its home games in the 22,246 capacity Dinamo Stadium in Minsk. Dinamo is the second Belarusian team, after BATE Borisov to reach UEFA Europa League group stages (2014\u201315 and 2015\u201316).Dinamo Minsk was founded in 1927 as a part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society. They spent some of their history in the lower leagues of the Soviet Union, but in 1940, they were promoted to the Soviet Top League, becoming the first and only Belarusian team to compete in the Soviet top division. They were relegated to the second level in 1952, but returned to the top level the next year. In 1954, they finished in the third place, their best performance in the top flight to date, and were dissolved, being re-founded as \"Spartak Minsk\", only to be renamed in \"Belarus Minsk\" in 1959, in honor of the Soviet republic in the national championship. However, in 1962, they return to the original name of \"Dinamo Minsk\". They were relegated again from top level in 1955 and in 1957. They played in the top level again in the 1960 season. They were relegated again in 1973 and returned to the top level in the 1975 season. But they relegated immediately in 1976. They returned top level after 2 years.In 1982, Dinamo Minsk won the Soviet championship for the first and only time in their history. The following year saw them debuting in the European Cup against Grasshopper of Switzerland. They reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup after eliminating Grasshoppers and Gy\u0151ri ETO of Hungary, only to be eliminated by Dinamo Bucure\u0219ti. In the 1984\u201385 season, Dinamo Minsk reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup after beating HJK Helsinki, Sporting CP and Widzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, but were eventually stopped by \u017deljezni\u010dar Sarajevo. 1988 saw Dinamo Minsk up to a new European performance, the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, passing through Gen\u00e7lerbirli\u011fi and Real Sociedad, but being eliminated by KV Mechelen.Dinamo Minsk also participated in Belarusian SSR league. Since the mid-50s, their appearances were only sporadic and they were represented by youth teams in later seasons. They have won the championship 7 times.Dinamo Minsk won the inaugural season of the Belarusian Premier League in 1992. They became the top team in the new Belarusian championship and won 5 league titles until 1995, making only one appearance in the UEFA Champions League, in 1993. However, after a title in 1997, Dinamo Minsk last won the championship in 2004. The 2000s saw Dinamo Minsk failing to secure any league title in the battle against BATE Borisov, thus finishing on lower places, mostly second.In 2014, Dinamo Minsk beat MYPA, CFR Cluj and Nacional to be drawn in Group K of Europa League, along with Italian side Fiorentina, French team Guingamp and Greek side PAOK, becoming the second team, after BATE Borisov, to reach group stages of Europa League. Dinamo finished at the bottom with four points, after a draw with Guingamp and a historical 2\u20131 victory over Fiorentina.Dinamo Minsk is one of the most popular teams in Belarus. Among ultras groups, the largest is called \"Blue White Will\". Fans of Dinamo Minsk are friends with Dinamo Brest fans.The ultras of Dinamo Minsk are famous for their right-wing political orientation and there have been several riots, clashes with the police forces and chants against the Belarusian authoritarian regime, led by long-time President Alexander Lukashenko.Their political views as well as geographic proximity and contest for dominance of the city make them huge rivals with neighbours Partizan Minsk, whose fans tend to be strongly left-wing. Dinamo Minsk also has a big rivalry with BATE Borisov from the city of Barysaw. BelarusBelarusian Premier LeagueBelarusian CupSeason CupBelarusian Premier League Reserves ChampionshipSoviet Top LeagueSoviet CupFederation Cup\"Soviet First League:\"Football Championship of the Belarusian SSRBelarusian SSR Cup\"As of June 2021\"There has been several teams that served as Dinamo Minsk official reserve or farm clubs. BelarusLegend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Roman Pylypchuk", "Artsyom Chelyadzinski", "Leonid Kuchuk", "Oleh Protasov", "Sergei Gurenko"], "facts": [["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Sergei Gurenko", "June 2019", "April 2020"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Oleh Protasov", "January 2012", "January 2013"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Artsyom Chelyadzinski", "December 2021", "November 2022"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Vadim Skripchenko", "November 2022", "May 2023"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Leonid Kuchuk", "April 2020", "June 2021"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "owned by", "Dinamo Minsk", "January 2020", "May 2023"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Roman Pylypchuk", "February 2019", "May 2019"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow work for in March 1949?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow work for in Mar 1949?", "date": "March 18 1949", "text_answers": {"text": ["Ural State University"]}, "id": "L2_Q12170089_P108_3", "fact_context": "Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from January 1961 to January 1965. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from January 1965 to January 1987. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Perm State University from January 1951 to January 1961. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State University from January 1946 to January 1951. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State Technical University from January 1933 to January 1940. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Saratov State University from January 1940 to January 1946. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow studied at Saratov State University from January 1930 to January 1933.", "adv_fact_context": "Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Saratov State University from January 1940 to January 1946. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow studied at Saratov State University from January 1930 to Jan 1933. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from Jan 1961 to 01/1965. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State Technical University from January 1933 to Jan 1940. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Perm State University from 01/1951 to January 1961. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State University from Jan 1946 to 01/1951. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from January 1965 to 01/1987.", "context": "Sergei Nikolaevich ChernikovSergei Nikolaevich Chernikov (11 May 1912 \u2013 23 January 1987; ) was a Russian mathematician who contributed significantly to the development of infinite group theory and linear inequalities.Chernikov was born on 11 May 1912 in Sergiyev Posad, in Moscow Oblast, Russia, to Nikolai Nikolaevich, a priest, and Anna Alekseevna, a housewife. After graduating from secondary school, he worked as a labourer, as a driver, as a book-keeper and as an accountant. Until November 1931 he taught mathematics in a school for workers. From 1930 he was an external student of the Pedagogic Institute of Saratov State University, where he graduated in 1933. He began graduate studies at the Ural Industrial Institute under the outside tutelage of Alexandr G. Kurosh (of the University of Moscow). A remarkable student, Chernikov was made head of the Ural Mathematics department (1939\u20131946) immediately after earning his PhD in 1938, even before defending his DSc in 1940. He went on to be head of mathematical departments at Ural State University (1946\u20131951), Perm State University (1951\u20131961), the Steklov Institute of Mathematics (1961\u20131964), and finally the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1964 until days before his death in 1987. During his career, he trained more than 40 PhD and 7 DSc students, and published dozens of papers that remained influential 100 years after his birth.Chernikov is credited with introducing a number of fundamental concepts to group theory, including the locally finite group, and nilpotent group. As with many of his other contributions, these allow infinite groups to be partially or locally solved, establishing important early links between finite and infinite group theories. Later in his career, he was hailed as \"one of the pioneers of linear programming\", for his breakthrough algebraic theory of linear inequalities.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Ural State Technical University", "Saratov State University", "Steklov Institute of Mathematics", "Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", "Perm State University"], "facts": [["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "educated at", "Saratov State University", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Saratov State University", "January 1940", "January 1946"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Ural State Technical University", "January 1933", "January 1940"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Steklov Institute of Mathematics", "January 1961", "January 1965"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", "January 1965", "January 1987"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Ural State University", "January 1946", "January 1951"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Perm State University", "January 1951", "January 1961"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow work for in October 1957?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow work for in Oct 1957?", "date": "October 12 1957", "text_answers": {"text": ["Perm State University"]}, "id": "L2_Q12170089_P108_4", "fact_context": "Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Perm State University from January 1951 to January 1961. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Saratov State University from January 1940 to January 1946. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow studied at Saratov State University from January 1930 to January 1933. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State University from January 1946 to January 1951. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State Technical University from January 1933 to January 1940. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from January 1961 to January 1965. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from January 1965 to January 1987.", "adv_fact_context": "Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State University from Jan 1946 to 01/1951. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Perm State University from 01/1951 to January 1961. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Steklov Institute of Mathematics from Jan 1961 to 01/1965. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Saratov State University from January 1940 to January 1946. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from January 1965 to 01/1987. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow worked for Ural State Technical University from January 1933 to Jan 1940. \n Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow studied at Saratov State University from January 1930 to Jan 1933.", "context": "Sergei Nikolaevich ChernikovSergei Nikolaevich Chernikov (11 May 1912 \u2013 23 January 1987; ) was a Russian mathematician who contributed significantly to the development of infinite group theory and linear inequalities.Chernikov was born on 11 May 1912 in Sergiyev Posad, in Moscow Oblast, Russia, to Nikolai Nikolaevich, a priest, and Anna Alekseevna, a housewife. After graduating from secondary school, he worked as a labourer, as a driver, as a book-keeper and as an accountant. Until November 1931 he taught mathematics in a school for workers. From 1930 he was an external student of the Pedagogic Institute of Saratov State University, where he graduated in 1933. He began graduate studies at the Ural Industrial Institute under the outside tutelage of Alexandr G. Kurosh (of the University of Moscow). A remarkable student, Chernikov was made head of the Ural Mathematics department (1939\u20131946) immediately after earning his PhD in 1938, even before defending his DSc in 1940. He went on to be head of mathematical departments at Ural State University (1946\u20131951), Perm State University (1951\u20131961), the Steklov Institute of Mathematics (1961\u20131964), and finally the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1964 until days before his death in 1987. During his career, he trained more than 40 PhD and 7 DSc students, and published dozens of papers that remained influential 100 years after his birth.Chernikov is credited with introducing a number of fundamental concepts to group theory, including the locally finite group, and nilpotent group. As with many of his other contributions, these allow infinite groups to be partially or locally solved, establishing important early links between finite and infinite group theories. Later in his career, he was hailed as \"one of the pioneers of linear programming\", for his breakthrough algebraic theory of linear inequalities.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Ural State Technical University", "Saratov State University", "Ural State University", "Steklov Institute of Mathematics", "Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"], "facts": [["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", "January 1965", "January 1987"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Steklov Institute of Mathematics", "January 1961", "January 1965"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Ural State University", "January 1946", "January 1951"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "educated at", "Saratov State University", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Saratov State University", "January 1940", "January 1946"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Ural State Technical University", "January 1933", "January 1940"], ["Sergei Nikolajewitsch Tschernikow", "employer", "Perm State University", "January 1951", "January 1961"]]}
{"question": "Where was Beate Meinl-Reisinger educated in September 2002?", "adv_question": "Where was Beate Meinl-Reisinger educated in 09/2002?", "date": "September 23 2002", "text_answers": {"text": ["Danube University Krems"]}, "id": "L2_Q15787318_P69_1", "fact_context": "Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at Danube University Krems from January 2002 to January 2003. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger held the position of member of the regional parliament of Vienna from November 2015 to September 2018. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at University of Vienna from January 1996 to January 2002. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the NEOS \u2013 The New Austria from January 2012 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at Danube University Krems from Jan 2002 to 01/2003. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at University of Vienna from Jan 1996 to January 2002. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the NEOS \u2013 The New Austria from 01/2012 to 05/2023. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger held the position of member of the regional parliament of Vienna from 11/2015 to 09/2018.", "context": "Beate Meinl-ReisingerBeate Meinl-Reisinger (born 25 April 1978) is an Austrian politician serving as leader of NEOS \u2013 The New Austria and Liberal Forum since June 2018. She is also the leader of the party's parliamentary group in the National Council since 2018. Previously, she was a member of the National Council and from 2015 to 2018, and a member of the Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna, where she also led the NEOS group. She returned to the National Council after the resignation of Matthias Strolz in 2018.Meinl-Reisinger was born Beate Reisinger on 25 April 1978. She attended the Wasagasse grammar school, then studied law at the University of Vienna and completed her Masters in European Studies at the Danube University Krems. She then completed a trainee program for EU academics at the Austrian Economic Chamber. In this context, she worked for the European Commission and as an assistant to Othmar Karas in the European Parliament.After the trainee program, she worked as a deputy managing director at \"Women in the Economy\", a department of the Economic Chamber. She held further positions at the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor and the Federal Ministry of Economics, Family and Youth. Subsequently, she worked as a consultant for women's, family, and integration policy in the cabinet of State Secretary Christine Marek. In 2009, she became a political advisor for the Vienna branch of the Austrian People's Party (\u00d6VP).Meinl-Reisinger is married and has three children.From 2010 to 2012, Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the Vienna branch of the \u00d6VP women's association.After the birth of her second daughter in 2012, Meinl-Reisinger became involved with the new party NEOS. She was elected to third place on the party's federal list in the 2013 federal election, and was elected to the National Council. After NEOS merged with the Liberal Forum in 2014, she was elected as one of two federal deputy leaders of the party; she also became chairwoman of its Vienna branch. In the National Council, Meinl-Resinger served as chair of the culture committee and was a member of the judiciary committee, the consumer protection committee, and the family committee.In February 2015, Meinl-Reisinger was selected as the top candidate for the 2015 Viennese state election. On 24 September, she announced her resignation from the National Council to commit time to Viennese politics; she did so on 9 October, two days before the election. She led the party to significant success, winning 6.16% and five seats. She subsequently became chairwoman of the NEOS parliamentary group in the Viennese parliament.In the 2017 federal election, Meinl-Reisinger was again third on the federal list. She did not take her seat after the election, choosing instead to remain active in Viennese politics.Federal NEOS leader Matthias Strolz announced his resignation on 7 May 2018. At a party congress on 23 June 2018, Beate Meinl-Reisinger was elected at his successor with 94.8% of the delegate votes. Upon his resignation from the National Council on 18 October, she took his seat, and replaced him as NEOS group leader. Ahead of this, she resigned from her positions in Vienna, and she was replaced as chairperson and group leader by Christoph Wiederkehr.At a party conference in Vienna on 6 July 2019, Meinl-Reisinger was elected as the top candidate for the 2019 federal election with 96.1% of votes. NEOS won 8.10% of votes in the election, and won 15 seats, an increase of five from its 2013 result.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Vienna"], "facts": [["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "position held", "member of the regional parliament of Vienna", "November 2015", "September 2018"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "member of political party", "NEOS \u2013 The New Austria", "January 2012", "May 2023"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "educated at", "Danube University Krems", "January 2002", "January 2003"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "educated at", "University of Vienna", "January 1996", "January 2002"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Fabrizio Cicchitto belong to in July 2010?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Fabrizio Cicchitto belong to in Jul 2010?", "date": "July 06 2010", "text_answers": {"text": ["The People of Freedom"]}, "id": "L2_Q3737980_P102_3", "fact_context": "Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the The People of Freedom from March 2009 to November 2013. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the New Centre-Right from November 2013 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Forza Italia from January 1999 to March 2009. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Reform Socialist Party from January 1994 to January 1996. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Italian Senate from April 1992 to April 1994. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from March 2013 to March 2018. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Popular Alternative from January 2017 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Popular Alternative from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the New Centre-Right from November 2013 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Italian Senate from Apr 1992 to April 1994. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Forza Italia from 01/1999 to Mar 2009. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the The People of Freedom from Mar 2009 to November 2013. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Mar 2013 to March 2018. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Reform Socialist Party from 01/1994 to 01/1996.", "context": "Fabrizio CicchittoFabrizio Cicchitto (born 26 October 1940 in Rome) is an Italian politician.Fabrizio Cicchitto entered politics during the earlier 1960s, supporting the Marxist left wing of Riccardo Lombardi in the Italian Socialist Party and then becoming secretary of the party's youth organization (\"Federazione Giovanile Socialista Italiana\", Italian Young Socialist Federation). Cicchitto also became sympathetic to Eurocommunism and the \"Historic Compromise\" path taken by the Italian Communist Party (PCI), while being highly critical of Christian Democracy (DC) itself, as well as of the American CIA and the Italian Servizio Informazioni Difesa. According to him, DC would have taken profit from the Red Brigades' activities and the Aldo Moro case to cut off relations with the PCI.In 1981, he confessed being a member of the masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2). Shortly after this move, Cicchitto was excluded from the Socialist Party. Readmitted toward the end of the Eighties, he followed the policies of Bettino Craxi and held minor posts throughout the \"Mani pulite\"-\"Tangentopoli\" scandals that saw the disestablishment of most Italian political parties. Cicchitto joined Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right party Forza Italia, leading its social-democratic wing We Blue Reformers. He had been a Socialist member of either the Italian Chamber of Deputies or the Italian Senate for three successive terms. He is currently the vice-president of Forza Italia's group in the Chamber, and national deputy-coordinator of the party from 2003.He has contributed to steps taken by Italy in its adoption of the European Monetary System and the Maastricht Treaty, and has taken part in debates over privatization in the country. Since 1998, Cicchitto contributes editorials to \"Il Giornale\", and is currently a member of the editorial staff for \"Avanti!\".In November 2009 he founded \"Reformism and Freedom\" (\"REL\"), a \"reformist\" and mainly social-democratic think tank within The People of Freedom (PdL). After the split of PdL, Cicchitto joined the New Centre-Right party.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Popular Alternative", "Forza Italia (1994)", "Reform Socialist Party", "New Centre-Right"], "facts": [["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Forza Italia (1994)", "January 1999", "March 2009"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Reform Socialist Party", "January 1994", "January 1996"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "position held", "member of the Italian Senate", "April 1992", "April 1994"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "position held", "member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic", "March 2013", "March 2018"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Popular Alternative", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "The People of Freedom", "March 2009", "November 2013"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "New Centre-Right", "November 2013", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Where was Chris Hadfield educated in April 1990?", "adv_question": "Where was Chris Hadfield educated in 04/1990?", "date": "April 09 1990", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Tennessee Space Institute"]}, "id": "L2_Q1076962_P69_3", "fact_context": "Chris Hadfield held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from March 2013 to May 2013. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Roads University from January 1978 to January 1980. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Military College of Canada from January 1980 to January 1982. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Waterloo from January 1982 to January 1983. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Tennessee Space Institute from January 1990 to January 1992.", "adv_fact_context": "Chris Hadfield studied at University of Waterloo from January 1982 to Jan 1983. \n Chris Hadfield held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from 03/2013 to May 2013. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Military College of Canada from 01/1980 to January 1982. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Tennessee Space Institute from January 1990 to 01/1992. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Roads University from January 1978 to 01/1980.", "context": "Chris HadfieldChris Austin Hadfield (born August 29, 1959) is a retired Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut, engineer, science communicator, singer, and former fighter pilot. The first Canadian to walk in space, Hadfield has flown two Space Shuttle missions and served as commander of the International Space Station (ISS). Prior to his career as an astronaut, Hadfield served in the Canadian Forces for 25 years as an Air Command fighter pilot.Hadfield was inspired as a child when he watched the Apollo 11 Moon landing on TV. He attended high school in Oakville and Milton in southern Ontario and earned his glider pilot licence as a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. After joining the Canadian Armed Forces, he earned an engineering degree at Royal Military College (RMC). He learned to fly various types of aircraft in the military and eventually became a test pilot, flying several experimental planes. As part of an exchange program with the United States Navy and United States Air Force, he obtained a master's degree in aviation systems at the University of Tennessee Space Institute.In 1992, Hadfield was accepted into the Canadian astronaut program by the Canadian Space Agency. He first flew in space in November 1995 as a mission specialist aboard , visiting the Russian space station \"Mir\". He flew again in April 2001 on , when he visited the ISS and walked in space to help install the Canadarm2. In December 2012, he flew for a third time aboard Soyuz TMA-07M to join Expedition 34 on the ISS. When this expedition ended in March 2013, he became the commander of the ISS as part of Expedition 35, responsible for a crew of five astronauts and helping to run dozens of scientific experiments dealing with the impact of low gravity on human biology. During this mission, he chronicled life on board the space station by taking pictures of the Earth and posting them on various social media platforms. He was a guest on television news and talk shows and gained popularity by playing the ISS's guitar in space. Hadfield returned to Earth in May 2013 when the mission ended. He announced his retirement shortly after returning, capping a 35-year career as a military pilot and astronaut.Hadfield was born in Sarnia, Ontario. His parents are Roger and Eleanor Hadfield, who live in Milton, Ontario. Hadfield was raised on a corn farm in southern Ontario. He was a member of a Wolf Cub Pack that met at the Milton Fairgrounds. He became interested in flying at a young age and in being an astronaut at age nine when he saw the Apollo 11 Moon landing on television. He is married to his high-school girlfriend Helene, and they have three adult children: Kyle, Evan and Kristin Hadfield. Hadfield used to be a ski instructor at Glen Eden Ski Area before becoming a test pilot.Hadfield is of northern English and southern Scottish descent. He is a devoted fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs and wore a Leafs jersey under his spacesuit during his Soyuz TMA-07M reentry in May 2013. After the 2012 NHL Lockout ended, Hadfield tweeted a photo of himself holding a Maple Leafs logo, and stated he was \"ready to cheer [his team] on from orbit\". He sang the Canadian National Anthem during the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens game on January 18, 2014, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.Hadfield attended White Oaks Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario until his senior year and then graduated as an Ontario Scholar from Milton District High School in 1977. As a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, he earned a glider pilot scholarship at age 15 and a powered pilot scholarship at age 16. After graduating from high school in 1978, he joined the Canadian Armed Forces and spent two years at Royal Roads Military College followed by two years at the Royal Military College, where he received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1982. He also conducted his post-graduate research at the University of Waterloo in 1982. Before graduating, he also underwent basic flight training at CFB Portage la Prairie. In 1983, he took honours as the top graduate from Basic Jet Training at CFB Moose Jaw, and then went on to train as a tactical fighter pilot with 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron at CFB Cold Lake, flying the Canadair CF-116 Freedom Fighter and the McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet. After completing his fighter training, Hadfield flew CF-18 Hornets with 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron, flying intercept missions for NORAD. He was the first CF-18 pilot to intercept a Soviet Tupolev Tu 95 long-range bomber in the Canadian Arctic.In the late 1980s, Hadfield attended the US Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base and served as an exchange officer with the US Navy at Strike Test Directorate at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station. His accomplishments from 1989 to 1992 included testing the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet and LTV A-7 Corsair II aircraft; performing research work with NASA on pitch control margin simulation and flight; completing the first military flight of F/A-18 enhanced performance engines; piloting the first flight test of the National Aerospace Plane external burning hydrogen propulsion engine; developing a new handling qualities rating scale for high angle-of-attack test; and participating in the F/A-18 out-of-control recovery test program.In May 1992, Hadfield graduated with a master's degree in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute, where his thesis concerned high-angle attack aerodynamics of the F/A-18 Hornet fighter jet. In total, Hadfield has flown over 70 different types of aircraft.Hadfield was selected to become one of four new Canadian astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. Three of those four (Dafydd Williams, Julie Payette and Hadfield) have flown in space. The fourth candidate, Michael McKay, resigned as an astronaut in 1995. Hadfield was assigned by the CSA to the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas in August, where he addressed technical and safety issues for Shuttle Operations Development, contributed to the development of the glass shuttle cockpit, and supported shuttle launches at the Kennedy Space Center, in Florida. In addition, Hadfield was NASA's chief CAPCOM (capsule communicator\")\", the voice of mission control to astronauts in orbit, for 25 Space Shuttle missions. From 1996 to 2000, he represented CSA astronauts and coordinated their activities as the chief astronaut for the CSA.He was the director of operations for NASA at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) in Star City, Russia from 2001 until 2003. Some of his duties included co-ordination and direction of all International Space Station crew activities in Russia, oversight of training and crew support staff, as well as policy negotiation with the Russian Space Program and other International Partners. He also trained and became fully qualified to be a flight engineer cosmonaut in the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, and to perform spacewalks in the Russian Orlan spacesuit.Hadfield is a civilian CSA astronaut, having retired as a colonel from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2003 after 25 years of military service. He was chief of robotics for the NASA Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas from 2003 to 2006 and was chief of International Space Station Operations from 2006 to 2008. In 2008 and 2009, he trained as a back-up to Robert Thirsk on Expedition 21. In May 2010, Hadfield served as the commander of the mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for fourteen days. NASA announced in 2010 that Hadfield would become the first Canadian commander of the International Space Station, leading Expedition 35 after its launch on December 19, 2012. His craft docked with the station on December 21. He remained on the station for five months, transferring control to Pavel Vinogradov and departing on May 13, 2013.In June 2013, one month after completing his third trip to space, Hadfield announced his retirement from the Canadian Space Agency, effective July 3, 2013. Hadfield stated that after living primarily in the United States since the 1980s for his career, he would be moving back to Canada, \"making good on a promise I made my wife nearly 30 years ago\u2014that yes, eventually, we would be moving back to Canada.\" He noted that he plans to pursue private interests outside government there.Hadfield is enthusiastic about the prospects for a manned mission to Mars, and when asked in 2011 if he would consider being the first to visit even if the journey to Mars were one-way, he said \"I would be honoured to be given the opportunity.\"Hadfield served as Mission Specialist 1 on STS-74 in November 1995. It was NASA's second space shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station \"Mir\". During the flight, the crew of Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\" attached a five-tonne docking module to \"Mir\" and transferred over 1,000\u00a0kg of food, water, and scientific supplies to the cosmonauts. Hadfield flew as the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm in orbit, and the only Canadian ever to board \"Mir\".In April 2001, Hadfield served as mission specialist 1 on STS-100, International Space Station (ISS) assembly Flight 6A. The crew of Space Shuttle \"Endeavour\" delivered and installed Canadarm2, the new Canadian-built robotic arm, as well as the Italian-made resupply module \"Raffaello\". During the 11-day flight, Hadfield performed two spacewalks, which made him the first Canadian to ever leave a spacecraft and float freely in space. During his first spacewalk Hadfield experienced severe eye irritation due to the anti-fog solution used to polish his spacesuit visor, temporarily blinding him and forcing him to vent oxygen into space. In total, Hadfield spent 14 hours, 50 minutes outside, travelling 10 times around the world during his spacewalk.On December 19, 2012, Hadfield launched in the Soyuz TMA-07M flight for a long duration stay on board the ISS as part of Expedition 35. He arrived at the station two days later, as scheduled, and became the first Canadian to command the ISS when the crew of Expedition 34 departed in March 2013. On May 12, 2013, he turned over command of the ISS, and returned home aboard the Soyuz spacecraft on May 13. He received significant media exposure during his time on the ISS, and ended his time on the station by paying tribute to David Bowie with a rendition of \"Space Oddity\".Hadfield has a social media presence, with over 2,400,000 Twitter followers . He created one of the top Reddit ask me anything (AMA) threads of all time on February 17, 2013. He also maintains accounts on Facebook, Tumblr, and YouTube. His exchanges with William Shatner and other \"Star Trek\" actors have received media coverage. Hadfield has been described by Forbes as \"perhaps the most social media savvy astronaut ever to leave Earth\".Hadfield enlisted the help of his son Evan to manage his social media presence. They work in tandem to share information over the internet about aspects of life as an astronaut, both the scientific and the mundane.During his free time on Expedition 35, Hadfield recorded music for an album, using the Larriv\u00e9e Parlor guitar previously brought to the ISS. The first song recorded in space, \"Jewel in the Night\", was released via YouTube on Christmas Eve\u00a02012.His collaboration with Ed Robertson of the Barenaked Ladies and the Wexford Gleeks, \"Is Somebody Singing?\"\u2014sometimes shortened \"I.S.S.\"\u2014was aired on the CBC Radio program Q and released by CBC Music online on February\u00a08, 2013. Hadfield sang \"Is Somebody Singing\" along with singers across Canada for the national Music Monday program. Hadfield has been credited musically on his brother Dave Hadfield's albums. He also has performed with his brother the \"Canada Song\", which was released on YouTube on Canada Day, 2014.On May 12, 2013, after handing over command of the ISS, but before returning home, Hadfield released a music video recorded on the ISS of a modified rendition of \"Space Oddity\" by David Bowie. , the video has over 45\u00a0million views on YouTube. The performance was the subject of a piece by Glenn Fleishman in \"The Economist\" on May\u00a022, 2013, analysing the legal implications of publicly performing a copyrighted work of music while in Earth orbit.In October 2015, Hadfield released \"Space Sessions: Songs From a Tin Can\", an album of songs that he had recorded on the International Space Station.In October 2013 Hadfield was interviewed by \"Maclean's\" magazine and appeared on its cover wearing face make-up to \"replicate Bowie's famed image from the cover of his \"Aladdin Sane\" album.\" Hadfield wrote an article for the December 2013 edition of \"Wired\" magazine in which he reflects on his time spent on the International Space Station.On October 8, 2013, the University of Waterloo announced that Hadfield will join the university as a professor for a three-year term beginning in the Fall of 2014. Hadfield's work is expected to involve instructing and advising roles in aviation programs offered by the Faculty of Environment and Faculty of Science, as well as assisting in ongoing research regarding the health of astronauts with the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences.Hadfield's 2013 autobiography, \"An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth: What Going to Space Taught Me About Ingenuity, Determination, and Being Prepared for Anything\" deals with his professional life and work, and with numerous examples from the lead-up to his command of Expedition 35. The book was a \"New York Times\" bestseller and was also the bestselling book in Canada on a Canadian subject.In 2017, Hadfield hosted the BBC show \"Astronauts: Do You Have What It Takes?\" alongside Kevin Fong and Iya Whiteley, where 12 contestants compete to earn Hadfield's approval and recommendation as a candidate for future applications to become an astronaut. The challenges involved replicated real tests carried out by the different Space Agencies at facilities in Europe and America, including hypoxia and centrifuge training, with contestants eliminated each week. Hadfield hosted a web series about space exploration on the video platform MasterClass.On February 9, 2021 Virgin Galactic announced that Hadfield would be joining their Space Advisory Board to help \"provide advice to senior management as the company moves forward to open space for the benefit of all.\" Hadfield will be joined by former astronaut Sandra Magnus and Chief Scientist of Cubic Corporation David A. Whelan.Hadfield is the recipient of numerous awards and special honours. These include appointment to the Order of Ontario in 1996, as an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2014, receipt of the Vanier Award in 2001, NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 2002, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002, and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012. He is also the only Canadian to have received both a military and civilian Meritorious Service Cross, the military medal in 2001 and the civilian one in 2013. In 1988, Hadfield was granted the Liethen-Tittle Award (top pilot graduate of the USAF Test Pilot School) and was named US Navy Test Pilot of the Year in 1991. He was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2005 and commemorated on Royal Canadian Mint silver and gold coins for his spacewalk to install Canadarm2 on the International Space Station in 2001. Further, the Royal Military College granted Hadfield an honorary Doctorate of Engineering in 1996 and he was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Laws from Trent University three years later. In 2013, Hadfield was presented with an Honorary Diploma from Nova Scotia Community College. Upon his taking command of the International Space Station, Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, sent Hadfield a personal message of congratulations, stating \"I am pleased to transmit my personal best wishes, and those of all Canadians, to Colonel Christopher Hadfield as he takes command of the International Space Station...\"His affiliations include membership in the Royal Military College Club, Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute, and serving as honorary patron of Lambton College, former trustee of Lakefield College School, board member of the International Space School Foundation, and executive with the Association of Space Explorers.In Sarnia, the city airport was renamed to Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport in 1997 and there are two public schools named after him \u2013 one in Milton, Ontario and the other in Bradford, Ontario. A NASA Marshall Space Flight Center-run rocket factory at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, where he briefly worked, and an asteroid 14143 Hadfield are also named after him.In 2005, 820 Milton Blue Thunder Squadron was renamed 820 Chris Hadfield Squadron in honour of Hadfield, who was a cadet there from 1971 to 1978. The Town of Milton also named a municipal park and street after Hadfield.In 2014, his name was added to the Wall of Honour at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario.In 2020, the newly discovered Andrena Hadfieldi, a species of bee, was named in his honour.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Royal Roads University", "University of Waterloo", "Royal Military College of Canada"], "facts": [["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "Royal Roads University", "January 1978", "January 1980"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "University of Tennessee Space Institute", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "University of Waterloo", "January 1982", "January 1983"], ["Chris Hadfield", "position held", "ISS Expedition Commander", "March 2013", "May 2013"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "Royal Military College of Canada", "January 1980", "January 1982"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jean-Pierre Bosser educated in July 1976?", "adv_question": "Where was Jean-Pierre Bosser educated in 07/1976?", "date": "July 31 1976", "text_answers": {"text": ["Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr"]}, "id": "L2_Q17580025_P69_0", "fact_context": "Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole de l'infanterie from January 1981 to January 1982. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr from January 1979 to January 1981. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of Chief of Staff of the French Army from September 2014 to July 2019. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of director general from September 2019 to May 2023. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr from January 1970 to January 1979.", "adv_fact_context": "Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr from January 1979 to January 1981. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole de l'infanterie from January 1981 to Jan 1982. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of Chief of Staff of the French Army from 09/2014 to July 2019. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr from 01/1970 to 01/1979. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of director general from 09/2019 to May 2023.", "context": "Jean-Pierre Bosser (army general)Jean-Pierre Bosser (born 14 November 1959 in Versailles, France) is a French Army General. He was Chief of Staff of the French Army from 1 September 2014 to 31 July 2019.Student of the Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr, then the \u00c9cole sp\u00e9ciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (promotion G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Lasalle 1979-1981), he chose then the infantry application school at Montpellier.He served in the 8th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment 8 RPIMa at Castres on three different occasions, as a section (platoon) chief and paratrooper instructor from 1982 to 1985, assistant officer then commandant of a company between 1986 and 1990, and finally after being nominated to colonel on 1 October 2000, in quality as a regimental commander from 2011 to 2003. Jean-Pierre Bosser was particularly renowned for becoming a paratrooper instructor, particularly at the 8th Parachute Regiment of the Troupes de marine, and participated to a dozen of exterior operations.Between 1982 and 1990, he deployed to Lebanon at the corps of the Multinational Force in Lebanon since creation in September 1982, to Tchad for the launching of Operation Manta in 1983 then within the cadre of Op\u00e9ration \u00c9pervier in 1989, to Central African Republic in 1984 and 1986, and to Gabon in 1990 for the evacuation of French citizens from Port-Gentil. He also conducted simultaneously a technical military assistance mission for one year as a counselor of the para-commando battalion of Mauritania in 1985.From 1990 to 1992, he occupied the post of chief of the operational center of the inter-arm general staff headquarters of the superior commandment of the New Caledonian Armed Forces (FANC). He was then engaged at the head of his regiment in Kosovo within the cadre of Operation Trident in 2002, then Central African Republic to open Operation Boali in 2003. Brevetted at the \u00c9cole de guerre in 1996, he served for five years at the bureau \u00ab \u00e9tudes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales \u00bb of the Directorate of Military Personnel of the French Army (DPMAT) before assuming the command of the 8 RPIMa. Then, from 2003 till 2005, he was designated as director of the student formations (DFE) of \u00c9coles de Saint-Cyr Co\u00ebtquidan ESCC.He joined again the DPMAT in quality as a bureau chief \u00ab Arme de m\u00eal\u00e9e \u00bb, then bureau chief \u00ab \u00e9tudes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales \u00bb. Nominated to G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade on 1 August 2007, he became the assistant to the deputy chief of the general staff headquarters \u00ab ressources humaines \u00bb at the general staff headquarters of the French Army where he was confined with the functions of deputy chief of the general staff headquarters \u00ab performance-synth\u00e8se \u00bb. Elevated to the rank designation of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de corps d\u2019arm\u00e9e, he became on 29 November 2012, the director of the Protection and Defense Security Directorate DPSD, while being responsible for one of the French Military Intelligence Subsidiaries.On 9 July 2014, he was nominated by the Council of Ministers Chief of Staff of the French Army CEMAT, the highest function in the chain of command of the French Army. He assumed this post responsibility on 1 September 2014 along with the rank elevation designation of G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'arm\u00e9e.Jean-Pierre Bosser is an Honorary Corporal (bestowed) of the French Foreign Legion.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["\u00c9cole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr", "\u00c9cole de l'infanterie"], "facts": [["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "educated at", "Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr", "January 1970", "January 1979"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "position held", "director general", "September 2019", "May 2023"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "educated at", "\u00c9cole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr", "January 1979", "January 1981"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "educated at", "\u00c9cole de l'infanterie", "January 1981", "January 1982"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "position held", "Chief of Staff of the French Army", "September 2014", "July 2019"]]}
{"question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated in May 1993?", "adv_question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated in 05/1993?", "date": "May 30 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stony Brook University"]}, "id": "L2_Q235137_P69_1", "fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from January 1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from January 2004 to January 2008. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from January 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from August 1994 to November 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from 01/1993 to Jan 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from Jan 2004 to 01/2008. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from Jan 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from Aug 1994 to 11/2000. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 07/2006 to Jul 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from 01/1981 to January 1993.", "context": "Keiko FujimoriKeiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi ( or ; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian business administrator, politician, and perennial candidate for public office. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi, and formerly in role as the First Lady of Peru from 1994 to 2000. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections but was defeated by a narrow margin in the second round all three times. She launched a third presidential campaign during the 2021 election and once again managed to qualify for the run-off, but was defeated by Pedro Castillo in the second round.Keiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi was born on 25 May 1975 in the Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda district of Lima, the capital of Peru. Fujimori's parents are Japanese Peruvians; her father is former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori, who was elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election, and her mother is Susana Higuchi. In addition, Fujimori would come to have three siblings: Kenji Gerardo (born May 1980), Hiro Alberto (born December 1976) and Sachi Marcela (born March 1979). For primary and secondary education, Keiko Fujimori and her siblings attended Peruvian Catholic School (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts).In 1990, her father was elected president and later led a self-coup when he dissolved congress in 1992, violating the independence of the judiciary and the press, and began persecuting opponents. Subsequently, with the approval of a new constitution, the president could be re-elected in the following elections. Throughout her father's presidency, the government committed multiple human rights violations that included forced sterilizations and extrajudicial killings and its response to the internal conflict in Peru resulted in the deaths of at least 69,000 people. It was also alleged that Fujimori embezzled between US$600\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0billion through graft. Such allegations placed Fujimori seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984\u20132004. Alberto Fujimori's revitalization of the economy of Peru and defeat of Shining Path, however, has resulted in continued support from some Peruvians, with the former president having a divisive legacy overall in the country.After her father's coup, Fujimori graduated from secondary school and travelled to the United States in 1993 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Stony Brook University.In 1994, Fujimori's father stripped her mother of her title of First Lady of Peru with the intent of silencing her after she accused him publicly and in the Peruvian Judicial Branch of kidnapping, torture and corruption, this led to the two separating in the same year, taking with them the last vestiges of her mother's titles. On 23 August 1994, Keiko stopped her studies at Stony Brook and returned to Peru, where her father appointed her as First Lady of Peru, the youngest first lady in the Americas. On top of her symbolic functions, from April 1994 to November 2000, her father made her head of (Foundation for the Children of Peru), which is usually led by the first lady, and she created Fundaci\u00f3n Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology) for children with congenital heart diseases. In May 1997, Fujimori completed her studies in Business Administration at Boston University. Fujimori's parents formally divorced in 1996. In the years after their separation, Susana said that she was subjected to torture at least five-hundred times between 1992 and 2000 and told the press that Alberto had ordered his partner Vladimiro Montesinos to execute her, though Montesinos said he refused on the ground of being a devout Catholic.As first lady, she received three main accusations: that she diverted clothing donated through charity by Japanese-Peruvians, a controversy that even made it before Supreme Court of Peru; that she ordered the Government Palace's rooms painted pink; and the perceived betrayal, as it was seen by many opposition members, when she refused to defend her mother who had been denounced and persecuted by her father. Fujimori responded to the last criticism by alleging that the accusations of tortures made by her mother were a \"legend.\" She would later reconcile with her mother, who then assisted her with her presidential campaigns.In 1998, as her father intended to run for an unprecedented and at that point unconstitutional third term, Fujimori came out in a strong declaration against her father's plan, supporting a plan made by the opposition. She put out a statement: \"As a daughter, I would prefer that my father rest, but as a citizen, I believe he is what the country requires.\" Fujimori still helped her father despite her reservations in his reelection campaign in April 2000, as she had done in his 1995 campaign. In November 2000, her father fled to Japan and resigned from the presidency while visiting Brunei once news came of a massive corruption scandal. Shortly after the scandal broke, Fujimori had asked her father to not renounce anything and to return to Peru to defend himself before a court of law.Fujimori was forced to leave the Government Palace of Peru on 21 November 2000 after the Congress of Peru officially vacated her father Alberto's position as president of Peru. Her mother, now a member of congress, offered Fujimori to stay with her, though Fujimori refused and preferred to stay with her aunt Juana Fujimori beside her father's family.In August 2001, Fujimori visited Tokyo to meet with her father who still had dual citizenship, the main reason Japan was reluctant to reject his asylum and extradite him. She moved to the United States in 2002 to further pursue her business career, studying at Columbia University. While in New York, she met Mark Vito Villanella and married him in a wedding attended by many Fujimorist officials in the Miraflores district of Lima that was officiated by Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Archbishop of Lima and member of Opus Dei. The newlyweds returned to New York where Fujimori would continue her MBA studies.Fujimori's father arrived in Santiago de Chile in preparation of his return to Peru to run anew as a presidential candidate on 6 November 2005 and was arrested shortly after by Interpol. After her father's arrest in Chile, Fujimori's father was blocked from announcing his candidacy for President of Peru in the 2006 Peruvian general election, as was his political coalition Si Cumple.As a result of Alberto Fujimori's arrest, those sympathetic to the ex-president created the party Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) with the acronym AF recognizing their previous leader. With her father unable to preside over the new party, Keiko Fujimori was chosen as the party's leader and candidate, which resulted with her ending her residency in the United States. It was in this context that she finally returned to the country and ran for Congress in the general elections of 2006. On 6 January 2006, Keiko managed to get her new party included in the Peruvian Registry of Political Organizations. In that year's legislative elections, she topped the list of her party's candidates. The party's presidential candidate, Martha Chavez Cossio, running with vice presidential candidate Santiago Fujimori (Keiko's uncle), finished in fourth place, with 7.4% of the valid votes. Keiko received the most votes of any congressional candidate that year, with 602,869 votes, more than three times more than the runner up, Mercedes Cabanillas; breaking the national record for most votes receieved by a legislator up to that point. The Alliance received 1.4\u00a0million votes in total, or 13% of all valid votes cast, winning 13 congressional seats and becoming the fourth most powerful party in the Congress. In the night of the first vote, 9 April, Fujimori declared, \"I believe that much of the support is because I am the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, and it is obvious that I am really the recipient of the caring and gratefulness that the people have for my father.\" She would serve as a Member of the National Congress from 26 July 2006 \u2013 26 July 2011 for Lima.With the election of Alan Garcia to the presidency, Fujimori now became the part of the congressional opposition. Adopting a moderate tone concerning Garcia, who did not have a majority of parliament, Fujimori announced her willingness to cooperate on certain issues. During her term, she played the role of a discreet legislator who was yet a prominent spokesperson for fujimorismo until the role was handed to Carlos Raffo Arce in 2008. Of the only 20 legislative projects she proposed in five years, just 6 were approved. The majority of her proposals concerned reforms of the legal code. Fujimori and her parliamentary bloc supported various government policies, such as their fruitless reform of the Penal Code to reintroduce the death penalty for terrorists. Later, she attempted to reintroduce the death penalty for pedophilia and robbery. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the \"sincere confession\" provision. In September 2007, she organized demonstrations in support of her father, who was now being judged for his previous crimes. She told the press that she was confident of his acquittal because \"there is no hard evidence.\" Fujimori insisted that her father was unaware of the crimes committed by Montesinos and other public functionaries. In December, the ex-president received his first guilty verdict and was convicted of participating in acts of corruption, murder, human rights abuses, and other charges. His daughter considered the ruling an \"injustice\", the result of \"political and judicial persecution\", saying that the Peruvian judiciary \"inspires no confidence.\" The next year, she said that if she was elected president, she would \"not hesitate\" to use her presidential pardon power on her own father.On 13 January 2008, Fujimori announced the creation of a new political party, Fuerza 2011, that would nominate a candidate for 2011. It would nominate her if her father was blocked from running by the law. Other Fujimorista organizations, such as Cambio 90 and New Majority, decided to maintain their organizational independence.In April 2009, Alberto was convicted for another time, this time sentenced for 25 years of prison for crimes against humanity, specifically referring to various massacres, which left 25 people in total dead. Before the ruling, Fujimori had organized another demonstration that had managed to obtain the attendance of 10,000 people, where she challenged the existence of any evidence against her father. She attributed the ruling to \"vengeance\" against \"the best president that we have ever had in the country.\" In an opinion poll taken at the time, 70% of the population believed that the ex-president was guilty, while just 27% believed he was innocent. At the same time, when asked whether they would support him for president, between 19 to 21% said that they would if he were allowed to run.Fujimori was criticized for absent from 500 sessions of Congress, according to the publication \"La Rep\u00fablica\". During this time, she gave birth to two daughters and needed to take maternity leave. Furthermore, she was outside of the country for a total of 223 days between August 2006 and 2010, being her primary trip destinations Chile (5 times) and the United States (10 times), where she spent almost 100 days between January and May 2008 finishing her master's degree in Columbia University. According to the same publication, of the 42 sessions of the commission on the economy in which she was a member, she was only present for 7.During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures to create Fuerza 2011, her own political party. Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.On 9 March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. On 19 May, she officially launched this new political organization. On 17 December, she announced her candidacy during a campaign in a Lima neighborhood. Rafael Rey Rey, minister of defense, Peruvian representative to the Andean Parliament and member of the conservative party National Renewal, was the first vice-presidential candidate while Jaime Yoshiyama, her father's former minister during his presidency, was the second.Throughout the entire campaign, Fujimori fiercely defended her various proposals, among them to apply the death penalty to certain crimes, create jobs, fight poverty, control public accounts, sponsor free trade, counter crime, begin an \"offensive against corruption\", improve the education system via a reward initiative for excellent teachers, and an accompanying system for gauging teacher skills. Her campaign was fundamentally built upon a defense of her father's government. In her opinion, that government had been responsible for defeating terrorism and stabilizing the economy. However, she also found it necessary to distance herself from the scandals that ended up ending the presidency of her father, trying to blame Montesinos for the violations of human rights and corruption while also promising to not pardon her father, a constitutional power of the president. Fujimori also recognized \"errors\" and \"excesses\" committed during her father's terms and reminded the public of her opposition to her father's third term.During the campaign for the first ballot, Fujimori became embroiled in a new scandal as she admitted to having received donations from people allegedly involved in drug trafficking during her run for Congress in 2006. She admitted to having received 10,000 dollars from two convicted women who, according to Fujimori, were victims of persecution.Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011; she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010. In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes (3.4\u00a0million), second only to Ollanta Humala, a leftist nationalist candidate who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%, followed by Alejandro Toledo and Luis Casta\u00f1eda, ex-mayor of Lima. Kuczynski and Casta\u00f1eda subsequently declared their support for Fujimori while Toledo declared for Humala. With 37 representatives, Fuerza 2011 became the second most powerful party in congress. Fujimori's brother, Kenji Gerardo Fujimori, was elected representative for Lima, receiving the most votes of any national candidate.The second vote was polarized. Near election date, polls indicated effectively a tie due to the margin of error. The election was also marked by fearmongering by both sides of the aisle. According to Sinesio Lopez, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, \"Humala's candidacy fed into fears that his political program would kill small businesses. Keiko's candidacy, meanwhile, fed into fears of a return to corruption and violation of human rights that had occurred during her father's government.\" Humala was also branded by his opponents as a purportedly Chavista authoritarian. As a result, both were incredibly polarizing figures, with polls showing that both encountered stern rejection from about 50% of the population during the first round of voting. According to the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, eight million people, mostly centrists and members of the middle class, said they would be electing the \"lesser evil\" for the nation.In the 5 June runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% (7,937,704 votes) to 48.66% (7,490,647 votes). She had received the majority of her support from the business community, conservatives, the majority of the press, liberal professionals, small businesses, the church, and much of the Lima middle class. With 90% of polls closed, Fujimori admitted her defeat and personally congratulated Humala on his win.After her 2011 defeat, Fujimori began to work toward a renewed campaign for 2016. Her strategy began with a small change as on 29 June 2012, she announced a new name for her party: Fuerza Popular, a change that officially took effect 4 January 2013. According to her, she had chosen a new name for the party so that it \"would be able to last in the times.\" The logo for her party, orange with a big white \"K\" (for Keiko), stayed the same. Furthermore, she continued to serve as its president. The new party did not present any declaration of ideology for the electoral authorities, but she seemed to maintain the essence of fujimorismo, including the defense of neoliberal economics, financial stability, and strict security. Despite these continuities, she continued to slowly distance herself from the legacy of her father.In October 2012, Fujimori and her brothers requested a humanitarian pardon for their father, who, according to the defense, was having health problems. Fujimori herself declared \"we are submitting a letter to president Ollanta Humala in order to inform him of this request for freedom. It will be personal letter from four children to inform him of the commencement of this process.\" In June 2013, Humala denied the request for clemency, alleging that according to a medical professional, the ex-president did not suffer from any terminal illness nor any serious and incurable mental illnesses. In January 2015, her father was convicted for a third time, this time sentenced for eight years for having been guilty for misappropriation of public funds to buy off tabloids for his 2000 election.Between 2011 and 2016, Fujimori intended to strengthen her party, travelling across the country to mitigate the hesitancy many still had toward her because of her connection to Alberto Fujimori, a factor that had been decisive in her 2011 defeat. She dedicated herself to cutting the association, including by removing corrupt members of her party and reaching out to youth. Her electoral base continued to be in Lima and the center of the country. Although she did not serve out a single public function during this period that could have increased her visibility, Fujimori led all opinion polls throughout 2015, with more than 30% support. She also benefited from an ongoing political crisis and accusations of corruption against Humala that made his approval ratings drop to just 20%.On 4 December 2015, Fujimori officially announced her candidacy for president in the 2016 elections. Her running mates were ex-minister of agriculture and irrigation Jose Chilmper Ackerman for first vice president and Vladimiro Huaroc Portocarrero, ex-regional governor of Junin as the second vice president. Fujimori outlined six \"pillars\", among them defense of institutions of a higher law, independence of powers, protection of human rights, support for limiting the armed forces, a free market, tax cuts, incentives for small businesses, use of emergency state funds to kickstart the economy, increase in supply of government bonds, and expansion of electrical and internet infrastructure in rural areas.In January 2016, there were 19 presidential candidates, but by the first vote, nine had been expelled or dropped out. Cesar Acuna y Julio Guzman, two of the main competitors, had been excluded according to the National Jury of Elections. The candidacy of Acuna was interrupted because he gave money to the people during the campaign and Guzman was forced out of the race because of questions about whether his party functioned democratically. Fujimori was not free of accusations as the JNE also requested her removal from the election after it came to light that she had received donations larger than those allowed by the election laws. Fujimori countered that the accusations against her were \"irresponsible\" and alleged insufficient evidence. The JNE dismissed the claims as unfounded, declaring that \"The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.\" The outcome provoked suspicions that the original exclusionary rulings had been made in favor of Fujimori's candidacy, calling into question the clarity of the system for applying the election rules.As the first vote arrived, Fujimori maintained her lead over her competitors. With Acu\u00f1a and Guzm\u00e1n's disqualifications, her main opponents were now the center-right economist and former minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK), the left-leaning psychologist and congresswoman Veronika Mendoza, and the former delegate Alfredo Barnechea. Also in the ring were Alan Garcia and Alejandro Toledo, ex-presidents whose prospects were dim because of investigations and revelations connecting them to Operation Car Wash.On the anniversary of the self-coup of 1992, more than 50,000 demonstrators, most of them called by the non-profit organization No a Keiko, protested Fujimori's candidacy with chants such as \"Fujimori never more\" in the Plaza San Martin. As she had done in the previous elections, she promised to not pardon her father, but promised also to continue the struggle in court for his release; she also affirmed that this was a decision taken by the whole family, not just herself. Fujimori maintained a high level of disapproval, approximately 45% according to Ipsos, deriving mainly from the negative legacy of her father who was again seeking freedom and appeals for his sentence. The appeals process intensified, bringing Keiko to distance herself from the controversial shadow of her father, vowing to not follow his path, to provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father, and to promise to not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise. She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency. She also supported the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, responsible for detailing the human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by both the Shining Path Insurgency and the government, for the first time.Polls indicated that she placed first in the first round of voting on 10 April, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Ver\u00f3nika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%. Fuerza Popular obtained an absolute majority in the congress, garnering 73 of 130 available seats. After learning of the results, Fujimori said, \"The new political map that has been drawn clearly shows us that Peru wants reconciliation and does not want any more violence.\" However, as no candidate had obtained a majority of votes for president, a second vote would be scheduled for 5 June.In this next stage of the campaign, Fujimori traveled across the country, especially to where her father continued to maintain a steady level of popularity, while PPK talked about possible allies and intended to present himself as a centrist candidate capable of winning over the antifujimorista vote. Fujimori continued to be the favorite according to polls, but her campaign suffered a major setback: as the election approached, accusations surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaqu\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular and one of Fujimori's principle aids. On 15 May 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisi\u00f3n that alleging that Ram\u00edrez was being investigated by the DEA for money laundering. According to the report, the DEA had a recording in which Ramirez told a commercial pilot, \"Do you know that \"China\" [referring to Keiko] gave me 15 million dollars during the last campaign in order to \"clean\" them for the 2011 campaign, and that I 'cleaned' them through a chain of faucets?\" The DEA denied that there was any investigation into Fujimori, who denied any involvement in the case or having in fact ever given any money to Ramirez. Her image continue to take a hit, primarily due to fears that the country would turn into a narco-state with her election, fears that were stoked by her rival PPK. At the same time, prosecutors announced they would be investigating suspicions of money laundering and other irregularities in Fujimori's campaign, which she dismissed as simply a smear campaign. In the final days before the vote, the leaders of the left, such as Mendoza, announced their support for PPK. At the beginning of June, another march organized by several left-leaning organizations against Fujimori garnered thousands of demonstraters in Lima, an event shared considerably via social media under the title \"it is not hate, it is love for Peru.\" According to analysts, this second march was decisive in those not yet decided showing support for the PPK.In a very contested election, Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski according to exit polls as ballots were counted late into the evening on 5 June 2016. The recount took up copious amounts of time after election day. Due to the narrow margin involved, the national (and international, to a lesser degree) press only began to consider PPK as the new \"virtual president\" on 9 June, four days after the original vote. At that point, PPK had obtained 50.12% of the vote, compared with 49.88% for Fujimori. On 10 June, Fujimori admitted her defeat, saying that her party had a \"vigilant\" opposition and wishing the new president elect well. On the other hand, Fujimori also claimed that the PPK had won with the help of \"promoters of hatred\" and \"the political, economic, and media power of the outgoing government.\" Kuczynski had won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on 28 July.After the 2016 elections, Fujimori continued to be the main leader of the opposition against PPK's government presiding over the parliamentary majority, while defending herself from accusations of having maintained a controversial relationship with the Odebrecht conglomerate. In December 2017, she supported the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, though he pardoned her father Alberto Fujimori on 24 December 2018 three days after the impeachment process failed.Her brother, Kenji Fujimori, declared his opposition to such a move, which worsened a growing rift between the siblings over their father's legacy and control of the opposition. In March 2018, PPK resigned having been accused of buying votes against his impeachment. At the time, Kenji was recorded negotiating for votes in favor of PPK's acquittal, dubbed his \"kenjivideos\", in return for a pardon for his father, a deal which PPK ended up following through with. When she found out about the videos, Keiko, accused of being partly responsible for the leak of the recordings, condemned her brother's actions. Upon his expulsion from Congress in June 2018, Kenji responded, \"Keiko, congratulations! Here you have my head on a platter.\" During the second round of elections in 2016, Kenji did not vote for his own sister because he refused to compromise on the freedom of their father or have a discourse on his errors. When he lost a challenge to become leader of Fuerza Popular, Kenji promised to run for president in 2021, something that his sister was also planning to do for the third time, this time in a new party that would split from Fuerza Popular along with other dissidents in the party.When PPK resigned on 23 March 2017, the presidency was passed to civil engineer Martin Vizcarra, with Fujimori welcoming him and wished for his \"success\" through a tweet the same day. Nevertheless, she heavily criticized Vizcarra's 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum since included on the ballot was whether citizens supported the re-election of congressmen and the return of a bicameral legislature. She claimed that the ballot items \"are evidence of centrist populism\", asked the president to \"stop seeing congress members as your enemies\", and was empowered to make as the parliamentary majority leader to attempt to defeat the measures through the referendum.On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was arrested and placed in provisional detention on charges of money laundering days after the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the pardon of her father, ordering him back to prison. The arrest came at the request of the Public Ministry, who accused her of illegally receiving money from Odebrecht during her campaign in 2011 as part of the Lava Jato corruption scandal. The arrest order stated that she led a \"criminal organization inside of Fuerza 2011 [today Fuerza Popular].\" In response, Fujimori wrote, \"this is what we call political persecution ... without evidence against me, I am deprived of liberty, but still with my head held high and my spirit intact.\" On 18 October, she was let go as her appeal was accepted by the National Audience. On 31 October, she was arrested again when she was again sentenced to 3 years of pretrial detention for money laundering and \"a high risk of escaping\", as per the decision by judge Richard Concepcion Carhuancho. Fujimori appealed yet again to be set free but the appeal was rejected by the Superior Court of Justice in January 2019. By August of that year, the Supreme Court, due to an impasse between its members, delayed their decision on her appeal. During the investigations, in September, the publication \"La Republica\" revealed that Fujimori had used a pseudonym together with the rest of her party's leadership in a Telegram group chat called \"Titanic Group\" where she made the most important party decisions under the name Ruth. By the beginning of December, Jose Camayo, a businessman investigated for the \"White Collar Port\" case involved with Fuerza Popular, declared before the Operation Car Wash Special Team that Se\u00f1ora K, a persona accused of corruption, was in fact Keiko Fujimori herself, something that was later denied by her, and yet still had a significant impact on the ongoing investigation. In January 2020, the tribunal decided, four votes to three, to grant her \"habeas corpus\" on the grounds that the preventative detention sentence was invalid for its violation of her liberty. Shortly afterward, her husband Mark Vito began a hunger strike in a camp installed in front of the prison where she was detained. On 28 January, the judge Victor Zuniga Urday re-imposed a preventive prison for 15 months on the charges of money laundering from the Odebrecht company. On 30 April 2020, a Peruvian appeals court overturned her 15-month detention order and granted her a conditional release from prison. She was finally released on bail on 5 May 2020.After a few months out of the spotlight despite still leading her party, on 25 September 2020, she announced her total return to politics. A month later, 30 November, still under investigation by the Operation Car Wash team, she tweeted that she was officially announcing her candidacy as the Fuerza Popular's presidential candidate with her ballot partners ex-congressional president Luis Galarreta as first vice president and the former lawyer and director of National Solidarity, Patricia Juarez as second vice president. Fujimori's party helped lead the controversial removal of Mart\u00edn Vizcarra and his replacement by Manuel Merino, which resulted with the peaceful 2020 Peruvian protests. The protests were violently put down, resulting in the deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo. Shortly after their deaths, Fujimori lamented what had happened and also considered the current situation as \"unsustainable\", calling for Merino to step down or else he \"should be censured right here right now\", a move she believed a majority of Congress would support.On 9 December, she officially won the internal party elections to be come Fuerza Popular's candidate for the 2021 election. The campaign got off to a rocky start as on the same day as a victory, a poll by \"Peru21\" released a national Datum poll which revealed that 63% of Peruvians said they would \"never vote\" for her. Then, on 21 December, the National Jury of Elections declared that Fuerza Popular's presidential board was \"inadmissible\" and gave them two days to follow their instructions. In the end, the board was finally revised and admitted.She has said that she wanted to be a president with a \"heavy hand\" and \"authority\", proposing increased legal protection on law enforcement. She has called for the construction of more prisons to reduce overcrowding and to offer more instances of probation for small crime offenders. In a break with previous elections in which she promised not to pardon her father, Fujimori emphasized her closeness to his legacy during this election, stating that \"after conversations that I have had with my father, through letters and during the year he's recently had in freedom, we've been able to get much closer and understand things about each other\" as well as expressing that his presidency \"was not a dictatorship, despite some moments of authoritarianism\", and making clear a renewed promise to pardon her father if elected. She proposes a large stimulus to voters that would represent three percent of Peru's annual gross domestic product, possibly increasing the low national debt that exists in Peru. Throughout the presidential campaign, she was among the frontrunners in opinion polling. Following the first round election, Fujimori gave a speech in which she framed the runoff as a battle between \"markets and Marxism\", framing her second round opponent Pedro Castillo as a communist. Americas Society/Council of the Americas wrote that a Fujimori presidency would bring the appearance of maintaining the \"status quo\" in Peru, but it would make the nation \"far from stable.\" After Castillo took the lead during the ballot-counting process in the second round of elections, Fujimori disseminated unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud. According to \"The Guardian\", various international observers countered Fujimori's claims, stating that the election process was conducted in accordance with international standards, with electoral observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denying any instances of widespread fraud while also praising the accuracy of the elections. Fujimori's statements about possibly overturning the election were described as being inspired by the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election by former U.S. president Donald Trump. \"The Guardian\" also reported that analysts and political observers criticized Fujimori's remarks, noting that it made her appear desperate after losing her third presidential run in a ten-year period. If elected into the presidency, criminal investigations against Fujimori would be suspended until July 2026, with Anne Applebaum writing in \"The Atlantic\" that \"the personal stakes are high. ... Fujimori previously spent a year in jail while awaiting trial for allegedly collecting illegal campaign contributions, and she could conceivably be sent back.\"Fujimori has continued to promote her father's ideology of Fujimorism within Peru and her political career was her father's idea. \"The New York Times\" wrote that her political movement was created \"to help whitewash\" her father Alberto's legacy. She has been described as having an authoritarian, centre-right, right-wing populist, and far-right political ideology. According to Fujimori, she believes in leading Peru with a \"heavy hand\" and that democracy \"cannot be weak ... must be supported by a solid principle of authority.\" If on one hand fujimoristas have the support of at least 10.9% of the population, on the other there also exists \"antifujimorismo\", a group of activists who strongly reject the legacy of her father and see in his daughter not only a threat but a complete reversal of democracy, and that is considered one of the most important political forces in Peru, despite her attempts to craft her image as a moderate.Defeated in the 1990 elections by Alberto Fujimori, writer and politician Mario Vargas Llosa has been one of the voices most critical of Keiko, although his opinion of her has evolved over time. During her candidacy in the 2011 Peruvian general election, Vargas Llosa said \"the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history\", while during her candidacy for the 2016 Peruvian general election, he stated that \"Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murderer and thief. I do not want her to win the elections.\" When Fujimori faced far-left candidate Pedro Castillo in 2021, Vargas Llosa endorsed her as the \"lesser of two evils\", a position criticized as being \"the neoliberal right ... allied with authoritarian Fujimori\" by Argentine newspaper \"P\u00e1gina/12\", who said the writer was \"betting on fear and resuscitating an anti-communist coalition.\"Michael Shifter, professor and president of Interamerican Dialogue, admitted that Fujimori has \"definite political skill\" and \"has constructed a base of support.\" However, he considers the holdover of many of her father's officials in her own team as something that \"generates resistance in parts of society that still have very bad memories from years defined by violation of human rights, corruption, and a polarized political climate.\"According to a poll taken by Ipsos in March 2016, 27% of voters \"definitely would not vote\" for her. Fujimori's Popular Force party, which held a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru until its dissolution in 2019, has little public support in Peru. In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%. By July 2018, her public approval had dropped to 14% and her disapproval had increased to more than 88%, with his drop in her approval rating being correlated with allegations that placed her in the midst of the Odebrecht scandal. Prior to first round presidential elections in 2021, Ipsos polls found that 66.3% of respondents definitely would not vote for her, 7.1% probably would not vote for her, 16.3% probably would vote for her, and 7% definitely would vote for her.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Boston University", "Columbia Business School", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta"], "facts": [["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Boston University", "January 1995", "January 1997"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2011"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "member of political party", "Popular Force", "January 2010", "May 2023"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Columbia Business School", "January 2004", "January 2008"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Stony Brook University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "January 1981", "January 1993"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "First Lady of Peru", "August 1994", "November 2000"]]}
{"question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated in June 1995?", "adv_question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated in Jun 1995?", "date": "June 15 1995", "text_answers": {"text": ["Boston University"]}, "id": "L2_Q235137_P69_3", "fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from January 2004 to January 2008. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from August 1994 to November 2000. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from January 1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from January 2010 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 07/2006 to Jul 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from 01/1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from Aug 1994 to 11/2000. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from 01/1993 to Jan 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from Jan 2004 to 01/2008. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from Jan 2010 to May 2023.", "context": "Keiko FujimoriKeiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi ( or ; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian business administrator, politician, and perennial candidate for public office. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi, and formerly in role as the First Lady of Peru from 1994 to 2000. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections but was defeated by a narrow margin in the second round all three times. She launched a third presidential campaign during the 2021 election and once again managed to qualify for the run-off, but was defeated by Pedro Castillo in the second round.Keiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi was born on 25 May 1975 in the Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda district of Lima, the capital of Peru. Fujimori's parents are Japanese Peruvians; her father is former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori, who was elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election, and her mother is Susana Higuchi. In addition, Fujimori would come to have three siblings: Kenji Gerardo (born May 1980), Hiro Alberto (born December 1976) and Sachi Marcela (born March 1979). For primary and secondary education, Keiko Fujimori and her siblings attended Peruvian Catholic School (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts).In 1990, her father was elected president and later led a self-coup when he dissolved congress in 1992, violating the independence of the judiciary and the press, and began persecuting opponents. Subsequently, with the approval of a new constitution, the president could be re-elected in the following elections. Throughout her father's presidency, the government committed multiple human rights violations that included forced sterilizations and extrajudicial killings and its response to the internal conflict in Peru resulted in the deaths of at least 69,000 people. It was also alleged that Fujimori embezzled between US$600\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0billion through graft. Such allegations placed Fujimori seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984\u20132004. Alberto Fujimori's revitalization of the economy of Peru and defeat of Shining Path, however, has resulted in continued support from some Peruvians, with the former president having a divisive legacy overall in the country.After her father's coup, Fujimori graduated from secondary school and travelled to the United States in 1993 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Stony Brook University.In 1994, Fujimori's father stripped her mother of her title of First Lady of Peru with the intent of silencing her after she accused him publicly and in the Peruvian Judicial Branch of kidnapping, torture and corruption, this led to the two separating in the same year, taking with them the last vestiges of her mother's titles. On 23 August 1994, Keiko stopped her studies at Stony Brook and returned to Peru, where her father appointed her as First Lady of Peru, the youngest first lady in the Americas. On top of her symbolic functions, from April 1994 to November 2000, her father made her head of (Foundation for the Children of Peru), which is usually led by the first lady, and she created Fundaci\u00f3n Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology) for children with congenital heart diseases. In May 1997, Fujimori completed her studies in Business Administration at Boston University. Fujimori's parents formally divorced in 1996. In the years after their separation, Susana said that she was subjected to torture at least five-hundred times between 1992 and 2000 and told the press that Alberto had ordered his partner Vladimiro Montesinos to execute her, though Montesinos said he refused on the ground of being a devout Catholic.As first lady, she received three main accusations: that she diverted clothing donated through charity by Japanese-Peruvians, a controversy that even made it before Supreme Court of Peru; that she ordered the Government Palace's rooms painted pink; and the perceived betrayal, as it was seen by many opposition members, when she refused to defend her mother who had been denounced and persecuted by her father. Fujimori responded to the last criticism by alleging that the accusations of tortures made by her mother were a \"legend.\" She would later reconcile with her mother, who then assisted her with her presidential campaigns.In 1998, as her father intended to run for an unprecedented and at that point unconstitutional third term, Fujimori came out in a strong declaration against her father's plan, supporting a plan made by the opposition. She put out a statement: \"As a daughter, I would prefer that my father rest, but as a citizen, I believe he is what the country requires.\" Fujimori still helped her father despite her reservations in his reelection campaign in April 2000, as she had done in his 1995 campaign. In November 2000, her father fled to Japan and resigned from the presidency while visiting Brunei once news came of a massive corruption scandal. Shortly after the scandal broke, Fujimori had asked her father to not renounce anything and to return to Peru to defend himself before a court of law.Fujimori was forced to leave the Government Palace of Peru on 21 November 2000 after the Congress of Peru officially vacated her father Alberto's position as president of Peru. Her mother, now a member of congress, offered Fujimori to stay with her, though Fujimori refused and preferred to stay with her aunt Juana Fujimori beside her father's family.In August 2001, Fujimori visited Tokyo to meet with her father who still had dual citizenship, the main reason Japan was reluctant to reject his asylum and extradite him. She moved to the United States in 2002 to further pursue her business career, studying at Columbia University. While in New York, she met Mark Vito Villanella and married him in a wedding attended by many Fujimorist officials in the Miraflores district of Lima that was officiated by Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Archbishop of Lima and member of Opus Dei. The newlyweds returned to New York where Fujimori would continue her MBA studies.Fujimori's father arrived in Santiago de Chile in preparation of his return to Peru to run anew as a presidential candidate on 6 November 2005 and was arrested shortly after by Interpol. After her father's arrest in Chile, Fujimori's father was blocked from announcing his candidacy for President of Peru in the 2006 Peruvian general election, as was his political coalition Si Cumple.As a result of Alberto Fujimori's arrest, those sympathetic to the ex-president created the party Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) with the acronym AF recognizing their previous leader. With her father unable to preside over the new party, Keiko Fujimori was chosen as the party's leader and candidate, which resulted with her ending her residency in the United States. It was in this context that she finally returned to the country and ran for Congress in the general elections of 2006. On 6 January 2006, Keiko managed to get her new party included in the Peruvian Registry of Political Organizations. In that year's legislative elections, she topped the list of her party's candidates. The party's presidential candidate, Martha Chavez Cossio, running with vice presidential candidate Santiago Fujimori (Keiko's uncle), finished in fourth place, with 7.4% of the valid votes. Keiko received the most votes of any congressional candidate that year, with 602,869 votes, more than three times more than the runner up, Mercedes Cabanillas; breaking the national record for most votes receieved by a legislator up to that point. The Alliance received 1.4\u00a0million votes in total, or 13% of all valid votes cast, winning 13 congressional seats and becoming the fourth most powerful party in the Congress. In the night of the first vote, 9 April, Fujimori declared, \"I believe that much of the support is because I am the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, and it is obvious that I am really the recipient of the caring and gratefulness that the people have for my father.\" She would serve as a Member of the National Congress from 26 July 2006 \u2013 26 July 2011 for Lima.With the election of Alan Garcia to the presidency, Fujimori now became the part of the congressional opposition. Adopting a moderate tone concerning Garcia, who did not have a majority of parliament, Fujimori announced her willingness to cooperate on certain issues. During her term, she played the role of a discreet legislator who was yet a prominent spokesperson for fujimorismo until the role was handed to Carlos Raffo Arce in 2008. Of the only 20 legislative projects she proposed in five years, just 6 were approved. The majority of her proposals concerned reforms of the legal code. Fujimori and her parliamentary bloc supported various government policies, such as their fruitless reform of the Penal Code to reintroduce the death penalty for terrorists. Later, she attempted to reintroduce the death penalty for pedophilia and robbery. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the \"sincere confession\" provision. In September 2007, she organized demonstrations in support of her father, who was now being judged for his previous crimes. She told the press that she was confident of his acquittal because \"there is no hard evidence.\" Fujimori insisted that her father was unaware of the crimes committed by Montesinos and other public functionaries. In December, the ex-president received his first guilty verdict and was convicted of participating in acts of corruption, murder, human rights abuses, and other charges. His daughter considered the ruling an \"injustice\", the result of \"political and judicial persecution\", saying that the Peruvian judiciary \"inspires no confidence.\" The next year, she said that if she was elected president, she would \"not hesitate\" to use her presidential pardon power on her own father.On 13 January 2008, Fujimori announced the creation of a new political party, Fuerza 2011, that would nominate a candidate for 2011. It would nominate her if her father was blocked from running by the law. Other Fujimorista organizations, such as Cambio 90 and New Majority, decided to maintain their organizational independence.In April 2009, Alberto was convicted for another time, this time sentenced for 25 years of prison for crimes against humanity, specifically referring to various massacres, which left 25 people in total dead. Before the ruling, Fujimori had organized another demonstration that had managed to obtain the attendance of 10,000 people, where she challenged the existence of any evidence against her father. She attributed the ruling to \"vengeance\" against \"the best president that we have ever had in the country.\" In an opinion poll taken at the time, 70% of the population believed that the ex-president was guilty, while just 27% believed he was innocent. At the same time, when asked whether they would support him for president, between 19 to 21% said that they would if he were allowed to run.Fujimori was criticized for absent from 500 sessions of Congress, according to the publication \"La Rep\u00fablica\". During this time, she gave birth to two daughters and needed to take maternity leave. Furthermore, she was outside of the country for a total of 223 days between August 2006 and 2010, being her primary trip destinations Chile (5 times) and the United States (10 times), where she spent almost 100 days between January and May 2008 finishing her master's degree in Columbia University. According to the same publication, of the 42 sessions of the commission on the economy in which she was a member, she was only present for 7.During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures to create Fuerza 2011, her own political party. Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.On 9 March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. On 19 May, she officially launched this new political organization. On 17 December, she announced her candidacy during a campaign in a Lima neighborhood. Rafael Rey Rey, minister of defense, Peruvian representative to the Andean Parliament and member of the conservative party National Renewal, was the first vice-presidential candidate while Jaime Yoshiyama, her father's former minister during his presidency, was the second.Throughout the entire campaign, Fujimori fiercely defended her various proposals, among them to apply the death penalty to certain crimes, create jobs, fight poverty, control public accounts, sponsor free trade, counter crime, begin an \"offensive against corruption\", improve the education system via a reward initiative for excellent teachers, and an accompanying system for gauging teacher skills. Her campaign was fundamentally built upon a defense of her father's government. In her opinion, that government had been responsible for defeating terrorism and stabilizing the economy. However, she also found it necessary to distance herself from the scandals that ended up ending the presidency of her father, trying to blame Montesinos for the violations of human rights and corruption while also promising to not pardon her father, a constitutional power of the president. Fujimori also recognized \"errors\" and \"excesses\" committed during her father's terms and reminded the public of her opposition to her father's third term.During the campaign for the first ballot, Fujimori became embroiled in a new scandal as she admitted to having received donations from people allegedly involved in drug trafficking during her run for Congress in 2006. She admitted to having received 10,000 dollars from two convicted women who, according to Fujimori, were victims of persecution.Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011; she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010. In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes (3.4\u00a0million), second only to Ollanta Humala, a leftist nationalist candidate who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%, followed by Alejandro Toledo and Luis Casta\u00f1eda, ex-mayor of Lima. Kuczynski and Casta\u00f1eda subsequently declared their support for Fujimori while Toledo declared for Humala. With 37 representatives, Fuerza 2011 became the second most powerful party in congress. Fujimori's brother, Kenji Gerardo Fujimori, was elected representative for Lima, receiving the most votes of any national candidate.The second vote was polarized. Near election date, polls indicated effectively a tie due to the margin of error. The election was also marked by fearmongering by both sides of the aisle. According to Sinesio Lopez, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, \"Humala's candidacy fed into fears that his political program would kill small businesses. Keiko's candidacy, meanwhile, fed into fears of a return to corruption and violation of human rights that had occurred during her father's government.\" Humala was also branded by his opponents as a purportedly Chavista authoritarian. As a result, both were incredibly polarizing figures, with polls showing that both encountered stern rejection from about 50% of the population during the first round of voting. According to the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, eight million people, mostly centrists and members of the middle class, said they would be electing the \"lesser evil\" for the nation.In the 5 June runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% (7,937,704 votes) to 48.66% (7,490,647 votes). She had received the majority of her support from the business community, conservatives, the majority of the press, liberal professionals, small businesses, the church, and much of the Lima middle class. With 90% of polls closed, Fujimori admitted her defeat and personally congratulated Humala on his win.After her 2011 defeat, Fujimori began to work toward a renewed campaign for 2016. Her strategy began with a small change as on 29 June 2012, she announced a new name for her party: Fuerza Popular, a change that officially took effect 4 January 2013. According to her, she had chosen a new name for the party so that it \"would be able to last in the times.\" The logo for her party, orange with a big white \"K\" (for Keiko), stayed the same. Furthermore, she continued to serve as its president. The new party did not present any declaration of ideology for the electoral authorities, but she seemed to maintain the essence of fujimorismo, including the defense of neoliberal economics, financial stability, and strict security. Despite these continuities, she continued to slowly distance herself from the legacy of her father.In October 2012, Fujimori and her brothers requested a humanitarian pardon for their father, who, according to the defense, was having health problems. Fujimori herself declared \"we are submitting a letter to president Ollanta Humala in order to inform him of this request for freedom. It will be personal letter from four children to inform him of the commencement of this process.\" In June 2013, Humala denied the request for clemency, alleging that according to a medical professional, the ex-president did not suffer from any terminal illness nor any serious and incurable mental illnesses. In January 2015, her father was convicted for a third time, this time sentenced for eight years for having been guilty for misappropriation of public funds to buy off tabloids for his 2000 election.Between 2011 and 2016, Fujimori intended to strengthen her party, travelling across the country to mitigate the hesitancy many still had toward her because of her connection to Alberto Fujimori, a factor that had been decisive in her 2011 defeat. She dedicated herself to cutting the association, including by removing corrupt members of her party and reaching out to youth. Her electoral base continued to be in Lima and the center of the country. Although she did not serve out a single public function during this period that could have increased her visibility, Fujimori led all opinion polls throughout 2015, with more than 30% support. She also benefited from an ongoing political crisis and accusations of corruption against Humala that made his approval ratings drop to just 20%.On 4 December 2015, Fujimori officially announced her candidacy for president in the 2016 elections. Her running mates were ex-minister of agriculture and irrigation Jose Chilmper Ackerman for first vice president and Vladimiro Huaroc Portocarrero, ex-regional governor of Junin as the second vice president. Fujimori outlined six \"pillars\", among them defense of institutions of a higher law, independence of powers, protection of human rights, support for limiting the armed forces, a free market, tax cuts, incentives for small businesses, use of emergency state funds to kickstart the economy, increase in supply of government bonds, and expansion of electrical and internet infrastructure in rural areas.In January 2016, there were 19 presidential candidates, but by the first vote, nine had been expelled or dropped out. Cesar Acuna y Julio Guzman, two of the main competitors, had been excluded according to the National Jury of Elections. The candidacy of Acuna was interrupted because he gave money to the people during the campaign and Guzman was forced out of the race because of questions about whether his party functioned democratically. Fujimori was not free of accusations as the JNE also requested her removal from the election after it came to light that she had received donations larger than those allowed by the election laws. Fujimori countered that the accusations against her were \"irresponsible\" and alleged insufficient evidence. The JNE dismissed the claims as unfounded, declaring that \"The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.\" The outcome provoked suspicions that the original exclusionary rulings had been made in favor of Fujimori's candidacy, calling into question the clarity of the system for applying the election rules.As the first vote arrived, Fujimori maintained her lead over her competitors. With Acu\u00f1a and Guzm\u00e1n's disqualifications, her main opponents were now the center-right economist and former minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK), the left-leaning psychologist and congresswoman Veronika Mendoza, and the former delegate Alfredo Barnechea. Also in the ring were Alan Garcia and Alejandro Toledo, ex-presidents whose prospects were dim because of investigations and revelations connecting them to Operation Car Wash.On the anniversary of the self-coup of 1992, more than 50,000 demonstrators, most of them called by the non-profit organization No a Keiko, protested Fujimori's candidacy with chants such as \"Fujimori never more\" in the Plaza San Martin. As she had done in the previous elections, she promised to not pardon her father, but promised also to continue the struggle in court for his release; she also affirmed that this was a decision taken by the whole family, not just herself. Fujimori maintained a high level of disapproval, approximately 45% according to Ipsos, deriving mainly from the negative legacy of her father who was again seeking freedom and appeals for his sentence. The appeals process intensified, bringing Keiko to distance herself from the controversial shadow of her father, vowing to not follow his path, to provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father, and to promise to not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise. She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency. She also supported the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, responsible for detailing the human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by both the Shining Path Insurgency and the government, for the first time.Polls indicated that she placed first in the first round of voting on 10 April, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Ver\u00f3nika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%. Fuerza Popular obtained an absolute majority in the congress, garnering 73 of 130 available seats. After learning of the results, Fujimori said, \"The new political map that has been drawn clearly shows us that Peru wants reconciliation and does not want any more violence.\" However, as no candidate had obtained a majority of votes for president, a second vote would be scheduled for 5 June.In this next stage of the campaign, Fujimori traveled across the country, especially to where her father continued to maintain a steady level of popularity, while PPK talked about possible allies and intended to present himself as a centrist candidate capable of winning over the antifujimorista vote. Fujimori continued to be the favorite according to polls, but her campaign suffered a major setback: as the election approached, accusations surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaqu\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular and one of Fujimori's principle aids. On 15 May 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisi\u00f3n that alleging that Ram\u00edrez was being investigated by the DEA for money laundering. According to the report, the DEA had a recording in which Ramirez told a commercial pilot, \"Do you know that \"China\" [referring to Keiko] gave me 15 million dollars during the last campaign in order to \"clean\" them for the 2011 campaign, and that I 'cleaned' them through a chain of faucets?\" The DEA denied that there was any investigation into Fujimori, who denied any involvement in the case or having in fact ever given any money to Ramirez. Her image continue to take a hit, primarily due to fears that the country would turn into a narco-state with her election, fears that were stoked by her rival PPK. At the same time, prosecutors announced they would be investigating suspicions of money laundering and other irregularities in Fujimori's campaign, which she dismissed as simply a smear campaign. In the final days before the vote, the leaders of the left, such as Mendoza, announced their support for PPK. At the beginning of June, another march organized by several left-leaning organizations against Fujimori garnered thousands of demonstraters in Lima, an event shared considerably via social media under the title \"it is not hate, it is love for Peru.\" According to analysts, this second march was decisive in those not yet decided showing support for the PPK.In a very contested election, Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski according to exit polls as ballots were counted late into the evening on 5 June 2016. The recount took up copious amounts of time after election day. Due to the narrow margin involved, the national (and international, to a lesser degree) press only began to consider PPK as the new \"virtual president\" on 9 June, four days after the original vote. At that point, PPK had obtained 50.12% of the vote, compared with 49.88% for Fujimori. On 10 June, Fujimori admitted her defeat, saying that her party had a \"vigilant\" opposition and wishing the new president elect well. On the other hand, Fujimori also claimed that the PPK had won with the help of \"promoters of hatred\" and \"the political, economic, and media power of the outgoing government.\" Kuczynski had won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on 28 July.After the 2016 elections, Fujimori continued to be the main leader of the opposition against PPK's government presiding over the parliamentary majority, while defending herself from accusations of having maintained a controversial relationship with the Odebrecht conglomerate. In December 2017, she supported the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, though he pardoned her father Alberto Fujimori on 24 December 2018 three days after the impeachment process failed.Her brother, Kenji Fujimori, declared his opposition to such a move, which worsened a growing rift between the siblings over their father's legacy and control of the opposition. In March 2018, PPK resigned having been accused of buying votes against his impeachment. At the time, Kenji was recorded negotiating for votes in favor of PPK's acquittal, dubbed his \"kenjivideos\", in return for a pardon for his father, a deal which PPK ended up following through with. When she found out about the videos, Keiko, accused of being partly responsible for the leak of the recordings, condemned her brother's actions. Upon his expulsion from Congress in June 2018, Kenji responded, \"Keiko, congratulations! Here you have my head on a platter.\" During the second round of elections in 2016, Kenji did not vote for his own sister because he refused to compromise on the freedom of their father or have a discourse on his errors. When he lost a challenge to become leader of Fuerza Popular, Kenji promised to run for president in 2021, something that his sister was also planning to do for the third time, this time in a new party that would split from Fuerza Popular along with other dissidents in the party.When PPK resigned on 23 March 2017, the presidency was passed to civil engineer Martin Vizcarra, with Fujimori welcoming him and wished for his \"success\" through a tweet the same day. Nevertheless, she heavily criticized Vizcarra's 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum since included on the ballot was whether citizens supported the re-election of congressmen and the return of a bicameral legislature. She claimed that the ballot items \"are evidence of centrist populism\", asked the president to \"stop seeing congress members as your enemies\", and was empowered to make as the parliamentary majority leader to attempt to defeat the measures through the referendum.On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was arrested and placed in provisional detention on charges of money laundering days after the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the pardon of her father, ordering him back to prison. The arrest came at the request of the Public Ministry, who accused her of illegally receiving money from Odebrecht during her campaign in 2011 as part of the Lava Jato corruption scandal. The arrest order stated that she led a \"criminal organization inside of Fuerza 2011 [today Fuerza Popular].\" In response, Fujimori wrote, \"this is what we call political persecution ... without evidence against me, I am deprived of liberty, but still with my head held high and my spirit intact.\" On 18 October, she was let go as her appeal was accepted by the National Audience. On 31 October, she was arrested again when she was again sentenced to 3 years of pretrial detention for money laundering and \"a high risk of escaping\", as per the decision by judge Richard Concepcion Carhuancho. Fujimori appealed yet again to be set free but the appeal was rejected by the Superior Court of Justice in January 2019. By August of that year, the Supreme Court, due to an impasse between its members, delayed their decision on her appeal. During the investigations, in September, the publication \"La Republica\" revealed that Fujimori had used a pseudonym together with the rest of her party's leadership in a Telegram group chat called \"Titanic Group\" where she made the most important party decisions under the name Ruth. By the beginning of December, Jose Camayo, a businessman investigated for the \"White Collar Port\" case involved with Fuerza Popular, declared before the Operation Car Wash Special Team that Se\u00f1ora K, a persona accused of corruption, was in fact Keiko Fujimori herself, something that was later denied by her, and yet still had a significant impact on the ongoing investigation. In January 2020, the tribunal decided, four votes to three, to grant her \"habeas corpus\" on the grounds that the preventative detention sentence was invalid for its violation of her liberty. Shortly afterward, her husband Mark Vito began a hunger strike in a camp installed in front of the prison where she was detained. On 28 January, the judge Victor Zuniga Urday re-imposed a preventive prison for 15 months on the charges of money laundering from the Odebrecht company. On 30 April 2020, a Peruvian appeals court overturned her 15-month detention order and granted her a conditional release from prison. She was finally released on bail on 5 May 2020.After a few months out of the spotlight despite still leading her party, on 25 September 2020, she announced her total return to politics. A month later, 30 November, still under investigation by the Operation Car Wash team, she tweeted that she was officially announcing her candidacy as the Fuerza Popular's presidential candidate with her ballot partners ex-congressional president Luis Galarreta as first vice president and the former lawyer and director of National Solidarity, Patricia Juarez as second vice president. Fujimori's party helped lead the controversial removal of Mart\u00edn Vizcarra and his replacement by Manuel Merino, which resulted with the peaceful 2020 Peruvian protests. The protests were violently put down, resulting in the deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo. Shortly after their deaths, Fujimori lamented what had happened and also considered the current situation as \"unsustainable\", calling for Merino to step down or else he \"should be censured right here right now\", a move she believed a majority of Congress would support.On 9 December, she officially won the internal party elections to be come Fuerza Popular's candidate for the 2021 election. The campaign got off to a rocky start as on the same day as a victory, a poll by \"Peru21\" released a national Datum poll which revealed that 63% of Peruvians said they would \"never vote\" for her. Then, on 21 December, the National Jury of Elections declared that Fuerza Popular's presidential board was \"inadmissible\" and gave them two days to follow their instructions. In the end, the board was finally revised and admitted.She has said that she wanted to be a president with a \"heavy hand\" and \"authority\", proposing increased legal protection on law enforcement. She has called for the construction of more prisons to reduce overcrowding and to offer more instances of probation for small crime offenders. In a break with previous elections in which she promised not to pardon her father, Fujimori emphasized her closeness to his legacy during this election, stating that \"after conversations that I have had with my father, through letters and during the year he's recently had in freedom, we've been able to get much closer and understand things about each other\" as well as expressing that his presidency \"was not a dictatorship, despite some moments of authoritarianism\", and making clear a renewed promise to pardon her father if elected. She proposes a large stimulus to voters that would represent three percent of Peru's annual gross domestic product, possibly increasing the low national debt that exists in Peru. Throughout the presidential campaign, she was among the frontrunners in opinion polling. Following the first round election, Fujimori gave a speech in which she framed the runoff as a battle between \"markets and Marxism\", framing her second round opponent Pedro Castillo as a communist. Americas Society/Council of the Americas wrote that a Fujimori presidency would bring the appearance of maintaining the \"status quo\" in Peru, but it would make the nation \"far from stable.\" After Castillo took the lead during the ballot-counting process in the second round of elections, Fujimori disseminated unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud. According to \"The Guardian\", various international observers countered Fujimori's claims, stating that the election process was conducted in accordance with international standards, with electoral observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denying any instances of widespread fraud while also praising the accuracy of the elections. Fujimori's statements about possibly overturning the election were described as being inspired by the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election by former U.S. president Donald Trump. \"The Guardian\" also reported that analysts and political observers criticized Fujimori's remarks, noting that it made her appear desperate after losing her third presidential run in a ten-year period. If elected into the presidency, criminal investigations against Fujimori would be suspended until July 2026, with Anne Applebaum writing in \"The Atlantic\" that \"the personal stakes are high. ... Fujimori previously spent a year in jail while awaiting trial for allegedly collecting illegal campaign contributions, and she could conceivably be sent back.\"Fujimori has continued to promote her father's ideology of Fujimorism within Peru and her political career was her father's idea. \"The New York Times\" wrote that her political movement was created \"to help whitewash\" her father Alberto's legacy. She has been described as having an authoritarian, centre-right, right-wing populist, and far-right political ideology. According to Fujimori, she believes in leading Peru with a \"heavy hand\" and that democracy \"cannot be weak ... must be supported by a solid principle of authority.\" If on one hand fujimoristas have the support of at least 10.9% of the population, on the other there also exists \"antifujimorismo\", a group of activists who strongly reject the legacy of her father and see in his daughter not only a threat but a complete reversal of democracy, and that is considered one of the most important political forces in Peru, despite her attempts to craft her image as a moderate.Defeated in the 1990 elections by Alberto Fujimori, writer and politician Mario Vargas Llosa has been one of the voices most critical of Keiko, although his opinion of her has evolved over time. During her candidacy in the 2011 Peruvian general election, Vargas Llosa said \"the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history\", while during her candidacy for the 2016 Peruvian general election, he stated that \"Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murderer and thief. I do not want her to win the elections.\" When Fujimori faced far-left candidate Pedro Castillo in 2021, Vargas Llosa endorsed her as the \"lesser of two evils\", a position criticized as being \"the neoliberal right ... allied with authoritarian Fujimori\" by Argentine newspaper \"P\u00e1gina/12\", who said the writer was \"betting on fear and resuscitating an anti-communist coalition.\"Michael Shifter, professor and president of Interamerican Dialogue, admitted that Fujimori has \"definite political skill\" and \"has constructed a base of support.\" However, he considers the holdover of many of her father's officials in her own team as something that \"generates resistance in parts of society that still have very bad memories from years defined by violation of human rights, corruption, and a polarized political climate.\"According to a poll taken by Ipsos in March 2016, 27% of voters \"definitely would not vote\" for her. Fujimori's Popular Force party, which held a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru until its dissolution in 2019, has little public support in Peru. In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%. By July 2018, her public approval had dropped to 14% and her disapproval had increased to more than 88%, with his drop in her approval rating being correlated with allegations that placed her in the midst of the Odebrecht scandal. Prior to first round presidential elections in 2021, Ipsos polls found that 66.3% of respondents definitely would not vote for her, 7.1% probably would not vote for her, 16.3% probably would vote for her, and 7% definitely would vote for her.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "Columbia Business School", "Stony Brook University"], "facts": [["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Columbia Business School", "January 2004", "January 2008"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Stony Brook University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "First Lady of Peru", "August 1994", "November 2000"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "January 1981", "January 1993"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "member of political party", "Popular Force", "January 2010", "May 2023"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2011"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Boston University", "January 1995", "January 1997"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for in August 1988?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for in Aug 1988?", "date": "August 16 1988", "text_answers": {"text": ["Arthur Andersen"]}, "id": "L2_Q58345040_P108_0", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Echelon Corporation", "Tesla, Inc.", "Juniper Networks", "Toyota Australia", "Sun Microsystems", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for in December 2006?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for in Dec 2006?", "date": "December 29 2006", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sun Microsystems"]}, "id": "L2_Q58345040_P108_2", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Echelon Corporation", "Tesla, Inc.", "Juniper Networks", "Toyota Australia", "Arthur Andersen", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for in September 2009?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for in Sep 2009?", "date": "September 17 2009", "text_answers": {"text": ["Juniper Networks", "Echelon Corporation"]}, "id": "L2_Q58345040_P108_4", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Tesla, Inc.", "Toyota Australia", "Arthur Andersen", "Sun Microsystems", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Hans Bethe work for in February 1932?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Hans Bethe work for in February 1932?", "date": "February 22 1932", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of T\u00fcbingen"]}, "id": "L2_Q155794_P108_3", "fact_context": "Hans Bethe studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1930 to January 1931. \n Hans Bethe worked for University of T\u00fcbingen from January 1931 to January 1933. \n Hans Bethe worked for Cornell University from January 1933 to January 1975. \n Hans Bethe studied at Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1924 to January 1926. \n Hans Bethe studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1926 to January 1928.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Bethe studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 01/1926 to 01/1928. \n Hans Bethe worked for Cornell University from January 1933 to 01/1975. \n Hans Bethe studied at Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1924 to Jan 1926. \n Hans Bethe worked for University of T\u00fcbingen from 01/1931 to January 1933. \n Hans Bethe studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1930 to January 1931.", "context": "Hans BetheHans Albrecht Bethe (; July 2, 1906 \u2013 March 6, 2005) was a German-American nuclear physicist who made important contributions to astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory that developed the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons and developing the theory behind the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the \"Fat Man\" weapon dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945.After the war, Bethe also played an important role in the development of the hydrogen bomb, although he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made. Bethe later campaigned with Albert Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race. He helped persuade the Kennedy and Nixon administrations to sign, respectively, the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (SALT I).His scientific research never ceased and he was publishing papers well into his nineties, making him one of the few scientists to have published at least one major paper in his field during every decade of his career, which in Bethe's case spanned nearly seventy years. Freeman Dyson, once his doctoral student, called him the \"supreme problem-solver of the 20th century\".Bethe was born in Strasbourg, which was then part of Germany, on July 2, 1906, the only child of Anna (n\u00e9e Kuhn) and Albrecht Bethe, a \"privatdozent\" of physiology at the University of Strasbourg. Although his mother, the daughter of a professor at the University of Strasbourg, had a Jewish background, Bethe was raised Protestant like his father and he became an atheist later in life.His father accepted a position as professor and director of the Institute of Physiology at the University of Kiel in 1912, and the family moved into the director's apartment at the Institute. Initially, he was schooled privately by a professional teacher as part of a group of eight girls and boys. The family moved again in 1915 when his father became the head of the new Institute of Physiology at the University of Frankfurt am Main.Bethe attended the Goethe-Gymnasium in Frankfurt, Germany. His education was interrupted in 1916, when he contracted tuberculosis, and he was sent to Bad Kreuznach to recuperate. By 1917, he had recovered sufficiently to attend the local \"realschule\" and the following year, he was sent to the \"Odenwaldschule\", a private, coeducational boarding school. He attended the \"Goethe-Gymnasium\" again for his final three years of secondary schooling, from 1922 to 1924.Having passed his \"abitur\", Bethe entered the University of Frankfurt in 1924. He decided to major in chemistry. The instruction in physics was poor, and while there were distinguished mathematicians in Frankfurt such as Carl Ludwig Siegel and Otto Sz\u00e1sz, Bethe disliked their approaches, which presented mathematics without reference to the other sciences. Bethe found that he was a poor experimentalist who destroyed his lab coat by spilling sulfuric acid on it, but he found the advanced physics taught by the associate professor, Walter Gerlach, more interesting. Gerlach left in 1925 and was replaced by Karl Meissner, who advised Bethe that he should go to a university with a better school of theoretical physics, specifically the University of Munich, where he could study under Arnold Sommerfeld.Bethe entered the University of Munich in April 1926, where Sommerfeld took him on as a student on Meissner's recommendation. Sommerfeld taught an advanced course on differential equations in physics, which Bethe enjoyed. Because he was such a renowned scholar, Sommerfeld frequently received advance copies of scientific papers, which he put up for discussion at weekly evening seminars. When Bethe arrived, Sommerfeld had just received Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger's papers on wave mechanics.For his PhD thesis, Sommerfeld suggested that Bethe examine electron diffraction in crystals. As a starting point, Sommerfeld suggested Paul Ewald's 1914 paper on X-ray diffraction in crystals. Bethe later recalled that he became too ambitious, and, in pursuit of greater accuracy, his calculations became unnecessarily complicated. When he met Wolfgang Pauli for the first time, Pauli told him: \"After Sommerfeld's tales about you, I had expected much better from you than your thesis.\" \"I guess from Pauli,\" Bethe later recalled, \"that was a compliment.\"After Bethe received his doctorate, Erwin Madelung offered him an assistantship in Frankfurt, and in September 1928 Bethe moved in with his father, who had recently divorced his mother. His father had met Vera Congehl earlier that year and married her in 1929. They had two children, Doris, born in 1933, and Klaus, born in 1934.Bethe did not find the work in Frankfurt very stimulating, and in 1929 he accepted an offer from Ewald at the \"Technische Hochschule\" in Stuttgart. While there, he wrote what he considered to be his greatest paper, \"Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie\" (\"The Theory of the Passage of Fast Corpuscular Rays Through Matter\"). Starting from Max Born's interpretation of the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, Bethe produced a simplified formula for collision problems using a Fourier transform, which is known today as the Bethe formula. He submitted this paper for his \"habilitation\" in 1930.Sommerfeld recommended Bethe for a Rockefeller Foundation Travelling Scholarship in 1929. This provided $150 a month (about $,000 in 2020 dollars) to study abroad. In 1930, Bethe chose to do postdoctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in England, where he worked under the supervision of Ralph Fowler. At the request of Patrick Blackett, who was working with cloud chambers, Bethe created a relativistic version of the Bethe formula.Bethe was known for his sense of humor, and with Guido Beck and Wolfgang Riezler, two other postdoctoral research fellows, created a hoax paper \"On the Quantum Theory of the Temperature of Absolute Zero\" where he calculated the fine structure constant from the absolute zero temperature in Celsius units. The paper poked fun at a certain class of papers in theoretical physics of the day, which were purely speculative and based on spurious numerical arguments, such as Arthur Eddington's attempts to explain the value of the fine structure constant from fundamental quantities in an earlier paper. They were forced to issue an apology.For the second half of his scholarship, Bethe chose to go to Enrico Fermi's laboratory in Rome in February 1931. He was greatly impressed by Fermi and regretted that he had not gone to Rome first. Bethe developed the Bethe ansatz, a method for finding the exact solutions for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of certain one-dimensional quantum many-body models. He was influenced by Fermi's simplicity and Sommerfeld's rigor in approaching problems and these qualities influenced his own later research.The Rockefeller Foundation offered an extension of Bethe's fellowship, allowing him to return to Italy in 1932. In the meantime, Bethe worked for Sommerfeld in Munich as a \"privatdozent\". Since Bethe was fluent in English, Sommerfeld had Bethe supervise all his English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, including Lloyd P. Smith from Cornell University. Bethe accepted a request from Karl Scheel to write an article for the \"Handbuch der Physik\" on the quantum mechanics of hydrogen and helium. Reviewing the article decades later, Robert Bacher and Victor Weisskopf noted that it was unusual in the depth and breadth of its treatment of the subject that required very little updating for the 1959 edition. Bethe was then asked by Sommerfeld to help him with the \"handbuch\" article on electrons in metals. The article covered the basis of what is now called solid state physics. Bethe took a very new field and provided a clear, coherent, and complete coverage of it. His work on the \"handbuch\" articles occupied most of his time in Rome, but he also co-wrote a paper with Fermi on another new field, quantum electrodynamics, describing the relativistic interactions of charged particles.In 1932, Bethe accepted an appointment as an assistant professor at the University of T\u00fcbingen, where Hans Geiger was the professor of experimental physics. One of the first laws passed by the new National Socialist government was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. Due to his Jewish background, Bethe was dismissed from his job at the University, which was a government post. Geiger refused to help, but Sommerfeld immediately gave Bethe back his fellowship at Munich. Sommerfeld spent much of the summer term of 1933 finding places for Jewish students and colleagues.Bethe left Germany in 1933, moving to England after receiving an offer for a position as lecturer at the University of Manchester for a year through Sommerfeld's connection to William Lawrence Bragg. He moved in with his friend Rudolf Peierls and Peierls' wife Genia. Peierls was a fellow German physicist who had also been barred from academic positions in Germany because he was Jewish. This meant that Bethe had someone to speak to in German and he did not have to eat English food. Their relationship was professional as well as personal. Peierls aroused Bethe's interest in nuclear physics. After James Chadwick and Maurice Goldhaber discovered the photodisintegration of deuterium, Chadwick challenged Bethe and Peierls to come up with a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. This they did on the four-hour train ride from Cambridge back to Manchester. Bethe would investigate further in the years ahead.In 1933, the physics department at Cornell was looking for a new theoretical physicist, and Lloyd Smith strongly recommended Bethe. This was supported by Bragg, who was visiting Cornell at the time. In August 1934, Cornell offered Bethe a position as an acting assistant professor. Bethe had already accepted a fellowship for a year to work with Nevill Mott at the University of Bristol for a semester, but Cornell agreed to let him start in the spring of 1935. Before leaving for the United States, he visited the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen in September 1934, where he proposed to Hilde Levi, who accepted. The match was opposed by Bethe's mother, who despite having a Jewish background, did not want him to marry a Jewish woman. A few days before their wedding date in December, Bethe broke off their engagement. Niels Bohr and James Franck were so shocked by this action by Bethe that he was not invited to the Institute again until after World War II.Bethe arrived in the United States in February 1935, and joined the faculty at Cornell University on a salary of $3,000. Bethe's appointment was part of a deliberate effort on the part of the new head of its physics department, Roswell Clifton Gibbs, to move into nuclear physics. Gibbs had hired Stanley Livingston, who had worked with Ernest Lawrence, to build a cyclotron at Cornell. To complete the team, Cornell needed an experimentalist, and, on the advice of Bethe and Livingston, recruited Robert Bacher. Bethe received requests to visit Columbia University from Isidor Isaac Rabi, Princeton University from Edward Condon, University of Rochester from Lee DuBridge, Purdue University from Karl Lark-Horovitz, the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign from Francis Wheeler Loomis, and Harvard University from John Hasbrouck Van Vleck. Gibbs moved to prevent Bethe from being poached by having him appointed as a regular assistant professor in 1936, with an assurance that promotion to professor would soon follow.Together with Bacher and Livingston, Bethe published a series of three articles, which summarized most of what was known on the subject of nuclear physics until that time, an account that became known informally as \"Bethe's Bible\". It remained the standard work on the subject for many years. In this account, he also continued where others left off, filling in gaps in the older literature. Loomis offered Bethe a full professorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, but Cornell matched the position offered, and the salary of $6,000. He wrote to his mother:On March 17, 1938, Bethe attended the Carnegie Institute and George Washington University's fourth annual Washington Conference of Theoretical Physics. There were only 34 invited attendees, but they included Gregory Breit, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, George Gamow, Donald Menzel, John von Neumann, Bengt Str\u00f6mgren, Edward Teller, and Merle Tuve. Bethe initially declined the invitation to attend, because the conference's topic, stellar energy generation, did not interest him, but Teller persuaded him to go. At the conference, Str\u00f6mgren detailed what was known about the temperature, density, and chemical composition of the Sun, and challenged the physicists to come up with an explanation. Gamow and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker had proposed in a 1937 paper that the Sun's energy was the result of a proton\u2013proton chain reaction:But this did not account for the observation of elements heavier than helium. By the end of the conference, Bethe, working in collaboration with Charles Critchfield, had come up with a series of subsequent nuclear reactions that explained how the Sun shines:That this did not explain the processes in heavier stars was not overlooked. At the time there were doubts about whether the proton\u2013proton cycle described the processes in the Sun, but more recent measurements of the Sun's core temperature and luminosity show that it does. When he returned to Cornell, Bethe studied the relevant nuclear reactions and reaction cross sections, leading to his discovery of the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle (CNO cycle):The two papers, one on the proton\u2013proton cycle, co-authored with Critchfield, and the other on the carbon-oxygen-nitrogen (CNO) cycle, were sent to the \"Physical Review\" for publication.After \"Kristallnacht\", Bethe's mother had become afraid to remain in Germany. Taking advantage of her Strasbourg origin, she was able to emigrate to the United States in June 1939 on the French quota, rather than the German one, which was full. Bethe's graduate student Robert Marshak noted that the New York Academy of Sciences was offering a $500 prize for the best unpublished paper on the topic of solar and stellar energy. So Bethe, in need of $250 to release his mother's furniture, withdrew the CNO cycle paper and sent it in to the New York Academy of Sciences. It won the prize, and Bethe gave Marshak $50 finder's fee and used $250 to release his mother's furniture. The paper was subsequently published in the \"Physical Review\" in March. It was a breakthrough in the understanding of the stars, and would win Bethe the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. In 2002, at age 96, Bethe sent a handwritten note to John N. Bahcall congratulating him on the use of solar neutrino observations to show that the CNO cycle accounts for approximately 7% of the Sun's energy; the neutrino observations had started with Raymond Davis Jr., whose experiment was based on Bahcall's calculations and encouragement, and the note led to Davis's receiving a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize.Bethe married Rose Ewald, the daughter of Paul Ewald, on September 13, 1939, in a simple civil ceremony. She had emigrated to the United States and was a student at Duke University and they met while Bethe was lecturing there in 1937. They had two children, Henry and Monica. (Henry was a contract bridge expert and former husband of Kitty Munson Cooper.)Bethe became a naturalized citizen of the United States in March 1941. Writing to Sommerfeld in 1947, Bethe confided that \"I am much more at home in America than I ever was in Germany. As if I was born in Germany only by mistake, and only came to my true homeland at 28.\"When the Second World War began, Bethe wanted to contribute to the war effort, but was unable to work on classified projects until he became a citizen. Following the advice of the Caltech aerodynamicist Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, Bethe collaborated with his friend Edward Teller on a theory of shock waves that are generated by the passage of a projectile through a gas. Bethe considered it one of their most influential papers. He also worked on a theory of armor penetration, which was immediately classified by the army, thus making it impossible for Bethe (who was not an American citizen at the time) to access further research on the theory.After receiving security clearance in December 1941, Bethe joined the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where he invented the Bethe-hole directional coupler, which is used in microwave waveguides such as those used in radar sets. In Chicago in June 1942, and then in July at the University of California, Berkeley, he participated in a series of meetings at the invitation of Robert Oppenheimer, which discussed the first designs for the atomic bomb. They went over the preliminary calculations by Robert Serber, Stan Frankel, and others, and discussed the possibilities of using uranium-235 and plutonium. (Teller then raised the prospect of a thermonuclear device, Teller's \"Super\" bomb. At one point Teller asked if the nitrogen in the atmosphere could be set alight. It fell to Bethe and Emil Konopinski to perform the calculations demonstrating the virtual impossibility of such an occurrence.) \"The fission bomb had to be done,\" he later recalled, \"because the Germans were presumably doing it.\"When Oppenheimer was put in charge of forming a secret weapons design laboratory, Los Alamos, he appointed Bethe director of the T (Theoretical) Division, the laboratory's smallest, but most prestigious division. This move irked the equally qualified, but more difficult to manage Teller and Felix Bloch, who had coveted the job. A series of disagreements between Bethe and Teller between February and June 1944 over the relative priority of Super research led to Teller's group being removed from T Division and placed directly under Oppenheimer. In September it became part of Fermi's new F Division.Bethe's work at Los Alamos included calculating the critical mass and efficiency of uranium-235 and the multiplication of nuclear fission in an exploding atomic bomb. Along with Richard Feynman, he developed a formula for calculating the bomb's explosive yield. After August 1944, when the laboratory was reorganized and reoriented to solve the problem of the implosion of the plutonium bomb, Bethe spent much of his time studying the hydrodynamic aspects of implosion, a job that he continued into 1944. In 1945, he worked on the neutron initiator, and later, on radiation propagation from an exploding atomic bomb. The Trinity nuclear test validated the accuracy of T Division's results. When it was detonated in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, Bethe's immediate concern was for its efficient operation, and not its moral implications. He is reported to have commented: \"I am not a philosopher.\"After the war, Bethe argued that a crash project for the hydrogen bomb should not be attempted, although after President Harry Truman announced the beginning of such a project and the outbreak of the Korean War, Bethe signed up and played a key role in the weapon's development. Although he would see the project through to its end, Bethe hoped that it would be impossible to create the hydrogen bomb. He would later remark in 1968 on the apparent contradiction in his stance, having first opposed the development of the weapon and later helping to create it:As for his own role in the project and its relation to the dispute over who was responsible for the design, Bethe later said that:In 1954, Bethe testified on behalf of J. Robert Oppenheimer during the Oppenheimer security hearing. Specifically, Bethe argued that Oppenheimer's stances against developing the hydrogen bomb in the late 1940s had not hindered its development, a topic which was seen as a key motivating factor behind the hearing. Bethe contended that the developments that led to the successful Teller\u2013Ulam design were a matter of serendipity and not a question of manpower or logical development of previously existing ideas. During the hearing, Bethe and his wife also tried hard to persuade Edward Teller against testifying. However, Teller did not agree, and his testimony played a major role in the revocation of Oppenheimer's security clearance. While Bethe and Teller had been on very good terms during the prewar years, the conflict between them during the Manhattan Project, and especially during the Oppenheimer episode, permanently marred their relationship.After the war ended, Bethe returned to Cornell. In June 1947, he participated in the Shelter Island Conference. Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and held at the Ram's Head Inn on Shelter Island, New York, the conference on the \"Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\" was the first major physics conference held after the war. It was a chance for American physicists to come together, pick up where they had left off before the war, and establish the direction of post-war research.A major talking point at the conference was the discovery by Willis Lamb and his graduate student, Robert Retherford, shortly before the conference began that one of the two possible quantum states of hydrogen atoms had slightly more energy than that predicted by the theory of Paul Dirac; this became known as the Lamb shift. Oppenheimer and Weisskopf suggested that this was a result of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, which gave the electron more energy. According to pre-war quantum electrodynamics (QED), the energy of the electron consisted of the bare energy it had when uncoupled from an electromagnetic field, and the self-energy resulting from the electromagnetic coupling, but both were unobservable, since the electromagnetic field cannot be switched off. QED gave infinite values for the self-energies; but the Lamb shift showed that they were both real and finite. Hans Kramers proposed renormalization as a solution, but no one knew how to do the calculation.Bethe managed to perform the calculation on the train from New York to Schenectady, where he was working for General Electric. He did so by realising that it was a non-relativistic process, which greatly simplified the calculation. The bare energy was easily removed as it was already included in the observed mass of the electron. The self energy term now increased logarithmically instead of linearly, making it mathematically convergent. Bethe arrived at a value for the Lamb shift of 1040\u00a0MHz, extremely close to that obtained experimentally by Lamb and Retherford. His paper, published in the \"Physical Review\" in August 1947, was only three pages long and contained just twelve mathematical equations, but was enormously influential. It had been presumed that the infinities indicated that QED was fundamentally flawed, and that a new, radical theory was required; Bethe demonstrated that this was not necessary.One of Bethe's most famous papers is one he never wrote: the 1948 Alpher\u2013Bethe\u2013Gamow paper. George Gamow added Bethe's name (in absentia) without consulting him, knowing that Bethe would not mind, and against Ralph Alpher's wishes. This was apparently a reflection of Gamow's sense of humor, wanting to have a paper title that would sound like the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. As one of the \"Physical Review\"s reviewers, Bethe saw the manuscript and struck out the words \"in absentia\".Bethe believed that the atomic nucleus was like a quantum liquid drop. He investigated the nuclear matter problem by considering the work conducted by Keith Brueckner on perturbation theory. Working with Jeffrey Goldstone, he produced a solution for the case where there was an infinite hard-core potential. Then, working with Baird Brandow and Albert Petschek, he came up with an approximation that converted the scattering equation into an easily solved differential equation. This then led him to the Bethe-Faddeev equation, a generalisation of Ludvig Faddeev's approach to three-body scattering. He then used these techniques to examine the neutron stars, which have densities similar to those of nuclei.Bethe continued to do research on supernovae, neutron stars, black holes, and other problems in theoretical astrophysics into his late nineties. In doing this, he collaborated with Gerald E. Brown of Stony Brook University. In 1978, Brown proposed that they collaborate on supernovae. These were reasonably well understood by this time, but the calculations were still a problem. Using techniques honed from decades of working with nuclear physics, and some experience with calculations involving nuclear explosions, Bethe tackled the problems involved in stellar gravitational collapse, and the way in which various factors affected a supernova explosion. Once again, he was able to reduce the problem to a set of differential equations, and to solve them.At age 85, Bethe wrote an important article about the solar neutrino problem, in which he helped establish the conversion mechanism for electron neutrinos into muon neutrinos proposed by Stanislav Mikheyev, Alexei Smirnov, and Lincoln Wolfenstein to explain a vexing discrepancy between theory and experiment. Bethe argued that physics beyond the Standard Model was required to understand the solar neutrino problem, because it presumed that neutrinos have no mass, and therefore, cannot metamorphosize into each other; whereas the MSW effect required this to occur. Bethe hoped that corroborating evidence would be found by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Ontario by his 90th birthday, but he did not get the call from SNO until June 2001, when he was nearly 95.In 1996, Kip Thorne approached Bethe and Brown about LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory designed to detect the gravitational waves from merging neutron stars and black holes. Since Bethe and Brown were good at calculating things that could not be seen, could they look at the mergers? The 90-year-old Bethe quickly became enthused and soon began the required calculations. The result was a 1998 paper on the \"Evolution of Binary Compact Objects Which Merge\", which Brown regarded as the best that the two produced together.In 1968, Bethe, along with IBM physicist Richard Garwin, published an article criticising in detail the anti-ICBM defense system proposed by the Department of Defense. The two physicists described in the article that nearly any measure taken by the USA would be easily thwarted with the deployment of relatively simple decoys. Bethe was one of the primary voices in the scientific community behind the signing of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty prohibiting further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.During the 1980s and 1990s, Bethe campaigned for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. After the Chernobyl disaster, Bethe was part of a committee of experts who analysed the incident. They concluded that the reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and also, that human error had contributed significantly to the accident. \"My colleagues and I established,\" he explained \"that the Chernobyl disaster tells us about the deficiencies of the Soviet political and administrative system rather than about problems with nuclear power.\" Throughout his life Bethe remained a strong advocate for electricity from nuclear energy, which he described in 1977 as \"a necessity, not merely an option.\"In the 1980s he and other physicists opposed the Strategic Defense Initiative missile system conceived by the Ronald Reagan administration. In 1995, at the age of 88, Bethe wrote an open letter calling on all scientists to \"cease and desist\" from working on any aspect of nuclear weapons development and manufacture. In 2004, he joined 47 other Nobel laureates in signing a letter endorsing John Kerry for President of the United States as someone who would \"restore science to its appropriate place in government\".Historian Gregg Herken wrote:Bethe's hobbies included a passion for stamp-collecting. He loved the outdoors and was an enthusiastic hiker all his life, exploring the Alps and the Rockies. He died in his home in Ithaca, New York on March 6, 2005 of congestive heart failure. He was survived by his wife, Rose Ewald Bethe, and their two children. At the time of his death, he was the John Wendell Anderson Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Cornell University.Bethe received numerous honors and awards in his lifetime and afterward. He became a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947, and that year, he also received the National Academy of Sciences's Henry Draper Medal. He was awarded the Max Planck Medal in 1955, the Franklin Medal in 1959, the Royal Astronomical Society Eddington Medal and the United States Atomic Energy Commission Enrico Fermi Award in 1961, the Rumford Prize in 1963, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967, the National Medal of Science in 1975, the Oersted Medal in 1993, the Bruce Medal in 2001, and posthumously in 2005, the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences by the American Philosophical Society.Bethe was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1957, and he gave the 1993 Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society on the Mechanism of Supernovae.In 1978 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.Cornell named the third of five new residential colleges, each of which is named after a distinguished former member of the Cornell faculty, as the Hans Bethe House after him. Similarly named after him is the Hans Bethe Center, 322 Fourth Street NE, Washington, D.C., home to the Council for a Livable World, where Bethe was a longtime board member, as well as the Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics at University of Bonn in Germany. An asteroid, 30828 Bethe, that was discovered in 1990 was named after him. The American Physical Society Hans Bethe Prize was named after him as well.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Cornell University"], "facts": [["Hans Bethe", "employer", "University of T\u00fcbingen", "January 1931", "January 1933"], ["Hans Bethe", "employer", "Cornell University", "January 1933", "January 1975"], ["Hans Bethe", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1926", "January 1928"], ["Hans Bethe", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1930", "January 1931"], ["Hans Bethe", "educated at", "Goethe University Frankfurt", "January 1924", "January 1926"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for in August 1988?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for in August 1988?", "date": "August 02 1988", "text_answers": {"text": ["Houston Police Department"]}, "id": "L2_Q866128_P108_4", "fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from January 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from January 1998 to January 2004. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to January 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from January 1972 to January 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968.", "adv_fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from Jan 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from Jan 1972 to Jan 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to Jan 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from Jan 1998 to 01/2004. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from Jan 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968.", "context": "Lee P. BrownLee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is an American politician, criminologist and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African-American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was re-elected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades. With practical experience and a doctorate from University of California, Berkeley, he has combined research and operations in his career. After serving as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, he was appointed in 1982 as the first African-American police chief in Houston, Texas, where he implemented techniques in community policing to reduce crime.His parents, Andrew and Zelma Brown were sharecroppers in Oklahoma, and Lee Brown was born in Wewoka. His family, including five brothers and one sister, moved to California in the second wave of the Great Migration and his parents continued as farmers. A high school athlete, Brown earned a football scholarship to Fresno State University, where he earned a B.S. in criminology in 1960. That year he started as a police officer in San Jose, California, where he served for eight years. Brown was elected as the president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association (union) and served from 1965\u20131966.Brown went on to earn a master's degree in sociology from San Jos\u00e9 State University in 1964, and became an assistant professor there in 1968. He also earned a second master's degree in criminology from University of California, Berkeley in 1968. In the same year, he moved to Portland, Oregon, where he established and served as chairman of the Department of Administration of Justice at Portland State University.In 1972, Brown was appointed associate director of the Institute of Urban Affairs and Research and professor of Public Administration and director of Criminal Justice programs at Howard University. In 1974, Brown was named Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon and in 1976 became director of the Department of Justice Services.In 1978 he was appointed Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, serving to 1982. Brown and his staff oversaw investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders case and increased efforts to provide safety in black areas of the city during the period when murders were committed. A critical element of reform during Brown's tenure was increasing diversity of the police force. By the time Brown resigned to accept the top police job in Houston, Atlanta's police force was 20 percent black.In 1982 Brown was the first African American to be appointed as Police Chief to the City of Houston, serving until 1990. He was first appointed by Mayor Kathy Whitmire. The Houston Police Department seemed to be in constant turmoil and badly needed reform. According to one of Brown's colleagues at Atlanta, ... \"Everybody knows Lee likes challenges and anyone who knows about the Houston Police Department knows it's one helluva challenge.\" After coming to Houston, Brown quickly began to implement methods of community policing, building relationships with the city's diverse communities.The Houston Police Officers Union (HPOU) recently published a history describing in more detail how Brown's reforms were implemented and how it became accepted by the officers as well as the communities they served over a period of years. Initially, the officers were unimpressed by what Brown termed Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP). Old-time officers saw it as simply reverting to a long-discredited policy of \"walking a beat,\" and claimed the acronym meant \"never on patrol.\"Brown and his staff divided the city into 23 identifiable \"neighborhoods.\" Each neighborhood had a small informal office, located in a storefront, where people from the neighborhood were invited to come in and discuss their concerns or problems with one of the officers that served there. Brown emphasized through his officer training sessions that getting feedback from the public was as important as writing up tickets or doing paperwork chores. The neighborhood officers soon recognized the hot spots and the neighborhood \"movers and shakers\" who could be helpful in preventing problems.Brown was credited with getting more police officers into the neighborhoods during his tenure. Relations between the residents and the police were far better than ever before, with residents becoming willing to work with the police implementing various activities. He was quoted as saying that sixty percent of all cities in the U.S. had adopted some form of NOP by the time he stepped down as Houston's chief.In December 1989 Brown was named by Mayor David Dinkins as Police Commissioner of New York City, the first non-New Yorker appointed in a quarter of a century as head of the nation's largest police force. In January 1990, he took over a police force that was seven times the size of Houston's, with \"a complex organization of more than 26,000 officers\" and a 346-member executive corps of officers at the rank of captain and above. At the time, the force was 75% white; there were issues of perception of police justice and sensitivity in a city with a population estimated to be half minorities: black, Hispanic and Asian.Brown implemented community policing citywide, which reportedly quadrupled the number of police officers on foot patrol and had a goal of creating a partnership between the police and citizens. The fact that reported crimes were 6.7 percent lower for the first four months of 1992, compared to the previous year, indicated that Brown's program was having a positive effect, according to the Treadwell article.On the other hand, according to Treadwell, the police department was being criticized for the alleged ineffectiveness of its internal affairs division in the wake of allegations of drug dealing and bribery by some officers. Dinkins had appointed a five-member panel to investigate the corruption allegations, and had asked the City Council to establish an all-civilian review board to look at charges of police brutality. Brown was already on record as opposing both actions. Both Brown and Dinkins took great pains to assure reporters that the policy disagreement played no role in Brown's decision to leave.Brown submitted his resignation from the New York City position effective September 1, 1992. He and Mayor Dinkins held a joint news conference to explain the reason for his sudden departure. Brown stated that he was leaving to care for his wife, who was ill, and to rejoin the rest of his family, who were still in Houston. He added that he had accepted a college teaching position in Houston.In 1993 Brown was appointed by President Bill Clinton as his Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, or \"Drug Czar\"), and moved to Washington, DC. The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment.In the late 1990s, Brown returned to Houston and entered politics directly, running for mayor. In 1997, Brown became the first African American elected as mayor of Houston. During Brown's administration, the city invested extensively in infrastructure: it started the first 7.5-mile leg of its light-rail system and obtained voter approval for an extension, along with increases in bus service, park and ride facilities and HOV lanes. It opened three new professional sports facilities, attracting visitors to the city. It revitalized the downtown area: constructing the City's first convention center hotel, doubling the size of the convention center; and constructing the Hobby Center of the Performing Arts. In addition, it built and renovated new libraries, police and fire stations. Brown initiated a $2.9\u00a0billion development program at the city's airport, which consisted of new terminals and runways; and a consolidated rental car facility; in addition to renovating other terminals and runways, he built a new water treatment plant.Brown also advanced the city's affirmative action program; installed programs in city libraries to provide access to the Internet; built the state-of-the-art Houston Emergency Communications Center; implemented e-government, and opened new parks. Brown led trade missions for the business community to other countries and promoted international trade. He increased the number of foreign consulates.Brown undertook a massive program to reconstruct the downtown street system and replace the aging underground utility system. The accompanying traffic problems was made a campaign issue by his opponent, three-term city councilman Orlando Sanchez in the 2001 election campaign. In 2001 Brown narrowly survived the reelection challenge and runoff against Sanchez, a Cuban-born man who grew up in Houston. The election characterized by especially high voter turnout in both black and Hispanic districts.Sanchez' supporters highlighted poor street conditions, campaigning that the \"P stands for Pothole,\" referring to Brown's middle initial. Sanchez drove a Hummer as his campaign vehicle during this period, which was adorned with the banner, \"With Brown in Town it's the only way to get around.\"Following the death of Houston Fire Captain Jay Janhke in the line of duty, Sanchez gained endorsements from the fire/emergency medical services sector. Brown changed Fire Department policy on staffing as a result of the captain's death.The Brown-Sanchez election attracted involvement from several national political figures, who contributed to its rhetoric. Brown was endorsed by former Democratic president Bill Clinton while Sanchez was endorsed by then-President George W. Bush, former President George H.W. Bush and his wife, former First Lady Barbara Bush; Rudy Giuliani and a host of other Republicans. Some members of the President's cabinet campaigned for Sanchez in Houston.The contest had ethnic undertones as Sanchez, a Cuban American, was vying to become the first Hispanic mayor of Houston; he challenged Brown, who was the city's first African-American mayor. According to the U.S. Census 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White (including Hispanic or Latino), 25.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 37% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.Voting split along racial and political party lines, with a majority of African Americans and Asians (largely Democrats) supporting Brown, and a majority of Hispanic and Anglo voters (largely Republicans) supporting Sanchez. Brown had 43% in the first round of voting, and Sanchez 40%, which resulted in their competing in a run-off. Chris Bell received 16% of the ballots cast in the first round. Brown narrowly won reelection by a margin of three percentage points following heavy voter turnout in predominantly Black precincts, compared to relatively light turnout in Hispanic precincts, although Hispanic voting in the runoff election was much higher than previously.Brown's 2001 reelection was one of the last major political campaigns supported by the Houston-based Enron Corporation, which collapsed in a financial scandal days after the election.Brown was married twice. His first wife, Yvonne Brown, died of cancer after they had four children together. He is married to Frances Young, a teacher in the Houston Independent School District.Brown is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha collegiate fraternity and Sigma Pi Phi, an African-American fraternity for those who have achieved distinction in their chosen profession.While in Houston, Dr. Brown was a Professor at Texas Southern University and Director of the university's Black Male Initiative Program.Brown is a co-founder of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE). Brown is chairman and CEO of Brown Group International, which is a business solutions organization.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["San Jose Police Department", "Howard University", "Portland State University", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "New York City Police Department"], "facts": [["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Howard University", "January 1972", "January 1975"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Portland State University", "January 1968", "January 1972"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "chief of police", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "New York City Police Department", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "Mayor of Houston", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Houston Police Department", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "New York City Police Commissioner", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "January 1993", "January 1996"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "San Jose Police Department", "January 1960", "January 1968"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Hilde Benjamin hold in June 1964?", "adv_question": "Which position did Hilde Benjamin hold in Jun 1964?", "date": "June 13 1964", "text_answers": {"text": ["member of the Volkskammer"]}, "id": "L2_Q276069_P39_3", "fact_context": "Hilde Benjamin was married to Georg Benjamin from January 1926 to August 1942. \n Hilde Benjamin was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany from January 1946 to January 1989. \n Hilde Benjamin studied at Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Hilde Benjamin held the position of member of the Volkskammer from January 1949 to January 1967.", "adv_fact_context": "Hilde Benjamin studied at Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1921 to 01/1924. \n Hilde Benjamin was married to Georg Benjamin from 01/1926 to 08/1942. \n Hilde Benjamin held the position of member of the Volkskammer from January 1949 to Jan 1967. \n Hilde Benjamin was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany from Jan 1946 to Jan 1989.", "context": "Hilde BenjaminHilde Benjamin (n\u00e9e Lange, 5 February 1902 \u2013 18 April 1989) was an East German judge and Minister of Justice. She is best known for presiding over a series of political trials in the 1950s. She is particularly known as responsible for the politically motivated prosecution of Erna Dorn and Ernst Jennrich. In his 1994 inauguration speech German President Roman Herzog mentioned Benjamin's status as a symbol of injustice, noting that her name was incompatible with the German constitution and the rule of law.Hilde Lange was born in Bernburg, Anhalt, and grew up in Berlin, in to a middle class and liberal minded family, the daughter of the engineer Heinz Lange and his wife, Adele. Growing up in the culturally inclined liberal ambience of a middle-class family awakened in her an early interest in classical music and literature: this would stay with her throughout her life. In 1921 she successfully completed her school career at the in Steglitz on the south side of Berlin.She was among the first women to study law in Germany, which she did at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Hamburg from 1921 to 1924.Afterwards, she worked as a practicing attorney in Berlin-Wedding for the Rote Hilfe, a Communist aid organization. In 1926 she married the medical doctor, Georg Benjamin, the brother of writer Walter Benjamin and of her friend, the academic . Georg and Hilde's son, was born at the end of 1932.In 1926 she quit the moderate left-wing SPD and in 1927 joined her husband in the Communist Party. Because of her political convictions, she was forbidden to practice law after 1933. Briefly jobless, with her husband removed to a concentration camp (from which, on this occasion, he was released later in the year) directly after the Reichstag fire, she returned for a time to live with her parents along with her small son: she then obtained a position providing legal advice for the Soviet trade association in Berlin. During World War II, she was forced to work in a factory from 1939-45. Her Jewish husband was killed at the KZ Mauthausen in 1942.After the war, she joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1946 and was vice president of the Supreme Court of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1949 to 1953. In that capacity, she assisted with the Waldheim Trials and presided over a series of show trials against those identified as political undesirables, such as Johann Burianek and Wolfgang Kaiser, as well as against Jehovah's Witnesses. Her two death sentences earned her the popular sobriquets \"The Red Guillotine\" and \"Bloody Hilde\" in Western media.From 1949 to 1967 she was a member of the Volkskammer and from 1954 to 1989, a member of the Central Committee of the SED. In 1953, she succeeded Max Fechner as Minister of Justice. GDR leader Walter Ulbricht asked her to resign in 1967, ostensibly for health reasons.Benjamin was instrumental in authoring the penal code and the code of penal procedure of the GDR and played a decisive role in the reorganization of the country's legal system. From 1967 to her death, she held the chair for the history of the judiciary at the \"Deutsche Akademie f\u00fcr Staats- und Rechtswissenschaft\" in Potsdam-Babelsberg. She died in East Berlin in April 1989.Benjamin received several awards in the GDR: in 1962 the Patriotic Order of Merit, in 1977 and 1987 the Order of Karl Marx, in 1979 the title of Meritorious Jurist of the GDR (\"Verdiente Juristin der DDR\"), and in 1982 the Star of People's Friendship.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Hilde Benjamin", "educated at", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "position held", "member of the Volkskammer", "January 1949", "January 1967"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "member of political party", "Socialist Unity Party of Germany", "January 1946", "January 1989"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "spouse", "Georg Benjamin", "January 1926", "August 1942"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Cristian Popescu Piedone belong to in February 2011?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Cristian Popescu Piedone belong to in 02/2011?", "date": "February 22 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["National Union for the Progress of Romania"]}, "id": "L2_Q12725946_P102_1", "fact_context": "Cristian Popescu Piedone held the position of Mayor of Bucharest's 4th District from January 2012 to November 2015. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the Humanist Power Party from January 2020 to May 2023. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party from January 2006 to January 2010. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the National Union for the Progress of Romania from January 2011 to January 2012. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone held the position of mayor of Sectorul 5 of Bucharest from January 2020 to May 2022. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats Party from January 2014 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Cristian Popescu Piedone held the position of Mayor of Bucharest's 4th District from Jan 2012 to Nov 2015. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the Humanist Power Party from Jan 2020 to May 2023. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone held the position of mayor of Sectorul 5 of Bucharest from Jan 2020 to 05/2022. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the National Union for the Progress of Romania from 01/2011 to Jan 2012. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party from Jan 2006 to 01/2010. \n Cristian Popescu Piedone was a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats Party from January 2014 to January 2015.", "context": "Cristian Popescu PiedoneCristian Popescu Piedone (born February 15, 1963) is a Romanian politician who has served as mayor of Bucharest's Sector 4 from 2008 until the November 4, 2015, when he resigned following the Colectiv nightclub fire and the subsequent 2015 Romanian protests.Before the Romanian Revolution, Cristian Popescu was the head waiter at a seaside restaurant. In 1990, he opened his own restaurant named \"Restaurantul Cioc\u00e2rlia (\"\"Nightingale Restaurant\"\")\" on the D\u00e2mbovi\u021ba River quay in Bucharest. Popescu joined the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR) in 1994 after the youth wing of the party started congregating in his restaurant.He began studying at the Dimitre Gusti High School in Bucharest in 1991, at the age of 28, graduating four years later. He later continued his studies at the University of Petro\u0219ani, which he graduated in 2002.In 2000, he was elected member of the General Council of Bucharest on the lists of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), becoming also an inspector at the Sector 6 city hall. In 2004, he was elected councillor for Bucharest's Sector 6.He subsequently quit the Social Democrats and joined the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PN\u021aCD), then the National Democratic Bloc (BND), a small party created by trade unionists of \"Blocul Na\u021bional Sindical\" (\"National Union Bloc\") and allied with Greater Romania Party (PRM) and finally joined the Conservative Party (PC).Following the election of Bucharest Mayor Traian B\u0103sescu as President of Romania, a by-election was held to replace the now-vacant function. Popescu was a candidate representing the National Democratic Bloc, gaining 37,985 votes, or 8,71%.In 2007, obtained his driving license in Pite\u0219ti, Arge\u0219 County after temporarily moving his domicile to Priboieni. Following a fraud and corruption investigation, the authorities decided to cancel his driving license, together with hundreds other licenses. Journalists noted that moving his domicile without resigning from his function as member of the local council is illegal. Additionally, while a resident in Priboieni, he registered a Cadillac in Bucharest, for which he was criminally prosecuted.Popescu Piedone founded an NGO named \"Asocia\u021bia pentru Protec\u021bia Cet\u0103\u021beanului\" (\"Association for the Protection of the Citizen\"), which drew criticism after receiving donations from the State Lottery, a state-owned company managed by a fellow Conservative Party member.His assumed moniker, \"Piedone\" (Italian for \"big foot\") is taken from the Spaghetti Western character by that name starred by Bud Spencer. In 2006, Popescu legally changed his name to include \"Piedone\".The Conservative Party's candidate for mayor in the 2008 in Sector 4, Popescu Piedone won the elections against PDL's Radu Silaghi.Before the 2012 Romanian local election, Popescu negotiated with the National Union for the Progress of Romania (UNPR) to be their candidate. He resigned in September 2011 from being the prime-vice-president of the Conservative Party and president of its Bucharest branch. In October 2012, he announced that he would run on the Conservative Party ticket, but the following month, he announced that he would run on the UNPR side. Romanian MP Elena Udrea announced that Popescu Piedone would be the coordinator of the UNPR\u2013PDL campaign. A few months later, in March 2012, Piedone decided to run on a Social Liberal Union (USL) ticket.Popescu Piedone was reelected in the June 2012 elections, gaining 80.36% of the votes in Sector 4.His Conservative Party merged with the Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) to form the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE) and in July 2015, Popescu Piedone resigned ALDE, joining UNPR, as he claimed he has \"a beautiful friendship\" with its leader, Gabriel Oprea. In September 2015, he announced that he would run again for Sector 4 mayorship from the National Union for the Progress of Romania (UNPR).A criminal complaint by the Save Bucharest Association related to the demolition of a building belonging to a heritage protected area was admitted by the Sector 4 court, with Piedone being officially criminally charged in August 2015. The case involves a building belonging to the Samurc\u0103\u0219e\u0219ti Monastery which was demolished in order to be replaced a 5-floors building in association with a real estate investor.On 30 October 2015, the Colectiv nightclub fire killed dozens of people. Since the nightclub had been authorized by mayor Piedone, protesters demanded his resignation, which he did on 4 November.The National Anticorruption Directorate began investigating the case and they arrested Popescu Piedone on November 6 on charges of abuse of power for not respecting the fire safety laws when authorizing the nightclub.In April 2016, Popescu Piedone registered as a candidate for the Sector 4 mayorship in the 2016 local elections, but his candidacy was contested by an association of the victims in the Colectiv nightclub fire. The judges of Bucharest Tribunal decided to disallow him from becoming a candidate.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Alliance of Liberals and Democrats Party", "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party", "Humanist Power Party"], "facts": [["Cristian Popescu Piedone", "position held", "mayor of Sectorul 5 of Bucharest", "January 2020", "May 2022"], ["Cristian Popescu Piedone", "member of political party", "Alliance of Liberals and Democrats Party", "January 2014", "January 2015"], ["Cristian Popescu Piedone", "position held", "Mayor of Bucharest's 4th District", "January 2012", "November 2015"], ["Cristian Popescu Piedone", "member of political party", "Humanist Power Party", "January 2020", "May 2023"], ["Cristian Popescu Piedone", "member of political party", "National Union for the Progress of Romania", "January 2011", "January 2012"], ["Cristian Popescu Piedone", "member of political party", "Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party", "January 2006", "January 2010"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Flavio Zanonato belong to in June 1998?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Flavio Zanonato belong to in Jun 1998?", "date": "June 11 1998", "text_answers": {"text": ["Democrats of the Left"]}, "id": "L2_Q3746528_P102_2", "fact_context": "Flavio Zanonato held the position of Italian Minister of Economic Development from April 2013 to February 2014. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democrats of the Left from January 1998 to January 2007. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from January 1991 to January 1998. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Italian Communist Party from January 1968 to January 1991. \n Flavio Zanonato held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2014 to July 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democrats of the Left from January 1998 to January 2007. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan 1991 to January 1998. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Italian Communist Party from January 1968 to 01/1991. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement from 01/2017 to May 2023. \n Flavio Zanonato held the position of Italian Minister of Economic Development from Apr 2013 to February 2014. \n Flavio Zanonato held the position of member of the European Parliament from 07/2014 to 07/2019.", "context": "Flavio ZanonatoFlavio Zanonato (born 24 July 1950 in Padua) is an Italian politician. He is the former mayor of Padua.A long-time member of the Italian Communist Party and of its successor parties, he joined the Democratic Party.After two terms as mayor of Padua (1993\u20131995, when he replaced Paolo Giaretta, and 1995\u20131999), he was defeated by Giustina Mistrello Destro in 1999. From 2000 to 2004 he was floor leader of the Democrats of the Left in the Regional Council of Veneto, where he was elected as the most voted regional deputy in the 2000 regional election.In 2004 Zanonato defeated incumbent Giustina Mistrello Destro and was elected for the third time Mayor of Padua with an absolute majority of 51.9% at the first round.In 2009 Zanonato defeated Marco Marin and was elected mayor of Padua for the fourth time in the second round run off winning 52% of the vote.On March 2021, at the age of 70, Zanonato graduated in Philosophy at the University of Padua.From April 2013 to February 2014 he was minister of economic development in the cabinet of Prime Minister Enrico Letta.Zanonato became a Member of the European Parliament in the 2014 European elections. In Parliament, he was a member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. In addition to his committee assignments, he served as a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara and the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime). He joined the Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement in 2017.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Democratic Party of the Left", "Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement", "Italian Communist Party"], "facts": [["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Italian Communist Party", "January 1968", "January 1991"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2014", "July 2019"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Democrats of the Left", "January 1998", "January 2007"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Democratic Party of the Left", "January 1991", "January 1998"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "position held", "Italian Minister of Economic Development", "April 2013", "February 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Werner Heisenberg work for in February 1940?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Werner Heisenberg work for in Feb 1940?", "date": "February 25 1940", "text_answers": {"text": ["Leipzig University"]}, "id": "L2_Q40904_P108_3", "fact_context": "Werner Heisenberg worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for German nuclear weapons program from January 1941 to January 1945. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen from January 1911 to January 1920. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1920 to January 1923. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Max Planck Institute for Physics from January 1946 to January 1970. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Leipzig University from January 1927 to January 1941.", "adv_fact_context": "Werner Heisenberg worked for German nuclear weapons program from Jan 1941 to 01/1945. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen from Jan 1911 to 01/1920. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Leipzig University from Jan 1927 to Jan 1941. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan 1946 to Jan 1970. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1926 to Jan 1927. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 01/1920 to January 1923.", "context": "Werner HeisenbergWerner Karl Heisenberg (; ; 5 December 1901 \u2013 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for the creation of quantum mechanics\".Heisenberg also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II. He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957.Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970.Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.Werner Karl Heisenberg was born in W\u00fcrzburg, Germany, to , a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only \"ordentlicher Professor\" (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system, and his wife, Annie Wecklein.Heisenberg was raised and lived as a Lutheran Christian. His autobiography starts with the young Heisenberg in his late teenage years, reading Plato's \"Timaeus\" while hiking in the Bavarian Alps. Heisenberg recounted the philosophical conversations with his fellow students and teachers on understanding the atom while receiving his scientific training in Munich, G\u00f6ttingen and Copenhagen. Heisenberg would later state that \u201cMy mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing\". and that \"Modern physics has definitely decided in favor of Plato. In fact the smallest units of matter are not physical objects in the ordinary sense; they are forms, ideas which can be expressed unambiguously only in mathematical language\"Heisenberg arrived at Munich in 1919 as a member of the \"Freikorps\" to fight the Bavarian Soviet Republic established a year earlier. Five decades later he recalled those days as youthful fun, like \"playing cops and robbers and so on; it was nothing serious at all.\"He studied physics and mathematics from 1920 to 1923 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen. At Munich, he studied under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien. At G\u00f6ttingen, he studied physics with Max Born and James Franck and mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld. At G\u00f6ttingen, under Born, he completed his habilitation in 1924 with a \"Habilitationsschrift\" (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect.Because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in his students and knew of Heisenberg's interest in Niels Bohr's theories on atomic physics, Sommerfeld took Heisenberg to G\u00f6ttingen to attend the Bohr Festival of June 1922. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics. There, Heisenberg met Bohr for the first time, and it had a significant and continuing effect on him.Heisenberg's doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on turbulence; the thesis discussed both the stability of laminar flow and the nature of turbulent flow. The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the Orr\u2013Sommerfeld equation, a fourth order linear differential equation for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II.In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the \"Neupfadfinder\", a German Scout association and part of the German Youth Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and Heisenberg organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich.Heisenberg enjoyed classical music and was an accomplished pianist. His interest in music led to meeting his future wife. In January 1937, Heisenberg met Elisabeth Schumacher (1914\u20131998) at a private music recital. Elisabeth was the daughter of a well-known Berlin economics professor, and her brother was the economist E. F. Schumacher, author of \"Small Is Beautiful\". Heisenberg married her on 29 April. Fraternal twins Maria and Wolfgang were born in January 1938, whereupon Wolfgang Pauli congratulated Heisenberg on his \"pair creation\"\u2014a word play on a process from elementary particle physics, pair production. They had five more children over the next 12 years: Barbara, Christine, Jochen, Martin and Verena. In 1936 he bought a summer home for his family in Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany.From 1924 to 1927, Heisenberg was a Privatdozent at G\u00f6ttingen, meaning he was qualified to teach and examine independently, without having a chair. From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, Heisenberg went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. His seminal paper, \"\u00dcber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen\" (\"Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations\"), was published in September 1925. He returned to G\u00f6ttingen and, with Max Born and Pascual Jordan over a period of about six months, developed the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. On 1 May 1926, Heisenberg began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. On 23 February, Heisenberg wrote a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he first described his new principle. In his paper on the principle, Heisenberg used the word \"\"Ungenauigkeit\"\" (imprecision), not uncertainty, to describe it.In 1927, Heisenberg was appointed \"ordentlicher Professor\" (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the University of Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture there on 1 February 1928. In his first paper published from Leipzig, Heisenberg used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism.During Heisenberg's tenure at Leipzig, the high quality of the doctoral students and post-graduate and research associates who studied and worked with him is clear from the acclaim many later earned. At various times they included Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Fl\u00fcgge, William Vermillion Houston, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Edward Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, Gregor Wentzel, and Clarence Zener.In early 1929, Heisenberg and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, Heisenberg went on a lecture tour of China, Japan, India, and the United States. In the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago, where he lectured on quantum mechanics.In 1928, the British mathematical physicist Paul Dirac had derived his relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons. In 1932, from a cloud chamber photograph of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a track as having been made by a positron. In mid-1933, Heisenberg presented his theory of the positron. His thinking on Dirac's theory and further development of the theory were set forth in two papers. The first, \"Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons\" (\"Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron\") was published in 1934, and the second, \"Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons\" (\"Consequences of Dirac's Theory of the Positron\"), was published in 1936. In these papers Heisenberg was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a \"classical\" field equation for any point particle of spin \u0127/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing electrons, Heisenberg put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl had already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.)Heisenberg's paper establishing quantum mechanics has puzzled physicists and historians. His methods assume that the reader is familiar with Kramers-Heisenberg transition probability calculations. The main new idea, non-commuting matrices, is justified only by a rejection of unobservable quantities. It introduces the non-commutative multiplication of matrices by physical reasoning, based on the correspondence principle, despite the fact that Heisenberg was not then familiar with the mathematical theory of matrices. The path leading to these results has been reconstructed in MacKinnon, 1977, and the detailed calculations are worked out in Aitchison et al.In Copenhagen, Heisenberg and Hans Kramers collaborated on a paper on dispersion, or the scattering from atoms of radiation whose wavelength is larger than the atoms. They showed that the successful formula Kramers had developed earlier could not be based on Bohr orbits, because the transition frequencies are based on level spacings which are not constant. The frequencies which occur in the Fourier transform of sharp classical orbits, by contrast, are equally spaced. But these results could be explained by a semi-classical virtual state model: the incoming radiation excites the valence, or outer, electron to a virtual state from which it decays. In a subsequent paper Heisenberg showed that this virtual oscillator model could also explain the polarization of fluorescent radiation.These two successes, and the continuing failure of the Bohr\u2013Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding problem of the anomalous Zeeman effect, led Heisenberg to use the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate spectral frequencies. The method proved too difficult to immediately apply to realistic problems, so Heisenberg turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator.The dipole oscillator consists of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is thought of as a charged particle on a spring, perturbed by an external force, like an external charge. The motion of the oscillating charge can be expressed as a Fourier series in the frequency of the oscillator. Heisenberg solved for the quantum behavior by two different methods. First, he treated the system with the virtual oscillator method, calculating the transitions between the levels that would be produced by the external source.He then solved the same problem by treating the anharmonic potential term as a perturbation to the harmonic oscillator and using the perturbation methods that he and Born had developed. Both methods led to the same results for the first and the very complicated second order correction terms. This suggested that behind the very complicated calculations lay a consistent scheme.So Heisenberg set out to formulate these results without any explicit dependence on the virtual oscillator model. To do this, he replaced the Fourier expansions for the spatial coordinates by matrices, matrices which corresponded to the transition coefficients in the virtual oscillator method. He justified this replacement by an appeal to Bohr's correspondence principle and the Pauli doctrine that quantum mechanics must be limited to observables.On 9 July, Heisenberg gave Born this paper to review and submit for publication. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices, which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg's paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors.Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattice theory of crystals in 1921. While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics.In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced Heisenberg had won the Prize for 1932 \"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen\".The development of quantum mechanics, and the apparent contradictory implications in regard to what is \"real\" had profound philosophical implications, including what scientific observations truly mean. In contrast to Albert Einstein and Louis de Broglie, who were realists who believed that particles had an objectively true momentum and position at all times (even if both could not be measured), Heisenberg was an anti-realist, arguing that direct knowledge of what is \"real\" was beyond the scope of science. Writing in his book \"The Physicist's Conception of Nature,\" Heisenberg argued that ultimately we only can speak of the \"knowledge\" (numbers in tables) which describe something about particles but we can never have any \"true\" access to the particles themselves:We can no longer speak of the behaviour of the particle independently of the process of observation. As a final consequence, the natural laws formulated mathematically in quantum theory no longer deal with the elementary particles themselves but with our knowledge of them. Nor is it any longer possible to ask whether or not these particles exist in space and time objectively ...When we speak of the picture of nature in the exact science of our age, we do not mean a picture of nature so much as a \"picture of our relationships with nature\". ...Science no longer confronts nature as an objective observer, but sees itself as an actor in this interplay between man and nature. The scientific method of analysing, explaining and classifying has become conscious of its limitations, which arise out of the fact that by its intervention science alters and refashions the object of investigation. In other words, method and object can no longer be separated.Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, Heisenberg submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in the press as a \"White Jew\". Supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\", or Aryan Physics, launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and Heisenberg. From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics movement \"Deutsche Physik\" had concerned itself with quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark.There had been many failed attempts to have Heisenberg appointed as professor at a number of German universities. His attempt to be appointed as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld failed because of opposition by the \"Deutsche Physik\" movement. On 1 April 1935, the eminent theoretical physicist Sommerfeld, Heisenberg's doctoral advisor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, achieved emeritus status. However, Sommerfeld stayed in his chair during the selection process for his successor, which took until 1 December 1939. The process was lengthy due to academic and political differences between the Munich Faculty's selection and that of the Reich Education Ministry and the supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\".In 1935, the Munich Faculty drew up a list of candidates to replace Sommerfeld as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich. The three candidates had all been former students of Sommerfeld: Heisenberg, who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics; Peter Debye, who had received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936; and Richard Becker. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates, with Heisenberg as their first choice. However, supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\" and elements in the REM had their own list of candidates, and the battle dragged on for over four years. During this time, Heisenberg came under vicious attack by the \"Deutsche Physik\" supporters. One attack was published in \"\"The Black Corps\"\", the newspaper of the SS, headed by Heinrich Himmler. In this, Heisenberg was called a \"White Jew\" (i.e. an Aryan who acts like a Jew) who should be made to \"disappear\". These attacks were taken seriously, as Jews were violently attacked and incarcerated. Heisenberg fought back with an editorial and a letter to Himmler, in an attempt to resolve the matter and regain his honour.At one point, Heisenberg's mother visited Himmler's mother. The two women knew each other, as Heisenberg's maternal grandfather and Himmler's father were rectors and members of a Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler settled the Heisenberg affair by sending two letters, one to SS Gruppenf\u00fchrer Reinhard Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In the letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Germany could not afford to lose or silence Heisenberg, as he would be useful for teaching a generation of scientists. To Heisenberg, Himmler said the letter came on recommendation of his family and he cautioned Heisenberg to make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal and political attitudes of the involved scientists.Wilhelm M\u00fcller replaced Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. M\u00fcller was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental to educating theoretical physicists.The three investigators who led the SS investigation of Heisenberg had training in physics. Indeed, Heisenberg had participated in the doctoral examination of one of them at the Universit\u00e4t Leipzig. The most influential of the three was Johannes Juilfs. During their investigation, they became supporters of Heisenberg as well as his position against the ideological policies of the \"Deutsche Physik\" movement in theoretical physics and academia.In mid-1936, Heisenberg presented his theory of cosmic-ray showers in two papers. Four more papers appeared in the next two years.In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"The Natural Sciences\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Hahn concluded a \"bursting\" of the uranium nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these results to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.In June 1939, Heisenberg traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, Heisenberg refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II.The German nuclear weapons program, known as \"Uranverein\", was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The \"Heereswaffenamt\" (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the \"Reichsforschungsrat\" (RFR, Reich Research Council) out of the \"Reichserziehungsministerium\" (REM, Reich Ministry of Education) and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The project had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Fl\u00fcgge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included Heisenberg, Klaus Clusius, Robert D\u00f6pel and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker. The \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced. During the period when Diebner administered the KWIP under the HWA program, considerable personal and professional animosity developed between Diebner and Heisenberg's inner circle, which included Karl Wirtz and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker.At a scientific conference on 26\u201328 February 1942 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, called by the Army Weapons Office, Heisenberg presented a lecture to Reichs officials on energy acquisition from nuclear fission. The lecture, entitled \"Die theoretischen Grundlagen f\u00fcr die Energiegewinning aus der Uranspaltung\" (\"The theoretical basis for energy generation from uranium fission\") was, as Heisenberg confessed after the Second World War in a letter to Samuel Goudsmit, \"adapted to the intellectual level of a Reichs Minister\". Heisenberg lectured on the enormous energy potential of nuclear fission, stating that 250 million electron volts could be released through the fission of an atomic nucleus. Heisenberg stressed that pure U-235 had to be obtained to achieve a chain reaction. He explored various ways of obtaining isotope in its pure form, including uranium enrichment and an alternative layered method of normal uranium and a moderator in a machine. This machine, he noted, could be used in practical ways to fuel vehicles, ships and submarines. Heisenberg stressed the importance of the Army Weapons Office's financial and material support for this scientific endeavour. A second scientific conference followed. Lectures were heard on problems of modern physics with decisive importance for the national defense and economy. The conference was attended by Bernhard Rust, the Reichs Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. At the conference Reichs Minister Rust decided to take the nuclear project away from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The Reichs Research Council was to take on the project. In April 1942 the army returned the Physics Institute to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, naming Heisenberg as Director at the Institute. With this appointment at the KWIP, Heisenberg obtained his first professorship. Peter Debye was still director of the institute, but had gone on leave to the United States after he had refused to become a German citizen when the HWA took administrative control of the KWIP. Heisenberg still also had his department of physics at the University of Leipzig where work had been done for the \"Uranverein\" by Robert D\u00f6pel and his wife Klara D\u00f6pel.On 4 June 1942, Heisenberg was summoned to report to Albert Speer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on the prospects for converting the Uranverein's research toward developing nuclear weapons. During the meeting, Heisenberg told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, because it would require significant monetary resources and number of personnel.After the Uranverein project was placed under the leadership of the Reichs Research Council, it focused on nuclear power production and thus maintained its \"kriegswichtig\" (importance for the war) status; funding therefore continued from the military. The nuclear power project was broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the \"Uranmaschine\" (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). The project was then essentially split up between a number of institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. The point in 1942, when the army relinquished its control of the German nuclear weapons program, was the zenith of the project relative to the number of personnel. About 70 scientists worked for the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time to nuclear fission research. After 1942, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many of the scientists not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war-related work.In September 1942, Heisenberg submitted his first paper of a three-part series on the scattering matrix, or S-matrix, in elementary particle physics. The first two papers were published in 1943 and the third in 1944. The S-matrix described only the states of incident particles in a collision process, the states of those emerging from the collision, and stable bound states; there would be no reference to the intervening states. This was the same precedent as he followed in 1925 in what turned out to be the foundation of the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics through only the use of observables.In February 1943, Heisenberg was appointed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the \"Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t\" (today, the Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin). In April, his election to the \"Preu\u00dfische Akademie der Wissenschaften\" (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was approved. That same month, he moved his family to their retreat in as Allied bombing increased in Berlin. In the summer, he dispatched the first of his staff at the \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, for the same reasons. From 18\u201326 October, he travelled to German-occupied Netherlands. In December 1943, Heisenberg visited German-occupied Poland.From 24 January to 4 February 1944, Heisenberg travelled to occupied Copenhagen, after the German army confiscated Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. He made a short return trip in April. In December, Heisenberg lectured in neutral Switzerland. The United States Office of Strategic Services sent agent Moe Berg to attend the lecture carrying a pistol, with orders to shoot Heisenberg if his lecture indicated that Germany was close to completing an atomic bomb.In January 1945, Heisenberg, with most of the rest of his staff, moved from the \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" to the facilities in the Black Forest.The Alsos Mission was an Allied effort to determine if the Germans had an atomic bomb program and to exploit German atomic related facilities, research, material resources, and scientific personnel for the benefit of the US. Personnel on this operation generally swept into areas which had just come under control of the Allied military forces, but sometimes they operated in areas still under control by German forces. Berlin had been a location of many German scientific research facilities. To limit casualties and loss of equipment, many of these facilities were dispersed to other locations in the latter years of the war. The \"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) had been bombed so it had mostly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, which eventually became included in the French occupation zone. This allowed the American task force of the Alsos Mission to take into custody a large number of German scientists associated with nuclear research.On 30 March, the Alsos Mission reached Heidelberg, where important scientists were captured including Walther Bothe, Richard Kuhn, Philipp Lenard, and Wolfgang Gertner. Their interrogation revealed that Otto Hahn was at his laboratory in Tailfingen, while Heisenberg and Max von Laue were at Heisenberg's laboratory in Hechingen, and that the experimental natural uranium reactor that Heisenberg's team had built in Berlin had been moved to Haigerloch. Thereafter, the main focus of the Alsos Mission was on these nuclear facilities in the W\u00fcrttemberg area. Heisenberg was captured and arrested in Urfeld, on 3 May 1945, in an alpine operation in territory still under control by German forces. He was taken to Heidelberg, where, on 5 May, he met Goudsmit for the first time since the Ann Arbor visit in 1939. Germany surrendered just two days later. Heisenberg would not see his family again for eight months, as he was moved across France and Belgium and flown to England on 3 July 1945.Nine of the prominent German scientists who published reports in \"Nuclear Physics Research Reports\" as members of the \"Uranverein\" were captured by Operation Alsos and incarcerated in England under Operation Epsilon. Ten German scientists, including Heisenberg, were held at Farm Hall in England. The facility had been a safe house of the British foreign intelligence MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought to be of intelligence value were transcribed and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On 6 August 1945, the scientists at Farm Hall learned from media reports that the USA had dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan. At first, there was disbelief that a bomb had been built and dropped. In the weeks that followed, the German scientists discussed how the USA might have built the bomb.The Farm Hall transcripts reveal that Heisenberg, along with other physicists interned at Farm Hall including Otto Hahn and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, were glad the Allies had won World War II. Heisenberg told other scientists that he had never contemplated a bomb, only an atomic pile to produce energy. The morality of creating a bomb for the Nazis was also discussed. Only a few of the scientists expressed genuine horror at the prospect of nuclear weapons, and Heisenberg himself was cautious in discussing the matter. On the failure of the German nuclear weapons program to build an atomic bomb, Heisenberg remarked, \"We wouldn't have had the moral courage to recommend to the Government in the spring of 1942 that they should employ 120,000 men just for building the thing up.\"On 3 January 1946, the ten Operation Epsilon detainees were transported to Alswede in Germany. Heisenberg settled in G\u00f6ttingen, which was in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. Heisenberg immediately began to promote scientific research in Germany. Following the Kaiser Wilhelm Society's obliteration by the Allied Control Council and the establishment of the Max Planck Society in the British zone, Heisenberg became the director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics. Max von Laue was appointed vice director, while Karl Wirtz, Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker and Ludwig Biermann joined to help Heisenberg establish the institute. Heinz Billing joined in 1950 to promote the development of electronic computing. The core research focus of the institute was cosmic radiation. The institute held a colloquium every Saturday morning.Heisenberg together with was instrumental in the establishment of the Forschungsrat (research council). Heisenberg envisaged for this council to promote the dialogue between the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany and the scientific community based in Germany. Heisenberg was appointed president of the \"Forschungsrat\". In 1951, the organization was fused with the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science) and that same year renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). Following the merger, Heisenberg was appointed to the presidium.In 1958, the Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik was moved to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA). In the interim, Heisenberg and the astrophysicist Ludwig Biermann were co-directors of MPIFA. Heisenberg also became an \"ordentlicher Professor\" (ordinarius professor) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen. Heisenberg was the sole director of MPIFA from 1960 to 1970. Heisenberg resigned his directorship of the MPIFA on 31 December 1970.In 1951, Heisenberg agreed to become the scientific representative of the Federal Republic of Germany at the UNESCO conference, with the aim of establishing a European laboratory for nuclear physics. Heisenberg's aim was to build a large particle accelerator, drawing on the resources and technical skills of scientists across the Western Bloc. On 1 July 1953 Heisenberg signed the convention that established CERN on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although he was asked to become CERN's founding scientific director, he declined. Instead, he was appointed chair of CERN's science policy committee and went on to determine the scientific program at CERN.In December 1953, Heisenberg became the president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. During his tenure as president 550 Humboldt scholars from 78 nations received scientific research grants. Heisenberg resigned as president shortly before his death.In 1946, the German scientist Heinz Pose, head of Laboratory V in Obninsk, wrote a letter to Heisenberg inviting him to work in the USSR. The letter lauded the working conditions in the USSR and the available resources, as well as the favorable attitude of the Soviets towards German scientists. A courier hand delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to Heisenberg; Heisenberg politely declined. In 1947, Heisenberg presented lectures in Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol. Heisenberg contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of superconductivity with a paper in 1947 and two papers in 1948, one of them with Max von Laue.In the period shortly after World War II, Heisenberg briefly returned to the subject of his doctoral thesis, turbulence. Three papers were published in 1948 and one in 1950. In the post-war period Heisenberg continued his interests in cosmic-ray showers with considerations on multiple production of mesons. He published three papers in 1949, two in 1952, and one in 1955.In late 1955 to early 1956, Heisenberg gave the Gifford Lectures at St Andrews University, in Scotland, on the intellectual history of physics. The lectures were later published as \"Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science\". During 1956 and 1957, Heisenberg was the chairman of the \"Arbeitskreis Kernphysik\" (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the \"Fachkommission II \"Forschung und Nachwuchs\"\" (Commission II \"Research and Growth\") of the \"Deutsche Atomkommission\" (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Walther Bothe, Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957.In 1957, Heisenberg was a signatory of the G\u00f6ttinger Manifest, taking a public stand against the Federal Republic of Germany arming itself with nuclear weapons. Heisenberg, like Pascual Jordan, thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But Heisenberg believed that the G\u00f6ttinger Manifest would \"influence public opinion\" which politicians would have to take into account. He wrote to Walther Gerlach: \"We will probably have to keep coming back to this question in public for a long time because of the danger that public opinion will slacken.\" In 1961 Heisenberg signed the Memorandum of T\u00fcbingen alongside a group of scientists who had been brought together by Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker and Ludwig Raiser. A public discussion between scientists and politicians ensued. As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against \"the full-time intellectual nonconformists\".From 1957 onwards, Heisenberg was interested in plasma physics and the process of nuclear fusion. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in Geneva. He was a member of the Institute's scientific policy committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair. He was one of the eight signatories of the Memorandum of T\u00fcbingen which called for the recognition of the Oder\u2013Nei\u00dfe line as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of West Germany.In 1973, Heisenberg gave a lecture at Harvard University on the historical development of the concepts of quantum theory. On 24 March 1973 Heisenberg gave a speech before the Catholic Academy of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of his speech was published under the title \"Scientific and Religious Truth\", a quotation from which appears in a later section of this article.Heisenberg admired Eastern philosophy and saw parallels between it and quantum mechanics, describing himself as in \"complete agreement\" with the book \"The Tao of Physics\". Heisenberg even went as far to state that after conversations with Rabindranath Tagore about Indian philosophy \"some of the ideas that seemed so crazy suddenly made much more sense\".Regarding the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Heisenberg disliked \"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus\" but he liked \"very much the later ideas of Wittgenstein and his philosophy about language.\"Heisenberg, a devout Christian, wrote: \"We can console ourselves that the good Lord God would know the position of the [subatomic] particles, thus He would let the causality principle continue to have validity,\" in his last letter to Albert Einstein. Einstein continued to maintain that quantum physics must be incomplete because it implies that the universe is indeterminate at a fundamental level.When Heisenberg accepted the in 1974, he gave a speech, which he later published under the title \"Scientific and Religious Truth\". He mused:Heisenberg's son, Martin Heisenberg, became a neurobiologist at the University of W\u00fcrzburg, while his son Jochen Heisenberg became a physics professor at the University of New Hampshire.In his late sixties, Heisenberg penned his autobiography for the mass market. In 1969 the book was published in Germany, in early 1971 it was published in English and in the years thereafter in a string of other languages. Heisenberg had initiated the project in 1966, when his public lectures increasingly turned to the subjects of philosophy and religion. Heisenberg had sent the manuscript for a textbook on the unified field theory to the Hirzel Verlag and John Wiley & Sons for publication. This manuscript, he wrote to one of his publishers, was the preparatory work for his autobiography. He structured his autobiography in themes, covering: 1) The goal of exact science, 2) The problematic of language in atomic physics, 3) Abstraction in mathematics and science, 4) The divisibility of matter or Kant's antinomy, 5) The basic symmetry and its substantiation, and 6) Science and religion.Heisenberg wrote his memoirs as a chain of conversations, covering the course of his life. The book became a popular success, but was regarded as troublesome by historians of science. In the preface Heisenberg wrote that he had abridged historical events, to make them more concise. At the time of publication it was reviewed by Paul Forman in the journal \"Science\" with the comment \"Now here is a memoir in the form of rationally reconstructed dialogue. And the dialogue as Galileo well knew, is itself a most insidious literary device: lively, entertaining, and especially suited for insinuating opinions while yet evading responsibility for them.\" Few scientific memoirs had been published, but Konrad Lorenz and Adolf Portmann had penned popular books that conveyed scholarship to a wide audience. Heisenberg worked on his autobiography and published it with the Piper Verlag in Munich. Heisenberg initially proposed the title \"Gespr\u00e4che im Umkreis der Atomphysik\" (\"Conversations on atomic physics\"). The autobiography was published eventually under the title \"Der Teil und das Ganze\" (\"The part and the whole\"). The 1971 English translation was published under the title \"Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations\".Heisenberg died of kidney cancer at his home, on 1 February 1976. The next evening, his colleagues and friends walked in remembrance from the Institute of Physics to his home, lit a candle and placed it in front of his door. Heisenberg is buried in Munich Waldfriedhof.In 1980 his widow, Elisabeth Heisenberg, published \"The Political Life of an Apolitical Person\" (de, \"Das politische Leben eines Unpolitischen\"). In it she characterized Heisenberg as \"first and foremost, a spontaneous person, thereafter a brilliant scientist, next a highly talented artist, and only in the fourth place, from a sense of duty, homo politicus.\"Heisenberg was awarded a number of honors:The following reports were published in \"Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte\" (\"Research Reports in Nuclear Physics\"), an internal publication of the German \"Uranverein\". The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.Heisenberg's surname is used as the primary alias for Walter White, the lead character in AMC's crime drama series \"Breaking Bad\" throughout White's transformation from a High school chemistry teacher to a drug kingpin.Heisenberg was the target of an assassination by spy Moe Berg in the film \"The Catcher Was a Spy\", based on real events.Heisenberg is credited with building the atomic bomb used by the Axis in the Amazon Prime tv series adaptation of The Man in the High Castle. Atomic bombs in this universe are referred to as Heisenberg Devices.Heisenberg is the namesake of \"Resident Evil Village\" secondary antagonist Karl Heisenberg. Heisenberg's research on ferromagnetism served as inspiration for the character's magnetic abilities.FootnotesCitations", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Copenhagen", "Max Planck Institute for Physics", "German nuclear weapons project"], "facts": [["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "German nuclear weapons project", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "educated at", "Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen", "January 1911", "January 1920"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "Max Planck Institute for Physics", "January 1946", "January 1970"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "Leipzig University", "January 1927", "January 1941"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1920", "January 1923"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jacques Attali educated in November 1963?", "adv_question": "Where was Jacques Attali educated in 11/1963?", "date": "November 17 1963", "text_answers": {"text": ["\u00c9cole polytechnique"]}, "id": "L2_Q364315_P69_0", "fact_context": "Jacques Attali studied at Sciences Po from January 1965 to January 1967. \n Jacques Attali worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique from January 1968 to January 1985. \n Jacques Attali studied at \u00c9cole polytechnique from January 1963 to January 1965.", "adv_fact_context": "Jacques Attali worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique from Jan 1968 to Jan 1985. \n Jacques Attali studied at \u00c9cole polytechnique from 01/1963 to 01/1965. \n Jacques Attali studied at Sciences Po from Jan 1965 to Jan 1967.", "context": "Jacques AttaliJacques Attali (; born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant, who served as a counselor to President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991 and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1991-1993. In 1997, upon the request of education minister Claude All\u00e8gre, he proposed a reform of the higher education degrees system. In 2008-2010, he led the government committee on how to ignite the growth of the French economy, under President Nicolas Sarkozy.Attali co-founded the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the development of new technologies. He also founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance and is the head of Attali & Associates (A&A), an international consultancy firm on strategy, corporate finance and venture capital. Interested in the arts, he has been nominated to serve on the board of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay. He has published more than fifty books, including \"\" (1985), \"Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom\" (1999), and \"A Brief History of the Future\" (2006).In 2009, \"Foreign Policy\" recognized him as one of the top 100 \"global thinkers\" in the world.Jacques Attali was born on 1 November 1943 in Algiers (Algeria), with his twin brother Bernard Attali, in a Jewish family. His father, Simon Attali, is a self-educated person who achieved success in perfumery (\"Bib et Bab\" shop) in Algiers. He married Fernande Ab\u00e9cassis on 27 January 1943. On 11 February 1954, his mother gave birth to his sister, Fabienne. In 1956, two years after the beginning of the Algerian independence war (1954\u20131962), his father decided to move to Paris with his family.Jacques and Bernard studied at the Lyc\u00e9e Janson-de-Sailly, in the 16th arrondissement, where they met Jean-Louis Bianco and Laurent Fabius. In 1966, Jacques graduated from the \u00c9cole polytechnique (first of the class of 1963). He also graduated from the \u00c9cole des mines, Sciences Po and the \u00c9cole nationale d'administration (third of the class of 1970).In 1968, while doing an internship at the prefecture of a French department (Ni\u00e8vre), he met for the second time with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, then President of the department, whom he had met for the first time three years before.in 1972, Jacques Attali received a Ph.D. in economics from University Paris Dauphine, for a thesis written under the supervision of Alain Cotta. Michel Serres was among the jury of his Ph.D.In 1970, when he was 27, he became a member of the Council of State. In 1972, aged 29, he published his first two books, \"Analyse \u00e9conomique de la vie politique\" and \"Mod\u00e8les politiques\", for which he was awarded with a prize from the Academy of Sciences.Jacques Attali taught economics from 1968 to 1985 at the Paris Dauphine University, at the \u00c9cole polytechnique and at the \u00c9cole des Ponts et chauss\u00e9es.In his laboratory in Dauphine, the IRIS, he gathered several young researchers Yves Stourdz\u00e9 (who ran the European research program EUREKA co-founded by Jacques Attali), Jean-Herv\u00e9 Lorenzi, and \u00c9rik Orsenna, but also leading figures in various fields (including journalism, mathematics, show business, financial analysis).Jacques Attali's close collaboration with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand started in December 1973. He directed his political campaign for the presidential elections in 1974. He then became his main chief of staff in the opposition. In 1981, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, after he was elected President, named Attali as his special adviser. From this moment on, Jacques Attali wrote notes every evening for the attention of the French President, which dealt with economics, culture, politics, or the last book he read. He also attended all the Cabinet meetings, the Defense Council, and all bilateral meetings between President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand and foreign heads of States and governments. The President also entrusted him with the role of \"sherpa\" (personal representative of a head of State) for the European and G7 summits.Jacques Attali then enlarged his circle of acquaintances to Raymond Barre, Jacques Delors, Philippe S\u00e9guin, Jean-Luc Lagard\u00e8re, Antoine Riboud, Michel Serres, Coluche. He advised the President to get Jean-Louis Bianco, Alain Boublil and several young, promising graduates from the \u00c9cole nationale d\u2019administration (like Fran\u00e7ois Hollande and S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal) to join his team.In 1982, he pleaded for \"economic rigour\". As \"sherpa\" of Mitterrand during 10 years, he organised the Versailles G7 summit in 1982 and the G7 Summit of the Arch in 1989. He took an active part in the organization of the celebrations for the bicentenary of the French Revolution on July, 14th 1989.In 1997, upon the request of Claude All\u00e8gre, he proposed a reform of the tertiary education degree system which led to the implementation of the LMD model.In 2008 and 2010, he was asked by then President Nicolas Sarkozy to chair a bipartisan commission aiming at proposing reforms to foster French economic growth. In 2013, Jacques Attali advocated the concept of positive economy in a report delivered to President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande at his request. His ideas inspired some of the provisions of the law proposed by Emmanuel Macron, Minister of Economy.On 7 April 2011, in Washington, D.C., the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the United States' Smithsonian Institution presented the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service to Jacques Attali, founder and president of PlaNet Finance.Attali has supported Rattachism.In 1979, Attali co-founded the international NGO Action Against Hunger (\"Action Contre La Faim\").In 1984, he helped implement the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the \"development of new technologies\", the direction of which he entrusted to Yves Stourdz\u00e9.In January 1989, he initiated a vast international plan of action against the disastrous flooding in Bangladesh.In August 1989, during Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand's second mandate, Jacques Attali gave up politics and left the Elys\u00e9e Palace. He founded the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), in London, and became its first president. He had initiated the idea of this institution in June 1989, before the fall of the Berlin Wall, in order to support the reconstruction of Eastern European countries. He chaired the Paris negotiating conference which led to the creation of the EBRD. Under his leadership, the EBRD promoted investments which aimed at protecting nuclear power plants, protecting the environment and, more generally, developing infrastructure, reinforcing private sector competitiveness and support transition to democracy.In 1991, Attali invited Mikhail Gorbachev to the EBRD headquarters, in London, against the opinion of British Prime Minister John Major. By doing so, he compelled the heads of government of the G7, who were attending a summit in this town, to receive the Soviet head of state. After a stormy phone call between Jacques Attali and John Major, the British press started to criticize Attali and spread suspicions about his management of the institution. Uncontested details of the management of the EBRD \u2013 including of inefficiency and profligacy \u2013 were shocking. Some of these details were taken up by some French journalists. Attali explains his stance in a chapter of his book \"C'\u00e9tait Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand\", entitled \"Verbatim and the EBRD\": \"the work in question had been done under the supervision of an international working group to which I did not belong\". Indeed, when Attali left the EBRD (voluntarily) the board of governors gave him final discharge for the management of the institution. However, his reputation never recovered.In 1993, Attali won a libel suit; he had been accused of having reproduced in his book verbatim, without Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand's authorization, secret archives and several sentences of the French head of State which were meant for another book. The \"Herald Tribune\" even published, on the front page, an article claiming (wrongly) that President Mitterrand had asked for the book to be withdrawn from sale. Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand confirmed in a long interview that he had asked Attali to write this book, and acknowledged that he had proofread it and had been given the possibility to make corrections.In 1998, Attali founded Positive Planet, a non-profit organization which is active in more than 80 countries, employing over 500 staff, and provides funding, technical assistance and advisory services to microfinance players and stakeholders. Positive Planet is also active in France empoverished suburbs.In 2001 Attali was subject to investigations on the charges of \"concealment of company assets which have been misused and influence peddling\". He was discharged on 27 October 2009 by the magistrate's court of Paris, \"on the benefit of the doubt\".Jacques Attali advocates the establishment of a global rule of law, which will condition the survival of democracy through the creation of a new global order. He thinks the regulation of the economy by a global financial supervisory institution may be a solution to the financial crisis which started 2008. The financial institution is a first step towards the establishment of a democratic world government, of which the European Union can be a laboratory.In 1994, Jacques Attali founded Attali & Associates (A&A), an international advisory firm which specializes in strategy consulting, corporate finance and venture capital to help companies develop on the long run.In 2012, Attali became a member of the supervisory board of Kepler Capital Markets, a Swiss broker based in Geneva. The same year, Cr\u00e9dit Agricole sold Cheuvreux, which employs about 700 people worldwide, to Kepler Capital Markets.He also presides over the supervisory board of Slate.fr. On 9 September 2010, Jacques Attali was appointed as a member of the directorate of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay.Jacques Attali has a passion for music: he plays the piano (he once played for the association Les Restos du C\u0153ur), and wrote lyrics for Barbara. He is the author of the book \"Bruits\" (1977) (English: \"\"), an essay which deals with the economy of music and the importance of music in the evolution of our societies.In 1978, he got to play himself in \"Pauline et l'ordinateur\", directed by Francis Fehr.Since 2003, he directs the Grenoble University orchestra, open to amateurs, under Patrick Souillot. He performed very different pieces, which ranged from a symphony composed by Benda to Bach's violin concertos, a mass composed by Mozart, Barber's Adagio and Mendelssohn's double concerto for violin, piano and orchestra. In 2012, he conducted the \"Musiques en sc\u00e8ne orchestra\", performing the opening of the Barber of Sevilla and co-directed the Lamoureux Orchestra with his friend, the geneticist Daniel Cohen, during the gala of Technion University, in Paris. He also directed the Lausanne Sinfonietta in August and Ravel's Concerto in G with the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra in Jerusalem and then in Paris. He also directed orchestra in Shanghai, Bondy, Marseille, London and Astana.With Patrick Souillot, he created in 2012 a national organization following the model of the Fabrique Op\u00e9ra Grenoble, which aims at coordinating the production of cooperative operas with the participation of students from vocational highschools.On 24 July 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Jacques Attali to chair a bipartisan commission charged with studying \"the bottlenecks that constrain growth\". It was composed of 42 members, freely appointed by Attali, mostly liberals and social democrats. Its unanimous report was handed over to the President on 23 January 2008. It contained various recommendations to radically transform the French economy and society in order to unlock economic growth.In 2012, French President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande ordered from Attali a report on the \"positive economics\" situation. The aim of this report was to put an end to the short-termism, to move from an individualistic economy based on the short-term to an economy based on public interest and the interest of future generations, to organize the transition from an old model based on the wealth economy to a model in which economic agents will have other obligations than profit maximization. This report, written by a wide-ranging commission, proposed 44 reforms.The literary work of Jacques Attali covers a wide range of topics and almost every possible subject in the field of literature: mathematics, economic theory, essays, novels, biographies, memoirs, children's stories, and theater. It is probably difficult to find a common thread in his work.All of his essays revolve around the daunting task of describing the future from a long-term analysis of the past. In order to accomplish this, he undertook the task of retelling the story of human activity and its various dimensions: music, time, property, France, nomadic life, health, the seas, modernity, global governance, love and death (\"Bruits, Histoires du temps, La nouvelle \u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise, Chemin de sagesse, Au propre et au figur\u00e9, l'ordre cannibale, Consolations, l\u2019homme nomade, Amours, Histoire de la modernit\u00e9, Demain qui gouvernera le monde , Histoires de la mer\"). He has also put forward several readers (\"Lignes d'horizon\", \"Br\u00e8ve histoire de l'avenir\", \"Vivement apr\u00e8s demain\") and several publications on analytical methods (\"Analyse \u00e9conomique de la vie politique\", \"Mod\u00e8les politiques\", \"Les trois mondes\", \"La figure de Fraser\", \"Peut-on pr\u00e9voir l'avenir ?\").His work reveals a distinct vision of history and its successive stages, which are simultaneously ideological, technological and geopolitical. Furthermore, his work entails depicting the slow transformation of humanity into an artifact in which man becomes an object to escape death, and the geopolitical evolution toward chaos that accompanies such transformation; meanwhile, man is also waiting for an awakening leading to a new global governance, a sanctification of the essential makeup of mankind, taking into account the interest of future generations, and not letting prostheses invade it.Attali has also, in books written during key events, tried to highlight particular moments of the present and the near future (\"La crise et apr\u00e8s ?\", \"Tous ruin\u00e9s dans dix ans ?,\" \"\u00c9conomie de l'apocalypse\") and he proposed reforms to implement, either in books he authored (\"Candidats, r\u00e9pondez !, Urgences fran\u00e7aises\") or in collective reports (\"Rapport sur l'\u00e9volution de l'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur\", \"sur la lib\u00e9ration de la croissance, sur l'\u00e9conomie positive, sur la francophonie\").Attali also reflected on the future of the concepts of socialism and altruism (\"La voie humaine\", \"Fraternit\u00e9s\") and advocated methods of personal growth (\"Survivre aux crises\", \"Devenir soi\").Since his earliest books, Attali foresaw and announced signals of the future, albeit weak at the time, that later came true: In \"La parole et l'outil\" (1976), he announced and described the shift from an energy-based society to an information-based society. In \"Bruits\", in 1977, he announced what would later be the internet, YouTube, and the importance of musical practice; in \"La nouvelle \u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise\", in 1978, he discussed the coming emergence of the personal computer, hyper-surveillance and self-surveillance. In \"Les trois mondes\", in 1980, he announced the shift of the centre of power around the Pacific. In \"L'ordre Cannibale\", in 1980, he announced the advent of a prosthetic society, now known as transhumanism. In \"Histoires du temps\", he announced the rapid pace of history and the growing immediacy of relationships. In \"Amours\", he announced the emergence of poly-romantic relationships. In \"Au propre et au figur\u00e9\", he announced the break-up of property and its use, and subsequently he invented the concept of the \"nomadic object.\" In \"Lignes d'horizons\", in 1990, he predicted the relative decline of US power. In \"Br\u00e8ve histoire de l'avenir\", he announced a corporate power grab by health data and insurance companies. In \"L'homme nomade\", he described the great movement of populations whose sedentary life was only a temporary stage.Attali has reflected on the many dimensions, as well as the place, of Jewish thought and the Jewish people in history (\"1492\", \"Histoire \u00e9conomique du peuple juif\", \"Dictionnaire amoureux du juda\u00efsme\"); he also took on this subject at the theatre in \"Du cristal \u00e0 la fum\u00e9e\".He also reflected on inter-religious dialogue (\"La confr\u00e9rie des Eveill\u00e9s\" and \"Naissance de l'Occident\").The focus of his biographical publishing is on retelling the lives of characters who disrupted world history by the strength of their ideas: Warburg, Pascal, Marx, Gandhi, Diderot, and all those for whom he wrote a short biography in \"Phares\", such as Averroes, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno, Darwin.Attali's novels, mostly categorized in fantasy genre, or at least in the slight dystopia subgenre, address the same themes. In particular, his novels revolve around the risks confronted by humanity, with characters anxious to hide, to disappear (\"Nouvelles\", \"Les portes du ciel\", \"Le premier jour apr\u00e8s moi\", \"Il viendra\", \"Notre vie disent- ils\").More recently, he has chosen to combine crime novels with dystopia, imagining a reappearing police chief, whilst the action takes place in a near future period.In conclusion, Attali has narrated some of the major events in which he was involved in several memoirs: first, in \"Verbatim 1, 2\" and \"3\", he kept, at the request of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, the daily newspaper in the years during Mitterand's presidency. He also recounted his memories of the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in \"Europe(s)\" and drew a portrait of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand in \"C'\u00e9tait Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand\", from the twenty years he spent at his side.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sciences Po"], "facts": [["Jacques Attali", "educated at", "\u00c9cole polytechnique", "January 1963", "January 1965"], ["Jacques Attali", "employer", "\u00c9cole polytechnique", "January 1968", "January 1985"], ["Jacques Attali", "educated at", "Sciences Po", "January 1965", "January 1967"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s belong to in June 1997?", "adv_question": "Which political party did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s belong to in 06/1997?", "date": "June 10 1997", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hungarian Socialist Party"]}, "id": "L2_Q461944_P102_5", "fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to January 1978. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from January 1951 to January 1956. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to January 1959. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from January 2003 to January 2005. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from January 1978 to January 1982. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from June 1998 to May 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from January 1989 to January 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990.", "adv_fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from Jan 1989 to 01/2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to Jan 1978. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from Jan 2003 to Jan 2005. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from Jan 1951 to January 1956. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from Jan 1978 to Jan 1982. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from 06/1998 to May 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to 01/1959.", "context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6sM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s (; born 11 September 1933 in P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny) is a Hungarian politician. He served as provisional President of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990. His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government.Sz\u0171r\u00f6s served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990. In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character. The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved. Under the Constitution, Sz\u0171r\u00f6s became provisional president until the election. Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the \"People's Republic\" from its constitutional name and was now the \"Republic of Hungary.\"He remained in parliament until 2002 as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party, often voting against the party consensus. He quit the party in 2002, joined the newly established New Left Party and ran as their prime minister candidate at the parliamentary elections, but the party only got 0.1% of the popular votes. In 2003 he joined the Social Democratic Party and was later elected as the chairman of the party. He resigned his position in 2005.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hungarian Working People's Party", "Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party", "Hungarian Social Democratic Party"], "facts": [["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Party", "January 1989", "January 2002"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union", "January 1978", "January 1982"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "June 1998", "May 2002"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "President of Hungary", "October 1989", "May 1990"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Working People's Party", "January 1951", "January 1956"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "ambassador of Hungary to East Germany", "January 1975", "January 1978"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "educated at", "Moscow State Institute of International Relations", "January 1953", "January 1959"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Social Democratic Party", "January 2003", "January 2005"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party", "January 1956", "January 1989"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for in October 1925?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for in 10/1925?", "date": "October 31 1925", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Groningen"]}, "id": "L2_Q180468_P108_2", "fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to January 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from November 1945 to January 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from January 1939 to January 1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from January 1925 to January 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from January 1920 to January 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from April 1945 to November 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945.", "adv_fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from 01/1939 to 01/1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from Nov 1945 to Jan 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to Jan 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from 04/1945 to Nov 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from Jan 1926 to 01/1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from Jan 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from 01/1925 to Jan 1926.", "context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyiAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi de Nagyr\u00e1polt (September 16, 1893\u00a0\u2013 October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1893. His father, Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Transylvania (today T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when S\u00e1muel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled. At the time of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available. (Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and M\u00e1ria Csiky). His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of J\u00f3zsef Lenhoss\u00e9k and Anna Boss\u00e1nyi. Jozefina was a sister of Mih\u00e1ly Lenhoss\u00e9k; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University. His family included three generations of scientists. Music was important in the Lenhoss\u00e9k family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother P\u00e1l became a professional violinist.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911, and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi shot himself in the arm, claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917. He married Korn\u00e9lia Dem\u00e9ny, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his research career in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929 where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called \"hexuronic acid\", from adrenal gland tissue.He accepted a position at the University of Szeged in 1930. There Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that \"hexuronic acid\" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zolt\u00e1n Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\". Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (The Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.)In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.In 1947 Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research.During the 1950s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956.In the late 1950s, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term \"syntropy\" replace the term \"negentropy\". Ralph Moss, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled \"Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.\" Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling.Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, who realized that \"a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,\" divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored \"the fringes of knowledge,\" Dionysians. He wrote, \"In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian.\"As the government of Gyula G\u00f6mb\u00f6s and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Mikl\u00f3s K\u00e1llay sent Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.In 1967, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.He married Cornelia Dem\u00e9ny, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917. Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was born in 1918. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975. They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth. In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi oral history collection.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Szeged", "Leiden University", "Fitzwilliam College"], "facts": [["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Hungarian upper chamber", "January 1939", "January 1943"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Fitzwilliam College", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1925", "January 1926"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "November 1945", "January 1947"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "educated at", "Semmelweis University", "January 1911", "January 1917"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1931", "January 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Provisional National Assembly", "April 1945", "November 1945"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for in August 1929?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for in August 1929?", "date": "August 15 1929", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fitzwilliam College"]}, "id": "L2_Q180468_P108_3", "fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from January 1939 to January 1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from November 1945 to January 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to January 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from January 1925 to January 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from April 1945 to November 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from January 1920 to January 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from January 1926 to January 1930.", "adv_fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from Jan 1926 to 01/1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from Nov 1945 to Jan 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from 01/1939 to 01/1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to Jan 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from 01/1925 to Jan 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from 04/1945 to Nov 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from Jan 1920 to Jan 1922.", "context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyiAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi de Nagyr\u00e1polt (September 16, 1893\u00a0\u2013 October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1893. His father, Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Transylvania (today T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when S\u00e1muel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled. At the time of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available. (Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and M\u00e1ria Csiky). His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of J\u00f3zsef Lenhoss\u00e9k and Anna Boss\u00e1nyi. Jozefina was a sister of Mih\u00e1ly Lenhoss\u00e9k; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University. His family included three generations of scientists. Music was important in the Lenhoss\u00e9k family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother P\u00e1l became a professional violinist.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911, and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi shot himself in the arm, claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917. He married Korn\u00e9lia Dem\u00e9ny, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his research career in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929 where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called \"hexuronic acid\", from adrenal gland tissue.He accepted a position at the University of Szeged in 1930. There Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that \"hexuronic acid\" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zolt\u00e1n Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\". Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (The Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.)In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.In 1947 Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research.During the 1950s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956.In the late 1950s, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term \"syntropy\" replace the term \"negentropy\". Ralph Moss, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled \"Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.\" Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling.Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, who realized that \"a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,\" divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored \"the fringes of knowledge,\" Dionysians. He wrote, \"In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian.\"As the government of Gyula G\u00f6mb\u00f6s and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Mikl\u00f3s K\u00e1llay sent Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.In 1967, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.He married Cornelia Dem\u00e9ny, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917. Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was born in 1918. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975. They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth. In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi oral history collection.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Groningen", "University of Szeged", "Leiden University"], "facts": [["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1925", "January 1926"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1931", "January 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Fitzwilliam College", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Hungarian upper chamber", "January 1939", "January 1943"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "educated at", "Semmelweis University", "January 1911", "January 1917"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Provisional National Assembly", "April 1945", "November 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "November 1945", "January 1947"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 in August 1997?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 in Aug 1997?", "date": "August 18 1997", "text_answers": {"text": ["Carlo Ancelotti"]}, "id": "L2_Q2693_P286_1", "fact_context": "Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from August 2020 to January 2021. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2022 to May 2023. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1985 to June 1987. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2006 to February 2007. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from May 2021 to November 2021. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1996 to June 1998. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2021 to May 2021.", "adv_fact_context": "Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 07/1996 to 06/1998. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 05/2021 to November 2021. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jul 1985 to 06/1987. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2017 to Jan 2020. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jun 2006 to 02/2007. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Aug 2020 to January 2021. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2021 to May 2021. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 06/2022 to May 2023.", "context": "Parma Calcio 1913Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian professional football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently competes in the Serie B, the 2nd tier of Italian football.Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 27,906-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply \"Il Tardini\", from 1923.Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the 1996\u201397 season. The club has won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018.The club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma. It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross. Parma began playing league football during the 1919\u201320 season after the end of World War I. Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later. Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928\u201329 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931. In the 1935\u201336 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944.Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948\u201349 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954\u201355, a club record at that time. This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged. Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960\u201361 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964\u201365 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the \"Crociata\" shirts, the badge and the city's name. This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the \"Rossoneri\". Sacchi's replacement, Zden\u011bk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989. Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2\u20130 Derby dell'Enza win over Reggiana. Investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991. Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991\u201392, beating Juventus 2\u20131 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3\u20131 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley. The next season, the side was successful in the European Super Cup, overcoming Milan 2\u20131 on aggregate, but lost the Cup Winners' Cup final 1\u20130 to Arsenal. Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2\u20131 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997. Parma consequently made its debut in the UEFA Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3\u20130 victory before 1999 Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hern\u00e1n Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed.Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won the third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the \"Seven Sisters\". In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004 (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004\u201305 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A\u00a0\u2013 despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for \u20ac25\u00a0million\u00a0\u2013 as managers came and went. Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal.On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club. Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season following his February appointment. However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after 18 years in the top flight.Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009\u201310, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight. Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare. In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5\u20130 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014\u201315 Serie A season. Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million, including \u20ac63m unpaid salaries. The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. Administrators Angelo Anedda and Alberto Guiotto were forced to put some trophies to sell in an auction in a desperate attempt to raise money to cover the debt. These included: three Coppa Italia won in 1992, 1999 and 2002, the UEFA Cup Winners\u2019 Cup from 1993, the 1994 UEFA Super Cup, two UEFA Cup of 1995 and 1999 and the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana.The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the 2015\u201316 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma. Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach. In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record. Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro with three games to spare following a 2\u20131 win against Delta Rovigo, ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.Parma ended the 2016\u201317 Lega Pro season in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2\u20130 win over Alessandria in the promotion play-off final. On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the 2017\u201318 Serie B season second behind champions Empoli and level on points with Frosinone, but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in 2018\u201319 Serie A just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D. On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018\u201319 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player Emanuele Calaio \"eliciting a reduced effort\" from two players of Spezia (Filippo De Col and Claudio Terzi) during the 2017\u201318 season, a match Parma won 2\u20130 to secure promotion. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.In the club's first season back in Serie A, they managed to achieve a 14th placed finish on the table, three points above the relegation zone.Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established, but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change. White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the \"Giallobl\u00f9\" (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000\u201301 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014\u201315 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013\u201314 campaign. The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for \u20ac250,000 a year later.Parma initially had no permanent home and used the \"Piazza d'Armi\", where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the \"Piazza d'Armi\" before transferring to the \"Tre Pioppi\", the first fenced-off pitch in the city. Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue. Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio. In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi\u00a0Sportivi\u00a0S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about \u20ac3\u00a0million.The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans. Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late. The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in Serie D than the previous year in Serie A following bankruptcy. In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region. They are represented by three main groups: \"il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club\" (which represents most of the fanbase), \"l'Associazione Petitot\" and the club's ultras, \"Boys Parma\", which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans. The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, \"La Curva Nord\", directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand. In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans. In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002\u201303 season. Parma's club anthem is \"Il grido di battaglia\", which means \"The Battle Cry\".Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. \"Derby dell'Enza\" opponents Reggiana are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia. Parma contests the \"Derby dell'Emilia\" with Bologna. Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the \"Derby dei Ducati\", which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the \"Derby del Ducato\", which is played against Piacenza. Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too.Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's 1995 UEFA Cup victory, its first and third Coppa Italia triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in 1995 and 2002, and its 1995 domestic cup final defeat to \"The Old Lady\". These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called \"gemellaggi\". This is a practice uncommon elsewhere. Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the \"Azzurri\" fans' knowledge. Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20\u00a0billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over \u20ac10\u00a0billion and a \u20ac167\u00a0million net loss by the club in 2003. On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39\u00a0million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of \u20ac20\u00a0million nominal value. Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just \u20ac3\u00a0million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority. By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%. In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi. On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Ta\u00e7i for \u20ac1, at which point the club was $200\u00a0million in debt. The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, \u20ac1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer. With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million (including unpaid wages of \u20ac63\u00a0million). On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma. The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish \u20ac22.6\u00a0million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B. Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of \u20ac250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (co-owner of Barilla Group), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of Impresa Pizzarotti), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara. The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further \u20ac89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of \u20ac500 per share.In June 2017, Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang's Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche. At the end of October 2018 the local Nuovo Inizio group regained control of the club reacquiring 60% of the shares, with the Chinese partners forced to downsize to 30% in light of alleged lack of diligence in meeting their obligations, while 10% remained unchanged in the public company Partecipazioni Calcistiche. On 9 November Parma Calcio held a shareholders\u2019 Meeting to appoint a new Board of Directors, at the end of which Pietro Pizzarotti, at the time vice-president, was appointed the new president of the club.In 2020, Parma were purchased by the Krause Group, owners of American-based convenience store chain Kum & Go.Since 2013 the main sponsor is Cetilar by Pharmanutra.  6\u00a0\u2013 The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain Alessandro Lucarelli after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.12\u00a0\u2013 From the 2002\u201303 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015\u201316 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.\"For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.\"Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.\"For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and .\"\"For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.\"\"For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.Parma has won eight major titles in its history, all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002. These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition (after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan), and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Fabio Liverani", "Roberto D'Aversa", "Claudio Ranieri", "Fabio Pecchia", "Arrigo Sacchi", "Enzo Maresca", "Stefano Pioli", "Giuseppe Iachini"], "facts": [["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Claudio Ranieri", "February 2007", "June 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Giuseppe Iachini", "November 2021", "May 2022"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Arrigo Sacchi", "July 1985", "June 1987"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Enzo Maresca", "May 2021", "November 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Pecchia", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Roberto D'Aversa", "January 2021", "May 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "chairperson", "Jiang Lizhang", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Stefano Pioli", "June 2006", "February 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Liverani", "August 2020", "January 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Carlo Ancelotti", "July 1996", "June 1998"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 in July 2021?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 in 07/2021?", "date": "July 02 2021", "text_answers": {"text": ["Enzo Maresca"]}, "id": "L2_Q2693_P286_7", "fact_context": "Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1996 to June 1998. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from August 2020 to January 2021. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1985 to June 1987. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2022 to May 2023. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from May 2021 to November 2021. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2006 to February 2007. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2021 to May 2021.", "adv_fact_context": "Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jun 2006 to 02/2007. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2021 to May 2021. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jul 1985 to 06/1987. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 06/2022 to May 2023. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Aug 2020 to January 2021. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 07/1996 to 06/1998. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2017 to Jan 2020. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 05/2021 to November 2021.", "context": "Parma Calcio 1913Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian professional football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently competes in the Serie B, the 2nd tier of Italian football.Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 27,906-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply \"Il Tardini\", from 1923.Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the 1996\u201397 season. The club has won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018.The club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma. It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross. Parma began playing league football during the 1919\u201320 season after the end of World War I. Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later. Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928\u201329 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931. In the 1935\u201336 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944.Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948\u201349 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954\u201355, a club record at that time. This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged. Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960\u201361 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964\u201365 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the \"Crociata\" shirts, the badge and the city's name. This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the \"Rossoneri\". Sacchi's replacement, Zden\u011bk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989. Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2\u20130 Derby dell'Enza win over Reggiana. Investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991. Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991\u201392, beating Juventus 2\u20131 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3\u20131 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley. The next season, the side was successful in the European Super Cup, overcoming Milan 2\u20131 on aggregate, but lost the Cup Winners' Cup final 1\u20130 to Arsenal. Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2\u20131 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997. Parma consequently made its debut in the UEFA Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3\u20130 victory before 1999 Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hern\u00e1n Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed.Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won the third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the \"Seven Sisters\". In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004 (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004\u201305 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A\u00a0\u2013 despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for \u20ac25\u00a0million\u00a0\u2013 as managers came and went. Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal.On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club. Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season following his February appointment. However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after 18 years in the top flight.Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009\u201310, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight. Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare. In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5\u20130 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014\u201315 Serie A season. Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million, including \u20ac63m unpaid salaries. The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. Administrators Angelo Anedda and Alberto Guiotto were forced to put some trophies to sell in an auction in a desperate attempt to raise money to cover the debt. These included: three Coppa Italia won in 1992, 1999 and 2002, the UEFA Cup Winners\u2019 Cup from 1993, the 1994 UEFA Super Cup, two UEFA Cup of 1995 and 1999 and the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana.The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the 2015\u201316 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma. Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach. In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record. Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro with three games to spare following a 2\u20131 win against Delta Rovigo, ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.Parma ended the 2016\u201317 Lega Pro season in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2\u20130 win over Alessandria in the promotion play-off final. On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the 2017\u201318 Serie B season second behind champions Empoli and level on points with Frosinone, but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in 2018\u201319 Serie A just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D. On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018\u201319 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player Emanuele Calaio \"eliciting a reduced effort\" from two players of Spezia (Filippo De Col and Claudio Terzi) during the 2017\u201318 season, a match Parma won 2\u20130 to secure promotion. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.In the club's first season back in Serie A, they managed to achieve a 14th placed finish on the table, three points above the relegation zone.Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established, but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change. White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the \"Giallobl\u00f9\" (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000\u201301 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014\u201315 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013\u201314 campaign. The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for \u20ac250,000 a year later.Parma initially had no permanent home and used the \"Piazza d'Armi\", where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the \"Piazza d'Armi\" before transferring to the \"Tre Pioppi\", the first fenced-off pitch in the city. Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue. Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio. In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi\u00a0Sportivi\u00a0S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about \u20ac3\u00a0million.The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans. Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late. The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in Serie D than the previous year in Serie A following bankruptcy. In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region. They are represented by three main groups: \"il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club\" (which represents most of the fanbase), \"l'Associazione Petitot\" and the club's ultras, \"Boys Parma\", which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans. The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, \"La Curva Nord\", directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand. In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans. In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002\u201303 season. Parma's club anthem is \"Il grido di battaglia\", which means \"The Battle Cry\".Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. \"Derby dell'Enza\" opponents Reggiana are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia. Parma contests the \"Derby dell'Emilia\" with Bologna. Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the \"Derby dei Ducati\", which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the \"Derby del Ducato\", which is played against Piacenza. Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too.Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's 1995 UEFA Cup victory, its first and third Coppa Italia triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in 1995 and 2002, and its 1995 domestic cup final defeat to \"The Old Lady\". These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called \"gemellaggi\". This is a practice uncommon elsewhere. Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the \"Azzurri\" fans' knowledge. Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20\u00a0billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over \u20ac10\u00a0billion and a \u20ac167\u00a0million net loss by the club in 2003. On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39\u00a0million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of \u20ac20\u00a0million nominal value. Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just \u20ac3\u00a0million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority. By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%. In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi. On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Ta\u00e7i for \u20ac1, at which point the club was $200\u00a0million in debt. The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, \u20ac1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer. With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million (including unpaid wages of \u20ac63\u00a0million). On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma. The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish \u20ac22.6\u00a0million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B. Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of \u20ac250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (co-owner of Barilla Group), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of Impresa Pizzarotti), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara. The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further \u20ac89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of \u20ac500 per share.In June 2017, Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang's Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche. At the end of October 2018 the local Nuovo Inizio group regained control of the club reacquiring 60% of the shares, with the Chinese partners forced to downsize to 30% in light of alleged lack of diligence in meeting their obligations, while 10% remained unchanged in the public company Partecipazioni Calcistiche. On 9 November Parma Calcio held a shareholders\u2019 Meeting to appoint a new Board of Directors, at the end of which Pietro Pizzarotti, at the time vice-president, was appointed the new president of the club.In 2020, Parma were purchased by the Krause Group, owners of American-based convenience store chain Kum & Go.Since 2013 the main sponsor is Cetilar by Pharmanutra.  6\u00a0\u2013 The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain Alessandro Lucarelli after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.12\u00a0\u2013 From the 2002\u201303 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015\u201316 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.\"For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.\"Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.\"For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and .\"\"For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.\"\"For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.Parma has won eight major titles in its history, all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002. These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition (after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan), and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Fabio Liverani", "Roberto D'Aversa", "Carlo Ancelotti", "Claudio Ranieri", "Fabio Pecchia", "Arrigo Sacchi", "Stefano Pioli", "Giuseppe Iachini"], "facts": [["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Giuseppe Iachini", "November 2021", "May 2022"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "chairperson", "Jiang Lizhang", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Arrigo Sacchi", "July 1985", "June 1987"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Carlo Ancelotti", "July 1996", "June 1998"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Pecchia", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Enzo Maresca", "May 2021", "November 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Claudio Ranieri", "February 2007", "June 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Roberto D'Aversa", "January 2021", "May 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Liverani", "August 2020", "January 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Stefano Pioli", "June 2006", "February 2007"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 in April 2023?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 in April 2023?", "date": "April 15 2023", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fabio Pecchia"]}, "id": "L2_Q2693_P286_9", "fact_context": "Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from August 2020 to January 2021. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1985 to June 1987. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1996 to June 1998. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2022 to May 2023. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from May 2021 to November 2021. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2021 to May 2021. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2006 to February 2007.", "adv_fact_context": "Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2017 to Jan 2020. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jun 2006 to 02/2007. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 07/1996 to 06/1998. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2021 to May 2021. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Aug 2020 to January 2021. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 05/2021 to November 2021. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jul 1985 to 06/1987. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 06/2022 to May 2023.", "context": "Parma Calcio 1913Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian professional football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently competes in the Serie B, the 2nd tier of Italian football.Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 27,906-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply \"Il Tardini\", from 1923.Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the 1996\u201397 season. The club has won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018.The club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma. It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross. Parma began playing league football during the 1919\u201320 season after the end of World War I. Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later. Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928\u201329 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931. In the 1935\u201336 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944.Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948\u201349 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954\u201355, a club record at that time. This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged. Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960\u201361 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964\u201365 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the \"Crociata\" shirts, the badge and the city's name. This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the \"Rossoneri\". Sacchi's replacement, Zden\u011bk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989. Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2\u20130 Derby dell'Enza win over Reggiana. Investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991. Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991\u201392, beating Juventus 2\u20131 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3\u20131 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley. The next season, the side was successful in the European Super Cup, overcoming Milan 2\u20131 on aggregate, but lost the Cup Winners' Cup final 1\u20130 to Arsenal. Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2\u20131 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997. Parma consequently made its debut in the UEFA Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3\u20130 victory before 1999 Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hern\u00e1n Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed.Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won the third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the \"Seven Sisters\". In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004 (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004\u201305 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A\u00a0\u2013 despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for \u20ac25\u00a0million\u00a0\u2013 as managers came and went. Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal.On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club. Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season following his February appointment. However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after 18 years in the top flight.Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009\u201310, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight. Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare. In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5\u20130 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014\u201315 Serie A season. Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million, including \u20ac63m unpaid salaries. The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. Administrators Angelo Anedda and Alberto Guiotto were forced to put some trophies to sell in an auction in a desperate attempt to raise money to cover the debt. These included: three Coppa Italia won in 1992, 1999 and 2002, the UEFA Cup Winners\u2019 Cup from 1993, the 1994 UEFA Super Cup, two UEFA Cup of 1995 and 1999 and the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana.The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the 2015\u201316 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma. Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach. In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record. Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro with three games to spare following a 2\u20131 win against Delta Rovigo, ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.Parma ended the 2016\u201317 Lega Pro season in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2\u20130 win over Alessandria in the promotion play-off final. On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the 2017\u201318 Serie B season second behind champions Empoli and level on points with Frosinone, but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in 2018\u201319 Serie A just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D. On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018\u201319 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player Emanuele Calaio \"eliciting a reduced effort\" from two players of Spezia (Filippo De Col and Claudio Terzi) during the 2017\u201318 season, a match Parma won 2\u20130 to secure promotion. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.In the club's first season back in Serie A, they managed to achieve a 14th placed finish on the table, three points above the relegation zone.Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established, but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change. White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the \"Giallobl\u00f9\" (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000\u201301 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014\u201315 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013\u201314 campaign. The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for \u20ac250,000 a year later.Parma initially had no permanent home and used the \"Piazza d'Armi\", where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the \"Piazza d'Armi\" before transferring to the \"Tre Pioppi\", the first fenced-off pitch in the city. Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue. Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio. In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi\u00a0Sportivi\u00a0S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about \u20ac3\u00a0million.The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans. Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late. The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in Serie D than the previous year in Serie A following bankruptcy. In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region. They are represented by three main groups: \"il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club\" (which represents most of the fanbase), \"l'Associazione Petitot\" and the club's ultras, \"Boys Parma\", which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans. The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, \"La Curva Nord\", directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand. In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans. In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002\u201303 season. Parma's club anthem is \"Il grido di battaglia\", which means \"The Battle Cry\".Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. \"Derby dell'Enza\" opponents Reggiana are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia. Parma contests the \"Derby dell'Emilia\" with Bologna. Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the \"Derby dei Ducati\", which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the \"Derby del Ducato\", which is played against Piacenza. Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too.Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's 1995 UEFA Cup victory, its first and third Coppa Italia triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in 1995 and 2002, and its 1995 domestic cup final defeat to \"The Old Lady\". These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called \"gemellaggi\". This is a practice uncommon elsewhere. Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the \"Azzurri\" fans' knowledge. Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20\u00a0billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over \u20ac10\u00a0billion and a \u20ac167\u00a0million net loss by the club in 2003. On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39\u00a0million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of \u20ac20\u00a0million nominal value. Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just \u20ac3\u00a0million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority. By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%. In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi. On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Ta\u00e7i for \u20ac1, at which point the club was $200\u00a0million in debt. The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, \u20ac1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer. With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million (including unpaid wages of \u20ac63\u00a0million). On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma. The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish \u20ac22.6\u00a0million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B. Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of \u20ac250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (co-owner of Barilla Group), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of Impresa Pizzarotti), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara. The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further \u20ac89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of \u20ac500 per share.In June 2017, Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang's Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche. At the end of October 2018 the local Nuovo Inizio group regained control of the club reacquiring 60% of the shares, with the Chinese partners forced to downsize to 30% in light of alleged lack of diligence in meeting their obligations, while 10% remained unchanged in the public company Partecipazioni Calcistiche. On 9 November Parma Calcio held a shareholders\u2019 Meeting to appoint a new Board of Directors, at the end of which Pietro Pizzarotti, at the time vice-president, was appointed the new president of the club.In 2020, Parma were purchased by the Krause Group, owners of American-based convenience store chain Kum & Go.Since 2013 the main sponsor is Cetilar by Pharmanutra.  6\u00a0\u2013 The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain Alessandro Lucarelli after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.12\u00a0\u2013 From the 2002\u201303 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015\u201316 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.\"For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.\"Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.\"For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and .\"\"For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.\"\"For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.Parma has won eight major titles in its history, all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002. These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition (after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan), and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Fabio Liverani", "Roberto D'Aversa", "Carlo Ancelotti", "Claudio Ranieri", "Arrigo Sacchi", "Enzo Maresca", "Stefano Pioli", "Giuseppe Iachini"], "facts": [["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Carlo Ancelotti", "July 1996", "June 1998"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Liverani", "August 2020", "January 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Enzo Maresca", "May 2021", "November 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Pecchia", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "chairperson", "Jiang Lizhang", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Claudio Ranieri", "February 2007", "June 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Giuseppe Iachini", "November 2021", "May 2022"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Arrigo Sacchi", "July 1985", "June 1987"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Roberto D'Aversa", "January 2021", "May 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Stefano Pioli", "June 2006", "February 2007"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Abraham Fraenkel work for in August 1925?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Abraham Fraenkel work for in August 1925?", "date": "August 30 1925", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Marburg"]}, "id": "L2_Q61043_P108_3", "fact_context": "Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Kiel from January 1931 to January 1933. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1933 to January 1957. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Marburg from January 1918 to January 1928. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1909 to January 1910. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Wroc\u0142aw from January 1912 to January 1913. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Marburg from January 1913 to January 1914.", "adv_fact_context": "Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Wroc\u0142aw from Jan 1912 to 01/1913. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Marburg from 01/1913 to Jan 1914. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 01/1933 to 01/1957. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Marburg from January 1918 to Jan 1928. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Kiel from Jan 1931 to January 1933. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan 1909 to Jan 1910.", "context": "Abraham FraenkelAbraham Fraenkel (; February 17, 1891 \u2013 October 15, 1965) was a German-born Israeli mathematician. He was an early Zionist and the first Dean of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is known for his contributions to axiomatic set theory, especially his additions to Ernst Zermelo's axioms, which resulted in the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory.Abraham Adolf Halevi Fraenkel studied mathematics at the Universities of Munich, Berlin, Marburg and Breslau. After graduating, he lectured at the University of Marburg from 1916, and was promoted to professor in 1922.In 1919 he married Wilhelmina Malka A. Prins (1892\u20131983). Due to the severe housing shortage in post-war Germany, for a few years the couple lived as subtenants at professor Hensel's place.After leaving Marburg in 1928, Fraenkel taught at the University of Kiel for a year. He then made the fateful choice of accepting a position at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which had been founded four years earlier, where he spent the rest of his career. He became the first Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics, and for a while served as Rector of the University.Fraenkel was a fervent Zionist and as such was a member of Jewish National Council and the Jewish Assembly of Representatives under the British mandate. He also belonged to the Mizrachi religious wing of Zionism, which promoted Jewish religious education and schools, and which advocated giving the Chief Rabbinate authority over marriage and divorce.Fraenkel's early work was on Kurt Hensel's p-adic numbers and on the theory of rings. He is best known for his work on axiomatic set theory, publishing his first major work on the topic \"Einleitung in die Mengenlehre\" (Introduction to set theory) in 1919. In 1922 and 1925, he published two papers that sought to improve Zermelo's axiomatic system; the result is the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel axioms. Fraenkel worked in set theory and foundational mathematics.Fraenkel also was interested in the history of mathematics, writing in 1920 and 1930 about Gauss's works in algebra, and he published a biography of Georg Cantor. After retiring from the Hebrew University and being succeeded by his former student Abraham Robinson, Fraenkel continued teaching at the Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan (near Tel Aviv).", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "University of Kiel"], "facts": [["Abraham Fraenkel", "employer", "University of Marburg", "January 1918", "January 1928"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "educated at", "University of Marburg", "January 1913", "January 1914"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1909", "January 1910"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "educated at", "University of Wroc\u0142aw", "January 1912", "January 1913"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "employer", "University of Kiel", "January 1931", "January 1933"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "employer", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "January 1933", "January 1957"]]}
{"question": "Where was Pat Forde educated in January 1981?", "adv_question": "Where was Pat Forde educated in 01/1981?", "date": "January 25 1981", "text_answers": {"text": ["Air Academy High School"]}, "id": "L2_Q16208054_P69_0", "fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from January 1987 to January 2004. \n Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from October 2019 to May 2023. \n Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from January 1979 to January 1983. \n Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from November 2011 to October 2019. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from January 2004 to October 2011. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to January 1987.", "adv_fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from Jan 1987 to Jan 2004. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to Jan 1987. \n Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from Nov 2011 to 10/2019. \n Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from Oct 2019 to May 2023. \n Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from 01/1979 to 01/1983. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from 01/2004 to 10/2011.", "context": "Pat FordePat Forde is a sports journalist who is a national columnist for \"Sports Illustrated\". He previously worked for ESPN, \"The Courier-Journal\" in Louisville, Kentucky, and \"Yahoo Sports\".Forde is a native of Colorado Springs, Colorado. He currently lives in Louisville with his wife Tricia, a former swimmer at Northwestern University. All three of their children have been college swimmers\u2014son Mitchell at Missouri from 2013\u20132017, another son Clayton at Georgia from 2016\u20132020, and daughter Brooke at Stanford since 2017. Brooke will compete in the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 as part of the USA 4 \u00d7 200m freestyle relay team.Forde played high school football for Gary Barnett during his sophomore and junior years (1980\u201381) at Air Academy High School in Colorado Springs. He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.Forde began his career in 1987 working as a journalist for \"The Courier-Journal\", where his writing won numerous awards. He initially worked there as a beat reporter and then spent 12 years writing a column.In 2004, Forde left \"The Courier-Journal\" to join ESPN full-time after freelancing for their website for about seven years. During the NCAA football season, Forde wrote a column called \"Forde Yard Dash\", and during the NCAA basketball season, he wrote a column called \"Forde Minutes\". He also appeared on ESPN radio and television.On November 1, 2011, after the expiration of his contract, Forde left ESPN to pursue a career with Yahoo Sports. There, he resumed his weekly \"Forde Yard Dash\" and, later, his \"Forde Minutes\" column as well.On October 29, 2019, Forde joined \"Sports Illustrated\" as its new senior college sports writer. He continues to write both \"Forde-Yard Dash\" and \"Forde Minutes\" for \"SI\".In 2008, Forde served as the co-author for University of Louisville basketball coach Rick Pitino's \"Rebound Rules: The Art of Success 2.0\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Missouri"], "facts": [["Pat Forde", "employer", "ESPN", "January 2004", "October 2011"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Sports Illustrated", "October 2019", "May 2023"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Yahoo Sports", "November 2011", "October 2019"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "University of Missouri", "January 1983", "January 1987"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "Air Academy High School", "January 1979", "January 1983"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "The Courier-Journal", "January 1987", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Where was Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu educated in June 1920?", "adv_question": "Where was Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu educated in 06/1920?", "date": "June 09 1920", "text_answers": {"text": ["Alexandru Ioan Cuza University"]}, "id": "L2_Q247545_P69_0", "fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from January 1939 to January 1970. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1919 to January 1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1923 to January 1924. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to January 1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from January 1929 to January 1939.", "adv_fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from Jan 1919 to 01/1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from 01/1923 to 01/1924. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from Jan 1939 to Jan 1970. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1922 to 01/1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from 01/1929 to Jan 1939.", "context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanuGheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu (June 30, 1900 \u2013 April 27, 1979) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and topology. He was titular member of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.He was born in 1900 in Valea Hogei, then a village in Vaslui County, now a component of Lipova commune, in Bac\u0103u County. He was the eldest of five children in his family. After attending primary school in his village and high school in Vaslui, he went to study mathematics at the University of Ia\u0219i in 1919. There, he took courses with , Vera Myller, , Victor V\u00e2lcovici, and Simion Stoilow. After graduating in 1922, he went in 1923 to the University of G\u00f6ttingen, where he studied under David Hilbert. Thereafter, he went to the University of Rome, where he studied under Tullio Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on November 5, 1924 with thesis \"Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita\". The thesis defense committee was composed of 11 faculty, and was headed by Vito Volterra.Vr\u0103nceanu returned to Ia\u0219i, where he was appointed a lecturer at the University. In 1927\u20131928, he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in France and the United States, where he was in a contact with \u00c9lie Cartan and Oswald Veblen. In 1929, he returned to Romania, and was appointed professor at the University of Cern\u0103u\u021bi. In 1939, he moved to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Head of the Geometry and Topology department in 1948, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. His doctoral students include Henri Moscovici and .Vr\u0103nceanu was elected to the Romanian Academy as a corresponding member in 1946, then as a full member in 1955. From 1964 he was president of the Mathematics Section of the Romanian Academy. Also from 1964, he was an editor of the journal \"Revue Roumaine de math\u00e9matiques pures et appliqu\u00e9es\", founded that year. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, Canada in 1974, he was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, a position he held from 1975 to 1978. He died in Bucharest in 1979 of an intestinal obstruction and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.A high school in Bac\u0103u (Colegiul Na\u021bional \"Gheorghe Vr\u00e2nceanu\") is named after him, and so is a school in Lipova.During his career, Vr\u0103nceanu published over 300 articles in journals throughout the world. His work covers a whole range of modern geometry, from the classical theory of surfaces, to the notion of non-holonomic spaces, which he discovered.In 1928 he gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, titled \"Parallelisme et courbure dans une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 non holonome\". In it, he introduced the notion of \"non-holonomic manifolds,\" which are smooth manifolds provided with a smooth distribution that is generally not integrable.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sapienza University of Rome", "University of G\u00f6ttingen"], "facts": [["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1923", "January 1924"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "University of Bucharest", "January 1939", "January 1970"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Chernivtsi University", "January 1929", "January 1939"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1919", "January 1922"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1922", "January 1923"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Epiphanius I hold in January 2021?", "adv_question": "Which position did Epiphanius I hold in January 2021?", "date": "January 06 2021", "text_answers": {"text": ["Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine"]}, "id": "L2_Q11696998_P39_3", "fact_context": "Epiphanius I studied at National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from January 2006 to January 2007. \n Epiphanius I studied at Kiev Orthodox Theological Academy from January 1996 to January 1999. \n Epiphanius I studied at Kyiv Theological Seminary from January 1999 to January 2003. \n Epiphanius I held the position of Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine from December 2018 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Epiphanius I studied at National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from Jan 2006 to January 2007. \n Epiphanius I studied at Kiev Orthodox Theological Academy from 01/1996 to Jan 1999. \n Epiphanius I studied at Kyiv Theological Seminary from 01/1999 to Jan 2003. \n Epiphanius I held the position of Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine from Dec 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Epiphanius I of UkraineMetropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv and All Ukraine (, secular name: Serhii Petrovych Dumenko, ; born on 3 February 1979) is the primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), holding the title of Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine.Metropolitan Epiphanius served as the Metropolitan bishop of Pereyaslav and Bila Tserkva, in the former original Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate) from 2013 to 2018.He was a professor of the Department of Biblical and Philological Disciplines of the . He was a member of the and of the International Federation of Journalists.Serhii Petrovych Dumenko was born on 3 February 1979 in Vovkove, Berezivka Raion, in Ukraine. His childhood and school years were in the village of Stara Zhadova in Storozhynets Raion of Chernivtsi Oblast. In 1996 in Stara Zhadova he graduated from high school of I-III grades.In 1996 he entered the Kyiv Theological Seminary, where he graduated in 1999 with a first class degree. In the same year he entered the Kyiv Theological Academy. He graduated as a doctor of theology in 2003 having successfully defended his PhD thesis on the \"Formation of church-canonical collections in the Donician period and their characteristics\".In 2006\u20132007 he held an internship at the Athens National University in Greece in the Faculty of Philosophy.On 30 August 2012, following his successful defense of his doctoral dissertation on the topic of the \"Doctrine of the Orthodox Church on salvation in the context of the continuity of the Holy Fatherland\", he was awarded a degree of Doctor of Theology.From 1 July 2003 to 31 December 2005 he served as the secretary-referent of the Rivne diocesan administration and the personal secretary of the Metropolitan of Rivne and Ostroh. From 26 August 2003 to 31 December 2005 he was a teacher of the Rivne Seminary, and also held the post of senior assistant inspector.In 2003-2005, he led the \"Rivne Pravoslavne\" () Internet portal, and was also a member of the editorial board of the religious newspaper \"Dukhovna Nyva\" (\")\". In December 2005 he was admitted to the .Since the academic year 2007, he has been a teacher at the , and was appointed head of the philology department.Pn 21 December 2007, with the blessing of Patriarch Filaret, Archbishop Dimitriy of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytsky made Epiphanius a monk in the Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery. He took the monastic name Epiphanius in honor of Epiphanius of Cyprus. On 20 January 2008 he was ordained hieromonk by Filaret. Later that month (25 January), he was appointed secretary of the Patriarch of Kyiv and All Rus'-Ukraine, Filaret.In March 2008 he was ordained an archimandrite in St. Volodymyr's Cathedral. Later that month (20 March), he was appointed governor of Vydubychi Monastery in Kyiv. On 30 May 2008, he was appointed manager of the affairs of the Kyivan Patriarchate. On 7 October 2008 he was awarded the title of Associate Professor of the Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy.On 21 October 2009, at the Holy Synod of the UOC-KP he was elected Bishop of Vyshhorod, vicar of the Kyiv diocese. On 15 November 2009, he was ordained a bishop.By the decision of the Holy Synod of the UOC-KP from 27 July 2010, he was appointed rector of the Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy and the governor of the Pereiaslav-Khmelnytsky diocese. On 17 November 2011 he was awarded the title of professor of the Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy.On 23 January 2012, he was promoted to the rank of Archbishop. By the decision of the Bishops' Council of the UOC-KP on 28 June 2013, he was raised to the rank of Metropolitan of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi and Bila Tserkva and was appointed patriarchal governor with the rights of the diocesan bishop. On 13 December 2017 he was named Metropolitan of Pereiaslav and Bila Tserkva.In April 2019, he spoke in support of the law on the Ukrainian language.On August 21, 2020, on St. Michael\u2019s Square in Kyiv, Metropolitan Epiphanius consecrated the renovated Wall of Remembrance of Heroes. He also consecrated the church on August 20 in honor of St. Nectarios of Aegina in the village of Khutir Yasny in Kyiv region. On August 29, on the Day of Remembrance of Defenders of Ukraine, he honored the fallen Ukrainian servicemen.On 15 December 2018, at the unification council held in the Cathedral of St. Sophia, he was elected Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine, the first primate of the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine.The official name of the primate the Orthodox Church of Ukraine is \"His Beatitude (name), Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine\".On Sunday 16 December 2018, during Metropolitan Epiphanius' first Divine Liturgy as Metropolitan of the OCU following his election, he called for prayers for peace and unity in Ukraine. In the same liturgy, Metropolitan Epiphany also omitted Patriarch Kirill of Moscow from the list of brother primates with whom he is in communion who are usually commemorated at the Great Entrance. Metropolitan Epiphanius later explained in an interview with Ukrainian \"Direct\" TV channel: \"At the moment I do not commemorate him [the Patriarch of Moscow] because we are in a state of war, so the Ukrainian people would not accept if the newly-elected primate commemorated the name of the Russian Patriarch.\"During the Divine Liturgy on 7 January 2019, after the OCU received its official autocephaly on 5 January 2019, Metropolitan Epiphanius commemorated the name of Patriarch Kirill during the Great entrance. Epiphanius later told he had done this after the Ecumenical Patriarch had instructed him to do so, and that Filaret had instructed him (Epiphanius) not to mention Kirill.On 5 January 2019, Patriarch Bartholomew and Metropolitan Epiphanius held a liturgy in St. George's Cathedral in Istanbul; the tomos of autocephaly of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine was signed thereafter, still in St. George's Cathedral. The \"tomos\" \"has come into force from the moment of its signing\". The signing of the tomos officially established the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine.After the tomos was signed, Metropolitan Epiphanius made a speech, in which he declared about Poroshenko: \"Your name, Mr President, will forever go down in the history of the Ukrainian people next to the names of the rulers, of our prince Volodymyr the Great, Yaroslav the Wise, Kostyantyn Ostrozky and Hetman Ivan Mazepa\".On January 6, after a liturgy celebrated by Metropolitan Epiphanius and Patriarch Bartholomew, Partriarch Bartholomew read the \"tomos\" of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) and then gave it to Metropolitan Epiphanius.On 8 January 2019, the tomos was brought back to Istanbul so that all the members of the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate could sign the tomos. The \"tomos\" was signed by all members of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 9 January 2018. The \"tomos\", signed by all members of the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, was brought back to Ukraine on the morning of 10 January 2019.It was planned that Epiphany would be enthroned on 3 February 2019, which is also the date of his 40th birthday. Thereafter, the first synod of the OCU was to take place. The monasteries of Mount Athos refused to send a delegation for the enthronement ceremony \"not because the Fathers do not recognize its legitimacy or canonicity, but because they have chosen to stick with what has become official practice and accept invitations only to the enthronement of their ecclesiastical head, the Ecumenical Patriarch.\" Two abbots of Mount Athos were planned to come at the enthronement but were to be part of the delegation of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. On 1 February, once in Kyiv, Archimandrite Ephrem, one of the two Athonite abbots, was hospitalized for a heart attack. On 2 February, Archimandrite Ephrem was visited by Epiphanius.As planned, Epiphanius was enthroned on 3 February 2019, in St. Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv. Filaret was not present due to health conditions, so he sent his written congratulations to the primate Epiphanius, Filaret's congratulations were written by him and read at the end of the liturgy. Archimandrite Ephrem, who had been hospitalized on 1 February 2019, was not present at the ceremony of enthronement, but a hieromonk of Ephrem's monastery was present during the ceremony of enthronement. A monk from a skete of the Koutloumousiou Monastery was also present during the ceremony of enthronement.The first meeting of the holy synod of the OCU took place on 5 February 2019.A conflict erupted between Filaret and Epiphanius becauses of disagreements concerning the model of governance, the management of the diaspora, and the name and the statute of the OCU.According to Filaret, the agreement reached at the unification council was as follows: \"the primate is responsible for the external representation of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC), and the patriarch is responsible for the internal church life in Ukraine, but in cooperation with the primate. The primate shall do nothing in the church without the consent of the patriarch. The patriarch chairs the meetings of the Holy Synod and the UOC meetings for the sake of preserving unity, its growth, and affirmation.\" Filaret considers this agreement have not been fulfilled.Epiphanius is the head of the editorial board of scientific specialized editions \"Proceedings of the Kyiv Theological Academy\" and \"Theological Bulletin of the Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy\".He is also an author of more than 50 publications, including several monographs about Orthodox theology.Epiphanius is an active religious leader and social activist. He participates in many scientific and educational activities, and has made a significant personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian religious education and science and the development and strengthening of the Ukrainian state. He received recognition for this contribution from both the state and the Church in the form of orders.He has received the Order of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, the Order of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Volodymyr the Great of the Third Degree, the Order of the Holy Archangel Michael and the Order of the Holy Cross of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church.He has also received awards and honors with the Order of Merit of \u0406\u0406 and III degrees, a letter of the Cabinet of ministers of Ukraine, thanks to the Prime Minister of Ukraine, a letter of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, decorations of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, command Army of Ukraine, with distinctions of the National Pedagogical Dragomanov University and the Ukrainian People's Embassy.2019 Athenagoras Human Rights AwardHonorary doctor of the National Pedagogical Dragomanov UniversityVideos of the ceremony of enthronement of Epiphanius:", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Epiphanius I", "position held", "Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine", "December 2018", "May 2023"], ["Epiphanius I", "educated at", "National and Kapodistrian University of Athens", "January 2006", "January 2007"], ["Epiphanius I", "educated at", "Kyiv Theological Seminary", "January 1999", "January 2003"], ["Epiphanius I", "educated at", "Kiev Orthodox Theological Academy", "January 1996", "January 1999"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Thomas Pesquet work for in October 2009?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Thomas Pesquet work for in 10/2009?", "date": "October 08 2009", "text_answers": {"text": ["European Space Agency"]}, "id": "L2_Q512266_P108_4", "fact_context": "Thomas Pesquet worked for European Space Agency from September 2009 to May 2023. \n Thomas Pesquet studied at Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace from January 1998 to January 2001. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for CNES from February 2002 to February 2004. \n Thomas Pesquet held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from October 2021 to November 2021. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for GMV Innovating Solutions from October 2001 to February 2002. \n Thomas Pesquet studied at Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al from January 2000 to January 2001.", "adv_fact_context": "Thomas Pesquet held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from 10/2021 to 11/2021. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for European Space Agency from 09/2009 to 05/2023. \n Thomas Pesquet studied at Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace from Jan 1998 to January 2001. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for GMV Innovating Solutions from Oct 2001 to 02/2002. \n Thomas Pesquet studied at Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al from Jan 2000 to Jan 2001. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for CNES from 02/2002 to February 2004.", "context": "Thomas PesquetThomas Gautier Pesquet (; born 26 February 1978 in Rouen) is a French aerospace engineer, pilot, and European Space Agency astronaut. Pesquet was selected by ESA as a candidate in May 2009, and he successfully completed his basic training in November 2010. From November 2016 to June 2017, Pesquet was part of Expedition 50 and Expedition 51 as a flight engineer. Pesquet returned to space in April 2021 on board the SpaceX Crew Dragon for a second six-month stay on the ISS.Pesquet was born in Rouen, France and considers Dieppe his hometown. He is the younger of two brothers. Pesquet is a black belt in judo and lists basketball, jogging, swimming and squash as his favourite sports. He is an outdoor and adventure activities enthusiast, and enjoys mountain biking, kite surfing, sailing, skiing and mountaineering. He also has extensive experience with, and holds advanced licenses in, both scuba diving and parachuting. His other interests include travelling, playing the saxophone and reading. He is a supporter of the France national football team. Anne Mottet is his partner.Pesquet graduated from the \"Lyc\u00e9e Pierre Corneille\" in Rouen, France, in 1996.In 2001, he received a master's degree from the \"\u00c9cole nationale sup\u00e9rieure de l'a\u00e9ronautique et de l'espace\" in Toulouse, France, majoring in space systems and space vehicle mechanics. He spent his final year before graduation at the \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al\", Canada, as an exchange student on the Aeronautics and Space Master.Pesquet graduated from the Air France flight school in 2006. This led to an Airline Transport Pilot License-Instrument Rating (ATPL-IR).He speaks French, English, Spanish, Chinese, German and Russian, and is a member of the French Aeronautics and Astronautics Association (3AF), and of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).From October 2001, Pesquet worked as a spacecraft dynamics engineer on remote sensing missions for GMV, S.A. in Madrid, Spain.Between 2002 and 2004, Pesquet worked at the French space agency, CNES, as a research engineer on space missions autonomy. He also carried out various studies on future European ground segment design and European space technology harmonization. From late 2002, he was a representative of CNES at CCSDS, the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, working on the topic of cross-support between international space agencies.A private pilot, he was selected in 2004 for Air France's flight training programme. He went on to become a commercial pilot for the French airline, where he started flying the Airbus A320 in 2006. He has logged more than 2000 hours flying time on various commercial airliners, and has qualified as a type-rating flight instructor on the A320, and as a Crew Resource Management instructor.In 2018, Pesquet gained his Airbus A310 type rating and is qualified as a Zero-G aircraft pilot.Pesquet was selected as a European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut in May 2009. He joined ESA in September 2009 and successfully completed Astronaut Basic Training in November 2010.Pesquet is the youngest member of the European Astronaut Corps, and the last of the ESA astronaut class of 2009 to arrive in space.On 10 June 2014, NASA announced that Pesquet would serve as an aquanaut aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory during the undersea exploration mission, which began on 21 July 2014 and lasted nine days. He has also taken part in ESA's CAVES underground course in 2011 and NASA's SEATEST II mission in 2013, furthering his experience in exploration.In 2014, Thomas was chosen by ESA for a six-month mission to the International Space Station starting in November 2016. Thomas was also the backup to ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen who flew to the International Space Station on a 10-day flight in September 2015.Pesquet launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome onboard Soyuz MS-03 on November 17, 2016. He spent six months on the International Space Station as part of Expedition 50/51. Arriving at the ISS on November 19, 2016, he was the first French astronaut since L\u00e9opold Eyharts helped install the \"Columbus\" European laboratory module during Expedition 16. His arrival marked the beginning of the European Proxima mission.The Proxima mission included 50 science experiments for ESA and CNES. The mission was named after Proxima Centauri, continuing the French astronauts' tradition of naming the missions after stars and constellations. The X inside the logo symbolizes that Pesquet is the tenth French astronaut as well as the unknown. The Proxima mission name was chosen in a competition, with the winning name given by 13-year-old Samuel Planas from Toulouse, France. The mission logo was designed by Thomas Pesquet and Karen Oldenburg.Pesquet performed his first EVA with astronaut Shane Kimbrough on January 13, 2017. During the EVA, they prepared the infrastructure to replace the ISS batteries. The EVA lasted for 5 hours and 58 minutes.On March 23, 2017, Pesquet performed his second career EVA with Shane Kimbrough. The main objective was to prepare the Pressurized Mating Adapter-3 (PMA-3) for installation of the second International Docking Adapter (IDA), which will accommodate future commercial crew vehicle dockings. The PMA-3 provides the pressurized interface between the station modules and the docking adapter. Expedition 50 Commander Kimbrough and Pesquet disconnected cables and electrical connections on PMA-3 to prepare for its robotic move on March 26, 2017. PMA-3 will be moved from the port side of the \"Tranquility\" module to the space-facing side of the Harmony module, where it will become home for the docking adapter, which will be delivered on a future flight of a SpaceX Dragon cargo ship. The spacewalkers also installed on the starboard zero truss (ITS) a new computer relay box equipped with advanced software for the adapter.The two spacewalkers lubricated the latching end effector on the Canadarm2 robotic arm, inspected a radiator valve suspected of a small ammonia leak and replaced cameras on the Japanese segment of the outpost. Radiators are used to shed excess heat that builds up through normal space station operation. The EVA lasted for 6 hours and 34 minutes.On June 2, 2017, MS-03 undocked from the ISS, carrying Pesquet and Novitskiy back to Earth, concluding a 196-day mission in space. Peggy Whitson remained on the ISS and returned on Soyuz MS-04. MS-03 touched down just over 3 hours after undocking, concluding Pesquet's first spaceflight. Pesquet has spent 196 days,17 hours and 49 minutes in space.On 11 March 2020, ESA announced in a blog post that Pesquet would return to the ISS in the second half of 2021 for a second six-month stay, in which he would become the first European astronaut to launch on board an American Commercial Crew Vehicle.He was scheduled to travel to the Johnson Space Center in Texas to begin training for his flight by the end of March 2020, although in mid-March 2020 he stated on his Instagram story that due to the COVID-19 pandemic he would delay his trip to Houston. He arrived in Houston, alongside German ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer and Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Ryzhikov, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov, Oleg Novitsky and Pyotr Dubrov on 12 May 2020.On 29 April 2020, ESA announced a competition to name Pesquet's mission; the winner will be announced in summer 2020 and will receive a signed mission patch flown to the ISS by Pesquet.On July 28, 2020, Pesquet was officially assigned to the SpaceX Crew-2 mission, which launched on 23 April 2021. He is travelling to the International Space Station alongside NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough, who is commanding the Crew Dragon, Megan McArthur, as the pilot, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide. Once on board the station, they will join ISS Expedition 65.A few hours before the announcement, Pesquet revealed his second mission name as Alpha, after Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to the Sun, following the French mission naming tradition.On 12 April 2021, Thomas Pesquet was nominated Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["CNES", "GMV Innovating Solutions"], "facts": [["Thomas Pesquet", "employer", "GMV Innovating Solutions", "October 2001", "February 2002"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "employer", "European Space Agency", "September 2009", "May 2023"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "position held", "ISS Expedition Commander", "October 2021", "November 2021"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "employer", "CNES", "February 2002", "February 2004"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "educated at", "Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "educated at", "Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace", "January 1998", "January 2001"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. in November 2021?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. in Nov 2021?", "date": "November 08 2021", "text_answers": {"text": ["Olivier Gu\u00e9gan", "Christophe Delmotte"]}, "id": "L2_Q212269_P286_2", "fact_context": "Olivier Gu\u00e9gan was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. from June 2019 to November 2021. \n Nicolas Rabuel was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. from June 2022 to May 2023. \n Eddy Zdziech was the chair of Valenciennes F.C. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Christophe Delmotte was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. from November 2021 to June 2022.", "adv_fact_context": "Christophe Delmotte was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. from November 2021 to Jun 2022. \n Eddy Zdziech was the chair of Valenciennes F.C. from Jan 2014 to May 2023. \n Olivier Gu\u00e9gan was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. from 06/2019 to November 2021. \n Nicolas Rabuel was the head coach of Valenciennes F.C. from Jun 2022 to May 2023.", "context": "Valenciennes FCValenciennes Football Club (; commonly known as Valenciennes or USVA) is a French association football club based in Valenciennes. The club was founded in 1913 and currently play in Ligue 2, the second tier of French football. Valenciennes plays its home matches at the recently built Stade du Hainaut located within the city.Valenciennes was founded under the name Union Sportive de Valenciennes Anzin (USVA). The club spent over 80 years playing under the name before switching to its current name. Valenciennes has spent an equal amount of time playing in Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 having played 40 seasons in the first division and 36 seasons in the second division. The club has never won the first division, but has won Ligue 2 on two occasions. Valenciennes has also won the Championnat National and the Championnat de France amateur in 2005 and 1998, respectively. In 1951, the club made its first and only appearance in a Coupe de France final.From 2004 to 2011, Valenciennes was presided over by Francis Decourri\u00e8re, a former politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament under the Social Democratic Party from 1994 to 1999 and later the \"Union pour la D\u00e9mocratie Fran\u00e7aise\" (\"Union for French Democracy\") from 1999 to 2004. In 2011, Decourri\u00e8re left the position and was replaced by Jean-Raymond Legrand.Valenciennes Football Club was founded in 1913 by a group of young men known by surnames Colson, Joly, and Bouly. Due to the club having limited resources and its formation coinciding with the onset of World War I, Valenciennes sought a consolidation between locals clubs in the city. The merger was completed in 1916 with the club changing its name to Union Sportive de Valenciennes Anzin (USVA) in the process. Following the merger, the new club spent the ensuing 15 years playing the \"District de l'Escaut\" Championship. In July 1930, the National Council of the French Football Federation voted 128\u201320 in support of professionalism in French football. Valenciennes, under the leadership of president M. Le Mithouard, achieved professionalism in 1933 and were inserted into the second division. The club, subsequently, became a founding member of the second division of French football.In the second division's inaugural season, Valenciennes finished in 7th place in its group. In the following season, the league table was converted into a single table and Valenciennes finished in 2nd-place position earning promotion to Division 1 as a result. During this period, the club was notably led by foreign players such as Englishmen Peter O'Dowd and George Gibson and the German-born attackers \u00c9douard Waggi and Ignace Kowalczyk. In the club's first season in Division 1, Valenciennes finished 15th place falling back to Division 2. The club finished equal on points with Red Star Olympique, but due to having less wins and a lesser goal difference, Valenciennes were relegated. After suffering relegation, the club brought in a new president known by the surname of Turbot. Soon after arriving, Turbot released several of the club's international players and brought in the likes of Ernest Lib\u00e9rati to replace them. The transition was a success with the club earning promotion back to Division 1 in 1937. However, Valenciennes stint back in Division 1 was the equivalent of its first. The club finished in last place in the 1937\u201338 season and relegated back to Division 2. Due to World War II, Valenciennes reverted to amateur status and spent three of the six seasons in wartime playing amateur league football.After the war, Valenciennes turned professional again and were back in the second division. The club spent a decade in Division 2 before earning promotion the top-flight ahead of the 1956\u201357 season. Under manager Charles Demeillez, in 1951, Valenciennes reached the final of the Coupe de France. In the final, the club faced Strasbourg and were humbled 3\u20130 at the Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir in the Colombes. In the club's return to Division 1, Valenciennes finished in the latter part of the table for three consecutive seasons. In 1959, Valenciennes reached the final of the Coupe Drago, but were defeated 3\u20132 in extra time by Lens at the Parc des Princes. In the 1959\u201360 season, Valenciennes achieved its best finish in Division 1 after finishing 8th in the table. However, manager Robert Domergue was unable to keep the consistency as Valenciennes finished 19th in the following season. Valenciennes, now being led by youngsters Bolec Kocik and Serge Masnaghetti, achieved promotion back to Division 1 after one season and spent the next nine years playing in Division 1. During the stint, Domergue led to club to its highest finish ever in the first division when the club finished 3rd in back-to-back seasons in 1965 and 1966. After the 1966 season, Domergue departed the club and he was replaced by Gaby Robert. Neither Robert or his successor Louis Provelli could match the consistency of Domergue and he returned to the club in 1970. In the club's first season back, Domergue led the club to relegation in 1971, got the club promoted back to the first division in 1972, and coached the club to relegation again in 1973. He departed after the season and was replaced by Jean-Pierre Destrumelle.After spending the early 1970s hovering between top flight and the second division, Destrumelle led the club back to Division 1 for the 1975\u201376 season. The manager had vast majority of talent in the club, most notably Bruno Metsu, Bruno Zaremba, Dominique Dropsy, and Didier Six and kept the club in the first division for his entire campaign, however, after finishing in 18th place in 1979, Dustremelle was fired and replaced by the combination of Erwin Wilczek and Bolek Tomowski. Under the duo, Valenciennes lasted in Division 1 until the 1983 season. The club, subsequently, spent the next decade playing in Division 2 under five different managers, which led supporters to slowly become disassociated with the club.From 1988 to 1991, Valenciennes improved significantly under manager Georges Peyroche. Peyroche left the club in 1991 and Francis Smerecki was named as his replacement. In Smerecki's first season, he led the club back to Division 1. In the club's first season back, Valenciennes were involved in a bribing scandal that effectively dismantled the club for the next decade. The scandal, which involved Marseille midfielder Jean-Jacques Eydelie and the club's general manager under the advisement of club chairman Bernard Tapie bribing Valenciennes players Christophe Robert, Jacques Glassmann, and Jorge Burruchaga, became headline news mainly due to Marseille being the most popular club in the country. It was asserted that the bribe was made in order for Valenciennes players to \"take it easy\" on Marseille players with the latter club having to play in the 1993 UEFA Champions League Final against Italian club Milan just days later. Marseille beat Valenciennes 1\u20130 and went on to defeat Milan to become the first French club to win the European competition. After the plot was discovered, Robert admitted to accepting the bribe, Burruchaga admitted to initially agreeing to it, but later changing his mind, while Glassmann said he never agreed to the deal. The subsequent reports of the scandal completely tarnished the Valenciennes's image and several players departed the club amid embarrassment and speculation that they were also involved in the plot. With the club now playing in Ligue 2, Valenciennes was unable to cope with the damage instilled on it due to the scandal and finished dead last in the league, thus falling to the third division for the first time in the club's lifetime. Two seasons later, the club was relegated to the fourth division due to financial problems. Ahead of the 1996\u201397 season, the club dropped to amateur status after filing for bankruptcy.On 1 April 1996, the club was renamed Valenciennes Football Club and finished in fifth place in its inaugural campaign under the name. In the following season, the fourth division was renamed to the Championnat de France amateur and Valenciennes became inaugural champions of the league. Over the next seven seasons, Valenciennes played in the Championnat National, excluding one season back in the CFA. In the 2004\u201305 season, the club won National and returned to the second division, now called Ligue 2. Surprisingly, after one season, Valenciennes earned promotion back to the first division, now called Ligue 1, under the leadership of Antoine Kombouar\u00e9. After eight years in Ligue 1, the club was relegated to the second division in 2014. Because of this relegation, VAFC experienced financial problems and saw the return to the business of the former minister Jean-Louis Borloo. He saved the club from demotion to the fourth division.Below are the notable former players who have represented Valenciennes in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1913.\"For a complete list of Valenciennes players, see \".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Nicolas Rabuel"], "facts": [["Valenciennes F.C.", "chairperson", "Eddy Zdziech", "January 2014", "May 2023"], ["Valenciennes F.C.", "head coach", "Christophe Delmotte", "November 2021", "June 2022"], ["Valenciennes F.C.", "head coach", "Nicolas Rabuel", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Valenciennes F.C.", "head coach", "Olivier Gu\u00e9gan", "June 2019", "November 2021"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jiankui He educated in July 2011?", "adv_question": "Where was Jiankui He educated in 07/2011?", "date": "July 24 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stanford University"]}, "id": "L2_Q59223278_P69_2", "fact_context": "Jiankui He worked for Southern University of Science and Technology from January 2012 to February 2018. \n Jiankui He studied at University of Science and Technology of China from January 2002 to January 2006. \n Jiankui He studied at Stanford University from January 2011 to January 2012. \n Jiankui He studied at Rice University from January 2009 to January 2010.", "adv_fact_context": "Jiankui He studied at Rice University from Jan 2009 to Jan 2010. \n Jiankui He worked for Southern University of Science and Technology from Jan 2012 to Feb 2018. \n Jiankui He studied at University of Science and Technology of China from January 2002 to 01/2006. \n Jiankui He studied at Stanford University from 01/2011 to 01/2012.", "context": "He JiankuiHe Jiankui (; ; born 1984) is a Chinese biophysics researcher who was an associate professor in the Department of Biology of the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, China. Earning his Ph.D. from Rice University in Texas on protein evolution, including that of CRISPR, He learned gene-editing techniques (CRISPR/Cas9) as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University in California.He Jiankui became widely known in November 2018 after he had claimed that he had created the first human genetically edited babies, twin girls known by their pseudonyms, Lulu and Nana. The announcement in November 2018 of Lulu and Nana, who were born by mid-October 2018, was initially praised in the press as a major scientific advancement. But following scrutiny on how the experiment was executed, He received widespread condemnation, and on 29 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended his research activities. On January 21, 2019, He was fired by SUSTech.In May 2019, lawyers in China reported, in light of the purported creation by He Jiankui of the first gene-edited humans, the drafting of regulations that anyone manipulating the human genome by gene-editing techniques would be held responsible for any related adverse consequences. In December 2019, \"MIT Technology Review\" reported an overview of the controversy to date, including excerpts of the unpublished research manuscript. On 30 December 2019, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He to three years' imprisonment and a three-million-yuan fine.He was listed as one of \"Time\" 100 most influential people of 2019.Born in Xinhua County, Loudi, Hunan in 1984, He Jiankui was educated at the University of Science and Technology of China as an undergraduate student from 2002 to 2006. He entered Rice University in 2007 and received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Physics and Astronomy under the supervision of Michael W. Deem in 2010. After his Ph.D., Deem arranged for He to work on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique as a postdoc fellow with Stephen Quake at Stanford University. He returned to China in 2012 under the Thousand Talents Program of the Government of China and opened a lab at the Southern University of Science and Technology. As part of the program, he was given 1 million yuan ($144,000) in angel funding, which he used to start biotech and investment companies. He founded Direct Genomics in 2012 in Shenzhen, to develop single-molecule sequencing devices based on patents invented by Quake that had formerly been licensed by Helicos Biosciences. Direct Genomics received 40 million yuan ($4.5 million) in subsidies from Shenzhen, and raised hundreds of millions yuan more in private investment, but He sold his stake in 2019. He also founded Vienomics Biotech, which offers genome sequencing services for people with cancer.He Jiankui's achievements were widely revered in Chinese media, including China Central Television which covered his research and described him as \"the founding father of third-generation genome editing\" during a program celebrating the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. He took an unpaid leave from the university starting in February 2018, and began conducting the genome-editing clinical experiment. On 26 November 2018, he announced the birth of gene-edited human babies, Lulu and Nana. Three days later, on 29 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended all of his research activities, saying that his work was \"extremely abominable in nature\" and a violation of Chinese law. In December 2018, following public outcry regarding his work, He appeared to have gone missing. China's Southern University of Science and Technology denied the widespread rumors that he had been detained.In 2010, at Rice University, He Jiankui and Michael W. Deem published a paper describing some details of the CRISPR protein; this paper was part of the early work on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, before it had been adopted as a gene editing tool.In 2017, He gave a presentation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory describing work he did at Southern University of Science and Technology, in which he used CRISPR/Cas9 on mice, monkeys, and around 300 human embryos.In August 2018, He met with Chinese-American doctor John Zhang to discuss plans to launch a company focused on \"genetic medical tourism.\" The business was to target elite customers, operating out of China or Thailand. The business plans were shelved with He's detainment in November 2018.In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua \u2013 the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep, and the same gene-editing CRISPR/Cas9 technique allegedly used by He in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.On 25 November 2018, He Jiankui first announced on YouTube that his team successfully created the world's first genome-edited babies, Lulu and Nana. Formally presenting the story at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong three days later, he said that the twins were born from genetically modified embryos that were made resistant to HIV. His team recruited 8 couples consisting each of HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother through Beijing-based HIV volunteer group called Baihualin China League. During \"in vitro\" fertilization, the sperms were cleansed of HIV. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, they mutated the gene called \"CCR5\", which would confer resistance to HIV infection. The \"People's Daily\" announced the result as \"a historical breakthrough in the application of gene editing technology for disease prevention\".The experiment had recruited couples who wanted to have children; in order to participate, the man had to be HIV-positive and the woman uninfected. At the time, it was not disclosed whether the clinical experiment had received appropriate ethical review from an institutional review board before it started, and it was unclear if the participants had given truly informed consent.He Jiankui said that he edited the genomes of the embryos using CRISPR/Cas9, specifically targeting a gene, \"CCR5\", that codes for a protein that HIV-1 uses to enter cells. He was trying to create a specific mutation in the gene, (\"CCR5 \u039432\"), that few people naturally have and that possibly confers innate resistance to HIV-1, as seen in the case of the Berlin Patient. He said that the girls still carried functional copies of \"CCR5\" along with disabled \"CCR5\" given mosaicism inherent in the present state of the art in germ-line editing. There are forms of HIV that use a different receptor instead of CCR5, and the work that He did could not protect resulting children from those forms of HIV.He Jiankui said that he used a preimplantation genetic diagnosis process on the embryos that were edited, where three to five single cells were removed and the editing was checked. He said that parents were offered the choice of using edited or unedited embryos.The twin girls were born by mid-October 2018, according to emails from He to an adviser. According to He, they appeared to be healthy in all respects. When they were born, it was unclear if there might be long-term effects from the gene-editing; He was asked about his plans to monitor the children, and pay for their care should any problems arise, and how their confidentiality and that of their parents could remain protected. The names of the children used in reports, \"Lulu\" and \"Nana\", along with the names of their parents, \"Mark\" and \"Grace\", are pseudonyms. In February 2019, He's claims were reported to have been confirmed by Chinese investigators, according to NPR News.He Jiankui also said at the Hong Kong meeting that a second mother in his clinical experiment was in the early stages of pregnancy. Although there are no official reports, the baby was expected around August 2019, and the birth was confirmed from the court verdict on 30 December which mentioned that there were three genetically-edited babies.He Jiankui's human gene-editing clinical experiment was conducted without public discussion in the scientific community. It was first made public on 25 November 2018 when Antonio Regalado published a story about the work in \"MIT Technology Review\", based on documents that had been posted earlier that month on the Chinese clinical trials registry. He Jiankui refused to give any comment on whether the pregnancies were aborted or carried on. It was only after the story was posted that the experiment was revealed in a promotional video on YouTube by He Jiankui and the next day in the \"Associated Press\" report. He Jiankui had engaged a public relations firm as well.Once the existence of the clinical experiment was made public, He Jiankui's conduct was widely condemned. On 26 November, 122 Chinese scientists issued a joint statement that He's works were unethical, crazy and \"a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science\". Other Chinese scientists and institutions harshly criticized He; an article in \"Nature\" stated that concerns about He's conduct were \"particularly acute in China, where scientists are sensitive to the country's reputation as the Wild West of biomedical research\". An eminent bioethicist, Ren-zong Qiu, speaking at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, commented on He's research as \"a practice with the least degree of ethical justifiability and acceptability\".Geneticist Eric Topol stated, \"This is far too premature ... We're dealing with the operating instructions of a human being. It's a big deal.\" Nobel prize-winning biologist David Baltimore considered the work \"irresponsible\". Developmental biologist Kathy Niakan of the Francis Crick Institute said, \"If true...this would be a highly irresponsible, unethical and dangerous use of genome editing technology.\" Medical ethicist Julian Savulescu of the University of Oxford noted, \"If true, this experiment is monstrous.\" Bioethicist Henry T. Greely of Stanford Law School declared, \"I unequivocally condemn the experiment,\" and later, \"He Jiankui\u2019s experiment was, amazingly, even worse than I first thought.\" Nobel prize-winning biochemist Jennifer Doudna, of the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, condemned the research. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard University, defended some aspects of the experiment and said gene editing for HIV resistance was \"justifiable\" since HIV is \"a major and growing public health threat\", but questioned the decision of this project to allow one of the embryos to be used in a pregnancy attempt, since the use of that embryo suggests that the researchers\u2019 \"main emphasis was on testing editing rather than avoiding this disease\".Arthur Caplan, bioethicist at the New York University School of Medicine, said that engineering human genes is inevitable and, although there are concerns of creating \"designer babies\", medical researchers are more interested in using the technology to prevent and treat diseases, much like the type of experiments performed by He.Carl Zimmer compared the reaction to He's human gene editing experiment to the initial reactions and subsequent debate over mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), and the eventual regulatory approval of MRT in the United Kingdom.The National Institutes of Health (NIH) of United States announced a statement on 28 November 2018 signed by its Director Francis S. Collins, condemning He and his team for intentionally flouting international ethical norms by doing such irresponsible work, and criticizing that He's \"project was largely carried out in secret, the medical necessity for inactivation of CCR5 in these infants is utterly unconvincing, the informed consent process appears highly questionable, and the possibility of damaging off-target effects has not been satisfactorily explored\". NIH claims no support for the use of gene-editing technologies in human embryos.The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an announcement in the journal \"Lancet\", stating that they \"are opposed to any clinical operation of human embryo genome editing for reproductive purposes in violation of laws, regulations, and ethical norms in the absence of full scientific evaluation\", and condemning He for violating relevant ethical regulations and guidelines that have been clearly documented by the Chinese government. They emphasized that the \"genome editing of germ cells or early embryos is still in the stage of basic research, ... scientific research institutions and researchers should not undertake clinical operations of genome editing of human germ cells for reproductive purposes, nor should they fund such research\", and they will \"develop and issue further operational technical and ethical guidelines as soon as possible to guide and standardise relevant research and applications according to the highest scientific and ethical standards.\"In February 2019, scientists reported that the twin babies Lulu and Nana may have inadvertently (or perhaps, intentionally) had their brains enhanced.In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a global registry to track research on human genome editing, after a call to halt all work on genome editing.In April 2019, genetics experts from the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) noted, \u201c[We] believe there is no sound scientific reason to perform this type of gene editing on the human germline, and that the behavior of He [Jiankui] and his team represents a gross violation of both the Chinese regulations and the consensus reached by the international science community. We strongly condemn their actions as extremely irresponsible, both scientifically and ethically.\u201dThe Southern University of Science and Technology stated that He Jiankui had been on unpaid leave since February 2018, and his research was conducted outside of their campus; the university and his department said they were unaware of the research project and said it was inviting international experts to form an independent committee to investigate the incident, and would release the results to the public. Local authorities and the Chinese government also opened investigations.Michael W. Deem, He's doctoral advisor at Rice University, was involved in the clinical project, and was present when people involved in his study gave consent. Deem came under investigation by Rice after news of the work was made public.As of news reported on 28 December 2018, He was sequestered in a university apartment and under guard. According to news reported on 7 January 2019, he could face severe consequences. William Hurlbut, Stanford University neuroscientist and bioethicist, reported that he was in contact with He who was staying in a university apartment in Shenzhen \u201cby mutual agreement\u201d and was free to leave; often visiting the gym and taking walks with his wife. Nonetheless, He may have been under some form of surveillance.On 25 February 2019, news was reported that suggested the Chinese government may have helped fund the CRISPR babies experiment, at least in part, based on newly uncovered documents.An investigating task force set up by the Health Commission of China in Guangdong Province released a preliminary report on January 21, 2019, stated that He Jiankui had defied government bans and conducted the research in the pursuit of personal fame and gain. The report confirmed that He had recruited eight couples to participate in his experiment, resulting in two pregnancies, one of which gave birth to the gene edited twin girls in November 2018. The babies are now under medical supervision. The report further said He had made forged ethical review papers in order to enlist volunteers for the procedure, and had raised his own funds deliberately evading oversight, and organized a team that included some overseas members to carry out the illegal project. Officials from the investigation said that He, as well as other relevant personnel and organizations, will receive punishment per relevant laws and regulations, and those who are suspected of committing crimes will be charged.The SUSTech announced a statement on its website on 21 January 2019 that He Jiankui had been fired.On 30 December 2019, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison and fined him 3 million RMB (US$430,000). His collaborators received less penalty \u2013 Zhang Renli of the Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital, a two-year prison sentence and a 1-million RMB fine, and Qin Jinzhou of the Southern University of Science and Technology, an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000 RMB fine. The three were found guilty of having \"forged ethical review documents and misled doctors into unknowingly implanting gene-edited embryos into two women.\"", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Science and Technology of China", "Rice University"], "facts": [["Jiankui He", "educated at", "Rice University", "January 2009", "January 2010"], ["Jiankui He", "educated at", "University of Science and Technology of China", "January 2002", "January 2006"], ["Jiankui He", "educated at", "Stanford University", "January 2011", "January 2012"], ["Jiankui He", "employer", "Southern University of Science and Technology", "January 2012", "February 2018"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Elon Musk work for in December 2021?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Elon Musk work for in 12/2021?", "date": "December 22 2021", "text_answers": {"text": ["SpaceX", "Tesla, Inc.", "Neuralink", "The Boring Company"]}, "id": "L2_Q317521_P108_10", "fact_context": "Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from July 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from April 2004 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from December 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from January 2008 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to January 2019. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from June 2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from January 1992 to January 1995. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from January 2000 to January 2008. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from January 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from January 2013 to January 2016.", "adv_fact_context": "Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from Dec 2016 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from Jan 2008 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from 01/2000 to 01/2008. \n Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from Jul 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from Jan 2013 to 01/2016. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to Jan 2019. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from 06/2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from Jan 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from 01/1992 to Jan 1995. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from 04/2004 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from Jan 1990 to 01/1992.", "context": "Elon MuskElon Reeve Musk ( ; born June 28, 1971) is an entrepreneur and business magnate. He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX; early stage investor, CEO, and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; and co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI. A centibillionaire, Musk is one of the richest people in the world.Musk was born to a Canadian mother and South African father and raised in Pretoria, South Africa. He briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada aged 17 to attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University but decided instead to pursue a business career, co-founding the web software company Zip2 with brother Kimbal. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. In 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as chairman and product architect, becoming its CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain\u2013computer interfaces, and founded The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has proposed the Hyperloop, a high-speed vactrain transportation system.Musk has been the subject of criticism due to unorthodox or unscientific stances and highly publicized controversies. In 2018, he was sued for defamation by a diver who advised in the Tham Luang cave rescue; a California jury ruled in favor of Musk. In the same year, he was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. He settled with the SEC, temporarily stepping down from his chairmanship and accepting limitations on his Twitter usage. Musk has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and has received criticism from experts for his other views on such matters as artificial intelligence and public transport.Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. His mother is Maye Musk (), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, but raised in South Africa. His father is Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer. Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal (born 1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974). His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian, and Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk mostly lived with his father in Pretoria and elsewhere, a choice he made two years after the divorce and subsequently regretted. Musk has become estranged from his father, whom he describes as \"a terrible human being... Almost every evil thing you could possibly think of, he has done.\" He has a half-sister and a half-brother on his father's side.Around age 10, Musk developed an interest in computing and video games and acquired a Commodore VIC-20. He learned computer programming using a manual and, by age 12, sold the code of a BASIC-based video game he created called \"Blastar\" to \"PC and Office Technology\" magazine for approximately $500. An awkward and introverted child, Musk was bullied throughout his childhood and was once hospitalized after a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. He attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School and Bryanston High School before graduating from Pretoria Boys High School.Aware it would be easier to enter the United States from Canada, Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother. While awaiting the documentation, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months; this allowed Musk to avoid mandatory service in the South African military. Arriving in Canada in June 1989, Musk failed to locate a great-uncle in Montreal and instead stayed at a youth hostel. He then traveled west to live with a second-cousin in Saskatchewan. He stayed there for a year, working odd jobs at a farm and lumber-mill. In 1990, Musk entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania; he graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics.In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley during the summer: at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which researched electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and at the Palo Alto-based startup Rocket Science Games. In 1995, Musk was accepted to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program in materials science at Stanford University in California. Musk attempted to get a job at Netscape but never received a response to his inquiries. He dropped out of Stanford after two days, deciding instead to join the Internet boom and launch an Internet startup.In 1995, Musk, Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded web software company Zip2 with funds from angel investors. They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto. The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages. Musk says that before the company became successful, he could not afford an apartment and instead rented an office and slept on the couch and showered at the YMCA, and shared one computer with his brother. According to Musk, \"The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time.\" The Musk brothers obtained contracts with \"The New York Times\" and the \"Chicago Tribune,\" and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with CitySearch. Musk's attempts to become CEO, a position held by its Chairman Rich Sorkin, were thwarted by the board. Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999. Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company. The startup was one of the first online banks to be federally insured, and, within its initial months, over 200,000 customers joined the service. The company's investors saw Musk as inexperienced and had him replaced with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year. The following year, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to prevent unnecessary competition. Founded by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel, Confinity had its own money-transfer service, PayPal, which was more popular than X.com's service. Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for Microsoft software over Linux created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign. Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000. Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk\u2014the largest shareholder with 11.7%\u2014received over $100 million.In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, explaining it has sentimental value.In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society. He was inspired by plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars and discussed funding the project himself. In October 2001, Musk traveled to Moscow to buy refurbished Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice and was even spat on by one of the Russian chief designers. The group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. Musk instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets. With $100 million of his early fortune, Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies Corp., traded as SpaceX, in May 2002. As of 2021, he remains the company's CEO and also holds the title of Chief Engineer.After three failed launches, SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 in 2008. It was the first private liquid-fuel rocket to reach Earth orbit. Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services program contract for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement. In 2012, the Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, a first for a private enterprise. Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9. Landings were later achieved on an autonomous spaceport drone ship, an ocean-based recovery platform. In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried a Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload. In 2017, SpaceX unveiled its next-generation launch vehicle and spacecraft system, Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), which would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities. In 2018, SpaceX announced a planned 2023 lunar circumnavigation mission, a private flight called \"dearMoon project\". In 2020, SpaceX launched its first manned flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place a person into orbit and dock a crewed space-craft with the ISS.SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low Earth orbit satellites in 2015 to provide satellite Internet access, with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched. The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.Tesla, Inc.\u2014originally Tesla Motors\u2014was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement. Musk led the Series A round of investment in 2004, joining Tesla's board of directors as chairman. Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations. Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the 2008 financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted from the firm. Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008. A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model\u00a0S sedan in 2012; a cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015. A mass market sedan, the Model 3 was released in 2017. , it is the world's best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered. A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020. The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019. Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle subassembly factories, such as Gigafactory 1 in Nevada and Gigafactory 3 in China.Since its initial public offering in 2010, Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020. It entered the S&P 500 later that year.In September 2018, Musk was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a tweet claiming funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private. The lawsuit claimed that discussions Musk held with foreign investors in July 2018 did not confirm key deal terms and thus characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies. Musk called the allegations unjustified and claimed he had never compromised his integrity. Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.Musk has stated in interviews he does not regret the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation. On February 19, 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars in 2019. The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, initially asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet, which was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details. The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about. In May 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price (\"too high \") violated the agreement. FOIA released records showed that the SEC itself concluded that Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding \"Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price\".Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive co-founded in 2006. By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Construction on the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020 when Panasonic departed.Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery energy storage products division to create Tesla Energy. The announcement of the deal resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues; however, Tesla shareholders were not informed. Consequently, multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders. During a June 2019 court deposition, Musk acknowledged that the company reallocated every possible employee from the solar division to work on the Model 3, and, according to Musk, \"as a result, solar suffered.\" This had not previously been disclosed to shareholders. Court documents unsealed in 2019 have confirmed that Musk was also aware of the company's liquidity issues. Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with AI. Neuralink's purpose is to create devices that are embedded in the human brain to facilitate the merging of the brain with machines. The devices will also reconcile with the latest improvements in artificial intelligence to stay updated. Such improvements could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software more effectively.At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described one of their early devices as \"a Fitbit in your skull\" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims; \"MIT Technology Review\" described them as \"highly speculative\" and \"neuroscience theater\".In 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels. In early 2017, they began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a wide, long, and deep \"test trench\" on the premises of SpaceX's offices as it required no permits. A tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021. Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.As a merchandising and publicity stunt, The Boring Company sold 2,000 novelty flamethrowers in 2018. The idea was allegedly inspired by the Mel Brooks-directed film \"Spaceballs\" (1987).Musk's managerial style and treatment of his employees has been heavily criticized. One person who worked closely with Musk said he exhibits \"a high level of degenerate behavior\" such as paranoia and bullying. Another described him as exhibiting \"total and complete pathological sociopathy\". \"Business Insider\" reported that Tesla employees were told not to walk past Musk's desk because of his \"wild firing rampages\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as \"self-driving\", he faced criticism from his engineers, some of whom resigned in response, with one stating that Musk's \"reckless decision making... ha[d] potentially put customer lives at risk\".In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain, assigning a dozen engineers from Tesla and SpaceX to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs. On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the Hyperloop. The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs. The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area at an estimated total cost of $6 billion. The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.In June 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track in a 2015\u20132017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project with Hawthorne airport as its destination. In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received \"verbal government approval\" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., stopping in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.In December 2015, Musk announced the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity. A particular focus of the company is to \"counteract large corporations [and governments] who may gain too much power by owning super-intelligence systems\". In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as Tesla increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a small rescue pod to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand. Named \"Wild Boar\" after the children's soccer team, its design was a -long, -wide sealed tube weighing about propelled manually by divers in the front and back with segmented compartments to place diver weights to adjust buoyancy, intended to solve the problem of safely extracting the children. Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. However, by this time, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia and Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.Vernon Unsworth, a recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the rescue, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, and that Musk \"had no conception of what the cave passage was like\" and \"can stick his submarine where it hurts\". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as \"pedo guy\". He subsequently deleted the tweets, along with an earlier tweet in which he told another critic of the device, \"Stay tuned jackass.\" On July 16, Unsworth stated that he was considering legal action.Two days later, Musk issued an apology for his remarks. Then, on August 28, 2018, in response to criticism from a writer on Twitter, Musk tweeted, \"You don't think it's strange he hasn't sued me?\" The following day, a letter dated August 6 from L.\u00a0Lin Wood, the rescuer's attorney, emerged, showing that he had been making preparations for a libel lawsuit.Around this time, James Howard-Higgins emailed Musk claiming to be a private investigator and with an offer to \"dig deep\" into Unsworth's past, which Musk accepted; Higgins was later revealed to be a convicted felon with multiple counts of fraud. On August 30, using details produced during the alleged investigation, Musk sent a \"BuzzFeed News\" reporter who had written about the controversy an email prefaced with \"off the record\", telling the reporter to \"stop defending child rapists, you fucking asshole\" and claiming that Unsworth is a \"single white guy from England who's been traveling to or living in Thailand for 30 to 40 years... until moving to Chiang Rai for a child bride who was about 12 years old at the time.\" On September 5, the reporter tweeted a screenshot of the email, saying that \"Off the record is a two-party agreement,\" which he \"did not agree to.\"In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court. In his defense, Musk argued that in slang usage \"'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor.\" The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages. During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.On September 6, 2018, Musk appeared on \"The Joe Rogan Experience\" podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. One of the highest-profile and controversial aspects of the program was Musk's sampling a single puff from a cigar consisting, Joe Rogan claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. \"The Washington Post\" observed that, \"In the media's hands, it became a story about Musk's growing instability.\"Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day. \"Fortune\" wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told \"The Verge\" that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still processing the situation. In a \"60 Minutes\" interview, Musk said of the incident: \"I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.\"On March 30, 2019, Musk released a rap track, \"RIP Harambe\", on SoundCloud as Emo G Records. The track, which is an allusion to the killing of Harambe and the subsequent \"tasteless\" Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop. On January 30, 2020, Musk released an EDM track, \"Don't Doubt Ur Vibe\", featuring his own lyrics and vocals. While \"Guardian\" critic Alexi Petridis described it as \"indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud\", TechCrunch said it was \"not a bad representation of the genre\".Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which states its purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas as well as other goals. Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 contributions. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and Kimball's Big Green. \"Vox\" described the foundation as \"entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque\", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text. The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated. From 2002 to 2018, it gave out $25 million directly to non-profits, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI, which was at the time a non-profit organization.Musk is also a trustee of the X Prize Foundation. In January 2021, he promised to donate $100 million as a prize to whomever developed the best carbon capture technology.Musk made $165 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002. He was first listed on the \"Forbes\" Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion. Throughout that year, his net worth increased by $150 billion, largely driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock. During this, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in the history of the \"Bloomberg Billionaires Index\". In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest. In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world. Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.Around three-quarters of Musk's wealth derives from Tesla. Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed in 2018 to a compensation plan with the board that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue. The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values. It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and board. In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million TSLA shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.Musk has repeatedly described himself as \"cash poor\", and has \"professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth\". In 2012, Musk signed The Giving Pledge and, in May 2020, Musk pledged to \"sell almost all physical possessions\". In 2021, Musk defended his wealth by saying he is \"accumulating resources to help make life multiplanetary [and] extend the light of consciousness to the stars\". He owns a private jet. The jet's heavy use of fossil fuels\u2014it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018\u2014has received criticism. According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.In an interview with \"The Washington Post\", Musk stated he was a \"significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats,\" but that he also gives heavily to Republicans. Musk further stated that political contributions are a requirement to have a voice in the United States government. Musk has criticized Donald Trump and after joining Trump's two business advisory councils, Musk resigned from both in June 2017 in protest against Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. In the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income; he endorsed Kanye West's independent campaign in the general election. Musk has stated that he thinks a theoretical government on Mars should be direct democracy.In July 2020, Musk tweeted \"Pronouns suck\" to significant backlash on Twitter, including from his partner Grimes. The tweet has been perceived by some as transphobic and an attack on non-binary identities. In a series of December 2020 tweets, Musk again mocked the use of pronouns. The Human Rights Campaign, which had previously given Tesla the number one ranking on its Corporate Equality Index, criticized his tweets and called for him to apologize.Musk has stated that he does not believe the US government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior. Musk says that the free market would achieve the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences. His stance has been called hypocritical as his businesses have received billions of dollars in subsidies.Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal. Musk's opposition to short-selling has been speculated to stem from how short-sellers often organize and publish opposition research about the companies that they believe currently overvalued. In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze. Musk has also regularly promoted cryptocurrencies, stating that he supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies. Given the volatile effects that his tweets about them have, his statements around cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulations by critics such as Nouriel Roubini.Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic. He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting chloroquine and claiming that death statistics were manipulated. He claimed that \"Kids are essentially immune\" to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and called \"the coronavirus panic...dumb\". Musk repeatedly criticized lockdowns and violated local orders by re-opening the Tesla Fremont factory. In March 2020, Musk predicted there would be \"close to zero new cases in US too by end of April\". \"Politico\" later labeled this statement one of \"the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]\". In November 2020, the phrase \"Space Karen\" trended on Twitter in connection with Musk after he tweeted misinformation about the effectiveness of COVID-19 testing. In April 2021, he tweeted a modified version of a Ben Garrison cartoon with a caricature of Bill Gates and an anti-vaxxer message.Also in March 2020, Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party. Multiple hospitals noted that the devices eventually donated were BiPAP and CPAP machines, not the sought-after ventilators, but the machines could still be used to free up ventilators for the sickest patients. In 2021, findings of an antibody-testing program that Musk and a SpaceX medical executive worked with doctors and academic researchers to create were published in \"Nature Communications\" with Musk listed as a co-author.Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence (AI), repeatedly calling it the greatest threat to humanity. Musk's opinions about AI have provoked controversy. Consequently, according to CNBC, Musk is \"not always looked upon favorably\" by the AI research community. Musk and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg have clashed on the issue, with Zuckerberg calling his warnings \"pretty irresponsible\". Musk's claims that humans live in a computer simulation have also been criticized.Despite his companies dealing in various areas of transportation, Musk has criticized public transportation, a stance that has been called elitist. His comments have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts.Musk met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University. They married in 2000 and separated in 2008. Their first child, son Nevada Alexander Musk, died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at the age of 10 weeks. They share custody of their five surviving children.In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010, the couple married. In 2012, Musk announced a divorce from Riley. In 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley; however, the action was withdrawn. A second divorce was finalized in 2016. Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017; he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012. Musk was later accused of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Johnny Depp.In May 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating. Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020. According to Musk and Grimes, his name was ; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet, and was then changed to . This drew more confusion, as \u00c6 is not a letter in the modern English alphabet. The child was eventually named , with \"X\" as a first name and as a middle name.From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded and where their headquarters are still located. In 2020, Musk moved to Texas, stating that California had become \"complacent\" with its economic success.While hosting \"Saturday Night Live\" in May 2021, Musk remarked that he has Asperger syndrome.Musk has had multiple cameos and appearances in films such as \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"Why Him?\" (2016), and \"\" (2019). Television series on which he has appeared include \"The Simpsons\" (2015), \"The Big Bang Theory\" (2015), \"South Park\" (2016), \"Rick and Morty\" (2019), and \"Saturday Night Live\" (2021). He has contributed interviews to the documentaries \"Racing Extinction\" (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed \"Lo and Behold\" (2016).Musk was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2018 and was listed among \"Time\" magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010, 2013, and 2018. He has received various other awards, such as the Order of the Direkgunabhorn given for his contributions to the Tham Luang cave rescue.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["OpenAI"], "facts": [["Elon Musk", "educated at", "Smith School of Business", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "SpaceX", "June 2002", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Neuralink", "July 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Talulah Riley", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "The Boring Company", "December 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "April 2004", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Justine Musk", "January 2000", "January 2008"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "The Wharton School", "January 1992", "January 1995"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2002", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "director general", "January 2008", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "OpenAI", "December 2015", "January 2019"], ["Elon Musk", "residence", "Boca Chica (Texas)", "June 2021", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for in April 2002?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for in Apr 2002?", "date": "April 28 2002", "text_answers": {"text": ["Bouygues Telecom"]}, "id": "L2_Q3106470_P108_3", "fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from January 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to November 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from January 2006 to February 2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from January 2006 to January 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from January 1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from January 1976 to January 1979.", "adv_fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to 11/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from 01/1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from Jan 2006 to 01/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from 01/2006 to 02/2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from Jan 1976 to Jan 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from Jan 2001 to January 2005.", "context": "Gilles P\u00e9lissonGilles P\u00e9lisson (born 26 May 1957) is a French business executive. Gilles P\u00e9lisson was born on May 26, 1957. His uncle, G\u00e9rard Pelisson, is the founder of the Accor hotel group.He graduated from the ESSEC Business School in Paris. He went on to receive an MBA from the Harvard Business School.P\u00e9lisson started his career for Accor in Los Angeles, California. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of the French restaurant chain Courtepaille from 1988 to 1993. He then served as the Joint Chairman of the Novotel hotel chain. He then served as the Vice-Chief Executive Officer of Euro Disney from 1993 to 1997, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 1997 to 2000.P\u00e9lisson served as the Chairman of the Suez-Telef\u00f3nica ST3G consortium & Chairman of NOOS, a top French cable network operator, from 2000 to 2001. He served as the Chief Operating Officer of Bouygues T\u00e9l\u00e9com from 2001 to 2004, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2006. He served as the CEO of Accor from 2006 to 2010, and as its Chairman from 2009 to 2011.He serves on the Board of Directors of Accenture.P\u00e9lisson formerly served on the Board of Trustees of the MEDEF.He serves as a co-founder and the President of the Fondation ESSEC, the fundraising organisation of his alma mater, ESSEC.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "Accor", "TF1 Group", "Euro Disney S.C.A."], "facts": [["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "director general", "January 2006", "February 2009"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Bouygues Telecom", "January 2001", "January 2005"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "educated at", "ESSEC Business School", "January 1976", "January 1979"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "January 1981", "January 1983"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Accor", "January 2006", "January 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "January 1995", "January 2000"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral", "February 2009", "November 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "TF1 Group", "January 2016", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for in April 2006?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for in 04/2006?", "date": "April 17 2006", "text_answers": {"text": ["Accor"]}, "id": "L2_Q3106470_P108_4", "fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from January 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from January 1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from January 1976 to January 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to November 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from January 2006 to January 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from January 2006 to February 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from Jan 2006 to 01/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from 01/1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from 01/2006 to 02/2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to 11/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from Jan 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from Jan 1976 to Jan 1979.", "context": "Gilles P\u00e9lissonGilles P\u00e9lisson (born 26 May 1957) is a French business executive. Gilles P\u00e9lisson was born on May 26, 1957. His uncle, G\u00e9rard Pelisson, is the founder of the Accor hotel group.He graduated from the ESSEC Business School in Paris. He went on to receive an MBA from the Harvard Business School.P\u00e9lisson started his career for Accor in Los Angeles, California. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of the French restaurant chain Courtepaille from 1988 to 1993. He then served as the Joint Chairman of the Novotel hotel chain. He then served as the Vice-Chief Executive Officer of Euro Disney from 1993 to 1997, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 1997 to 2000.P\u00e9lisson served as the Chairman of the Suez-Telef\u00f3nica ST3G consortium & Chairman of NOOS, a top French cable network operator, from 2000 to 2001. He served as the Chief Operating Officer of Bouygues T\u00e9l\u00e9com from 2001 to 2004, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2006. He served as the CEO of Accor from 2006 to 2010, and as its Chairman from 2009 to 2011.He serves on the Board of Directors of Accenture.P\u00e9lisson formerly served on the Board of Trustees of the MEDEF.He serves as a co-founder and the President of the Fondation ESSEC, the fundraising organisation of his alma mater, ESSEC.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "TF1 Group", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "Bouygues Telecom"], "facts": [["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Accor", "January 2006", "January 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "January 1981", "January 1983"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "January 1995", "January 2000"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Bouygues Telecom", "January 2001", "January 2005"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "director general", "January 2006", "February 2009"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral", "February 2009", "November 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "TF1 Group", "January 2016", "May 2023"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "educated at", "ESSEC Business School", "January 1976", "January 1979"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Johannes van der Corput work for in August 1922?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Johannes van der Corput work for in Aug 1922?", "date": "August 21 1922", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Fribourg"]}, "id": "L2_Q449106_P108_2", "fact_context": "Johannes van der Corput worked for Utrecht University from January 1920 to January 1922. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Fribourg from January 1922 to January 1923. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for Stanford University from January 1950 to January 1952. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Amsterdam from January 1945 to January 1954. \n Johannes van der Corput studied at Leiden University from January 1908 to January 1914. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of California, Berkeley from January 1954 to January 1966. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Groningen from January 1923 to January 1945.", "adv_fact_context": "Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Groningen from January 1923 to Jan 1945. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of California, Berkeley from January 1954 to Jan 1966. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for Stanford University from January 1950 to 01/1952. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for Utrecht University from January 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Amsterdam from 01/1945 to 01/1954. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Fribourg from 01/1922 to Jan 1923. \n Johannes van der Corput studied at Leiden University from 01/1908 to Jan 1914.", "context": "Johannes van der CorputJohannes Gaultherus van der Corput (4 September 1890 \u2013 16 September 1975) was a Dutch mathematician, working in the field of analytic number theory.He was appointed professor at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland) in 1922, at the University of Groningen in 1923,and at the University of Amsterdam in 1946.He was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam, of which he also was the first director. From 1953 on he worked in the United States at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison.He introduced the van der Corput lemma, a technique for creating an upper bound on the measure of a set drawn from harmonic analysis, and the van der Corput theorem on equidistribution modulo 1.He became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, and foreign member in 1953. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Groningen", "University of Amsterdam", "University of California, Berkeley", "Utrecht University", "Stanford University"], "facts": [["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Fribourg", "January 1922", "January 1923"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Amsterdam", "January 1945", "January 1954"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1923", "January 1945"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1908", "January 1914"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "Stanford University", "January 1950", "January 1952"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of California, Berkeley", "January 1954", "January 1966"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue in October 1823?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue in 10/1823?", "date": "October 24 1823", "text_answers": {"text": ["Lady Susan Ryder"]}, "id": "L2_Q5359607_P26_4", "fact_context": "Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1816 to June 1817. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1806 to April 1807. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from July 1807 to February 1809. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from July 1837 to March 1839. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from December 1832 to December 1834. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue was married to Elizabeth Geale from July 1841 to September 1861. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue was married to Lady Susan Ryder from July 1817 to July 1827. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from January 1835 to July 1837. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1820 to June 1826. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1826 to July 1830. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1818 to February 1820. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from April 1831 to December 1832. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from July 1830 to August 1830. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from August 1804 to October 1806.", "adv_fact_context": "Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1818 to Feb 1820. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue was married to Lady Susan Ryder from Jul 1817 to 07/1827. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1806 to 04/1807. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 07/1837 to Mar 1839. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from 08/1804 to October 1806. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 01/1835 to July 1837. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1820 to 06/1826. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom from July 1830 to August 1830. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1826 to 07/1830. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom from April 1831 to 12/1832. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Dec 1832 to 12/1834. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue was married to Elizabeth Geale from Jul 1841 to 09/1861. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1816 to Jun 1817. \n Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue held the position of Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom from July 1807 to Feb 1809.", "context": "Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl FortescueHugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue KG, PC (13 February 1783 \u2013 14 September 1861), styled Viscount Ebrington from 1789 to 1841, was a British Whig politician. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1839 to 1841.Fortescue was the eldest son of Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Fortescue, and Hester Grenville, daughter of Prime Minister George Grenville. He was educated at Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford.Fortescue (as Ebrington) first became an MP for Barnstaple, just after his 21st birthday; and he sat for various constituencies almost continuously until 1839, when he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Fortescue.Ebrington had entered Parliament in the 1800s as a Grenvillite connection, belonging to that section of the Whig party that supported the war with Napoleon; but in the following decade (in a generational shift) he broke away from them to join the Young Whigs. Fearing the corruptive effects of militarism on British society, the latter sympathised with the liberalising side of the French Revolution: Ebrington would later publish his conversations with Napoleon in his Elba exile.After the war, in 1817, Ebrington confirmed his breach with the bulk of his Grenville relatives, and emerged as a prominent pro-Reform Whig\u2014albeit one somewhat unusually rooted in a liberal, morally intense Anglicanism,\u2014which he combined with an interest in political economy. Ebrington strongly condemned the Six Acts as \u201dthe most alarming attack ever made by Parliament upon the liberties and constitution of the country\u201d; and during the 1820s, he would repeatedly promote and vote for Parliamentary Reform.When the Whigs finally came to power in 1830, Ebrington played a significant part in the passing of the Great Reform Act. After the Commons passed the second bill, Ebrington convened a meeting of 100 reformist Whigs, urging strong measures should the Lords reject it, and acting as leader of a pressure group lobbying the Whig leadership: Ebrington himself appeared on a list of potential peer-creations that was drawn up to increase the pressure on the Lords. When the Government resigned in the face of Tory intransigence in the House of Lords, Ebrington took the lead, despite leadership hesitations, in moving that the House of Commons implore the King \u201cto call to his councils such persons only as will carry into effect unimpaired in all its essential provisions that Bill for reforming the Representation of the people which has recently passed this House\u201d.During the 1830s, Ebrington led a strong body of Reformist Whigs; and he played a prominent role in establishing Whig party organisation under the new electoral system. In 1839, as Baron Fortescue, he served under Lord Melbourne as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, until in 1841 he succeeded his father in the earldom. He went on to serve under Lord John Russell as Lord Steward from 1846 to 1850; was sworn of the Privy Council in 1839; and created a Knight of the Garter in 1856.A statue of the Earl stands in Exeter Castle Yard, and his marble bust is displayed on the staircase of the Memorial Hall in West Buckland School. 49 of the Fortescue family portraits were saved from the disastrous fire at Castle Hill of 9 March 1934 with minor smoke damage, but were shortly afterwards all destroyed by fire when the delivery lorry returning them from the restorer caught fire whilst parked overnight pending their return to Castle Hill.In 1858 together with Rev. J.L. Brereton, Prebendary of Exeter Cathedral and Rector of West Buckland, he founded the Devon County School, situated on land between West Buckland and East Buckland donated by him from his North Devon estate centred at Filleigh. The school was intended to provide a top quality education to local boys, including therefore the sons of many of his tenant farmers; it continues today as West Buckland School, an independent private school. A marble bust of Earl Fortescue, sculpted in 1861 by Edward Bowring Stephens (1815\u201382), stands on the staircase of the school's Memorial Hall.Lord Fortescue married twice:Fortescue died in September 1861, aged 78, and was succeeded by his eldest son from his first marriage, Hugh Fortescue, 3rd Earl Fortescue.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Elizabeth Geale"], "facts": [["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "spouse", "Elizabeth Geale", "July 1841", "September 1861"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 5th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1816", "June 1817"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 3rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1806", "April 1807"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 6th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1818", "February 1820"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 12th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "January 1835", "July 1837"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 9th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "July 1830", "August 1830"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "July 1807", "February 1809"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 13th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "July 1837", "March 1839"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 7th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1820", "June 1826"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 8th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1826", "July 1830"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 11th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "December 1832", "December 1834"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "spouse", "Lady Susan Ryder", "July 1817", "July 1827"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 2nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "August 1804", "October 1806"], ["Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue", "position held", "Member of the 10th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "April 1831", "December 1832"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jessica Stegrud educated in April 1993?", "adv_question": "Where was Jessica Stegrud educated in April 1993?", "date": "April 06 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Angers"]}, "id": "L2_Q63975366_P69_2", "fact_context": "Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from September 2022 to May 2023. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at University of Angers from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at G\u00e4vle University College from January 1991 to January 1993. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at Karlstad University from January 1989 to January 1991. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2019 to September 2022.", "adv_fact_context": "Jessica Stegrud studied at G\u00e4vle University College from Jan 1991 to 01/1993. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at University of Angers from January 1993 to Jan 1994. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from 09/2022 to May 2023. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at Karlstad University from January 1989 to 01/1991. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul 2019 to 09/2022.", "context": "Jessica StegrudJessica Margareta Stegrud (born 27 September 1970) is a Swedish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Sweden since 2019. She is a member of the Sweden Democrats, part of European Conservatives and Reformists.Stegrud studied economics at the Karlstad University from 1989 to 1991 and at the G\u00e4vle University College from 1991 to 1993. She was employed as at Sydkraft/EON Sverige AB from 2001 until her election to the European Parliament in 2019. She had not been a member of the Sweden Democrats before her candidacy in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Karlstad University", "G\u00e4vle University College"], "facts": [["Jessica Stegrud", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2019", "September 2022"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "G\u00e4vle University College", "January 1991", "January 1993"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "position held", "member of the Swedish Riksdag", "September 2022", "May 2023"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "Karlstad University", "January 1989", "January 1991"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "University of Angers", "January 1993", "January 1994"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Theresa Scavenius belong to in July 2019?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Theresa Scavenius belong to in July 2019?", "date": "July 10 2019", "text_answers": {"text": ["The Alternative"]}, "id": "L2_Q55334143_P102_2", "fact_context": "Theresa Scavenius was a member of the The Alternative from December 2017 to March 2020. \n Theresa Scavenius studied at University of Copenhagen from January 2005 to January 2011. \n Theresa Scavenius was a member of the Danish Social Liberal Party from January 2016 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Theresa Scavenius was a member of the The Alternative from December 2017 to March 2020. \n Theresa Scavenius studied at University of Copenhagen from January 2005 to 01/2011. \n Theresa Scavenius was a member of the Danish Social Liberal Party from Jan 2016 to Jan 2017.", "context": "Theresa ScaveniusTheresa Birgitta Br\u00f8nnum Scavenius (born 26 July 1984) is Danish politician. She is an associate professor at Aalborg University Copenhagen with climate politics as her research area. She is a member of the green political party The Alternative, and was a candidate at the 2019 Danish general election, but did not get reelected. She was a candidate to succeed Uffe Elb\u00e6k as political leader of the party, when he resigned in February 2020, but lost to Josephine Fock.Theresa Scavenius is the great grandchild of Fergus Roger Scavenius, who was a younger brother of Erik Scavenius, former prime minister of Denmark.Scavenius was a student at Christianshavn Gymnasium. In 2005 she started to study German at the University of Copenhagen, and wrote her bachelor's thesis about Thomas Mann in 2007. She studied political science, also at the University of Copenhagen, and graduated in 2011. In 2014, she completed a Ph.D, with her dissertation named \"Moral Responsibility for Climate Change: A Fact-Sensitive Political Theory\".Theresa Scavenius has been an associate professor at Aalborg University since 2017, and have climate politics as her research area. She is working in the Department of Planning at the university's Copenhagen campus. In December 2017, she was named one of 10 \"junior research talents\" and awarded a three-year research grant of 3 million DKK in total. Her research project is titled \"Institutional mediation, emergent technologies and green transition paths\".In 2017 she co-edited the book \"Compromise and Disagreement in Contemporary Political Theory\" alongside Christian Rostb\u00f8ll, and in 2018 the book \"Institutional Capacity for Climate Response: A New Approach to Climate politics\" alongside Steve Rayner. In 2019 she authored the book \"Political Responsibility for Climate Change: Ethical Institutions and Fact-Sensitive Theory\".Scavenius was one of 301 Danish researchers who in May 2018 published an open letter, calling politicians to prioritise a more ambitious climate policy above economic growth. She has appeared in Danish media as a climate expert and has been active in the public debate on climate change.Theresa Scavenius was a member of the Danish Social Liberal Party from 2016 to 2017. In September 2017, she was a candidate to become vice chairman of the party, but lost to Bitten Schj\u00f8dts Kj\u00e6r. She subsequently left the party.Scavenius joined The Alternative in December 2017, and was a candidate in the 2019 general election, running in the North Zealand constituency. She said she decided to run because she was \"deeply frustrated\" by Danish climate politics, which she perceived to be unambitious. She received donations of 300.000 DKK for her campaign. The donations were controversial because The Alternative has a political goal to remove money from politics. Scavenius did not get elected, as The Alternative did not win any seats in the constituency. She received 1,267 votes; the most among the party's candidates in the constituency. Incumbent member of the Folketing, Christian Poll, followed with 1,162 votes.In December 2019, she announced that she was a candidate to become political leader of The Alternative, after founder Uffe Elb\u00e6k announced that he would resign in February 2020. Before her announcement, she had been seen as a likely candidate by the media. After two elimination rounds, she lost to Josephine Fock who got 936 votes against Scavenius's 668 votes. The election of Fock caused a leadership crisis in which four of the party' five members of the Folketing, including Elb\u00e6k, left The Alternative. Scavenius subsequently left the party, referencing its \"de facto dissolution\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Danish Social Liberal Party"], "facts": [["Theresa Scavenius", "member of political party", "The Alternative", "December 2017", "March 2020"], ["Theresa Scavenius", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 2005", "January 2011"], ["Theresa Scavenius", "member of political party", "Danish Social Liberal Party", "January 2016", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Khairuddin Razali belong to in February 2023?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Khairuddin Razali belong to in February 2023?", "date": "February 18 2023", "text_answers": {"text": ["independent politician"]}, "id": "L2_Q95947458_P102_3", "fact_context": "Khairuddin Razali held the position of Member of the Dewan Rakyat from May 2013 to May 2018. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the Malaysian Islamic Party from January 1989 to March 2022. \n Khairuddin Razali held the position of Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities from March 2020 to August 2021. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the independent politician from March 2022 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Khairuddin Razali held the position of Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities from 03/2020 to 08/2021. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the independent politician from March 2022 to May 2023. \n Khairuddin Razali held the position of Member of the Dewan Rakyat from May 2013 to 05/2018. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the Malaysian Islamic Party from Jan 1989 to 03/2022.", "context": "Khairuddin RazaliMohd Khairuddin bin Aman Razali (Jawi \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a; born 9 December 1973) is a Malaysian politician from the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), a component party of the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition who has served as the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities in the PN administration under Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin since March 2020 and Member of Parliament (MP) for Kuala Nerus since May 2013.Mohd Khairuddin was born in Kampung Baru, Seberang Takir, Kuala Terengganu on 9 December 1973. He is the eldest of 16 siblings.Early secondary education at the Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious Secondary School, Ladang, Kuala Terengganu in 1986. After achieving outstanding results in SRP in 1988, he was offered an offer at Klang Islamic College. But the heart is bound to enter the flow of Thanawi which is fully Arabic in Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious Secondary School in Kuala Terengganu.However, his education in the Thanawi stream could not be completed because after obtaining a successful SPM which he took privately in 1990, he was more than willing to go abroad to seek knowledge. As a result, an offer to further his studies in 1992 to the University of Jordan was accepted.Succeeded with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Arabic Language & Literature at the University of Jordan in 1996. His undergraduate degree continued and earned a Bachelor of Arabic Language and Literature at Aal al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan in 2000. Master's thesis title he was \" \"Significant and Genetic Participatory Particles on the Syntax\" (Signifikan Partikel Setara dan Genetif di sisi Sarjana Sintaksis) and \"Scholar of Fiqh Proposals and their Influence on Syariah Text Understanding\" (Sarjana Usul Fiqh serta pengaruhnya terhadap Kefahaman Teks Syarak) \"He then obtained a PhD in Islamic Studies (2011) at the Department of Arabic & Islamic Civilization, FPI, UKM with the thesis entitled: \" \"Waw Particle Rhetoric in the Qur'an and Its Influence on Translating the Meaning of the Qur'an into Malay (Retorik Partikel Waw Dalam al-Qur'an Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Penterjemahan Makna al-Qur'an ke Dalam Bahasa Melayu) . \"\"Started lecturing on radio and TV since returning to Malaysia in 1999. Has been working on Arabic language programming 2000 on RTM Radio Nasional at 6.15pm for 3 years. Spoken at various slots on RTM Radio Nasional and IKIM Radio. Also on TV1, TV2, TV3 and more. Likewise active in lectures, discussions, seminars throughout the country in mosques, suraus and government departments and ministries. In 2004 founded Darul Fuqaha education and welfare center in Sg. Merab Bangi, Selangor and Tahfiz Intellectual Islam in 2007. He is active as a Speaker (in mosques, TV and radio), Author (books, articles and papers), Publisher (Islamic books, Social Workers and Islamic Medical Practitioners).1. Founder and Chairman of Maahad Tahfiz Orphan Darul Fuqaha (2004\u2013present)2. Founder and Chairman of the Smart Islamic Primary School Tahfiz Fuqaha (2008\u2013present)3. Chairman of Smart Islamic Primary School, Kuala Terengganu (2008\u2013present)1. Member of Political Cluster, Islamic Consultative Council (2016\u20132018)2. Founder and President of Nadwah Muslim Scientist (2007\u20132013)3. Founder and Chairman of the Malaysian Ummah Concerned Association (2013\u20132018)4. Founder of Malaysian Islamic Book Publishers and Distributors (2008\u20132013)5. Member of Working Committee of Malaysian Scholars Association (2007\u20132011)He first became active in PAS after leaving his educational career. He is active in the PAS Legislative Council and has served in several capacities. He served as Treasurer of the Central PAS Clerks in the 2009\u20132011 term, Secretary of the Central PAS Clerk of the House (2011\u20132013) and Head of Information of the Central PAS Clerks (2013\u20132017). In addition, he has been a Member of the Central PAS Working Committee since 2013 to date. As the PAS Central AJK, he has held portfolios as Chairman of the PAS Central Economic Development, Property and Entrepreneur Development (2013\u2013present), PAS Central Vice-Chair of International Poverty Law (2015\u20132017) and Director of the Central PAS Strategic Institute (2013\u2013present). He has also been elected to the PAS Syura Syura Council since 2013.He is a member of parliament of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu who has been contesting on PAS tickets since 2013. In 2013, he defeated the incumbent Mohd Nasir Ibrahim Fikri with slim majority by 610 votes.He retained the seat in 2018 after defeating a well-known Motivator Tengku Asmadi Tengku Mohamad from Barisan Nasional and Abdullah Mohamed from Pakatan Harapan with a wider majority by 8,447 votes.Immediately following the end of the Malaysian General Elections 2018, the State of Terengganu is ruled by the PAS. He has been appointed by Terengganu State Government to be the chairman of the board of 4 state-owned companies beginning 2018, namely the Terengganu Strategic & Integrity Institute (TSIS), Darul Iman Training Center (DITC), Paya Bunga Hotel, and Duyong Marina & Resort. Earlier, he was appointed by Kelantan State Government as the Kelantan Government Economic Advisory Panel since 2014.He has been appointed Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities Malaysia in the new cabinet by Prime Minister, Muhyiddin Yassin.He has been active in several international organizations including being a board member and Assistant Secretary of the International Conference of Islamic members of parliament (IIFP) from 2018 to the present. He is also the Treasurer of the Youth Wing, International Conference on Asian Political Parties (ICAPP) from 2019 to the present.He is renown for his fellow Member of Parliament's claim that he brought in RM82\u00a0billion worth of investments for Malaysia while on a semi-personal trip to Turkey, and subsequently violated legally-mandated COVID quarantine procedures when he returned to Malaysia. In 2019, Malaysia's FDI was recorded at RM32\u00a0billion (US$8\u00a0billion). For that achievement, he was compared to the hudhud bird mentioned in the Quran. The Prophet Mohamad prohibited the killing of hud-hud bird due to its sagacity. Upon investigation, he was fined RM1,000 (US$250) for violating quarantine, despite commoners being fined up to RM8,000 (US$2,000) and a day's jail. Popular speculations on his hudhud-like political survivability point to the fact that the sitting Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin has a narrow, 2-seat majority in Parliament and any fines above RM2,000 (US$500) would have disqualified Dato' Dr. Mohd Khairuddin of his position in the Parliament, thus further weakening the Prime Minister's majority and achieving the intention of Muhyiddin Yassin of not wanting to be the Prime Minister in the first place.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Malaysian Islamic Party"], "facts": [["Khairuddin Razali", "member of political party", "independent politician", "March 2022", "May 2023"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "position held", "Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities", "March 2020", "August 2021"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "position held", "Member of the Dewan Rakyat", "May 2013", "May 2018"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "member of political party", "Malaysian Islamic Party", "January 1989", "March 2022"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to in February 2004?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to in February 2004?", "date": "February 18 2004", "text_answers": {"text": ["Nationalist Movement Party"]}, "id": "L2_Q434923_P102_2", "fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from January 1995 to January 2001. \n Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from November 1996 to June 1997. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from January 2001 to January 2016. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from January 2017 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from Jan 1995 to January 2001. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from Jan 2001 to 01/2016. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from Jan 2017 to May 2023. \n Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from Nov 1996 to Jun 1997.", "context": "Meral Ak\u015fenerMeral Ak\u015fener (n\u00e9e G\u00fcrer; born 18 July 1956) is a Turkish politician, teacher, historian and academic. She served as Minister of the Interior and was a vice-speaker of the Grand National Assembly. She also founded and is chairman of \u0130Y\u0130 Party (Good Party), and was its candidate in the 2018 Turkish presidential elections.Ak\u015fener first entered parliament as a deputy of the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 general elections, and served as the interior minister in the coalition government established by Necmettin Erbakan between 1996 and 1997. Ak\u015fener entered the parliament as a deputy of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) in the Turkish general elections in 2007, 2011 and June 2015. After tensions between her and the MHP's leader Devlet Bah\u00e7eli, she was not nominated as an MP for the November 2015 general elections. In 2016, she led a group of opposition within the MHP against Bah\u00e7eli. On 25 October 2017, she separated from the MHP and founded the \u0130Y\u0130 Party, of which she is the leader.Ak\u015fener is a key opposition figure in Turkey, and has been informally dubbed as an \"iron lady\" by international observers.Meral Ak\u015fener was born on 18 July 1956, in the G\u00fcndo\u011fdu neighborhood of \u0130zmit, Kocaeli. Her father Tahir \u00d6mer and her mother S\u0131dd\u0131ka are Balkan Turks from the historical regions of Macedonia and Thrace. Her parents were among hundreds of thousands who left Greece to resettle in Turkey in 1923.She studied history at Istanbul University and she completed her post-graduate studies at the Social Sciences Institute of Marmara University, earning a Ph.D. in history. She then worked as a lecturer at Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University, Kocaeli University and Marmara University before entering politics.Ak\u015fener has been described as a devout Muslim who prays regularly. She is known to her supporters as \"Asena\", after the mythical she-wolf.Ak\u015fener quit her post as a university department chair in 1994 and entered politics with the general elections in 1995 as deputy of Istanbul Province with the True Path Party (DYP). She was Minister of the Interior between 8 November 1996 and 30 June 1997, replacing Mehmet A\u011far, who resigned as a result of his involvement in the Susurluk scandal. She was later forced out of office after the 1997 military memorandum.In the 1999 general election she was re-elected to parliament as a deputy of Kocaeli Province. Later, she was re-elected in the general elections of 2007 and 2011 representing Istanbul Province as a member of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).She was elected vice-speaker of the parliament alongside G\u00fcldal Mumcu, another female politician, serving at this post after Nermin Neft\u00e7i, who was elected in 1968 to be Turkey's first female vice-speaker.She split with the MHP leadership in 2016 over Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan's bid to transform Turkey\u2019s constitution, and promised to start her own political party. Ak\u015fener was a 2018 presidential candidate. She received 7.3% of the votes.She announced the foundation of the Good Party on 25 October 2017 and revealed its logo and aims. \u201cI call it the movement of the brave,\u201d she said. In her first address to her followers, Ak\u015fener stated she believed that Turkish democracy is \"under threat\" and the Good Party wants a free society and to fix the problems of the Turkish judiciary system. Ak\u015fener further stated the \"media should not be under pressure. Democratic participation, a strong parliament and the national will are irreplaceable. We will democratize the law on political parties in the of contemporary democratic principles and the criteria of the Venice Commission.\" Aksener said that many who are joining her movement are young Turkish citizens who are \"chafing under the restrictions\" imposed by the government on public gatherings, freedom of expression, and constraints placed on the media.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["\u0130Y\u0130 Party", "True Path Party"], "facts": [["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "\u0130Y\u0130 Party", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "Nationalist Movement Party", "January 2001", "January 2016"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "True Path Party", "January 1995", "January 2001"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "position held", "Interior Minister of Turkey", "November 1996", "June 1997"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Didier Motchane belong to in June 2011?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Didier Motchane belong to in Jun 2011?", "date": "June 03 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Citizen and Republican Movement"]}, "id": "L2_Q3027118_P102_2", "fact_context": "Didier Motchane was married to Dominique Cabrera from January 2007 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Movement of Citizens from January 1993 to January 2003. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Citizen and Republican Movement from January 2003 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1979 to July 1984.", "adv_fact_context": "Didier Motchane held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1979 to 07/1984. \n Didier Motchane was married to Dominique Cabrera from January 2007 to 01/2017. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Movement of Citizens from Jan 1993 to Jan 2003. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Citizen and Republican Movement from Jan 2003 to January 2017.", "context": "Didier MotchaneDidier Motchane (17 September 1931 \u2013 29 October 2017) was a French politician who served as a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989.He was born in Paris on 17 September 1931 to mathematician L\u00e9on Motchane. Didier Motchane later married actress and film director Dominique Cabrera.Motchane cofounded the in 1965, and was active in the Socialist Party and the Union of the Left. He was credited with the fist and rose design used by socialist political organizations worldwide. Motchane was a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989, representing the Socialist Party. He left the party in 1993 after a disagreement with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, and helped establish the Citizen and Republican Movement.Motchane died of cancer at the age of 86 on 29 October 2017.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Movement of Citizens"], "facts": [["Didier Motchane", "spouse", "Dominique Cabrera", "January 2007", "January 2017"], ["Didier Motchane", "member of political party", "Citizen and Republican Movement", "January 2003", "January 2017"], ["Didier Motchane", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 1979", "July 1984"], ["Didier Motchane", "member of political party", "Movement of Citizens", "January 1993", "January 2003"]]}
{"question": "Where was Lotte Wubben-Moy educated in March 2018?", "adv_question": "Where was Lotte Wubben-Moy educated in Mar 2018?", "date": "March 30 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"]}, "id": "L2_Q36103087_P69_3", "fact_context": "Lotte Wubben-Moy played for North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer from January 2017 to August 2020. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Anglo European School from January 2010 to January 2015. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form from January 2015 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Lotte Wubben-Moy played for North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer from Jan 2017 to 08/2020. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form from 01/2015 to 01/2017. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Anglo European School from January 2010 to January 2015. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan 2017 to January 2020.", "context": "Lotte Wubben-MoyCarlotte Mae Wubben-Moy (born 11 January 1999) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Arsenal in the FA Women's Super League. She previously played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels in the United States and has represented England at multiple youth levels from under-15 up to under-21. Wubben-Moy received her first England Women's Senior camp call up in September 2020. She made her debut for the England Women\u2019s team in March 2021. Born in Bow, London, England, to Antonius Wubben, the Dutch owner of Kaizen Furniture Makers - and Claire Moy, English mother. Wubben-Moy attended Olga Primary school, and for secondary school attended Anglo European School where she was named victrix ludorum in 2015 - also attended Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form for her A-Levels. She played football and netball, as well as track and field.Having captained the Arsenal development team to one FA WSL Development Cup and two FA Youth Cup wins, Wubben-Moy made her senior debut, aged 16, on 26 July 2015 as a 90th minute substitute during a 2\u20131 WSL win over Notts County, one of two appearances she made during the 2015 FA WSL season as Arsenal did the cup double winning both the WSL Cup and FA Cup.Despite suffering an injury setback during pre-season ahead of the 2017 FA WSL Spring Series in 2017, Wubben-Moy ended up starting in all eight of Arsenal's Spring Series games as the team finished unbeaten.In autumn 2017, Wubben-Moy moved to the United States to play college soccer, joining ACC team North Carolina Tar Heels. She was a three-year starter at centre-back for UNC and was a second-team All-ACC selection in 2019. She scored her first collegiate goal on 8 September 2019 in an 8\u20130 win against UNLV Rebels, the first of six goals she scored in her junior year.In August 2020, Wubben-Moy announced she was forgoing her final year of college eligibility amid uncertainty around the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Following three seasons with UNC, Wubben-Moy returned to Arsenal, signing a professional contract on 11 September 2020.Wubben-Moy scored her first goal for Arsenal on 11 October 2020 against Brighton and Hove Albion after coming on as a substitute in a 5\u20130 victory.On 19 March 2021 Wubben-Moy would score her second goal for Arsenal against Manchester United in a game that would finish 2-0; she would go on to win player of the match. At the end of March she was named Barclays WSL Player of the Month.Wubben-Moy captained the England under-17 team during the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup as the team reached the quarter-finals. Later that year she also captained England at the 2016 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship, leading them to a third-place finish.On 23 February 2021 Wubben-Moy made her international debut against Northern Ireland, coming on as a second half substitution for fellow Arsenal player Leah Williamson in a match that would end 6-0 to England.On 27 May 2021 she was named as a reserve player for the Great Britain women's Olympic football team at the 2020 Summer Olympics.As of 23 February 2021.North Carolina Tar HeelsArsenal", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form", "Anglo European School"], "facts": [["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "educated at", "Anglo European School", "January 2010", "January 2015"], ["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "educated at", "Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "member of sports team", "North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer", "January 2017", "August 2020"], ["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "educated at", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "January 2017", "January 2020"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did J\u00fcri Adams belong to from September 1991 to February 2005?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did J\u00fcri Adams belong to from Sep 1991 to February 2005?", "date": "September 20 1991", "text_answers": {"text": ["Estonian National Independence Party", "Pro Patria Union"]}, "id": "L2M_Q12365796_P102_0", "fact_context": "J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian National Independence Party from January 1988 to January 1995. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Isamaa from January 2006 to January 2014. \n J\u00fcri Adams held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from March 2015 to May 2023. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian Free Party from January 2014 to January 2019. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Pro Patria Union from January 1995 to January 2006.", "adv_fact_context": "J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian National Independence Party from Jan 1988 to 01/1995. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Pro Patria Union from Jan 1995 to January 2006. \n J\u00fcri Adams held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from Mar 2015 to May 2023. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian Free Party from January 2014 to 01/2019. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Isamaa from Jan 2006 to January 2014.", "context": "J\u00fcri AdamsJ\u00fcri Adams (born 22 November 1947) is an Estonian politician. He formerly was the Justice Minister of Estonia from 1994 to 1995. He has been a member of numerous political parties, including the Estonian National Independence Party, Pro Patria Union and later the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. From 2014 to 2019 he was a member of the Estonian Free Party and a member of the Riigikogu.Adams graduated from the Tartu Distance Learning Secondary School in 1966, studied mathematics at Moscow State University and philology at the University of Tartu. He graduated from Luua Metsanduskool with a degree in forestry machinery in 1982.Adams has worked, among other things, as a teacher, forest warden and boiler-maker.In the time before Estonia regained its independence, Adams participated in the Estonian resistance movement and in the underground in the free press. Among other things, he translated the secret protocols of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact into Estonian. In 1978, he founded the magazine \"Additions to the Freedom of Thoughts and News in Estonia\". In 1988, Adams was one of the founders of the program and articles of association of the Estonian National Independence Party, and then the vice chairman of the party. From 1990 to 1992, he was the vice chairman of the Estonian Congress.Adams was a member of the Constitutional Assembly. He is considered to be the main author of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. From 1992 to 2003, and again from 2015 onwards, he has been a member of the Riigikogu, where he was chairman of the Committee on Legal Affairs.From 1994 to 1995, Adams was the Justice Minister of Estonia under prime minister Andres Tarand. However, from 2003 to 2014, he did not participate in active political activities. Adams is one of the founders of the Jaan T\u00f5nisson Institute and, since 2007, has been the chairman of their council.Adams is the son of writer and literary scholar Valmar Adams.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Estonian Free Party", "Isamaa"], "facts": [["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Estonian National Independence Party", "January 1988", "January 1995"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "position held", "member of the Estonian Riigikogu", "March 2015", "May 2023"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Isamaa", "January 2006", "January 2014"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Pro Patria Union", "January 1995", "January 2006"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Estonian Free Party", "January 2014", "January 2019"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for from September 1929 to May 1960?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for from Sep 1929 to May 1960?", "date": "September 05 1929", "text_answers": {"text": ["Technical University of Berlin", "Leipzig University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q57070_P108_41", "fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from January 1954 to January 1961. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to January 1935. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to January 1920. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to January 1925. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to January 1909. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from January 1925 to January 1928.", "adv_fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from Jan 1954 to Jan 1961. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to 01/1925. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to 01/1935. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to 01/1909. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to Jan 1920. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from Jan 1925 to Jan 1928.", "context": "Gustav Ludwig HertzGustav Ludwig Hertz (; 22 July 1887 \u2013 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work on inelastic electron collisions in gases, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.Hertz was born in Hamburg, the son of Auguste (n\u00e9e Arning) and a lawyer, Gustav Theodor Hertz (1858\u20131904), Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' brother. He attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before studying at the Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen (1906\u20131907), the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1907\u20131908), and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1908\u20131911). He received his doctorate in 1911 under Heinrich Leopold Rubens.From 1911 to 1914, Hertz was an assistant to Rubens at the University of Berlin. It was during this time that Hertz and James Franck performed experiments on inelastic electron collisions in gases, known as the Franck\u2013Hertz experiments, and for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925.During World War I, Hertz served in the military from 1914. In 1915 he joined Fritz Haber's unit that would introduce poisonous chlorine gas as a weapon. He was seriously wounded in 1915. In 1917, he returned to the University of Berlin as a Privatdozent. In 1920, he took a job as a research physicist at the Philips Incandescent Lamp Factory in Eindhoven, which he held until 1925.In 1925, Hertz became ordinarius professor and director of the Physics Institute of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. In 1928 he became ordinarius professor of experimental physics and director of the Physics Institute of the \"Technische Hochschule Berlin\" (\"THB\"), now Technical University of Berlin. While there, he developed an isotope separation technique via gaseous diffusion. Since Hertz was an officer during World War I, he was temporarily protected from National Socialist policies and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, but eventually the policies and laws became more stringent, and at the end of 1934, he was forced to resign his position at THB, as he was classified as a \"second degree part-Jew\" (his paternal grandfather Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (originally named David Gustav Hertz) (1827\u20131914) had been Jewish as a child, before his whole family had converted to Lutheranism in 1834). He then took a position at Siemens, as director of Research Laboratory II. While there, he continued his work on atomic physics and ultrasound, but he eventually discontinued his work on isotope separation. He held this position until he departed for the Soviet Union in 1945.Hertz was concerned for his safety and, like his fellow Nobel laureate James Franck, was looking to move to the USA or any other place outside Germany. So he made a pact with three colleagues: Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory \"Forschungslaboratorium f\u00fcr Elektronenphysik\", Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the THB. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts.On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10\u00a0km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul'rips (Gulrip'shi). Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included:(1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader,(2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus M\u00fchlenpfordt was the leader,(3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Sch\u00fctze was the leader,(4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and(5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader;Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Other members of Institute G were Werner Hartmann and Karl-Franz Z\u00fchlke. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne's Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to.By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force. Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi. Volmer went to the Scientific Research Institute No. 9 (NII-9). in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water. In Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation.In 1949, six German scientists, including Hertz, Thiessen, and Barwich were called in for consultation at Sverdlovsk-44, which was responsible for uranium enrichment. The plant, smaller than the American Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion plant, was getting only a little over half of the expected 90% or higher enrichment.After 1950, Hertz moved to Moscow. In 1951, Hertz was awarded a Stalin Prize, second class, with Barwich. In that year, James Franck and Hertz were jointly awarded the Max Planck Medal by the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Hertz remained in the Soviet Union until 1955.Upon return from the Soviet Union, Hertz became ordinarius professor at the University of Leipzig. From 1955 to 1967, he was also the chairman of the Physical Society of the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (GDR); he was honorary chairman from 1967 to 1975.Gustav Hertz was a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz and a cousin of Mathilde Carmen Hertz. In 1919, Hertz married Ellen n\u00e9e Dihlmann, who died in 1941. They had two sons, Carl Helmut Hertz and Johannes Heinrich Hertz; both became physicists.Hertz was a Member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Corresponding Member of the G\u00f6ttingen Academy of Sciences, an Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, a Member of the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Halle-Wittenberg", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Koninklijke Philips NV"], "facts": [["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Leipzig University", "January 1954", "January 1961"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Technical University of Berlin", "January 1928", "January 1935"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1908", "January 1909"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Koninklijke Philips NV", "January 1920", "January 1925"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "January 1925", "January 1928"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1906", "January 1908"]]}
{"question": "Where were Evan Tom Davies educated from May 1922 to January 1924?", "adv_question": "Where were Evan Tom Davies educated from 05/1922 to January 1924?", "date": "May 07 1922", "text_answers": {"text": ["Aberystwyth University", "Swansea University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q20476511_P69_0", "fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from January 1930 to January 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to January 1973. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from January 1946 to January 1969. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from January 1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from January 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1926 to January 1930.", "adv_fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to 01/1973. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from Jan 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from 01/1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from Jan 1921 to 01/1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from Jan 1946 to 01/1969. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from 01/1930 to Jan 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from Jan 1926 to January 1930.", "context": "Evan Tom DaviesEvan Tom Davies (24 September 1904 \u2013 8 October 1973) was a Welsh mathematician. He studied applications of the Lie derivative as it relates to Riemannian geometry as well as absolute differential calculus, and published a large number of papers relating to the subjects.Davies was born in 1904 in Pencader, Carmarthenshire, a small village in Wales. He was the son of two farmers and attended a local primary school. After finishing primary school, Davies received a full ride scholarship to Llandysul County School in the neighbouring town of Llandysul. There he became friends with Evan James Williams, a future professor of physics at Aberystwyth University and member of the Royal Society. In 1921, he enrolled in Aberystwyth University. He would graduate with a Bachelor of Science with honours in the field of applied mathematics. After graduation he went to Swansea University where he studied pure mathematics and received his master's degree. Davies would move to Rome in August 1926 to study with the leading expert on absolute differential calculus, Tullio Levi-Civita. There he received his doctorate.In 1930, after a short academic break due to poor health, Davies accepted a position as an assistant lecturer at King's College London. There he was promoted twice, first to Lecturer in 1935, and later to Reader in 1946. Davies was affected by the evacuation of King's College due to the London Blitz and was forced to temporarily relocate to the University of Bristol. After the conclusion of the Second World War and his subsequent promotion to Lecturer; Davie would become the chair of mathematics at the University of Southampton. He stayed at Southampton until his retirement in 1969 at the age of 65. After retirement, he went on to be a professor of mathematics at the University of Calgary for a period two years until leaving to be a professor at the University of Waterloo. He died at the age of 69 while employed there.Davies' first marriage was to Margaret Helen Picton in 1941, but she died a few years later in 1944. In 1955 he remarried, to Hilda Gladys Boyens, and they had one son. He made a hobby of linguistics and was fluent in five languages.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sapienza University of Rome"], "facts": [["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Swansea University", "January 1924", "January 1926"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Calgary", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Waterloo", "January 1971", "January 1973"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Southampton", "January 1946", "January 1969"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "King's College London", "January 1930", "January 1946"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Aberystwyth University", "January 1921", "January 1924"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Evan Tom Davies work for from April 1937 to August 1952?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Evan Tom Davies work for from 04/1937 to 08/1952?", "date": "April 01 1937", "text_answers": {"text": ["King's College London", "University of Southampton"]}, "id": "L2M_Q20476511_P108_21", "fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from January 1946 to January 1969. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from January 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from January 1930 to January 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to January 1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from January 1924 to January 1926.", "adv_fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from Jan 1921 to 01/1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from Jan 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from 01/1930 to Jan 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from Jan 1946 to 01/1969. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from 01/1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to 01/1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from Jan 1926 to January 1930.", "context": "Evan Tom DaviesEvan Tom Davies (24 September 1904 \u2013 8 October 1973) was a Welsh mathematician. He studied applications of the Lie derivative as it relates to Riemannian geometry as well as absolute differential calculus, and published a large number of papers relating to the subjects.Davies was born in 1904 in Pencader, Carmarthenshire, a small village in Wales. He was the son of two farmers and attended a local primary school. After finishing primary school, Davies received a full ride scholarship to Llandysul County School in the neighbouring town of Llandysul. There he became friends with Evan James Williams, a future professor of physics at Aberystwyth University and member of the Royal Society. In 1921, he enrolled in Aberystwyth University. He would graduate with a Bachelor of Science with honours in the field of applied mathematics. After graduation he went to Swansea University where he studied pure mathematics and received his master's degree. Davies would move to Rome in August 1926 to study with the leading expert on absolute differential calculus, Tullio Levi-Civita. There he received his doctorate.In 1930, after a short academic break due to poor health, Davies accepted a position as an assistant lecturer at King's College London. There he was promoted twice, first to Lecturer in 1935, and later to Reader in 1946. Davies was affected by the evacuation of King's College due to the London Blitz and was forced to temporarily relocate to the University of Bristol. After the conclusion of the Second World War and his subsequent promotion to Lecturer; Davie would become the chair of mathematics at the University of Southampton. He stayed at Southampton until his retirement in 1969 at the age of 65. After retirement, he went on to be a professor of mathematics at the University of Calgary for a period two years until leaving to be a professor at the University of Waterloo. He died at the age of 69 while employed there.Davies' first marriage was to Margaret Helen Picton in 1941, but she died a few years later in 1944. In 1955 he remarried, to Hilda Gladys Boyens, and they had one son. He made a hobby of linguistics and was fluent in five languages.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Waterloo", "University of Calgary"], "facts": [["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Swansea University", "January 1924", "January 1926"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Waterloo", "January 1971", "January 1973"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Calgary", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "King's College London", "January 1930", "January 1946"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Southampton", "January 1946", "January 1969"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Aberystwyth University", "January 1921", "January 1924"]]}
{"question": "Where were Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze educated from August 1898 to October 1902?", "adv_question": "Where were Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze educated from 08/1898 to 10/1902?", "date": "August 04 1898", "text_answers": {"text": ["TU Wien", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"]}, "id": "L2M_Q84554_P69_5", "fact_context": "Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Vienna from January 1908 to January 1910. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1902 to January 1903. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for German Technical University in Brno from January 1910 to January 1914. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1925 to January 1950. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at TU Wien from January 1898 to January 1904. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from January 1919 to January 1925.", "adv_fact_context": "Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from January 1919 to January 1925. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1925 to Jan 1950. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan 1902 to 01/1903. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Vienna from Jan 1908 to 01/1910. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at TU Wien from Jan 1898 to 01/1904. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for German Technical University in Brno from Jan 1910 to January 1914.", "context": "Heinrich Franz Friedrich TietzeHeinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze (August 31, 1880 \u2013 February 17, 1964) was an Austrian mathematician, famous for the Tietze extension theorem on functions from topological spaces to the real numbers. He also developed the Tietze transformations for group presentations, and was the first to pose the group isomorphism problem. Tietze's graph is also named after him; it describes the boundaries of a subdivision of the M\u00f6bius strip into six mutually-adjacent regions, found by Tietze as part of an extension of the four color theorem to non-orientable surfaces.Tietze was the son of Emil Tietze and the grandson of Franz Ritter von Hauer, both of whom were Austrian geologists.He was born in Schleinz, Austria-Hungary, and studied mathematics at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna beginning in 1898. After additional studies in Munich, he returned to Vienna, completing his doctorate in 1904 and his habilitation in 1908.From 1910 until 1918 Tietze taught mathematics in Brno, and was promoted to ordinary professor in 1913. He served in the Austrian army during World War I, and then returned to Brno, but in 1919 he took a position at the University of Erlangen, and then in 1925 moved again to the University of Munich, where he remained for the rest of his career. One of his doctoral students was Georg Aumann. Tietze retired in 1950, and died in Munich, West Germany.Tietze was a fellow of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1902", "January 1903"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "educated at", "TU Wien", "January 1898", "January 1904"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "University of Vienna", "January 1908", "January 1910"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "German Technical University in Brno", "January 1910", "January 1914"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1925", "January 1950"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "University of Erlangen-Nuremberg", "January 1919", "January 1925"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze work for from January 1908 to September 1913?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze work for from Jan 1908 to 09/1913?", "date": "January 18 1908", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Vienna", "German Technical University in Brno"]}, "id": "L2M_Q84554_P108_17", "fact_context": "Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1902 to January 1903. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from January 1919 to January 1925. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Vienna from January 1908 to January 1910. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at TU Wien from January 1898 to January 1904. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for German Technical University in Brno from January 1910 to January 1914. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1925 to January 1950.", "adv_fact_context": "Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan 1902 to 01/1903. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from January 1919 to January 1925. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for German Technical University in Brno from Jan 1910 to January 1914. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for University of Vienna from Jan 1908 to 01/1910. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze studied at TU Wien from Jan 1898 to 01/1904. \n Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze worked for Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1925 to Jan 1950.", "context": "Heinrich Franz Friedrich TietzeHeinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze (August 31, 1880 \u2013 February 17, 1964) was an Austrian mathematician, famous for the Tietze extension theorem on functions from topological spaces to the real numbers. He also developed the Tietze transformations for group presentations, and was the first to pose the group isomorphism problem. Tietze's graph is also named after him; it describes the boundaries of a subdivision of the M\u00f6bius strip into six mutually-adjacent regions, found by Tietze as part of an extension of the four color theorem to non-orientable surfaces.Tietze was the son of Emil Tietze and the grandson of Franz Ritter von Hauer, both of whom were Austrian geologists.He was born in Schleinz, Austria-Hungary, and studied mathematics at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna beginning in 1898. After additional studies in Munich, he returned to Vienna, completing his doctorate in 1904 and his habilitation in 1908.From 1910 until 1918 Tietze taught mathematics in Brno, and was promoted to ordinary professor in 1913. He served in the Austrian army during World War I, and then returned to Brno, but in 1919 he took a position at the University of Erlangen, and then in 1925 moved again to the University of Munich, where he remained for the rest of his career. One of his doctoral students was Georg Aumann. Tietze retired in 1950, and died in Munich, West Germany.Tietze was a fellow of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Erlangen-Nuremberg", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"], "facts": [["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "University of Erlangen-Nuremberg", "January 1919", "January 1925"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1902", "January 1903"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1925", "January 1950"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "German Technical University in Brno", "January 1910", "January 1914"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "employer", "University of Vienna", "January 1908", "January 1910"], ["Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze", "educated at", "TU Wien", "January 1898", "January 1904"]]}
{"question": "Where were J\u00f6rg Widmann educated from December 1986 to December 1994?", "adv_question": "Where were J\u00f6rg Widmann educated from December 1986 to December 1994?", "date": "December 01 1986", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen", "Juilliard School"]}, "id": "L2M_Q462746_P69_0", "fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from January 1986 to January 1997. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from January 1997 to January 1999. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from January 2017 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from 01/1986 to Jan 1997. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from 01/2017 to May 2023. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from 01/1997 to January 1999.", "context": "J\u00f6rg WidmannJ\u00f6rg Widmann (born 19 June 1973) is a German composer, conductor and clarinetist. In 2018, Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer. Formerly a clarinet and composition professor at the University of Music Freiburg, he is composition professor at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie.His most important compositions are the two operas \"Babylon\" and \"Das Gesicht im Spiegel\", an oratorio \"Arche\", his string quartets and the concert overture \"Con brio\". Widmann wrote musical tributes to Classical and Romantic composers. He was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art in 2018.Widmann was born on 19 June 1973 in Munich as the son of a physicist and a teacher and first took clarinet lessons in 1980. Four years later he became a composition student of Kay Westermann. He later studied composition with Hans Werner Henze, Wilfried Hiller, Heiner Goebbels and Wolfgang Rihm. He studied as a clarinetist at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen with Gerhard Starke (1986\u20131997, Meisterklassendiplom 1997) and at the Juilliard School in New York City with Charles Neidich (1994\u20131995, Advanced Certificate 1995). After graduating with a Master's from Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Munich in 1997, he furthered his studies at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe (1997\u20131999). From 2001 to 2015 he taught clarinet as a professor at the University of Music Freiburg. From 2009 to 2016 Widmann was a part-time Professor of Composition, succeeding Mathias Spahlinger, at the Institute for New Music at the University of Music Freiburg. In 2017, Widmann became Principal Conductor and Artistic Partner (2011\u20132017: Principal Guest Conductor) of the Irish Chamber Orchestra. Since 2017, Widmann holds the Edward-Said-Chair as Professor of Composition at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie Berlin.He lives in Berlin and Munich.Widmann has achieved success both as a clarinetist and as a composer.As a soloist, he has performed with major orchestras in Germany and abroad, including the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, under conductors such as Valery Gergiev, Christoph von Dohn\u00e1nyi, Sylvain Cambreling and Kent Nagano. Widmann has premiered several clarinet concerti dedicated to him: in 1999 through \"musica viva\", he played \"Music for Clarinet and Orchestra\" by Wolfgang Rihm; in 2006 with the WDR Symphony Orchestra, \"Cantus\" by Aribert Reimann; and in 2015 \"\"\u00fcber\"\" by Mark Andre at the Donaueschingen Festival. Widmann's core repertoire as clarinetist includes Boulez Dialogue de l'ombre double, which he performed on Pierre Boulez's 85th birthday in Paris.Widmann's compositions draw on different musical genres. For example, he has written a Trilogy for orchestra examining the projection of vocal forms of instrumental ensembles. The Trilogy consists of \"Lied\" (premiered in 2003 and recorded on CD by the Bamberg Symphony with Jonathan Nott), \"Chor\" (premiered in 2004 by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin with Kent Nagano) and \"Messe\" (premiered in June 2005 by the Munich Philharmonic under Christian Thielemann). In 2007, Pierre Boulez and the Vienna Philharmonic premiered his orchestral work \"Armonica\".His early string quartets are of particular note among his chamber music: the First Quartet was written in 1997, followed by the \"Chorale Quartet\" and the \"Hunting Quartet\", the latter premiered in 2003 by the Arditti Quartet. 2005 saw the first performances of the Fourth Quartet and \"Experiment on a Fugue\" (Fifth Quartet, with soprano), with Juliane Banse and the Artemis Quartet. These five one-movement quartets form a cycle.Widmann was Composer in Residence at the Salzburg Festival in 2004. \"Am Anfang\" by Anselm Kiefer and Widmann was premiered in July 2009 as part of the 20th anniversary of the Op\u00e9ra Bastille, in which Widmann acted as composer, clarinetist and made his debut as conductor. He was Composer in Residence at the Lucerne Festival in 2009, where on 13 August 2009, Heinz Holliger performed Widmann's oboe concerto, commissioned by the festival. On 5 September Widmann premiered Holliger's \"Rechant\" for solo clarinet. Widmann's \"Free Pieces for Ensemble: Number X\" is used in Sophie Fiennes's documentary \"Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow\" (2010), about the postwar German artist Anselm Kiefer. His sister Carolin Widmann premiered his \"\u00e9tudes IV-VI\" for violin (20042010) at the Wittener Tage f\u00fcr neue Kammermusik on 23 April 2010. From 2009 to 2011 he was the Daniel R. Lewis Young Composer Fellow at the Cleveland Orchestra. He performed his \"Fantasie for Solo Clarinet\" (1993) to celebrate Walter Fink's 80th birthday at the Rheingau Musik Festival on 16 August 2010 and in 2014 was the festival's Composer & Artist in Residence. Widmann was the Tonhalle Orchester Z\u00fcrich's Creative Chair in the 2015\u201316 season.On 9 September 2015, the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced they were commissioning a work from Widmann as part of a planned collaboration by the two organizations beginning in the fall of 2017. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced Widmann's appointment as its first-ever \"Gewandhauskomponist\" (Gewandhaus composer) for the 2017\u201318 season.Widmann's oratorio \"ARCHE\" had its world premiere on 13 January 2017 on the occasion of the opening festivities of the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. It was performed by the Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano. The Pierre Boulez Saal was opened on 4 March 2017 with a concert by Widmann, Daniel Barenboim, and Anna Prohaska.On 27 January 2018 Widmann and the Hagen Quartet performed his Clarinet Quintet, as part of a European tour, at Amsterdam's Muziekgebouw aan het IJ. Partita, five reminiscences for large orchestra, commissioned by the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was premiered in Leipzig on 8 March 2018 with Andris Nelsons conducting.After the world premiere in 2012 at the Bavarian State Opera, in 2019 a new Berlin version of his opera \"Babylon\" was performed at the Berlin State Opera Unter den Linden under the musical direction of Christopher Ward.Anne-Sophie Mutter is the dedicatee of String Quartet No. 6 (\"Study on Beethoven\", 2019). With this piece, Widmann began a new series of works in the genre.Widmann held the 2019\u201320 Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's Chair at Carnegie Hall. During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, he contributed to the online Festival of New Music with his composition \"empty space\". Barenboim and Emanuel Pahud curated the festival in the empty Pierre Boulez Saal.Sounds, not tones, are the focus of Widmann's thinking. Widmann's music integrates serialism and the use of noise, electronics, and unusual timbres with more traditional resources. He often pushes familiar gestures to extremes or explores the borders between organized sound and noise. In most of his compositions, Widmann is in musical \"dialogue\" with Classical-Romantic composers such as Schumann, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Brahms. He wrote musical tributes to these composers. Widmann has written pieces without pitches and also purely tonal pieces. The scores show extremely precise, well-considered structures and instructions. He uses extended techniques in many compositions such as \"Con brio\". He finds inspiration in literature, poems, paintings and sculptures and frequently uses literary sources for his compositions, such as Matthias Claudius, Klabund, Heinrich Heine, Peter Sloterdijk, Clemens Brentano and Friedrich Schiller.According to \"Bachtrack\", in 2018 Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer, behind Arvo P\u00e4rt and John Williams.Widmann's works are published by Schott Music.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe"], "facts": [["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe", "January 1997", "January 1999"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Juilliard School", "January 1994", "January 1995"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen", "January 1986", "January 1997"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg", "January 2001", "January 2016"]]}
{"question": "Where were J\u00f6rg Widmann educated from March 1991 to August 1994?", "adv_question": "Where were J\u00f6rg Widmann educated from 03/1991 to August 1994?", "date": "March 19 1991", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen", "Juilliard School"]}, "id": "L2M_Q462746_P69_4", "fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from January 1997 to January 1999. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from January 2017 to May 2023. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from January 1986 to January 1997.", "adv_fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from 01/1997 to January 1999. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from 01/1986 to Jan 1997. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from 01/2017 to May 2023. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995.", "context": "J\u00f6rg WidmannJ\u00f6rg Widmann (born 19 June 1973) is a German composer, conductor and clarinetist. In 2018, Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer. Formerly a clarinet and composition professor at the University of Music Freiburg, he is composition professor at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie.His most important compositions are the two operas \"Babylon\" and \"Das Gesicht im Spiegel\", an oratorio \"Arche\", his string quartets and the concert overture \"Con brio\". Widmann wrote musical tributes to Classical and Romantic composers. He was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art in 2018.Widmann was born on 19 June 1973 in Munich as the son of a physicist and a teacher and first took clarinet lessons in 1980. Four years later he became a composition student of Kay Westermann. He later studied composition with Hans Werner Henze, Wilfried Hiller, Heiner Goebbels and Wolfgang Rihm. He studied as a clarinetist at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen with Gerhard Starke (1986\u20131997, Meisterklassendiplom 1997) and at the Juilliard School in New York City with Charles Neidich (1994\u20131995, Advanced Certificate 1995). After graduating with a Master's from Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Munich in 1997, he furthered his studies at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe (1997\u20131999). From 2001 to 2015 he taught clarinet as a professor at the University of Music Freiburg. From 2009 to 2016 Widmann was a part-time Professor of Composition, succeeding Mathias Spahlinger, at the Institute for New Music at the University of Music Freiburg. In 2017, Widmann became Principal Conductor and Artistic Partner (2011\u20132017: Principal Guest Conductor) of the Irish Chamber Orchestra. Since 2017, Widmann holds the Edward-Said-Chair as Professor of Composition at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie Berlin.He lives in Berlin and Munich.Widmann has achieved success both as a clarinetist and as a composer.As a soloist, he has performed with major orchestras in Germany and abroad, including the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, under conductors such as Valery Gergiev, Christoph von Dohn\u00e1nyi, Sylvain Cambreling and Kent Nagano. Widmann has premiered several clarinet concerti dedicated to him: in 1999 through \"musica viva\", he played \"Music for Clarinet and Orchestra\" by Wolfgang Rihm; in 2006 with the WDR Symphony Orchestra, \"Cantus\" by Aribert Reimann; and in 2015 \"\"\u00fcber\"\" by Mark Andre at the Donaueschingen Festival. Widmann's core repertoire as clarinetist includes Boulez Dialogue de l'ombre double, which he performed on Pierre Boulez's 85th birthday in Paris.Widmann's compositions draw on different musical genres. For example, he has written a Trilogy for orchestra examining the projection of vocal forms of instrumental ensembles. The Trilogy consists of \"Lied\" (premiered in 2003 and recorded on CD by the Bamberg Symphony with Jonathan Nott), \"Chor\" (premiered in 2004 by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin with Kent Nagano) and \"Messe\" (premiered in June 2005 by the Munich Philharmonic under Christian Thielemann). In 2007, Pierre Boulez and the Vienna Philharmonic premiered his orchestral work \"Armonica\".His early string quartets are of particular note among his chamber music: the First Quartet was written in 1997, followed by the \"Chorale Quartet\" and the \"Hunting Quartet\", the latter premiered in 2003 by the Arditti Quartet. 2005 saw the first performances of the Fourth Quartet and \"Experiment on a Fugue\" (Fifth Quartet, with soprano), with Juliane Banse and the Artemis Quartet. These five one-movement quartets form a cycle.Widmann was Composer in Residence at the Salzburg Festival in 2004. \"Am Anfang\" by Anselm Kiefer and Widmann was premiered in July 2009 as part of the 20th anniversary of the Op\u00e9ra Bastille, in which Widmann acted as composer, clarinetist and made his debut as conductor. He was Composer in Residence at the Lucerne Festival in 2009, where on 13 August 2009, Heinz Holliger performed Widmann's oboe concerto, commissioned by the festival. On 5 September Widmann premiered Holliger's \"Rechant\" for solo clarinet. Widmann's \"Free Pieces for Ensemble: Number X\" is used in Sophie Fiennes's documentary \"Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow\" (2010), about the postwar German artist Anselm Kiefer. His sister Carolin Widmann premiered his \"\u00e9tudes IV-VI\" for violin (20042010) at the Wittener Tage f\u00fcr neue Kammermusik on 23 April 2010. From 2009 to 2011 he was the Daniel R. Lewis Young Composer Fellow at the Cleveland Orchestra. He performed his \"Fantasie for Solo Clarinet\" (1993) to celebrate Walter Fink's 80th birthday at the Rheingau Musik Festival on 16 August 2010 and in 2014 was the festival's Composer & Artist in Residence. Widmann was the Tonhalle Orchester Z\u00fcrich's Creative Chair in the 2015\u201316 season.On 9 September 2015, the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced they were commissioning a work from Widmann as part of a planned collaboration by the two organizations beginning in the fall of 2017. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced Widmann's appointment as its first-ever \"Gewandhauskomponist\" (Gewandhaus composer) for the 2017\u201318 season.Widmann's oratorio \"ARCHE\" had its world premiere on 13 January 2017 on the occasion of the opening festivities of the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. It was performed by the Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano. The Pierre Boulez Saal was opened on 4 March 2017 with a concert by Widmann, Daniel Barenboim, and Anna Prohaska.On 27 January 2018 Widmann and the Hagen Quartet performed his Clarinet Quintet, as part of a European tour, at Amsterdam's Muziekgebouw aan het IJ. Partita, five reminiscences for large orchestra, commissioned by the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was premiered in Leipzig on 8 March 2018 with Andris Nelsons conducting.After the world premiere in 2012 at the Bavarian State Opera, in 2019 a new Berlin version of his opera \"Babylon\" was performed at the Berlin State Opera Unter den Linden under the musical direction of Christopher Ward.Anne-Sophie Mutter is the dedicatee of String Quartet No. 6 (\"Study on Beethoven\", 2019). With this piece, Widmann began a new series of works in the genre.Widmann held the 2019\u201320 Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's Chair at Carnegie Hall. During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, he contributed to the online Festival of New Music with his composition \"empty space\". Barenboim and Emanuel Pahud curated the festival in the empty Pierre Boulez Saal.Sounds, not tones, are the focus of Widmann's thinking. Widmann's music integrates serialism and the use of noise, electronics, and unusual timbres with more traditional resources. He often pushes familiar gestures to extremes or explores the borders between organized sound and noise. In most of his compositions, Widmann is in musical \"dialogue\" with Classical-Romantic composers such as Schumann, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Brahms. He wrote musical tributes to these composers. Widmann has written pieces without pitches and also purely tonal pieces. The scores show extremely precise, well-considered structures and instructions. He uses extended techniques in many compositions such as \"Con brio\". He finds inspiration in literature, poems, paintings and sculptures and frequently uses literary sources for his compositions, such as Matthias Claudius, Klabund, Heinrich Heine, Peter Sloterdijk, Clemens Brentano and Friedrich Schiller.According to \"Bachtrack\", in 2018 Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer, behind Arvo P\u00e4rt and John Williams.Widmann's works are published by Schott Music.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe"], "facts": [["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe", "January 1997", "January 1999"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg", "January 2001", "January 2016"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen", "January 1986", "January 1997"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Juilliard School", "January 1994", "January 1995"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Roy Jenkins hold from March 1980 to December 1982?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Roy Jenkins hold from Mar 1980 to Dec 1982?", "date": "March 02 1980", "text_answers": {"text": ["President of the European Commission", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom"]}, "id": "L2M_Q323488_P39_315", "fact_context": "Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1966 to May 1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from April 1956 to January 1957. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1950 to October 1951. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1974 to January 1977. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1951 to May 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from November 1967 to June 1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1983 to May 1987. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1955 to September 1959. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 1970 to April 1972. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to February 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the House of Lords from November 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins was a member of the Liberal Democrats from March 1988 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from April 1948 to February 1950. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the University of Oxford from March 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from July 1955 to October 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to September 1964. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of President of the European Commission from January 1977 to January 1981. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1982 to May 1983. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Home Secretary from November 1973 to March 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1964 to March 1966.", "adv_fact_context": "Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the House of Lords from 11/1987 to 01/2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the University of Oxford from Mar 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr 1948 to 02/1950. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 03/1982 to 05/1983. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1950 to Oct 1951. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to 02/1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jul 1955 to October 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1983 to May 1987. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 1970 to Apr 1972. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from 05/1955 to Sep 1959. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 10/1974 to January 1977. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1951 to May 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Home Secretary from November 1973 to March 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from November 1967 to 06/1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of President of the European Commission from Jan 1977 to 01/1981. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar 1966 to May 1970. \n Roy Jenkins was a member of the Liberal Democrats from Mar 1988 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Apr 1956 to 01/1957. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to Sep 1964. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1964 to 03/1966.", "context": "Roy JenkinsRoy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, (11 November 1920\u00a0\u2013 5 January 2003) was a British politician who served as President of the European Commission from 1977 to 1981. At various times a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Labour Party, Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Liberal Democrats, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary under the Wilson and Callaghan Governments.The son of Arthur Jenkins, a coal-miner and Labour MP, Jenkins was educated at the University of Oxford and served as an intelligence officer during the Second World War. Initially elected as MP for Southwark Central in 1948, he moved to become MP for Birmingham Stechford in 1950. On the election of Harold Wilson after the 1964 election, Jenkins was appointed Minister of Aviation. A year later, he was promoted to the Cabinet to become Home Secretary. In this role, Jenkins embarked on a major reform programme; he sought to build what he described as \"a civilised society\", overseeing measures such as the effective abolition in Britain of both capital punishment and theatre censorship, the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality, relaxing of divorce law, suspension of birching and the liberalisation of abortion law.After the devaluation crisis in November 1967, Jenkins replaced James Callaghan as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Throughout his time at the Treasury, Jenkins oversaw a tight fiscal policy in an attempt to control inflation, and oversaw a particularly tough Budget in 1968 which saw major tax rises. As a result of this, the Government's current account entered a surplus in 1969. After Labour unexpectedly lost the 1970 election, Jenkins was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in 1970. He resigned from the position in 1972 after the Labour Party decided to oppose Britain's entry to the European Communities, which he strongly supported. When Labour returned to power following the 1974 election, Wilson appointed Jenkins as Home Secretary for the second time. Two years later, when Wilson resigned as Prime Minister, Jenkins stood in the leadership election to succeed him, finishing third behind Michael Foot and the winner James Callaghan. He subsequently chose to resign from Parliament and leave British politics, to accept appointment as the first-ever British President of the European Commission, a role he took up in January 1977.After completing his term at the Commission in 1981, Jenkins announced a surprise return to British politics; dismayed with the Labour Party's move further left under the leadership of Michael Foot, he became one of the \"Gang of Four\", senior Labour figures who broke away from the party and founded the SDP. In 1982, Jenkins won a by-election to return to Parliament as MP for Glasgow Hillhead, taking the seat from the Conservatives in a famous result. He became leader of the SDP ahead of the 1983 election, during which he formed an electoral alliance with the Liberal Party. After his disappointment with the performance of the SDP in the election, he resigned as leader. He subsequently lost his seat in Parliament at the 1987 election, and accepted a life peerage shortly afterwards; he sat in the House of Lords as a Liberal Democrat.He was later elected to succeed former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as Chancellor of the University of Oxford following the latter's death; he would hold this position until his own death sixteen years later. In the late 1990s, he served as a close adviser to Prime Minister Tony Blair and chaired a major commission on electoral reform. In addition to his political career, he was also a noted historian, biographer and writer. His (1991) is regarded as one of the best autobiographies of the later twentieth century, which \"will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten\". Jenkins died in 2003, aged 82.Born in Abersychan, Monmouthshire, in southeastern Wales, as an only child, Roy Jenkins was the son of a National Union of Mineworkers official, Arthur Jenkins. His father was imprisoned during the 1926 General Strike for his alleged involvement in disturbances. Arthur Jenkins later became President of the South Wales Miners' Federation and Member of Parliament for Pontypool, Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee, and briefly a minister in the 1945 Labour government. Roy Jenkins' mother, Hattie Harris, was the daughter of a steelworks foreman.Jenkins was educated at Pentwyn Primary School, Abersychan County Grammar School, University College, Cardiff, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was twice defeated for the Presidency of the Oxford Union but took First-Class Honours in Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE). His university colleagues included Tony Crosland, Denis Healey and Edward Heath, and he became friends with all three, although he was never particularly close to Healey.In John Campbell's biography \"A Well-Rounded Life\" a romantic relationship between Jenkins and Crosland was detailed. Other figures he met whilst at Oxford who would become notable in public life included Madron Seligman, Nicholas Henderson and Mark Bonham Carter.During the Second World War, Jenkins received his officer training at Alton Towers and was posted to the 55th West Somerset Yeomanry at West Lavington, Wiltshire. Through the influence of his father, in April 1944 Jenkins was sent to Bletchley Park to work as a codebreaker; whilst there he befriended the historian Asa Briggs.Having failed to win Solihull in 1945, after which he spent a brief period working for the Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation, he was elected to the House of Commons in a 1948 by-election as the Member of Parliament for Southwark Central, becoming the \"Baby of the House\". His constituency was abolished in boundary changes for the 1950 general election, when he stood instead in the new Birmingham Stechford constituency. He won the seat, and represented the constituency until 1977.In 1947 he edited a collection of Clement Attlee's speeches, published under the title \"Purpose and Policy\". Attlee then granted Jenkins access to his private papers so that he could write his biography, which appeared in 1948 (\"Mr Attlee: An Interim Biography\"). The reviews were generally favourable, including George Orwell's in \"Tribune\".In 1950, he advocated a large capital levy, abolition of public schools and introduction of a measure of industrial democracy to nationalised industries as key policy objectives for the Labour government. In 1951 \"Tribune\" published his pamphlet \"Fair Shares for the Rich\". Here, Jenkins advocated the abolition of large private incomes by taxing them, graduating from 50 per cent for incomes between \u00a320,000 and \u00a330,000 to 95 per cent for incomes over \u00a3100,000. He also proposed further nationalisations and said: \"Future nationalisations will be more concerned with equality than with planning, and this means that we can leave the monolithic public corporation behind us and look for more intimate forms of ownership and control\". He later described this \"almost Robespierrean\" pamphlet as \"the apogee of my excursion to the left\".Jenkins contributed an essay on 'Equality' to the 1952 collection \"New Fabian Essays\". In 1953 appeared \"Pursuit of Progress\", a work intended to counter Bevanism. Retreating from what he had demanded in \"Fair Shares for the Rich\", Jenkins now argued that the redistribution of wealth would occur over a generation and abandoned the goal of public school abolition. However, he still proposed further nationalisations: \"It is quite impossible to advocate both the abolition of great inequalities of wealth and the acceptance of a one-quarter public sector and three-quarters private sector arrangement. A mixed economy there will undoubtedly be, certainly for many decades and perhaps permanently, but it will need to be mixed in very different proportions from this\". He also opposed the Bevanites' neutralist foreign policy platform: \"Neutrality is essentially a conservative policy, a policy of defeat, of announcing to the world that we have nothing to say to which the world will listen. ... Neutrality could never be acceptable to anyone who believes that he has a universal faith to preach\". Jenkins argued that the Labour leadership needed to take on and defeat the neutralists and pacifists in the party; it would be better to risk a split in the party than face \"the destruction, by schism, perhaps for a generation, of the whole progressive movement in the country\".Between 1951 and 1956 he wrote a weekly column for the Indian newspaper \"The Current\". Here he advocated progressive reforms such as equal pay, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the liberalisation of the obscenity laws and the abolition of capital punishment. \"Mr Balfour's Poodle\", a short account of the House of Lords crisis of 1911 that culminated in the Parliament Act 1911, was published in 1954. Favourable reviewers included A. J. P. Taylor, Harold Nicolson, Leonard Woolf and Violet Bonham Carter. After a suggestion by Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins then wrote a biography of the Victorian radical, Sir Charles Dilke, which was published in October 1958.During the 1956 Suez Crisis, Jenkins denounced Anthony Eden's \"squalid imperialist adventure\" at a Labour rally in Birmingham Town Hall. Three years later he claimed that \"Suez was a totally unsuccessful attempt to achieve unreasonable and undesirable objectives by methods which were at once reckless and immoral; and the consequences, as was well deserved, were humiliating and disastrous\".Jenkins praised Anthony Crosland's 1956 work \"The Future of Socialism\" as \"the most important book on socialist theory\" since Evan Durbin's \"The Politics of Democratic Socialism\" (1940). With much of the economy now nationalised, Jenkins argued, socialists should concentrate on eliminating the remaining pockets of poverty and on the removal of class barriers, as well as promoting libertarian social reforms. Jenkins was principal sponsor, in 1959, of the bill which became the liberalising Obscene Publications Act, responsible for establishing the \"liable to deprave and corrupt\" criterion as a basis for a prosecution of suspect material and for specifying literary merit as a possible defence.In July 1959 Penguin published Jenkins' \"The Labour Case\", timed to anticipate the upcoming election. Jenkins argued that Britain's chief danger was that of \"living sullenly in the past, of believing that the world has a duty to keep us in the station to which we are accustomed, and showing bitter resentment if it does not do so\". He added: \"Our neighbours in Europe are roughly our economic and military equals. We would do better to live gracefully with them than to waste our substance by trying unsuccessfully to keep up with the power giants of the modern world\". Jenkins claimed that the Attlee government concentrated \"too much towards the austerity of fair shares, and too little towards the incentives of free consumers' choice\". Although he still believed in the elimination of poverty and more equality, Jenkins now argued that these aims could be achieved by economic growth. In the final chapter ('Is Britain Civilised?') Jenkins set out a list of necessary progressive social reforms: the abolition of the death penalty, decriminalisation of homosexuality, abolition of the Lord Chamberlain's powers of theatre censorship, liberalisation of the licensing and betting laws, liberalisation of the divorce laws, legalisation of abortion, decriminalisation of suicide and more liberal immigration laws. Jenkins concluded:Let us be on the side of those who want people to be free to live their own lives, to make their own mistakes, and to decide, in an adult way and provided they do not infringe the rights of others, the code by which they wish to live; and on the side of experiment and brightness, of better buildings and better food, of better music (jazz as well as Bach) and better books, of fuller lives and greater freedom. In the long run these things will be more important than the most perfect of economic policies.In the aftermath of Labour's 1959 defeat, Jenkins appeared on \"Panorama\" and argued that Labour should abandon further nationalisation, question its connection with the trade unions and not dismiss a closer association with the Liberal Party. In November he delivered a Fabian Society lecture in which he blamed Labour's defeat on the unpopularity of nationalisation and he repeated this in an article for \"The Spectator\". His \"Spectator\" article also called for Britain to accept its diminished place in the world, to grant colonial freedom, to spend more on public services and to promote the right of individuals to live their own lives free from the constraints of popular prejudices and state interference. Jenkins later called it a \"good radical programme, although...not a socialist one\".In May 1960 Jenkins joined the Campaign for Democratic Socialism, a Gaitskellite pressure group designed to fight against left-wing domination of the Labour Party. In July 1960 Jenkins resigned from his frontbench role in order to be able to campaign freely for British membership of the Common Market. At the 1960 Labour Party conference in Scarborough, Jenkins advocated rewriting Clause IV of the party's constitution but he was booed. In November he wrote in \"The Spectator\" that \"unless the Labour Party is determined to abdicate its role as a mass party and become nothing more than a narrow sectarian society, its paramount task is to represent the whole of the Leftward-thinking half of the country\u2014and to offer the prospect of attracting enough marginal support to give that half some share of power\".During 1960\u201362 his main campaign was British membership of the Common Market, where he became Labour's leading advocate of entry. When Harold Macmillan initiated the first British application to join the Common Market in 1961, Jenkins became deputy chairman of the all-party Common Market Campaign and then chairman of the Labour Common Market Committee. At the 1961 Labour Party conference Jenkins spoke in favour of Britain's entry.Since 1959 Jenkins had been working on a biography of the Liberal Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith. For Jenkins, Asquith ranked with Attlee as the embodiment of the moderate, liberal intelligence in politics that he most admired. Through Asquith's grandson, Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins had access to Asquith's letters to his mistress, Venetia Stanley. Kenneth Rose, Michael Foot, Asa Briggs and John Grigg all favourably reviewed the book when it was published in October 1964. However, Violet Bonham Carter wrote a defence of her father in \"The Times\" against the few criticisms of Asquith in the book, and Robert Rhodes James wrote in \"The Spectator\" that \"Asquith was surely a tougher, stronger, more acute man...than Mr. Jenkins would have us believe. The fascinating enigma of his complete decline is never really analysed, nor even understood. ... We required a Sutherland: but we have got an Annigoni\". John Campbell claims that \"for half a century it has remained unchallenged as the best biography and is rightly regarded as a classic\".Like Healey and Crosland, he had been a close friend of Hugh Gaitskell and for them Gaitskell's death and the elevation of Harold Wilson as Labour Party leader was a setback. For Jenkins, Gaitskell would remain his political hero. After the 1964 general election Jenkins was appointed Minister of Aviation and was sworn of the Privy Council. While at Aviation he oversaw the high-profile cancellations of the BAC TSR-2 and Concorde projects (although the latter was later reversed after strong opposition from the French Government). In January 1965 Patrick Gordon Walker resigned as Foreign Secretary and in the ensuing reshuffle Wilson offered Jenkins the Department for Education and Science; however, he declined it, preferring to stay at Aviation.In the summer of 1965 Jenkins eagerly accepted an offer to replace Frank Soskice as Home Secretary. However Wilson, dismayed by a sudden bout of press speculation about the potential move, delayed Jenkins' appointment until December. Once Jenkins took office \u2013 the youngest Home Secretary since Churchill \u2013 he immediately set about reforming the operation and organisation of the Home Office. The Principal Private Secretary, Head of the Press and Publicity Department and Permanent Under-Secretary were all replaced. He also redesigned his office, famously replacing the board on which condemned prisoners were listed with a fridge.After the 1966 general election, in which Labour won a comfortable majority, Jenkins pushed through a series of police reforms which reduced the number of separate forces from 117 to 49. \"The Times\" called it \"the greatest upheaval in policing since the time of Peel\". His visit to Chicago in September (to study their policing methods) convinced him of the need to introduce two-way radios to the police; whereas the Metropolitan Police possessed 25 radios in 1965, Jenkins increased this to 2,500, and provided similar numbers of radios to the rest of the country's police forces. Jenkins also provided the police with more car radios, which made the police more mobile but reduced the amount of time they spent patrolling the streets. His Criminal Justice Act 1967 introduced more stringent controls on the purchase of shotguns, outlawed last-minute alibis and introduced majority verdicts in juries in England and Wales. The Act was also designed to lower the prison population by the introduction of release under licence, easier bail, suspended sentences and earlier parole.Immigration was a divisive and provocative issue during the late 1960s and on 23 May 1966 Jenkins delivered a speech on race relations, which is widely considered to be one of his best. Addressing a London meeting of the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants he notably defined Integration:Before going on to ask:And concluding that:By the end of 1966, Jenkins was the Cabinet's rising star; the \"Guardian\" called him the best Home Secretary of the century \"and quite possibly the best since Peel\", the \"Sunday Times\" called him Wilson's most likeliest successor and the \"New Statesman\" labelled him \"Labour's Crown Prince\".In a speech to the London Labour Conference in May 1967, Jenkins said his vision was of \"a more civilised, more free and less hidebound society\" and he further claimed that \"to enlarge the area of individual choice, socially, politically and economically, not just for a few but for the whole community, is very much what democratic socialism is about\". He gave strong personal support to David Steel's Private Member's Bill for the legalisation of abortion, which became the Abortion Act 1967, telling the Commons that \"the existing law on abortion is uncertain and...harsh and archaic\", adding that \"the law is consistently flouted by those who have the means to do so. It is, therefore, very much a question of one law for the rich and one law for the poor\". When the Bill looked likely to be dropped due to insufficient time, Jenkins helped ensure that it received enough parliamentary time to pass and he voted for it in every division.Jenkins also supported Leo Abse's bill for the decriminalisation of homosexuality, which became the Sexual Offences Act 1967. Jenkins told the Commons: \"It would be a mistake to think...that by what we are doing tonight we are giving a vote of confidence or congratulation to homosexuality. Those who suffer from this disability carry a great weight of loneliness, guilt and shame. The crucial question...is, should we add to those disadvantages the full rigour of the criminal law? By its overwhelming decisions, the House has given a fairly clear answer, and I hope that the Bill will now make rapid progress towards the Statute Book. It will be an important and civilising Measure\".Jenkins also abolished the use of flogging in prisons. In July 1967 Jenkins recommended to the Home Affairs Select Committee a bill to end the Lord Chamberlain's power to censor the theatre. This was passed as the Theatres Act 1968 under Jenkins' successor as Home Secretary, James Callaghan. Jenkins also announced that he would introduce legislation banning racial discrimination in employment, which was embodied in the Race Relations Act 1968 passed under Callaghan. In October 1967 Jenkins planned to introduce legislation that would enable him to keep out the 20,000 Kenyan Asians who held British passports (this was passed four months later under Callaghan as the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968, which was based on Jenkins' draft).Jenkins is often seen as responsible for the most wide-ranging social reforms of the late 1960s, with popular historian Andrew Marr claiming \"the greatest changes of the Labour years\" were thanks to Jenkins. These reforms would not have happened when they did, earlier than in most other European countries, if Jenkins had not supported them. In a speech in Abingdon in July 1969, Jenkins said that the \"permissive society\" had been allowed to become a dirty phrase: \"A better phrase is the 'civilized society', based on the belief that different individuals will wish to make different decisions about their patterns of behaviour and that, provided these do not restrict the freedom of others, they should be allowed to do so within a framework of understanding and tolerance\". Jenkins' words were immediately reported in the press as \"The permissive society is the civilised society\", which he later wrote \"was not all that far from my meaning\".For some conservatives, such as Peter Hitchens, Jenkins' reforms remain objectionable. In his book \"The Abolition of Britain\", Hitchens accuses him of being a \"cultural revolutionary\" who takes a large part of the responsibility for the decline of \"traditional values\" in Britain. During the 1980s Margaret Thatcher and Norman Tebbit would blame Jenkins for family breakdowns, the decline of respect for authority and the decline of social responsibility. Jenkins replied by pointing out that Thatcher, with her large parliamentary majorities, never attempted to reverse his reforms.From 1967 to 1970 Jenkins served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, replacing James Callaghan following the devaluation crisis of November 1967. Jenkins' ultimate goal as Chancellor was economic growth, which depended on restoring stability to sterling at its new value after devaluation. This could only be achieved by ensuring a surplus in the balance of payments, which had been in a deficit for the previous five years. Therefore, Jenkins pursued deflation, including cuts in public expenditure and increases in taxation, in order to ensure that resources went into exports rather than domestic consumption. Jenkins warned the House of Commons in January 1968 that there was \"two years of hard slog ahead\".He quickly gained a reputation as a particularly tough Chancellor with his 1968 budget increasing taxes by \u00a3923\u00a0million, more than twice the increase of any previous budget to date. Jenkins had warned the Cabinet that a second devaluation would occur in three months if his budget did not restore confidence in sterling. He restored prescription charges (which had been abolished when Labour returned to office in 1964) and postponed the raising of the school leaving age to 16 to 1973 instead of 1971. Housing and road building plans were also heavily cut, and he also accelerated Britain's withdrawal East of Suez. Jenkins ruled out increasing the income tax and so raised the taxes on: drinks and cigarettes (except on beer), purchase tax, petrol duty, road tax, a 50 per cent rise in Selective Employment Tax and a one-off Special Charge on personal incomes. He also paid for an increase in family allowances by cutting child tax allowances.Despite Edward Heath claiming it was a \"hard, cold budget, without any glimmer of warmth\" Jenkins' first budget broadly received a warm reception, with Harold Wilson remarking that \"it was widely acclaimed as a speech of surpassing quality and elegance\" and Barbara Castle that it \"took everyone's breath away\". Richard Crossman said it was \"genuinely based on socialist principles, fair in the fullest sense by really helping people at the bottom of the scale and by really taxing the wealthy\". In his budget broadcast on 19 March, Jenkins said that Britain had been living in a \"fool's paradise\" for years and that it was \"importing too much, exporting too little and paying ourselves too much\", with a lower standard of living than France or West Germany.Jenkins' supporters in the Parliamentary Labour Party became known as the \"Jenkinsites\". These were usually younger, middle-class and university-educated ex-Gaitskellites such as Bill Rodgers, David Owen, Roy Hattersley, Dick Taverne, John Mackintosh and David Marquand. In May\u2013July 1968 some of his supporters, led by Patrick Gordon Walker and Christopher Mayhew, plotted to replace Wilson with Jenkins as Labour leader but he declined to challenge Wilson. A year later his supporters again attempted to persuade Jenkins to challenge Wilson for the party leadership but he again declined. He later wrote in his memoirs that the 1968 plot was \"for me...the equivalent of the same season of 1953 for Rab Butler. Having faltered for want of single-minded ruthlessness when there was no alternative to himself, he then settled down to a career punctuated by increasingly wide misses of the premiership. People who effectively seize the prime ministership \u2013 Lloyd George, Macmillan, Mrs Thatcher \u2013 do not let such moments slip\".In April 1968, with Britain's reserves declining by approximately \u00a3500 million every quarter, Jenkins went to Washington to obtain a $1,400 million loan from the International Monetary Fund. Following a further sterling crisis in November 1968 Jenkins was forced to raise taxes by a further \u00a3250\u00a0million. After this the currency markets slowly began to settle and his 1969 budget represented more of the same with a \u00a3340\u00a0million increase in taxation to further limit consumption.By May 1969 Britain's current account position was in surplus, thanks to a growth in exports, a drop in overall consumption and, in part, the Inland Revenue correcting a previous underestimation in export figures. In July Jenkins was also able to announce that the size of Britain's foreign currency reserves had been increased by almost $1\u00a0billion since the beginning of the year. It was at this time that he presided over Britain's only excess of government revenue over expenditure in the period 1936\u20137 to 1987\u20138. Thanks in part to these successes there was a high expectation that the 1970 budget would be a more generous one. Jenkins, however, was cautious about the stability of Britain's recovery and decided to present a more muted and fiscally neutral budget. It is often argued that this, combined with a series of bad trade figures, contributed to the Conservative victory at the 1970 general election. Historians and economists have often praised Jenkins for presiding over the transformation in Britain's fiscal and current account positions towards the end of the 1960s. Andrew Marr, for example, described him as one of the 20th century's \"most successful chancellors\". Alec Cairncross considered Jenkins \"the ablest of the four Chancellors I served\".Public expenditure as a proportion of GDP rose from 44 per cent in 1964 to around 50 per cent in 1970. Despite Jenkins' warnings about inflation, wage settlements in 1969\u201370 increased on average by 13 per cent and contributed to the high inflation of the early 1970s and consequently negated most of Jenkins' efforts to obtain a balance of payments surplus.After Labour unexpectedly lost power in 1970 Jenkins was appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by Harold Wilson. Jenkins was also subsequently elected to the deputy leadership of the Labour Party in July 1970, defeating future Labour Leader Michael Foot and former Leader of the Commons Fred Peart at the first ballot. At this time he appeared the natural successor to Harold Wilson, and it appeared to many only a matter of time before he inherited the leadership of the party, and the opportunity to become Prime Minister.This changed completely, however, as Jenkins refused to accept the tide of anti-European feeling that became prevalent in the Labour Party in the early 1970s. After a special conference on the EEC was held by the Labour Party on 17 July 1971, but from which Jenkins was forbidden from addressing, he delivered one of the most powerful speeches of his career. Jenkins told a meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party on 19 July: \"At conference the only alternative [to the EEC] we heard was 'socialism in one country'. That is always good for a cheer. Pull up the drawbridge and revolutionize the fortress. That's not a policy either: it's just a slogan, and it is one which becomes not merely unconvincing but hypocritical as well when it is dressed up as our best contribution to international socialism\". This reopened the old Bevanite\u2013Gaitskellite divide in the Party; Wilson told Tony Benn the day after Jenkins' speech that he was determined to smash the Campaign for Democratic Socialism.At the 1971 Labour Party conference in Brighton, the NEC's motion to reject the \"Tory terms\" of entry into the EEC was carried by a large majority. Jenkins told a fringe meeting that this would have no effect on his continued support for Britain's entry. Benn said Jenkins was \"the figure dominating this Conference; there is no question about it\". On 28 October 1971, he led 69 Labour MPs through the division lobby in support of the Heath government's motion to take Britain into the EEC. In so-doing they were defying a three-line whip and a five-to-one vote at the Labour Party annual conference. Jenkins later wrote: \"I was convinced that it was one of the decisive votes of the century, and had no intention of spending the rest of my life answering the question of what did I do in the great division by saying 'I abstained'. I saw it in the context of the first Reform Bill, the repeal of the Corn Laws, Gladstone's Home Rule Bills, the Lloyd George Budget and the Parliament Bill, the Munich Agreement and the May 1940 votes\".Jenkins' action gave the European cause a legitimacy that would have otherwise been absent had the issue been considered solely as a party political matter. However, he was now regarded by the left as a \"traitor\". James Margach wrote in the \"Sunday Times\": \"The unconcealed objective of the Left now is either to humiliate Roy Jenkins and his allies into submission \u2013 or drive them from the party\". At this stage, however, Jenkins would not fully abandon his position as a political insider, and chose to stand again for deputy leader, an act his colleague David Marquand claimed he later came to regret. Jenkins promised not to vote with the government again and he narrowly defeated Michael Foot on a second ballot.In accordance with the party whip, Jenkins voted against European Communities Bill 55 times. However, he resigned both the deputy leadership and his shadow cabinet position in April 1972, after the party committed itself to holding a referendum on Britain's membership of the EEC. This led to some former admirers, including Roy Hattersley, choosing to distance themselves from Jenkins. Hattersley later claimed that Jenkins' resignation was \"the moment when the old Labour coalition began to collapse and the eventual formation of a new centre party became inevitable\". In his resignation letter to Wilson, Jenkins said that if there were a referendum \"the Opposition would form a temporary coalition of those who, whatever their political views, were against the proposed action. By this means we would have forged a more powerful continuing weapon against progressive legislation than anything we have known in this country since the curbing of the absolute powers of the old House of Lords\".Jenkins' lavish lifestyle\u00a0\u2014 Wilson once described him as \"more a socialite than a socialist\"\u00a0\u2014 had already alienated much of the Labour Party from him. Wilson accused him of having an affair with socialite Ann Fleming - and it was true.In May 1972 he collected the Charlemagne Prize, which he had been awarded for promoting European unity. In September an ORC opinion poll found that there was considerable public support for an alliance between the 'moderate' wing of the Labour Party and the Liberals; 35 per cent said they would vote for a Labour\u2013Liberal alliance, 27 per cent for the Conservatives and 23.5 per cent for 'Socialist Labour'. \"The Times\" claimed that there were \"twelve million Jenkinsites\". During the spring and summer of 1972, Jenkins delivered a series of speeches designed to set out his leadership credentials. These were published in September under the title \"What Matters Now\", which sold well. In the book's postscript, Jenkins said that Labour should not be a narrow socialist party advocating unpopular left-wing policies but must aim to \"represent the hopes and aspirations of the whole leftward thinking half of the country\", adding that a \"broad-based, international, radical, generous-minded party could quickly seize the imagination of a disillusioned and uninspired British public\".After Dick Taverne's victory in the 1973 Lincoln by-election, where he stood as \"Democratic Labour\" in opposition to the official Labour candidate, Jenkins gave a speech to the Oxford University Labour Club denouncing the idea of a new centre party. Jenkins was elected to the shadow cabinet in November 1973 as Shadow Home Secretary. During the February 1974 election, Jenkins rallied to Labour and his campaign was described by David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh as sounding \"a note of civilised idealism\". Jenkins was disappointed that the Liberal candidate in his constituency won 6000 votes; he wrote in his memoirs that \"I already regarded myself as such a closet Liberal that I na\u00efvely thought they ought nearly all to have come to me\".Jenkins wrote a series of biographical essays that appeared in \"The Times\" during 1971\u201374 and which were published as \"Nine Men of Power\" in 1974. Jenkins chose Gaitskell, Ernest Bevin, Stafford Cripps, Adlai Stevenson II, Robert F. Kennedy, Joseph McCarthy, Lord Halifax, L\u00e9on Blum and John Maynard Keynes. In 1971 Jenkins delivered three lectures on foreign policy at Yale University, published a year later as \"Afternoon on the Potomac?\"When Labour returned to power in early 1974, Jenkins was appointed Home Secretary for the second time. Earlier, he had been promised the treasury; however, Wilson later decided to appoint Denis Healey as Chancellor instead. Upon hearing from Bernard Donoughue that Wilson had reneged on his promise, Jenkins reacted angrily. Despite being on a public staircase, he is reported to have shouted \"You tell Harold Wilson he must bloody well come to see me\u00a0...and if he doesn't watch out, I won't join his bloody government\u00a0... This is typical of the bloody awful way Harold Wilson does things!\" The Jenkinsites were dismayed by Jenkins' refusal to insist upon the Chancellorship and began to look elsewhere for leadership, thus ending the Jenkinsites as a united group.Jenkins served from 1974 to 1976. Whereas during his first period as Home Secretary in the 1960s the atmosphere had been optimistic and confident, the climate of the 1970s was much more fractious and disillusioned. After two Northern Irish sisters, Marian Price and Dolours Price, were imprisoned for 20 years for the 1973 Old Bailey bombing, they went on hunger strike in order to be transferred to a prison in Northern Ireland. In a television broadcast in June 1974, Jenkins announced that he would refuse to give in to their demands, although in March 1975 he discreetly transferred them to a Northern Irish prison.He undermined his previous liberal credentials to some extent by pushing through the controversial Prevention of Terrorism Act in the aftermath of the Birmingham pub bombings of November 1974, which, among other things, extended the length of time suspects could be held in custody and instituted exclusion orders. Jenkins also resisted calls for the death penalty to be restored for terrorist murderers. On 4 December he told the Cabinet committee on Northern Ireland that \"everything he heard made him more convinced that Northern Ireland had nothing to do with the rest of the UK\". When reviewing Garret FitzGerald's memoirs in 1991, Jenkins proclaimed: \"My natural prejudices, such as they are, are much more green than orange. I am a poor unionist, believing intuitively that even Paisley and Haughey are better at dealing with each other than the English are with either\".The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (which legislated for gender equality and set up the Equal Opportunities Commission) and the Race Relations Act 1976 (which extended to private clubs the outlawing of racial discrimination and founded the Commission for Racial Equality) were two notable achievements during his second time as Home Secretary.Jenkins opposed Michael Foot's attempts to grant pickets the right to stop lorries during strikes and he was dismayed by Anthony Crosland's decision to grant an amnesty to the 11 Labour councillors at Clay Cross who had been surcharged for refusing to increase council rents in accordance with the Conservatives' Housing Finance Act 1972. After two trade unionists, Ricky Tomlinson and Des Warren (known as the \"Shrewsbury Two\"), were imprisoned for intimidation and affray for their part in a strike, Jenkins refused to accede to demands from the labour movement that they should be released. This demonstrated Jenkins' increasing estrangement from much of the labour movement and for a time he was heckled in public by people chanting \"Free the Two\". Jenkins also unsuccessfully tried to persuade the Cabinet to adopt electoral reform in the form of proportional representation and to have the Official Secrets Act 1911 liberalised to facilitate more open government.Although becoming increasingly disillusioned during this time by what he considered the party's drift to the left, he was the leading Labour figure in the EEC referendum of June 1975 (and was also president of the 'Yes' campaign). In September 1974 he had followed Shirley Williams in stating that he \"could not stay in a Cabinet which had to carry out withdrawal\" from the EEC. During the referendum campaign, Tony Benn claimed that 500,000 jobs had been lost due to Britain's membership; Jenkins replied on 27 May that \"I find it increasingly difficult to take Mr Benn seriously as an economics minister\". He added that Britain outside the EEC would enter \"an old people's home for fading nations. ... I do not even think it would be a comfortable or agreeable old people's home. I do not much like the look of some of the prospective wardens\". The two men debated Britain's membership together on \"Panorama\", which was chaired by David Dimbleby. According to David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, \"they achieved a decidedly more lucid and intricate level of discussion than is commonly seen on political television\". Jenkins found it congenial to work with the centrists of all parties in the campaign and the 'Yes' campaign won by two to one.After the referendum, Wilson demoted Benn to Energy Secretary and attempted to balance the downgrading of Benn with the dismissal of the right-wing minister Reg Prentice from the Department of Education, despite already promising Jenkins that he had no intention of sacking Prentice. Jenkins threatened to resign if Prentice was sacked, telling Wilson that he was \"a squalid little man who was using squalid little arguments in order to explain why he was performing so much below the level of events\". Wilson quickly backed down. In September Jenkins delivered a speech in Prentice's constituency of Newham to demonstrate solidarity with him after he was threatened with deselection by left-wingers in the constituency party. Jenkins was heckled by both far-left and far-right demonstrators and he was hit in the chest by a flour bomb thrown by a member of the National Front. Jenkins warned that if Prentice was deselected \"it is not just the local party that is undermining its own foundations by ignoring the beliefs and feelings of ordinary people, the whole legitimate Labour Party, left as well as right, is crippled if extremists have their way\". He added that if \"tolerance is shattered formidable consequences will follow. Labour MPs will either have to become creatures of cowardice, concealing their views, trimming their sails, accepting orders, stilling their consciences, or they will all have to be men far far to the left of those whose votes they seek. Either would make a mockery of parliamentary democracy\".In January 1976 he further distanced himself from the left with a speech in Anglesey, where he repudiated ever-higher public spending: \"I do not think you can push public expenditure significantly above 60 per cent [of GNP] and maintain the values of a plural society with adequate freedom of choice. We are here close to one of the frontiers of social democracy\". A former supporter, Roy Hattersley, distanced himself from Jenkins after this speech.In May 1976 he told the Police Federation conference to \"be prepared first to look at the evidence and to recognize how little the widespread use of prison reduces our crime or deals effectively with many of the individuals concerned\". He also responded to the Federation's proposals on law and order: \"I respect your right to put them to me. You will no doubt respect my right to tell you that I do not think all the points in sum amount to a basis for a rational penal policy\".When Wilson suddenly resigned as Prime Minister in March 1976, Jenkins was one of six candidates for the leadership of the Labour Party but came third in the first ballot, behind Callaghan and Michael Foot. Realising that his vote was lower than expected, and sensing that the parliamentary party was in no mood to overlook his actions five years before, he immediately withdrew from the contest. On issues such as the EEC, trade union reform and economic policy he had proclaimed views opposite to those held by the majority of Labour Party activists, and his libertarian social views were at variance with the majority of Labour voters. A famous story alleged that when one of Jenkins' supporters canvassed a group of miners' MPs in the Commons' tea-room, he was told: \"Nay, lad, we're all Labour here\".Jenkins had wanted to become Foreign Secretary, but Foot warned Callaghan that the party would not accept the pro-European Jenkins as Foreign Secretary. Callaghan instead offered Jenkins the Treasury in six months' time (when it would be possible to move Denis Healey to the Foreign Office). Jenkins turned the offer down. Jenkins then accepted an appointment as President of the European Commission (succeeding Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Ortoli) after Callaghan appointed Anthony Crosland to the Foreign Office.In an interview with \"The Times\" in January 1977, Jenkins said that: \"My wish is to build an effective united Europe. ... I want to move towards a more effectively organized Europe politically and economically and as far as I am concerned I want to go faster, not slower\". The main development overseen by the Jenkins Commission was the development of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union from 1977, which began in 1979 as the European Monetary System, a forerunner of the Single Currency or Euro. His biographer calls Jenkins \"the godfather of the euro\" and claims that among his successors only Jacques Delors has made more impact.In speech in Florence in October 1977, Jenkins argued that monetary union would facilitate \"a more efficient and developed rationalisation of industry and commerce than is possible under a Customs Union alone\". He added that \"a major new international currency\" would form \"a joint and alternative pillar of the world monetary system\" which would lead to greater international stability. Monetary union would also combat inflation by controlling the money supply. Jenkins conceded that this would involve the diminution of national sovereignty but he pointed out that \"governments which do not discipline themselves already find themselves accepting very sharp surveillance\" from the IMF. Monetary union would also promote employment and diminish regional differences. Jenkins ended the speech by quoting Jean Monnet's statement that politics was \"not only the art of the possible, but...the art of making possible tomorrow what may seem impossible today\".President Jenkins was the first President to attend a G8 summit on behalf of the Community. He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) from the University of Bath in 1978.In October 1978 \"Tribune\" reported (falsely) that Jenkins and his wife had not paid their Labour Party subscription for several years. After this was repeated in the national press, Jenkins' drafted his wife's letter to \"The Times\" that refuted the allegation. Jenkins blamed the story on a \"malicious Trot in the North Kensington Labour Party\". Jenkins was disillusioned with the Labour Party and he was almost certain that he could not stand again as a Labour candidate; in January 1979 he told Shirley Williams that the \"big mistake we had made was not to go and support Dick Taverne in 1973; everything had got worse since then\".He did not vote in the 1979 election. After the Conservatives won the election Margaret Thatcher contemplated appointing Jenkins Chancellor of the Exchequer on the strength of his success at cutting public expenditure when he was Chancellor. However, his friend Woodrow Wyatt claimed that Jenkins \"had other and fresh fish to fry\".The Director-General of the BBC, Ian Trethowan, invited Jenkins to deliver the Richard Dimbleby Lecture for 1979, which he did on 22 November. The title Jenkins gave to his lecture, \"Home Thoughts from Abroad\", derived from a Robert Browning poem. He delivered it in the Royal Society of Arts and it was broadcast live on television. Jenkins analysed the decline of the two-party system since 1951 and criticised the excessive partisanship of British politics, which he claimed alienated the bulk of voters, who were more centrist. He advocated proportional representation and the acceptance of \"the broad line of division between the public and private sectors\", a middle way between Thatcherism and Bennism. Jenkins said that the private sector should be encouraged without too much interference to create as much wealth as possible \"but use the wealth so created both to give a return for enterprise and to spread the benefits throughout society in a way that avoids the disfigurements of poverty, gives a full priority to public education and health services, and encourages co-operation and not conflict in industry and throughout society\". He then reiterated his long-standing commitment to libertarianism:You also make sure that the state knows its place...in relation to the citizen. You are in favour of the right of dissent and the liberty of private conduct. You are against unnecessary centralization and bureaucracy. You want to devolve decision-making wherever you sensibly can. ... You want the nation to be self-confident and outward-looking, rather than insular, xenophobic and suspicious. You want the class system to fade without being replaced either by an aggressive and intolerant proletarianism or by the dominance of the brash and selfish values of a 'get rich quick' society. ... These are some of the objectives which I believe could be assisted by a strengthening of the radical centre.\"The Listener\" reprinted the text along with assessments by Enoch Powell, Paul Johnson, Jack Jones, J. A. G. Griffith, Bernard Crick, Neil Kinnock and Jo Grimond. They were all critical; Kinnock thought him misguided as Britain had already suffered from centrist rule for thirty years and Grimond complained that Jenkins' clarion call had come 20 years too late.Jenkins' last year as President of the European Commission was dominated by Margaret Thatcher's fight for a rebate on Britain's contribution to the EEC budget. He believed that the quarrel was unnecessary and regretted that it soured Britain's relationship with the Community for years. In November 1980 Jenkins delivered the Winston Churchill memorial lecture in Luxembourg, where he proposed a solution to the British budgetary question. The proportion of the Community's budget spent on agriculture should be reduced by extending Community spending into new areas where Britain would receive more benefit, such as regional spending. The size of the Community's budget would, in his scheme, be tripled by transferring from the nation states to the Community competence over social and industrial policy.After his Dimbleby Lecture, Jenkins increasingly favoured the formation of a new social democratic party. He publicly aired these views in a speech to the Parliamentary Press Gallery in June 1980, where he repeated his criticisms of the two-party system and attacked Labour's move to the left. At the previous month's Wembley conference, Labour had adopted a programme which included non-cooperation with the EEC and \"a near neutralist and unilateralist\" defence policy that would, Jenkins argued, render meaningless Britain's NATO membership. Labour's proposals for further nationalisation and anti-private enterprise policies, Jenkins claimed, were more extreme than in any other democratic country and it was not \"by any stretch of the imagination a social democratic programme\". He added that a new party could reshape politics and lead to the \"rapid revival of liberal social democratic Britain\".The Labour Party conference at Blackpool in September 1980 adopted a unilateralist defence policy, withdrawal from the EEC and further nationalisation, along with Tony Benn's demands for the mandatory reselection of MPs and an electoral college to elect the party leader. In November Labour MPs elected the left-winger Michael Foot over the right-wing Denis Healey and in January 1981 Labour's Wembley conference decided that the electoral college that would elect the leader would give the trade unions 40 per cent of the vote, with MPs and constituency parties 30 per cent each. Jenkins then joined David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams (known as the \"Gang of Four\") in issuing the Limehouse Declaration. This called for the \"realignment of British politics\". They then formed the Social Democratic Party (SDP) on 26 March.Jenkins delivered a series of speeches setting out the SDP's alternative to Thatcherism and Bennism and argued that the solution to Britain's economic troubles lay in the revenue from North Sea oil, which should be invested in public services. He attempted to re-enter Parliament at the Warrington by-election in July 1981 and campaigned on a six-point programme which he put forward as a Keynesian alternative to Thatcherism and Labour's \"siege economy\", but Labour retained the seat with a small majority. Despite it being a defeat, the by-election demonstrated that the SDP was a serious force. Jenkins said after the count that it was the first parliamentary election that he had lost in many years, but was \"by far the greatest victory in which I have ever participated\".At the SDP's first annual conference in October 1981, Jenkins called for \"an end to the futile frontier war between public and private sectors\" and proposed an \"inflation tax\" on excessive pay rises that would restrain spiralling wages and prices. After achieving this, an SDP government would be able to embark on economic expansion to reduce unemployment.In March 1982 he fought the Glasgow Hillhead by-election, in what had previously been a Conservative-held seat. Polls at the beginning of the campaign put Jenkins in third place but after a series of ten well-attended public meetings which Jenkins addressed, the tide began to turn in Jenkins' favour and he was elected with a majority of just over 2000 on a swing of 19 per cent. The evening after his victory in Hillhead Jenkins told a celebration dinner of 200 party members held at the North British Hotel in Edinburgh \"that the SDP had a great opportunity to become the majority party\". Jenkins' first intervention in the House of Commons following his election, on 31 March, was seen as a disappointment. The Conservative MP Alan Clark wrote in his diary:Jenkins, with excessive and almost unbearable gravitas, asked three very heavy statesman-like non-party-political questions of the PM. I suppose he is very formidable, but he was so portentous and long-winded that he started to lose the sympathy of the House about half way through and the barracking resumed. The Lady replied quite brightly and freshly, as if she did not particularly know who he was, or care.Whereas earlier in his career Jenkins had excelled in the traditional set-piece debates in which he spoke from the dispatch box, the focus of parliamentary reporting had now moved to the point-scoring of Prime Minister's Questions, which he struggled with. Seated in the traditional place for third parties in the Commons (the second or third row below the gangway), and without a dispatch box and the gravitas it could have conferred, Jenkins was situated near (and shared the same microphone with) Labour's \"awkward squad\" that included Dennis Skinner and Bob Cryer, who regularly heckled abuse (\"Roy, your flies are undone\").Seven days after Jenkins' by-election victory Argentina invaded the Falklands and the subsequent Falklands War transformed British politics, increased substantially the public's support for the Conservatives and ended any chance that Jenkins' election would reinvigorate the SDP's support. In the SDP leadership election, Jenkins was elected with 56.44 of the vote, with David Owen coming second. During the 1983 election campaign his position as the prime minister-designate for the SDP-Liberal Alliance was questioned by his close colleagues, as his campaign style was now regarded as ineffective; the Liberal leader David Steel was considered to have a greater rapport with the electorate. Jenkins held on to his seat in Hillhead, which was the subject of boundary changes. While on the old boundaries the Conservatives had held the seat prior to Jenkins' victory, it was estimated by the BBC and ITN that on the new boundaries Labour would have captured the seat with a majority of just over 2,000 votes in 1979. Jenkins was challenged by Neil Carmichael, the sitting Labour MP for the Glasgow Kelvingrove constituency which had been abolished and a ministerial colleague of Jenkins in the Wilson governments. Jenkins defeated Carmichael by 1,164 votes to retain his seat in the House of Commons. According to \"The Glasgow Herald\" Labour supporters at the election count in the Kelvin Hall booed and jeered when Jenkins' victory was announced, and he and his wife were \"dismayed as police pushed back jostling crowds.\"After the general election Owen succeeded him unopposed. Jenkins was disappointed with Owen's move to the right, and his acceptance and backing of some of Thatcher's policies. At heart, Jenkins remained an unrepentant Keynesian. In his July 1984 Tawney Lecture, Jenkins said that the \"whole spirit and outlook\" of the SDP \"must be profoundly opposed to Thatcherism. It could not go along with the fatalism of the Government's acceptance of massive unemployment\". He also delivered a series of speeches in the Commons attacking the Thatcherite policies of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson. Jenkins called for more government intervention to support industry and for North Sea oil revenues to be channelled into a major programme of rebuilding Britain's infrastructure and into educating a skilled workforce. He also attacked the Thatcher government for failing to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.In 1985 he wrote to \"The Times\" to advocate the closing down of the political surveillance role of MI5. During the controversy surrounding Peter Wright's \"Spycatcher\", in which he alleged that Harold Wilson had been a Soviet spy, Jenkins rubbished the allegation and reiterated his call for the end of MI5's powers of political survelliance.In 1986 he won \"The Spectator\"'s Parliamentarian of the Year award. He continued to serve as SDP Member of Parliament for Glasgow Hillhead until his defeat at the 1987 general election by the Labour candidate George Galloway, after boundary changes in 1983 had changed the character of the constituency. After his defeat was announced, \"The Glasgow Herald\" reported that he indicated he would not stand for parliament again in the future.In 1986 appeared his biography of Harry S. Truman and the following year his biography of Stanley Baldwin was published.From 1987, Jenkins remained in politics as a member of the House of Lords as a life peer with the title Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, of Pontypool in the County of Gwent. Also in 1987, Jenkins was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He was leader of the Liberal Democrats in the Lords from 1988 until 1997.In 1988 he fought and won an amendment to the Education Reform Act 1988, guaranteeing academic freedom of speech in further and higher education establishments. This affords and protects the right of students and academics to \"question and test received wisdom\" and has been incorporated into the statutes or articles and instruments of governance of all universities and colleges in Britain.In 1991 his memoirs, \"A Life at the Centre\", was published by Macmillan, who paid Jenkins an \u00a3130,000 advance. He was magnanimous to most of those colleagues with whom he had clashed in the past, except for David Owen, whom he blamed for destroying the idealism and cohesion of the SDP. In the last chapter ('Establishment Whig or Persistent Radical?') he reaffirmed his radicalism, placing himself \"somewhat to the left of James Callaghan, maybe Denis Healey and certainly of David Owen\". He also proclaimed his political credo:My broad position remains firmly libertarian, sceptical of official cover-ups and uncompromisingly internationalist, believing sovereignty to be an almost total illusion in the modern world, although both expecting and welcoming the continuance of strong differences in national traditions and behaviour. I distrust the deification of the enterprise culture. I think there are more limitations to the wisdom of the market than were dreamt of in Mrs Thatcher's philosophy. I believe that levels of taxation on the prosperous, having been too high for many years (including my own period at the Treasury), are now too low for the provision of decent public services. And I think the privatisation of near monopolies is about as irrelevant as (and sometimes worse than) were the Labour Party's proposals for further nationalisation in the 1970s and early 1980s.\"A Life at the Centre\" was generally favourably reviewed: in the \"Times Literary Supplement\" John Grigg said it was a \"marvellous account of high politics by a participant writing with honesty, irony and sustained narrative verve\". In \"The Spectator\" Anthony Quinton remarked that Jenkins was \"not afraid to praise himself and earns the right to do so by unfudged self-criticism\". However, there were critical voices: John Smith in \"The Scotsman\" charged that Jenkins never had any loyalty to the Labour Party and was an ambitious careerist intent only on furthering his career. John Campbell claims that \"A Life at the Centre\" is now generally recognised as one of the best political memoirs. David Cannadine ranked it alongside Duff Cooper's \"Old Men Forget\", R. A. Butler's \"The Art of the Possible\" and Denis Healey's \"The Time of My Life\" as one of the four best political memoirs of the post-war period.In 1993, he was appointed to the Order of Merit. Also that year, his \"Portraits and Miniatures\" was published. The main body of the book is a set of 6 biographical essays (Rab Butler, Aneurin Bevan, Iain Macleod, Dean Acheson, Konrad Adenauer, Charles de Gaulle), along with lectures, articles and book reviews.A television documentary about Jenkins was made by Michael Cockerell, titled \"Roy Jenkins: A Very Social Democrat\", and broadcast on 26 May 1996. Although an admiring portrait overall, Cockerell was frank about Jenkins' affairs and both Jenkins and his wife believed that Cockerell had betrayed their hospitality.Jenkins hailed Tony Blair's election as Labour Party leader in July 1994 as \"the most exciting Labour choice since the election of Hugh Gaitskell\". He argued that Blair should stick \"to a constructive line on Europe, in favour of sensible constitutional innovation...and in favour of friendly relations with the Liberal Democrats\". He added that he hoped Blair would not move Labour further to the right: \"Good work has been done in freeing it from nationalisation and other policies. But the market cannot solve everything and it would be a pity to embrace the stale dogmas of Thatcherism just when their limitations are becoming obvious\".Jenkins and Blair had been in touch since the latter's time as Shadow Home Secretary, when he admired Jenkins' reforming tenure at the Home Office. Jenkins told Paddy Ashdown in October 1995: \"I think Tony treats me as a sort of father figure in politics. He comes to me a lot for advice, particularly about how to construct a Government\". Jenkins tried to persuade Blair that the division in the centre-left vote between the Labour and Liberal parties had enabled the Conservatives to dominate the 20th century, whereas if the two left-wing parties entered into an electoral pact and adopted proportional representation, they could dominate the 21st century. Jenkins was an influence on the thinking of New Labour and both Peter Mandelson and Roger Liddle in their 1996 work \"The Blair Revolution\" and Philip Gould in his \"Unfinished Revolution\" recognised Jenkins' influence.Before the 1997 election, Blair had promised an enquiry into electoral reform. In December 1997, Jenkins was appointed chair of a Government-appointed Independent Commission on the Voting System, which became known as the \"Jenkins Commission\", to consider alternative voting systems for the UK. The Jenkins Commission reported in favour of a new uniquely British mixed-member proportional system called \"Alternative vote top-up\" or \"limited AMS\" in October 1998, although no action was taken on this recommendation. Blair told Ashdown that Jenkins' recommendations would not pass the Cabinet.British membership of the European single currency, Jenkins believed, was the supreme test of Blair's statesmanship. However, he was disappointed with Blair's timidity in taking on the Eurosceptic tabloid press. He told Blair in October 1997: \"You have to choose between leading Europe or having Murdoch on your side. You can have one but not both\". Jenkins was also critical of New Labour's authoritarianism, such as the watering down of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and their intention to ban fox hunting. By the end of his life Jenkins believed that Blair had wasted his enormous parliamentary majority and would not be recorded in history as a great Prime Minister; he ranked him between Harold Wilson and Stanley Baldwin.After Gordon Brown attacked Oxford University for indulging in \"old school tie\" prejudices because it rejected a state-educated pupil, Laura Spence, Jenkins told the House of Lords in June 2000 that \"Brown's diatribe was born of prejudice out of ignorance. Nearly every fact he adduced was false\". Jenkins voted for the equalisation of the homosexual age of consent and for repealing Section 28.Jenkins wrote 19 books, including a biography of Gladstone (1995), which won the 1995 Whitbread Award for Biography, and a much-acclaimed biography of Winston Churchill (2001). His then-designated official biographer, Andrew Adonis, was to have finished the Churchill biography had Jenkins not survived the heart surgery he underwent towards the end of its writing. The popular historian Paul Johnson called it the best one-volume biography on its subject.Jenkins underwent heart surgery in the form of a heart valve replacement on 12 October 2000 and postponed his 80th birthday celebrations whilst recovering, by having a celebratory party on 7 March 2001. He died on 5 January 2003, after suffering a heart attack at his home at East Hendred, in Oxfordshire. His last words, to his wife, were, \"Two eggs, please, lightly poached\". At the time of his death Jenkins was starting work on a biography of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.After his death, Blair paid tribute to \"one of the most remarkable people ever to grace British politics\", who had \"intellect, vision and an integrity that saw him hold firm to his beliefs of moderate social democracy, liberal reform and the cause of Europe throughout his life. He was a friend and support to me\". James Callaghan and Edward Heath also paid tribute and Tony Benn said that as \"a founder of the SDP he was probably the grandfather of New Labour\". However, he was strongly criticised by others including Denis Healey, who condemned the SDP split as a \"disaster\" for the Labour Party which prolonged their time in opposition and allowed the Tories to have an unbroken run of 18 years in government.The Professor of Government at Oxford University, Vernon Bogdanor, provided an assessment in \"The Guardian\":Roy Jenkins was both radical and contemporary; and this made him the most influential exponent of the progressive creed in politics in postwar Britain. Moreover, the political creed for which he stood belongs as much to the future as to the past. For Jenkins was the prime mover in the creation of a form of social democracy which, being internationalist, is peculiarly suited to the age of globalisation and, being liberal, will prove to have more staying power than the statism of Lionel Jospin or the corporatist socialism of Gerhard Schr\u00f6der. ... Roy Jenkins was the first leading politician to appreciate that a liberalised social democracy must be based on two tenets: what Peter Mandelson called an aspirational society (individuals must be allowed to regulate their personal lives without interference from the state); and that a post-imperial country like Britain could only be influential in the world as part of a wider grouping (the EU).His alma mater, Cardiff University, honoured the memory of Roy Jenkins by naming one of its halls of residence Roy Jenkins Hall.On 20 January 1945, Jenkins married Mary Jennifer (Jennifer) Morris (18 January 1921 \u2013 2 February 2017). They were married for almost 58 years until his death, although he had \"several affairs\", including one with Jackie Kennedy's sister Lee Radziwill. Among his long-term mistresses were Leslie Bonham Carter and Caroline Gilmour, wives of fellow MPs and close friends Mark Bonham Carter and Ian Gilmour. However, these extra-marital relationships were conditional on his lovers having a good relationship with his wife: he later stated that he \"could not imagine loving anyone who was not very fond of Jennifer\".She was made a DBE for services to ancient and historical buildings. They had two sons, Charles and Edward, and a daughter, Cynthia.Early in his life Jenkins had a relationship with Anthony Crosland. According to the Liberal Democrat Leader Vince Cable, Jenkins was bisexual.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Chancellor of the University of Oxford", "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"], "facts": [["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Shadow Home Secretary", "November 1973", "March 1974"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1982", "May 1983"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1970", "February 1974"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1951", "May 1955"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1974", "January 1977"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1966", "May 1970"], ["Roy Jenkins", "member of political party", "Liberal Democrats", "March 1988", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1950", "October 1951"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "April 1956", "January 1957"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1983", "May 1987"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1964", "March 1966"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "June 1970", "April 1972"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "July 1955", "October 1955"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the House of Lords", "November 1987", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "President of the European Commission", "January 1977", "January 1981"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1955", "September 1959"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "April 1948", "February 1950"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Chancellor of the University of Oxford", "March 1987", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "November 1967", "June 1970"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1959", "September 1964"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1974", "September 1974"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Sarah Feinberg work for from February 2008 to April 2010?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Sarah Feinberg work for from 02/2008 to 04/2010?", "date": "February 03 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["House Democratic Caucus", "White House Office"]}, "id": "L2M_Q93570553_P108_47", "fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from January 2005 to December 2006. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from January 2009 to July 2010. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from August 1999 to August 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from March 2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from September 2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from January 2015 to January 2017. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from August 2011 to September 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from September 2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from March 2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from July 2010 to August 2011. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from December 2006 to November 2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to December 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from 08/1999 to Aug 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to Dec 2004. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from Sep 2013 to 01/2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from 08/2011 to Sep 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from 01/2005 to 12/2006. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from 07/2010 to August 2011. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from Jan 2015 to 01/2017. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from 09/2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from Dec 2006 to 11/2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from Jan 2009 to 07/2010.", "context": "Sarah FeinbergSarah Elizabeth Feinberg (born October 3, 1977) is the Interim President of the New York City Transit Authority, and a former Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, and the chosen MTA Chairperson as of June 8, 2021. Her background is mostly in communications.Feinberg is a native of Charleston, West Virginia. Her father is attorney Lee Franklin Feinberg, a West Virginia state legislator, and her mother is Mary Elizabeth Stanley, until 2013 a U.S. District Court judge in West Virginia. She attended Washington and Lee University, where she obtained a B.A. in Politics in 1999. She also attended National Defense University in 2008-09, studying Middle East foreign policy.Feinberg spent a number of years on Capitol Hill beginning in 1999, including working for the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee, as the communications director for the House Democratic Caucus, the press secretary at the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and the national press secretary to then-Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle.From 2009-10, she served in the Obama administration as special assistant to the president, and senior advisor to White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel.Feinberg served as Bloomberg LP\u2019s Global Communications Director (2010-11), and as the Director of Policy and Crisis Communications at Facebook (2011-13).In 2017 she founded Feinberg Strategies, LLC, a strategic business and communications consulting practice focused on the tech sector. From 2013 to 2015 she served as chief of staff of United States Secretary of Transportation Anthony R. Foxx in the US Department of Transportation, providing strategic advice and counsel to the Secretary regarding operational and legislative initiatives.Feinberg, from 2015 to 2017, served as the 13th Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, the safety regulator of the U.S. rail system, becoming the second woman in history to do so. She was nominated for the post by President Obama in June 2015, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Feinberg served on the Amtrak board of directors during that time, and has been a member of the Northeast Corridor Commission, starting in 2015. Feinberg was instrumental in helping Andrew Cuomo resolve a LIRR dispute in 2016. Beginning in February 2019, she was a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Board, where she was the Transit Committee Chair. Feinberg was named the Interim President, by Andrew Cuomo, of the New York City Transit Authority as of March 2020, after the resignation of Andy Byford. She stepped away from her position as an MTA Board member to serve.She has been chosen by the Governor Andrew Cuomo as the new Chairperson of the MTA on June 8, 2021, to replace current MTA Chairman Patrick Foye, who will lead the Empire State Economic Development Authority effective July 30, 2021.Feinberg currently serves on the StoryCorps board of directors.She is a resident of the East Village in Manhattan, New York City, with her partner and daughter. She was previously married to Dan Pfeiffer.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["New York City Transit Authority", "Tom Daschle", "Bloomberg L.P.", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "United States Department of Transportation", "Federal Railroad Administration", "Facebook, Inc.", "United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs"], "facts": [["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "chief of staff", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Department of Transportation", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Facebook, Inc.", "August 2011", "September 2013"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs", "August 1999", "August 2000"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "White House Office", "January 2009", "July 2010"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "New York City Transit Authority", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Tom Daschle", "December 2002", "December 2004"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "January 2005", "December 2006"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "president", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives", "December 2006", "November 2008"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Federal Railroad Administration", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Bloomberg L.P.", "July 2010", "August 2011"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Sarah Feinberg work for from December 2016 to July 2020?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Sarah Feinberg work for from 12/2016 to July 2020?", "date": "December 20 2016", "text_answers": {"text": ["Federal Railroad Administration", "New York City Transit Authority"]}, "id": "L2M_Q93570553_P108_119", "fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from August 1999 to August 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from March 2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from August 2011 to September 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from December 2006 to November 2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from January 2015 to January 2017. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from January 2005 to December 2006. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from March 2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from January 2009 to July 2010. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from September 2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from July 2010 to August 2011. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to December 2004. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from September 2013 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from 08/2011 to Sep 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from Jan 2009 to 07/2010. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from 07/2010 to August 2011. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from 08/1999 to Aug 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from Dec 2006 to 11/2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from Sep 2013 to 01/2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from Jan 2015 to 01/2017. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from 09/2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from 01/2005 to 12/2006. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to Dec 2004.", "context": "Sarah FeinbergSarah Elizabeth Feinberg (born October 3, 1977) is the Interim President of the New York City Transit Authority, and a former Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, and the chosen MTA Chairperson as of June 8, 2021. Her background is mostly in communications.Feinberg is a native of Charleston, West Virginia. Her father is attorney Lee Franklin Feinberg, a West Virginia state legislator, and her mother is Mary Elizabeth Stanley, until 2013 a U.S. District Court judge in West Virginia. She attended Washington and Lee University, where she obtained a B.A. in Politics in 1999. She also attended National Defense University in 2008-09, studying Middle East foreign policy.Feinberg spent a number of years on Capitol Hill beginning in 1999, including working for the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee, as the communications director for the House Democratic Caucus, the press secretary at the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and the national press secretary to then-Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle.From 2009-10, she served in the Obama administration as special assistant to the president, and senior advisor to White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel.Feinberg served as Bloomberg LP\u2019s Global Communications Director (2010-11), and as the Director of Policy and Crisis Communications at Facebook (2011-13).In 2017 she founded Feinberg Strategies, LLC, a strategic business and communications consulting practice focused on the tech sector. From 2013 to 2015 she served as chief of staff of United States Secretary of Transportation Anthony R. Foxx in the US Department of Transportation, providing strategic advice and counsel to the Secretary regarding operational and legislative initiatives.Feinberg, from 2015 to 2017, served as the 13th Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, the safety regulator of the U.S. rail system, becoming the second woman in history to do so. She was nominated for the post by President Obama in June 2015, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Feinberg served on the Amtrak board of directors during that time, and has been a member of the Northeast Corridor Commission, starting in 2015. Feinberg was instrumental in helping Andrew Cuomo resolve a LIRR dispute in 2016. Beginning in February 2019, she was a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Board, where she was the Transit Committee Chair. Feinberg was named the Interim President, by Andrew Cuomo, of the New York City Transit Authority as of March 2020, after the resignation of Andy Byford. She stepped away from her position as an MTA Board member to serve.She has been chosen by the Governor Andrew Cuomo as the new Chairperson of the MTA on June 8, 2021, to replace current MTA Chairman Patrick Foye, who will lead the Empire State Economic Development Authority effective July 30, 2021.Feinberg currently serves on the StoryCorps board of directors.She is a resident of the East Village in Manhattan, New York City, with her partner and daughter. She was previously married to Dan Pfeiffer.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Tom Daschle", "Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives", "Bloomberg L.P.", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "United States Department of Transportation", "White House Office", "Facebook, Inc.", "United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs"], "facts": [["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs", "August 1999", "August 2000"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Tom Daschle", "December 2002", "December 2004"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Facebook, Inc.", "August 2011", "September 2013"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "White House Office", "January 2009", "July 2010"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "January 2005", "December 2006"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Department of Transportation", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives", "December 2006", "November 2008"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "New York City Transit Authority", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Federal Railroad Administration", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "president", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "chief of staff", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Bloomberg L.P.", "July 2010", "August 2011"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Sarah Feinberg hold from May 2014 to July 2022?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Sarah Feinberg hold from May 2014 to July 2022?", "date": "May 21 2014", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief of staff", "president"]}, "id": "L2M_Q93570553_P39_129", "fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from March 2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from December 2006 to November 2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from August 2011 to September 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from January 2015 to January 2017. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from September 2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from March 2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from January 2009 to July 2010. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from January 2005 to December 2006. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from August 1999 to August 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from September 2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from July 2010 to August 2011. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to December 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from 08/2011 to Sep 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to Dec 2004. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from Jan 2015 to 01/2017. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from 09/2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from Dec 2006 to 11/2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from 01/2005 to 12/2006. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from 08/1999 to Aug 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from 07/2010 to August 2011. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from Sep 2013 to 01/2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from Jan 2009 to 07/2010.", "context": "Sarah FeinbergSarah Elizabeth Feinberg (born October 3, 1977) is the Interim President of the New York City Transit Authority, and a former Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, and the chosen MTA Chairperson as of June 8, 2021. Her background is mostly in communications.Feinberg is a native of Charleston, West Virginia. Her father is attorney Lee Franklin Feinberg, a West Virginia state legislator, and her mother is Mary Elizabeth Stanley, until 2013 a U.S. District Court judge in West Virginia. She attended Washington and Lee University, where she obtained a B.A. in Politics in 1999. She also attended National Defense University in 2008-09, studying Middle East foreign policy.Feinberg spent a number of years on Capitol Hill beginning in 1999, including working for the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee, as the communications director for the House Democratic Caucus, the press secretary at the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and the national press secretary to then-Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle.From 2009-10, she served in the Obama administration as special assistant to the president, and senior advisor to White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel.Feinberg served as Bloomberg LP\u2019s Global Communications Director (2010-11), and as the Director of Policy and Crisis Communications at Facebook (2011-13).In 2017 she founded Feinberg Strategies, LLC, a strategic business and communications consulting practice focused on the tech sector. From 2013 to 2015 she served as chief of staff of United States Secretary of Transportation Anthony R. Foxx in the US Department of Transportation, providing strategic advice and counsel to the Secretary regarding operational and legislative initiatives.Feinberg, from 2015 to 2017, served as the 13th Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, the safety regulator of the U.S. rail system, becoming the second woman in history to do so. She was nominated for the post by President Obama in June 2015, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Feinberg served on the Amtrak board of directors during that time, and has been a member of the Northeast Corridor Commission, starting in 2015. Feinberg was instrumental in helping Andrew Cuomo resolve a LIRR dispute in 2016. Beginning in February 2019, she was a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Board, where she was the Transit Committee Chair. Feinberg was named the Interim President, by Andrew Cuomo, of the New York City Transit Authority as of March 2020, after the resignation of Andy Byford. She stepped away from her position as an MTA Board member to serve.She has been chosen by the Governor Andrew Cuomo as the new Chairperson of the MTA on June 8, 2021, to replace current MTA Chairman Patrick Foye, who will lead the Empire State Economic Development Authority effective July 30, 2021.Feinberg currently serves on the StoryCorps board of directors.She is a resident of the East Village in Manhattan, New York City, with her partner and daughter. She was previously married to Dan Pfeiffer.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "January 2005", "December 2006"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Department of Transportation", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs", "August 1999", "August 2000"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "New York City Transit Authority", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Federal Railroad Administration", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "chief of staff", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Bloomberg L.P.", "July 2010", "August 2011"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "president", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Tom Daschle", "December 2002", "December 2004"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives", "December 2006", "November 2008"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "White House Office", "January 2009", "July 2010"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Facebook, Inc.", "August 2011", "September 2013"]]}
{"question": "Where were C Lee Giles educated from April 1966 to February 1968?", "adv_question": "Where were C Lee Giles educated from Apr 1966 to February 1968?", "date": "April 26 1966", "text_answers": {"text": ["Rhodes College", "University of Tennessee"]}, "id": "L2M_Q15995097_P69_5", "fact_context": "C Lee Giles studied at Rhodes College from January 1964 to January 1967. \n C Lee Giles worked for Pennsylvania State University from August 2000 to May 2023. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Tennessee from January 1967 to January 1969. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Arizona from January 1975 to January 1981. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Michigan from January 1969 to August 1973. \n C Lee Giles held the position of full professor from August 2000 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "C Lee Giles held the position of full professor from 08/2000 to 05/2023. \n C Lee Giles worked for Pennsylvania State University from 08/2000 to May 2023. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Arizona from 01/1975 to January 1981. \n C Lee Giles studied at Rhodes College from January 1964 to 01/1967. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Michigan from Jan 1969 to Aug 1973. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Tennessee from 01/1967 to January 1969.", "context": "Lee GilesClyde Lee Giles is an American computer scientist and the David Reese Professor at the College of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University. He is also Graduate Faculty Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, Courtesy Professor of Supply Chain and Information Systems, and Director of the Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He was Interim Associate Dean of Research. His graduate degrees are from the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona and his undergraduate degrees are from Rhodes College and the University of Tennessee. His PhD is in optical sciences with advisor Harrison H. Barrett. His academic genealogy includes two Nobel laureates (Felix Bloch and Werner Heisenberg) and prominent mathematicians.Giles has been associated with the computer science or electrical engineering departments at Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, the University of Pisa, the University of Trento and the University of Maryland, College Park. Previous positions were at NEC Research Institute (now NEC Labs), Princeton, NJ; Air Force Research Laboratory; and the United States Naval Research Laboratory. He is best known for his work on the creation of novel scientific and academic search engines and digital libraries and is considered by some one of the founders of academic document search. Earlier research was concerned with recurrent neural networks and optical computing.His research interests are in intelligent web and cyberinfrastructure tools, search engines and information retrieval, digital libraries, web services, knowledge and information management and extraction, machine learning, and information and data mining. He has created several vertical search engines in these areas. He has over 500 publications with some in \"Nature\", \"Science\" and the \"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\". His research is well cited with an h-index of 102 according to Google Scholar and over 45,000 total citations as evidenced in CiteSeerX, ISI and Google Scholar. He has one of the top 200 h-indexes in Computer Science and the top 10 in Information Retrieval.Most of his papers author his name as C. Lee Giles or C.L. Giles.He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and International Neural Networks Society, INNS. He also received the Gabor Award from the International Neural Network Society recognizing achievements in engineering/applications in neural networks. Most recently he received the 2018 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computational Intelligence Society (CIS) Neural Networks Pioneer Award and the 2018 National Federation of Advanced Information Services (NFAIS) Miles Conrad Award.He has twice received the IBM Distinguished Faculty Award.Before his work on neural networks, Giles published papers on reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves from magnetic materials for the particular cases of equal refractive indexes. His work is mentioned in the following articles: Fresnel_equations, Mie_scattering, and Brewster%27s_angle. For Mie_scattering, he is a coauthor on the Kerker effect, which was an extension of his work on a planar boundary effect and his idea.Giles' work on neural networks showed that fundamental computational structures such as regular grammars and finite state machines could be theoretically represented in recurrent neural networks. Another contribution was the Neural Network Pushdown Automata and the first analog differentiable stack. Some of these publications are cited as early work in \"deep\" learning.In 1998 and 1999 his work published in \"Science and Nature\" with Steve Lawrence estimated the size of the web and showed that search engines did not index that much of it. This work also showed that the web had significantly matured and had a diversity of material and resources.With Steve Lawrence and Kurt Bollacker, Giles was responsible for the creation in 1997 of automatic citation indexing and CiteSeer, a public academic search engine and digital library for Computer and Information Science. Under his direction CiteSeer was moved to and is being maintained at the Pennsylvania State University. CiteSeer has been replaced by the Next Generation CiteSeer, CiteSeerX.He is the director of the Next Generation CiteSeer project, CiteSeerX, also at the Pennsylvania State University. In addition, he was responsible for the creation of an academic business search engine and digital library, BizSeer (previously known as SmealSearch). With Isaac Councill, he created automatic acknowledgement indexing, permitting for the first time the automatic search and indexing of acknowledged entities in scholarly and research documents. The search engine for this was AckSeer. He also was the cocreater of the first search engine for robots.txt, BotSeer.Research in collaboration with Professors Prasenjit Mitra, Karl Mueller, Barbara Garrison and James Kubicki resulted in the development of a search engine and data portal for chemistry, ChemSeer, ChemXSeer. With Yang Sun, a novel search engine, BotSeer, was designed that searches and indexes robots.txt files on web sites. The Next Generation CiteSeer, CiteSeer, came online in February 2008, with over one million articles indexed and now with active crawling exceeds 10 million articles. RefSeerX was a context-aware citation recommendation service which recommended papers from CiteSeerX that are most relevant to a given text. These new services were based on SeerSuite, a package of open sources tools for searching and indexing academic documents and data.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Arizona", "University of Michigan"], "facts": [["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "University of Tennessee, Knoxville", "January 1967", "January 1969"], ["C Lee Giles", "employer", "Pennsylvania State University", "August 2000", "May 2023"], ["C Lee Giles", "position held", "full professor", "August 2000", "May 2023"], ["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "University of Michigan", "January 1969", "August 1973"], ["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "Rhodes College", "January 1964", "January 1967"], ["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "University of Arizona", "January 1975", "January 1981"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to from January 2001 to February 2010?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to from Jan 2001 to Feb 2010?", "date": "January 24 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["United Christian Democrats", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow"]}, "id": "L2M_Q787816_P102_23", "fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from April 2006 to July 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from January 2000 to January 2002. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to January 2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from July 2001 to January 2008. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from January 1994 to January 1995.", "adv_fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from 01/1998 to 01/1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from 04/2006 to Jul 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from Jan 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from Jan 1994 to 01/1995. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from 07/2001 to January 2008. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to 01/2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from Jan 2000 to Jan 2002.", "context": "Salvatore CuffaroSalvatore \"Tot\u00f2\" Cuffaro (born 21 February 1958 in Raffadali, Agrigento) is a former Italian politician and former President of Sicily. He has served an almost 5-year jail sentence for aiding Cosa Nostra. He has earned the nickname \"Vasa Vasa\" (Sicilian for Kiss Kiss) for his tendency to kiss all and sundry \u2013 he claims that he has kissed a quarter of all the people on the island.A graduate of medicine and surgery at the University of Palermo, with a specialization in radiology, Cuffaro was expelled from the medical order for indignity. He joined the Christian Democrat (DC) party during his student days. Then, after having served as City Councillor in his native city, Raffadali, and Palermo, Cuffaro was first elected Member of the Sicilian Regional Assembly in 1991; in 1996 he served as Regional Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries.His political career began under the wing of former minister Calogero Mannino, who in the past was suspected of having ties with the Mafia. Following the demise of the DC, he became a member of ex-DC splinter parties before joining the party Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC). He first became known nationally in September 1991, when he defended his political patron Mannino, accused of being a witness at a Mafia wedding, live on television in a joint broadcasting of the Maurizio Costanzo show and Michele Santoro\u2019s Samarcanda, accusing the presenters that their journalism was Mafia journalism. Later, Mannino was absolved. For many years it was falsely told that: \"In the presence of Antimafia judge Giovanni Falcone he (Cuffaro) accused the Sicilian prosecutors of manipulating state witnesses (pentiti). In october 2009, Cuffaro denounced for \"defamation and threats\" the 5000 and above YouTube users who commented the video of the TV show. But, with judgment number 1742 of 2013, the Civil Court of Palermo has ordered compensation in favor of Cuffaro by Antonio Di Pietro, who had linked on its website the video of Cuffaro in Samarcanda under the title \"Costanzo show: Tot\u00f2 Cuffaro attacks Giovanni Falcone. \"In its judgment the Court found that \"there is no evidence of a direct attack from Cuffaro against Prosecutor Falcone,\" and that Cuffaro himself, if anything, had criticized an investigation that was declared unfounded a few days later. In any case, the prosecutor criticized by Cuffaro was another one, not Falcone.In 2001, after having joined the UDC, Cuffaro was endorsed by the House of Freedoms as presidential candidate for Sicily. He won the election, with 59.1% of the vote, defeating Leoluca Orlando. Cuffaro was elected as part of Silvio Berlusconi's sensational clean sweep of the island, when his coalition won all 61 of its parliamentary seats.On 26 June 2003, it was revealed that Cuffaro was being investigated for Mafia-related crimes, after Domenico Miceli, a fellow UDC politician, was arrested for allegedly acting as a link between a Mafia chief and top Sicilian politicians, including Cuffaro. A few months later he was committed for trial. Despite all this, Cuffaro stood for the 2004 European Parliament election. Later that year, Cuffaro was appointed national vice-secretary of UDC, the party headed by Pier Ferdinando Casini. Until 2008 he was also President of COPPEM.In the 2006 Italian general election, he was elected senator for his party, UDC. In the 2006 regional election, he was successively re-elected President of Sicily with 53.1% of the vote, defeating Rita Borsellino, the Union candidate and sister of the late judge Paolo Borsellino, killed by the mafia in 1992.Cuffaro and the Italian Minister of Justice, Clemente Mastella were involved in a scandal when it was found that they had been best men of Francesco Campanella, a former member of the Mafia and town councilor of Villabate, who helped the boss Bernardo Provenzano during his absconding. In 2001 Campanella used his official position to supply Cosa Nostra's top \"godfather\" with an identity card so he could travel abroad for medical treatment. In July 2000 Mastella and Cuffaro had been witnesses at Campanella's wedding.In the year 2005 he was the object of media attention thanks to the television reportage \"La Mafia \u00e8 Bianca\" (The Mafia is White) by investigative journalists Stefano Maria Bianchi and Alberto Nerazzini, which aimed to expose rife corruption in the Sicilian Health service and shows a clip of police film footage of Cuffaro meeting with a known \"mafioso\". Cuffaro tried unsuccessfully to prevent the publishers from broadcasting their reportage on the grounds of its allegedly \"defamatory\" contents but in January 2006 the Civil Court in Bergamo rejected his request, stating that both text and video, including the audio commentary by the journalists, were not defamatory. Following later investigations and trial Cuffaro has been jailed for seven years after losing a final appeal against a mafia conviction and being banned for life from holding public office.On 15 October 2007, assistant public prosecutor Giuseppe Pignatone requested eight years' imprisonment for Cuffaro charged with aiding and abetting Cosa Nostra and passing confidential information about the trial to the so-called moles in the Palermo Antimafia directorate.Cuffaro's indictment emerged from an inquiry set up to trace leaks during an inquiry into a local doctor, Giuseppe Guttadauro, accused of being the Cosa Nostra boss in its Palermo stronghold Brancaccio. Guttadauro learned that his home was being \"bugged\" from another doctor. The colleague alleged that he, in turn, had been tipped off by Cuffaro. Guttadauro was recorded describing how the Mafia had funded Cuffaro's 2001 election campaign. According to a transcript, he told that Cuffaro was handed packages of cash \"in the least elegant, but most tangible way possible\".On 18 January 2008, Cuffaro was found guilty of having helped the Mafia and was given a five-year sentence, during which time he will be suspended from all public offices. Cuffaro was not found guilty of outright collusion with Cosa Nostra but the court concluded he acted in favour of several people sentenced for Mafia crimes and committed breaches of confidentiality. By Italian law, both the sentence and suspension from public office can only begin after the automatic appeals process is concluded. The prosecution had asked that Cuffaro be given an eight-year sentence but judges concluded that while he had helped the Mafia, there had been neither conspiracy nor willful intent. He has denied all wrongdoing and refused to step down, despite that he has also been banned from public office. \"I knew I didn't do anything to willfully help the Mafia and tomorrow morning I intend to be back at my desk,\" Cuffaro said after the court adjourned.The day after, Cuffaro handed out cannoli, a Sicilian pastry, as if celebrating the sentence, which he considered positive as he was not convicted for ties to the Mafia. The ricotta sweets have become \"instrumentalized,\" he told the daily Corriere della Sera. Adding that he \"never celebrated\" and fully understands the weight of the charges brought against him. He didn't bring the celebratory cannoli with him, but one of his many well-wishers did.Cuffaro resigned on 26 January 2008. His resignation followed reports that the national government was planning a move to oust him. The announcement represents a reversal for Cuffaro, who earlier said he would hang on to his post and appeal his five-year prison sentence of 18 January. Many, including some politicians from allied parties, were angry that he celebrated not being convicted of a more serious accusation \u2013 helping the Mafia as an organization. The head of Italy's politically influential industrial lobby, Confindustria, lamented that Cuffaro remained in office while Sicilian businessmen were defying the Mafia by increasingly refusing to pay systematic \"protection\" money. A widely published photo of him offering his aides a tray of cannoli pastries to celebrate fuelled the outrage.While Cuffaro was undergoing his appeals trial, the Union of the Centre nominated him in the 2008 general election and he was re-elected senator. On 23 January 2010 the Palermo Appeals Court confirmed his two previous convictions and added the aggravation of favoring the Mafia, sentencing him to seven years in prison. He subsequently announced his intention to appeal the sentence before the Supreme Court and to resign from all party offices.On 22 January 2011, the Italian Supreme Court definitively confirmed the seven-year prison sentence and the perpetual ban from holding public office.Salvatore Cuffaro served his time in jail at the Roman prison of Rebibbia. He was taken to Rome's Rebbibia prison the same day the Supreme Court confirmed the mafia conviction. As a result of his conviction, he lost his seat in the senate.Under the term of the sentencing as a mafia convict, Cuffaro is also barred in perpetuity from holding public office.He served his sentence and was released on 13 December 2015.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Democratic Union for the Republic", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "Italian People's Party"], "facts": [["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "member of the Italian Senate", "April 2006", "July 2006"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Italian People's Party", "January 1994", "January 1995"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "president of Sicily", "July 2001", "January 2008"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "United Christian Democrats", "January 2000", "January 2002"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow", "January 2010", "January 2011"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Democratic Union for the Republic", "January 1998", "January 1999"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to from August 2001 to July 2010?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Salvatore Cuffaro belong to from 08/2001 to July 2010?", "date": "August 11 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["United Christian Democrats", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow"]}, "id": "L2M_Q787816_P102_39", "fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from January 1994 to January 1995. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from January 2000 to January 2002. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to January 2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from April 2006 to July 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from July 2001 to January 2008.", "adv_fact_context": "Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Democratic Union for the Republic from 01/1998 to 01/1999. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the The Populars of Italy Tomorrow from January 2010 to 01/2011. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the UDEUR Populars for the South from Jan 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the Italian People's Party from Jan 1994 to 01/1995. \n Salvatore Cuffaro was a member of the United Christian Democrats from Jan 2000 to Jan 2002. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of member of the Italian Senate from 04/2006 to Jul 2006. \n Salvatore Cuffaro held the position of president of Sicily from 07/2001 to January 2008.", "context": "Salvatore CuffaroSalvatore \"Tot\u00f2\" Cuffaro (born 21 February 1958 in Raffadali, Agrigento) is a former Italian politician and former President of Sicily. He has served an almost 5-year jail sentence for aiding Cosa Nostra. He has earned the nickname \"Vasa Vasa\" (Sicilian for Kiss Kiss) for his tendency to kiss all and sundry \u2013 he claims that he has kissed a quarter of all the people on the island.A graduate of medicine and surgery at the University of Palermo, with a specialization in radiology, Cuffaro was expelled from the medical order for indignity. He joined the Christian Democrat (DC) party during his student days. Then, after having served as City Councillor in his native city, Raffadali, and Palermo, Cuffaro was first elected Member of the Sicilian Regional Assembly in 1991; in 1996 he served as Regional Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries.His political career began under the wing of former minister Calogero Mannino, who in the past was suspected of having ties with the Mafia. Following the demise of the DC, he became a member of ex-DC splinter parties before joining the party Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC). He first became known nationally in September 1991, when he defended his political patron Mannino, accused of being a witness at a Mafia wedding, live on television in a joint broadcasting of the Maurizio Costanzo show and Michele Santoro\u2019s Samarcanda, accusing the presenters that their journalism was Mafia journalism. Later, Mannino was absolved. For many years it was falsely told that: \"In the presence of Antimafia judge Giovanni Falcone he (Cuffaro) accused the Sicilian prosecutors of manipulating state witnesses (pentiti). In october 2009, Cuffaro denounced for \"defamation and threats\" the 5000 and above YouTube users who commented the video of the TV show. But, with judgment number 1742 of 2013, the Civil Court of Palermo has ordered compensation in favor of Cuffaro by Antonio Di Pietro, who had linked on its website the video of Cuffaro in Samarcanda under the title \"Costanzo show: Tot\u00f2 Cuffaro attacks Giovanni Falcone. \"In its judgment the Court found that \"there is no evidence of a direct attack from Cuffaro against Prosecutor Falcone,\" and that Cuffaro himself, if anything, had criticized an investigation that was declared unfounded a few days later. In any case, the prosecutor criticized by Cuffaro was another one, not Falcone.In 2001, after having joined the UDC, Cuffaro was endorsed by the House of Freedoms as presidential candidate for Sicily. He won the election, with 59.1% of the vote, defeating Leoluca Orlando. Cuffaro was elected as part of Silvio Berlusconi's sensational clean sweep of the island, when his coalition won all 61 of its parliamentary seats.On 26 June 2003, it was revealed that Cuffaro was being investigated for Mafia-related crimes, after Domenico Miceli, a fellow UDC politician, was arrested for allegedly acting as a link between a Mafia chief and top Sicilian politicians, including Cuffaro. A few months later he was committed for trial. Despite all this, Cuffaro stood for the 2004 European Parliament election. Later that year, Cuffaro was appointed national vice-secretary of UDC, the party headed by Pier Ferdinando Casini. Until 2008 he was also President of COPPEM.In the 2006 Italian general election, he was elected senator for his party, UDC. In the 2006 regional election, he was successively re-elected President of Sicily with 53.1% of the vote, defeating Rita Borsellino, the Union candidate and sister of the late judge Paolo Borsellino, killed by the mafia in 1992.Cuffaro and the Italian Minister of Justice, Clemente Mastella were involved in a scandal when it was found that they had been best men of Francesco Campanella, a former member of the Mafia and town councilor of Villabate, who helped the boss Bernardo Provenzano during his absconding. In 2001 Campanella used his official position to supply Cosa Nostra's top \"godfather\" with an identity card so he could travel abroad for medical treatment. In July 2000 Mastella and Cuffaro had been witnesses at Campanella's wedding.In the year 2005 he was the object of media attention thanks to the television reportage \"La Mafia \u00e8 Bianca\" (The Mafia is White) by investigative journalists Stefano Maria Bianchi and Alberto Nerazzini, which aimed to expose rife corruption in the Sicilian Health service and shows a clip of police film footage of Cuffaro meeting with a known \"mafioso\". Cuffaro tried unsuccessfully to prevent the publishers from broadcasting their reportage on the grounds of its allegedly \"defamatory\" contents but in January 2006 the Civil Court in Bergamo rejected his request, stating that both text and video, including the audio commentary by the journalists, were not defamatory. Following later investigations and trial Cuffaro has been jailed for seven years after losing a final appeal against a mafia conviction and being banned for life from holding public office.On 15 October 2007, assistant public prosecutor Giuseppe Pignatone requested eight years' imprisonment for Cuffaro charged with aiding and abetting Cosa Nostra and passing confidential information about the trial to the so-called moles in the Palermo Antimafia directorate.Cuffaro's indictment emerged from an inquiry set up to trace leaks during an inquiry into a local doctor, Giuseppe Guttadauro, accused of being the Cosa Nostra boss in its Palermo stronghold Brancaccio. Guttadauro learned that his home was being \"bugged\" from another doctor. The colleague alleged that he, in turn, had been tipped off by Cuffaro. Guttadauro was recorded describing how the Mafia had funded Cuffaro's 2001 election campaign. According to a transcript, he told that Cuffaro was handed packages of cash \"in the least elegant, but most tangible way possible\".On 18 January 2008, Cuffaro was found guilty of having helped the Mafia and was given a five-year sentence, during which time he will be suspended from all public offices. Cuffaro was not found guilty of outright collusion with Cosa Nostra but the court concluded he acted in favour of several people sentenced for Mafia crimes and committed breaches of confidentiality. By Italian law, both the sentence and suspension from public office can only begin after the automatic appeals process is concluded. The prosecution had asked that Cuffaro be given an eight-year sentence but judges concluded that while he had helped the Mafia, there had been neither conspiracy nor willful intent. He has denied all wrongdoing and refused to step down, despite that he has also been banned from public office. \"I knew I didn't do anything to willfully help the Mafia and tomorrow morning I intend to be back at my desk,\" Cuffaro said after the court adjourned.The day after, Cuffaro handed out cannoli, a Sicilian pastry, as if celebrating the sentence, which he considered positive as he was not convicted for ties to the Mafia. The ricotta sweets have become \"instrumentalized,\" he told the daily Corriere della Sera. Adding that he \"never celebrated\" and fully understands the weight of the charges brought against him. He didn't bring the celebratory cannoli with him, but one of his many well-wishers did.Cuffaro resigned on 26 January 2008. His resignation followed reports that the national government was planning a move to oust him. The announcement represents a reversal for Cuffaro, who earlier said he would hang on to his post and appeal his five-year prison sentence of 18 January. Many, including some politicians from allied parties, were angry that he celebrated not being convicted of a more serious accusation \u2013 helping the Mafia as an organization. The head of Italy's politically influential industrial lobby, Confindustria, lamented that Cuffaro remained in office while Sicilian businessmen were defying the Mafia by increasingly refusing to pay systematic \"protection\" money. A widely published photo of him offering his aides a tray of cannoli pastries to celebrate fuelled the outrage.While Cuffaro was undergoing his appeals trial, the Union of the Centre nominated him in the 2008 general election and he was re-elected senator. On 23 January 2010 the Palermo Appeals Court confirmed his two previous convictions and added the aggravation of favoring the Mafia, sentencing him to seven years in prison. He subsequently announced his intention to appeal the sentence before the Supreme Court and to resign from all party offices.On 22 January 2011, the Italian Supreme Court definitively confirmed the seven-year prison sentence and the perpetual ban from holding public office.Salvatore Cuffaro served his time in jail at the Roman prison of Rebibbia. He was taken to Rome's Rebbibia prison the same day the Supreme Court confirmed the mafia conviction. As a result of his conviction, he lost his seat in the senate.Under the term of the sentencing as a mafia convict, Cuffaro is also barred in perpetuity from holding public office.He served his sentence and was released on 13 December 2015.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Democratic Union for the Republic", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "Italian People's Party"], "facts": [["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "The Populars of Italy Tomorrow", "January 2010", "January 2011"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "United Christian Democrats", "January 2000", "January 2002"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "president of Sicily", "July 2001", "January 2008"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Italian People's Party", "January 1994", "January 1995"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "UDEUR Populars for the South", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "member of political party", "Democratic Union for the Republic", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Salvatore Cuffaro", "position held", "member of the Italian Senate", "April 2006", "July 2006"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Marian Salzman hold from November 2002 to November 2005?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Marian Salzman hold from Nov 2002 to November 2005?", "date": "November 03 2002", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief strategy officer", "executive vice president"]}, "id": "L2M_Q6761974_P39_34", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief marketing officer", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Marian Salzman work for from March 2008 to July 2018?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Marian Salzman work for from 03/2008 to 07/2018?", "date": "March 01 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["Porter Novelli", "Philip Morris International"]}, "id": "L2M_Q6761974_P108_96", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Young & Rubicam", "TBWA Worldwide", "Havas", "J. Walter Thompson"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Erik Meijer belong to from March 1972 to May 1992?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Erik Meijer belong to from 03/1972 to May 1992?", "date": "March 07 1972", "text_answers": {"text": ["Pacifist Socialist Party", "GroenLinks"]}, "id": "L2M_Q941452_P102_0", "fact_context": "Erik Meijer held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1999 to July 2004. \n Erik Meijer was a member of the Pacifist Socialist Party from January 1963 to January 1991. \n Erik Meijer was a member of the GroenLinks from January 1992 to January 1995. \n Erik Meijer held the position of member of the Senate of the Netherlands from July 2014 to June 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Erik Meijer held the position of member of the Senate of the Netherlands from July 2014 to 06/2015. \n Erik Meijer was a member of the Pacifist Socialist Party from January 1963 to 01/1991. \n Erik Meijer was a member of the GroenLinks from Jan 1992 to 01/1995. \n Erik Meijer held the position of member of the European Parliament from 07/1999 to Jul 2004.", "context": "Erik Meijer (politician)Erik Meijer (born 5 December 1944) is a former Dutch politician who was a member of the European Parliament for the Dutch Socialist Party, part of the European Left, between 1999 and 2009. From July 2014 till June 2015 he was a member of the Dutch Senate.In the European Parliament he was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee.In 1999 European Parliament elections Meijer won the first seat for the SP in the European Parliament.Born in 1944 in Amsterdam, Meijer, who lives in Rotterdam, studied human geography and later taught geography before becoming a civil servant. Politically active since the beginning of the 1960s, including as an executive member of Socialist Youth (SJ), in the 1970s he was elected to represent the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) on Amsterdam City Council. During this period he led the Proletarian Left within the PSP, which later split to form what now is Socialist Alternative Politics. Meijer stayed within the PSP. From 1982 to 1995 he served as member of the States-Provincial of South Holland, having been elected on a combined PSP-CPN-PPR ticket. Following the formation of the GreenLeft, which united these tendencies, he became the party's national vice-chair, a position which he held until 1995.At the beginning of 1996, Meijer left Green Left for the SP. In 1998 he became chair of the SP branch in Delfshaven, a poor district of Rotterdam, at the same time working to build up the party's European contacts.In the European Parliament the SP forms part of the United Left Group (GUE-NGL). The party's priority is resistance to the development of a European Superstate too far removed from the people and too closely attached to the interests of European multinationals.In the European elections of 10 June 2004, the SP's electoral support grew from 5% to 7%, giving the party a second seat. Re-elected, Meijer was joined by Kartika Liotard.His comments in the Skopje daily \"Utrinski Vesnik\" on 14 January 2008 drew the ire of readers in the Republic of Macedonia. He said that the country should tear down statues of the ancient Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great erected on its territory and agree to a name change in its bilateral dispute with Greece.He was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau on 8 September 2009.On 8 July 2014 he was made member of the Dutch Senate, replacing Arjan Vliegenthart. His term ended on 9 June 2015. As he was nr 13 on the list of candidates and as currently nr 11 of the list for the Dutch Senate, Mr Meijer has a chance of entering the senate again in case two sitting Members resign before June 2019.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Erik Meijer", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 1999", "July 2004"], ["Erik Meijer", "member of political party", "GroenLinks", "January 1992", "January 1995"], ["Erik Meijer", "position held", "member of the Senate of the Netherlands", "July 2014", "June 2015"], ["Erik Meijer", "member of political party", "Pacifist Socialist Party", "January 1963", "January 1991"]]}
{"question": "Where were Zbigniew Brzezinski educated from December 1945 to March 1952?", "adv_question": "Where were Zbigniew Brzezinski educated from 12/1945 to 03/1952?", "date": "December 18 1945", "text_answers": {"text": ["McGill University", "Harvard Law School"]}, "id": "L2M_Q168041_P69_3", "fact_context": "Zbigniew Brzezinski studied at McGill University from January 1945 to January 1950. \n Zbigniew Brzezinski worked for Columbia University from January 1960 to January 1989. \n Zbigniew Brzezinski studied at Harvard Law School from January 1950 to January 1953. \n Zbigniew Brzezinski was married to Emilie Benes Brzezinski from June 1955 to May 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Zbigniew Brzezinski was married to Emilie Benes Brzezinski from June 1955 to 05/2017. \n Zbigniew Brzezinski worked for Columbia University from January 1960 to January 1989. \n Zbigniew Brzezinski studied at Harvard Law School from January 1950 to 01/1953. \n Zbigniew Brzezinski studied at McGill University from Jan 1945 to January 1950.", "context": "Zbigniew BrzezinskiZbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski ( , ; March 28, 1928 \u2013 May 26, 2017) was a Polish-American diplomat and political scientist. He served as a counselor to President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 to 1968 and was President Jimmy Carter's National Security Advisor from 1977 to 1981. As a scholar, Brzezinski belonged to the realist school of international relations, standing in the geopolitical tradition of Halford Mackinder and Nicholas J. Spykman. Brzezinski was the primary organizer of The Trilateral Commission.Major foreign policy events during his time in office included the normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China (and the severing of ties with the Republic of China on Taiwan); the signing of the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II); the brokering of the Camp David Accords; the overthrow of the US-friendly Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the start of the Iranian Revolution; the United States' encouragement of dissidents in Eastern Europe and championing of human rights in order to undermine the influence of the Soviet Union; the arming of the mujahideen in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; and the signing of the Torrijos\u2013Carter Treaties relinquishing U.S. control of the Panama Canal after 1999.Brzezinski served as the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and a member of various boards and councils. He appeared frequently as an expert on the PBS program \"The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer\", ABC News' \"This Week with Christiane Amanpour\", and on MSNBC's \"Morning Joe\", where his daughter, Mika Brzezinski, is co-anchor. He was a supporter of the Prague Process. His eldest son, Ian, is a foreign policy expert, and his youngest son, Mark, was the United States Ambassador to Sweden from 2011 to 2015.Zbigniew Brzezinski was born in Warsaw, Poland, on March 28, 1928. His family came from Brze\u017cany in Galicia in the Tarnopol Voivodeship (administrative region) of then eastern Poland (now in Ukraine). The town of Brze\u017cany is thought to be the source of the family name. Brzezinski's parents were Leonia (\"n\u00e9e\" Roman) Brzezi\u0144ska and Tadeusz Brzezi\u0144ski, a Polish diplomat who was posted to Germany from 1931 to 1935; Zbigniew Brzezinski thus spent some of his earliest years witnessing the rise of the Nazis. From 1936 to 1938, Tadeusz Brzezi\u0144ski was posted to the Soviet Union during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, and was later praised by Israel for his work helping Jews escape from the Nazis.In 1938, Tadeusz Brzezi\u0144ski was posted to Montreal as a consul general. The Brzezinski family lived proximate to the Polish Consulate-General, on Stanley Street. In 1939, the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact was agreed to by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union; subsequently the two powers invaded Poland. The 1945 Yalta Conference among the Allies allotted Poland to the Soviet sphere of influence. The Second World War had a profound effect on Brzezinski, who stated in an interview: \"The extraordinary violence that was perpetrated against Poland did affect my perception of the world, and made me much more sensitive to the fact that a great deal of world politics is a fundamental struggle.\"After attending Loyola High School in Montreal, Brzezinski entered McGill University in 1945 to obtain both his Bachelor and Master of Arts degrees (received in 1949 and 1950 respectively). His Master's thesis focused on the various nationalities within the Soviet Union. Brzezinski's plan for pursuing further studies in the United Kingdom in preparation for a diplomatic career in Canada fell through, principally because he was ruled ineligible for a scholarship he had won that was only open to British subjects. Brzezinski then attended Harvard University to work on a doctorate with Merle Fainsod, focusing on the Soviet Union and the relationship between the October Revolution, Vladimir Lenin's state, and the actions of Joseph Stalin. He received his Ph.D. in 1953; the same year, he traveled to Munich and met Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, head of the Polish desk of Radio Free Europe. He later collaborated with Carl J. Friedrich to develop the concept of totalitarianism as a way to more accurately and powerfully characterize and criticize the Soviets in 1956.As a Harvard professor, he argued against Dwight Eisenhower's and John Foster Dulles's policy of rollback, saying that antagonism would push Eastern Europe further toward the Soviets. The Polish protests followed by the Polish October and the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 lent some support to Brzezinski's idea that the Eastern Europeans could gradually counter Soviet domination. In 1957, he visited Poland for the first time since he left as a child, and his visit reaffirmed his judgement that splits within the Eastern bloc were profound. He developed his ideas he called \"peaceful engagement.\" Brzezinski became a naturalized American citizen in 1958.In 1959, Harvard awarded an associate professorship to Henry Kissinger instead of Brzezinski. He then moved to New York City to teach at Columbia University. Here he wrote \"Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict\", which focused on Eastern Europe since the beginning of the Cold War. He also taught future Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, who, like Brzezinski's widow Emily, is of Czech descent, and who he also mentored during her early years in Washington. He also became a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and joined the Bilderberg Group.During the 1960 U.S. presidential elections, Brzezinski was an advisor to the John F. Kennedy campaign, urging a non-antagonistic policy toward Eastern European governments. Seeing the Soviet Union as having entered a period of stagnation, both economic and political, Brzezinski predicted a future breakup of the Soviet Union along lines of nationality (expanding on his master's thesis).Brzezinski continued to argue for and support d\u00e9tente for the next few years, publishing \"Peaceful Engagement in Eastern Europe\" in \"Foreign Affairs\", and he continued to support non-antagonistic policies after the Cuban Missile Crisis on the grounds that such policies might disabuse Eastern European nations of their fear of an aggressive Germany, and pacify Western Europeans fearful of a superpower compromise along the lines of the Yalta Conference. In a 1962 book Brzezinski argued against the possibility of a Sino-Soviet split, saying their alignment was \"not splitting and is not likely to split.\"In 1964, Brzezinski supported Lyndon Johnson's presidential campaign and the Great Society and civil rights policies, while on the other hand he saw Soviet leadership as having been purged of any creativity following the ousting of Khrushchev. Through Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, Brzezinski met with Adam Michnik, future Polish Solidarity activist.Brzezinski continued to support engagement with Eastern European governments, while warning against De Gaulle's vision of a \"Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals.\" He also supported the Vietnam War. In 1966, Brzezinski was appointed to the Policy Planning Council of the U.S. Department of State (President Johnson's October 7, 1966, \"Bridge Building\" speech was a product of Brzezinski's influence). In 1968, Brzezinski resigned from the council in protest of President Johnson's expansion of the war. Next, he became a foreign policy advisor to Vice President Hubert Humphrey.Events in Czechoslovakia further reinforced Brzezinski's criticisms of the right's aggressive stance toward Eastern European governments. His service to the Johnson administration, and his fact-finding trip to Vietnam, made him an enemy of the New Left.For the 1968 U.S. presidential campaign, Brzezinski was chairman of the Humphrey's Foreign Policy Task Force.Brzezinski called for a pan-European conference, an idea that would eventually find fruition in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Meanwhile, he became a leading critic of both the Nixon-Kissinger d\u00e9tente condominium, as well as George McGovern's pacifism.In his 1970 piece \"Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era\", Brzezinski argued that a coordinated policy among developed nations was necessary in order to counter global instability erupting from increasing economic inequality. Out of this thesis, Brzezinski co-founded the Trilateral Commission with David Rockefeller, serving as director from 1973 to 1976. The Trilateral Commission is a group of prominent political and business leaders and academics primarily from the United States, Western Europe and Japan. Its purpose was to strengthen relations among the three most industrially advanced regions of the capitalist world. In 1974, Brzezinski selected Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter as a member.Jimmy Carter announced his candidacy for the 1976 presidential campaign to a skeptical media and proclaimed himself an \"eager student\" of Brzezinski. Brzezinski became Carter's principal foreign policy advisor by late 1975. He became an outspoken critic of the Nixon-Kissinger over-reliance on d\u00e9tente, a situation preferred by the Soviet Union, favoring the Helsinki process instead, which focused on human rights, international law and peaceful engagement in Eastern Europe. Brzezinski was considered to be the Democrats' response to Republican Henry Kissinger. Carter engaged his incumbent opponent for the presidency, Gerald Ford, in foreign policy debates by contrasting the Trilateral vision with Ford's d\u00e9tente.After his victory in 1976, Carter made Brzezinski National Security Advisor. Earlier that year, major labor riots broke out in Poland, laying the foundations for Solidarity. Brzezinski began by emphasizing the \"Basket III\" human rights in the Helsinki Final Act, which inspired Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia shortly thereafter.Brzezinski assisted with writing parts of Carter's inaugural address, and this served his purpose of sending a positive message to Soviet dissidents. The Soviet Union and Western European leaders both complained that this kind of rhetoric ran against the \"code of d\u00e9tente\" that Nixon and Kissinger had established. Brzezinski ran up against members of his own Democratic Party who disagreed with this interpretation of d\u00e9tente, including Secretary of State Cyrus Vance. Vance argued for less emphasis on human rights in order to gain Soviet agreement to Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), whereas Brzezinski favored doing both at the same time. Brzezinski then ordered Radio Free Europe transmitters to increase the power and area of their broadcasts, a provocative reversal of Nixon-Kissinger policies. West German chancellor Helmut Schmidt objected to Brzezinski's agenda, even calling for the removal of Radio Free Europe from German soil.The State Department was alarmed by Brzezinski's support for dissidents in East Germany and objected to his suggestion that Carter's first overseas visit be to Poland. He visited Warsaw and met with Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski (against the objection of the U.S. Ambassador to Poland), recognizing the Roman Catholic Church as the legitimate opposition to communist rule in Poland.By 1978, Brzezinski and Vance were more and more at odds over the direction of Carter's foreign policy. Vance sought to continue the style of d\u00e9tente engineered by Nixon-Kissinger, with a focus on arms control. Brzezinski believed that d\u00e9tente emboldened the Soviets in Angola and the Middle East, and so he argued for increased military strength and an emphasis on human rights. Vance, the State Department, and the media criticized Brzezinski publicly as seeking to revive the Cold War.Brzezinski advised Carter in 1978 to engage the People's Republic of China and traveled to Beijing to lay the groundwork for the normalization of relations between the two countries. This also resulted in the severing of ties with the United States' longtime anti-Communist ally the Republic of China (Taiwan).1979 saw two major strategically important events: the overthrow of U.S. ally the Shah of Iran, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Iranian Revolution precipitated the Iran hostage crisis, which would last for the rest of Carter's presidency. Brzezinski anticipated the Soviet invasion, and, with the support of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China, he created a strategy to undermine the Soviet presence. Using this atmosphere of insecurity, Brzezinski led the United States toward a new arms buildup and the development of the Rapid Deployment Forces\u2014policies that are both more generally associated with Reagan's presidency now.On November 9, 1979, Brzezinski was woken at 3am by a phone call with a startling message: The Soviets had just launched 250 nuclear weapons at the United States. Minutes later, Brzezinski received another call: The early-warning system actually showed 2,000 missiles heading toward the United States. As Brzezinski prepared to phone President Jimmy Carter to plan a full-scale response, he received a third call: It was a false alarm. An early warning training tape generating indications of a large-scale Soviet nuclear attack had somehow transferred to the actual early warning network, which triggered an all-too-real scramble.Brzezinski, acting under a lame duck Carter presidency\u2014but encouraged that Solidarity in Poland had vindicated his style of engagement with Eastern Europe\u2014took a hard-line stance against what seemed like an imminent Soviet invasion of Poland. He even made a midnight phone call to Pope John Paul II (whose visit to Poland in 1979 had foreshadowed the emergence of Solidarity) warning him in advance. The U.S. stance was a significant change from previous reactions to Soviet repression in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968.Brzezinski developed the Carter Doctrine, which committed the U.S. to use military force in defense of the Persian Gulf. In 1981 President Carter presented Brzezinski with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.Brzezinski left office concerned about the internal division within the Democratic party, arguing that the dovish McGovernite wing would send the Democrats into permanent minority. Ronald Reagan invited him to stay on as his National Security Adviser, but Brzezinski declined, feeling that the new president needed a fresh perspective on which to build his foreign policy. He had mixed relations with the Reagan administration. On the one hand, he supported it as an alternative to the Democrats' pacifism. On the other hand, he also criticized it as seeing foreign policy in overly black-and-white terms.He remained involved in Polish affairs, critical of the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, and more so of the Western European acquiescence to its imposition in the name of stability. Brzezinski briefed U.S. vice-president George H. W. Bush before his 1987 trip to Poland that aided in the revival of the Solidarity movement.In 1985, under the Reagan administration, Brzezinski served as a member of the President's Chemical Warfare Commission. From 1987 to 1988, he worked on the U.S. National Security Council\u2013Defense Department Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy. From 1987 to 1989 he also served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.In 1988, Brzezinski was co-chairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force, endorsing Bush for president, and breaking with the Democratic party. Brzezinski published \"The Grand Failure\" the same year, predicting the failure of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, and the collapse of the Soviet Union in a few more decades. He said there were five possibilities for the Soviet Union: successful pluralization, protracted crisis, renewed stagnation, coup (by the KGB or Soviet military), or the explicit collapse of the Communist regime. He called collapse \"at this stage a much more remote possibility\" than protracted crisis. He also predicted that the chance of some form of communism existing in the Soviet Union in 2017 was a little more than 50% and that when the end did come it would be \"most likely turbulent\". In the event, the Soviet system collapsed totally in 1991 following Moscow's crackdown on Lithuania's attempt to declare independence, the First Nagorno-Karabakh War of the late 1980s, and scattered bloodshed in other republics. This was a less violent outcome than Brzezinski and other observers anticipated.In 1989, the Communists failed to mobilize support in Poland, and Solidarity swept the general elections. Later the same year, Brzezinski toured Russia and visited a memorial to the Katyn Massacre. This served as an opportunity for him to ask the Soviet government to acknowledge the truth about the event, for which he received a standing ovation in the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Ten days later, the Berlin Wall fell, and Soviet-supported governments in Eastern Europe began to totter. Strobe Talbott, one of Brzezinski's long-time critics, conducted an interview with him for \"TIME\" magazine entitled \"Vindication of a Hardliner\".In 1990, Brzezinski warned against post\u2013Cold War euphoria. He publicly opposed the Gulf War, arguing that the United States would squander the international goodwill it had accumulated by defeating the Soviet Union, and that it could trigger wide resentment throughout the Arab world. He expanded upon these views in his 1992 work \"Out of Control\".Brzezinski was prominently critical of the Clinton administration's hesitation to intervene against the Serb forces in the Bosnian war. He also began to speak out against Russia's First Chechen War, forming the American Committee for Peace in Chechnya. Wary of a move toward the reinvigoration of Russian power, Brzezinski negatively viewed the succession of former KGB agent Vladimir Putin after Boris Yeltsin. In this vein, he became one of the foremost advocates of NATO expansion. He wrote in 1998 that \"Without Ukraine, Russia ceases to be a Eurasian empire.\" He later came out in support of the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia during the Kosovo war.President Carter chose Brzezinski for the position of National Security Adviser (NSA) because he wanted an assertive intellectual at his side to provide him with day-to-day advice and guidance on foreign policy decisions. Brzezinski would preside over a reorganized National Security Council (NSC) structure, fashioned to ensure that the NSA would be only one of many players in the foreign policy process.Initially, Carter reduced the NSC staff by one-half, and decreased the number of standing NSC committees from eight to two. All issues referred to the NSC were reviewed by one of the two new committees, either the Policy Review Committee (PRC) or the Special Coordinating Committee (SCC). The PRC focused on specific issues, and its chairmanship rotated. The SCC was always chaired by Brzezinski, a circumstance he had to negotiate with Carter to achieve. Carter believed that by making the NSA chairman of only one of the two committees, he would prevent the NSC from being the overwhelming influence on foreign policy decisions it had been under Kissinger's chairmanship during the Nixon administration. The SCC was charged with considering issues that cut across several departments, including oversight of intelligence activities, arms control evaluation, and crisis management. Much of the SCC's time during the Carter years was spent on SALT issues. The Council held few formal meetings, convening only 10 times, compared with 125 meetings during the eight years of the Nixon and Ford administrations. Instead, Carter used frequent, informal meetings as a decision-making device\u2014typically his Friday breakfasts\u2014usually attended by the Vice President, the secretaries of State and Defense, Brzezinski, and the chief domestic adviser. No agendas were prepared and no formal records were kept of these meetings, sometimes resulting in differing interpretations of the decisions actually agreed upon. Brzezinski was careful, in managing his own weekly luncheons with secretaries Vance and Brown in preparation for NSC discussions, to maintain a complete set of notes. Brzezinski also sent weekly reports to the President on major foreign policy undertakings and problems, with recommendations for courses of action. President Carter enjoyed these reports and frequently annotated them with his own views. Brzezinski and the NSC used these Presidential notes (159 of them) as the basis for NSC actions.From the beginning, Brzezinski made sure that the new NSC institutional relationships would assure him a major voice in the shaping of foreign policy. While he knew that Carter would not want him to be another Kissinger, Brzezinski also felt confident that the President did not want Secretary of State Vance to become another Dulles and would want his own input on key foreign policy decisions. Brzezinski's power gradually expanded into the operational area during the Carter Presidency. He increasingly assumed the role of a Presidential emissary. In 1978, for example, Brzezinski traveled to Beijing to lay the groundwork for normalizing U.S.\u2013PRC relations. Like Kissinger before him, Brzezinski maintained his own personal relationship with Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin. Brzezinski had NSC staffers monitor State Department cable traffic through the Situation Room and call back to the State Department if the President preferred to revise or take issue with outgoing State Department instructions. He also appointed his own press spokesman, and his frequent press briefings and appearances on television interview shows made him a prominent public figure, although perhaps not nearly as much as Kissinger had been under Nixon.The Soviet military invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 significantly damaged the already tenuous relationship between Vance and Brzezinski. Vance felt that Brzezinski's linkage of SALT to other Soviet activities and the MX, together with the growing domestic criticisms in the United States of the SALT II Accord, convinced Brezhnev to decide on military intervention in Afghanistan. Brzezinski, however, later recounted that he advanced proposals to maintain Afghanistan's independence but was frustrated by the Department of State's opposition. An NSC working group on Afghanistan wrote several reports on the deteriorating situation in 1979, but Carter ignored them until the Soviet intervention destroyed his illusions. Only then did he decide to abandon SALT II ratification and pursue the anti-Soviet policies that Brzezinski proposed.The Iranian revolution was the last straw for the disintegrating relationship between Vance and Brzezinski. As the upheaval developed, the two advanced fundamentally different positions. Brzezinski wanted to control the revolution and increasingly suggested military action to prevent Ayatollah Khomeini from coming to power, while Vance wanted to come to terms with the new Islamic Republic of Iran. As a consequence, Carter failed to develop a coherent approach to the Iranian situation. Vance's resignation following the unsuccessful mission to rescue the American hostages in March 1980, undertaken over his objections, was the final result of the deep disagreement between Brzezinski and Vance.During the 1960s, Brzezinski articulated the strategy of peaceful engagement for undermining the Soviet bloc, and while serving on the State Department Policy Planning Council, persuaded President Lyndon B. Johnson to adopt (in October 1966) peaceful engagement as U.S. strategy, placing d\u00e9tente ahead of German reunification and thus reversing prior U.S. priorities.During the 1970s and 1980s, at the height of his political involvement, Brzezinski participated in the formation of the Trilateral Commission in order to more closely cement U.S.\u2013Japanese\u2013European relations. As the three most economically advanced sectors of the world, the people of the three regions could be brought together in cooperation that would give them a more cohesive stance against the communist world.While serving in the White House, Brzezinski emphasized the centrality of human rights as a means of placing the Soviet Union on the ideological defensive. With Jimmy Carter in Camp David, he assisted in the attainment of the Egypt\u2013Israel Peace Treaty.He actively supported Polish Solidarity and the Afghan resistance to Soviet invasion, and provided covert support for national independence movements in the Soviet Union. He played a leading role in normalizing U.S.\u2013PRC relations and in the development of joint strategic cooperation, cultivating a relationship with Deng Xiaoping, for which he is thought very highly of in mainland China to this day.In the 1990s he formulated the strategic case for buttressing the independent statehood of Ukraine, partially as a means to prevent a resurgence of the Russian Empire, and to drive Russia toward integration with the West, promoting instead \"geopolitical pluralism\" in the space of the former Soviet Union. He developed \"a plan for Europe\" urging the expansion of NATO, making the case for the expansion of NATO to the Baltic states.He served as Bill Clinton's emissary to Azerbaijan in order to promote the Baku\u2013Tbilisi\u2013Ceyhan pipeline. Subsequently, he became a member of Honorary Council of Advisors of U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC). Further, he led, together with Lane Kirkland, the effort to increase the endowment for the U.S.-sponsored Polish-American Freedom Foundation from the proposed $112\u00a0million to an eventual total of well over $200\u00a0million.Communists under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki seized power in Afghanistan on April 27, 1978. The new regime\u2014divided between Taraki's extremist Khalq faction and the more moderate Parcham\u2014signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in December of that year. Taraki's efforts to improve secular education and redistribute land were accompanied by mass executions (including of many conservative religious leaders) and political oppression unprecedented in Afghan history, igniting a revolt by mujahideen rebels. Following a general uprising in April 1979, Taraki was deposed by Khalq rival Hafizullah Amin in September. Amin was considered a \"brutal psychopath\" by foreign observers; even the Soviets were alarmed by the brutality of the Afghan communists, and suspected Amin of being an agent of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), although that was not the case. By December, Amin's government had lost control of much of the country, prompting the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan, execute Amin, and install Parcham leader Babrak Karmal as president.President Carter was surprised by the invasion, as the consensus of the U.S. intelligence community during 1978 and 1979\u2014reiterated as late as September 29, 1979\u2014was that \"Moscow would not intervene in force even if it appeared likely that the Khalq government was about to collapse.\" Indeed, Carter's diary entries from November 1979 until the Soviet invasion in late December contain only two short references to Afghanistan, and are instead preoccupied with the ongoing hostage crisis in Iran. In the West, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was considered a threat to global security and the oil supplies of the Persian Gulf. Moreover, the failure to accurately predict Soviet intentions caused American officials to reappraise the Soviet threat to both Iran and Pakistan, although it is now known that those fears were overblown. For example, U.S. intelligence closely followed Soviet exercises for an invasion of Iran throughout 1980, while an earlier warning from Brzezinski that \"if the Soviets came to dominate Afghanistan, they could promote a separate Baluchistan\u00a0 ... [thus] dismembering Pakistan and Iran\" took on new urgency. These concerns were a major factor in the unrequited efforts of both the Carter and Reagan administrations to improve relations with Iran, and resulted in massive aid to Pakistan's Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Zia's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Carter's presidency due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, but Carter told Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance as early as January 1979 that it was vital to \"repair our relationships with Pakistan\" in light of the unrest in Iran. One initiative Carter authorized to achieve this goal was a collaboration between the CIA and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI); through the ISI, the CIA began providing some $500,000 worth of non-lethal assistance to the mujahideen on July 3, 1979\u2014several months prior to the Soviet invasion. The modest scope of this early collaboration was likely influenced by the understanding, later recounted by CIA official Robert Gates, \"that a substantial U.S. covert aid program\" might have \"raise[d] the stakes\" thereby causing \"the Soviets to intervene more directly and vigorously than otherwise intended\". The first shipment of U.S.weapons intended for the mujahideen reached Pakistan on January 10, 1980, shortly following the Soviet invasion.In the aftermath of the invasion, Carter was determined to respond vigorously to what he considered a dangerous provocation. In a televised speech, he announced sanctions on the Soviet Union, promised renewed aid to Pakistan, and committed the U.S. to the Persian Gulf's defense. The thrust of U.S. policy for the duration of the war was determined by Carter in early 1980: Carter initiated a program to arm the mujahideen through Pakistan's ISI and secured a pledge from Saudi Arabia to match U.S. funding for this purpose. U.S. support for the mujahideen accelerated under Carter's successor, Ronald Reagan, at a final cost to U.S. taxpayers of some $3\u00a0billion. The Soviets were unable to quell the insurgency and withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, precipitating the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself. However, the decision to route U.S. aid through Pakistan led to massive fraud, as weapons sent to Karachi were frequently sold on the local market rather than delivered to the Afghan rebels; Karachi soon \"became one of the most violent cities in the world\". Pakistan also controlled which rebels received assistance: Of the seven mujahideen groups supported by Zia's government, four espoused Islamic fundamentalist beliefs\u2014and these fundamentalists received most of the funding. Years later, in a 1997 CNN/National Security Archive interview, Brzezinski detailed the strategy taken by the Carter administration against the Soviets in 1979:We immediately launched a twofold process when we heard that the Soviets had entered Afghanistan. The first involved direct reactions and sanctions focused on the Soviet Union, and both the State Department and the National Security Council prepared long lists of sanctions to be adopted, of steps to be taken to increase the international costs to the Soviet Union of their actions. And the second course of action led to my going to Pakistan a month or so after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, for the purpose of coordinating with the Pakistanis a joint response, the purpose of which would be to make the Soviets bleed for as much and as long as is possible; and we engaged in that effort in a collaborative sense with the Saudis, the Egyptians, the British, the Chinese, and we started providing weapons to the Mujaheddin, from various sources again\u2014for example, some Soviet arms from the Egyptians and the Chinese. We even got Soviet arms from the Czechoslovak communist government, since it was obviously susceptible to material incentives; and at some point we started buying arms for the Mujaheddin from the Soviet army in Afghanistan, because that army was increasingly corrupt.In November 1979, revolutionary students stormed the Embassy of the United States, Tehran and took American diplomats hostage. Brzezinski argued against Secretary of State Cyrus Vance's proposed diplomatic solutions to the Iran hostage crisis, insisting they \"would deliver Iran to the Soviets.\" Vance, struggling with gout, went to Florida on Thursday, April 10, 1980, for a long weekend. On Friday, Brzezinski held a newly scheduled meeting of the National Security Council and authorized Operation Eagle Claw, a military expedition into Tehran to rescue the hostages. Deputy Secretary Warren Christopher, who attended the meeting in Vance's place, did not inform Vance. Furious, Vance handed in his resignation on principle, calling Brzezinski \"evil\".President Carter aborted the operation after three of the eight helicopters he had sent into the Dasht-e Kavir desert crashed, and a fourth then collided with a transport plane, causing a fire that killed eight servicemen. The hostages were ultimately released on the day of the first inauguration of Ronald Reagan, after 444 days in captivity.Shortly after taking office in 1977, President Carter again reaffirmed the United States' position of upholding the Shanghai Communiqu\u00e9. In May 1978, Brzezinski overcame concerns from the State Department and traveled to Beijing, where he began talks that seven months later led to full diplomatic relations. The United States and People's Republic of China announced on December 15, 1978, that the two governments would establish diplomatic relations on January 1, 1979. This required that the United States sever relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan. Consolidating U.S. gains in befriending Communist China was a major priority stressed by Brzezinski during his time as National Security Advisor. However, Brzezinski \"denied reports that he encouraged China to support the genocidal dictator Pol Pot in Cambodia, because Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge were the enemies of communist Vietnam.\"The most important strategic aspect of the new U.S.\u2013Chinese relationship was in its effect on the Cold War. China was no longer considered part of a larger Sino-Soviet bloc but instead a third pole of power due to the Sino-Soviet Split, helping the United States against the Soviet Union.In the Joint Communiqu\u00e9 on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations dated January 1, 1979, the United States transferred diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing. The United States reiterated the Shanghai Communiqu\u00e9's acknowledgment of the PRC position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is a part of China; Beijing acknowledged that the United States would continue to carry on commercial, cultural, and other unofficial contacts with Taiwan. The Taiwan Relations Act made the necessary changes in U.S. law to permit unofficial relations with Taiwan to continue.In addition the severing relations with the Republic of China, the Carter Administration also agreed to unilaterally pull out of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, withdraw U.S. military personnel from Taiwan, and gradually reduce arms sales to the Republic of China. There was widespread opposition in Congress, notably from Republicans, due to the Republic of China's status as an anti-Communist ally in the Cold War. In \"Goldwater v. Carter\", Barry Goldwater made a failed attempt to stop Carter from terminating the mutual defense treaty.PRC Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping's January 1979 visit to Washington, D.C., initiated a series of high-level exchanges, which continued until the Tiananmen Square massacre, when they were briefly interrupted. This resulted in many bilateral agreements, especially in the fields of scientific, technological, and cultural interchange and trade relations. Since early 1979, the United States and the PRC have initiated hundreds of joint research projects and cooperative programs under the Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology, the largest bilateral program.On March 1, 1979, the United States and People's Republic of China formally established embassies in Beijing and Washington. During 1979, outstanding private claims were resolved, and a bilateral trade agreement was concluded. U.S. Vice President Walter Mondale reciprocated Vice Premier Deng's visit with an August 1979 trip to China. This visit led to agreements in September 1980 on maritime affairs, civil aviation links, and textile matters, as well as a bilateral consular convention.As a consequence of high-level and working-level contacts initiated in 1980, U.S. dialogue with China broadened to cover a wide range of issues, including global and regional strategic problems, political-military questions\u2014including arms control, UN and other multilateral organization affairs, and international narcotics matters.On October 10, 2007, Brzezinski along with other influential signatories sent a letter to President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice titled \"Failure Risks Devastating Consequences.\" The letter was partly an advice and a warning of the failure of an upcoming U.S.-sponsored Middle East conference scheduled for November 2007 between representatives of Israelis and Palestinians. The letter also suggested to engage in \"a genuine dialogue with Hamas\" rather than to isolate it further.Presidential Directive 18 on U.S. National Security, signed early in Carter's term, signaled a fundamental reassessment of the value of d\u00e9tente, and set the United States on a course to quietly end Kissinger's strategy.Presidential Directive 59, \"Nuclear Employment Policy\", dramatically changed U.S. targeting of nuclear weapons aimed at the Soviet Union. Implemented with the aid of Defense Secretary Harold Brown, this directive officially set the United States on a countervailing strategy.Brzezinski was on the faculty of Harvard University from 1953 to 1960, and of Columbia University from 1960 to 1972 where he headed the Institute on Communist Affairs. He was Senior Research Professor of International Relations at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C.As a scholar, he developed his thoughts over the years, fashioning fundamental theories on international relations and geostrategy. During the 1950s he worked on the theory of totalitarianism. His thought in the 1960s focused on wider Western understanding of disunity in the Soviet Bloc, as well as developing the thesis of intensified degeneration of the Soviet Union. During the 1970s he proposed that the Soviet system was incapable of evolving beyond the industrial phase into the \"technetronic\" age.By the 1980s, Brzezinski argued that the general crisis of the Soviet Union foreshadowed communism's end.After his role as National Security Adviser came to a close, Brzezinski returned to teaching but remained an influential voice in international relations. Polish politician Radek Sikorski wrote that to Poles, Brzezinski was considered \"our statesman\" and his was one of the most revered voices in Poland: \"During the decades when Poland was stuck against her will behind the Iron Curtain, he and the Polish pope were the two most important voices for a free Poland abroad. After liberation, he acted as an adviser and champion of the new democracies on their way to rejoining Western institutions.\"Though he rose to national prominence as a member of the Carter administration, Brzezinski avoided partisan politics and sometimes later voted Republican. In 1988, for example, he endorsed George H. W. Bush for president over Democrat Michael Dukakis.Brzezinski argued against the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was outspoken in the then-unpopular opinion that the invasion would be a mistake. As recalled by David Ignatius, \"Brzezinski paid a cost in the insular, self-reinforcing world of Washington foreign policy opinion, until it became clear to nearly everyone that he (joined in this Iraq War opposition by Scowcroft) had been right.\" He later called President George W. Bush's foreign policy \"catastrophic.\" Brzezinski was a leading critic of the George W. Bush Administration's conduct of the War on Terror. In 2004, Brzezinski wrote \"The Choice\", which expanded upon his earlier work,\"The Grand Chessboard\" (1997), and sharply criticized George W. Bush's foreign policy. In 2007, in a column in \"The Washington Post\", Brzezinski excoriated the Bush administration, arguing that their post-9/11 actions had damaged the reputation of the United States \"infinitely greater than any wild dreams entertained by the fanatical perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks\" and destroyed any chance of uniting the world to defeat extremism and terrorism. He later stated that he had \"visceral contempt\" for British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who supported Bush's actions in Iraq.He defended the book \"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy\" by John Mearsheimer.In August 2007, Brzezinski endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama. He stated that Obama \"recognizes that the challenge is a new face, a new sense of direction, a new definition of America's role in the world\" and that \"What makes Obama attractive to me is that he understands that we live in a very different world where we have to relate to a variety of cultures and people.\" In September 2007 during a speech on the Iraq war, Obama introduced Brzezinski as \"one of our most outstanding thinkers,\" but some pro-Israel commentators questioned his criticism of the Israel lobby in the United States. In a September 2009 interview with \"The Daily Beast\", Brzezinski replied to a question about how aggressive President Obama should be in insisting Israel not conduct an air strike on Iran, saying: \"We are not exactly impotent little babies. They have to fly over our airspace in Iraq. Are we just going to sit there and watch?\" This was interpreted by some supporters of Israel as supporting the downing of Israeli jets by the United States in order to prevent an attack on Iran. On October 1, 2009, Brzezinski delivered the Waldo Family Lecture on International Relations at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. In 2011, Brzezinski supported the NATO intervention against the forces of Muammar Gaddafi in the Libyan Civil War, calling non-intervention \"morally dubious\" and \"politically questionable\".In early 2012, Brzezinski expressed disappointment and said he was confused by some of Obama's actions, such as the decision to send 2,500 U.S. troops to Australia, but supported him for re-election.On March 3, 2014, between the February 22 ousting of Ukraine President Viktor Yanukovych and the March 16, Crimean referendum, Brzezinski authored an op-ed piece for \"The Washington Post\" entitled \"What is to be done? Putin's aggression in Ukraine needs a response.\" He led with a link on Russian aggression; he compared Russian President Vladimir Putin's \"thuggish tactics in seizing Crimea\" and \"thinly camouflaged invasion\" to Adolf Hitler's occupation of the Sudetenland in 1938, and characterized Putin as a cartoon Benito Mussolini, but stopped well short of advocating that the U.S. go to war. Rather, he suggested that NATO should be put on high alert and recommended \"to avert miscalculations\". He explicitly stated that reassurances be given to \"Russia that it is not seeking to draw Ukraine into NATO.\"According to Ignatius and Sikorski, Brzezinski was \"deeply troubled\" by the election of Donald Trump as president of the United States and worried over the future. Two days after the election, on November 10, 2016, Brzezinski warned of \"coming turmoil in the nation and the world\" in a brief speech after he was awarded the Medal for Distinguished Public Service from the Department of Defense. On May 4, 2017, he sent out his final Tweet, saying, \"Sophisticated US leadership is the \"sine qua non\" of a stable world order. However, we lack the former while the latter is getting worse.\"Brzezinski was married to Czech-American sculptor Emilie Benes (grand-niece of the second Czechoslovak president, Edvard Bene\u0161), with whom he had three children. His younger son, Mark Brzezinski (b. 1965), is a lawyer who served on President Clinton's National Security Council as an expert on Russia and Southeastern Europe, and served as the U.S. ambassador to Sweden (2011\u20132015). His daughter, Mika Brzezinski (b. 1967), is a television news presenter and co-host of MSNBC's weekday morning program, \"Morning Joe\", where she provides regular commentary and reads the news headlines for the program. His elder son, Ian Brzezinski (b. 1963), is a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program and is on the Atlantic Council's Strategic Advisors Group. Ian also served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and NATO (2001\u20132005) and was a principal at Booz Allen Hamilton.Brzezinski was a past member of the Atlantic Council and the National Endowment for Democracy. At the time of his death, he was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy.Brzezinski appeared as himself in several documentary films and TV series, such as: the 1997 film \"Eternal Memory: Voices from the Great Terror\", directed by David Pultz; Episodes 17 (\"Good Guys, Bad Guys\"), 19 (\"Freeze\") and 20 (\"Soldiers of God\") of the 1998 CNN series \"Cold War\" produced by Jeremy Isaacs; the 2009 documentary \"\"; and the 2014 Polish biopic \"Strateg\" (\"The Strategist\") directed by Katarzyna Kolenda-Zaleska and produced by TVN. The 2014 Polish film \"Jack Strong\" features Krzysztof Pieczy\u0144ski as Brzezinski.Brzezinski died at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Virginia, on May 26, 2017 at the age of 89. His funeral was held June9 at the Cathedral of St. Matthew in Washington, D.C. Former President Carter and former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright were among those who gave eulogies, while attendees included international diplomats and emissaries; journalists Carl Bernstein, Chuck Todd and David Ignatius; 100-year-old Gen. Edward Rowny; former National Security Adviser Susan E. Rice; and former National Security Advisor, Lt. Gen. H. R. McMaster. \"If I could choose my seatmate, it would be Dr. Brzezinski,\" Carter said of his international flights on Air Force One. Former National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, aged 94, was unable to attend, but a note he sent was read during a eulogy: \"The world is an emptier place without Zbig pushing the limits of his insights.\"ArticlesEssaysReports", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Zbigniew Brzezinski", "spouse", "Emilie Benes Brzezinski", "June 1955", "May 2017"], ["Zbigniew Brzezinski", "employer", "Columbia University", "January 1960", "January 1989"], ["Zbigniew Brzezinski", "educated at", "Harvard Law School", "January 1950", "January 1953"], ["Zbigniew Brzezinski", "educated at", "McGill University", "January 1945", "January 1950"]]}
{"question": "Who were the head coaches of New York Liberty from October 1997 to April 2002?", "adv_question": "Who were the head coaches of New York Liberty from 10/1997 to Apr 2002?", "date": "October 25 1997", "text_answers": {"text": ["Nancy Darsch", "Richie Adubato"]}, "id": "L2M_Q974705_P286_0", "fact_context": "Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1997 to January 1998. \n New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from January 2010 to January 2019. \n New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1998 to January 2004. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2013 to January 2017. \n John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2010 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from Jan 2019 to May 2023. \n John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2010 to January 2012. \n New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from 01/2010 to January 2019. \n Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1997 to 01/1998. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1998 to Jan 2004. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2013 to 01/2017.", "context": "New York LibertyThe New York Liberty is an American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn, New York City, which plays in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as part of the Eastern Conference. The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league. The team is owned by Joe Tsai, the majority owner of the Brooklyn Nets. The team's home games are played at Barclays Center.The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in fourteen of its twenty-four years. The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon, Rebecca Lobo, Becky Hammon, Leilani Mitchell, Essence Carson, Cappie Pondexter, Tina Charles, and the team's first-ever No.1 overall Draft pick Sabrina Ionescu. The Liberty have four conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals four times, falling to the Houston Comets in 1997, 1999, and 2000, and losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002. They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship.Prior to the team's first season, to avoid potential trademark infringement, the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association.When the WNBA opened in 1997, the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player, and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo (UConn) to a contract. Lobo was a starter for two seasons, but was injured in 1999. Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later. Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star, and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game, where the team lost to the Houston Comets. In 1999, they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals, where they again faced the Comets. In Game 2, Teresa Weatherspoon's halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece. However, the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time.In 2000, the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams. In 2001, Weatherspoon became the WNBA's all-time assist leader. Teamed with Robinson, Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks, who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game, Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002, but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks, respectively. The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001.The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoon's WNBA career winding down, fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player. The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the team's starting point guard.The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention. These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr. boxing match held in 1999.With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets, Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the team's starting center position in 2005. However, she was unfortunately injured midway through the season. The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs.The Liberty had a poor 2006 season, winning only 11 games, the fewest in franchise history.At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season, the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport, a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft. They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting. The 2007 Liberty started out 5\u20130, then lost 7 straight games, then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games, beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record. In the Eastern Conference semifinals, the Liberty, as huge underdogs, faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series. The Liberty defeated the Shock by winning Game 1 in New York. In Games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit, 76\u201373 and 71\u201370 (OT) respectively.In 2008, the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins, and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason. Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team, the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008, to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action, and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals. Again, the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1, followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3. The 2008 season also featured the \"Liberty Outdoor Classic\", the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors, on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic.In the 2009 WNBA Draft, the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers. With a solid core group, the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again.In the 2009 season, however, they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle. To replace Coyle, the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis. Despite the coaching change, the franchise continued to struggle, finishing 13\u201321, their second worst record in franchise history.The New York Liberty fared better in 2010, during Donovan's first and only full season as head coach. Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter (formerly of the Phoenix Mercury) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell, the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost to the Atlanta Dream.The team had high hopes for 2011, after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant. Janel McCarville did not report to training camp, seeking time with her family, and as such, was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season. This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase. Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center.The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009. However, the renovation plans were delayed, and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010. The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey for their 2011, 2012, and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing.Pondexter and Plenette Pierson, along with improved play from Vaughn, allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season. The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference. In August, Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton. By maintaining a fairly even standard of play, the Liberty made their way into the WNBA Playoffs. However, the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.On May 5, 2015, the Liberty hired Thomas as Team President overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise. Under Thomas' leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach, the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season.On August 2, 2015, during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm, the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Liberty's Ring of Honor. Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden. Hammon, a former New York Liberty point guard, is currently an NBA assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs.After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA Playoffs, the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round.In November 2017, the Madison Square Garden Company and James L. Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise. After not immediately finding a buyer, MSG relocated most of the Liberty's 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains, New York, the home of MSG's NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks, while still continuing to pursue a sale.On January 23, 2019, the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai, co-founder of the Alibaba Group, a Chinese internet company, who then owned 49% of the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. During the 2019 season, the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets' home of the Barclays Center, with the rest still in White Plains. Later that year, Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center. For the 2020 season, Tsai relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis.The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft, entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round. Shortly before the draft, they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings. They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick, with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round. The team also introduced a new logo, featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding. The color black was also made one of the primary colors, echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad, the Brooklyn Nets.The Liberty began the 2020 season, held in a \"bubble\" in Bradenton, Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with seven rookies on their opening-night roster. The team suffered a major blow in their third game, in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season. The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2\u201320 record.! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%Liberty games are broadcast on the YES Network, which is a regional sports network based in New York City. More often than not, NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast, which is shown nationally. Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Mike Crispino, Rosalyn Gold-Onwude and Julianne Viani.All games (excluding blackout games, which are available on ESPN3.com) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website. Furthermore, some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC. The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN, which will pay right fees to the Liberty, as well as other teams in the league.On May 22, 2019, the YES Network announced that it would broadcast 16 Liberty games for the 2019 season, adding to the network's existing basketball coverage of the Brooklyn Nets. Previously, games had been broadcast on MSG Network.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["John Whisenant", "Bill Laimbeer"], "facts": [["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Joseph Tsai", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Bill Laimbeer", "January 2013", "January 2017"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Nancy Darsch", "January 1997", "January 1998"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "John Whisenant", "January 2010", "January 2012"], ["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Madison Square Garden Sports", "January 2010", "January 2019"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Richie Adubato", "January 1998", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Where were Nathan Rourke educated from March 2016 to February 2018?", "adv_question": "Where were Nathan Rourke educated from 03/2016 to Feb 2018?", "date": "March 22 2016", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fort Scott Community College", "Ohio University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q89005562_P69_7", "fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from January 2016 to January 2017. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from January 2015 to January 2016. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from January 2017 to January 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from 01/2016 to 01/2017. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from 01/2015 to Jan 2016. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from Jan 2017 to Jan 2019. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from Jan 2017 to January 2020.", "context": "Nathan RourkeNathan Rourke (born May 24, 1998) is a Canadian professional football quarterback for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Ohio Bobcats.Rourke attended high school for three years at Holy Trinity Catholic Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario, before transferring to Edgewood Academy in Elmore, Alabama for his senior season of high school football. He committed to play college football at Fort Scott Community College in Fort Scott, Kansas.Rourke spent one season at Fort Scott, where he was named first-team All-KJCCC. He then transferred to Ohio University, where he started at quarterback for three years for the Bobcats. Rourke led Ohio to a 25\u201314 overall record as a starting quarterback for the Bobcats, while leading the team to three consecutive bowl victories in the 2017 Bahamas Bowl, 2018 Frisco Bowl, and the 2020 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (January).He was the first winner of the Jon Cornish Trophy as the top Canadian football player in the NCAA for 2017, and repeated as winner in 2018. He is the only two-time winner of the award. Rourke was ranked as the seventh-overall prospect entering the 2020 CFL Draft; after being ranked third overall in both September 2019 and December 2019. He was eventually drafted in the second round with the 15th overall pick by the BC Lions. Rourke was the highest drafted Canadian quarterback since Jesse Palmer in the 2001 CFL Draft. On May 19, 2021, Rourke signed a three-year contract with the Lions.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Edgewood Academy"], "facts": [["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Edgewood Academy", "January 2015", "January 2016"], ["Nathan Rourke", "member of sports team", "Ohio Bobcats football", "January 2017", "January 2019"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Ohio University", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Fort Scott Community College", "January 2016", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Johnnetta B. Cole work for from March 2000 to November 2003?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Johnnetta B. Cole work for from Mar 2000 to November 2003?", "date": "March 26 2000", "text_answers": {"text": ["Emory University", "Bennett College"]}, "id": "L2M_Q15503036_P108_28", "fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from January 1970 to January 1983. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to January 1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from January 1987 to January 1997. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to January 1953. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from January 2009 to January 2017. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from January 1998 to January 2001.", "adv_fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from 01/2002 to Jan 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from Jan 1998 to January 2001. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan 1970 to January 1983. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to 01/1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from 01/1987 to 01/1997. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from Jan 2009 to Jan 2017. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to Jan 1953.", "context": "Johnnetta ColeJohnnetta Betsch Cole (born October 19, 1936) is an American anthropologist, educator, museum director, and college president. Cole was the first female African-American president of Spelman College, a historically black college, serving from 1987 to 1997. She was president of Bennett College from 2002 to 2007. During 2009\u20132017 she was Director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art.Johnnetta Betsch was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on October 19, 1936. Her family belonged to the African-American upper class; She was a granddaughter of Abraham Lincoln Lewis, Florida's first black millionaire, entrepreneur and cofounder of the Afro-American Industrial and Benefit Association, and Mary Kingsley Sammis. Sammis' great-grandparents were Zephaniah Kingsley, a slave trader and slave owner, and his wife and former slave Anna Madgigine Jai, a Wolof princess who was originally from present-day Senegal. Her Fort George Island home is protected as Kingsley Plantation, a National Historic Landmark.Cole enrolled at the age of 15 in Fisk University, a historically black college. She transferred to Oberlin College in Ohio, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1957. She attended graduate school at Northwestern University, earning her Master of Arts (1959) and Doctor of Philosophy (1967) degrees in anthropology. She did her dissertation field research in Liberia, West Africa, in 1960\u20131961 through Northwestern University as part of their economic survey of the country.Cole served as a professor at Washington State University from 1962 to 1970, where she cofounded one of the US's first black studies programs. In 1970 Cole began working in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she served until 1982. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole then moved to Hunter College in 1982, and became director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies program. From 1998 to 2001 Cole was a professor of Anthropology, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at Emory University in Atlanta.In 1987, Cole was selected as the first black female president of Spelman College, a prestigious historically black college for women. She served until 1997, building up their endowment through a $113 million capital campaign, attracting significantly higher enrollment as students increased, and, overall, the ranking of the school among the best liberal arts schools went up. Bill and Camille Cosby contributed $20 million to the capital campaign.After teaching at Emory University, she was recruited as president of Bennett College for Women, also a historically black college for women. There she led another successful capital campaign. In addition, she founded an art gallery to contribute to the college's culture. Cole is currently the Chair of the Johnnetta B. Cole Global Diversity & Inclusion Institute founded at Bennett College for Women. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.She was Director of the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, during 2009\u20132017. During her directorship the controversial exhibit, \"Conversations: African and African-American Artworks in Dialogue,\" featuring dozens of pieces from Bill and Camille Cosby's private art collection was held in 2015, coinciding with accusations of sexual assault against the comedian.Cole has also served in major corporations and foundations. Cole served for many years as board member at the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation. She has been a director of Merck & Co. since 1994. From 2004 to 2006, Cole was the Chair of the Board of Trustees of United Way of America and is on the Board of Directors of the United Way of Greater Greensboro. Since 2013, Cole has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.President-elect Bill Clinton appointed Cole to his transition team for education, labor, the arts, and humanities in 1992. He also considered her for the cabinet post of Secretary of Education. However, when \"The Jewish Daily Forward\" reported that she had been a member of the national committee of the Venceremos Brigades, which the Federal Bureau of Investigation had tied to Cuban intelligence forces, Clinton did not advance her nomination.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Massachusetts Amherst", "Washington State University", "Spelman College", "National Museum of African Art"], "facts": [["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Emory University", "January 1998", "January 2001"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "National Museum of African Art", "January 2009", "January 2017"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "educated at", "Fisk University", "January 1952", "January 1953"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Spelman College", "January 1987", "January 1997"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Washington State University", "January 1969", "January 1970"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Bennett College", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "January 1970", "January 1983"]]}
{"question": "Who were the head coaches of FC Dinamo Minsk from September 2019 to December 2020?", "adv_question": "Who were the head coaches of FC Dinamo Minsk from September 2019 to 12/2020?", "date": "September 04 2019", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sergei Gurenko", "Leonid Kuchuk"]}, "id": "L2M_Q211477_P286_26", "fact_context": "Vadim Skripchenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from November 2022 to May 2023. \n Oleh Protasov was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from January 2012 to January 2013. \n Leonid Kuchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from April 2020 to June 2021. \n Roman Pylypchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from February 2019 to May 2019. \n Sergei Gurenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from June 2019 to April 2020. \n Artsyom Chelyadzinski was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from December 2021 to November 2022. \n FC Dinamo Minsk was owned by Dinamo Minsk from January 2020 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Vadim Skripchenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 11/2022 to 05/2023. \n Roman Pylypchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 02/2019 to 05/2019. \n FC Dinamo Minsk was owned by Dinamo Minsk from Jan 2020 to May 2023. \n Sergei Gurenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from June 2019 to 04/2020. \n Leonid Kuchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 04/2020 to 06/2021. \n Artsyom Chelyadzinski was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from Dec 2021 to November 2022. \n Oleh Protasov was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from January 2012 to January 2013.", "context": "FC Dinamo MinskFC Dinamo Minsk (, \"FK Dynama Minsk\"; ) is a professional football club based in the Belarusian capital city of Minsk.It was founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society, and was the only club from the Byelorussian SSR that competed in the Soviet Top League, playing 39 of the 54 seasons, and winning the title in 1982. Since the independence of Belarus, the club participates in the Belarusian Premier League, having won 7 league titles and 3 Belarusian Cups.Dinamo plays its home games in the 22,246 capacity Dinamo Stadium in Minsk. Dinamo is the second Belarusian team, after BATE Borisov to reach UEFA Europa League group stages (2014\u201315 and 2015\u201316).Dinamo Minsk was founded in 1927 as a part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society. They spent some of their history in the lower leagues of the Soviet Union, but in 1940, they were promoted to the Soviet Top League, becoming the first and only Belarusian team to compete in the Soviet top division. They were relegated to the second level in 1952, but returned to the top level the next year. In 1954, they finished in the third place, their best performance in the top flight to date, and were dissolved, being re-founded as \"Spartak Minsk\", only to be renamed in \"Belarus Minsk\" in 1959, in honor of the Soviet republic in the national championship. However, in 1962, they return to the original name of \"Dinamo Minsk\". They were relegated again from top level in 1955 and in 1957. They played in the top level again in the 1960 season. They were relegated again in 1973 and returned to the top level in the 1975 season. But they relegated immediately in 1976. They returned top level after 2 years.In 1982, Dinamo Minsk won the Soviet championship for the first and only time in their history. The following year saw them debuting in the European Cup against Grasshopper of Switzerland. They reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup after eliminating Grasshoppers and Gy\u0151ri ETO of Hungary, only to be eliminated by Dinamo Bucure\u0219ti. In the 1984\u201385 season, Dinamo Minsk reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup after beating HJK Helsinki, Sporting CP and Widzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, but were eventually stopped by \u017deljezni\u010dar Sarajevo. 1988 saw Dinamo Minsk up to a new European performance, the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, passing through Gen\u00e7lerbirli\u011fi and Real Sociedad, but being eliminated by KV Mechelen.Dinamo Minsk also participated in Belarusian SSR league. Since the mid-50s, their appearances were only sporadic and they were represented by youth teams in later seasons. They have won the championship 7 times.Dinamo Minsk won the inaugural season of the Belarusian Premier League in 1992. They became the top team in the new Belarusian championship and won 5 league titles until 1995, making only one appearance in the UEFA Champions League, in 1993. However, after a title in 1997, Dinamo Minsk last won the championship in 2004. The 2000s saw Dinamo Minsk failing to secure any league title in the battle against BATE Borisov, thus finishing on lower places, mostly second.In 2014, Dinamo Minsk beat MYPA, CFR Cluj and Nacional to be drawn in Group K of Europa League, along with Italian side Fiorentina, French team Guingamp and Greek side PAOK, becoming the second team, after BATE Borisov, to reach group stages of Europa League. Dinamo finished at the bottom with four points, after a draw with Guingamp and a historical 2\u20131 victory over Fiorentina.Dinamo Minsk is one of the most popular teams in Belarus. Among ultras groups, the largest is called \"Blue White Will\". Fans of Dinamo Minsk are friends with Dinamo Brest fans.The ultras of Dinamo Minsk are famous for their right-wing political orientation and there have been several riots, clashes with the police forces and chants against the Belarusian authoritarian regime, led by long-time President Alexander Lukashenko.Their political views as well as geographic proximity and contest for dominance of the city make them huge rivals with neighbours Partizan Minsk, whose fans tend to be strongly left-wing. Dinamo Minsk also has a big rivalry with BATE Borisov from the city of Barysaw. BelarusBelarusian Premier LeagueBelarusian CupSeason CupBelarusian Premier League Reserves ChampionshipSoviet Top LeagueSoviet CupFederation Cup\"Soviet First League:\"Football Championship of the Belarusian SSRBelarusian SSR Cup\"As of June 2021\"There has been several teams that served as Dinamo Minsk official reserve or farm clubs. BelarusLegend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Artsyom Chelyadzinski", "Vadim Skripchenko", "Roman Pylypchuk", "Oleh Protasov"], "facts": [["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Sergei Gurenko", "June 2019", "April 2020"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Oleh Protasov", "January 2012", "January 2013"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Vadim Skripchenko", "November 2022", "May 2023"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Roman Pylypchuk", "February 2019", "May 2019"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Leonid Kuchuk", "April 2020", "June 2021"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "owned by", "Dinamo Minsk", "January 2020", "May 2023"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Artsyom Chelyadzinski", "December 2021", "November 2022"]]}
{"question": "Where were Obi Toppin educated from May 2014 to September 2016?", "adv_question": "Where were Obi Toppin educated from 05/2014 to Sep 2016?", "date": "May 02 2014", "text_answers": {"text": ["Melbourne Central Catholic High School", "Ossining High School"]}, "id": "L2M_Q75060241_P69_0", "fact_context": "Obi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from January 2015 to January 2017. \n Obi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from January 2018 to January 2020. \n Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from January 2018 to January 2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from January 2014 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Obi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from 01/2018 to 01/2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from Jan 2015 to January 2017. \n Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from Jan 2018 to January 2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from Jan 2014 to Jan 2015.", "context": "Obi ToppinObadiah Richard \"Obi\" Toppin Jr. (born March 4, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A power forward, he played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers.A native of Brooklyn, Toppin graduated from Ossining High School in New York. After receiving no NCAA Division I offers, he played a postgraduate season at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Maryland. As a freshman with the Dayton Flyers, Toppin was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year after leading his team in scoring. He had breakout success in his sophomore season, earning Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and National College Player of the Year honors. After the college season Toppin declared for the 2020 NBA draft where he was selected with the eighth overall pick by the New York Knicks. In his rookie season Toppin was the runner up in the 2021 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.Toppin was born in Brooklyn in New York City and originally grew up in the neighborhood of Bushwick before moving to Melbourne, Florida. He attended Heritage High School in Palm Bay as a freshman before transferring to Melbourne Central Catholic High School the next year. Toppin, his mother and younger brother relocated to Ossining, New York and enrolled at Ossining High School going into his junior year. He averaged 20.6 points, 8.1 rebounds, 3 assists and 3 steals as a senior during his only year playing varsity at Ossining and led the team to its first conference title in 10 years. Having received no NCAA Division I offers, Toppin opted to enroll at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Baltimore, Maryland for a postgraduate year. He averaged 17 points, eight rebounds and four assists and also grew four inches to . He committed to play college basketball at the University of Dayton over offers from Rhode Island, Georgetown, Georgia, Texas A&M, Minnesota and Texas Tech.Toppin redshirted his true freshman season after being ruled academically ineligible to play. As a redshirt freshman, Toppin led the Flyers with 14.4 points per game while averaging 5.6 rebounds per game and was named the Atlantic 10 Conference Rookie of the Week seven times. At the end of the season, Toppin was named the Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year and to the first team All-Atlantic 10, the first freshman to do so since Lamar Odom in 1999. Following the end of the season he declared for the 2019 NBA draft, but did not hire an agent. After working out for several NBA teams, Toppin opted to withdraw from the draft and return to Dayton. Entering his redshirt sophomore season, Toppin was named to the preseason first team All-Atlantic 10 and to the Karl Malone, Lute Olson, and Naismith Award watchlists. Toppin was also named the 44th-best collegiate basketball player going into the 2019\u201320 season by CBS Sports and the 24th-best prospect for the 2020 NBA draft by ESPN. He was named the Atlantic 10 Player of the Week for the first week of the season after scoring a career-high 29 points with 12 rebounds in the Flyers' season opening 86\u201381 win over Indiana State. In late November 2019, Toppin led Dayton to second place at the 2019 Maui Invitational Tournament, averaging 22.3 points, 7.0 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.3 blocks over three games. He subsequently repeated as Atlantic 10 Player of the Week and was recognized as National Player of the Week by NBC Sports. On December 30, Toppin scored a career-high 31 points in a 77\u201359 win over North Florida, including a school-record 10 dunks. He was named to the midseason watchlist for the Wooden Award and was named the Midseason Player of the Year by The Athletic. Toppin sprained his left ankle during a win against UMass on January 11, 2020, but did not miss a game, scoring 24 points in Dayton's next game against VCU in spite of his injury. Toppin scored his 1,000th career point on February 22, 2020 during a 28-point performance in an 80\u201370 win over Duquesne. At the end of the regular season Toppin was named to the first team All-Atlantic 10 and the Atlantic 10 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year after averaging 20 points, 7.5 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game with a .633 field goal percentage. Toppin was a consensus first team All-American selection, won the Karl Malone Award as the nation's top power forward, and was the consensus National Player of the Year after being named the Associated Press College Basketball Player of the Year, NABC Player of the Year, Naismith College Player of the Year, and awarded the Oscar Robertson Trophy and the John R. Wooden Award. He also garnered national player of the year honors from CBS Sports, The Athletic, NBC Sports and USA Today. After the season Toppin announced that he would be forgoing his final two seasons of eligibility to enter the 2020 NBA draft. Toppin finished his college career with 1,096 points scored and a school-record 190 dunks.On November 18, 2020, Toppin was selected with the eighth overall pick in the 2020 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. On November 23, Toppin signed a rookie scale contract with the Knicks. On December 23, Toppin made his NBA debut, putting up nine points, three rebounds, and two blocks in 24 minutes, in a 121\u2013107 loss to the Indiana Pacers. Toppin missed 10 games due to injury sustained in his NBA debut, and returned on January 13, 2021 in a 116\u2013109 loss to the Brooklyn Nets. He was invited to participate in the 2021 NBA Dunk Contest and finished in 2nd place.Toppin's father, also named Obadiah, was a well-known streetball player in Brooklyn. He played basketball collegiately at Globe Institute of Technology and professionally for the Brooklyn Kings of the United States Basketball League, the Harlem Strong Dogs of the American Basketball Association and in the Dominican Republic. His father was also known as \"Dunkers Delight\" while playing for a streetball team called the Court Kingz. His brother, Jacob, plays college basketball for Kentucky after transferring from Rhode Island.Toppin is a Christian and has a cross tattoo on his right shoulder as a sign of his faith.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Dayton"], "facts": [["Obi Toppin", "member of sports team", "Dayton Flyers men's basketball", "January 2018", "January 2020"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Ossining High School", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "University of Dayton", "January 2018", "January 2020"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Melbourne Central Catholic High School", "January 2014", "January 2015"]]}
{"question": "Where were Obi Toppin educated from September 2014 to July 2016?", "adv_question": "Where were Obi Toppin educated from 09/2014 to 07/2016?", "date": "September 14 2014", "text_answers": {"text": ["Melbourne Central Catholic High School", "Ossining High School"]}, "id": "L2M_Q75060241_P69_3", "fact_context": "Obi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from January 2015 to January 2017. \n Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from January 2018 to January 2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from January 2014 to January 2015. \n Obi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from January 2018 to January 2020.", "adv_fact_context": "Obi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from Jan 2014 to Jan 2015. \n Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from Jan 2018 to January 2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from 01/2018 to 01/2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from Jan 2015 to January 2017.", "context": "Obi ToppinObadiah Richard \"Obi\" Toppin Jr. (born March 4, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A power forward, he played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers.A native of Brooklyn, Toppin graduated from Ossining High School in New York. After receiving no NCAA Division I offers, he played a postgraduate season at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Maryland. As a freshman with the Dayton Flyers, Toppin was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year after leading his team in scoring. He had breakout success in his sophomore season, earning Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and National College Player of the Year honors. After the college season Toppin declared for the 2020 NBA draft where he was selected with the eighth overall pick by the New York Knicks. In his rookie season Toppin was the runner up in the 2021 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.Toppin was born in Brooklyn in New York City and originally grew up in the neighborhood of Bushwick before moving to Melbourne, Florida. He attended Heritage High School in Palm Bay as a freshman before transferring to Melbourne Central Catholic High School the next year. Toppin, his mother and younger brother relocated to Ossining, New York and enrolled at Ossining High School going into his junior year. He averaged 20.6 points, 8.1 rebounds, 3 assists and 3 steals as a senior during his only year playing varsity at Ossining and led the team to its first conference title in 10 years. Having received no NCAA Division I offers, Toppin opted to enroll at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Baltimore, Maryland for a postgraduate year. He averaged 17 points, eight rebounds and four assists and also grew four inches to . He committed to play college basketball at the University of Dayton over offers from Rhode Island, Georgetown, Georgia, Texas A&M, Minnesota and Texas Tech.Toppin redshirted his true freshman season after being ruled academically ineligible to play. As a redshirt freshman, Toppin led the Flyers with 14.4 points per game while averaging 5.6 rebounds per game and was named the Atlantic 10 Conference Rookie of the Week seven times. At the end of the season, Toppin was named the Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year and to the first team All-Atlantic 10, the first freshman to do so since Lamar Odom in 1999. Following the end of the season he declared for the 2019 NBA draft, but did not hire an agent. After working out for several NBA teams, Toppin opted to withdraw from the draft and return to Dayton. Entering his redshirt sophomore season, Toppin was named to the preseason first team All-Atlantic 10 and to the Karl Malone, Lute Olson, and Naismith Award watchlists. Toppin was also named the 44th-best collegiate basketball player going into the 2019\u201320 season by CBS Sports and the 24th-best prospect for the 2020 NBA draft by ESPN. He was named the Atlantic 10 Player of the Week for the first week of the season after scoring a career-high 29 points with 12 rebounds in the Flyers' season opening 86\u201381 win over Indiana State. In late November 2019, Toppin led Dayton to second place at the 2019 Maui Invitational Tournament, averaging 22.3 points, 7.0 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.3 blocks over three games. He subsequently repeated as Atlantic 10 Player of the Week and was recognized as National Player of the Week by NBC Sports. On December 30, Toppin scored a career-high 31 points in a 77\u201359 win over North Florida, including a school-record 10 dunks. He was named to the midseason watchlist for the Wooden Award and was named the Midseason Player of the Year by The Athletic. Toppin sprained his left ankle during a win against UMass on January 11, 2020, but did not miss a game, scoring 24 points in Dayton's next game against VCU in spite of his injury. Toppin scored his 1,000th career point on February 22, 2020 during a 28-point performance in an 80\u201370 win over Duquesne. At the end of the regular season Toppin was named to the first team All-Atlantic 10 and the Atlantic 10 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year after averaging 20 points, 7.5 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game with a .633 field goal percentage. Toppin was a consensus first team All-American selection, won the Karl Malone Award as the nation's top power forward, and was the consensus National Player of the Year after being named the Associated Press College Basketball Player of the Year, NABC Player of the Year, Naismith College Player of the Year, and awarded the Oscar Robertson Trophy and the John R. Wooden Award. He also garnered national player of the year honors from CBS Sports, The Athletic, NBC Sports and USA Today. After the season Toppin announced that he would be forgoing his final two seasons of eligibility to enter the 2020 NBA draft. Toppin finished his college career with 1,096 points scored and a school-record 190 dunks.On November 18, 2020, Toppin was selected with the eighth overall pick in the 2020 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. On November 23, Toppin signed a rookie scale contract with the Knicks. On December 23, Toppin made his NBA debut, putting up nine points, three rebounds, and two blocks in 24 minutes, in a 121\u2013107 loss to the Indiana Pacers. Toppin missed 10 games due to injury sustained in his NBA debut, and returned on January 13, 2021 in a 116\u2013109 loss to the Brooklyn Nets. He was invited to participate in the 2021 NBA Dunk Contest and finished in 2nd place.Toppin's father, also named Obadiah, was a well-known streetball player in Brooklyn. He played basketball collegiately at Globe Institute of Technology and professionally for the Brooklyn Kings of the United States Basketball League, the Harlem Strong Dogs of the American Basketball Association and in the Dominican Republic. His father was also known as \"Dunkers Delight\" while playing for a streetball team called the Court Kingz. His brother, Jacob, plays college basketball for Kentucky after transferring from Rhode Island.Toppin is a Christian and has a cross tattoo on his right shoulder as a sign of his faith.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Dayton"], "facts": [["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Melbourne Central Catholic High School", "January 2014", "January 2015"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Ossining High School", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Obi Toppin", "member of sports team", "Dayton Flyers men's basketball", "January 2018", "January 2020"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "University of Dayton", "January 2018", "January 2020"]]}
{"question": "Where were Chris Hadfield educated from November 1982 to May 1991?", "adv_question": "Where were Chris Hadfield educated from 11/1982 to 05/1991?", "date": "November 12 1982", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Waterloo", "University of Tennessee Space Institute"]}, "id": "L2M_Q1076962_P69_10", "fact_context": "Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Military College of Canada from January 1980 to January 1982. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Tennessee Space Institute from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Waterloo from January 1982 to January 1983. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Roads University from January 1978 to January 1980. \n Chris Hadfield held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from March 2013 to May 2013.", "adv_fact_context": "Chris Hadfield held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from 03/2013 to May 2013. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Military College of Canada from 01/1980 to January 1982. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Waterloo from January 1982 to Jan 1983. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Roads University from January 1978 to 01/1980. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Tennessee Space Institute from January 1990 to 01/1992.", "context": "Chris HadfieldChris Austin Hadfield (born August 29, 1959) is a retired Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut, engineer, science communicator, singer, and former fighter pilot. The first Canadian to walk in space, Hadfield has flown two Space Shuttle missions and served as commander of the International Space Station (ISS). Prior to his career as an astronaut, Hadfield served in the Canadian Forces for 25 years as an Air Command fighter pilot.Hadfield was inspired as a child when he watched the Apollo 11 Moon landing on TV. He attended high school in Oakville and Milton in southern Ontario and earned his glider pilot licence as a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. After joining the Canadian Armed Forces, he earned an engineering degree at Royal Military College (RMC). He learned to fly various types of aircraft in the military and eventually became a test pilot, flying several experimental planes. As part of an exchange program with the United States Navy and United States Air Force, he obtained a master's degree in aviation systems at the University of Tennessee Space Institute.In 1992, Hadfield was accepted into the Canadian astronaut program by the Canadian Space Agency. He first flew in space in November 1995 as a mission specialist aboard , visiting the Russian space station \"Mir\". He flew again in April 2001 on , when he visited the ISS and walked in space to help install the Canadarm2. In December 2012, he flew for a third time aboard Soyuz TMA-07M to join Expedition 34 on the ISS. When this expedition ended in March 2013, he became the commander of the ISS as part of Expedition 35, responsible for a crew of five astronauts and helping to run dozens of scientific experiments dealing with the impact of low gravity on human biology. During this mission, he chronicled life on board the space station by taking pictures of the Earth and posting them on various social media platforms. He was a guest on television news and talk shows and gained popularity by playing the ISS's guitar in space. Hadfield returned to Earth in May 2013 when the mission ended. He announced his retirement shortly after returning, capping a 35-year career as a military pilot and astronaut.Hadfield was born in Sarnia, Ontario. His parents are Roger and Eleanor Hadfield, who live in Milton, Ontario. Hadfield was raised on a corn farm in southern Ontario. He was a member of a Wolf Cub Pack that met at the Milton Fairgrounds. He became interested in flying at a young age and in being an astronaut at age nine when he saw the Apollo 11 Moon landing on television. He is married to his high-school girlfriend Helene, and they have three adult children: Kyle, Evan and Kristin Hadfield. Hadfield used to be a ski instructor at Glen Eden Ski Area before becoming a test pilot.Hadfield is of northern English and southern Scottish descent. He is a devoted fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs and wore a Leafs jersey under his spacesuit during his Soyuz TMA-07M reentry in May 2013. After the 2012 NHL Lockout ended, Hadfield tweeted a photo of himself holding a Maple Leafs logo, and stated he was \"ready to cheer [his team] on from orbit\". He sang the Canadian National Anthem during the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens game on January 18, 2014, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.Hadfield attended White Oaks Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario until his senior year and then graduated as an Ontario Scholar from Milton District High School in 1977. As a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, he earned a glider pilot scholarship at age 15 and a powered pilot scholarship at age 16. After graduating from high school in 1978, he joined the Canadian Armed Forces and spent two years at Royal Roads Military College followed by two years at the Royal Military College, where he received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1982. He also conducted his post-graduate research at the University of Waterloo in 1982. Before graduating, he also underwent basic flight training at CFB Portage la Prairie. In 1983, he took honours as the top graduate from Basic Jet Training at CFB Moose Jaw, and then went on to train as a tactical fighter pilot with 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron at CFB Cold Lake, flying the Canadair CF-116 Freedom Fighter and the McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet. After completing his fighter training, Hadfield flew CF-18 Hornets with 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron, flying intercept missions for NORAD. He was the first CF-18 pilot to intercept a Soviet Tupolev Tu 95 long-range bomber in the Canadian Arctic.In the late 1980s, Hadfield attended the US Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base and served as an exchange officer with the US Navy at Strike Test Directorate at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station. His accomplishments from 1989 to 1992 included testing the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet and LTV A-7 Corsair II aircraft; performing research work with NASA on pitch control margin simulation and flight; completing the first military flight of F/A-18 enhanced performance engines; piloting the first flight test of the National Aerospace Plane external burning hydrogen propulsion engine; developing a new handling qualities rating scale for high angle-of-attack test; and participating in the F/A-18 out-of-control recovery test program.In May 1992, Hadfield graduated with a master's degree in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute, where his thesis concerned high-angle attack aerodynamics of the F/A-18 Hornet fighter jet. In total, Hadfield has flown over 70 different types of aircraft.Hadfield was selected to become one of four new Canadian astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. Three of those four (Dafydd Williams, Julie Payette and Hadfield) have flown in space. The fourth candidate, Michael McKay, resigned as an astronaut in 1995. Hadfield was assigned by the CSA to the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas in August, where he addressed technical and safety issues for Shuttle Operations Development, contributed to the development of the glass shuttle cockpit, and supported shuttle launches at the Kennedy Space Center, in Florida. In addition, Hadfield was NASA's chief CAPCOM (capsule communicator\")\", the voice of mission control to astronauts in orbit, for 25 Space Shuttle missions. From 1996 to 2000, he represented CSA astronauts and coordinated their activities as the chief astronaut for the CSA.He was the director of operations for NASA at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) in Star City, Russia from 2001 until 2003. Some of his duties included co-ordination and direction of all International Space Station crew activities in Russia, oversight of training and crew support staff, as well as policy negotiation with the Russian Space Program and other International Partners. He also trained and became fully qualified to be a flight engineer cosmonaut in the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, and to perform spacewalks in the Russian Orlan spacesuit.Hadfield is a civilian CSA astronaut, having retired as a colonel from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2003 after 25 years of military service. He was chief of robotics for the NASA Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas from 2003 to 2006 and was chief of International Space Station Operations from 2006 to 2008. In 2008 and 2009, he trained as a back-up to Robert Thirsk on Expedition 21. In May 2010, Hadfield served as the commander of the mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for fourteen days. NASA announced in 2010 that Hadfield would become the first Canadian commander of the International Space Station, leading Expedition 35 after its launch on December 19, 2012. His craft docked with the station on December 21. He remained on the station for five months, transferring control to Pavel Vinogradov and departing on May 13, 2013.In June 2013, one month after completing his third trip to space, Hadfield announced his retirement from the Canadian Space Agency, effective July 3, 2013. Hadfield stated that after living primarily in the United States since the 1980s for his career, he would be moving back to Canada, \"making good on a promise I made my wife nearly 30 years ago\u2014that yes, eventually, we would be moving back to Canada.\" He noted that he plans to pursue private interests outside government there.Hadfield is enthusiastic about the prospects for a manned mission to Mars, and when asked in 2011 if he would consider being the first to visit even if the journey to Mars were one-way, he said \"I would be honoured to be given the opportunity.\"Hadfield served as Mission Specialist 1 on STS-74 in November 1995. It was NASA's second space shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station \"Mir\". During the flight, the crew of Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\" attached a five-tonne docking module to \"Mir\" and transferred over 1,000\u00a0kg of food, water, and scientific supplies to the cosmonauts. Hadfield flew as the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm in orbit, and the only Canadian ever to board \"Mir\".In April 2001, Hadfield served as mission specialist 1 on STS-100, International Space Station (ISS) assembly Flight 6A. The crew of Space Shuttle \"Endeavour\" delivered and installed Canadarm2, the new Canadian-built robotic arm, as well as the Italian-made resupply module \"Raffaello\". During the 11-day flight, Hadfield performed two spacewalks, which made him the first Canadian to ever leave a spacecraft and float freely in space. During his first spacewalk Hadfield experienced severe eye irritation due to the anti-fog solution used to polish his spacesuit visor, temporarily blinding him and forcing him to vent oxygen into space. In total, Hadfield spent 14 hours, 50 minutes outside, travelling 10 times around the world during his spacewalk.On December 19, 2012, Hadfield launched in the Soyuz TMA-07M flight for a long duration stay on board the ISS as part of Expedition 35. He arrived at the station two days later, as scheduled, and became the first Canadian to command the ISS when the crew of Expedition 34 departed in March 2013. On May 12, 2013, he turned over command of the ISS, and returned home aboard the Soyuz spacecraft on May 13. He received significant media exposure during his time on the ISS, and ended his time on the station by paying tribute to David Bowie with a rendition of \"Space Oddity\".Hadfield has a social media presence, with over 2,400,000 Twitter followers . He created one of the top Reddit ask me anything (AMA) threads of all time on February 17, 2013. He also maintains accounts on Facebook, Tumblr, and YouTube. His exchanges with William Shatner and other \"Star Trek\" actors have received media coverage. Hadfield has been described by Forbes as \"perhaps the most social media savvy astronaut ever to leave Earth\".Hadfield enlisted the help of his son Evan to manage his social media presence. They work in tandem to share information over the internet about aspects of life as an astronaut, both the scientific and the mundane.During his free time on Expedition 35, Hadfield recorded music for an album, using the Larriv\u00e9e Parlor guitar previously brought to the ISS. The first song recorded in space, \"Jewel in the Night\", was released via YouTube on Christmas Eve\u00a02012.His collaboration with Ed Robertson of the Barenaked Ladies and the Wexford Gleeks, \"Is Somebody Singing?\"\u2014sometimes shortened \"I.S.S.\"\u2014was aired on the CBC Radio program Q and released by CBC Music online on February\u00a08, 2013. Hadfield sang \"Is Somebody Singing\" along with singers across Canada for the national Music Monday program. Hadfield has been credited musically on his brother Dave Hadfield's albums. He also has performed with his brother the \"Canada Song\", which was released on YouTube on Canada Day, 2014.On May 12, 2013, after handing over command of the ISS, but before returning home, Hadfield released a music video recorded on the ISS of a modified rendition of \"Space Oddity\" by David Bowie. , the video has over 45\u00a0million views on YouTube. The performance was the subject of a piece by Glenn Fleishman in \"The Economist\" on May\u00a022, 2013, analysing the legal implications of publicly performing a copyrighted work of music while in Earth orbit.In October 2015, Hadfield released \"Space Sessions: Songs From a Tin Can\", an album of songs that he had recorded on the International Space Station.In October 2013 Hadfield was interviewed by \"Maclean's\" magazine and appeared on its cover wearing face make-up to \"replicate Bowie's famed image from the cover of his \"Aladdin Sane\" album.\" Hadfield wrote an article for the December 2013 edition of \"Wired\" magazine in which he reflects on his time spent on the International Space Station.On October 8, 2013, the University of Waterloo announced that Hadfield will join the university as a professor for a three-year term beginning in the Fall of 2014. Hadfield's work is expected to involve instructing and advising roles in aviation programs offered by the Faculty of Environment and Faculty of Science, as well as assisting in ongoing research regarding the health of astronauts with the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences.Hadfield's 2013 autobiography, \"An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth: What Going to Space Taught Me About Ingenuity, Determination, and Being Prepared for Anything\" deals with his professional life and work, and with numerous examples from the lead-up to his command of Expedition 35. The book was a \"New York Times\" bestseller and was also the bestselling book in Canada on a Canadian subject.In 2017, Hadfield hosted the BBC show \"Astronauts: Do You Have What It Takes?\" alongside Kevin Fong and Iya Whiteley, where 12 contestants compete to earn Hadfield's approval and recommendation as a candidate for future applications to become an astronaut. The challenges involved replicated real tests carried out by the different Space Agencies at facilities in Europe and America, including hypoxia and centrifuge training, with contestants eliminated each week. Hadfield hosted a web series about space exploration on the video platform MasterClass.On February 9, 2021 Virgin Galactic announced that Hadfield would be joining their Space Advisory Board to help \"provide advice to senior management as the company moves forward to open space for the benefit of all.\" Hadfield will be joined by former astronaut Sandra Magnus and Chief Scientist of Cubic Corporation David A. Whelan.Hadfield is the recipient of numerous awards and special honours. These include appointment to the Order of Ontario in 1996, as an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2014, receipt of the Vanier Award in 2001, NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 2002, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002, and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012. He is also the only Canadian to have received both a military and civilian Meritorious Service Cross, the military medal in 2001 and the civilian one in 2013. In 1988, Hadfield was granted the Liethen-Tittle Award (top pilot graduate of the USAF Test Pilot School) and was named US Navy Test Pilot of the Year in 1991. He was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2005 and commemorated on Royal Canadian Mint silver and gold coins for his spacewalk to install Canadarm2 on the International Space Station in 2001. Further, the Royal Military College granted Hadfield an honorary Doctorate of Engineering in 1996 and he was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Laws from Trent University three years later. In 2013, Hadfield was presented with an Honorary Diploma from Nova Scotia Community College. Upon his taking command of the International Space Station, Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, sent Hadfield a personal message of congratulations, stating \"I am pleased to transmit my personal best wishes, and those of all Canadians, to Colonel Christopher Hadfield as he takes command of the International Space Station...\"His affiliations include membership in the Royal Military College Club, Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute, and serving as honorary patron of Lambton College, former trustee of Lakefield College School, board member of the International Space School Foundation, and executive with the Association of Space Explorers.In Sarnia, the city airport was renamed to Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport in 1997 and there are two public schools named after him \u2013 one in Milton, Ontario and the other in Bradford, Ontario. A NASA Marshall Space Flight Center-run rocket factory at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, where he briefly worked, and an asteroid 14143 Hadfield are also named after him.In 2005, 820 Milton Blue Thunder Squadron was renamed 820 Chris Hadfield Squadron in honour of Hadfield, who was a cadet there from 1971 to 1978. The Town of Milton also named a municipal park and street after Hadfield.In 2014, his name was added to the Wall of Honour at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario.In 2020, the newly discovered Andrena Hadfieldi, a species of bee, was named in his honour.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Royal Roads University", "Royal Military College of Canada"], "facts": [["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "Royal Roads University", "January 1978", "January 1980"], ["Chris Hadfield", "position held", "ISS Expedition Commander", "March 2013", "May 2013"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "University of Tennessee Space Institute", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "Royal Military College of Canada", "January 1980", "January 1982"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "University of Waterloo", "January 1982", "January 1983"]]}
{"question": "Where were Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills educated from May 1993 to November 2001?", "adv_question": "Where were Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills educated from May 1993 to Nov 2001?", "date": "May 26 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["Argyle House School", "Shiplake College"]}, "id": "L2M_Q1753485_P69_0", "fact_context": "Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Argyle House School from January 1992 to January 1999. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills was married to Alina Maria Binder from October 2017 to May 2023. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Shiplake College from January 1999 to January 2004. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Royal Holloway, University of London from January 2009 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Shiplake College from January 1999 to Jan 2004. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills was married to Alina Maria Binder from Oct 2017 to May 2023. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Argyle House School from January 1992 to January 1999. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Royal Holloway, University of London from January 2009 to Jan 2012.", "context": "Nicholas Medforth-MillsNicholas Michael de Roumanie Medforth-Mills, formerly called Prince Nicholas of Romania (born 1 April 1985), is the eldest child and only son of Princess Elena of Romania and Robin Medforth-Mills. As a grandson of King Michael of Romania, he was third in line to the defunct throne of Romania according to a new family statute enacted in 2007, that also conferred the title of a \"prince of Romania\" on him which was abrogated in 2015. The statute and the titles it confers have no standing in present Romanian law.Nicholas Medforth-Mills was born on 1 April 1985 at La Tour Hospital in Meyrin, a commuter town near Geneva, Switzerland, the first child and son of Princess Elena of Romania and her first husband Robin Medforth-Mills and the second grandchild of King Michael I of Romania and his wife Queen Anne.He was baptised in the Orthodox faith, his godparents being Queen Anne (his maternal grandmother) and Crown Princess Margareta of Romania (his maternal aunt).He was followed by a sister, Elisabeta-Karina (born 4 January 1989).Until the age of four, Medforth-Mills lived with his sister and parents at the Romanian royal family's residence in Versoix, Switzerland. The family moved to England in 1989 where they took up residence at Flass Hall, Esh Winning in County Durham.Medforth-Mills joined the Beaver Scouts at age five. During his childhood, he developed an interest in cars, an interest shared with his grandfather King Michael I. During holidays in Versoix, Switzerland with his maternal grandparents, Nicholas spent hours in his grandfather's garage, watching him maintain his Jeep collection. In an interview with historian Filip-Lucian Iorga, Nicholas recalled the time spent with King Michael, and how he had been allowed to drive one of his cars, a Ford which once belonged to General George S. Patton; the vehicle was given to his grandfather by Queen Anne's paternal uncle Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma as a gift. He also recalled spending time with Queen Anne at Versoix where they used to fish and play golf together.As a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and King Christian IX of Denmark, he regularly met with many of his extended relatives.Medforth-Mills attended Argyle House School, Sunderland, England which he left in 1999 with 8 GCSEs - English Language, English Literature, Mathematics, Science (Chemistry, Biology and Physics), French, German, Information Technology, and Geography.In 1999, he enrolled with Shiplake College, Henley-on-Thames, England where he left with 3 A-levels of French, Business Sciences and Physical Education. During this time he also took part in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.Before enrolling for university he took a 5-year \"Gap year\", where:Medforth-Mills' first major appearance in Romania was on 19 April 1992 on Easter Day along with his grandparents King Michael I and Queen Anne and with his mother and her second husband Alexander Nixon.Medforth-Mills came again for the second time on Christmas Day 1997, when the entire royal family set foot in Romania for the first time after nearly five decades of exile. In 2002, he visited Romania for the third time; he stayed at Elisabeta Palace. During this visit he started to consider his role as a member of the royal family, which required a fundamental transformation for him.Since the beginning of 2008, Medforth-Mills has become more involved in the public life of Romania, taking part, for instance, at the 2008 UNITER theatre gala and in visits throughout the country with his aunt, Crown Princess Margareta, and his maternal uncle, Radu Duda.In 1997, Romanian monarchists intended to ask Michael to designate a male heir-presumptive from the House of Hohenzollern in keeping with the rules of the last royal constitution which were based on agnatic primogeniture and Salic law; The monarchists eventually agreed on a compromise and requested him to designate a male rather than female heir-presumptive, in the person of Nicholas. However, under the influence of Queen Anne, Michael rejected the monarchists' request, and at the end of 1997, he designated Princess Margareta as heir presumptive in keeping with the European Convention on Human Rights, which meant Nicholas would only succeed to the headship of the royal family after the deaths of King Michael, Crown Princess Margareta and his mother.In 2005, Michael told Medforth-Mills that he could choose to have the chance of becoming a \"prince of Romania\" which would mean assuming responsibility in a conscious manner by starting to work for the country.On 30 December 2007, the press office of King Michael announced that Nicholas Medforth-Mills would receive the title \"prince of Romania\" with the style of \"royal highness\", coming into effect on Nicholas's 25th birthday. On 1 April 2010, by virtue of his new title, he became a member of the Romanian royal family and was decorated with the \"Nihil Sine Deo\", the highest of royal decorations at the time.In February 2008, Nicholas stated in an interview with the Romanian daily newspaper \"Cotidianul\" that if the Romanian people asked him to become king, he would not refuse.In September 2012, after his university studies, he moved to Romania to undertake more of the royal family's public activities.On 1 August 2015, former King Michael of Romania signed a document removing the title prince of Romania and the qualification of royal highness from his grandson. Medforth-Mills also has been removed from the line of succession. The former king took the decision after considering that Romania needed a ruler marked by modesty and moral principles, respect and thought for others after the \"reign and life\" of his eldest daughter, Crown Princess Margareta, will have finished. In issuing the declaration, the former king expressed the hope that \"Nicholas will find in future years a suitable way to serve the ideals and use the qualities that God gave him\". Nicholas's mother, Princess Elena, received notification of the former king's decision in a personal letter.The move \"stunned Romanians\" and \"sparked speculation that a jealous relative had sought to edge Nicholas out of the succession.\" speculated that the exclusion of Nicholas from the royal succession was due to the birth of an illegitimate daughter, born from a short relationship with Nicoleta C\u00eerjan (b. 1986). The child, born on 9 February 2016 in Bra\u0219ov and named Iris Anna, was not recognized by the former prince.Nicholas released a press statement on 18 November 2017 from London about the child. Point 2 of the Press release stated, \"I returned to Romania in November 2015 to resolve the situation with my alleged child. Due to the constant lack of co-operation from the mother of my alleged child, this situation has remained unclear. So far, there is no medical evidence to support the mother's accusations. Therefore, any accusations that are related to this subject are unfounded.\" On 27 May 2019, Nicholas confirmed via a Facebook post that paternity tests had confirmed the illegitimate daughter is his, and that he had assumed legal responsibility for her.On 8 November 2017, during Michael I's final illness, the Romanian Royal House filed a complaint with Swiss police alleging that Nicholas tried to force his way into his grandfather's home. It alleged that Nicholas \"physically and verbally assaulted\" three staff members, while he accused his relatives of trying to stop him seeing his grandfather and discrediting his name. The former king died on 5 December 2017.Nicholas became engaged to Alina Maria Binder (Constan\u021ba, 26 January 1988) on 29 July 2017 in Cornwall. They married civilly in Henley-on-Thames on 6 October 2017. On 30 September 2018 the couple married religiously at Saint Elijah Church in Sinaia, and the wedding reception took place at Sinaia Casino.Their daughter Maria-Alexandra was born on 7 November 2020 at Institute for Mother and Child Alfred Rusescu - Polizu in Bucharest, and was baptised at Curtea de Arge\u0219 Cathedral on 23 January 2021.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Royal Holloway, University of London"], "facts": [["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "educated at", "Argyle House School", "January 1992", "January 1999"], ["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "educated at", "Shiplake College", "January 1999", "January 2004"], ["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "educated at", "Royal Holloway, University of London", "January 2009", "January 2012"], ["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "spouse", "Alina Maria Binder", "October 2017", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Where were Timothy Snyder educated from March 1987 to November 1994?", "adv_question": "Where were Timothy Snyder educated from March 1987 to 11/1994?", "date": "March 07 1987", "text_answers": {"text": ["Brown University", "Balliol College"]}, "id": "L2M_Q747312_P69_3", "fact_context": "Timothy Snyder studied at Balliol College from January 1991 to January 1995. \n Timothy Snyder worked for Leiden University from January 2012 to January 2013. \n Timothy Snyder studied at Brown University from January 1987 to January 1991. \n Timothy Snyder held the position of Cleveringa chair from January 2012 to August 2013.", "adv_fact_context": "Timothy Snyder studied at Brown University from 01/1987 to Jan 1991. \n Timothy Snyder worked for Leiden University from 01/2012 to 01/2013. \n Timothy Snyder studied at Balliol College from January 1991 to 01/1995. \n Timothy Snyder held the position of Cleveringa chair from 01/2012 to Aug 2013.", "context": "Timothy D. SnyderTimothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American author and historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe and the Holocaust. He is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a Permanent Fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He has written several books, including the best-sellers \"Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin\" and \".\"Snyder is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Snyder was born on August 18, 1969, in the Dayton, Ohio area, the son of Christine Hadley Snyder, a teacher, accountant, and homemaker, and Estel Eugene Snyder, a veterinarian. Snyder's parents were married in a Quaker ceremony in 1963 in Ohio, and his mother was active in preserving her family farmstead as a Quaker historic site. Snyder graduated from Centerville High School. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science from Brown University and his Doctor of Philosophy degree in modern history in 1995 at the University of Oxford, supervised by Timothy Garton Ash and Jerzy Jedlicki. He was a Marshall Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1991 to 1994.Snyder has held fellowships at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique in Paris from 1994 to 1995, the Institut f\u00fcr die Wissenschaften vom Menschen in Vienna in 1996, the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University in 1997, and was an Academy Scholar at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University from 1998 to 2001.He has also been an instructor at the College of Europe Natolin Campus, the Baron Velge Chair at the Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles, the Cleveringa Chair at the University of Leiden, Philippe Romain Chair at the London School of Economics, and the 2013 Ren\u00e9 Girard Lecturer at Stanford University. Prior to assuming the Richard C. Levin Professorship of History, Snyder was the Bird White Housum Professor of History at Yale University. He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. On 25 September 2020, he was named as one of the 25 members of the \"Real Facebook Oversight Board\", an independent monitoring group over Facebook.Snyder is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He serves on the editorial boards of the \"Journal of Modern European History\" and \"East European Politics and Societies\".For the academic year 2013\u20132014, he held the Philippe Roman Chair of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science.Snyder has written five books and co-edited two. He says that he reads five European languages and speaks ten. This enables him to use primary and archival sources in Germany and Central Europe in his research. Snyder has stressed that in order to engage in such transnational history, knowing other languages is very important, saying \"If you don't know Russian, you don't really know what you're missing.\"In 2010 Snyder published \"Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin\". \"Bloodlands\" was a best seller and has been translated into 20 languages. In an interview with Slovene historian Luka Lisjak Gabrijel\u010di\u010d in 2016, Snyder described the book as an attempt to overcome the limitations of national history in explaining the political crimes perpetrated in Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s:The point of \"Bloodlands\" was that we hadn\u2019t noticed a major event in European history: the fact 13 million civilians were murdered for political reasons in a rather confined space over a short period of time. The question of the book was: \u2018How this could have happened?\u2019 We have some history of Soviet terror, of the Holocaust, of the Ukrainian famine, of the German reprisals against the civilians. But all of these crimes happened in the same places in a short time span, so why not treat them as a single event and see if they can be unified under a meaningful narrative.\"Bloodlands\" got reviews ranging from highly critical to \"rapturous\". In assessing these reviews, Jacques S\u00e9melin described it as one of those books that \"change the way we look at a period in history\". S\u00e9melin noted that some historians have criticized the chronological construction of events, the arbitrary geographical delimitation, Snyder's numbers on victims and violence, and a lack of focus on interactions between different actors. Omer Bartov wrote that \"the book presents no new evidence and makes no new arguments\", and in a highly critical review Richard Evans wrote that, because of its lack of causal argument, \"Snyder\u2019s book is of no use.\" On the other hand, Wendy Lower wrote that it was a \"masterful synthesis\", John Connelly called it \"morally informed scholarship of the highest calibre\", and Christopher Browning described it as \"stunning\". The journal \"Contemporary European History\" published a special forum on the book in 2012, featuring reviews by Mark Mazower, Dan Diner, Thomas K\u00fchne and J\u00f6rg Baberowski, as well as an introduction and response by Snyder.Snyder's 2012 book \"Thinking the Twentieth Century\" was co-authored with Tony Judt while Judt was in the late stages of ALS disease.Snyder published \"Black Earth\" in 2015. The book received mixed reviews, with several harsh reviews.In 2017 he published \"\", a short book about how to prevent a democracy from becoming a tyranny, with a focus on modern United States politics and on what he called \"America's turn towards authoritarianism\". The book topped the New York Times bestseller list for paperback nonfiction in 2017 and remained on bestseller lists as late as 2021.Snyder has published essays in publications such as the \"International Herald Tribune\", \"The Nation\", \"New York Review of Books\", the \"Times Literary Supplement\", \"The New Republic\", \"Eurozine\", \"Tygodnik Powszechny\", the \"Chicago Tribune\", and the \"Christian Science Monitor\".Although primarily a scholar of 20th century Eastern European history, in the mid-2010s Snyder became interested in contemporary politics, health and education. In January 2021 he said that the defunding of departments of history and the humanities since the supposed post-Soviet end of History have led to a society without the \"concepts and references\" or structural tools to discuss eroding factors such as modern forms of populism.In \"The Road to Unfreedom\", Snyder argues that Vladimir Putin's regime in Russia is authoritarian, and that it uses fascist ideas in its rhetoric. In December 2018, during a discussion with a fellow historian of Eastern Europe, John Connelly, Snyder referred to this as schizo-fascism:His view was questioned by Marlene Laruelle, Research Professor at The George Washington University: \"Contrary to [Snyder's] claims, the Kremlin does not live in an ideological world inspired by Nazi Germany, but in one in which the Yalta decades, the Gorbachev-Yeltsin years, and the collapse of the Soviet Union still constitute the main historical referents and traumas.\" Laruelle accused Snyder of \"distortions, inaccuracies, and selective interpretations.\"Asked in early 2017 how the agenda of the Trump administration compared with the Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Snyder said that history \"does not repeat. But it does offer us examples and patterns, and thereby enlarges our imaginations and creates more possibilities for anticipation and resistance.In a May 2017 interview with \"Salon\", he warned that the Trump administration would attempt to subvert democracy by declaring a state of emergency and take full control of the government, similar to Hitler's Reichstag fire: \"it\u2019s pretty much inevitable that they will try.\" According to Snyder, \"Trump's campaign for president of the United States was basically a Russian operation.\" He also warned that his lies would lead to tyranny.In January 2021, Snyder published a \"New York Times Magazine\" essay on the future of the GOP in response to the siege of the United States Capitol, blaming Trump and his \"enablers,\" Senators Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley, for the insurrection fueled by their claims of election fraud, and writing, \"...the breakers have an even stronger reason to see Trump disappear: It is impossible to inherit from someone who is still around. Seizing Trump\u2019s big lie might appear to be a gesture of support. In fact it expresses a wish for his political death.\"Snyder teaches a two-part lecture course at Yale covering the history of Eastern Europe pre- and post-1914, a critical turning point in world affairs. In Fall 2020, he is teaching \"Hitler, Stalin, and Us\" using remote audio recordings. In the past he has also taught an undergraduate seminar on communism in Eastern Europe.Snyder speaks five and reads ten European languages. In 2005 he married Marci Shore, a professor of European cultural and intellectual history at Yale University. They have two children together. In December 2019, he fell gravely ill following a series of medical misdiagnoses. While recuperating through the coronavirus pandemic he wrote \"Our Malady\", about the problems of the for-profit health care system in the US, and the coronavirus response so far.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Timothy Snyder", "educated at", "Balliol College", "January 1991", "January 1995"], ["Timothy Snyder", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 2012", "January 2013"], ["Timothy Snyder", "position held", "Cleveringa chair", "January 2012", "August 2013"], ["Timothy Snyder", "educated at", "Brown University", "January 1987", "January 1991"]]}
{"question": "Where were Keiko Fujimori educated from September 1996 to January 2006?", "adv_question": "Where were Keiko Fujimori educated from Sep 1996 to 01/2006?", "date": "September 27 1996", "text_answers": {"text": ["Boston University", "Columbia Business School"]}, "id": "L2M_Q235137_P69_27", "fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from August 1994 to November 2000. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from January 1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from January 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from January 2004 to January 2008.", "adv_fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from 01/1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from Jan 2004 to 01/2008. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from Jan 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from 01/1993 to Jan 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 07/2006 to Jul 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from Aug 1994 to 11/2000.", "context": "Keiko FujimoriKeiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi ( or ; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian business administrator, politician, and perennial candidate for public office. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi, and formerly in role as the First Lady of Peru from 1994 to 2000. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections but was defeated by a narrow margin in the second round all three times. She launched a third presidential campaign during the 2021 election and once again managed to qualify for the run-off, but was defeated by Pedro Castillo in the second round.Keiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi was born on 25 May 1975 in the Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda district of Lima, the capital of Peru. Fujimori's parents are Japanese Peruvians; her father is former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori, who was elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election, and her mother is Susana Higuchi. In addition, Fujimori would come to have three siblings: Kenji Gerardo (born May 1980), Hiro Alberto (born December 1976) and Sachi Marcela (born March 1979). For primary and secondary education, Keiko Fujimori and her siblings attended Peruvian Catholic School (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts).In 1990, her father was elected president and later led a self-coup when he dissolved congress in 1992, violating the independence of the judiciary and the press, and began persecuting opponents. Subsequently, with the approval of a new constitution, the president could be re-elected in the following elections. Throughout her father's presidency, the government committed multiple human rights violations that included forced sterilizations and extrajudicial killings and its response to the internal conflict in Peru resulted in the deaths of at least 69,000 people. It was also alleged that Fujimori embezzled between US$600\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0billion through graft. Such allegations placed Fujimori seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984\u20132004. Alberto Fujimori's revitalization of the economy of Peru and defeat of Shining Path, however, has resulted in continued support from some Peruvians, with the former president having a divisive legacy overall in the country.After her father's coup, Fujimori graduated from secondary school and travelled to the United States in 1993 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Stony Brook University.In 1994, Fujimori's father stripped her mother of her title of First Lady of Peru with the intent of silencing her after she accused him publicly and in the Peruvian Judicial Branch of kidnapping, torture and corruption, this led to the two separating in the same year, taking with them the last vestiges of her mother's titles. On 23 August 1994, Keiko stopped her studies at Stony Brook and returned to Peru, where her father appointed her as First Lady of Peru, the youngest first lady in the Americas. On top of her symbolic functions, from April 1994 to November 2000, her father made her head of (Foundation for the Children of Peru), which is usually led by the first lady, and she created Fundaci\u00f3n Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology) for children with congenital heart diseases. In May 1997, Fujimori completed her studies in Business Administration at Boston University. Fujimori's parents formally divorced in 1996. In the years after their separation, Susana said that she was subjected to torture at least five-hundred times between 1992 and 2000 and told the press that Alberto had ordered his partner Vladimiro Montesinos to execute her, though Montesinos said he refused on the ground of being a devout Catholic.As first lady, she received three main accusations: that she diverted clothing donated through charity by Japanese-Peruvians, a controversy that even made it before Supreme Court of Peru; that she ordered the Government Palace's rooms painted pink; and the perceived betrayal, as it was seen by many opposition members, when she refused to defend her mother who had been denounced and persecuted by her father. Fujimori responded to the last criticism by alleging that the accusations of tortures made by her mother were a \"legend.\" She would later reconcile with her mother, who then assisted her with her presidential campaigns.In 1998, as her father intended to run for an unprecedented and at that point unconstitutional third term, Fujimori came out in a strong declaration against her father's plan, supporting a plan made by the opposition. She put out a statement: \"As a daughter, I would prefer that my father rest, but as a citizen, I believe he is what the country requires.\" Fujimori still helped her father despite her reservations in his reelection campaign in April 2000, as she had done in his 1995 campaign. In November 2000, her father fled to Japan and resigned from the presidency while visiting Brunei once news came of a massive corruption scandal. Shortly after the scandal broke, Fujimori had asked her father to not renounce anything and to return to Peru to defend himself before a court of law.Fujimori was forced to leave the Government Palace of Peru on 21 November 2000 after the Congress of Peru officially vacated her father Alberto's position as president of Peru. Her mother, now a member of congress, offered Fujimori to stay with her, though Fujimori refused and preferred to stay with her aunt Juana Fujimori beside her father's family.In August 2001, Fujimori visited Tokyo to meet with her father who still had dual citizenship, the main reason Japan was reluctant to reject his asylum and extradite him. She moved to the United States in 2002 to further pursue her business career, studying at Columbia University. While in New York, she met Mark Vito Villanella and married him in a wedding attended by many Fujimorist officials in the Miraflores district of Lima that was officiated by Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Archbishop of Lima and member of Opus Dei. The newlyweds returned to New York where Fujimori would continue her MBA studies.Fujimori's father arrived in Santiago de Chile in preparation of his return to Peru to run anew as a presidential candidate on 6 November 2005 and was arrested shortly after by Interpol. After her father's arrest in Chile, Fujimori's father was blocked from announcing his candidacy for President of Peru in the 2006 Peruvian general election, as was his political coalition Si Cumple.As a result of Alberto Fujimori's arrest, those sympathetic to the ex-president created the party Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) with the acronym AF recognizing their previous leader. With her father unable to preside over the new party, Keiko Fujimori was chosen as the party's leader and candidate, which resulted with her ending her residency in the United States. It was in this context that she finally returned to the country and ran for Congress in the general elections of 2006. On 6 January 2006, Keiko managed to get her new party included in the Peruvian Registry of Political Organizations. In that year's legislative elections, she topped the list of her party's candidates. The party's presidential candidate, Martha Chavez Cossio, running with vice presidential candidate Santiago Fujimori (Keiko's uncle), finished in fourth place, with 7.4% of the valid votes. Keiko received the most votes of any congressional candidate that year, with 602,869 votes, more than three times more than the runner up, Mercedes Cabanillas; breaking the national record for most votes receieved by a legislator up to that point. The Alliance received 1.4\u00a0million votes in total, or 13% of all valid votes cast, winning 13 congressional seats and becoming the fourth most powerful party in the Congress. In the night of the first vote, 9 April, Fujimori declared, \"I believe that much of the support is because I am the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, and it is obvious that I am really the recipient of the caring and gratefulness that the people have for my father.\" She would serve as a Member of the National Congress from 26 July 2006 \u2013 26 July 2011 for Lima.With the election of Alan Garcia to the presidency, Fujimori now became the part of the congressional opposition. Adopting a moderate tone concerning Garcia, who did not have a majority of parliament, Fujimori announced her willingness to cooperate on certain issues. During her term, she played the role of a discreet legislator who was yet a prominent spokesperson for fujimorismo until the role was handed to Carlos Raffo Arce in 2008. Of the only 20 legislative projects she proposed in five years, just 6 were approved. The majority of her proposals concerned reforms of the legal code. Fujimori and her parliamentary bloc supported various government policies, such as their fruitless reform of the Penal Code to reintroduce the death penalty for terrorists. Later, she attempted to reintroduce the death penalty for pedophilia and robbery. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the \"sincere confession\" provision. In September 2007, she organized demonstrations in support of her father, who was now being judged for his previous crimes. She told the press that she was confident of his acquittal because \"there is no hard evidence.\" Fujimori insisted that her father was unaware of the crimes committed by Montesinos and other public functionaries. In December, the ex-president received his first guilty verdict and was convicted of participating in acts of corruption, murder, human rights abuses, and other charges. His daughter considered the ruling an \"injustice\", the result of \"political and judicial persecution\", saying that the Peruvian judiciary \"inspires no confidence.\" The next year, she said that if she was elected president, she would \"not hesitate\" to use her presidential pardon power on her own father.On 13 January 2008, Fujimori announced the creation of a new political party, Fuerza 2011, that would nominate a candidate for 2011. It would nominate her if her father was blocked from running by the law. Other Fujimorista organizations, such as Cambio 90 and New Majority, decided to maintain their organizational independence.In April 2009, Alberto was convicted for another time, this time sentenced for 25 years of prison for crimes against humanity, specifically referring to various massacres, which left 25 people in total dead. Before the ruling, Fujimori had organized another demonstration that had managed to obtain the attendance of 10,000 people, where she challenged the existence of any evidence against her father. She attributed the ruling to \"vengeance\" against \"the best president that we have ever had in the country.\" In an opinion poll taken at the time, 70% of the population believed that the ex-president was guilty, while just 27% believed he was innocent. At the same time, when asked whether they would support him for president, between 19 to 21% said that they would if he were allowed to run.Fujimori was criticized for absent from 500 sessions of Congress, according to the publication \"La Rep\u00fablica\". During this time, she gave birth to two daughters and needed to take maternity leave. Furthermore, she was outside of the country for a total of 223 days between August 2006 and 2010, being her primary trip destinations Chile (5 times) and the United States (10 times), where she spent almost 100 days between January and May 2008 finishing her master's degree in Columbia University. According to the same publication, of the 42 sessions of the commission on the economy in which she was a member, she was only present for 7.During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures to create Fuerza 2011, her own political party. Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.On 9 March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. On 19 May, she officially launched this new political organization. On 17 December, she announced her candidacy during a campaign in a Lima neighborhood. Rafael Rey Rey, minister of defense, Peruvian representative to the Andean Parliament and member of the conservative party National Renewal, was the first vice-presidential candidate while Jaime Yoshiyama, her father's former minister during his presidency, was the second.Throughout the entire campaign, Fujimori fiercely defended her various proposals, among them to apply the death penalty to certain crimes, create jobs, fight poverty, control public accounts, sponsor free trade, counter crime, begin an \"offensive against corruption\", improve the education system via a reward initiative for excellent teachers, and an accompanying system for gauging teacher skills. Her campaign was fundamentally built upon a defense of her father's government. In her opinion, that government had been responsible for defeating terrorism and stabilizing the economy. However, she also found it necessary to distance herself from the scandals that ended up ending the presidency of her father, trying to blame Montesinos for the violations of human rights and corruption while also promising to not pardon her father, a constitutional power of the president. Fujimori also recognized \"errors\" and \"excesses\" committed during her father's terms and reminded the public of her opposition to her father's third term.During the campaign for the first ballot, Fujimori became embroiled in a new scandal as she admitted to having received donations from people allegedly involved in drug trafficking during her run for Congress in 2006. She admitted to having received 10,000 dollars from two convicted women who, according to Fujimori, were victims of persecution.Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011; she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010. In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes (3.4\u00a0million), second only to Ollanta Humala, a leftist nationalist candidate who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%, followed by Alejandro Toledo and Luis Casta\u00f1eda, ex-mayor of Lima. Kuczynski and Casta\u00f1eda subsequently declared their support for Fujimori while Toledo declared for Humala. With 37 representatives, Fuerza 2011 became the second most powerful party in congress. Fujimori's brother, Kenji Gerardo Fujimori, was elected representative for Lima, receiving the most votes of any national candidate.The second vote was polarized. Near election date, polls indicated effectively a tie due to the margin of error. The election was also marked by fearmongering by both sides of the aisle. According to Sinesio Lopez, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, \"Humala's candidacy fed into fears that his political program would kill small businesses. Keiko's candidacy, meanwhile, fed into fears of a return to corruption and violation of human rights that had occurred during her father's government.\" Humala was also branded by his opponents as a purportedly Chavista authoritarian. As a result, both were incredibly polarizing figures, with polls showing that both encountered stern rejection from about 50% of the population during the first round of voting. According to the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, eight million people, mostly centrists and members of the middle class, said they would be electing the \"lesser evil\" for the nation.In the 5 June runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% (7,937,704 votes) to 48.66% (7,490,647 votes). She had received the majority of her support from the business community, conservatives, the majority of the press, liberal professionals, small businesses, the church, and much of the Lima middle class. With 90% of polls closed, Fujimori admitted her defeat and personally congratulated Humala on his win.After her 2011 defeat, Fujimori began to work toward a renewed campaign for 2016. Her strategy began with a small change as on 29 June 2012, she announced a new name for her party: Fuerza Popular, a change that officially took effect 4 January 2013. According to her, she had chosen a new name for the party so that it \"would be able to last in the times.\" The logo for her party, orange with a big white \"K\" (for Keiko), stayed the same. Furthermore, she continued to serve as its president. The new party did not present any declaration of ideology for the electoral authorities, but she seemed to maintain the essence of fujimorismo, including the defense of neoliberal economics, financial stability, and strict security. Despite these continuities, she continued to slowly distance herself from the legacy of her father.In October 2012, Fujimori and her brothers requested a humanitarian pardon for their father, who, according to the defense, was having health problems. Fujimori herself declared \"we are submitting a letter to president Ollanta Humala in order to inform him of this request for freedom. It will be personal letter from four children to inform him of the commencement of this process.\" In June 2013, Humala denied the request for clemency, alleging that according to a medical professional, the ex-president did not suffer from any terminal illness nor any serious and incurable mental illnesses. In January 2015, her father was convicted for a third time, this time sentenced for eight years for having been guilty for misappropriation of public funds to buy off tabloids for his 2000 election.Between 2011 and 2016, Fujimori intended to strengthen her party, travelling across the country to mitigate the hesitancy many still had toward her because of her connection to Alberto Fujimori, a factor that had been decisive in her 2011 defeat. She dedicated herself to cutting the association, including by removing corrupt members of her party and reaching out to youth. Her electoral base continued to be in Lima and the center of the country. Although she did not serve out a single public function during this period that could have increased her visibility, Fujimori led all opinion polls throughout 2015, with more than 30% support. She also benefited from an ongoing political crisis and accusations of corruption against Humala that made his approval ratings drop to just 20%.On 4 December 2015, Fujimori officially announced her candidacy for president in the 2016 elections. Her running mates were ex-minister of agriculture and irrigation Jose Chilmper Ackerman for first vice president and Vladimiro Huaroc Portocarrero, ex-regional governor of Junin as the second vice president. Fujimori outlined six \"pillars\", among them defense of institutions of a higher law, independence of powers, protection of human rights, support for limiting the armed forces, a free market, tax cuts, incentives for small businesses, use of emergency state funds to kickstart the economy, increase in supply of government bonds, and expansion of electrical and internet infrastructure in rural areas.In January 2016, there were 19 presidential candidates, but by the first vote, nine had been expelled or dropped out. Cesar Acuna y Julio Guzman, two of the main competitors, had been excluded according to the National Jury of Elections. The candidacy of Acuna was interrupted because he gave money to the people during the campaign and Guzman was forced out of the race because of questions about whether his party functioned democratically. Fujimori was not free of accusations as the JNE also requested her removal from the election after it came to light that she had received donations larger than those allowed by the election laws. Fujimori countered that the accusations against her were \"irresponsible\" and alleged insufficient evidence. The JNE dismissed the claims as unfounded, declaring that \"The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.\" The outcome provoked suspicions that the original exclusionary rulings had been made in favor of Fujimori's candidacy, calling into question the clarity of the system for applying the election rules.As the first vote arrived, Fujimori maintained her lead over her competitors. With Acu\u00f1a and Guzm\u00e1n's disqualifications, her main opponents were now the center-right economist and former minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK), the left-leaning psychologist and congresswoman Veronika Mendoza, and the former delegate Alfredo Barnechea. Also in the ring were Alan Garcia and Alejandro Toledo, ex-presidents whose prospects were dim because of investigations and revelations connecting them to Operation Car Wash.On the anniversary of the self-coup of 1992, more than 50,000 demonstrators, most of them called by the non-profit organization No a Keiko, protested Fujimori's candidacy with chants such as \"Fujimori never more\" in the Plaza San Martin. As she had done in the previous elections, she promised to not pardon her father, but promised also to continue the struggle in court for his release; she also affirmed that this was a decision taken by the whole family, not just herself. Fujimori maintained a high level of disapproval, approximately 45% according to Ipsos, deriving mainly from the negative legacy of her father who was again seeking freedom and appeals for his sentence. The appeals process intensified, bringing Keiko to distance herself from the controversial shadow of her father, vowing to not follow his path, to provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father, and to promise to not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise. She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency. She also supported the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, responsible for detailing the human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by both the Shining Path Insurgency and the government, for the first time.Polls indicated that she placed first in the first round of voting on 10 April, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Ver\u00f3nika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%. Fuerza Popular obtained an absolute majority in the congress, garnering 73 of 130 available seats. After learning of the results, Fujimori said, \"The new political map that has been drawn clearly shows us that Peru wants reconciliation and does not want any more violence.\" However, as no candidate had obtained a majority of votes for president, a second vote would be scheduled for 5 June.In this next stage of the campaign, Fujimori traveled across the country, especially to where her father continued to maintain a steady level of popularity, while PPK talked about possible allies and intended to present himself as a centrist candidate capable of winning over the antifujimorista vote. Fujimori continued to be the favorite according to polls, but her campaign suffered a major setback: as the election approached, accusations surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaqu\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular and one of Fujimori's principle aids. On 15 May 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisi\u00f3n that alleging that Ram\u00edrez was being investigated by the DEA for money laundering. According to the report, the DEA had a recording in which Ramirez told a commercial pilot, \"Do you know that \"China\" [referring to Keiko] gave me 15 million dollars during the last campaign in order to \"clean\" them for the 2011 campaign, and that I 'cleaned' them through a chain of faucets?\" The DEA denied that there was any investigation into Fujimori, who denied any involvement in the case or having in fact ever given any money to Ramirez. Her image continue to take a hit, primarily due to fears that the country would turn into a narco-state with her election, fears that were stoked by her rival PPK. At the same time, prosecutors announced they would be investigating suspicions of money laundering and other irregularities in Fujimori's campaign, which she dismissed as simply a smear campaign. In the final days before the vote, the leaders of the left, such as Mendoza, announced their support for PPK. At the beginning of June, another march organized by several left-leaning organizations against Fujimori garnered thousands of demonstraters in Lima, an event shared considerably via social media under the title \"it is not hate, it is love for Peru.\" According to analysts, this second march was decisive in those not yet decided showing support for the PPK.In a very contested election, Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski according to exit polls as ballots were counted late into the evening on 5 June 2016. The recount took up copious amounts of time after election day. Due to the narrow margin involved, the national (and international, to a lesser degree) press only began to consider PPK as the new \"virtual president\" on 9 June, four days after the original vote. At that point, PPK had obtained 50.12% of the vote, compared with 49.88% for Fujimori. On 10 June, Fujimori admitted her defeat, saying that her party had a \"vigilant\" opposition and wishing the new president elect well. On the other hand, Fujimori also claimed that the PPK had won with the help of \"promoters of hatred\" and \"the political, economic, and media power of the outgoing government.\" Kuczynski had won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on 28 July.After the 2016 elections, Fujimori continued to be the main leader of the opposition against PPK's government presiding over the parliamentary majority, while defending herself from accusations of having maintained a controversial relationship with the Odebrecht conglomerate. In December 2017, she supported the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, though he pardoned her father Alberto Fujimori on 24 December 2018 three days after the impeachment process failed.Her brother, Kenji Fujimori, declared his opposition to such a move, which worsened a growing rift between the siblings over their father's legacy and control of the opposition. In March 2018, PPK resigned having been accused of buying votes against his impeachment. At the time, Kenji was recorded negotiating for votes in favor of PPK's acquittal, dubbed his \"kenjivideos\", in return for a pardon for his father, a deal which PPK ended up following through with. When she found out about the videos, Keiko, accused of being partly responsible for the leak of the recordings, condemned her brother's actions. Upon his expulsion from Congress in June 2018, Kenji responded, \"Keiko, congratulations! Here you have my head on a platter.\" During the second round of elections in 2016, Kenji did not vote for his own sister because he refused to compromise on the freedom of their father or have a discourse on his errors. When he lost a challenge to become leader of Fuerza Popular, Kenji promised to run for president in 2021, something that his sister was also planning to do for the third time, this time in a new party that would split from Fuerza Popular along with other dissidents in the party.When PPK resigned on 23 March 2017, the presidency was passed to civil engineer Martin Vizcarra, with Fujimori welcoming him and wished for his \"success\" through a tweet the same day. Nevertheless, she heavily criticized Vizcarra's 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum since included on the ballot was whether citizens supported the re-election of congressmen and the return of a bicameral legislature. She claimed that the ballot items \"are evidence of centrist populism\", asked the president to \"stop seeing congress members as your enemies\", and was empowered to make as the parliamentary majority leader to attempt to defeat the measures through the referendum.On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was arrested and placed in provisional detention on charges of money laundering days after the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the pardon of her father, ordering him back to prison. The arrest came at the request of the Public Ministry, who accused her of illegally receiving money from Odebrecht during her campaign in 2011 as part of the Lava Jato corruption scandal. The arrest order stated that she led a \"criminal organization inside of Fuerza 2011 [today Fuerza Popular].\" In response, Fujimori wrote, \"this is what we call political persecution ... without evidence against me, I am deprived of liberty, but still with my head held high and my spirit intact.\" On 18 October, she was let go as her appeal was accepted by the National Audience. On 31 October, she was arrested again when she was again sentenced to 3 years of pretrial detention for money laundering and \"a high risk of escaping\", as per the decision by judge Richard Concepcion Carhuancho. Fujimori appealed yet again to be set free but the appeal was rejected by the Superior Court of Justice in January 2019. By August of that year, the Supreme Court, due to an impasse between its members, delayed their decision on her appeal. During the investigations, in September, the publication \"La Republica\" revealed that Fujimori had used a pseudonym together with the rest of her party's leadership in a Telegram group chat called \"Titanic Group\" where she made the most important party decisions under the name Ruth. By the beginning of December, Jose Camayo, a businessman investigated for the \"White Collar Port\" case involved with Fuerza Popular, declared before the Operation Car Wash Special Team that Se\u00f1ora K, a persona accused of corruption, was in fact Keiko Fujimori herself, something that was later denied by her, and yet still had a significant impact on the ongoing investigation. In January 2020, the tribunal decided, four votes to three, to grant her \"habeas corpus\" on the grounds that the preventative detention sentence was invalid for its violation of her liberty. Shortly afterward, her husband Mark Vito began a hunger strike in a camp installed in front of the prison where she was detained. On 28 January, the judge Victor Zuniga Urday re-imposed a preventive prison for 15 months on the charges of money laundering from the Odebrecht company. On 30 April 2020, a Peruvian appeals court overturned her 15-month detention order and granted her a conditional release from prison. She was finally released on bail on 5 May 2020.After a few months out of the spotlight despite still leading her party, on 25 September 2020, she announced her total return to politics. A month later, 30 November, still under investigation by the Operation Car Wash team, she tweeted that she was officially announcing her candidacy as the Fuerza Popular's presidential candidate with her ballot partners ex-congressional president Luis Galarreta as first vice president and the former lawyer and director of National Solidarity, Patricia Juarez as second vice president. Fujimori's party helped lead the controversial removal of Mart\u00edn Vizcarra and his replacement by Manuel Merino, which resulted with the peaceful 2020 Peruvian protests. The protests were violently put down, resulting in the deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo. Shortly after their deaths, Fujimori lamented what had happened and also considered the current situation as \"unsustainable\", calling for Merino to step down or else he \"should be censured right here right now\", a move she believed a majority of Congress would support.On 9 December, she officially won the internal party elections to be come Fuerza Popular's candidate for the 2021 election. The campaign got off to a rocky start as on the same day as a victory, a poll by \"Peru21\" released a national Datum poll which revealed that 63% of Peruvians said they would \"never vote\" for her. Then, on 21 December, the National Jury of Elections declared that Fuerza Popular's presidential board was \"inadmissible\" and gave them two days to follow their instructions. In the end, the board was finally revised and admitted.She has said that she wanted to be a president with a \"heavy hand\" and \"authority\", proposing increased legal protection on law enforcement. She has called for the construction of more prisons to reduce overcrowding and to offer more instances of probation for small crime offenders. In a break with previous elections in which she promised not to pardon her father, Fujimori emphasized her closeness to his legacy during this election, stating that \"after conversations that I have had with my father, through letters and during the year he's recently had in freedom, we've been able to get much closer and understand things about each other\" as well as expressing that his presidency \"was not a dictatorship, despite some moments of authoritarianism\", and making clear a renewed promise to pardon her father if elected. She proposes a large stimulus to voters that would represent three percent of Peru's annual gross domestic product, possibly increasing the low national debt that exists in Peru. Throughout the presidential campaign, she was among the frontrunners in opinion polling. Following the first round election, Fujimori gave a speech in which she framed the runoff as a battle between \"markets and Marxism\", framing her second round opponent Pedro Castillo as a communist. Americas Society/Council of the Americas wrote that a Fujimori presidency would bring the appearance of maintaining the \"status quo\" in Peru, but it would make the nation \"far from stable.\" After Castillo took the lead during the ballot-counting process in the second round of elections, Fujimori disseminated unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud. According to \"The Guardian\", various international observers countered Fujimori's claims, stating that the election process was conducted in accordance with international standards, with electoral observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denying any instances of widespread fraud while also praising the accuracy of the elections. Fujimori's statements about possibly overturning the election were described as being inspired by the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election by former U.S. president Donald Trump. \"The Guardian\" also reported that analysts and political observers criticized Fujimori's remarks, noting that it made her appear desperate after losing her third presidential run in a ten-year period. If elected into the presidency, criminal investigations against Fujimori would be suspended until July 2026, with Anne Applebaum writing in \"The Atlantic\" that \"the personal stakes are high. ... Fujimori previously spent a year in jail while awaiting trial for allegedly collecting illegal campaign contributions, and she could conceivably be sent back.\"Fujimori has continued to promote her father's ideology of Fujimorism within Peru and her political career was her father's idea. \"The New York Times\" wrote that her political movement was created \"to help whitewash\" her father Alberto's legacy. She has been described as having an authoritarian, centre-right, right-wing populist, and far-right political ideology. According to Fujimori, she believes in leading Peru with a \"heavy hand\" and that democracy \"cannot be weak ... must be supported by a solid principle of authority.\" If on one hand fujimoristas have the support of at least 10.9% of the population, on the other there also exists \"antifujimorismo\", a group of activists who strongly reject the legacy of her father and see in his daughter not only a threat but a complete reversal of democracy, and that is considered one of the most important political forces in Peru, despite her attempts to craft her image as a moderate.Defeated in the 1990 elections by Alberto Fujimori, writer and politician Mario Vargas Llosa has been one of the voices most critical of Keiko, although his opinion of her has evolved over time. During her candidacy in the 2011 Peruvian general election, Vargas Llosa said \"the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history\", while during her candidacy for the 2016 Peruvian general election, he stated that \"Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murderer and thief. I do not want her to win the elections.\" When Fujimori faced far-left candidate Pedro Castillo in 2021, Vargas Llosa endorsed her as the \"lesser of two evils\", a position criticized as being \"the neoliberal right ... allied with authoritarian Fujimori\" by Argentine newspaper \"P\u00e1gina/12\", who said the writer was \"betting on fear and resuscitating an anti-communist coalition.\"Michael Shifter, professor and president of Interamerican Dialogue, admitted that Fujimori has \"definite political skill\" and \"has constructed a base of support.\" However, he considers the holdover of many of her father's officials in her own team as something that \"generates resistance in parts of society that still have very bad memories from years defined by violation of human rights, corruption, and a polarized political climate.\"According to a poll taken by Ipsos in March 2016, 27% of voters \"definitely would not vote\" for her. Fujimori's Popular Force party, which held a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru until its dissolution in 2019, has little public support in Peru. In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%. By July 2018, her public approval had dropped to 14% and her disapproval had increased to more than 88%, with his drop in her approval rating being correlated with allegations that placed her in the midst of the Odebrecht scandal. Prior to first round presidential elections in 2021, Ipsos polls found that 66.3% of respondents definitely would not vote for her, 7.1% probably would not vote for her, 16.3% probably would vote for her, and 7% definitely would vote for her.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "Stony Brook University"], "facts": [["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Stony Brook University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "January 1981", "January 1993"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2011"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "member of political party", "Popular Force", "January 2010", "May 2023"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "First Lady of Peru", "August 1994", "November 2000"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Boston University", "January 1995", "January 1997"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Columbia Business School", "January 2004", "January 2008"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did \u00c5ke Pleijel work for from September 1940 to March 1947?", "adv_question": "Which employers did \u00c5ke Pleijel work for from September 1940 to 03/1947?", "date": "September 05 1940", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stockholm University", "Institute for Advanced Study"]}, "id": "L2M_Q6051696_P108_20", "fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from November 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to January 1979. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to January 1941. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1952. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from January 1932 to January 1940.", "adv_fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from 01/1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from Nov 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to 01/1979. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from Jan 1932 to 01/1940. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1952.", "context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel\u00c5ke Pleijel (10 August 1913 \u2013 24 September 1989) was a Swedish mathematician.He completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at Stockholm University in 1940 (with Torsten Carleman as supervisor), and later became Professor of Mathematics at Uppsala University.\u00c5ke Pleijel published the paper in which the Minakshisundaram\u2013Pleijel zeta function was introduced.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Uppsala University", "Lund University", "Royal Institute of Technology"], "facts": [["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Royal Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1952"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Uppsala University", "January 1967", "January 1979"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Lund University", "January 1952", "January 1965"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1947", "January 1948"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Stockholm University", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "educated at", "Stockholm University", "January 1932", "January 1940"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "spouse", "Sonja Berg Pleijel", "November 1937", "January 1967"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Lee Patrick Brown work for from January 1970 to June 1973?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Lee Patrick Brown work for from 01/1970 to June 1973?", "date": "January 19 1970", "text_answers": {"text": ["Portland State University", "Howard University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q866128_P108_9", "fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from January 1998 to January 2004. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from January 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to January 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from January 1972 to January 1975.", "adv_fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from Jan 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from Jan 1998 to 01/2004. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to Jan 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from Jan 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from Jan 1972 to Jan 1975.", "context": "Lee P. BrownLee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is an American politician, criminologist and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African-American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was re-elected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades. With practical experience and a doctorate from University of California, Berkeley, he has combined research and operations in his career. After serving as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, he was appointed in 1982 as the first African-American police chief in Houston, Texas, where he implemented techniques in community policing to reduce crime.His parents, Andrew and Zelma Brown were sharecroppers in Oklahoma, and Lee Brown was born in Wewoka. His family, including five brothers and one sister, moved to California in the second wave of the Great Migration and his parents continued as farmers. A high school athlete, Brown earned a football scholarship to Fresno State University, where he earned a B.S. in criminology in 1960. That year he started as a police officer in San Jose, California, where he served for eight years. Brown was elected as the president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association (union) and served from 1965\u20131966.Brown went on to earn a master's degree in sociology from San Jos\u00e9 State University in 1964, and became an assistant professor there in 1968. He also earned a second master's degree in criminology from University of California, Berkeley in 1968. In the same year, he moved to Portland, Oregon, where he established and served as chairman of the Department of Administration of Justice at Portland State University.In 1972, Brown was appointed associate director of the Institute of Urban Affairs and Research and professor of Public Administration and director of Criminal Justice programs at Howard University. In 1974, Brown was named Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon and in 1976 became director of the Department of Justice Services.In 1978 he was appointed Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, serving to 1982. Brown and his staff oversaw investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders case and increased efforts to provide safety in black areas of the city during the period when murders were committed. A critical element of reform during Brown's tenure was increasing diversity of the police force. By the time Brown resigned to accept the top police job in Houston, Atlanta's police force was 20 percent black.In 1982 Brown was the first African American to be appointed as Police Chief to the City of Houston, serving until 1990. He was first appointed by Mayor Kathy Whitmire. The Houston Police Department seemed to be in constant turmoil and badly needed reform. According to one of Brown's colleagues at Atlanta, ... \"Everybody knows Lee likes challenges and anyone who knows about the Houston Police Department knows it's one helluva challenge.\" After coming to Houston, Brown quickly began to implement methods of community policing, building relationships with the city's diverse communities.The Houston Police Officers Union (HPOU) recently published a history describing in more detail how Brown's reforms were implemented and how it became accepted by the officers as well as the communities they served over a period of years. Initially, the officers were unimpressed by what Brown termed Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP). Old-time officers saw it as simply reverting to a long-discredited policy of \"walking a beat,\" and claimed the acronym meant \"never on patrol.\"Brown and his staff divided the city into 23 identifiable \"neighborhoods.\" Each neighborhood had a small informal office, located in a storefront, where people from the neighborhood were invited to come in and discuss their concerns or problems with one of the officers that served there. Brown emphasized through his officer training sessions that getting feedback from the public was as important as writing up tickets or doing paperwork chores. The neighborhood officers soon recognized the hot spots and the neighborhood \"movers and shakers\" who could be helpful in preventing problems.Brown was credited with getting more police officers into the neighborhoods during his tenure. Relations between the residents and the police were far better than ever before, with residents becoming willing to work with the police implementing various activities. He was quoted as saying that sixty percent of all cities in the U.S. had adopted some form of NOP by the time he stepped down as Houston's chief.In December 1989 Brown was named by Mayor David Dinkins as Police Commissioner of New York City, the first non-New Yorker appointed in a quarter of a century as head of the nation's largest police force. In January 1990, he took over a police force that was seven times the size of Houston's, with \"a complex organization of more than 26,000 officers\" and a 346-member executive corps of officers at the rank of captain and above. At the time, the force was 75% white; there were issues of perception of police justice and sensitivity in a city with a population estimated to be half minorities: black, Hispanic and Asian.Brown implemented community policing citywide, which reportedly quadrupled the number of police officers on foot patrol and had a goal of creating a partnership between the police and citizens. The fact that reported crimes were 6.7 percent lower for the first four months of 1992, compared to the previous year, indicated that Brown's program was having a positive effect, according to the Treadwell article.On the other hand, according to Treadwell, the police department was being criticized for the alleged ineffectiveness of its internal affairs division in the wake of allegations of drug dealing and bribery by some officers. Dinkins had appointed a five-member panel to investigate the corruption allegations, and had asked the City Council to establish an all-civilian review board to look at charges of police brutality. Brown was already on record as opposing both actions. Both Brown and Dinkins took great pains to assure reporters that the policy disagreement played no role in Brown's decision to leave.Brown submitted his resignation from the New York City position effective September 1, 1992. He and Mayor Dinkins held a joint news conference to explain the reason for his sudden departure. Brown stated that he was leaving to care for his wife, who was ill, and to rejoin the rest of his family, who were still in Houston. He added that he had accepted a college teaching position in Houston.In 1993 Brown was appointed by President Bill Clinton as his Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, or \"Drug Czar\"), and moved to Washington, DC. The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment.In the late 1990s, Brown returned to Houston and entered politics directly, running for mayor. In 1997, Brown became the first African American elected as mayor of Houston. During Brown's administration, the city invested extensively in infrastructure: it started the first 7.5-mile leg of its light-rail system and obtained voter approval for an extension, along with increases in bus service, park and ride facilities and HOV lanes. It opened three new professional sports facilities, attracting visitors to the city. It revitalized the downtown area: constructing the City's first convention center hotel, doubling the size of the convention center; and constructing the Hobby Center of the Performing Arts. In addition, it built and renovated new libraries, police and fire stations. Brown initiated a $2.9\u00a0billion development program at the city's airport, which consisted of new terminals and runways; and a consolidated rental car facility; in addition to renovating other terminals and runways, he built a new water treatment plant.Brown also advanced the city's affirmative action program; installed programs in city libraries to provide access to the Internet; built the state-of-the-art Houston Emergency Communications Center; implemented e-government, and opened new parks. Brown led trade missions for the business community to other countries and promoted international trade. He increased the number of foreign consulates.Brown undertook a massive program to reconstruct the downtown street system and replace the aging underground utility system. The accompanying traffic problems was made a campaign issue by his opponent, three-term city councilman Orlando Sanchez in the 2001 election campaign. In 2001 Brown narrowly survived the reelection challenge and runoff against Sanchez, a Cuban-born man who grew up in Houston. The election characterized by especially high voter turnout in both black and Hispanic districts.Sanchez' supporters highlighted poor street conditions, campaigning that the \"P stands for Pothole,\" referring to Brown's middle initial. Sanchez drove a Hummer as his campaign vehicle during this period, which was adorned with the banner, \"With Brown in Town it's the only way to get around.\"Following the death of Houston Fire Captain Jay Janhke in the line of duty, Sanchez gained endorsements from the fire/emergency medical services sector. Brown changed Fire Department policy on staffing as a result of the captain's death.The Brown-Sanchez election attracted involvement from several national political figures, who contributed to its rhetoric. Brown was endorsed by former Democratic president Bill Clinton while Sanchez was endorsed by then-President George W. Bush, former President George H.W. Bush and his wife, former First Lady Barbara Bush; Rudy Giuliani and a host of other Republicans. Some members of the President's cabinet campaigned for Sanchez in Houston.The contest had ethnic undertones as Sanchez, a Cuban American, was vying to become the first Hispanic mayor of Houston; he challenged Brown, who was the city's first African-American mayor. According to the U.S. Census 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White (including Hispanic or Latino), 25.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 37% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.Voting split along racial and political party lines, with a majority of African Americans and Asians (largely Democrats) supporting Brown, and a majority of Hispanic and Anglo voters (largely Republicans) supporting Sanchez. Brown had 43% in the first round of voting, and Sanchez 40%, which resulted in their competing in a run-off. Chris Bell received 16% of the ballots cast in the first round. Brown narrowly won reelection by a margin of three percentage points following heavy voter turnout in predominantly Black precincts, compared to relatively light turnout in Hispanic precincts, although Hispanic voting in the runoff election was much higher than previously.Brown's 2001 reelection was one of the last major political campaigns supported by the Houston-based Enron Corporation, which collapsed in a financial scandal days after the election.Brown was married twice. His first wife, Yvonne Brown, died of cancer after they had four children together. He is married to Frances Young, a teacher in the Houston Independent School District.Brown is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha collegiate fraternity and Sigma Pi Phi, an African-American fraternity for those who have achieved distinction in their chosen profession.While in Houston, Dr. Brown was a Professor at Texas Southern University and Director of the university's Black Male Initiative Program.Brown is a co-founder of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE). Brown is chairman and CEO of Brown Group International, which is a business solutions organization.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["San Jose Police Department", "Houston Police Department", "New York City Police Department", "Office of National Drug Control Policy"], "facts": [["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "New York City Police Commissioner", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "chief of police", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Houston Police Department", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Portland State University", "January 1968", "January 1972"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "January 1993", "January 1996"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Howard University", "January 1972", "January 1975"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "Mayor of Houston", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "San Jose Police Department", "January 1960", "January 1968"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "New York City Police Department", "January 1990", "January 1992"]]}
{"question": "Where were Gary Payton II educated from March 2011 to February 2013?", "adv_question": "Where were Gary Payton II educated from Mar 2011 to Feb 2013?", "date": "March 12 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Westwind Preparatory Academy", "Salt Lake Community College"]}, "id": "L2M_Q19979256_P69_3", "fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from January 2011 to January 2012. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from January 2012 to January 2014. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016.", "adv_fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from 01/2012 to 01/2014. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from 01/2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from Jan 2011 to 01/2012.", "context": "Gary Payton IIGary Dwayne Payton II (born December 1, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a junior and senior playing college basketball for the Oregon State Beavers, Payton was named first-team All-Pac-12 as well as Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. He is the son of NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton. His nickname is \"The Mitten\", a reference to his father's nickname \"The Glove\".Payton was born in Seattle, Washington to Monique and Gary Payton, while his father was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics. He attended Spring Valley High School where he lettered two years in basketball and one year in swimming before graduating in 2011. He then enrolled at Westwind Preparatory Academy for the 2011\u201312 season.Payton played two seasons at Salt Lake Community College in Salt Lake City, Utah. He averaged 9.4 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 1.9 steals per game as a freshman (2012\u201313) and led the Bruins to a 29\u20135 overall record and 14\u20131 mark in the Scenic West Athletic Conference (SWAC), where they won the Region 18 Championship and outright SWAC title in 2013. Payton was named First Team All-SWAC and made Region 18 All-Tournament Team as a freshman. In his sophomore year, he averaged 14.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.9 steals per game earning him Second Team NJCAA Division I All-American and was voted 2014 Region 18 Co-Player of the Year and Region 18 Tournament Most Valuable Player. The Bruins finished with a 27\u20137 overall record and won their second consecutive Region 18 Championship.During Payton's sophomore season at Salt Lake CC he signed a letter of intent to play for his father's alma mater Oregon State under men's head basketball coach Craig Robinson. Robinson was fired before the start of the 2014\u201315 basketball season and was replaced by University of Montana head coach Wayne Tinkle. Having lost their top five scorers from the previous season, Pac-12 coaches picked Oregon State to finish 12th in the 2014\u201315 season. Instead, the up-tempo Beavers finished 7th with a 4\u20131 record against the conference's top three teams, Arizona, Oregon and Utah. In their game against Grambling State Payton recorded 10 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists, becoming only the second Beaver ever with a triple-double in a game. His father, Hall of Famer Gary Payton, is the other Beaver with a triple-double when he had 20 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against the University of Portland in 1988. Following a home sweep of the Los Angeles schools Payton was named the January 26, 2015 Pac-12 Conference Player of the Week. During his first season at Oregon State Payton led his team in multiple categories: scoring, rebounds, and steals. On March 9, 2015 Pac-12 coaches voted Payton to the All-Pac-12 First Team, All-Pac-12 Defensive Team and named him the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award for top point guard of the year. He was named to the 35-man mid-season watchlist for the Naismith Player of the Year on February 11.After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Payton II joined the Houston Rockets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 23, 2016, he signed with the Rockets, but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in six preseason games. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Rockets. On December 3, 2016, he scored 51 points on 20-of-29 shooting to go with 11 rebounds in a 140\u2013125 win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.On April 2, 2017, Payton II signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He made his debut for the Bucks that night, scoring five points in nine minutes off the bench in a 109\u2013105 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. Payton II was waived on October 14 as one of the team's final 2017\u201318 preseason roster cuts. On October 17, 2017, Payton II was given a two-way contract with the Bucks via their NBA G League affiliate the Wisconsin Herd, meaning he'd officially return to Milwaukee for the start of the season. Payton II would have his first start in the NBA on November 22, 2017, against the Phoenix Suns, playing as the starting small forward for the Bucks that night due to team injuries. While he would end the night early due to an injury of his own, the Bucks would win that night in overtime. On December 13, Payton II was waived from the Bucks in favor of Sean Kilpatrick.On January 15, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers signed Payton II to a two-way contract. Throughout the rest of the season, he split his playing time between the Los Angeles Lakers and their NBA G League affiliate, the South Bay Lakers. On the final game of the season, Payton scored a career-high 25 points and also posted a career-high 12 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.On September 4, 2018, Payton signed a training camp contract with the Portland Trail Blazers. On October 13, 2018, Payton was waived by the Trail Blazers.On December 12, 2018, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League announced via Twitter that they had re-acquired Payton.On January 21, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards on a 10-day contract, and Payton made his debut for the Wizards on January 22 in a 101\u201387 win over the Detroit Pistons, but was not offered for a second 10-day contract.On February 2, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers announced that they had reacquired Payton.On October 24, 2019, the Canton Charge acquired the returning right from Rio Grande Valley Vipers for Payton in exchange for Jaron Blossomgame. Two days later on October 26, 2019, Payton was traded to the South Bay Lakers for Sheldon Mac and Robert Heyer. Two days later on October 28, 2019, Payton was added to the training camp roster of the South Bay Lakers. On November 4, 2019, Payton was included in the opening night roster of the South Bay Lakers.On December 23, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards. On July 9, 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19.On January 11, 2021, Payton was selected 15th overall by the Raptors 905 in the first 2021 NBA G League draft, where he averaged 10.8 points on 55.5 percent shooting from the field, 5.6 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 2.54 steals in 21.9 minutes per game. At the end of the shortened single-site season in Orlando, he was named the 2021 Defensive Player of the Year.On April 8, 2021, Payton signed a 10-day contract with the Golden State Warriors. On April 19, he signed a second 10-day contract and on May 16, he was signed for the rest of the season.| style=\"text-align:left;\"| ", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Oregon State University"], "facts": [["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Salt Lake Community College", "January 2012", "January 2014"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Oregon State University", "January 2014", "January 2016"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Westwind Preparatory Academy", "January 2011", "January 2012"], ["Gary Payton II", "member of sports team", "Oregon State Beavers men's basketball", "January 2014", "January 2016"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Flavio Zanonato belong to from December 1990 to June 1993?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Flavio Zanonato belong to from December 1990 to June 1993?", "date": "December 16 1990", "text_answers": {"text": ["Italian Communist Party", "Democratic Party of the Left"]}, "id": "L2M_Q3746528_P102_5", "fact_context": "Flavio Zanonato held the position of Italian Minister of Economic Development from April 2013 to February 2014. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Flavio Zanonato held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2014 to July 2019. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democrats of the Left from January 1998 to January 2007. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Italian Communist Party from January 1968 to January 1991. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from January 1991 to January 1998.", "adv_fact_context": "Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democratic Party of the Left from Jan 1991 to January 1998. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Italian Communist Party from January 1968 to 01/1991. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement from 01/2017 to May 2023. \n Flavio Zanonato held the position of member of the European Parliament from 07/2014 to 07/2019. \n Flavio Zanonato was a member of the Democrats of the Left from January 1998 to January 2007. \n Flavio Zanonato held the position of Italian Minister of Economic Development from Apr 2013 to February 2014.", "context": "Flavio ZanonatoFlavio Zanonato (born 24 July 1950 in Padua) is an Italian politician. He is the former mayor of Padua.A long-time member of the Italian Communist Party and of its successor parties, he joined the Democratic Party.After two terms as mayor of Padua (1993\u20131995, when he replaced Paolo Giaretta, and 1995\u20131999), he was defeated by Giustina Mistrello Destro in 1999. From 2000 to 2004 he was floor leader of the Democrats of the Left in the Regional Council of Veneto, where he was elected as the most voted regional deputy in the 2000 regional election.In 2004 Zanonato defeated incumbent Giustina Mistrello Destro and was elected for the third time Mayor of Padua with an absolute majority of 51.9% at the first round.In 2009 Zanonato defeated Marco Marin and was elected mayor of Padua for the fourth time in the second round run off winning 52% of the vote.On March 2021, at the age of 70, Zanonato graduated in Philosophy at the University of Padua.From April 2013 to February 2014 he was minister of economic development in the cabinet of Prime Minister Enrico Letta.Zanonato became a Member of the European Parliament in the 2014 European elections. In Parliament, he was a member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. In addition to his committee assignments, he served as a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara and the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime). He joined the Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement in 2017.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Democrats of the Left", "Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement"], "facts": [["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Italian Communist Party", "January 1968", "January 1991"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Article 1 \u2013 Democratic and Progressive Movement", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "position held", "Italian Minister of Economic Development", "April 2013", "February 2014"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Democrats of the Left", "January 1998", "January 2007"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2014", "July 2019"], ["Flavio Zanonato", "member of political party", "Democratic Party of the Left", "January 1991", "January 1998"]]}
{"question": "Where were Jan Carew educated from January 1945 to January 1946?", "adv_question": "Where were Jan Carew educated from January 1945 to January 1946?", "date": "January 07 1945", "text_answers": {"text": ["Howard University", "Case Western Reserve University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q3161626_P69_0", "fact_context": "Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew studied at Howard University from January 1945 to January 1946. \n Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from January 1986 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from January 1966 to January 1968. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from January 1949 to January 1950. \n Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to January 1972. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from January 1946 to January 1948. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from January 1991 to January 1993. \n Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from January 1989 to January 1991. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from January 2000 to January 2001.", "adv_fact_context": "Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from Jan 1986 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from 01/1989 to Jan 1991. \n Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 01/1966 to Jan 1968. \n Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from Jan 1946 to 01/1948. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from Jan 1991 to Jan 1993. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from 01/1949 to Jan 1950. \n Jan Carew studied at Howard University from 01/1945 to 01/1946. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from Jan 2000 to January 2001. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to Jan 1972.", "context": "Jan CarewJan Rynveld Carew (24 September 1920 \u2013 6 December 2012) was a Guyana-born novelist, playwright, poet and educator, who lived at various times in The Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Jamaica, Canada and the United States. His works, diverse in form and multifaceted, make Jan Carew an important intellectual of the Caribbean world. His poetry and his first two novels, \"Black Midas\" and \"The Wild Coast\" (both published in 1958 by Secker & Warburg in London), were significant landmarks of the West Indian literature then attempting to cope with its colonial past and assert its wish for autonomy. He worked with the late President Cheddi Jagan in the fight for Guianese independence. Carew also played an important part in the Black movement gaining strength in England and North America, publishing reviews and newspapers, producing programmes and plays for the radio and the television. His scholarly research drove him to question traditional historiographies and the prevailing historical models of the conquest of America. The way he reframed Christopher Columbus as an historical character outside his mythical hagiography became a necessary path in his mind to build anew the Caribbean world on sounder foundations.Jan Rynveld Carew was born on 24 September 1920 at Agricola, a coastal village also called Rome, in British Guiana (present-day Guyana), the South American colony of the British Empire that would become Guyana. He was the middle child and only son of Ethel Robertson and Alan Carew. From 1924 to 1926, the Carews lived in the United States but Jan Carew and his elder sister had to come back to Guyana after the kidnapping of his younger sister in New York in 1926. The child would be recovered and sent back to her family in 1927. Carew's father lived on several occasions in the United States and Canada, working for a while with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and thus crossing the American continent from Halifax to Vancouver. His memories would fuel the imagination of the young Carew. From 1926 to 1938, he was educated in Guyana, first attending the Agricola Wesleyan School, then the Catholic elementary school and then Berbice High School, a Canadian Scottish Presbyterian School, in New Amsterdam. He passed his Senior Cambridge Examination in 1938.In 1939, he became a part-time teacher at Berbice High School for Girls, and then was called up to the British Army as the Second World War broke out in Europe. He served in the Coast Artillery Regiment until 1943. From 1943 to 1944, he was a customs officer in Georgetown.At the time, he published his first text in the Christmas Annual and was working a lot on his painting and drawing. From 1944 to 1945, he worked at the Price Controls Office in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.Carew felt himself to be part of the Caribbean world that for him included \"the island archipelago, the countries of the Caribbean littoral and Guyana, Surinam, and Cayenne.\" He found the paradoxical unity of the Caribbean way of life in the \"successive waves of cultural alienation\" that shaped the Caribbean frame of mind from \"a mosaic of cultural fragments - Amerindian, African, European, Asian.\"At the age of 17, he left Guyana for the United States, where he studied at Howard University and Western Reserve University (1944\u201348), the predecessor of Case Western Reserve University. He also went to Charles University in Prague (1948\u201350) and the Sorbonne in Paris.In what he described as his \"endless journeyings\", he lived at different times in the Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Canada and the United States. In England, he acted with Laurence Olivier and edited the \"Kensington Post\". He also worked as a broadcaster and writer with the BBC and lectured in race relations at London University.He always maintained his Caribbean links, and in 1962 served as director of culture in British Guiana under the Jagan administration. According to York University Professor Emeritus Dr. Frank Birbalsingh, \"'He was a strong supporter of the late Dr. Cheddi Jagan and the People's Progressive Party. He was quite fearless when it came to politics.'\"Between 1962 and 1966 Carew lived in Jamaica with his then wife Sylvia Wynter, and then moved to Canada for some years before settling in the USA.He taught at Princeton, Rutgers, Illinois Wesleyan, Hampshire College, Northwestern and Lincoln Universities. He was Emeritus Professor of African American Studies at Northwestern University.Jan Carew died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, at the age of 92, survived by his widow Dr Joy Gleason, his daughters Lisa St Aubin de Ter\u00e1n and Shantoba Eliza Carew, and his son, David Christopher Carew.His memoir \"Potaro Dreams: My Youth in Guyana\" was posthumously published in 2014. Envisaged as a first volume, covering the period from birth in 1920 to 1939 when Carew was drawn into the Second World War, the book was described by the author as \"the prism\" through which he would approach life.Carew wrote novels, short stories, plays, memoirs and other non-fiction, as well as children's stories and books, but he remains best known for his first novel, \"Black Midas\" (1958). His many other works include \"The Wild Coast\", \"The Last Barbarian,\" \"Moscow Is Not My Mecca\" (US edition, \"Green Winter\", 1965), \"Fulcrums of Change\" (1988), \"Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean\" (1994), and \"The Guyanese Wanderer\" (Sarabande Books, 2007).He wrote (together with Sylvia Wynter) the screenplay of a television drama, \"The Big Pride\" (ITV/Associated Television, 1961).His essays include \"The Caribbean writer in exile\", \"Columbus and the origin of racism in the Americas: part one\" (\"Race & Class\", April 1988, 29: 1\u201319), \"The fusion of African and Amerindian folk myths\" (\"Bim\" 16. 64, 1978: 241\u201357), \"United We Stand! Joint Struggles of Native Americans and African Americans in the Columbian Era\" (\"Monthly Review\", Vol. 44, No. 3: July\u2013August 1992), \"Culture and Rebellion\" (\"Race & Class\": Special issue \u2013 Black America: the street and the campus, Vol. 35, No. 1, July \u2013 September 1993), \"Jonestown revisited\" (Eusi Kwayana, \"A New Look At Jonestown: Dimensions from a Guyanese Perspective\", Carib House, 2016), \"The Ivory trade: The cruelest trade of all, white gold\", \"The Synergen project\", \"The Amaranth project\", \"Estevanico: The African Explorer\" (\"Journal of African Civilizations\", 3 (1) April 1981, pp.\u00a086\u201399) and \"Moorish Culture-Bringers: Bearers of Englightenment\" (in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., \"Golden Age of the Moor\", New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1992: 248\u201377).Carew was a pioneer in the field of Pan-African Studies.Some of the noted figures to whom Carew has been connected are W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, Kwame Nkrumah, Shirley Graham Du Bois, Maurice Bishop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Edward Scobie, John Henrik Clarke, Tsegaye Medhin Gabre, Sterling D. Plumpp and Ivan Van Sertima.In his book \"Grenada: The Hour Will Strike Again\" (1985), published two years after the American invasion of Grenada, \"Carew unearthed and revealed sources of independence in the country itself. [The book] went back to and beyond the struggles of the rebellious African captives, but to the epic resistance of the island's indigenous population.\"As noted by Eusi Kwayana, Carew \"was an environmentalist long before it become fashionable\" and made a recommendation to the government of Guyana for an international involvement for a million acres of forestland in Guyana, which inspired an Act on the Guyanese statute book to provide for approximately 360,000 hectares of tropical rainforest for the purposes of research \"to make available to Guyana and the International Community systems, methods, and techniques for the sustainable management and utilisation of the multiple resources of the Tropical forest and the conservation of biological diversity and for matters incidental thereto.\"The many awards that Carew received include a London \"Daily Mirror\" Award for Best Play in 1964, the Casa de las Am\u00e9ricas Prize for poetry, the Walter Rodney Memorial Award from the Association of Caribbean Studies, in 1985; the London Hansib Publication Award, 1990; the Paul Robeson Award for \"living a life of art and politics\", 1998; the Clark-Atlanta University Nkyinkyim Award in 2002; and in 2003 the Caribbean-Canadian Lifetime Creative Award from the Caribbean Canadian Literary Exposition, 2003.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Charles University"], "facts": [["Jan Carew", "spouse", "Sylvia Wynter", "January 1958", "July 1971"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Illinois Wesleyan University", "January 1991", "January 1993"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Case Western Reserve University", "January 1946", "January 1948"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "George Mason University", "January 1989", "January 1991"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Charles University", "January 1949", "January 1950"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Howard University", "January 1945", "January 1946"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Northwestern University Department of African American Studies", "January 1973", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "University of Louisville", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Yale University", "January 1969", "January 1972"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Hampshire College", "January 1986", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "January 1966", "January 1968"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Michael Batty work for from August 1967 to March 1970?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Michael Batty work for from Aug 1967 to 03/1970?", "date": "August 18 1967", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Manchester", "University of Reading"]}, "id": "L2M_Q6845991_P108_8", "fact_context": "Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from January 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from January 1966 to January 1969. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from January 2009 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from January 1990 to January 1995. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to January 1979. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to January 1990.", "adv_fact_context": "Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from Jan 2009 to 05/2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to Jan 1979. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from 01/1990 to 01/1995. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from Jan 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from Jan 1966 to 01/1969. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to 01/1990.", "context": "Michael BattyMichael Batty CBE, FBA, FRS, FAcSS (born 11 January 1945) is a British urban planner, geographer and spatial data scientist, and Bartlett Professor of Planning in The Bartlett at University College London . He has been Director\u2014now Chairman\u2014of the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, set up when he was appointed to UCL in 1995. His research and the work of CASA is focused on computer models of city systems. He was awarded the William Alonso Prize of the Regional Science Association in 2011 for his book Cities and Complexity, the same prize a second time for his book The New Science of Cities in 2017-2018, the University Consortium GIS Research Award in 2012, and the Laur\u00e9at Prix International de G\u00e9ographie Vautrin Lud, the so-called 'Nobel for geography', in 2013. In 2015, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and in 2016, the Gold Medal of the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI). He also received the Senior Scholar Award of the Complex Systems Society in September 2016.Michael Batty was born in Liverpool and educated at Northway County Primary School from 1950 to 1956 and then at Quarry Bank High School for Boys from 1956 to 1962. He went to the University of Manchester (1962-1966) where he studied Town and Country Planning gaining the BA degree with First Class Honours in 1966. His PhD is from the University of Wales, Institute of Science and Technology in 1984. The thesis on Pseudo Dynamic Urban Models was made available online in 2012.He began his academic career in the University of Manchester in 1966 where he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Town and Country Planning. He then spent 10 years at the University of Reading as Research Assistant, Lecturer and Reader in Geography. During this time he spent one year as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Transport Planning in the Department of Civil Engineering in the University of Waterloo, Ontario. He moved to the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (now the University of Cardiff) in 1979, where he was Professor of town planning. During this time, he acted as Head of Department, and Dean of the Faculty of Environmental Design. In 1990, he moved to direct the US National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) where he was a Professor of geography.He has held several visiting appointments in computing, engineering, planning, and geography at the following Universities: University of Illinois; University of Melbourne; University of Hong Kong; University of Bristol; University of Michigan; and he currently has visiting appointments at Cardiff University and Arizona State University.His research has focussed on the development of analytical methods and computer models for simulating the structure of cities and regions. Early work involved aggregate land use transport models which are summarised in his first book \"Urban Modelling\". After this early work, he focused on more visual representations of cities and their models and some of these were represented in his second book \"Microcomputer Graphics\". With Paul Longley, he published \"Fractal Cities\". This work established the idea that cities might be regarded as the outcome of self-similar fractal processes generating structure from the bottom up. His work on complexity theory in urban analysis and planning is the focus of his book \"Cities and Complexity\", a summary of which is available on his ComplexCity web site. His book \"The New Science of Cities\". ties many of the ideas together, developing the notion that it is flows rather than locations that are key to an understanding not only of cities but also the processes for their design and planning. His most recent book \"Inventing Future Cities\" was published by MIT Press in 2018 and focuses on the idea that we can invent the future with respect to cities but can never predict them.He has edited several volumes, most recently \"Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems\" and \"Virtual Geographic Environments\".Details of his publications are available from his curriculum vitaand on his personal web pages.Learned Societies: He has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009, a Fellow of the British Academy in 2001, a Fellow of Academy of Social Sciences in 2001 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1982.Professional Institutes: He has been a Member and now Fellow of the Royal Town Planning Institute since 1971, and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport since 1984. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society since 1972.He has recently acted as: Member of the Advisory Panel on Public Sector Information - APPSI, Chair of the ESRC Census Advisory Committee, and a Member of the UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) 2004-2009 Geography Panel.At Cardiff, he was a Member of the Computer Board for British Universities and Research Councils, now JISC (1988\u20131990), a Member of the SERC (Science and Engineering Research Council) Transport Committee (1982\u20131985), Chair (1980\u20131982), then Vice-Chair (1982\u20131984) of the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Environment and Planning Committee, and Chair of the Conference of Heads Of Planning Schools (CHOPS) 1986-1980.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University at Buffalo", "Cardiff University"], "facts": [["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Royal Society", "January 2009", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Manchester", "January 1966", "January 1969"], ["Michael Batty", "educated at", "University of Manchester", "January 1962", "January 1966"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1990", "January 1995"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the British Academy", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "Cardiff University", "January 1979", "January 1990"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Reading", "January 1969", "January 1979"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Michael Batty work for from January 1974 to November 1988?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Michael Batty work for from 01/1974 to 11/1988?", "date": "January 20 1974", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Reading", "Cardiff University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q6845991_P108_23", "fact_context": "Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to January 1979. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from January 2009 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from January 1966 to January 1969. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from January 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from January 1990 to January 1995. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to January 1990.", "adv_fact_context": "Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to Jan 1979. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from 01/1990 to 01/1995. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from Jan 1966 to 01/1969. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from Jan 2009 to 05/2023. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from Jan 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to 01/1990. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023.", "context": "Michael BattyMichael Batty CBE, FBA, FRS, FAcSS (born 11 January 1945) is a British urban planner, geographer and spatial data scientist, and Bartlett Professor of Planning in The Bartlett at University College London . He has been Director\u2014now Chairman\u2014of the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, set up when he was appointed to UCL in 1995. His research and the work of CASA is focused on computer models of city systems. He was awarded the William Alonso Prize of the Regional Science Association in 2011 for his book Cities and Complexity, the same prize a second time for his book The New Science of Cities in 2017-2018, the University Consortium GIS Research Award in 2012, and the Laur\u00e9at Prix International de G\u00e9ographie Vautrin Lud, the so-called 'Nobel for geography', in 2013. In 2015, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and in 2016, the Gold Medal of the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI). He also received the Senior Scholar Award of the Complex Systems Society in September 2016.Michael Batty was born in Liverpool and educated at Northway County Primary School from 1950 to 1956 and then at Quarry Bank High School for Boys from 1956 to 1962. He went to the University of Manchester (1962-1966) where he studied Town and Country Planning gaining the BA degree with First Class Honours in 1966. His PhD is from the University of Wales, Institute of Science and Technology in 1984. The thesis on Pseudo Dynamic Urban Models was made available online in 2012.He began his academic career in the University of Manchester in 1966 where he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Town and Country Planning. He then spent 10 years at the University of Reading as Research Assistant, Lecturer and Reader in Geography. During this time he spent one year as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Transport Planning in the Department of Civil Engineering in the University of Waterloo, Ontario. He moved to the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (now the University of Cardiff) in 1979, where he was Professor of town planning. During this time, he acted as Head of Department, and Dean of the Faculty of Environmental Design. In 1990, he moved to direct the US National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) where he was a Professor of geography.He has held several visiting appointments in computing, engineering, planning, and geography at the following Universities: University of Illinois; University of Melbourne; University of Hong Kong; University of Bristol; University of Michigan; and he currently has visiting appointments at Cardiff University and Arizona State University.His research has focussed on the development of analytical methods and computer models for simulating the structure of cities and regions. Early work involved aggregate land use transport models which are summarised in his first book \"Urban Modelling\". After this early work, he focused on more visual representations of cities and their models and some of these were represented in his second book \"Microcomputer Graphics\". With Paul Longley, he published \"Fractal Cities\". This work established the idea that cities might be regarded as the outcome of self-similar fractal processes generating structure from the bottom up. His work on complexity theory in urban analysis and planning is the focus of his book \"Cities and Complexity\", a summary of which is available on his ComplexCity web site. His book \"The New Science of Cities\". ties many of the ideas together, developing the notion that it is flows rather than locations that are key to an understanding not only of cities but also the processes for their design and planning. His most recent book \"Inventing Future Cities\" was published by MIT Press in 2018 and focuses on the idea that we can invent the future with respect to cities but can never predict them.He has edited several volumes, most recently \"Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems\" and \"Virtual Geographic Environments\".Details of his publications are available from his curriculum vitaand on his personal web pages.Learned Societies: He has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009, a Fellow of the British Academy in 2001, a Fellow of Academy of Social Sciences in 2001 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1982.Professional Institutes: He has been a Member and now Fellow of the Royal Town Planning Institute since 1971, and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport since 1984. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society since 1972.He has recently acted as: Member of the Advisory Panel on Public Sector Information - APPSI, Chair of the ESRC Census Advisory Committee, and a Member of the UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) 2004-2009 Geography Panel.At Cardiff, he was a Member of the Computer Board for British Universities and Research Councils, now JISC (1988\u20131990), a Member of the SERC (Science and Engineering Research Council) Transport Committee (1982\u20131985), Chair (1980\u20131982), then Vice-Chair (1982\u20131984) of the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Environment and Planning Committee, and Chair of the Conference of Heads Of Planning Schools (CHOPS) 1986-1980.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University at Buffalo", "University of Manchester"], "facts": [["Michael Batty", "educated at", "University of Manchester", "January 1962", "January 1966"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Manchester", "January 1966", "January 1969"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Reading", "January 1969", "January 1979"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the British Academy", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1990", "January 1995"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "Cardiff University", "January 1979", "January 1990"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Royal Society", "January 2009", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for from December 1927 to June 1937?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for from December 1927 to 06/1937?", "date": "December 21 1927", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fitzwilliam College", "University of Szeged"]}, "id": "L2M_Q180468_P108_24", "fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from January 1939 to January 1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from January 1920 to January 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to January 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from April 1945 to November 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from January 1925 to January 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from November 1945 to January 1947.", "adv_fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from Jan 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to Jan 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from Jan 1926 to 01/1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from 01/1939 to 01/1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from 04/1945 to Nov 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from Nov 1945 to Jan 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from 01/1925 to Jan 1926.", "context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyiAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi de Nagyr\u00e1polt (September 16, 1893\u00a0\u2013 October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1893. His father, Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Transylvania (today T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when S\u00e1muel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled. At the time of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available. (Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and M\u00e1ria Csiky). His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of J\u00f3zsef Lenhoss\u00e9k and Anna Boss\u00e1nyi. Jozefina was a sister of Mih\u00e1ly Lenhoss\u00e9k; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University. His family included three generations of scientists. Music was important in the Lenhoss\u00e9k family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother P\u00e1l became a professional violinist.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911, and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi shot himself in the arm, claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917. He married Korn\u00e9lia Dem\u00e9ny, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his research career in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929 where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called \"hexuronic acid\", from adrenal gland tissue.He accepted a position at the University of Szeged in 1930. There Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that \"hexuronic acid\" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zolt\u00e1n Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\". Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (The Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.)In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.In 1947 Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research.During the 1950s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956.In the late 1950s, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term \"syntropy\" replace the term \"negentropy\". Ralph Moss, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled \"Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.\" Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling.Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, who realized that \"a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,\" divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored \"the fringes of knowledge,\" Dionysians. He wrote, \"In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian.\"As the government of Gyula G\u00f6mb\u00f6s and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Mikl\u00f3s K\u00e1llay sent Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.In 1967, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.He married Cornelia Dem\u00e9ny, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917. Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was born in 1918. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975. They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth. In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi oral history collection.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Groningen", "Leiden University"], "facts": [["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Hungarian upper chamber", "January 1939", "January 1943"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1925", "January 1926"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1931", "January 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "November 1945", "January 1947"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Fitzwilliam College", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "educated at", "Semmelweis University", "January 1911", "January 1917"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Provisional National Assembly", "April 1945", "November 1945"]]}
{"question": "Where were Elias Tillandz educated from July 1659 to August 1666?", "adv_question": "Where were Elias Tillandz educated from 07/1659 to 08/1666?", "date": "July 25 1659", "text_answers": {"text": ["Royal Academy of Turku", "Uppsala University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q557382_P69_3", "fact_context": "Elias Tillandz studied at Leiden University from January 1668 to January 1670. \n Elias Tillandz  in Royal Academy of Turku from January 1670 to January 1693. \n Elias Tillandz studied at Royal Academy of Turku from January 1659 to January 1662. \n Elias Tillandz studied at Uppsala University from January 1663 to January 1668.", "adv_fact_context": "Elias Tillandz studied at Uppsala University from Jan 1663 to Jan 1668. \n Elias Tillandz studied at Leiden University from 01/1668 to January 1670. \n Elias Tillandz studied at Royal Academy of Turku from 01/1659 to Jan 1662. \n Elias Tillandz  in Royal Academy of Turku from January 1670 to 01/1693.", "context": "Elias TillandzElias Tillandz (1640\u20131693), born \"Tillander\", was a Swedish born doctor and botanist in Finland. He was the professor of medicine at the Academy of Turku. He wrote the country's first botanical work, the \"Catalogus Plantarum\", which was first published in 1673. As a doctor he also prepared medicines for his patients by using his extensive knowledge of plants.According to legend Tillandz (\"\"Till lands\"\" means \"by land\" in Swedish) changed his name from Tillander to Tillandz when, as a student, he travelled by boat from Turku to Stockholm. On the way he became so seasick that he returned by walking around the Gulf of Bothnia, a distance of some 1000 kilometers.A genus of epiphytic plants, \"Tillandsia\", was named after Tillandz by Carl Linnaeus.This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Tillandz when citing a botanical name.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leiden University"], "facts": [["Elias Tillandz", "educated at", "Royal Academy of Turku", "January 1659", "January 1662"], ["Elias Tillandz", "work location", "Royal Academy of Turku", "January 1670", "January 1693"], ["Elias Tillandz", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1668", "January 1670"], ["Elias Tillandz", "educated at", "Uppsala University", "January 1663", "January 1668"]]}
{"question": "Who were the head coaches of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2007 to October 2020?", "adv_question": "Who were the head coaches of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2007 to 10/2020?", "date": "June 16 2007", "text_answers": {"text": ["Claudio Ranieri", "Fabio Liverani"]}, "id": "L2M_Q2693_P286_48", "fact_context": "Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from August 2020 to January 2021. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2022 to May 2023. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1985 to June 1987. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from May 2021 to November 2021. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1996 to June 1998. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2021 to May 2021. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2006 to February 2007.", "adv_fact_context": "Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jun 2006 to 02/2007. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2017 to Jan 2020. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Aug 2020 to January 2021. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jul 1985 to 06/1987. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 06/2022 to May 2023. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 05/2021 to November 2021. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 07/1996 to 06/1998. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2021 to May 2021.", "context": "Parma Calcio 1913Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian professional football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently competes in the Serie B, the 2nd tier of Italian football.Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 27,906-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply \"Il Tardini\", from 1923.Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the 1996\u201397 season. The club has won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018.The club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma. It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross. Parma began playing league football during the 1919\u201320 season after the end of World War I. Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later. Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928\u201329 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931. In the 1935\u201336 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944.Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948\u201349 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954\u201355, a club record at that time. This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged. Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960\u201361 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964\u201365 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the \"Crociata\" shirts, the badge and the city's name. This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the \"Rossoneri\". Sacchi's replacement, Zden\u011bk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989. Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2\u20130 Derby dell'Enza win over Reggiana. Investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991. Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991\u201392, beating Juventus 2\u20131 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3\u20131 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley. The next season, the side was successful in the European Super Cup, overcoming Milan 2\u20131 on aggregate, but lost the Cup Winners' Cup final 1\u20130 to Arsenal. Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2\u20131 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997. Parma consequently made its debut in the UEFA Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3\u20130 victory before 1999 Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hern\u00e1n Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed.Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won the third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the \"Seven Sisters\". In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004 (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004\u201305 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A\u00a0\u2013 despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for \u20ac25\u00a0million\u00a0\u2013 as managers came and went. Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal.On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club. Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season following his February appointment. However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after 18 years in the top flight.Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009\u201310, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight. Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare. In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5\u20130 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014\u201315 Serie A season. Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million, including \u20ac63m unpaid salaries. The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. Administrators Angelo Anedda and Alberto Guiotto were forced to put some trophies to sell in an auction in a desperate attempt to raise money to cover the debt. These included: three Coppa Italia won in 1992, 1999 and 2002, the UEFA Cup Winners\u2019 Cup from 1993, the 1994 UEFA Super Cup, two UEFA Cup of 1995 and 1999 and the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana.The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the 2015\u201316 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma. Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach. In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record. Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro with three games to spare following a 2\u20131 win against Delta Rovigo, ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.Parma ended the 2016\u201317 Lega Pro season in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2\u20130 win over Alessandria in the promotion play-off final. On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the 2017\u201318 Serie B season second behind champions Empoli and level on points with Frosinone, but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in 2018\u201319 Serie A just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D. On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018\u201319 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player Emanuele Calaio \"eliciting a reduced effort\" from two players of Spezia (Filippo De Col and Claudio Terzi) during the 2017\u201318 season, a match Parma won 2\u20130 to secure promotion. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.In the club's first season back in Serie A, they managed to achieve a 14th placed finish on the table, three points above the relegation zone.Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established, but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change. White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the \"Giallobl\u00f9\" (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000\u201301 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014\u201315 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013\u201314 campaign. The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for \u20ac250,000 a year later.Parma initially had no permanent home and used the \"Piazza d'Armi\", where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the \"Piazza d'Armi\" before transferring to the \"Tre Pioppi\", the first fenced-off pitch in the city. Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue. Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio. In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi\u00a0Sportivi\u00a0S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about \u20ac3\u00a0million.The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans. Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late. The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in Serie D than the previous year in Serie A following bankruptcy. In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region. They are represented by three main groups: \"il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club\" (which represents most of the fanbase), \"l'Associazione Petitot\" and the club's ultras, \"Boys Parma\", which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans. The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, \"La Curva Nord\", directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand. In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans. In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002\u201303 season. Parma's club anthem is \"Il grido di battaglia\", which means \"The Battle Cry\".Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. \"Derby dell'Enza\" opponents Reggiana are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia. Parma contests the \"Derby dell'Emilia\" with Bologna. Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the \"Derby dei Ducati\", which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the \"Derby del Ducato\", which is played against Piacenza. Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too.Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's 1995 UEFA Cup victory, its first and third Coppa Italia triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in 1995 and 2002, and its 1995 domestic cup final defeat to \"The Old Lady\". These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called \"gemellaggi\". This is a practice uncommon elsewhere. Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the \"Azzurri\" fans' knowledge. Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20\u00a0billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over \u20ac10\u00a0billion and a \u20ac167\u00a0million net loss by the club in 2003. On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39\u00a0million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of \u20ac20\u00a0million nominal value. Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just \u20ac3\u00a0million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority. By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%. In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi. On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Ta\u00e7i for \u20ac1, at which point the club was $200\u00a0million in debt. The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, \u20ac1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer. With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million (including unpaid wages of \u20ac63\u00a0million). On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma. The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish \u20ac22.6\u00a0million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B. Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of \u20ac250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (co-owner of Barilla Group), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of Impresa Pizzarotti), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara. The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further \u20ac89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of \u20ac500 per share.In June 2017, Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang's Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche. At the end of October 2018 the local Nuovo Inizio group regained control of the club reacquiring 60% of the shares, with the Chinese partners forced to downsize to 30% in light of alleged lack of diligence in meeting their obligations, while 10% remained unchanged in the public company Partecipazioni Calcistiche. On 9 November Parma Calcio held a shareholders\u2019 Meeting to appoint a new Board of Directors, at the end of which Pietro Pizzarotti, at the time vice-president, was appointed the new president of the club.In 2020, Parma were purchased by the Krause Group, owners of American-based convenience store chain Kum & Go.Since 2013 the main sponsor is Cetilar by Pharmanutra.  6\u00a0\u2013 The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain Alessandro Lucarelli after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.12\u00a0\u2013 From the 2002\u201303 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015\u201316 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.\"For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.\"Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.\"For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and .\"\"For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.\"\"For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.Parma has won eight major titles in its history, all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002. These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition (after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan), and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Roberto D'Aversa", "Carlo Ancelotti", "Fabio Pecchia", "Arrigo Sacchi", "Enzo Maresca", "Stefano Pioli", "Giuseppe Iachini"], "facts": [["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Arrigo Sacchi", "July 1985", "June 1987"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Carlo Ancelotti", "July 1996", "June 1998"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Roberto D'Aversa", "January 2021", "May 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Liverani", "August 2020", "January 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Claudio Ranieri", "February 2007", "June 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Giuseppe Iachini", "November 2021", "May 2022"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "chairperson", "Jiang Lizhang", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Enzo Maresca", "May 2021", "November 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Pecchia", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Stefano Pioli", "June 2006", "February 2007"]]}
{"question": "Who were the head coaches of Parma Calcio 1913 from October 2021 to January 2022?", "adv_question": "Who were the head coaches of Parma Calcio 1913 from October 2021 to Jan 2022?", "date": "October 08 2021", "text_answers": {"text": ["Enzo Maresca", "Giuseppe Iachini"]}, "id": "L2M_Q2693_P286_79", "fact_context": "Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2022 to May 2023. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1985 to June 1987. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from May 2021 to November 2021. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2021 to May 2021. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2006 to February 2007. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1996 to June 1998. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from August 2020 to January 2021.", "adv_fact_context": "Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 05/2021 to November 2021. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2021 to May 2021. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jun 2006 to 02/2007. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jul 1985 to 06/1987. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Aug 2020 to January 2021. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 07/1996 to 06/1998. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 06/2022 to May 2023. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2017 to Jan 2020. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022.", "context": "Parma Calcio 1913Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian professional football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently competes in the Serie B, the 2nd tier of Italian football.Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 27,906-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply \"Il Tardini\", from 1923.Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the 1996\u201397 season. The club has won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018.The club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma. It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross. Parma began playing league football during the 1919\u201320 season after the end of World War I. Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later. Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928\u201329 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931. In the 1935\u201336 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944.Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948\u201349 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954\u201355, a club record at that time. This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged. Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960\u201361 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964\u201365 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the \"Crociata\" shirts, the badge and the city's name. This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the \"Rossoneri\". Sacchi's replacement, Zden\u011bk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989. Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2\u20130 Derby dell'Enza win over Reggiana. Investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991. Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991\u201392, beating Juventus 2\u20131 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3\u20131 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley. The next season, the side was successful in the European Super Cup, overcoming Milan 2\u20131 on aggregate, but lost the Cup Winners' Cup final 1\u20130 to Arsenal. Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2\u20131 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997. Parma consequently made its debut in the UEFA Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3\u20130 victory before 1999 Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hern\u00e1n Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed.Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won the third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the \"Seven Sisters\". In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004 (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004\u201305 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A\u00a0\u2013 despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for \u20ac25\u00a0million\u00a0\u2013 as managers came and went. Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal.On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club. Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season following his February appointment. However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after 18 years in the top flight.Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009\u201310, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight. Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare. In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5\u20130 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014\u201315 Serie A season. Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million, including \u20ac63m unpaid salaries. The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. Administrators Angelo Anedda and Alberto Guiotto were forced to put some trophies to sell in an auction in a desperate attempt to raise money to cover the debt. These included: three Coppa Italia won in 1992, 1999 and 2002, the UEFA Cup Winners\u2019 Cup from 1993, the 1994 UEFA Super Cup, two UEFA Cup of 1995 and 1999 and the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana.The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the 2015\u201316 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma. Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach. In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record. Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro with three games to spare following a 2\u20131 win against Delta Rovigo, ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.Parma ended the 2016\u201317 Lega Pro season in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2\u20130 win over Alessandria in the promotion play-off final. On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the 2017\u201318 Serie B season second behind champions Empoli and level on points with Frosinone, but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in 2018\u201319 Serie A just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D. On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018\u201319 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player Emanuele Calaio \"eliciting a reduced effort\" from two players of Spezia (Filippo De Col and Claudio Terzi) during the 2017\u201318 season, a match Parma won 2\u20130 to secure promotion. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.In the club's first season back in Serie A, they managed to achieve a 14th placed finish on the table, three points above the relegation zone.Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established, but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change. White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the \"Giallobl\u00f9\" (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000\u201301 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014\u201315 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013\u201314 campaign. The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for \u20ac250,000 a year later.Parma initially had no permanent home and used the \"Piazza d'Armi\", where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the \"Piazza d'Armi\" before transferring to the \"Tre Pioppi\", the first fenced-off pitch in the city. Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue. Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio. In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi\u00a0Sportivi\u00a0S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about \u20ac3\u00a0million.The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans. Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late. The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in Serie D than the previous year in Serie A following bankruptcy. In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region. They are represented by three main groups: \"il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club\" (which represents most of the fanbase), \"l'Associazione Petitot\" and the club's ultras, \"Boys Parma\", which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans. The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, \"La Curva Nord\", directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand. In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans. In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002\u201303 season. Parma's club anthem is \"Il grido di battaglia\", which means \"The Battle Cry\".Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. \"Derby dell'Enza\" opponents Reggiana are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia. Parma contests the \"Derby dell'Emilia\" with Bologna. Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the \"Derby dei Ducati\", which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the \"Derby del Ducato\", which is played against Piacenza. Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too.Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's 1995 UEFA Cup victory, its first and third Coppa Italia triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in 1995 and 2002, and its 1995 domestic cup final defeat to \"The Old Lady\". These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called \"gemellaggi\". This is a practice uncommon elsewhere. Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the \"Azzurri\" fans' knowledge. Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20\u00a0billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over \u20ac10\u00a0billion and a \u20ac167\u00a0million net loss by the club in 2003. On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39\u00a0million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of \u20ac20\u00a0million nominal value. Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just \u20ac3\u00a0million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority. By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%. In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi. On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Ta\u00e7i for \u20ac1, at which point the club was $200\u00a0million in debt. The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, \u20ac1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer. With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million (including unpaid wages of \u20ac63\u00a0million). On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma. The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish \u20ac22.6\u00a0million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B. Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of \u20ac250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (co-owner of Barilla Group), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of Impresa Pizzarotti), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara. The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further \u20ac89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of \u20ac500 per share.In June 2017, Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang's Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche. At the end of October 2018 the local Nuovo Inizio group regained control of the club reacquiring 60% of the shares, with the Chinese partners forced to downsize to 30% in light of alleged lack of diligence in meeting their obligations, while 10% remained unchanged in the public company Partecipazioni Calcistiche. On 9 November Parma Calcio held a shareholders\u2019 Meeting to appoint a new Board of Directors, at the end of which Pietro Pizzarotti, at the time vice-president, was appointed the new president of the club.In 2020, Parma were purchased by the Krause Group, owners of American-based convenience store chain Kum & Go.Since 2013 the main sponsor is Cetilar by Pharmanutra.  6\u00a0\u2013 The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain Alessandro Lucarelli after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.12\u00a0\u2013 From the 2002\u201303 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015\u201316 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.\"For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.\"Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.\"For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and .\"\"For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.\"\"For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.Parma has won eight major titles in its history, all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002. These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition (after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan), and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Roberto D'Aversa", "Fabio Liverani", "Carlo Ancelotti", "Claudio Ranieri", "Fabio Pecchia", "Arrigo Sacchi", "Stefano Pioli"], "facts": [["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Stefano Pioli", "June 2006", "February 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Liverani", "August 2020", "January 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "chairperson", "Jiang Lizhang", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Roberto D'Aversa", "January 2021", "May 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Arrigo Sacchi", "July 1985", "June 1987"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Carlo Ancelotti", "July 1996", "June 1998"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Pecchia", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Claudio Ranieri", "February 2007", "June 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Giuseppe Iachini", "November 2021", "May 2022"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Enzo Maresca", "May 2021", "November 2021"]]}
{"question": "Where were Pat Forde educated from April 1979 to August 1985?", "adv_question": "Where were Pat Forde educated from April 1979 to August 1985?", "date": "April 17 1979", "text_answers": {"text": ["Air Academy High School", "University of Missouri"]}, "id": "L2M_Q16208054_P69_5", "fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from November 2011 to October 2019. \n Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from October 2019 to May 2023. \n Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from January 1979 to January 1983. \n Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from January 1987 to January 2004. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to January 1987. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from January 2004 to October 2011.", "adv_fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from Jan 1987 to Jan 2004. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to Jan 1987. \n Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from Oct 2019 to May 2023. \n Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from Nov 2011 to 10/2019. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from 01/2004 to 10/2011. \n Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from 01/1979 to 01/1983.", "context": "Pat FordePat Forde is a sports journalist who is a national columnist for \"Sports Illustrated\". He previously worked for ESPN, \"The Courier-Journal\" in Louisville, Kentucky, and \"Yahoo Sports\".Forde is a native of Colorado Springs, Colorado. He currently lives in Louisville with his wife Tricia, a former swimmer at Northwestern University. All three of their children have been college swimmers\u2014son Mitchell at Missouri from 2013\u20132017, another son Clayton at Georgia from 2016\u20132020, and daughter Brooke at Stanford since 2017. Brooke will compete in the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 as part of the USA 4 \u00d7 200m freestyle relay team.Forde played high school football for Gary Barnett during his sophomore and junior years (1980\u201381) at Air Academy High School in Colorado Springs. He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.Forde began his career in 1987 working as a journalist for \"The Courier-Journal\", where his writing won numerous awards. He initially worked there as a beat reporter and then spent 12 years writing a column.In 2004, Forde left \"The Courier-Journal\" to join ESPN full-time after freelancing for their website for about seven years. During the NCAA football season, Forde wrote a column called \"Forde Yard Dash\", and during the NCAA basketball season, he wrote a column called \"Forde Minutes\". He also appeared on ESPN radio and television.On November 1, 2011, after the expiration of his contract, Forde left ESPN to pursue a career with Yahoo Sports. There, he resumed his weekly \"Forde Yard Dash\" and, later, his \"Forde Minutes\" column as well.On October 29, 2019, Forde joined \"Sports Illustrated\" as its new senior college sports writer. He continues to write both \"Forde-Yard Dash\" and \"Forde Minutes\" for \"SI\".In 2008, Forde served as the co-author for University of Louisville basketball coach Rick Pitino's \"Rebound Rules: The Art of Success 2.0\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Pat Forde", "educated at", "Air Academy High School", "January 1979", "January 1983"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Sports Illustrated", "October 2019", "May 2023"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "University of Missouri", "January 1983", "January 1987"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "The Courier-Journal", "January 1987", "January 2004"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "ESPN", "January 2004", "October 2011"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Yahoo Sports", "November 2011", "October 2019"]]}
{"question": "Where were Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu educated from June 1922 to June 1923?", "adv_question": "Where were Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu educated from June 1922 to June 1923?", "date": "June 05 1922", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of G\u00f6ttingen", "Sapienza University of Rome"]}, "id": "L2M_Q247545_P69_11", "fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to January 1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from January 1929 to January 1939. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from January 1939 to January 1970. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1919 to January 1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1923 to January 1924.", "adv_fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1922 to 01/1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from Jan 1939 to Jan 1970. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from 01/1929 to Jan 1939. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from Jan 1919 to 01/1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from 01/1923 to 01/1924.", "context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanuGheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu (June 30, 1900 \u2013 April 27, 1979) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and topology. He was titular member of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.He was born in 1900 in Valea Hogei, then a village in Vaslui County, now a component of Lipova commune, in Bac\u0103u County. He was the eldest of five children in his family. After attending primary school in his village and high school in Vaslui, he went to study mathematics at the University of Ia\u0219i in 1919. There, he took courses with , Vera Myller, , Victor V\u00e2lcovici, and Simion Stoilow. After graduating in 1922, he went in 1923 to the University of G\u00f6ttingen, where he studied under David Hilbert. Thereafter, he went to the University of Rome, where he studied under Tullio Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on November 5, 1924 with thesis \"Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita\". The thesis defense committee was composed of 11 faculty, and was headed by Vito Volterra.Vr\u0103nceanu returned to Ia\u0219i, where he was appointed a lecturer at the University. In 1927\u20131928, he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in France and the United States, where he was in a contact with \u00c9lie Cartan and Oswald Veblen. In 1929, he returned to Romania, and was appointed professor at the University of Cern\u0103u\u021bi. In 1939, he moved to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Head of the Geometry and Topology department in 1948, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. His doctoral students include Henri Moscovici and .Vr\u0103nceanu was elected to the Romanian Academy as a corresponding member in 1946, then as a full member in 1955. From 1964 he was president of the Mathematics Section of the Romanian Academy. Also from 1964, he was an editor of the journal \"Revue Roumaine de math\u00e9matiques pures et appliqu\u00e9es\", founded that year. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, Canada in 1974, he was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, a position he held from 1975 to 1978. He died in Bucharest in 1979 of an intestinal obstruction and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.A high school in Bac\u0103u (Colegiul Na\u021bional \"Gheorghe Vr\u00e2nceanu\") is named after him, and so is a school in Lipova.During his career, Vr\u0103nceanu published over 300 articles in journals throughout the world. His work covers a whole range of modern geometry, from the classical theory of surfaces, to the notion of non-holonomic spaces, which he discovered.In 1928 he gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, titled \"Parallelisme et courbure dans une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 non holonome\". In it, he introduced the notion of \"non-holonomic manifolds,\" which are smooth manifolds provided with a smooth distribution that is generally not integrable.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Alexandru Ioan Cuza University"], "facts": [["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "University of Bucharest", "January 1939", "January 1970"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Chernivtsi University", "January 1929", "January 1939"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1923", "January 1924"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1922", "January 1923"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1919", "January 1922"]]}
{"question": "Which teams did Fabio Bazzani play for from May 2005 to June 2007?", "adv_question": "Which teams did Fabio Bazzani play for from 05/2005 to 06/2007?", "date": "May 18 2005", "text_answers": {"text": ["U.C. Sampdoria", "Brescia Calcio"]}, "id": "L2M_Q924087_P54_114", "fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to January 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from January 2007 to January 2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from January 2001 to January 2002. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from January 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from January 2005 to May 2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to January 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from January 2010 to January 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from January 2000 to January 2001.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from 01/2001 to Jan 2002. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from Jan 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan 2008 to 01/2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from 01/2007 to 01/2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from 01/1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to Jan 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to Jan 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from 01/2005 to 05/2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from Jan 2010 to Jan 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from 01/2000 to 01/2001.", "context": "Fabio BazzaniFabio Bazzani (; born 20 October 1976) is a former Italian footballer who lastly played for A.S.D. Mezzolara as a striker. He was known in particular for his heading ability, as well his shooting accuracy and physical strength.After two seasons with amateur side Boca San Lazzaro, Bazzani moved to Serie C2 club Sandon\u00e0. In 1997, he was in Serie B team Venezia, but played only twice in the season. He moved to Varese and then Arezzo, where he made an impression scoring 20 goals in 31 matches under the management of Serse Cosmi. In 2000, he returned to Venezia, but scored only five goals in 36 matches. In 2001, he rejoined his former coach Cosmi when he signed with Serie A side Perugia, where he scored ten goals.In 2002, he moved to Sampdoria, where he scored 16 goals in his first season with the \"blucerchiati\" in Serie B and 13 goals in his second campaign with Sampdoria, when in Serie A. During his second season with Sampdoria, he was capped three times in the Italian team. He was loaned to Lazio in exchange for Simone Inzaghi in January 2005, but failed to impress with the \"biancazzurri\" and returned to Sampdoria at the end of the season.On 14 June 2007, he was signed by Brescia Calcio on a free transfer. He had originally signed for Livorno but the move subsequently cancelled, following protests by the \"amaranto\" supporters which did not want the player in their team.On 26 July 2009, he signed a one-year contract with SPAL. He played his first game for the club on 3 August, a 2\u20131 won to Calcio Como at Coppa Italia. He also played the next two Coppa Italia matches, scored nil.On 1 July 2010, he moved to Mezzolara, in Serie D.Bazzani made his senior international debut for Italy on 12 November 2003, under Giovanni Trapattoni, in a 3\u20131 friendly defeat against Poland in Warsaw; he made two more appearances for Italy, with his final appearance coming in a 2\u20130 friendly loss to Iceland in Reykjav\u00edk, on 18 August 2004, under Marcello Lippi.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "Varese Calcio", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "Italy national association football team", "Venezia F.C.", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "U.S. Arezzo", "Delfino Pescara 1936"], "facts": [["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "January 2009", "January 2010"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "January 1994", "January 1996"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "spouse", "Alessia Merz", "January 2005", "May 2023"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "January 2010", "January 2015"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Varese Calcio", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Delfino Pescara 1936", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Italy national association football team", "January 2003", "January 2004"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Venezia F.C.", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "January 1996", "January 1997"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Brescia Calcio", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.S. Arezzo", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.C. Sampdoria", "January 2002", "January 2007"]]}
{"question": "Which teams did Fabio Bazzani play for from July 2008 to May 2009?", "adv_question": "Which teams did Fabio Bazzani play for from Jul 2008 to May 2009?", "date": "July 23 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["Delfino Pescara 1936", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor"]}, "id": "L2M_Q924087_P54_142", "fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from January 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to January 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from January 2007 to January 2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from January 2000 to January 2001. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to January 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from January 2005 to May 2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from January 2010 to January 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from January 2001 to January 2002.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan 2008 to 01/2009. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from 01/2005 to 05/2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from 01/2000 to 01/2001. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from Jan 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from Jan 2010 to Jan 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to Jan 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from 01/2001 to Jan 2002. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to Jan 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from 01/1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from 01/2007 to 01/2008.", "context": "Fabio BazzaniFabio Bazzani (; born 20 October 1976) is a former Italian footballer who lastly played for A.S.D. Mezzolara as a striker. He was known in particular for his heading ability, as well his shooting accuracy and physical strength.After two seasons with amateur side Boca San Lazzaro, Bazzani moved to Serie C2 club Sandon\u00e0. In 1997, he was in Serie B team Venezia, but played only twice in the season. He moved to Varese and then Arezzo, where he made an impression scoring 20 goals in 31 matches under the management of Serse Cosmi. In 2000, he returned to Venezia, but scored only five goals in 36 matches. In 2001, he rejoined his former coach Cosmi when he signed with Serie A side Perugia, where he scored ten goals.In 2002, he moved to Sampdoria, where he scored 16 goals in his first season with the \"blucerchiati\" in Serie B and 13 goals in his second campaign with Sampdoria, when in Serie A. During his second season with Sampdoria, he was capped three times in the Italian team. He was loaned to Lazio in exchange for Simone Inzaghi in January 2005, but failed to impress with the \"biancazzurri\" and returned to Sampdoria at the end of the season.On 14 June 2007, he was signed by Brescia Calcio on a free transfer. He had originally signed for Livorno but the move subsequently cancelled, following protests by the \"amaranto\" supporters which did not want the player in their team.On 26 July 2009, he signed a one-year contract with SPAL. He played his first game for the club on 3 August, a 2\u20131 won to Calcio Como at Coppa Italia. He also played the next two Coppa Italia matches, scored nil.On 1 July 2010, he moved to Mezzolara, in Serie D.Bazzani made his senior international debut for Italy on 12 November 2003, under Giovanni Trapattoni, in a 3\u20131 friendly defeat against Poland in Warsaw; he made two more appearances for Italy, with his final appearance coming in a 2\u20130 friendly loss to Iceland in Reykjav\u00edk, on 18 August 2004, under Marcello Lippi.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "Varese Calcio", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "Brescia Calcio", "Italy national association football team", "Venezia F.C.", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "U.C. Sampdoria", "U.S. Arezzo"], "facts": [["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "January 1994", "January 1996"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "January 2009", "January 2010"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Brescia Calcio", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.S. Arezzo", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Venezia F.C.", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Varese Calcio", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "spouse", "Alessia Merz", "January 2005", "May 2023"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "January 2010", "January 2015"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "January 1996", "January 1997"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Delfino Pescara 1936", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.C. Sampdoria", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Italy national association football team", "January 2003", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for from December 2003 to November 2009?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for from 12/2003 to November 2009?", "date": "December 01 2003", "text_answers": {"text": ["Bouygues Telecom", "Accor"]}, "id": "L2M_Q3106470_P108_24", "fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from January 2006 to February 2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from January 1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to November 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from January 2006 to January 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from January 1976 to January 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from January 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983.", "adv_fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from 01/1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from Jan 1976 to Jan 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from 01/2006 to 02/2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from Jan 2006 to 01/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from Jan 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to 11/2010.", "context": "Gilles P\u00e9lissonGilles P\u00e9lisson (born 26 May 1957) is a French business executive. Gilles P\u00e9lisson was born on May 26, 1957. His uncle, G\u00e9rard Pelisson, is the founder of the Accor hotel group.He graduated from the ESSEC Business School in Paris. He went on to receive an MBA from the Harvard Business School.P\u00e9lisson started his career for Accor in Los Angeles, California. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of the French restaurant chain Courtepaille from 1988 to 1993. He then served as the Joint Chairman of the Novotel hotel chain. He then served as the Vice-Chief Executive Officer of Euro Disney from 1993 to 1997, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 1997 to 2000.P\u00e9lisson served as the Chairman of the Suez-Telef\u00f3nica ST3G consortium & Chairman of NOOS, a top French cable network operator, from 2000 to 2001. He served as the Chief Operating Officer of Bouygues T\u00e9l\u00e9com from 2001 to 2004, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2006. He served as the CEO of Accor from 2006 to 2010, and as its Chairman from 2009 to 2011.He serves on the Board of Directors of Accenture.P\u00e9lisson formerly served on the Board of Trustees of the MEDEF.He serves as a co-founder and the President of the Fondation ESSEC, the fundraising organisation of his alma mater, ESSEC.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "TF1 Group", "Euro Disney S.C.A."], "facts": [["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "director general", "January 2006", "February 2009"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral", "February 2009", "November 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Bouygues Telecom", "January 2001", "January 2005"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Accor", "January 2006", "January 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "January 1995", "January 2000"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "TF1 Group", "January 2016", "May 2023"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "January 1981", "January 1983"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "educated at", "ESSEC Business School", "January 1976", "January 1979"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Renato Brunetta belong to from March 2005 to February 2010?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Renato Brunetta belong to from 03/2005 to Feb 2010?", "date": "March 06 2005", "text_answers": {"text": ["Forza Italia", "The People of Freedom"]}, "id": "L2M_Q2573947_P102_8", "fact_context": "Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from March 2018 to March 2018. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia (2013) from November 2013 to May 2023. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia from January 1994 to March 2009. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the The People of Freedom from March 2009 to November 2013. \n Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1999 to July 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Renato Brunetta was a member of the The People of Freedom from March 2009 to Nov 2013. \n Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from March 2018 to March 2018. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia (2013) from 11/2013 to May 2023. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia from Jan 1994 to Mar 2009. \n Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1999 to 07/2004.", "context": "Renato BrunettaRenato Brunetta (born 15 May 1950 in Venice) is an Italian economist and politician who was minister for public administration and innovation from May 2008 to November 2011 in the Berlusconi government. He is currently the head of Forza Italia's group of deputies in the Chamber of Deputies. He is currently serving as minister of Public Administration in the Draghi government.Son of a street vendor and the youngest of three brothers, Renato Brunetta grew up in Venice. He says that as a boy he studied classics on his own with excellent results, despite the social gap between him and his fellow students at the Liceo Foscarini.He is a former member of the Italian Socialist Party, Member of the European Parliament for the North-East from 2004 to 2009 with the Forza Italia, part of the European People's Party, and vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Forza Italia (2013)"], "facts": [["Renato Brunetta", "member of political party", "Forza Italia (1994)", "January 1994", "March 2009"], ["Renato Brunetta", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 1999", "July 2004"], ["Renato Brunetta", "position held", "member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic", "March 2018", "March 2018"], ["Renato Brunetta", "member of political party", "Forza Italia (2013)", "November 2013", "May 2023"], ["Renato Brunetta", "member of political party", "The People of Freedom", "March 2009", "November 2013"]]}
{"question": "Where were Solomon Lefschetz educated from December 1904 to June 1910?", "adv_question": "Where were Solomon Lefschetz educated from Dec 1904 to 06/1910?", "date": "December 20 1904", "text_answers": {"text": ["\u00c9cole Centrale Paris", "Clark University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q371942_P69_24", "fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from January 1907 to January 1910. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to January 1913. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from January 1944 to January 1966. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from January 1910 to January 1911. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from January 1902 to January 1905. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to January 1906. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from January 1924 to January 1953. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from January 1913 to January 1924.", "adv_fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from Jan 1910 to January 1911. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to 01/1906. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to 01/1913. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from 01/1913 to 01/1924. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from 01/1924 to 01/1953. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from Jan 1907 to 01/1910. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from 01/1902 to 01/1905. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from Jan 1944 to 01/1966.", "context": "Solomon LefschetzSolomon Lefschetz (; 3 September 1884 \u2013 5 October 1972) was an American mathematician who did fundamental work on algebraic topology, its applications to algebraic geometry, and the theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations.He was born in Moscow, the son of Alexander Lefschetz and his wife Sarah or Vera Lifschitz, Jewish traders who used to travel around Europe and the Middle East (they held Ottoman passports). Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Paris. He was educated there in engineering at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris, but emigrated to the US in 1905.He was badly injured in an industrial accident in 1907, losing both hands. He moved towards mathematics, receiving a Ph.D. in algebraic geometry from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1911. He then took positions in University of Nebraska and University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University in 1924, where he was soon given a permanent position. He remained there until 1953.In the application of topology to algebraic geometry, he followed the work of Charles \u00c9mile Picard, whom he had heard lecture in Paris at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris. He proved theorems on the topology of hyperplane sections of algebraic varieties, which provide a basic inductive tool (these are now seen as allied to Morse theory, though a Lefschetz pencil of hyperplane sections is a more subtle system than a Morse function because hyperplanes intersect each other). The Picard\u2013Lefschetz formula in the theory of vanishing cycles is a basic tool relating the degeneration of families of varieties with 'loss' of topology, to monodromy. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg. His book \"L'analysis situs et la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie alg\u00e9brique\" from 1924, though opaque foundationally given the current technical state of homology theory, was in the long term very influential (one could say that it was one of the sources for the eventual proof of the Weil conjectures, through SGA 7 also for the study of Picard groups of Zariski surface). In 1924 he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in mathematical analysis.The Lefschetz fixed point theorem, now a basic result of topology, was developed by him in papers from 1923 to 1927, initially for manifolds. Later, with the rise of cohomology theory in the 1930s, he contributed to the intersection number approach (that is, in cohomological terms, the ring structure) via the cup product and duality on manifolds. His work on topology was summed up in his monograph \"Algebraic Topology\" (1942). From 1944 he worked on differential equations.He was editor of the \"Annals of Mathematics\" from 1928 to 1958. During this time, the \"Annals\" became an increasingly well-known and respected journal, and Lefschetz played an important role in this.In 1945 he travelled to Mexico for the first time, where he joined the Institute of Mathematics at the National University of Mexico as a visiting professor. He visited frequently for long periods, and during 1953\u20131966 he spent most of his winters in Mexico City. He played an important role in the foundation of mathematics in Mexico, and sent several students back to Princeton. His students included Emilio Lluis, Jos\u00e9 Adem, Samuel Gitler, Santiago L\u00f3pez de Medrano, Francisco Javier Gonz\u00e1lez-Acu\u00f1a and Alberto Verjovsky.Lefschetz came out of retirement in 1958, because of the launch of Sputnik, to augment the mathematical component of Glenn L. Martin Company's Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS) in Baltimore, Maryland. His team became the world's largest group of mathematicians devoted to research in nonlinear differential equations. The RIAS mathematics group stimulated the growth of nonlinear differential equations through conferences and publications. He left RIAS in 1964 to form the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "Clark University", "January 1910", "January 1911"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "January 1944", "January 1966"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln", "January 1911", "January 1913"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Baldwin Locomotive Works", "January 1905", "January 1906"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Research Institute for Advanced Studies", "January 1957", "January 1964"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1924", "January 1953"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Kansas", "January 1913", "January 1924"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Westinghouse Electric", "January 1907", "January 1910"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "\u00c9cole Centrale Paris", "January 1902", "January 1905"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Solomon Lefschetz work for from March 1915 to April 1934?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Solomon Lefschetz work for from Mar 1915 to 04/1934?", "date": "March 14 1915", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Kansas", "Princeton University"]}, "id": "L2M_Q371942_P108_53", "fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from January 1902 to January 1905. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to January 1913. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from January 1944 to January 1966. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from January 1924 to January 1953. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from January 1907 to January 1910. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to January 1906. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from January 1910 to January 1911. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from January 1913 to January 1924.", "adv_fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from Jan 1944 to 01/1966. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to 01/1906. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from Jan 1910 to January 1911. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from 01/1902 to 01/1905. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from 01/1924 to 01/1953. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to 01/1913. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from 01/1913 to 01/1924. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from Jan 1907 to 01/1910.", "context": "Solomon LefschetzSolomon Lefschetz (; 3 September 1884 \u2013 5 October 1972) was an American mathematician who did fundamental work on algebraic topology, its applications to algebraic geometry, and the theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations.He was born in Moscow, the son of Alexander Lefschetz and his wife Sarah or Vera Lifschitz, Jewish traders who used to travel around Europe and the Middle East (they held Ottoman passports). Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Paris. He was educated there in engineering at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris, but emigrated to the US in 1905.He was badly injured in an industrial accident in 1907, losing both hands. He moved towards mathematics, receiving a Ph.D. in algebraic geometry from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1911. He then took positions in University of Nebraska and University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University in 1924, where he was soon given a permanent position. He remained there until 1953.In the application of topology to algebraic geometry, he followed the work of Charles \u00c9mile Picard, whom he had heard lecture in Paris at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris. He proved theorems on the topology of hyperplane sections of algebraic varieties, which provide a basic inductive tool (these are now seen as allied to Morse theory, though a Lefschetz pencil of hyperplane sections is a more subtle system than a Morse function because hyperplanes intersect each other). The Picard\u2013Lefschetz formula in the theory of vanishing cycles is a basic tool relating the degeneration of families of varieties with 'loss' of topology, to monodromy. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg. His book \"L'analysis situs et la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie alg\u00e9brique\" from 1924, though opaque foundationally given the current technical state of homology theory, was in the long term very influential (one could say that it was one of the sources for the eventual proof of the Weil conjectures, through SGA 7 also for the study of Picard groups of Zariski surface). In 1924 he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in mathematical analysis.The Lefschetz fixed point theorem, now a basic result of topology, was developed by him in papers from 1923 to 1927, initially for manifolds. Later, with the rise of cohomology theory in the 1930s, he contributed to the intersection number approach (that is, in cohomological terms, the ring structure) via the cup product and duality on manifolds. His work on topology was summed up in his monograph \"Algebraic Topology\" (1942). From 1944 he worked on differential equations.He was editor of the \"Annals of Mathematics\" from 1928 to 1958. During this time, the \"Annals\" became an increasingly well-known and respected journal, and Lefschetz played an important role in this.In 1945 he travelled to Mexico for the first time, where he joined the Institute of Mathematics at the National University of Mexico as a visiting professor. He visited frequently for long periods, and during 1953\u20131966 he spent most of his winters in Mexico City. He played an important role in the foundation of mathematics in Mexico, and sent several students back to Princeton. His students included Emilio Lluis, Jos\u00e9 Adem, Samuel Gitler, Santiago L\u00f3pez de Medrano, Francisco Javier Gonz\u00e1lez-Acu\u00f1a and Alberto Verjovsky.Lefschetz came out of retirement in 1958, because of the launch of Sputnik, to augment the mathematical component of Glenn L. Martin Company's Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS) in Baltimore, Maryland. His team became the world's largest group of mathematicians devoted to research in nonlinear differential equations. The RIAS mathematics group stimulated the growth of nonlinear differential equations through conferences and publications. He left RIAS in 1964 to form the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Research Institute for Advanced Studies", "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln", "Baldwin Locomotive Works", "Westinghouse Electric"], "facts": [["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Westinghouse Electric", "January 1907", "January 1910"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1924", "January 1953"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Kansas", "January 1913", "January 1924"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Baldwin Locomotive Works", "January 1905", "January 1906"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "January 1944", "January 1966"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln", "January 1911", "January 1913"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Research Institute for Advanced Studies", "January 1957", "January 1964"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "\u00c9cole Centrale Paris", "January 1902", "January 1905"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "Clark University", "January 1910", "January 1911"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to from February 2001 to October 2018?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to from Feb 2001 to October 2018?", "date": "February 05 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["Nationalist Movement Party", "\u0130Y\u0130 Party"]}, "id": "L2M_Q434923_P102_11", "fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from January 1995 to January 2001. \n Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from November 1996 to June 1997. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from January 2001 to January 2016. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from January 2017 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from Nov 1996 to Jun 1997. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from Jan 1995 to January 2001. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from Jan 2001 to 01/2016. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from Jan 2017 to May 2023.", "context": "Meral Ak\u015fenerMeral Ak\u015fener (n\u00e9e G\u00fcrer; born 18 July 1956) is a Turkish politician, teacher, historian and academic. She served as Minister of the Interior and was a vice-speaker of the Grand National Assembly. She also founded and is chairman of \u0130Y\u0130 Party (Good Party), and was its candidate in the 2018 Turkish presidential elections.Ak\u015fener first entered parliament as a deputy of the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 general elections, and served as the interior minister in the coalition government established by Necmettin Erbakan between 1996 and 1997. Ak\u015fener entered the parliament as a deputy of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) in the Turkish general elections in 2007, 2011 and June 2015. After tensions between her and the MHP's leader Devlet Bah\u00e7eli, she was not nominated as an MP for the November 2015 general elections. In 2016, she led a group of opposition within the MHP against Bah\u00e7eli. On 25 October 2017, she separated from the MHP and founded the \u0130Y\u0130 Party, of which she is the leader.Ak\u015fener is a key opposition figure in Turkey, and has been informally dubbed as an \"iron lady\" by international observers.Meral Ak\u015fener was born on 18 July 1956, in the G\u00fcndo\u011fdu neighborhood of \u0130zmit, Kocaeli. Her father Tahir \u00d6mer and her mother S\u0131dd\u0131ka are Balkan Turks from the historical regions of Macedonia and Thrace. Her parents were among hundreds of thousands who left Greece to resettle in Turkey in 1923.She studied history at Istanbul University and she completed her post-graduate studies at the Social Sciences Institute of Marmara University, earning a Ph.D. in history. She then worked as a lecturer at Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University, Kocaeli University and Marmara University before entering politics.Ak\u015fener has been described as a devout Muslim who prays regularly. She is known to her supporters as \"Asena\", after the mythical she-wolf.Ak\u015fener quit her post as a university department chair in 1994 and entered politics with the general elections in 1995 as deputy of Istanbul Province with the True Path Party (DYP). She was Minister of the Interior between 8 November 1996 and 30 June 1997, replacing Mehmet A\u011far, who resigned as a result of his involvement in the Susurluk scandal. She was later forced out of office after the 1997 military memorandum.In the 1999 general election she was re-elected to parliament as a deputy of Kocaeli Province. Later, she was re-elected in the general elections of 2007 and 2011 representing Istanbul Province as a member of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).She was elected vice-speaker of the parliament alongside G\u00fcldal Mumcu, another female politician, serving at this post after Nermin Neft\u00e7i, who was elected in 1968 to be Turkey's first female vice-speaker.She split with the MHP leadership in 2016 over Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan's bid to transform Turkey\u2019s constitution, and promised to start her own political party. Ak\u015fener was a 2018 presidential candidate. She received 7.3% of the votes.She announced the foundation of the Good Party on 25 October 2017 and revealed its logo and aims. \u201cI call it the movement of the brave,\u201d she said. In her first address to her followers, Ak\u015fener stated she believed that Turkish democracy is \"under threat\" and the Good Party wants a free society and to fix the problems of the Turkish judiciary system. Ak\u015fener further stated the \"media should not be under pressure. Democratic participation, a strong parliament and the national will are irreplaceable. We will democratize the law on political parties in the of contemporary democratic principles and the criteria of the Venice Commission.\" Aksener said that many who are joining her movement are young Turkish citizens who are \"chafing under the restrictions\" imposed by the government on public gatherings, freedom of expression, and constraints placed on the media.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["True Path Party"], "facts": [["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "Nationalist Movement Party", "January 2001", "January 2016"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "position held", "Interior Minister of Turkey", "November 1996", "June 1997"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "\u0130Y\u0130 Party", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "True Path Party", "January 1995", "January 2001"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for 35 years after March 1912?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for 35 years after 03/1912?", "date": "March 21 1947", "text_answers": {"text": ["Delft University of Technology", "Leiden University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q451225_P108_3", "fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \nHans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \nHans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1920 to January 1926. \nHans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to January 1952. \nHans Kramers worked for Leiden University from January 1934 to January 1952. \nHans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from January 1941 to January 1945. \nHans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from Jan 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from 01/1934 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from Jan 1920 to 01/1926. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to 01/1952.", "context": "Hans KramersHendrik Anthony \"Hans\" Kramers (2 February 1894 \u2013 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in G\u00f6ttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5 BKS theory. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers\u2013Heisenberg dispersion formula. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers\u2013Kronig relations with  Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes.On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Copenhagen", "Utrecht University", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij"], "facts": [["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1934", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Delft University of Technology", "January 1931", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1916", "January 1919"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1920", "January 1926"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1926", "January 1934"]]}
{"question": "Where was Hans Kramers educated 25 years and 1 months before January 1944?", "adv_question": "Where was Hans Kramers educated 25 years and 1 months before Jan 1944?", "date": "December 01 1918", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Copenhagen"]}, "id": "L2H_Q451225_P69_25", "fact_context": "Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \nHans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \nHans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from January 1941 to January 1945. \nHans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1920 to January 1926. \nHans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to January 1952. \nHans Kramers worked for Leiden University from January 1934 to January 1952. \nHans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from 01/1934 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from Jan 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from Jan 1920 to 01/1926.", "context": "Hans KramersHendrik Anthony \"Hans\" Kramers (2 February 1894 \u2013 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in G\u00f6ttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5 BKS theory. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers\u2013Heisenberg dispersion formula. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers\u2013Kronig relations with  Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes.On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leiden University"], "facts": [["Hans Kramers", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1920", "January 1926"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1934", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Delft University of Technology", "January 1931", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1926", "January 1934"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1916", "January 1919"]]}
{"question": "Where was Hans Kramers educated 30 years and 6 months before January 1948?", "adv_question": "Where was Hans Kramers educated 30 years and 6 months before 01/1948?", "date": "July 04 1917", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Copenhagen"]}, "id": "L2H_Q451225_P69_31", "fact_context": "Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1920 to January 1926. \nHans Kramers worked for Leiden University from January 1934 to January 1952. \nHans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \nHans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \nHans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \nHans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to January 1952. \nHans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from January 1941 to January 1945.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from 01/1934 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from Jan 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from Jan 1920 to 01/1926. \n Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916.", "context": "Hans KramersHendrik Anthony \"Hans\" Kramers (2 February 1894 \u2013 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in G\u00f6ttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5 BKS theory. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers\u2013Heisenberg dispersion formula. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers\u2013Kronig relations with  Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes.On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leiden University"], "facts": [["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1916", "January 1919"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1934", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Delft University of Technology", "January 1931", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1926", "January 1934"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1920", "January 1926"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for 8 years and 2 months before April 1926?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for 8 years and 2 months before 04/1926?", "date": "February 06 1918", "text_answers": {"text": ["Humboldt University of Berlin"]}, "id": "L2H_Q57070_P108_26", "fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from January 1954 to January 1961. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to January 1920. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to January 1925. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from January 1925 to January 1928. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to January 1909. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to January 1935.", "adv_fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to 01/1935. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to Jan 1920. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to 01/1925. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from Jan 1954 to Jan 1961. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to 01/1909. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from Jan 1925 to Jan 1928.", "context": "Gustav Ludwig HertzGustav Ludwig Hertz (; 22 July 1887 \u2013 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work on inelastic electron collisions in gases, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.Hertz was born in Hamburg, the son of Auguste (n\u00e9e Arning) and a lawyer, Gustav Theodor Hertz (1858\u20131904), Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' brother. He attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before studying at the Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen (1906\u20131907), the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1907\u20131908), and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1908\u20131911). He received his doctorate in 1911 under Heinrich Leopold Rubens.From 1911 to 1914, Hertz was an assistant to Rubens at the University of Berlin. It was during this time that Hertz and James Franck performed experiments on inelastic electron collisions in gases, known as the Franck\u2013Hertz experiments, and for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925.During World War I, Hertz served in the military from 1914. In 1915 he joined Fritz Haber's unit that would introduce poisonous chlorine gas as a weapon. He was seriously wounded in 1915. In 1917, he returned to the University of Berlin as a Privatdozent. In 1920, he took a job as a research physicist at the Philips Incandescent Lamp Factory in Eindhoven, which he held until 1925.In 1925, Hertz became ordinarius professor and director of the Physics Institute of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. In 1928 he became ordinarius professor of experimental physics and director of the Physics Institute of the \"Technische Hochschule Berlin\" (\"THB\"), now Technical University of Berlin. While there, he developed an isotope separation technique via gaseous diffusion. Since Hertz was an officer during World War I, he was temporarily protected from National Socialist policies and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, but eventually the policies and laws became more stringent, and at the end of 1934, he was forced to resign his position at THB, as he was classified as a \"second degree part-Jew\" (his paternal grandfather Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (originally named David Gustav Hertz) (1827\u20131914) had been Jewish as a child, before his whole family had converted to Lutheranism in 1834). He then took a position at Siemens, as director of Research Laboratory II. While there, he continued his work on atomic physics and ultrasound, but he eventually discontinued his work on isotope separation. He held this position until he departed for the Soviet Union in 1945.Hertz was concerned for his safety and, like his fellow Nobel laureate James Franck, was looking to move to the USA or any other place outside Germany. So he made a pact with three colleagues: Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory \"Forschungslaboratorium f\u00fcr Elektronenphysik\", Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the THB. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts.On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10\u00a0km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul'rips (Gulrip'shi). Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included:(1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader,(2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus M\u00fchlenpfordt was the leader,(3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Sch\u00fctze was the leader,(4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and(5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader;Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Other members of Institute G were Werner Hartmann and Karl-Franz Z\u00fchlke. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne's Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to.By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force. Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi. Volmer went to the Scientific Research Institute No. 9 (NII-9). in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water. In Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation.In 1949, six German scientists, including Hertz, Thiessen, and Barwich were called in for consultation at Sverdlovsk-44, which was responsible for uranium enrichment. The plant, smaller than the American Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion plant, was getting only a little over half of the expected 90% or higher enrichment.After 1950, Hertz moved to Moscow. In 1951, Hertz was awarded a Stalin Prize, second class, with Barwich. In that year, James Franck and Hertz were jointly awarded the Max Planck Medal by the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Hertz remained in the Soviet Union until 1955.Upon return from the Soviet Union, Hertz became ordinarius professor at the University of Leipzig. From 1955 to 1967, he was also the chairman of the Physical Society of the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (GDR); he was honorary chairman from 1967 to 1975.Gustav Hertz was a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz and a cousin of Mathilde Carmen Hertz. In 1919, Hertz married Ellen n\u00e9e Dihlmann, who died in 1941. They had two sons, Carl Helmut Hertz and Johannes Heinrich Hertz; both became physicists.Hertz was a Member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Corresponding Member of the G\u00f6ttingen Academy of Sciences, an Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, a Member of the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leipzig University", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "Technical University of Berlin", "Koninklijke Philips NV"], "facts": [["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1908", "January 1909"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Koninklijke Philips NV", "January 1920", "January 1925"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1906", "January 1908"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Technical University of Berlin", "January 1928", "January 1935"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Leipzig University", "January 1954", "January 1961"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "January 1925", "January 1928"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for 28 years and 2 months before January 1955?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gustav Ludwig Hertz work for 28 years and 2 months before January 1955?", "date": "November 29 1926", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Halle-Wittenberg"]}, "id": "L2H_Q57070_P108_40", "fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to January 1935. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from January 1954 to January 1961. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to January 1909. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to January 1920. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from January 1925 to January 1928. \nGustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to January 1925.", "adv_fact_context": "Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Philips from January 1920 to 01/1925. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1908 to 01/1909. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from Jan 1925 to Jan 1928. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1906 to January 1908. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Leipzig University from Jan 1954 to Jan 1961. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1913 to Jan 1920. \n Gustav Ludwig Hertz worked for Technical University of Berlin from January 1928 to 01/1935.", "context": "Gustav Ludwig HertzGustav Ludwig Hertz (; 22 July 1887 \u2013 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work on inelastic electron collisions in gases, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.Hertz was born in Hamburg, the son of Auguste (n\u00e9e Arning) and a lawyer, Gustav Theodor Hertz (1858\u20131904), Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' brother. He attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before studying at the Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen (1906\u20131907), the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1907\u20131908), and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1908\u20131911). He received his doctorate in 1911 under Heinrich Leopold Rubens.From 1911 to 1914, Hertz was an assistant to Rubens at the University of Berlin. It was during this time that Hertz and James Franck performed experiments on inelastic electron collisions in gases, known as the Franck\u2013Hertz experiments, and for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925.During World War I, Hertz served in the military from 1914. In 1915 he joined Fritz Haber's unit that would introduce poisonous chlorine gas as a weapon. He was seriously wounded in 1915. In 1917, he returned to the University of Berlin as a Privatdozent. In 1920, he took a job as a research physicist at the Philips Incandescent Lamp Factory in Eindhoven, which he held until 1925.In 1925, Hertz became ordinarius professor and director of the Physics Institute of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. In 1928 he became ordinarius professor of experimental physics and director of the Physics Institute of the \"Technische Hochschule Berlin\" (\"THB\"), now Technical University of Berlin. While there, he developed an isotope separation technique via gaseous diffusion. Since Hertz was an officer during World War I, he was temporarily protected from National Socialist policies and the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, but eventually the policies and laws became more stringent, and at the end of 1934, he was forced to resign his position at THB, as he was classified as a \"second degree part-Jew\" (his paternal grandfather Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (originally named David Gustav Hertz) (1827\u20131914) had been Jewish as a child, before his whole family had converted to Lutheranism in 1834). He then took a position at Siemens, as director of Research Laboratory II. While there, he continued his work on atomic physics and ultrasound, but he eventually discontinued his work on isotope separation. He held this position until he departed for the Soviet Union in 1945.Hertz was concerned for his safety and, like his fellow Nobel laureate James Franck, was looking to move to the USA or any other place outside Germany. So he made a pact with three colleagues: Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory \"Forschungslaboratorium f\u00fcr Elektronenphysik\", Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (KWIPC) in Berlin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the THB. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Soviets would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nazi Party, had Communist contacts.On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne's institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), about 10\u00a0km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul'rips (Gulrip'shi). Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz's Institute G included:(1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader,(2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus M\u00fchlenpfordt was the leader,(3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Sch\u00fctze was the leader,(4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and(5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader;Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens. Other members of Institute G were Werner Hartmann and Karl-Franz Z\u00fchlke. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne's Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to.By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force. Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute in Sinop, a suburb of Sukhumi. Volmer went to the Scientific Research Institute No. 9 (NII-9). in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water. In Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation.In 1949, six German scientists, including Hertz, Thiessen, and Barwich were called in for consultation at Sverdlovsk-44, which was responsible for uranium enrichment. The plant, smaller than the American Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion plant, was getting only a little over half of the expected 90% or higher enrichment.After 1950, Hertz moved to Moscow. In 1951, Hertz was awarded a Stalin Prize, second class, with Barwich. In that year, James Franck and Hertz were jointly awarded the Max Planck Medal by the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Hertz remained in the Soviet Union until 1955.Upon return from the Soviet Union, Hertz became ordinarius professor at the University of Leipzig. From 1955 to 1967, he was also the chairman of the Physical Society of the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (GDR); he was honorary chairman from 1967 to 1975.Gustav Hertz was a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz and a cousin of Mathilde Carmen Hertz. In 1919, Hertz married Ellen n\u00e9e Dihlmann, who died in 1941. They had two sons, Carl Helmut Hertz and Johannes Heinrich Hertz; both became physicists.Hertz was a Member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Corresponding Member of the G\u00f6ttingen Academy of Sciences, an Honorary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, a Member of the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leipzig University", "Technical University of Berlin", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "Koninklijke Philips NV"], "facts": [["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1906", "January 1908"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1908", "January 1909"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Technical University of Berlin", "January 1928", "January 1935"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Koninklijke Philips NV", "January 1920", "January 1925"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "January 1925", "January 1928"], ["Gustav Ludwig Hertz", "employer", "Leipzig University", "January 1954", "January 1961"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Anna Wilmarth Ickes 8 years and 3 months before December 1914?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Anna Wilmarth Ickes 8 years and three months before Dec 1914?", "date": "September 08 1906", "text_answers": {"text": ["James Westfall Thompson"]}, "id": "L2H_Q31854559_P26_13", "fact_context": "Anna Wilmarth Ickes was a member of the Progressive Party (United States, 1912) from January 1912 to January 1916. \nAnna Wilmarth Ickes was married to James Westfall Thompson from January 1897 to January 1909. \nAnna Wilmarth Ickes was married to Harold L. Ickes from September 1911 to August 1935. \nAnna Wilmarth Ickes studied at University of Chicago from January 1893 to January 1896. \nAnna Wilmarth Ickes held the position of member of the Illinois House of Representatives from January 1928 to January 1935.", "adv_fact_context": "Anna Wilmarth Ickes held the position of member of the Illinois House of Representatives from Jan 1928 to Jan 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was a member of the Progressive Party (United States, 1912) from January 1912 to 01/1916. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes studied at University of Chicago from Jan 1893 to January 1896. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to Harold L. Ickes from 09/1911 to August 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to James Westfall Thompson from 01/1897 to 01/1909.", "context": "Anna Wilmarth IckesAnna Wilmarth Thompson Ickes (January 27, 1873 \u2013 August 31, 1935) was an American politician and activist.Born Anna Hawes Wilmarth in Chicago, Illinois, to Henry Martin Wilmarth, a manufacturer and organizer of the First National Bank of Chicago, and Mary Jane (Hawes) Wilmarth (1837\u20131919), a civic and reform leader, Wilmarth went to the South Division High School and to the University of Chicago. Ickes was influenced by her mother, Mary Wilmarth, a progressive woman's activist and colleague of Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.In 1897, she married James Westfall Thompson (1869\u20131941), who was an instructor at the University of Chicago; in 1909, they were granted a divorce. On September 16, 1911, she married Harold L. Ickes, an attorney. Anna Ickes supported the Women's Trade Union League and the Hull House in Chicago. In 1912, Ickes and her husband Harold Ickes supported the Progressive Party. In 1920, Anna and Harold Ickes supported James M. Cox for President of the United States. From 1924 to 1929, Ickes served on the University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Ickes belonged to the Woman's City Club and the Chicago Woman's Club who endorsed her run for the Illinois House of Representatives. She won and served for three terms, as a Republican from 1929 to 1935. In 1935, Ickes went to New Mexico to study the customs and ceremonies of the Navajos and the Pueblos Native Americans. In 1933, she wrote a book: \"Mesa Land\" about the Native Americans. Ickes was killed in an automobile accident in Velarde, New Mexico.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Harold L. Ickes"], "facts": [["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "educated at", "University of Chicago", "January 1893", "January 1896"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "position held", "member of the Illinois House of Representatives", "January 1928", "January 1935"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "member of political party", "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "spouse", "Harold L. Ickes", "September 1911", "August 1935"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "spouse", "James Westfall Thompson", "January 1897", "January 1909"]]}
{"question": "Where was Evan Tom Davies educated 45 years and 3 months before July 1970?", "adv_question": "Where was Evan Tom Davies educated 45 years and 3 months before 07/1970?", "date": "April 25 1925", "text_answers": {"text": ["Swansea University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q20476511_P69_31", "fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from January 1930 to January 1946. \nEvan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from January 1921 to January 1924. \nEvan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from January 1924 to January 1926. \nEvan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from January 1946 to January 1969. \nEvan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to January 1973. \nEvan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from January 1969 to January 1971. \nEvan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1926 to January 1930.", "adv_fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from Jan 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from 01/1930 to Jan 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from Jan 1921 to 01/1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to 01/1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from Jan 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from Jan 1946 to 01/1969. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from 01/1924 to January 1926.", "context": "Evan Tom DaviesEvan Tom Davies (24 September 1904 \u2013 8 October 1973) was a Welsh mathematician. He studied applications of the Lie derivative as it relates to Riemannian geometry as well as absolute differential calculus, and published a large number of papers relating to the subjects.Davies was born in 1904 in Pencader, Carmarthenshire, a small village in Wales. He was the son of two farmers and attended a local primary school. After finishing primary school, Davies received a full ride scholarship to Llandysul County School in the neighbouring town of Llandysul. There he became friends with Evan James Williams, a future professor of physics at Aberystwyth University and member of the Royal Society. In 1921, he enrolled in Aberystwyth University. He would graduate with a Bachelor of Science with honours in the field of applied mathematics. After graduation he went to Swansea University where he studied pure mathematics and received his master's degree. Davies would move to Rome in August 1926 to study with the leading expert on absolute differential calculus, Tullio Levi-Civita. There he received his doctorate.In 1930, after a short academic break due to poor health, Davies accepted a position as an assistant lecturer at King's College London. There he was promoted twice, first to Lecturer in 1935, and later to Reader in 1946. Davies was affected by the evacuation of King's College due to the London Blitz and was forced to temporarily relocate to the University of Bristol. After the conclusion of the Second World War and his subsequent promotion to Lecturer; Davie would become the chair of mathematics at the University of Southampton. He stayed at Southampton until his retirement in 1969 at the age of 65. After retirement, he went on to be a professor of mathematics at the University of Calgary for a period two years until leaving to be a professor at the University of Waterloo. He died at the age of 69 while employed there.Davies' first marriage was to Margaret Helen Picton in 1941, but she died a few years later in 1944. In 1955 he remarried, to Hilda Gladys Boyens, and they had one son. He made a hobby of linguistics and was fluent in five languages.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sapienza University of Rome", "Aberystwyth University"], "facts": [["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Southampton", "January 1946", "January 1969"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Calgary", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Aberystwyth University", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Swansea University", "January 1924", "January 1926"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Waterloo", "January 1971", "January 1973"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "King's College London", "January 1930", "January 1946"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jeannette Young educated 13 years and 4 months before September 2006?", "adv_question": "Where was Jeannette Young educated 13 years and 4 months before Sep 2006?", "date": "May 24 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["Macquarie University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q102105618_P69_31", "fact_context": "Jeannette Young worked for Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane from January 1999 to January 2005. \nJeannette Young studied at Macquarie University from January 1993 to January 1994. \nJeannette Young worked for Westmead Hospital from January 1986 to December 1994. \nJeannette Young held the position of Governor of Queensland from November 2021 to May 2023. \nJeannette Young worked for Queensland Health from August 2005 to May 2023. \nJeannette Young worked for Rockhampton Base Hospital from December 1994 to January 1999. \nJeannette Young was married to Graeme Nimmo from March 2000 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Jeannette Young studied at Macquarie University from January 1993 to 01/1994. \n Jeannette Young was married to Graeme Nimmo from 03/2000 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane from 01/1999 to 01/2005. \n Jeannette Young worked for Queensland Health from Aug 2005 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young held the position of Governor of Queensland from November 2021 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Westmead Hospital from January 1986 to 12/1994. \n Jeannette Young worked for Rockhampton Base Hospital from December 1994 to Jan 1999.", "context": "Jeannette YoungJeannette Rosita Young (born 1962/1963) is an Australian medical doctor and administrator who is currently Chief Health Officer of Queensland, and the Governor-designate of Queensland. She has served in the role since 2005, and is as of 2020 Australia's longest-serving current chief health officer.Raised in Sydney, New South Wales, Young attended secondary school at St Ives High School, graduating in 1980, before studying at the University of Sydney and graduating in 1986 with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. She started her career as a doctor at Westmead Hospital in Sydney in 1986 before moving into medical administration at the same hospital in July 1992.She relocated to Queensland upon her appointment as Director of Medical Services at Rockhampton Hospital in December 1994. In April 1995, she was awarded a Master of Business Administration by Macquarie University. She then moved into a position similar to her role in Rockhampton, as Executive Director of Medical Services at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, in January 1999.On 17 August 2005, she was appointed to succeed Gerry FitzGerald as Chief Health Officer of Queensland. She gained prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, holding multiple press briefings regarding the disease. Her recommendation to the Palaszczuk Government to close the state's borders, which was implemented, proved controversial as she received numerous death threats and was placed under police protection in September 2020.On June 21 2021 the Premier of Queensland Annastacia Palaszczuk announced Young will become the 27th Governor of Queensland. The current Governor Paul de Jersey was due to retire in July 2021, but will extend his term until November to allow Young to focus on the COVID-19 vaccine rollout as Chief Health Officer.Young has been a fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators since November 2004. She has also received honorary doctorates from Griffith University, in 2015, and Queensland University of Technology, in 2017.In 2015, she was awarded the Public Service Medal for \"outstanding public service to Queensland Health\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Jeannette Young", "spouse", "Graeme Nimmo", "March 2000", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Queensland Health", "August 2005", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Rockhampton Base Hospital", "December 1994", "January 1999"], ["Jeannette Young", "educated at", "Macquarie University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Jeannette Young", "position held", "Governor of Queensland", "November 2021", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane", "January 1999", "January 2005"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Westmead Hospital", "January 1986", "December 1994"]]}
{"question": "Where was Elisa Granato educated 8 years and 7 months after June 2008?", "adv_question": "Where was Elisa Granato educated eight years and 7 months after June 2008?", "date": "January 26 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Zurich"]}, "id": "L2H_Q88957305_P69_1", "fact_context": "Elisa Granato studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 2008 to January 2011. \nElisa Granato studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 2011 to January 2013. \nElisa Granato worked for University of Oxford from November 2017 to May 2023. \nElisa Granato studied at University of Zurich from June 2013 to October 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Elisa Granato studied at University of Zurich from 06/2013 to October 2017. \n Elisa Granato studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 2011 to Jan 2013. \n Elisa Granato worked for University of Oxford from 11/2017 to May 2023. \n Elisa Granato studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 2008 to Jan 2011.", "context": "Elisa GranatoElisa Teresa Granato (born 23 April 1988) is a molecular microbiologist in the Departments of Zoology and Biochemistry at the University of Oxford, where she researches bacterial interactions and how they evolved, including the significance of features of bacteria that contribute to disease, also known as virulence factors.Elisa Granato was born on 23 April 1988. She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in biology from Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, in 2011. In 2013 she received her Master of Science degree in microbiology and immunology from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), and in 2017 she received her PhD from the Life Science Zurich Graduate School of the University of Zurich for a thesis supervised by Rolf K\u00fcmmerli.Granato works as a molecular microbiologist in the Departments of Zoology and Biochemistry at the University of Oxford. She researches the evolution of bacterial interactions and the significance of bacterial traits, also known as virulence factors, that contribute to a bacteria's capability of causing disease, including the siderophore pyoverdine produced by \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\".On 23 April 2020, her 32nd birthday, she was the first volunteer in the Oxford vaccine trial for COVID-19. On 26 April 2020, Granato responded to circulating fake news of her death in a Twitter feed by commenting, \u201cNothing like waking up to a fake article on your death ... I\u2019m doing fine everyone.\u201d", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["ETH Z\u00fcrich", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"], "facts": [["Elisa Granato", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 2011", "January 2013"], ["Elisa Granato", "educated at", "University of Zurich", "June 2013", "October 2017"], ["Elisa Granato", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 2008", "January 2011"], ["Elisa Granato", "employer", "University of Oxford", "November 2017", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 16 years after May 1964?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 16 years after 05/1964?", "date": "May 11 1980", "text_answers": {"text": ["National University of Distance Education"]}, "id": "L2H_Q5993097_P108_10", "fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to January 1971. \nManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from January 1979 to January 1993. \nManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from January 1971 to January 1980. \nManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from January 1965 to January 1969. \nManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \nManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from January 1964 to January 1965. \nManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from January 1959 to November 1968.", "adv_fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan 1971 to Jan 1980. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from Jan 1965 to Jan 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan 1964 to Jan 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to 01/1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from 01/1979 to 01/1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from 01/1959 to Nov 1968.", "context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda VelardeManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almer\u00eda, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energ\u00eda Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married Mar\u00eda del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his \"alma mater\", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, Garc\u00eda Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Autonomous University of Madrid", "Complutense University of Madrid", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "University of Texas at Austin", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles"], "facts": [["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "January 1964", "January 1965"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Complutense University of Madrid", "December 1992", "January 2011"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "University of Texas at Austin", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles", "January 1965", "January 1969"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Autonomous University of Madrid", "January 1971", "January 1980"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "National University of Distance Education", "January 1979", "January 1993"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "educated at", "Complutense University of Madrid", "January 1959", "November 1968"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Damian Boeselager belong to 3 years and 6 months after June 2015?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Damian Boeselager belong to three years and 6 months after Jun 2015?", "date": "December 07 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["Volt Europa"]}, "id": "L2H_Q63532607_P102_6", "fact_context": "Damian Boeselager was a member of the Volt Europa from March 2017 to May 2023. \nDamian Boeselager worked for McKinsey & Company from January 2013 to January 2016. \nDamian Boeselager held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2019 to May 2023. \nDamian Boeselager studied at Hertie School from January 2016 to January 2017. \nDamian Boeselager studied at University of Bayreuth from January 2008 to January 2011.", "adv_fact_context": "Damian Boeselager studied at Hertie School from January 2016 to January 2017. \n Damian Boeselager worked for McKinsey & Company from 01/2013 to Jan 2016. \n Damian Boeselager studied at University of Bayreuth from 01/2008 to 01/2011. \n Damian Boeselager was a member of the Volt Europa from March 2017 to May 2023. \n Damian Boeselager held the position of member of the European Parliament from 07/2019 to May 2023.", "context": "Damian BoeselagerDamian Hieronymus Johannes Freiherr von Boeselager (born 8 March 1988) is a German business consultant, journalist and Volt Europa politician who has sat in the European Parliament since being elected in 2019.Damian Boeselager is descended from the Boeselager family. His grandfather Philipp von Boeselager was a resistance fighter during National Socialism. His father is the banker Georg Freiherr von Boeselager and his mother Huberta, n\u00e9e Thiel. Damian Freiherr von Boeselager is Catholic and the youngest of four children, born in Frankfurt. He graduated from high school at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bad Godesberg. From 2008 to 2011, he studied Philosophy and Economics at the University of Bayreuth and Public Administration at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin from 2016 to 2017. He completed a semester abroad at Columbia University in New York City. In 2017 he graduated with a Master's degree.In 2017, Boeselager together with Andrea Venzon from Italy and Colombe Cahen-Salvador from France founded Volt Europa as a \"pan-European\", \"pragmatic\" and \"progressive\" party. Damian Boeselager is Vice President of Volt and together with Marie-Isabelle Heiss was the German lead candidate for Volt in the 2019 European elections. During the European election campaign Boeselager did not pursue any income activity and was financially supported by his family. He is the main interview partner for Volt in press reports as well as radio and television broadcasts due to his party activities. Ranking first in the German list of Volt Europa, which reached 0.7%, he was elected to the European Parliament in 2019.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Damian Boeselager", "member of political party", "Volt Europa", "March 2017", "May 2023"], ["Damian Boeselager", "employer", "McKinsey & Company", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Damian Boeselager", "educated at", "Hertie School", "January 2016", "January 2017"], ["Damian Boeselager", "educated at", "University of Bayreuth", "January 2008", "January 2011"], ["Damian Boeselager", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2019", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Where was Damian Boeselager educated 7 years and 11 months before January 2016?", "adv_question": "Where was Damian Boeselager educated 7 years and 11 months before January 2016?", "date": "February 13 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Bayreuth"]}, "id": "L2H_Q63532607_P69_8", "fact_context": "Damian Boeselager held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2019 to May 2023. \nDamian Boeselager studied at University of Bayreuth from January 2008 to January 2011. \nDamian Boeselager worked for McKinsey & Company from January 2013 to January 2016. \nDamian Boeselager studied at Hertie School from January 2016 to January 2017. \nDamian Boeselager was a member of the Volt Europa from March 2017 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Damian Boeselager held the position of member of the European Parliament from 07/2019 to May 2023. \n Damian Boeselager studied at Hertie School from January 2016 to January 2017. \n Damian Boeselager worked for McKinsey & Company from 01/2013 to Jan 2016. \n Damian Boeselager studied at University of Bayreuth from 01/2008 to 01/2011. \n Damian Boeselager was a member of the Volt Europa from March 2017 to May 2023.", "context": "Damian BoeselagerDamian Hieronymus Johannes Freiherr von Boeselager (born 8 March 1988) is a German business consultant, journalist and Volt Europa politician who has sat in the European Parliament since being elected in 2019.Damian Boeselager is descended from the Boeselager family. His grandfather Philipp von Boeselager was a resistance fighter during National Socialism. His father is the banker Georg Freiherr von Boeselager and his mother Huberta, n\u00e9e Thiel. Damian Freiherr von Boeselager is Catholic and the youngest of four children, born in Frankfurt. He graduated from high school at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bad Godesberg. From 2008 to 2011, he studied Philosophy and Economics at the University of Bayreuth and Public Administration at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin from 2016 to 2017. He completed a semester abroad at Columbia University in New York City. In 2017 he graduated with a Master's degree.In 2017, Boeselager together with Andrea Venzon from Italy and Colombe Cahen-Salvador from France founded Volt Europa as a \"pan-European\", \"pragmatic\" and \"progressive\" party. Damian Boeselager is Vice President of Volt and together with Marie-Isabelle Heiss was the German lead candidate for Volt in the 2019 European elections. During the European election campaign Boeselager did not pursue any income activity and was financially supported by his family. He is the main interview partner for Volt in press reports as well as radio and television broadcasts due to his party activities. Ranking first in the German list of Volt Europa, which reached 0.7%, he was elected to the European Parliament in 2019.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hertie School"], "facts": [["Damian Boeselager", "employer", "McKinsey & Company", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Damian Boeselager", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2019", "May 2023"], ["Damian Boeselager", "member of political party", "Volt Europa", "March 2017", "May 2023"], ["Damian Boeselager", "educated at", "Hertie School", "January 2016", "January 2017"], ["Damian Boeselager", "educated at", "University of Bayreuth", "January 2008", "January 2011"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 5 years and 8 months after November 1995?", "adv_question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold five years and eight months after 11/1995?", "date": "July 05 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief strategy officer"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6761974_P39_2", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \nMarian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \nMarian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \nMarian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief marketing officer", "executive vice president", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 4 years and 10 months after June 2002?", "adv_question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold four years and 10 months after Jun 2002?", "date": "April 13 2007", "text_answers": {"text": ["executive vice president"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6761974_P39_24", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \nMarian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \nMarian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief strategy officer", "chief marketing officer", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 2 years and 8 months after September 2003?", "adv_question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 2 years and eight months after 09/2003?", "date": "May 03 2006", "text_answers": {"text": ["executive vice president"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6761974_P39_34", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \nMarian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \nMarian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief strategy officer", "chief marketing officer", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for 9 years and 11 months before January 2007?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for nine years and 11 months before Jan 2007?", "date": "February 19 1997", "text_answers": {"text": ["Young & Rubicam"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6761974_P108_41", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \nMarian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["TBWA Worldwide", "Philip Morris International", "Porter Novelli", "Havas", "J. Walter Thompson"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for 3 years and 3 months after September 2005?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for 3 years and three months after Sep 2005?", "date": "December 31 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["Porter Novelli"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6761974_P108_45", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \nMarian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Young & Rubicam", "TBWA Worldwide", "Philip Morris International", "Havas", "J. Walter Thompson"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 6 years and 4 months before January 2008?", "adv_question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold six years and 4 months before Jan 2008?", "date": "September 26 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief strategy officer"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6761974_P39_63", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \nMarian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \nMarian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \nMarian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \nMarian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \nMarian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \nMarian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief marketing officer", "executive vice president", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"]]}
{"question": "Where was Prince William, Duke of Cambridge educated 25 years and 11 months before January 2015?", "adv_question": "Where was Prince William, Duke of Cambridge educated 25 years and 11 months before January 2015?", "date": "February 25 1989", "text_answers": {"text": ["Wetherby School"]}, "id": "L2H_Q36812_P69_12", "fact_context": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge was married to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge from April 2011 to May 2023. \nPrince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Ludgrove School from September 1990 to July 1995. \nPrince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst from January 2006 to December 2006. \nPrince William, Duke of Cambridge held the position of heir apparent from April 2021 to May 2023. \nPrince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Wetherby School from January 1987 to January 1990.", "adv_fact_context": "Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Ludgrove School from September 1990 to July 1995. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge was married to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge from April 2011 to 05/2023. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst from January 2006 to 12/2006. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge studied at Wetherby School from Jan 1987 to January 1990. \n Prince William, Duke of Cambridge held the position of heir apparent from April 2021 to May 2023.", "context": "Prince William, Duke of CambridgePrince William, Duke of Cambridge, (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982) is a member of the British royal family. He is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. Since birth, he has been second in the line of succession to the British throne.Born in St Mary's Hospital, London, William was educated at Wetherby School, Ludgrove School and Eton College. He spent parts of his gap year in Belize and Chile before earning a Scottish Master of Arts degree in geography at the University of St Andrews. William then trained at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst prior to serving with the Blues and Royals. In April 2008, William graduated from Royal Air Force College Cranwell, joining RAF Search and Rescue Force in early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance from July 2015 for two years.The Duke performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the Queen. He holds patronage with over 30 charitable and military organisations, including the Tusk Trust, Centrepoint, and London's Air Ambulance Charity. He undertakes projects through The Royal Foundation, with his charity work revolving around mental health, conservation, and emergency workers. In December 2014, he founded the \"United for Wildlife\" initiative, which aims to reduce worldwide illegal wildlife trade. In April 2016, the Cambridges and Prince Harry initiated the mental health awareness campaign \"Heads Together\" to encourage people to open up about their mental health issues. In October 2020, William launched the Earthshot Prize, a \u00a350 million initiative to incentivise environmental solutions over the next decade.In 2011, William was made Duke of Cambridge preceding his marriage to Catherine Middleton. The couple have three children: Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis of Cambridge.Prince William was born at St Mary's Hospital, London on 21 June 1982 as the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II) and Diana, Princess of Wales. His names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace on 28 June. He was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August, the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. He was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, when he was nine months old, as his first trip overseas. He traveled with his family to Canada in 1991 and 1998.Known informally as \"Wills\" within the family, William was nicknamed \"Wombat\" by his mother, who wished him and his younger brother, Harry, to obtain broader life experiences than those usually available to royal children. She took them to Walt Disney World and McDonald's, AIDS clinics, shelters for the homeless, and bought them items typically owned by teenagers, such as video games. His parents divorced in 1996. Diana died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, together with his 12-year-old brother and their father, were staying at Balmoral Castle at the time. The Prince of Wales waited until his sons awoke the following morning to tell them about their mother's death. William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and his maternal uncle Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, at his mother's funeral. William and Harry walked behind the funeral cort\u00e8ge from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey.William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart. At Ludgrove, he participated in football, swimming, basketball, clay pigeon shooting, and cross country running. He sat the entrance exam to Eton College and was admitted. There, he studied Geography, Biology, and History of Art at A-Level, obtaining an 'A' in Geography, a 'C' in Biology, and a 'B' in History of Art. At Eton, he took up water polo and continued to play football, captaining his house team.The decision to place William in Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children to Gordonstoun, which his grandfather, father, two uncles, and two cousins all attended. Diana's father and brother both attended Eton. The royal family and the tabloid press agreed William would be allowed to study free from intrusion in exchange for regular updates about his life. John Wakeham, chairman of the Press Complaints Commission, said of the arrangement, \"Prince William is not an institution; nor a soap star; nor a football hero. He is a boy: in the next few years, perhaps the most important and sometimes painful part of his life, he will grow up and become a man.\"After completing his studies at Eton, William took a gap year, during which he took part in British Army training exercises in Belize, worked on English dairy farms, visited Africa, and for ten weeks taught children in southern Chile. As part of the Raleigh International programme in the town of Tortel, William lived with other young volunteers, sharing in the common household chores\u2014including cleaning the toilet\u2014and also volunteered as a guest disc jockey at a local radio station. His interest in African culture prompted him to teach himself Swahili.By 2001, William was back in the United Kingdom and had enrolled at the University of St Andrews. The extra attention did not deter him; he embarked on a degree course in Art History, later changing his main subject to Geography. William wrote his dissertation on the coral reefs of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean and graduated with Scottish Master of Arts degree with upper second class honours in 2005. While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004. He was known as \"Steve\" by other students to avoid any journalists overhearing and realising his identity. William returned to St Andrews alongside his wife in February 2011 as patron of the university's 600th Anniversary Appeal.Upon graduation from university, William interned in land management at Chatsworth House and in banking at HSBC. To prepare for his eventual management of the Duchy of Cornwall, in 2014, he enrolled in a vocational agricultural management course at Cambridge, which was organised by the Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership (CPSL), of which his father is patron. According to a CNN report in 2014, the duchy is \"a \u00a3760\u00a0million (about $1.25\u00a0billion) entity established in 1337 to provide a private income for use by the reigning monarch's eldest son\", which William will inherit when his father becomes king.Having decided to follow a military career, he was admitted to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in January 2006. William officially received his commission as a lieutenant at midnight. As \"Lieutenant Wales\"\u2014a name based on his father's title Prince of Wales\u2014he followed his younger brother into the Blues and Royals as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent five months training for the post at Bovington Camp, Dorset.William's position as second-in-line to the throne and the convention of ministers advising against placing that person into dangerous situations cast doubts on his chances of seeing combat, which increased after Prince Harry's deployment was cancelled in 2007 due to \"specific threats\". William, instead, went on to train in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, obtaining his commission as a sub-lieutenant in the former and flying officer in the latter\u2014both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant.After completing his training, William undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force at RAF Cranwell. Upon completing the course he was presented with his RAF wings by his father, who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell. During this secondment, William flew to Afghanistan in a C-17 Globemaster that repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson. William was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy. Whilst serving on HMS \"Iron Duke\" in June 2008, William participated in a \u00a340m drug bust in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados. He was a part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter, which helped seize 900\u00a0kg of cocaine from a speedboat.In January 2009, William transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted to Flight Lieutenant. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF's Search and Rescue Force. In January 2010, he graduated from the Defence Helicopter Flying School at RAF Shawbury. On 26 January 2010, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit at RAF Valley, Anglesey, to receive training on the Sea King search and rescue helicopter; he graduated in September 2010. This made him the first member of the British royal family since Henry VII to live in Wales.William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of an RAF Sea King was a response to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard on 2 October 2010. In November 2011, he participated in a search-and-rescue mission involving a cargo ship that was sinking in the Irish Sea; William, as a co-pilot, helped rescue two sailors.William was deployed to the Falkland Islands for a six-week tour with No. 1564 Flight from February to March 2012. The Argentine government condemned the Duke's deployment to the islands close to the 30th anniversary of the beginning of the Falklands War as a \"provocative act\". In June 2012, Prince William gained a qualification to be captain or pilot in command of a Sea King rather than a co-pilot. His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.In 2014, it was announced that William would accept a full-time role as a pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance (EAAA) based at Cambridge Airport. Despite his qualifications as a military helicopter pilot, William needed a civil pilot's licence and further training before being permitted to take command of the Air Ambulance. Although his position was paid, Kensington Palace announced that William would donate his full salary to the EAAA charity. He underwent part of his training as an EAAA pilot at Norwich Airport. On 13 July 2015, William started his new job, which he felt was a natural progression from his previous role as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot. The Duke described working irregular shifts and dealing mostly with critical care cases. He also publicly discussed the consequences, witnessing intensive trauma and bereavement as an emergency worker, stating that it impacted his mental health and personal life. \"BBC\" has written that the Duke was \"exposed to the National Health Service in a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be.\"William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties on behalf of his grandmother. After supporting an anniversary campaign for London's Air Ambulance Charity in 2019, the Duke became the charity's official patron in March 2020. In May 2020, he granted permission to the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn to refuel during the COVID-19 pandemic. To mark Air Ambulance Week 2020, he wrote a letter thanking air ambulance workers, stating his \"profound respect\" for the community, particularly during the \"immeasurably difficult\" outbreak, and stated that \"the country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude.\"In 2001, William met Catherine Middleton while they were students in residence at St Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews. She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show on campus. The couple began dating in 2003. During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends. From 2003 to 2005, they both resided at Balgove House on the Strathtyrum estate with two roommates.Their relationship was followed so closely by the tabloid press that bookmakers took bets on the possibility of marriage, and the retail chain Woolworths produced memorabilia bearing their likenesses. Media attention became so intense that William formally asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton. On 15 December 2006, Middleton attended Prince William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.In April 2007, William and Middleton ended their relationship. Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana in July 2007 at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart. The couple were subsequently seen together in public on a number of occasions and news sources stated that they had \"rekindled their relationship\". Middleton was in attendance during the Order of the Garter procession ceremony at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where Prince William was made a Royal Knight of the Garter. In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on the Bodorgan Estate in Anglesey, Wales, where William resided during his RAF search-and-rescue training and subsequent career.On 16 November 2010, Clarence House announced that William and Catherine were to marry; the couple had become engaged in Kenya in October. The engagement ring given by William to Catherine had belonged to his mother. The wedding took place on 29 April 2011 in Westminster Abbey, London. A few hours before the ceremony, William's new titles Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300\u00a0million or more, whilst 26\u00a0million watched the event live in Britain alone. The couple were given the country home, Anmer Hall, on the Sandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen. The Duke and Duchess owned an English Cocker Spaniel, Lupo, from December 2011 to November 2020.Catherine's first pregnancy was announced on 3 December 2012. She was admitted on 22 July 2013 to the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London, where Prince William had been delivered. Later that day, she gave birth to Prince George. On 8 September 2014, it was announced that the Duchess of Cambridge was pregnant with her second child. She was admitted on 2 May 2015 to the same hospital and gave birth to Princess Charlotte. The Duchess's third pregnancy was announced on 4 September 2017; Prince Louis was born on 23 April 2018. The family officially reside at Kensington Palace.William is the godfather of Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark (b. 1998), a distant relation though his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, and Mia Tindall (b. 2014), the eldest child of his paternal cousin, Zara Tindall.William and his brother Harry inherited the \"bulk\" of the \u00a312.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown since her 1997 death to \u00a310 million each in 2014. In 2002 \"The Times\" reported that William would also share with his brother a payment of \u00a34.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on their respective 21st birthdays and would share a payment of \u00a38 million upon their respective 40th birthdays. As the eldest son of the heir-apparent, William is expected to inherit the Duchy of Cornwall, which would bring him an additional income.In 2014, the brothers inherited their mother's wedding dress along with many other of her personal possessions including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters, and paintings. The brothers also received the original lyrics and score of \"Candle in the Wind\" by Bernie Taupin and Elton John as performed by John at Diana's funeral.On 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent scar. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a \"Harry Potter scar\" and said, \"I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it\u2014other times they don't notice it at all\".On 1 November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for coronavirus in April but decided not to alert the media to 'avoid alarming the nation'. \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported he had been \"very ill\" and had isolated away from his family.At the age of 21, William was appointed a Counsellor of State; he first served in that capacity when the Queen attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 2003. On his 21st birthday, William accompanied his father on a visit to Wales, visiting the Anglesey Food Festival and opening a centre for the homeless in Newport. Upon graduating from university, William began royal duties in support of, and on behalf of, the Queen at official events, public engagements, and overseas tours. In July 2005, he embarked on his first solo overseas tour, travelling to New Zealand to participate in World War II commemorations. For the 30th anniversary of his father's charity The Prince's Trust, William and his brother were jointly interviewed for the first time by television personalities Ant & Dec. According to author Tina Brown, he had, like his father, expressed a desire to become Governor-General of Australia. Prime Minister of Australia John Howard expressed his wish for the position to be held by an Australian citizen. In 2009, the Queen set up a private office for William with David Manning as his adviser. Manning accompanied him in January 2010 as he toured Auckland and Wellington; William opened the new building of the Supreme Court of New Zealand and was welcomed by a M\u0101ori chief. In June 2010, William and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, visiting projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children. In November 2010, he attended a memorial service held on Remembrance Day at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. In March 2011, William visited Christchurch, New Zealand, shortly after the earthquake, and spoke at the memorial service at Hagley Park on behalf of his grandmother. He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding in Queensland and Victoria. In May 2011, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge met with U.S President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at Buckingham Palace. The couple toured Canada in summer 2011, attending Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill. On 2 November, the Duke and Duchess visited the UNICEF Supply Division for malnourished children in Copenhagen, Denmark.William and Catherine served as ambassadors for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, during multiple sporting events throughout the games. In September 2012, they toured Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. The Duke and Duchess attended further commemorations of the Jubilee throughout the year, including the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in July. The Duke hosted his first investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace in October 2013. In April 2014, William and Catherine undertook a royal tour to New Zealand and Australia with their son, Prince George. The itinerary included visiting the Plunket Society for children and visiting fire-damaged areas in New South Wales. In June 2014, the couple visited France to attend the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings at Gold Beach. In September 2014, the Duke visited Malta to commemorate its 50th independence anniversary, substituting for his wife after the announcement of her second pregnancy. On 21 October, the Duke and Duchess met the President of Singapore, Tony Tan, during his state visit to the UK. In December 2014, the William met with President Obama in the Oval Office, and made a speech at the World Bank in Washington, D. C., condemning the illegal trade in wildlife. In December 2014, the couple visited New York and attended a charity dinner at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.In February 2015, the Duke visited Japan, meeting with Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko at the Imperial Palace and visiting survivors devastated by the 2011 tsunami. From 1 to 4 March, the Duke visited the Chinese cities Beijing, Shanghai, and Yunnan and met with President Xi Jinping. It was the first royal visit to mainland China in almost three decades. In April 2016, the William and his wife undertook a tour to India and Bhutan. Activities included visiting children's charities such as Childline India, as well as a visit to Lingkana Palace. Later that month, the couple met again with the Obamas at Kensington Palace. In April 2016, William and Catherine toured to India and Bhutan. The couple toured Canada once again in September 2016. In November 2016, he visited Vietnam, meeting with Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc and touring local primary schools. Countries visited by the couple in 2017 include France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium. In January 2018, the couple visited Sweden and Norway. The visits, which were, like others, requested by the Foreign Office, were interpreted to benefit UK-European relations post Brexit. In June 2018, the Duke toured Jordan, Israel and Palestine.In February 2019, William and Catherine carried out a two-day visit of Northern Ireland, visiting Belfast, Fermanagh, and Ballymena. The Duke and Duchess toured Pakistan in October 2019, which was the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years. In December 2019, William visited Kuwait and Oman, commemorating the 120th anniversary of the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899. In March 2020, the couple carried out a three-day tour of Ireland, visiting County Meath, Kildare, and Galway. In October 2020, the Duke and Duchess met Volodymyr Zelensky, the President of Ukraine, and First Lady Olena Zelenska, at Buckingham Palace, the first royal engagement held at the residence since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In December, the couple embarked on a three-day tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the British Royal Train \"to pay tribute to the inspiring work of individuals, organisations and initiatives across the country\" in 2020. Prime Minister Boris Johnson expressed his support for the initiative, while First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon criticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; UK, Scottish and Welsh governments were consulted before planning the tour. In William's capacity as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, the couple toured Edinburgh, Fife and Orkney in May 2021. In Cornwall on 11 June 2021, William and Catherine attended the G7 summit for the first time. They also attended a reception, where the Duke and his father discussed governmental and corporate solutions to environmental problems.William became aware of HIV/AIDS in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, William and his brother volunteered at a British Red Cross aid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. In September that year, William granted his patronage to Centrepoint, a charity that assists the homeless. In December 2009, he, as part of a Centrepoint-organised event, spent the night sleeping bag near the Blackfriars Bridge to raise awareness of the experiences of homeless youth. The Duke opened their new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark their 50-year anniversary. In 2005, William worked in the children's unit at The Royal Marsden Hospital, his mother's former patronage, for two days of work experience; he also assisted in the medical research, catering, and fundraising departments. In May that year, he spent two weeks in North Wales with Mountain Rescue England and Wales. In May 2007, William became patron of both organisations. In October 2020, the Duke laid the foundation stone of the hospital's Oak Cancer Centre, 30 years after his mother did the same for their Chelsea Wing in 1990.Prince William became a patron of the Tusk Trust in December 2005, a charity that works towards conserving wildlife and initiating community development, including providing education, across Africa. He became associated with the organisation after he witnessed its work first hand in Africa. Stating that \"rural African initiatives that foster education, responsibility and participation in the local community light the way to conservation\", he carried out his first official duty with the trust in launching a bike ride across the African continent in 2007. Later that year, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana, in memory of their mother, which benefitted the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry. In 2010, he also became a patron of 100 Women in Hedge Funds Philanthropic Initiatives. William succeeded Lord Attenborough in 2010 as the fifth president of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. In March 2011, the Duke and Duchess set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities instead. The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple's choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation. The charity has since been renamed The Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. In December 2014, The Duke founded the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce, which aims to reduce worldwide illegal wildlife trade. The Duke has spoken out for LGBT rights as part of his work against cyberbullying, stating the importance of being \"proud of the person you are\" and discussing the effects of online abuse and discrimination. He was recognised at the British LGBT Awards in May 2017. In 2018, the Royal Foundation launched multiple mental health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry to de-stigmatise mental health. Legacy programmes include Heads Up, launched in May 2019 in partnership with the Football Association, utilising football to affect the conversation surrounding mental health in adults. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess launched Shout, the UK's first 24/7 text messaging service for those who suffer from mental issues. William has cited his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air ambulance pilot, as well as his work with homelessness, veterans welfare, and his wife's advocacy on addiction.William has been patron of homelessness charity The Passage since 2019 after first visiting the center in 1992 with his mother. In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th-anniversary fundraising cookbook, discussing the importance of helping victims of homelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2020, the Duke volunteered at the charity to help prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodations and spoke with residents about their experiences. In March 2020, the Duke appeared in a video for the National Emergencies Trust, launching a fundraising appeal to help charities during the pandemic. The appeal raised \u00a311 million in its first week, eventually totalling to \u00a390 million, with the money going out to \"front line charities\" and to the UK Community Foundations to be distributed among \"local community foundations\". In April 2020, he officially became the patron of the organisation. In late March 2020, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge began supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England amidst the coronavirus pandemic. He made a surprise appearance in \"The Big Night In\", a 20 April 2020 telethon held during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a skit which he held a video call with Stephen Fry, who revised his role as (a descendant of) Lord Melchett, from the Blackadder series. Later that month, the Duke and Duchess announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.In May and June 2020, the Duke and Duchess, alongside their children, delivered food parcels made on the Sandringham Estate to local isolated pensioners during the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, The Duke of Cambridge, stated that he had been serving as a volunteer on the Shout hotline during the pandemic. In September 2020, the Duke established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders. The project is in partnership with King's College London and the Open University. After two years of research, the Duke launched the Earthshot Prize in October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentive for environmental solutions over the next decade. The Prize is slated to be given every year from 2021 until 2030 to five winners each year, in accordance with five categories detailing the restoration of nature, air cleanliness, ocean conservation, waste-free living, and climate change. The selection process will be performed by the Duke, alongside a council of judges from six continents, overseen by a panel of experts. The first awards ceremony is slated to take place in London in autumn 2021. Following the launch, William gave a TED Talk on environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate change initiative. Later that month, the Duke took over the patronages of Flora and Fauna International and the British Trust for Ornithology, passed on from the Queen and Prince Philip. In December 2020, the Duke and Duchess became joint patrons of NHS Charities Together. In February 2021, William visited a vaccination centre in King's Lynn and later encouraged use of the vaccine, denouncing false information that could cause vaccine hesitancy. In May 2021, he got his first dose of vaccine by NHS staff at the Science Museum in London.William often plays polo to raise money for charity. He is a fan of football, and supports the English club Aston Villa. He became President of England's Football Association in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron. The same year, the WRU's decision to name a new cup for test matches between Wales and South Africa the Prince William Cup caused controversy; some believed it would have been more appropriate to name it after Ray Gravell. In December 2010, William and Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong-joon at which Chung suggested a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA's ethics investigator because they considered vote-swapping to be a violation of anti-collusion rules. In 2011, William as President of the English FA, voted against Australia's 2022 FIFA bid and instead voted for South Korea; despite being the country's future heir. In 2020, again as President of the English FA, he voted against the joint Australia\u2013New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bid and instead voted for Colombia.In February 2021, following an investigation into racism directed toward Marcus Rashford, the Duke released a statement as president of the FA, denouncing the \"racist abuse.. whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media\" as \"despicable\" and stating that \"we all have a responsibility\" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability. In April 2021, William criticised the planned breakaway competition The Super League, adding that he \"share[d] the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love.\"In 2006, William, along with other Sandhurst officers, took part in a run to support the charity Sport Relief, as he had done in 2004 with a team from Clarence House. In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association. In 2012, together with the Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, William launched Coach Core. The program was set up following the 2012 Olympics and provides apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach. In 2013, he succeeded his grandfather Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as president of the UK charity Fields in Trust. In 2014 he and the Duchess were awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club. In May 2020, the Duke of Cambridge appeared in a BBC One Documentary titled \"Football, Prince William and Our Mental Health\" as a part of a campaign to promote men to discuss their mental issues using football as a common medium.Both William and his brother are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William owns a Ducati 1198 S Corse. In May 2014, William, like his father and paternal grandfather, became president of the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC). He enthusiastically took part in a bandy event in Stockholm in January 2018.The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duke and his wife have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.In September 2012, the French edition of \"Closer\" and Italian gossip magazine \"Chi\" published photographs of the Duchess of Cambridge sun-bathing topless while on holiday at the Ch\u00e2teau d'Autet (a private ch\u00e2teau on a 260-ha estate 71\u00a0km north of Aix-en-Provence). Analysts from \"The Times\" believed the photographs were taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road half a kilometre from the pool\u2014a distance that would require an 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens. On 17 September 2012, the Duke and Duchess filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at the \"Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre\". The following day the courts granted an injunction against \"Closer\" prohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced a criminal investigation would be initiated. Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded but intrusions of privacy are a criminal offence carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to \u20ac45,000 for individuals and \u20ac225,000 for companies. In September 2017, \"Closer\" was fined \u20ac100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined \u20ac45,000.In August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the \"dangerous\" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Jason Knauf, communications secretary to the Cambridges, wrote the letter to media standards organisations in various countries.In March 2017, a video of William dancing alongside an unidentified woman at a nightclub in Verbier, Switzerland, surfaced in the media. At the time, he was on a skiing holiday with his friends. The press criticised William's behaviour because he had failed to attend the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey, which was attended by other senior members of the royal family.The hereditary titles of Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, and Baron Carrickfergus were announced on 29 April 2011 and formally patented on 26 May that year. William uses the earldom in Scotland and the barony in Northern Ireland. He is a Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG), a Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT), a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC), and a Personal Aide-de-Camp (ADC) to the Queen.As a British prince, William does not use a surname for everyday purposes. For formal and ceremonial purposes, children of the Prince of Wales use the title \"prince\" or \"princess\" before their forename and follow it with their father's territorial designation. Thus, before his marriage, Prince William was styled \"Prince William of Wales\". Such territorial designations are discarded by women when they marry and by men if they are given a peerage of their own, such as when Prince William was given his dukedom.Although the name of the Royal House is Windsor, the surname \"Mountbatten-Windsor\" belongs to all the children and male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, and is used, if needed, by those who do not have the style of Royal Highness and the title Prince or Princess; when a female descendant marries, she traditionally takes her husband's surname from that point onward, and their children take their father's. Both Princes William and Harry used \"Wales\" as their surname for military purposes; this continues to be the case for William since his creation as Duke of Cambridge.Prince William is the 1,000th member of the register of the Order of the Garter, and was officially invested by the Queen on 16 June 2008 at a service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The last time a monarch appointed a grandchild into the Order of the Garter was in 1894, when Queen Victoria invested Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.In September 2013, the Queen granted to the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge a conjugal coat of arms consisting of their individual arms displayed side-by-side beneath a helm and coronet denoting the Duke's status as grandson of the Sovereign.In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic flag for the Duke of Cambridge's use in Canada. It is the Royal Arms of Canada in banner form defaced with a blue roundel surrounded with a wreath of gold maple leaves and shells within which is a depiction of a \"\"W\"\" surmounted by a coronet. Above the roundel is a white label of three points, charged with a red shell.William is a member of the House of Windsor. Patrilineally, he descends from the House of Oldenburg, one of Europe's oldest royal houses; and more specifically the cadet branch known as the House of Gl\u00fccksburg.Through his mother, William descends from the Earls Spencer\u2014a cadet branch of the Spencer family descended from the Earls of Sunderland; the senior branch are now also Dukes of Marlborough; the Barons Fermoy; and more anciently from Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond\u2014two illegitimate sons of King Charles II. As king, William would be the first monarch since Anne to descend from Charles I and the first to descend from Charles II.William descends matrilineally from Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper for his eighteenth-century ancestor Theodore Forbes\u2014a Scottish merchant who worked for the East India Company in Surat. She is variously described in contemporary documents as \"a dark-skinned native woman\", \"an Armenian woman from Bombay\", and \"Mrs. Forbesian\". Genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner assumed Kewark was Armenian. In June 2013, BritainsDNA announced that genealogical DNA tests on two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirm Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Royal Military Academy Sandhurst", "Ludgrove School"], "facts": [["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "position held", "heir apparent", "April 2021", "May 2023"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "spouse", "Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge", "April 2011", "May 2023"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Royal Military Academy Sandhurst", "January 2006", "December 2006"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Ludgrove School", "September 1990", "July 1995"], ["Prince William, Duke of Cambridge", "educated at", "Wetherby School", "January 1987", "January 1990"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did David Kennedy Fraser work for 5 years and 11 months after April 1910?", "adv_question": "Which employer did David Kennedy Fraser work for five years and 11 months after April 1910?", "date": "March 05 1916", "text_answers": {"text": ["Cornell University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q24579049_P108_7", "fact_context": "David Kennedy Fraser studied at George Watson's College from January 1893 to January 1904. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser studied at University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education from January 1911 to January 1912. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser worked for Cornell University from January 1914 to January 1919. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser studied at Cornell University from January 1913 to January 1914. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser studied at Leipzig University from January 1910 to January 1911.", "adv_fact_context": "David Kennedy Fraser studied at Leipzig University from 01/1910 to January 1911. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education from Jan 1911 to Jan 1912. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at Cornell University from 01/1913 to 01/1914. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at George Watson's College from January 1893 to 01/1904. \n David Kennedy Fraser worked for Cornell University from January 1914 to Jan 1919.", "context": "David Kennedy FraserDavid Kennedy Fraser FRSE FEIS (10 February 1888 \u2013 26 August 1962) was a Scottish psychologist, educator and amateur mathematician. He was an author of several books looking at the education of the handicapped and was closely associated with the Scottish Association for Mental Health. He campaigned vigorously for the rights of handicapped persons.He was the grandson of the celebrated Scottish singer David Kennedy and was named in his honour.Fraser was born on 10 February 1888 in Edinburgh the son of the celebrated singer Marjory Kennedy (1857-1930) and Alexander Yule Fraser FRSE (1850-1890), a maths teacher at George Watson's College. His father died when he was two years old. His mother raised Fraser at their home, 5 Mayfield Road in south Edinburgh, together with his grandmother, two aunts and a sister, an all-female environment.Together with Andrew J G Barclay his father had founded the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and mathematics was inevitably a lifelong interest despite his father's early death.Fraser attended George Watson's College from 1893 to 1904. He then took a general degree at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc in 1908 and an MA in 1909. He undertook foreign studies first at Leipzig in Germany and Cornell University in the United States, studying there under G M Whipple. At Cornell he was appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Education in 1914.In 1919 he became a lecturer at the newly rebuilt Moray House School of Education in Edinburgh, also teaching at the University of Edinburgh. In 1923 he became a Psychologist for Glasgow Education Authority, working at Jordanhill Training College.In 1929 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Drever, George Carse, James Hartley Ashworth and Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker.He died after a short illness at his home in Milngavie, Glasgow on 26 August 1962. He left a wife and three daughters.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "Leipzig University", "January 1910", "January 1911"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "Cornell University", "January 1913", "January 1914"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "employer", "Cornell University", "January 1914", "January 1919"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "George Watson's College", "January 1893", "January 1904"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education", "January 1911", "January 1912"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did David Kennedy Fraser work for 6 years and 8 months after April 1911?", "adv_question": "Which employer did David Kennedy Fraser work for six years and eight months after 04/1911?", "date": "December 22 1917", "text_answers": {"text": ["Cornell University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q24579049_P108_11", "fact_context": "David Kennedy Fraser studied at University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education from January 1911 to January 1912. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser studied at Cornell University from January 1913 to January 1914. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser worked for Cornell University from January 1914 to January 1919. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser studied at Leipzig University from January 1910 to January 1911. \nDavid Kennedy Fraser studied at George Watson's College from January 1893 to January 1904.", "adv_fact_context": "David Kennedy Fraser worked for Cornell University from January 1914 to Jan 1919. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at Cornell University from 01/1913 to 01/1914. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at Leipzig University from 01/1910 to January 1911. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education from Jan 1911 to Jan 1912. \n David Kennedy Fraser studied at George Watson's College from January 1893 to 01/1904.", "context": "David Kennedy FraserDavid Kennedy Fraser FRSE FEIS (10 February 1888 \u2013 26 August 1962) was a Scottish psychologist, educator and amateur mathematician. He was an author of several books looking at the education of the handicapped and was closely associated with the Scottish Association for Mental Health. He campaigned vigorously for the rights of handicapped persons.He was the grandson of the celebrated Scottish singer David Kennedy and was named in his honour.Fraser was born on 10 February 1888 in Edinburgh the son of the celebrated singer Marjory Kennedy (1857-1930) and Alexander Yule Fraser FRSE (1850-1890), a maths teacher at George Watson's College. His father died when he was two years old. His mother raised Fraser at their home, 5 Mayfield Road in south Edinburgh, together with his grandmother, two aunts and a sister, an all-female environment.Together with Andrew J G Barclay his father had founded the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and mathematics was inevitably a lifelong interest despite his father's early death.Fraser attended George Watson's College from 1893 to 1904. He then took a general degree at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc in 1908 and an MA in 1909. He undertook foreign studies first at Leipzig in Germany and Cornell University in the United States, studying there under G M Whipple. At Cornell he was appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Education in 1914.In 1919 he became a lecturer at the newly rebuilt Moray House School of Education in Edinburgh, also teaching at the University of Edinburgh. In 1923 he became a Psychologist for Glasgow Education Authority, working at Jordanhill Training College.In 1929 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Drever, George Carse, James Hartley Ashworth and Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker.He died after a short illness at his home in Milngavie, Glasgow on 26 August 1962. He left a wife and three daughters.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["David Kennedy Fraser", "employer", "Cornell University", "January 1914", "January 1919"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "George Watson's College", "January 1893", "January 1904"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "Cornell University", "January 1913", "January 1914"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "Leipzig University", "January 1910", "January 1911"], ["David Kennedy Fraser", "educated at", "University of Edinburgh Moray House School of Education", "January 1911", "January 1912"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Erik Meijer belong to 18 years and 1 months before January 2001?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Erik Meijer belong to 18 years and 1 months before 01/2001?", "date": "December 10 1982", "text_answers": {"text": ["Pacifist Socialist Party"]}, "id": "L2H_Q941452_P102_6", "fact_context": "Erik Meijer held the position of member of the Senate of the Netherlands from July 2014 to June 2015. \nErik Meijer was a member of the GroenLinks from January 1992 to January 1995. \nErik Meijer was a member of the Pacifist Socialist Party from January 1963 to January 1991. \nErik Meijer held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1999 to July 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Erik Meijer held the position of member of the European Parliament from 07/1999 to Jul 2004. \n Erik Meijer was a member of the Pacifist Socialist Party from January 1963 to 01/1991. \n Erik Meijer was a member of the GroenLinks from Jan 1992 to 01/1995. \n Erik Meijer held the position of member of the Senate of the Netherlands from July 2014 to 06/2015.", "context": "Erik Meijer (politician)Erik Meijer (born 5 December 1944) is a former Dutch politician who was a member of the European Parliament for the Dutch Socialist Party, part of the European Left, between 1999 and 2009. From July 2014 till June 2015 he was a member of the Dutch Senate.In the European Parliament he was a substitute for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Croatia Joint Parliamentary Committee.In 1999 European Parliament elections Meijer won the first seat for the SP in the European Parliament.Born in 1944 in Amsterdam, Meijer, who lives in Rotterdam, studied human geography and later taught geography before becoming a civil servant. Politically active since the beginning of the 1960s, including as an executive member of Socialist Youth (SJ), in the 1970s he was elected to represent the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) on Amsterdam City Council. During this period he led the Proletarian Left within the PSP, which later split to form what now is Socialist Alternative Politics. Meijer stayed within the PSP. From 1982 to 1995 he served as member of the States-Provincial of South Holland, having been elected on a combined PSP-CPN-PPR ticket. Following the formation of the GreenLeft, which united these tendencies, he became the party's national vice-chair, a position which he held until 1995.At the beginning of 1996, Meijer left Green Left for the SP. In 1998 he became chair of the SP branch in Delfshaven, a poor district of Rotterdam, at the same time working to build up the party's European contacts.In the European Parliament the SP forms part of the United Left Group (GUE-NGL). The party's priority is resistance to the development of a European Superstate too far removed from the people and too closely attached to the interests of European multinationals.In the European elections of 10 June 2004, the SP's electoral support grew from 5% to 7%, giving the party a second seat. Re-elected, Meijer was joined by Kartika Liotard.His comments in the Skopje daily \"Utrinski Vesnik\" on 14 January 2008 drew the ire of readers in the Republic of Macedonia. He said that the country should tear down statues of the ancient Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great erected on its territory and agree to a name change in its bilateral dispute with Greece.He was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau on 8 September 2009.On 8 July 2014 he was made member of the Dutch Senate, replacing Arjan Vliegenthart. His term ended on 9 June 2015. As he was nr 13 on the list of candidates and as currently nr 11 of the list for the Dutch Senate, Mr Meijer has a chance of entering the senate again in case two sitting Members resign before June 2019.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["GroenLinks"], "facts": [["Erik Meijer", "position held", "member of the Senate of the Netherlands", "July 2014", "June 2015"], ["Erik Meijer", "member of political party", "GroenLinks", "January 1992", "January 1995"], ["Erik Meijer", "member of political party", "Pacifist Socialist Party", "January 1963", "January 1991"], ["Erik Meijer", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 1999", "July 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Joseph Stalin belong to 7 years and 10 months after December 1894?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Joseph Stalin belong to seven years and ten months after December 1894?", "date": "October 20 1902", "text_answers": {"text": ["Russian Social Democratic Labour Party"]}, "id": "L2H_Q855_P102_14", "fact_context": "Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik) from January 1903 to January 1912. \nJoseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Prague from January 1946 to January 1990. \nJoseph Stalin held the position of Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from April 1951 to March 1953. \nJoseph Stalin was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva from January 1918 to November 1932. \nJoseph Stalin studied at Gori school from January 1888 to June 1894. \nJoseph Stalin worked for Tbilisi Observatory from December 1899 to March 1901. \nJoseph Stalin received Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice from January 1945 to January 2017. \nJoseph Stalin was married to Ekaterina Svanidze from July 1906 to December 1907. \nJoseph Stalin held the position of member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union from June 1950 to March 1953. \nJoseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from October 1901 to January 1903. \nJoseph Stalin studied at Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary from September 1894 to May 1899. \nJoseph Stalin held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from April 1922 to October 1952. \nJoseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Chrudim from July 1945 to January 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "Joseph Stalin held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from April 1922 to 10/1952. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Prague from 01/1946 to 01/1990. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary from Sep 1894 to 05/1899. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice from January 1945 to 01/2017. \n Joseph Stalin worked for Tbilisi Observatory from Dec 1899 to 03/1901. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva from Jan 1918 to 11/1932. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union from 06/1950 to Mar 1953. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik) from January 1903 to 01/1912. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Gori school from Jan 1888 to June 1894. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Chrudim from Jul 1945 to January 2019. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Ekaterina Svanidze from Jul 1906 to 12/1907. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 04/1951 to Mar 1953. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from Oct 1901 to January 1903.", "context": "Joseph StalinJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dz\u0435 Jughashvili; \u2013 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and political leader who ruled the Soviet Union from 1927 until his death in 1953. He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922\u20131952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941\u20131953). Despite initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he ultimately consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's dictator by the 1930s. A communist ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin formalised these ideas as Marxism\u2013Leninism while his own policies are known as Stalinism.Born to a poor family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before eventually joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He went on to edit the party's newspaper, \"Pravda\", and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles. After the Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the newly formed Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's dogma. As a result of the Five-Year Plans implemented under his leadership, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. This led to severe disruptions of food production that contributed to the famine of 1932\u201333. To eradicate accused \"enemies of the working class\", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government.Stalin promoted Marxism\u2013Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. Despite suffering enormous losses and numerous defeats in the early stages of the conflict, the Soviet Red Army ultimately repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, thereby ending World War II in Europe. In the process of defeating Germany and its allies, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and established Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe, China, and North Korea. By the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers. The ensuing deterioration of relations between the Soviet-backed Eastern Bloc and U.S.-backed Western Bloc gave rise to a sustained period of tensions known as the Cold War that lasted until 1989. In the final years of his leadership, Stalin presided over the post-war reconstruction of the Soviet Union as well as the development of a Soviet atomic bomb in 1949. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society.Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist\u2013Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. Conversely, his totalitarian regime has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions.Stalin's birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dz\u0435 Jughashvili. He was born in the Georgian town of Gori, then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. He was born on and baptised on 29 December. His parents, Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze, were ethnically Georgian, and Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language. He was their only child to survive past infancy and was nicknamed \"Soso\", a diminutive of \"Ioseb\".Besarion was a shoemaker who was employed in a workshop owned by another man; it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline, and the family found itself living in poverty. Besarion became an alcoholic and drunkenly beat his wife and son. Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. In 1886, they moved into the house of a family friend, Father Christopher Charkviani. Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Gori Church School, a place secured by Charkviani. Although he got into many fights, Stalin excelled academically, displaying talent in painting and drama classes, writing his own poetry, and singing as a choirboy. Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars; and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, likely the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm.In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there, and he achieved high grades. He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of \"Soselo\" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper \"Iveria\" (\"Georgia\"). According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became \"minor Georgian classics\" and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped, and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks.Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school; he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel \"What Is To Be Done?\" Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's \"The Patricide\", with Stalin adopting the nickname \"Koba\" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. He also read \"\", the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism, which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. At night, he attended secret workers' meetings and was introduced to Silibistro \"Silva\" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi (\"Third Group\"), a Georgian socialist group. Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned.In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900, at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding, living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898.That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batumi. His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an \"agent provocateur\" working for the government. He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral, before being arrested in April 1902. Held first in Batumi Prison and then Kutaisi Prison, in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia.Stalin left Batumi in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, \"Proletariatis Brdzola\" (\"Proletarian Struggle\"), with Philip Makharadze. He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's \"Bolsheviks\" and Julius Martov's \"Mensheviks\". Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura, Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene.In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. Georgia was particularly affected. Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. He publicly lambasted the \"pogroms against Jews and Armenians\" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to \"buttress his despicable throne\". Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops, raided government arsenals, and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds, co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia.In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. At the conference, the RSDLP \u2014 then led by its Menshevik majority \u2014 agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause.Stalin married Kato Svanidze in a church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. By that year \u2014 according to the historian Robert Service \u2014 Stalin had established himself as \"Georgia's leading Bolshevik\". He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held in London in May\u2013June 1907. After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Yerevan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive.After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them.In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, \"Bakinsky Proletary\" and \"Gudok\" (\"Whistle\"). In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International \u2014 an international socialist organisation \u2014 in Stuttgart, Germany. In November 1907, his wife died of typhus, and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit, which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him.In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months, having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. He escaped to Saint Petersburg, where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda.In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg, tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, \"Zvezda\" (\"Star\") into a daily, \"Pravda\" (\"Truth\"). The new newspaper was launched in April 1912, although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret.In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym, where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg.During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group \u2014 although not Stalin \u2014 were apprehended by the authorities. Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for \"Pravda\".After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. In late 1912, Stalin twice crossed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Krak\u00f3w, eventually bowing to Lenin's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks. In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna, where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject, wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia.Stalin's article \"Marxism and the National Question\" was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal \"Prosveshcheniye\"; Lenin was pleased with it. According to Montefiore, this was \"Stalin's most famous work\". The article was published under the pseudonym \"K. Stalin\", a name he had used since 1912. Derived from the Russian word for steel (\"stal\"), this has been translated as \"Man of Steel\"; Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks.In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygia, who was thirteen at the time and thus a year under the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. In or about December 1914, Pereprygia gave birth to Stalin's child, although the infant soon died. She gave birth to another of his children, Alexander, circa April 1917.In Kureika, Stalin lived closely with the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak, and spent much of his time fishing.While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917, where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. Stalin was required to serve four more months on his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd \u2014 as Saint Petersburg had been renamed \u2014 and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. The Russian Empire became a \"de facto\" republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. There, Stalin and a fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of \"Pravda\", and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential council of the city's workers. In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding \"Pravda\". During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing \"Pravda\" and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\". Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a \"coup\" at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October.On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik \"coup\" \u2014 the October Revolution \u2014 was directed. Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the \"Aurora\", opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin \"filled an important role [in the October Revolution]... as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper\"; the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been \"in the thick of events\" in the build-up to the coup.On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars (\"Sovnarkom\"). Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Stalin became part of an informal foursome leading the government, alongside Lenin, Trotsky, and Sverdlov; of these, Sverdlov was regularly absent and died in March 1919. Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute, and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky, Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers, and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror.Having dropped his editorship of \"Pravda\", Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies.Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. Stalin thought it necessary because \u2014 unlike Lenin \u2014 he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party.After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. Eager to prove himself as a commander, once there he took control of regional military operations. He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial and \u2014 in contravention of government orders \u2014 purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of; for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program.In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919, before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. In September he was returned to the Southern Front. During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service.The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia; during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate; that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front.Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the Polish\u2013Soviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kyiv on 7 May. On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. The Red Army retook Kyiv on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski's Polish government. Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lviv; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw.In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behavior in the Polish\u2013Soviet war. Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of \"strategic mistakes\" in his handling of the war. Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga.The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia, while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression, facilitated through \"autonomous republics\" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state.Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow; Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921.After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralyzed. Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's \"Asiatic\" manner and told his sister Maria that Stalin was \"not intelligent\". Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov's view that doing so was impractical at that stage. Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one.They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the \"Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia\", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as \"autonomous republics\" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Lenin accused Stalin of \"Great Russian chauvinism\"; Stalin accused Lenin of \"national liberalism\". A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the \"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\" (USSR). The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow.Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with Lenin's Testament, a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin; Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity.Lenin died in January 1924. Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed \"Leningrad\" that year. To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the \"Foundations of Leninism\", later published in book form. During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, \"Lenin's Testament\" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position.As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. Favouring new Communist Party members, many from worker and peasant backgrounds, to the \"Old Bolsheviks\" who tended to be university educated, he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries, and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova; his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926.In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. Stalin saw Trotsky \u2014 whom he personally despised \u2014 as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a \"rightist\" for his support of the policy. Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee, while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability.In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism \u2014 and thus instability \u2014 into the party. In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin; in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee; the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government.Stalin was now the party's supreme leader, although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. According to Montefiore, at this point \"Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator\". His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino, and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze.In 1926, Stalin published \"On Questions of Leninism\". Here, he argued for the concept of \"Socialism in One Country\", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries, and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach; they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as \"kulaks\" and small business owners or \"Nepmen\". At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the \"left\" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev.In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. Stalin announced that both kulaks and the \"middle peasants\" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. Large numbers died during the journey. By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was \"the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country.\"In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture, establishing both \"kolkhozy\" collective farms and \"sovkhoz\" state farms. Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. Many of the collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland, and productivity slumped. Famine broke out in many areas, with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions.Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials. Although he and Stalin had been close for many years, Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old \"war communism\" policy and believed that it would fail. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo.Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the \"irrationality\" and \"wastefulness\" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on \"ad hoc\" commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry; it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery.Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks; Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a \"new Soviet person\".In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. He warned of a \"danger from the right\", including in the Communist Party itself. The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class \"industrial specialists\" were convicted of sabotage. From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition: these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian, he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the \"Zhenotdel\" women's department.Stalin desired a \"cultural revolution\", entailing both creation of a culture for the \"masses\" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts, while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified, with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist clergy faced persecution. Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents identified as religious.Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world; initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called \"social fascists\"; Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky.Stalin faced problems in his family life. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself.Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder.Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offense. The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933.The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 1932\u201333; between five and seven million people died. Worst affected were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. Historians have long debated whether Stalin's government had intended the famine to occur or not; there are no known documents in which Stalin or his government explicitly called for starvation to be used against the population. The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. Government policies\u2014including the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotation\u2014exacerbated the problem; the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and sabotage within the peasantry; his government provided small amounts of food to famine-struck rural areas, although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation. The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritized for the urban workforce; for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine, the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers.In 1935\u201336, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. He declared that \"socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country\". In 1938, \"The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)\", colloquially known as the \"Short Course\", was released; Conquest later referred to it as the \"central text of Stalinism\". A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published, although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. During the later 1930s, Stalin placed \"a few limits on the worship of his own greatness\". By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death.Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, of which it had previously been excluded. Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe; in May 1935, the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia. At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in July\u2013August 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936.When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front.Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. State repression intensified after Kirov's death; Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas; in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD.Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937, and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin.There were mass expulsions from the party, with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements.Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of \"anti-Soviet elements\" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. He also initiated \"national operations\", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups\u2014among them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinese\u2014through internal or external exile. During these years, approximately 1.6\u00a0million people were arrested, 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture.During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad; in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government.Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians. His personal writings from the period were \u2014 according to Khlevniuk \u2014 \"unusually convoluted and incoherent\", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government, fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria, a man totally devoted to Stalin. Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among sympathetic leftists. As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself, blaming its \"excesses\" and \"violations of law\" on Yezhov. According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution.As a Marxist\u2013Leninist, Stalin expected an inevitable conflict between competing capitalist powers; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, Stalin recognised a war was looming. He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out.As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. In May 1939, Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. On 17 September, the Red Army entered eastern Poland, officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state. On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. A German\u2013Soviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany.The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August; they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed.The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. Although \"de facto\" head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as \"de jure\" head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union.In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege; and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow, and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions.Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them, also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. With Order No. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors; among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. Stalin issued Order No. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in \"penal battalions\" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions; the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort.The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States; although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment, while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of \"rootless cosmopolitanism\", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. Comintern was dissolved in 1943, and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist\u2013Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal.In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. This attack proved unsuccessful. That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war; in commemoration, Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union.By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5\u00a0million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault.In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday, and in 1942, \"Time\" magazine named him \"Man of the Year\". When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him \"Uncle Joe\" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the \"Big Three\". Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war, with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them.In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of K\u00f6nigsberg be declared Soviet territory. Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West.In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany, including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre. In 1944 the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the region\u2014the Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatars\u2014were accused of having collaborated with the Germans. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy.In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20\u00a0billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. Privately, Stalin sought to ensure that Poland would come fully under Soviet influence. The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal.In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. Stalin refused to punish the offenders. After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could \"react normally? And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors?\"With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan.Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in July\u2013August 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a \"Sovietization\" of Eastern Europe. Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. He also pushed for \"war booty\", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself\u2014located within the Soviet area\u2014also subdivided thusly.After the war, Stalin was\u2014according to Service\u2014at the \"apex of his career\". Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe.In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus, and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as \"the outstanding nation\" and \"leading force\" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. In 1946, the state published Stalin's \"Collected Works\". In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. He was quoted in \"Pravda\" on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes.Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through \"filtration\" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. The Gulag system of labour camps was expanded further. By January 1953, three percent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8\u00a0million in \"special settlements\" in isolated areas and another 2.5\u00a0million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons.The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the ruble and abolished the ration-book system. Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but reinstalled in 1950.Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945.He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. He demoted Molotov, and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950.In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities, and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine hit areas. Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5\u00a0million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. Much of this was constructed by prison labour.In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. Tensions among these former Allies grew, resulting in the Cold War. Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent, believing that several decades of peace was likely. He nevertheless secretly intensified Soviet research into nuclear weaponry, intent on creating an atom bomb. Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that \"atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world.\" He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9\u00a0million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8\u00a0million by 1953.The US began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony in eastern Europe. The US also offered financial assistance as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree.The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out.Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libya\u2014recently liberated from Italian occupation\u2014to become a Soviet protectorate. He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the \"most evil dictator alive\" and compared to Hitler.In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of \"Falsifiers of History\", published as a series of \"Pravda\" articles in February 1948 and then in book form. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming Western powers for the war. He erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside Marxist\u2013Leninist leaders from across Europe and Asia.After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states.He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as \"dictatorships of the proletariat\" but as \"people's democracies\", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class.Churchill observed that an \"Iron Curtain\" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Por\u0119ba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist\u2013Leninist doctrine. At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia.Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. When the US and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party, and vote rigging was used to ensure that it secured office. The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc.In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war.At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. The U.S. went to the UN Security Council\u2014which the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's government\u2014and secured military support for the South Koreans. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North.The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948. When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S. After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. In November 1948, he abolished the JAC, and show trials took place for some of its members. The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and \"rootless cosmopolitanism\", with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same; he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a \"counter-revolutionary\" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S. There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia.In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months vacationing at his Abkhazian dacha. Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. In November, the Sl\u00e1nsk\u00fd trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations.From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. The amount of written material that he produced also declined. In 1950, Stalin issued the article \"Marxism and Problems of Linguistics\", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood.In 1952, Stalin's last book, \"Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR\", was published. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium.On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Volynskoe dacha. He had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and leeches were applied to him. Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, resulting in him being sent home. Stalin died on 5 March 1953. According to Svetlana, it had been \"a difficult and terrible death\". An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral hemorrhage and that he also suffered from severe damage to his cerebral arteries due to atherosclerosis. It is possible that Stalin was murdered. Beria has been suspected of murder, although no firm evidence has ever appeared.Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. The body was embalmed, and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. Crowds were such that a crush killed about 100 people. The funeral involved the body being laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square on 9 March; hundreds of thousands attended. That month featured a surge in arrests for \"anti-Soviet agitation\" as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death.Stalin left no anointed successor nor a framework within which a transfer of power could take place. The Central Committee met on the day of his death, with Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerging as the party's key figures. The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member attaining autocratic domination again. The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S., pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. A mass amnesty for those imprisoned for non-political crimes was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953.Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen, and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life; according to Kotkin, Stalin held \"zealous Marxist convictions\", while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a \"quasi-religious\" value for Stalin. Although he never became a Georgian nationalist, during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in \"a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals\". Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that \"there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. I stand on the ground of the latter\". Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his \"dogmatic turn of mind\", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's \"few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism\". Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment; Stalin would often turn to ideology \"post hoc\" to justify his decisions. Stalin referred to himself as a \"praktik\", meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician.As a Marxist and an extreme anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable \"class war\" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat, regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic \"enemies\" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes, and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. As a propaganda tool, the shaming of \"enemies\" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. According to Sandle, Stalin was \"committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced.\"Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. In his book, \"Foundations of Leninism\", he stated that \"Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution\". He claimed to be a loyal Leninist, although was\u2014according to Service\u2014\"not a blindly obedient Leninist\". Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically, and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled \u00e9migr\u00e9, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a \"strong bond\" over the years, while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was \"the single most important relationship in Stalin's life\". After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writings\u2014far more so than those of Marx and Engels\u2014to guide him in the affairs of state. Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary vanguard who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them. Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figure\u2014akin to a Tsar\u2014whom they could rally around. In his words, \"the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work\". He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the \"vozhd\", an equivalent to the Italian \"duce\" and German \"fuhrer\".Stalinism was a development of Leninism, and while Stalin avoided using the term \"Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism\", he allowed others to do so. Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of \"Socialism in One Country\". This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 1925\u201326. Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals, and served to discredit Trotsky\u2014who promoted the idea of \"permanent revolution\"\u2014by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism.Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community, and regarded all nations as inherently equal. In his work, he stated that \"the right of secession\" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a \"national character\" but were not a \"nation\" and were thus unassimilable. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism.Ethnically Georgian, Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language, and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. He remained proud of his Georgian identity, and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. Stalin's colleagues described him as \"Asiatic\", and he told a Japanese journalist that \"I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian\". Service also noted that Stalin \"would never be Russian\", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. Montefiore was of the view that \"after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship.\"Stalin had a soft voice, and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. In private he used coarse language, although avoided doing so in public. Described as a poor orator, according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was \"simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics\". He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including \"Koba\", \"Soselo\", and \"Ivanov\", adopting \"Stalin\" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for \"steel\" and has often been translated as \"Man of Steel\".In adulthood, Stalin measured tall. To appear taller, he wore stacked shoes, and stood on a small platform during parades. His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility, which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage.During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian \"chokha\" or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture; his interest was in power rather than wealth.As Soviet leader, Stalin typically awoke around 11am, with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm; he then worked late into the evening. He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas; he disliked travel, and refused to travel by plane. His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years, although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35\u00a0km outside Moscow, although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9\u00a0km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. In 1935 he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon; in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov.Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity. This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. According to biographer Montefiore, \"it is clear from hostile and friendly witnesses alike that Stalin was always exceptional, even from childhood\". Stalin had a complex mind, great self-control, and an excellent memory. He was a hard worker, and displayed a keen desire to learn; when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. According to Volkogonov, \"Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same\"; he did not take days off from political activities.Stalin could play different roles to different audiences, and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. Several historians have seen it appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being \"several Stalins\" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. He was a good organiser, with a strategic mind, and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting, but he rarely raised his voice in anger; as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad tempered. Despite his tough-talking attitude, he could be very charming; when relaxed, he cracked jokes and mimicked others. Montefiore suggested that this charm was \"the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party\".Stalin was ruthless, temperamentally cruel, and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. He lacked compassion, something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile, although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. He was capable of self-righteous indignation, and was resentful, and vindictive, holding on to grudges for many years. By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. He never attended torture sessions or executions, although Service thought Stalin \"derived deep satisfaction\" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of \"unrelieved fear\". Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a \"natural extremist\"; Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international Marxist\u2013Leninist cause.Keenly interested in the arts, Stalin admired artistic talent. He protected several Soviet writers, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. He enjoyed music, owning around 2,700 records, and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental \"formalism\". He also favoured classical forms in the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism. He was a voracious reader, with a library of over 20,000 books. Little of this was fiction, although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. An autodidact, he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day, with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. He favoured the Western genre; his favourite film was the 1938 picture \"Volga Volga\".Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player, and collected watches. He also enjoyed practical jokes; he for instance would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. When at social events, he encouraged singing, as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers, and later in life he became a keen gardener. His Volynskoe suburb had a park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities.Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism, although he was repeatedly accused of it. People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harbored negative sentiments toward Jews, and anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fueled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that \"the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews.\" In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that \"every Jew is a potential spy.\" Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. Service cautioned that there was \"no irrefutable evidence\" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were \"undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews\"; he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian \"would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews\". According to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women.Friendship was important to Stalin, and he used it to gain and maintain power. Kotkin observed that Stalin \"generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background\". He gave nicknames to his favourites, for instance referring to Yezhov as \"my blackberry\". Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships \"meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy\". While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money.According to Montefiore, in his early life Stalin \"rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend\". He was sexually promiscuous, although rarely talked about his sex life. Montefiore noted that Stalin's favoured types were \"young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women\", who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. According to Service, Stalin \"regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort\". Stalin married twice and had several offspring.Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. According to Montefiore, theirs was \"a true love match\"; Volkogonov suggested that she was \"probably the one human being he had really loved\". When she died, Stalin said: \"This creature softened my heart of stone.\" They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide.Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often fought. They had two biological children\u2014a son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana\u2014and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. During his marriage to Nadezhda, Stalin had affairs with many other women, most of whom were fellow revolutionaries or their wives. Nadezdha suspected that this was the case, and committed suicide in 1932. Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood, and was also very fond of Artyom. In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Allilueva, and defected to the U.S.After Nadezdha's death, Stalin became increasingly close to her sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva; Montefiore believed that they were probably lovers. There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. Stalin had at least two illegitimate children, although he never recognised them as being his. One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met his father. The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygia; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father.The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps \"determined the course of the twentieth century\" more than any other individual. Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician; Montefiore labelled Stalin as \"that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer\", a man who was \"the ultimate politician\" and \"the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans\". According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from \"the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory.\" For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder.Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power, one which could \"claim impressive achievements\" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care as mortality rates also declined. Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, with it being argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 on may have only been a limiting factor.Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state, with Stalin its authoritarian leader. Various biographers have described him as a dictator, an autocrat, or accused him of practicing Caesarism. Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934, with Stalin only becoming \"absolute dictator\" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. According to Kotkin, Stalin \"built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship.\" In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an \"Oriental despot\". Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as \"one of the most powerful figures in human history.\" McDermott stated that Stalin had \"concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands.\" Service stated that Stalin \"had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history\" by the late 1930s.McDermott nevertheless cautioned against \"over-simplistic stereotypes\"\u2014promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakov\u2014that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an \"unimpeded despot\", noting that \"powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless\", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were \"periodic manifestations\" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure.A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. Since his death many more biographies have been written, although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians, at which point Stalin became \"one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda\" in the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light, and producing a flood of new research.Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged \"the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution\".With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labeled \"one of the most notorious figures in history.\" These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime.Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938, the years of the Great Purge. According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,000\u20131.2\u00a0million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953, the current historical consensus is that of the 18\u00a0million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7\u00a0million died as a result of their incarceration. Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3\u00a0million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. Wheatcroft and historian R. W. Davies estimate famine deaths at 5.5\u20136.5\u00a0million while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7\u00a0million. In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9\u00a0million deaths, with 6\u00a0million of these being deliberate killings. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20\u00a0million or above which were made before access to the archives.Historians continue to debate whether or not the 1932\u201333 Ukrainian famine, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor, should be called a genocide. Twenty six countries officially recognise it under the legal definition of genocide. In 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament declared it to be such, and in 2010 a Ukrainian court posthumously convicted Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich, Stanislav Kosior, and other Soviet leaders of genocide. Popular among some Ukrainian nationalists is the idea that Stalin consciously organised the famine to suppress national desires among the Ukrainian people. This interpretation has been disputed by more recent historical studies. These have articulated the view that while Stalin's policies contributed significantly to the high mortality rate, there is no evidence that Stalin or the Soviet government consciously engineered the famine. The idea that this was a targeted attack on the Ukrainians is complicated by the widespread suffering that also affected other Soviet peoples in the famine, including the Russians. Within Ukraine, ethnic Poles and Bulgarians died in similar proportions to ethnic Ukrainians. Despite any lack of clear intent on Stalin's part, the historian Norman Naimark noted that although there may not be sufficient \"evidence to convict him in an international court of justice as a genocidaire [...] that does not mean that the event itself cannot be judged as genocide.\"Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult, which was subsequently criticised in \"Pravda\". In 1956, Khrushchev gave his \"Secret Speech\", titled \"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences\", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis next to the Kremlin walls, the location marked only by a simple bust. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd.Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were defeated by critics within the Soviet and international Marxist\u2013Leninist movement. Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. His successor Vladimir Putin did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions. In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the \"terrible past\" would neither be \"justified by anything\" nor \"erased from the national memory.\"Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. In the 2008 \"Name of Russia\" television show, Stalin was voted as the third most notable personality in Russian history.Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. The Center, in 2019, reports that around 70% of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in their homeland and in May 2021, a survey finds that Stalin is the most important personality in Russian public opinion, followed by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Pushkin. At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat \"enemies of the people\" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge.The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitude has been very divided. A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history. A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing \"a positive attitude\" to him. A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev.Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country \"will always have need of a leader like Stalin.\" In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. In December 2010, unknown persons cut off its head and it was destroyed in an explosion in 2011. In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik)"], "facts": [["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union", "June 1950", "March 1953"], ["Joseph Stalin", "employer", "Tbilisi Observatory", "December 1899", "March 1901"], ["Joseph Stalin", "member of political party", "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik)", "January 1903", "January 1912"], ["Joseph Stalin", "educated at", "Tbilisi Theological Seminary", "September 1894", "May 1899"], ["Joseph Stalin", "spouse", "Nadezhda Alliluyeva", "January 1918", "November 1932"], ["Joseph Stalin", "member of political party", "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party", "October 1901", "January 1903"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "April 1951", "March 1953"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizen of Prague", "January 1946", "January 1990"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "April 1922", "October 1952"], ["Joseph Stalin", "educated at", "Gori school", "January 1888", "June 1894"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizen of Chrudim", "July 1945", "January 2019"], ["Joseph Stalin", "spouse", "Ekaterina Svanidze", "July 1906", "December 1907"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice", "January 1945", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for 15 years and 4 months after January 1924?", "adv_question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for 15 years and four months after 01/1924?", "date": "May 22 1939", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institute for Advanced Study"]}, "id": "L2H_Q17455_P108_15", "fact_context": "John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from January 1943 to January 1955. \nJohn von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from January 1929 to January 1930. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1933 to January 1957. \nJohn von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from January 1955 to February 1957. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to January 1941. \nJohn von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1926 to January 1927. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Princeton University from January 1930 to January 1933. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from January 1950 to January 1955. \nJohn von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from January 1938 to February 1957. \nJohn von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from January 1911 to January 1921. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from January 1941 to January 1955. \nJohn von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 1923 to January 1925.", "adv_fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 1923 to 01/1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 01/1950 to Jan 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from 01/1943 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from Jan 1955 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from Jan 1911 to 01/1921. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan 1933 to Jan 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from Jan 1929 to 01/1930. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from Jan 1941 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1926 to Jan 1927. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from 01/1938 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from Jan 1930 to 01/1933. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to Jan 1941.", "context": "John von NeumannJohn von Neumann (; , ; December 28, 1903\u00a0\u2013 February\u00a08, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be \"the last representative of the great mathematicians\". He integrated pure and applied sciences.Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, representation theory, operator algebras, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.Von Neumann published over 150 papers in his life: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical ones. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was in the hospital, was later published in book form as \"The Computer and the Brain\".His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term \"kiloton\" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and consulted for organizations including the United States Air Force, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a Hungarian \u00e9migr\u00e9, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos to a wealthy, acculturated and non-observant Jewish family. In Hungarian the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mih\u00e1ly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907\u20131989) and Mikl\u00f3s (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911\u20132011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873\u20131928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation \"Margittai\", meaning \"of Margitta\" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann de Margitta), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, \"What are you calculating?\".When they were young, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages in addition to Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume \"Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen\". A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evang\u00e9likus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1914. Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend. This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, which included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (born 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as \"The Martians\".Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeg\u0151 posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.According to his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. in mathematics simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, \"Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort.\" He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected \"Privatdozent\" in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His powers of recall allowed him to quickly memorize the pages of telephone directories, and recite the names, addresses and numbers therein. In 1929, he briefly became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University.On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Marietta K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930. Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.In 1933, he was offered a lifetime professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he had announced his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California, Los Angeles. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: \"Oh, France won't matter.\"Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community. His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, \"Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?\" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did.Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving\u2014frequently while reading a book\u2014occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up. Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's \"Elements\", had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and in geometry, thanks to Hilbert's axioms. But at the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics, but did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the \"axiom of foundation\" and the notion of \"class.\"The axiom of foundation proposed that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel. If one set belongs to another, then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession. This excludes the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration called the \"method of inner models\", which became an essential instrument in set theory.The second approach to the problem of sets belonging to themselves took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class that belongs to other classes, while a \"proper class\" is defined as a class that does not belong to other classes. On the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets that do not belong to themselves. In contrast, on von Neumann's approach, the class of all sets that do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a \"proper class\", not a set.With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets avoided the contradictions of earlier systems and became usable as a foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth expressible in their language. Moreover, every consistent extension of these systems necessarily remains incomplete.Less than a month later, von Neumann, who had participated in the Conference, communicated to G\u00f6del an interesting consequence of his theorem: that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem, and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"Building on the work of Felix Hausdorff, in 1924 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski proved that given a solid ball in 3\u2011dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets that can be reassembled together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. Banach and Tarski proved that, using isometric transformations, the result of taking apart and reassembling a two-dimensional figure would necessarily have the same area as the original. This would make creating two unit squares out of one impossible. But in a 1929 paper, von Neumann proved that paradoxical decompositions could use a group of transformations that include as a subgroup a free group with two generators. The group of area-preserving transformations contains such subgroups, and this opens the possibility of performing paradoxical decompositions using these subgroups. The class of groups von Neumann isolated in his work on Banach\u2013Tarski decompositions was very important in many areas of mathematics, including von Neumann's own later work in measure theory (see below).In a series of papers published in 1932, von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure. Of the 1932 papers on ergodic theory, Paul Halmos wrote that even \"if von Neumann had never done anything else, they would have been sufficient to guarantee him mathematical immortality\". By then von Neumann had already written his articles on operator theory, and the application of this work was instrumental in the von Neumann mean ergodic theorem.Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as being equal to the bicommutant. Von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of F.J. Murray, on the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 \"rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century\". The direct integral was later introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann.In measure theory, the \"problem of measure\" for an -dimensional Euclidean space may be stated as: \"does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of ?\" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if or and a negative solution (because of the Banach\u2013Tarski paradox) in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character\": the existence of a measure could be determined by looking at the properties of the transformation group of the given space. The positive solution for spaces of dimension at most two, and the negative solution for higher dimensions, comes from the fact that the Euclidean group is a solvable group for dimension at most two, and is not solvable for higher dimensions. \"Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is a substitute of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., \"n\", it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Earlier, Menger and Birkhoff had axiomatized complex projective geometry in terms of the properties of its lattice of linear subspaces. Von Neumann, following his work on rings of operators, weakened those axioms to describe a broader class of lattices, the continuous geometries.While the dimensions of the subspaces of projective geometries are a discrete set (the non-negative integers), the dimensions of the elements of a continuous geometry can range continuously across the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.Between 1937 and 1939, von Neumann worked on lattice theory, the theory of partially ordered sets in which every two elements have a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices (properties that arise in the lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces): \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\"Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice having a \"basis\" of pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring . This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized in 1926 that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.The \"physics\" of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the \"mathematics\" of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the \"non-commutativity\" of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1935, Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. Hermann's work was largely ignored until after John S. Bell made essentially the same argument in 1966. In 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach.Von Neumann's proof inaugurated a line of research that ultimately led, through Bell's theorem and the experiments of Alain Aspect in 1982, to the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a \"notion of reality\" substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity.In a chapter of \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter. He argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective consciousness\" of the human observer. Although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance among the majority of physicists. The Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation has been summarized as follows:The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) \"minds\", which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.Though theories of quantum mechanics continue to evolve, there is a basic framework for the mathematical formalism of problems in quantum mechanics underlying most approaches that can be traced back to the mathematical formalisms and techniques first used by von Neumann. In other words, discussions about interpretation of the theory, and extensions to it, are now mostly conducted on the basis of shared assumptions about the mathematical foundations.Von Neumann entropy is extensively used in different forms (conditional entropy, relative entropy, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory. Entanglement measures are based upon some quantity directly related to the von Neumann entropy. Given a statistical ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix formula_1, it is given by formula_2 Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and conditional quantum entropy.Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics. Decades later, Shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von Neumann what to call it. Von Neumann said to call it Shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von Neumann entropy.The formalism of density operators and matrices was introduced by von Neumann in 1927 and independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively. The density matrix is an alternative way to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann led to the development of quantum decoherence theories.Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann and Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (\"e.g.\", horizontally and vertically), and therefore, \"a fortiori\", it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added \"between\" the other two, the photons will indeed pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the \"non-commutativity\" of conjunction formula_3. It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, formula_4 and formula_5, are not valid for quantum theory.The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is in turn attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case in quantum mechanics that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members is necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., \"x\" and \"y\") results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the \"x\" direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction \"y\" will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive or the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative\" must be true for \u0278.In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which \"formula_6\", while formula_7.As Hilary Putnam writes, von Neumann replaced classical logic with a logic constructed in orthomodular lattices (isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of the Hilbert space of a given physical system).Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. He proved his minimax theorem in 1928. It establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 \"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\", written with Oskar Morgenstern. Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that \"The New York Times\" ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analysis, especially convex sets and the topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.Independently, Leonid Kantorovich's functional analytic work on mathematical economics also focused attention on optimization theory, non-differentiability, and vector lattices. Von Neumann's functional-analytic techniques\u2014the use of duality pairings of real vector spaces to represent prices and quantities, the use of supporting and separating hyperplanes and convex sets, and fixed-point theory\u2014have been the primary tools of mathematical economics ever since.Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several influential publications. For his model of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil\u00a0\" A\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bbB\" with nonnegative matrices\u00a0A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors\u00a0\"p\" and\u00a0\"q\" and a positive number\u00a0\"\u03bb\" that would solve the complementarity equationalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector \"p\" represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \"\u03bb\" represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate.Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where his model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of his model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in German that was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began while he was lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929. He spent his summers back home in Budapest, as did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in the book and corrected them\u2013for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras's Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.Building on his results on matrix games and on his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann invented the theory of duality in linear programming when George Dantzig described his work in a few minutes, and an impatient von Neumann asked him to get to the point. Dantzig then listened dumbfounded while von Neumann provided an hourlong lecture on convex sets, fixed-point theory, and duality, conjecturing the equivalence between matrix games and linear programming.Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Paul Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.Subsequently, Denis Sargan and Alok Bhargava extended the results for testing if the errors on a regression model follow a Gaussian random walk (\"i.e.\", possess a unit root) against the alternative that they are a stationary first order autoregression.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in the field of fluid dynamics.Von Neumann's contributions to fluid dynamics included his discovery of the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery (independently of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Werner D\u00f6ring) of the ZND detonation model of explosives. During the 1930s, von Neumann became an authority on the mathematics of shaped charges.Later with Robert D. Richtmyer, von Neumann developed an algorithm defining \"artificial viscosity\" that improved the understanding of shock waves. When computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of \"artificial viscosity\" smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics.Von Neumann soon applied computer modelling to the field, developing software for his ballistics research. During WW2, he arrived one day at the office of R.H. Kent, the Director of the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, with a computer program he had created for calculating a one-dimensional model of 100 molecules to simulate a shock wave. Von Neumann then gave a seminar on his computer program to an audience which included his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. After von Neumann had finished, von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n said \"Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics.\" It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's M\u00e9canique analytique.Stan Ulam, who knew von Neumann well, described his mastery of mathematics this way: \"Most mathematicians know one method. For example, Norbert Wiener had mastered Fourier transforms. Some mathematicians have mastered two methods and might really impress someone who knows only one of them. John von Neumann had mastered three methods.\" He went on to explain that the three methods were:Edward Teller wrote that \"Nobody knows all science, not even von Neumann did. But as for mathematics, he contributed to every part of it except number theory and topology. That is, I think, something unique.\"Von Neumann was asked to write an essay for the layman describing what mathematics is, and produced a beautiful analysis. He explained that mathematics straddles the world between the empirical and logical, arguing that geometry was originally empirical, but Euclid constructed a logical, deductive theory. However, he argued, that there is always the danger of straying too far from the real world and becoming irrelevant sophistry.Beginning in the late 1930s, von Neumann developed an expertise in explosions\u2014phenomena that are difficult to model mathematically. During this period, von Neumann was the leading authority of the mathematics of shaped charges. This led him to a large number of military consultancies, primarily for the Navy, which in turn led to his involvement in the Manhattan Project. The involvement included frequent trips by train to the project's secret research facilities at the Los Alamos Laboratory in a remote part of New Mexico.Von Neumann made his principal contribution to the atomic bomb in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.In a visit to Los Alamos in September 1944, von Neumann showed that the pressure increase from explosion shock wave reflection from solid objects was greater than previously believed if the angle of incidence of the shock wave was between 90\u00b0 and some limiting angle. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of an atomic bomb would be enhanced with detonation some kilometers above the target, rather than at ground level.Von Neumann, four other scientists, and various military personnel were included in the target selection committee that was responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on to the Soviet Union by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"For his wartime services, von Neumann was awarded the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award in July 1946, and the Medal for Merit in October 1946.In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons. Over the following two years, he became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate-range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.Shortly before his death from cancer, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, which would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.Von Neumann is credited with developing the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Soviets considered that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons; they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:Von Neumann's assessment that the Soviets had a lead in missile technology, considered pessimistic at the time, was soon proven correct in the Sputnik crisis.Von Neumann entered government service primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the United States would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"On February 15, 1956, von Neumann was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His citation read:Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Von Neumann was the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged.Von Neumann wrote the 23 pages long sorting program for the EDVAC in ink. On the first page, traces of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased, can still be seen. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanis\u0142aw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. Von Neumann's algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\" Von Neumann also noted that when this method went awry it did so obviously, unlike other methods which could be subtly incorrect.While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is the basis of most modern computer designs, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture was based on the work of Eckert and Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.John von Neumann consulted for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, most notably on the ENIAC project, as a member of its Scientific Advisory Committee.The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved.The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed \"the defense computer\", include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953.However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s.Von Neumann's rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.Von Neumann created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.The detailed proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward in lectures von Neumann delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he first only proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicator due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop a more abstract model self-replicator based on his original concept of cellular automata.Subsequently, the concept of the Von Neumann universal constructor based on the von Neumann cellular automaton was fleshed out in his posthumously published lectures \"Theory of Self Reproducing Automata\". Ulam and von Neumann created a method for calculating liquid motion in the 1950s. The driving concept of the method was to consider a liquid as a group of discrete units and calculate the motion of each based on its neighbors' behaviors. Like Ulam's lattice network, von Neumann's cellular automata are two-dimensional, with his self-replicator implemented algorithmically. The result was a universal copier and constructor working within a cellular automaton with a small neighborhood (only those cells that touch are neighbors; for von Neumann's cellular automata, only orthogonal cells), and with 29 states per cell. Von Neumann gave an existence proof that a particular pattern would make infinite copies of itself within the given cellular universe by designing a 200,000 cell configuration that could do so.Von Neumann addressed the evolutionary growth of complexity amongst his self-replicating machines. His \"proof-of-principle\" designs showed how it is logically possible, by using a general purpose programmable (\"universal\") constructor, to exhibit an indefinitely large class of self-replicators, spanning a wide range of complexity, interconnected by a network of potential mutational pathways, including pathways from the most simple to the most complex. This is an important result, as prior to that it might have been conjectured that there is a fundamental logical barrier to the existence of such pathways; in which case, biological organisms, which do support such pathways, could not be \"machines\", as conventionally understood. Von Neumann considers the potential for conflict between his self-reproducing machines, stating that \"our models lead to such conflict situations\", indicating it as a field of further study.The cybernetics movement highlighted the question of what it takes for self-reproduction to occur autonomously, and in 1952, John von Neumann designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically make a copy of its initial configuration of cells. The von Neumann neighborhood, in which each cell in a two-dimensional grid has the four orthogonally adjacent grid cells as neighbors, continues to be used for other cellular automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth.Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming.Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.As part of his research into weather forecasting, von Neumann founded the \"Meteorological Program\" in Princeton in 1946, securing funding for his project from the US Navy. Von Neumann and his appointed assistant on this project, Jule Gregory Charney, wrote the world's first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann and his team published the results as \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Together they played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. Von Neumann proposed as the research program for climate modeling: \"The approach is to first try short-range forecasts, then long-range forecasts of those properties of the circulation that can perpetuate themselves over arbitrarily long periods of time, and only finally to attempt forecast for medium-long time periods which are too long to treat by simple hydrodynamic theory and too short to treat by the general principle of equilibrium theory.\"Von Neumann's research into weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo), thereby inducing global warming. Von Neumann proposed a theory of global warming as a result of the activity of humans, noting that the Earth was only colder during the last glacial period, he wrote in 1955: \"Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil - more than half of it during the last generation - may have changed the atmosphere's composition sufficiently to account for a general warming of the world by about one degree Fahrenheit.\" However, von Neumann urged a degree of caution in any program of intentional human weather manufacturing: \"What \"could\" be done, of course, is no index to what \"should\" be done... In fact, to evaluate the ultimate consequences of either a general cooling or a general heating would be a complex matter. Changes would affect the level of the seas, and hence the habitability of the continental coastal shelves; the evaporation of the seas, and hence general precipitation and glaciation levels; and so on... But there is little doubt that one \"could\" carry out the necessary analyses needed to predict the results, intervene on any desired scale, and ultimately achieve rather fantastic results.\"The first use of the concept of a in the technological context is attributed to von Neumann, who according to Ulam discussed the \"ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.\" This concept was fleshed out later in the book \"Future Shock\" by Alvin Toffler.Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe said \"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", and later Bethe wrote that \"[von Neumann's] brain indicated a new species, an evolution beyond man\". Seeing von Neumann's mind at work, Eugene Wigner wrote, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was\u00a0... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller admitted that he \"never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.\" Peter Lax wrote \"Von Neumann was addicted to thinking, and in particular to thinking about mathematics\".When George Dantzig brought von Neumann an unsolved problem in linear programming \"as I would to an ordinary mortal\", on which there had been no published literature, he was astonished when von Neumann said \"Oh, that!\", before offhandedly giving a lecture of over an hour, explaining how to solve the problem using the hitherto unconceived theory of duality.Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Eugene Wigner writes: \"'Jancsi,' I might say, 'Is angular momentum always an integer of \"h?\" ' He would return a day later with a decisive answer: 'Yes, if all particles are at rest.'... We were all in awe of Jancsi von Neumann\". Enrico Fermi told physicist Herbert L. Anderson: \"You know, Herb, Johnny can do calculations in his head ten times as fast as I can! And I can do them ten times as fast as you can, Herb, so you can see how impressive Johnny is!\"Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:Eugene Wigner told a similar story, only with a swallow instead of a fly, and says it was Max Born who posed the question to von Neumann in the 1920s.Von Neumann was also noted for his eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory). Herman Goldstine wrote:Von Neumann was reportedly able to memorize the pages of telephone directories. He entertained friends by asking them to randomly call out page numbers; he then recited the names, addresses and numbers therein.\"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"John von Neumann: Selected Letters\". James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 said that von Neumann \"may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\". In the foreword of Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei's \"Selected Letters\", Peter Lax wrote, \"To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics\".In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer after he was examined by physicians for a fall, whereupon they inspected a mass growing near his collarbone. The cancer was possibly caused by his radiation exposure during his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, \"So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,\" referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, \"There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Father Strittmatter administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic\". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.Von Neumann was on his deathbed when he entertained his brother by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's \"Faust\". On his deathbed, his mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish; at times Von Neumann even forgot the lines that his brother recited from Goethe's \"Faust\". He died at age 53 on February 8, 1957, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., under military security lest he reveal military secrets while heavily medicated. He was buried at Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey.PhD students BooksPopular periodicalsVideo", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "University of Hamburg", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "Princeton University", "Ballistic Research Laboratory"], "facts": [["John von Neumann", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "University of Hamburg", "January 1929", "January 1930"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1933", "January 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "January 1950", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1923", "January 1925"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "January 1941", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium", "January 1911", "January 1921"], ["John von Neumann", "spouse", "Klara Dan von Neumann", "January 1938", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "January 1943", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "January 1955", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1930", "January 1933"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for 14 years and 9 months before May 1955?", "adv_question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for 14 years and nine months before May 1955?", "date": "August 04 1940", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institute for Advanced Study", "Ballistic Research Laboratory"]}, "id": "L2H_Q17455_P108_128", "fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 1923 to January 1925. \nJohn von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1926 to January 1927. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1933 to January 1957. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from January 1941 to January 1955. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from January 1943 to January 1955. \nJohn von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from January 1911 to January 1921. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from January 1950 to January 1955. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to January 1941. \nJohn von Neumann worked for Princeton University from January 1930 to January 1933. \nJohn von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from January 1929 to January 1930. \nJohn von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from January 1938 to February 1957. \nJohn von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from January 1955 to February 1957.", "adv_fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1926 to Jan 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 1923 to 01/1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 01/1950 to Jan 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from Jan 1941 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan 1933 to Jan 1957. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from 01/1938 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from Jan 1929 to 01/1930. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from Jan 1930 to 01/1933. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from Jan 1955 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from 01/1943 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from Jan 1911 to 01/1921.", "context": "John von NeumannJohn von Neumann (; , ; December 28, 1903\u00a0\u2013 February\u00a08, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be \"the last representative of the great mathematicians\". He integrated pure and applied sciences.Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, representation theory, operator algebras, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.Von Neumann published over 150 papers in his life: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical ones. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was in the hospital, was later published in book form as \"The Computer and the Brain\".His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term \"kiloton\" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and consulted for organizations including the United States Air Force, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a Hungarian \u00e9migr\u00e9, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos to a wealthy, acculturated and non-observant Jewish family. In Hungarian the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mih\u00e1ly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907\u20131989) and Mikl\u00f3s (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911\u20132011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873\u20131928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation \"Margittai\", meaning \"of Margitta\" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann de Margitta), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, \"What are you calculating?\".When they were young, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages in addition to Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume \"Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen\". A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evang\u00e9likus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1914. Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend. This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, which included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (born 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as \"The Martians\".Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeg\u0151 posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.According to his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. in mathematics simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, \"Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort.\" He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected \"Privatdozent\" in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His powers of recall allowed him to quickly memorize the pages of telephone directories, and recite the names, addresses and numbers therein. In 1929, he briefly became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University.On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Marietta K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930. Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.In 1933, he was offered a lifetime professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he had announced his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California, Los Angeles. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: \"Oh, France won't matter.\"Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community. His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, \"Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?\" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did.Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving\u2014frequently while reading a book\u2014occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up. Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's \"Elements\", had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and in geometry, thanks to Hilbert's axioms. But at the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics, but did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the \"axiom of foundation\" and the notion of \"class.\"The axiom of foundation proposed that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel. If one set belongs to another, then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession. This excludes the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration called the \"method of inner models\", which became an essential instrument in set theory.The second approach to the problem of sets belonging to themselves took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class that belongs to other classes, while a \"proper class\" is defined as a class that does not belong to other classes. On the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets that do not belong to themselves. In contrast, on von Neumann's approach, the class of all sets that do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a \"proper class\", not a set.With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets avoided the contradictions of earlier systems and became usable as a foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth expressible in their language. Moreover, every consistent extension of these systems necessarily remains incomplete.Less than a month later, von Neumann, who had participated in the Conference, communicated to G\u00f6del an interesting consequence of his theorem: that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem, and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"Building on the work of Felix Hausdorff, in 1924 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski proved that given a solid ball in 3\u2011dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets that can be reassembled together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. Banach and Tarski proved that, using isometric transformations, the result of taking apart and reassembling a two-dimensional figure would necessarily have the same area as the original. This would make creating two unit squares out of one impossible. But in a 1929 paper, von Neumann proved that paradoxical decompositions could use a group of transformations that include as a subgroup a free group with two generators. The group of area-preserving transformations contains such subgroups, and this opens the possibility of performing paradoxical decompositions using these subgroups. The class of groups von Neumann isolated in his work on Banach\u2013Tarski decompositions was very important in many areas of mathematics, including von Neumann's own later work in measure theory (see below).In a series of papers published in 1932, von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure. Of the 1932 papers on ergodic theory, Paul Halmos wrote that even \"if von Neumann had never done anything else, they would have been sufficient to guarantee him mathematical immortality\". By then von Neumann had already written his articles on operator theory, and the application of this work was instrumental in the von Neumann mean ergodic theorem.Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as being equal to the bicommutant. Von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of F.J. Murray, on the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 \"rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century\". The direct integral was later introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann.In measure theory, the \"problem of measure\" for an -dimensional Euclidean space may be stated as: \"does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of ?\" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if or and a negative solution (because of the Banach\u2013Tarski paradox) in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character\": the existence of a measure could be determined by looking at the properties of the transformation group of the given space. The positive solution for spaces of dimension at most two, and the negative solution for higher dimensions, comes from the fact that the Euclidean group is a solvable group for dimension at most two, and is not solvable for higher dimensions. \"Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is a substitute of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., \"n\", it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Earlier, Menger and Birkhoff had axiomatized complex projective geometry in terms of the properties of its lattice of linear subspaces. Von Neumann, following his work on rings of operators, weakened those axioms to describe a broader class of lattices, the continuous geometries.While the dimensions of the subspaces of projective geometries are a discrete set (the non-negative integers), the dimensions of the elements of a continuous geometry can range continuously across the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.Between 1937 and 1939, von Neumann worked on lattice theory, the theory of partially ordered sets in which every two elements have a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices (properties that arise in the lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces): \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\"Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice having a \"basis\" of pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring . This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized in 1926 that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.The \"physics\" of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the \"mathematics\" of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the \"non-commutativity\" of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1935, Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. Hermann's work was largely ignored until after John S. Bell made essentially the same argument in 1966. In 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach.Von Neumann's proof inaugurated a line of research that ultimately led, through Bell's theorem and the experiments of Alain Aspect in 1982, to the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a \"notion of reality\" substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity.In a chapter of \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter. He argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective consciousness\" of the human observer. Although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance among the majority of physicists. The Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation has been summarized as follows:The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) \"minds\", which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.Though theories of quantum mechanics continue to evolve, there is a basic framework for the mathematical formalism of problems in quantum mechanics underlying most approaches that can be traced back to the mathematical formalisms and techniques first used by von Neumann. In other words, discussions about interpretation of the theory, and extensions to it, are now mostly conducted on the basis of shared assumptions about the mathematical foundations.Von Neumann entropy is extensively used in different forms (conditional entropy, relative entropy, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory. Entanglement measures are based upon some quantity directly related to the von Neumann entropy. Given a statistical ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix formula_1, it is given by formula_2 Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and conditional quantum entropy.Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics. Decades later, Shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von Neumann what to call it. Von Neumann said to call it Shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von Neumann entropy.The formalism of density operators and matrices was introduced by von Neumann in 1927 and independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively. The density matrix is an alternative way to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann led to the development of quantum decoherence theories.Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann and Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (\"e.g.\", horizontally and vertically), and therefore, \"a fortiori\", it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added \"between\" the other two, the photons will indeed pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the \"non-commutativity\" of conjunction formula_3. It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, formula_4 and formula_5, are not valid for quantum theory.The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is in turn attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case in quantum mechanics that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members is necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., \"x\" and \"y\") results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the \"x\" direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction \"y\" will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive or the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative\" must be true for \u0278.In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which \"formula_6\", while formula_7.As Hilary Putnam writes, von Neumann replaced classical logic with a logic constructed in orthomodular lattices (isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of the Hilbert space of a given physical system).Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. He proved his minimax theorem in 1928. It establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 \"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\", written with Oskar Morgenstern. Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that \"The New York Times\" ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analysis, especially convex sets and the topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.Independently, Leonid Kantorovich's functional analytic work on mathematical economics also focused attention on optimization theory, non-differentiability, and vector lattices. Von Neumann's functional-analytic techniques\u2014the use of duality pairings of real vector spaces to represent prices and quantities, the use of supporting and separating hyperplanes and convex sets, and fixed-point theory\u2014have been the primary tools of mathematical economics ever since.Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several influential publications. For his model of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil\u00a0\" A\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bbB\" with nonnegative matrices\u00a0A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors\u00a0\"p\" and\u00a0\"q\" and a positive number\u00a0\"\u03bb\" that would solve the complementarity equationalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector \"p\" represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \"\u03bb\" represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate.Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where his model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of his model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in German that was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began while he was lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929. He spent his summers back home in Budapest, as did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in the book and corrected them\u2013for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras's Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.Building on his results on matrix games and on his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann invented the theory of duality in linear programming when George Dantzig described his work in a few minutes, and an impatient von Neumann asked him to get to the point. Dantzig then listened dumbfounded while von Neumann provided an hourlong lecture on convex sets, fixed-point theory, and duality, conjecturing the equivalence between matrix games and linear programming.Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Paul Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.Subsequently, Denis Sargan and Alok Bhargava extended the results for testing if the errors on a regression model follow a Gaussian random walk (\"i.e.\", possess a unit root) against the alternative that they are a stationary first order autoregression.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in the field of fluid dynamics.Von Neumann's contributions to fluid dynamics included his discovery of the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery (independently of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Werner D\u00f6ring) of the ZND detonation model of explosives. During the 1930s, von Neumann became an authority on the mathematics of shaped charges.Later with Robert D. Richtmyer, von Neumann developed an algorithm defining \"artificial viscosity\" that improved the understanding of shock waves. When computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of \"artificial viscosity\" smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics.Von Neumann soon applied computer modelling to the field, developing software for his ballistics research. During WW2, he arrived one day at the office of R.H. Kent, the Director of the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, with a computer program he had created for calculating a one-dimensional model of 100 molecules to simulate a shock wave. Von Neumann then gave a seminar on his computer program to an audience which included his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. After von Neumann had finished, von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n said \"Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics.\" It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's M\u00e9canique analytique.Stan Ulam, who knew von Neumann well, described his mastery of mathematics this way: \"Most mathematicians know one method. For example, Norbert Wiener had mastered Fourier transforms. Some mathematicians have mastered two methods and might really impress someone who knows only one of them. John von Neumann had mastered three methods.\" He went on to explain that the three methods were:Edward Teller wrote that \"Nobody knows all science, not even von Neumann did. But as for mathematics, he contributed to every part of it except number theory and topology. That is, I think, something unique.\"Von Neumann was asked to write an essay for the layman describing what mathematics is, and produced a beautiful analysis. He explained that mathematics straddles the world between the empirical and logical, arguing that geometry was originally empirical, but Euclid constructed a logical, deductive theory. However, he argued, that there is always the danger of straying too far from the real world and becoming irrelevant sophistry.Beginning in the late 1930s, von Neumann developed an expertise in explosions\u2014phenomena that are difficult to model mathematically. During this period, von Neumann was the leading authority of the mathematics of shaped charges. This led him to a large number of military consultancies, primarily for the Navy, which in turn led to his involvement in the Manhattan Project. The involvement included frequent trips by train to the project's secret research facilities at the Los Alamos Laboratory in a remote part of New Mexico.Von Neumann made his principal contribution to the atomic bomb in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.In a visit to Los Alamos in September 1944, von Neumann showed that the pressure increase from explosion shock wave reflection from solid objects was greater than previously believed if the angle of incidence of the shock wave was between 90\u00b0 and some limiting angle. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of an atomic bomb would be enhanced with detonation some kilometers above the target, rather than at ground level.Von Neumann, four other scientists, and various military personnel were included in the target selection committee that was responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on to the Soviet Union by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"For his wartime services, von Neumann was awarded the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award in July 1946, and the Medal for Merit in October 1946.In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons. Over the following two years, he became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate-range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.Shortly before his death from cancer, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, which would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.Von Neumann is credited with developing the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Soviets considered that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons; they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:Von Neumann's assessment that the Soviets had a lead in missile technology, considered pessimistic at the time, was soon proven correct in the Sputnik crisis.Von Neumann entered government service primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the United States would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"On February 15, 1956, von Neumann was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His citation read:Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Von Neumann was the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged.Von Neumann wrote the 23 pages long sorting program for the EDVAC in ink. On the first page, traces of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased, can still be seen. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanis\u0142aw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. Von Neumann's algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\" Von Neumann also noted that when this method went awry it did so obviously, unlike other methods which could be subtly incorrect.While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is the basis of most modern computer designs, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture was based on the work of Eckert and Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.John von Neumann consulted for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, most notably on the ENIAC project, as a member of its Scientific Advisory Committee.The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved.The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed \"the defense computer\", include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953.However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s.Von Neumann's rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.Von Neumann created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.The detailed proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward in lectures von Neumann delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he first only proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicator due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop a more abstract model self-replicator based on his original concept of cellular automata.Subsequently, the concept of the Von Neumann universal constructor based on the von Neumann cellular automaton was fleshed out in his posthumously published lectures \"Theory of Self Reproducing Automata\". Ulam and von Neumann created a method for calculating liquid motion in the 1950s. The driving concept of the method was to consider a liquid as a group of discrete units and calculate the motion of each based on its neighbors' behaviors. Like Ulam's lattice network, von Neumann's cellular automata are two-dimensional, with his self-replicator implemented algorithmically. The result was a universal copier and constructor working within a cellular automaton with a small neighborhood (only those cells that touch are neighbors; for von Neumann's cellular automata, only orthogonal cells), and with 29 states per cell. Von Neumann gave an existence proof that a particular pattern would make infinite copies of itself within the given cellular universe by designing a 200,000 cell configuration that could do so.Von Neumann addressed the evolutionary growth of complexity amongst his self-replicating machines. His \"proof-of-principle\" designs showed how it is logically possible, by using a general purpose programmable (\"universal\") constructor, to exhibit an indefinitely large class of self-replicators, spanning a wide range of complexity, interconnected by a network of potential mutational pathways, including pathways from the most simple to the most complex. This is an important result, as prior to that it might have been conjectured that there is a fundamental logical barrier to the existence of such pathways; in which case, biological organisms, which do support such pathways, could not be \"machines\", as conventionally understood. Von Neumann considers the potential for conflict between his self-reproducing machines, stating that \"our models lead to such conflict situations\", indicating it as a field of further study.The cybernetics movement highlighted the question of what it takes for self-reproduction to occur autonomously, and in 1952, John von Neumann designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically make a copy of its initial configuration of cells. The von Neumann neighborhood, in which each cell in a two-dimensional grid has the four orthogonally adjacent grid cells as neighbors, continues to be used for other cellular automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth.Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming.Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.As part of his research into weather forecasting, von Neumann founded the \"Meteorological Program\" in Princeton in 1946, securing funding for his project from the US Navy. Von Neumann and his appointed assistant on this project, Jule Gregory Charney, wrote the world's first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann and his team published the results as \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Together they played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. Von Neumann proposed as the research program for climate modeling: \"The approach is to first try short-range forecasts, then long-range forecasts of those properties of the circulation that can perpetuate themselves over arbitrarily long periods of time, and only finally to attempt forecast for medium-long time periods which are too long to treat by simple hydrodynamic theory and too short to treat by the general principle of equilibrium theory.\"Von Neumann's research into weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo), thereby inducing global warming. Von Neumann proposed a theory of global warming as a result of the activity of humans, noting that the Earth was only colder during the last glacial period, he wrote in 1955: \"Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil - more than half of it during the last generation - may have changed the atmosphere's composition sufficiently to account for a general warming of the world by about one degree Fahrenheit.\" However, von Neumann urged a degree of caution in any program of intentional human weather manufacturing: \"What \"could\" be done, of course, is no index to what \"should\" be done... In fact, to evaluate the ultimate consequences of either a general cooling or a general heating would be a complex matter. Changes would affect the level of the seas, and hence the habitability of the continental coastal shelves; the evaporation of the seas, and hence general precipitation and glaciation levels; and so on... But there is little doubt that one \"could\" carry out the necessary analyses needed to predict the results, intervene on any desired scale, and ultimately achieve rather fantastic results.\"The first use of the concept of a in the technological context is attributed to von Neumann, who according to Ulam discussed the \"ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.\" This concept was fleshed out later in the book \"Future Shock\" by Alvin Toffler.Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe said \"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", and later Bethe wrote that \"[von Neumann's] brain indicated a new species, an evolution beyond man\". Seeing von Neumann's mind at work, Eugene Wigner wrote, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was\u00a0... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller admitted that he \"never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.\" Peter Lax wrote \"Von Neumann was addicted to thinking, and in particular to thinking about mathematics\".When George Dantzig brought von Neumann an unsolved problem in linear programming \"as I would to an ordinary mortal\", on which there had been no published literature, he was astonished when von Neumann said \"Oh, that!\", before offhandedly giving a lecture of over an hour, explaining how to solve the problem using the hitherto unconceived theory of duality.Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Eugene Wigner writes: \"'Jancsi,' I might say, 'Is angular momentum always an integer of \"h?\" ' He would return a day later with a decisive answer: 'Yes, if all particles are at rest.'... We were all in awe of Jancsi von Neumann\". Enrico Fermi told physicist Herbert L. Anderson: \"You know, Herb, Johnny can do calculations in his head ten times as fast as I can! And I can do them ten times as fast as you can, Herb, so you can see how impressive Johnny is!\"Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:Eugene Wigner told a similar story, only with a swallow instead of a fly, and says it was Max Born who posed the question to von Neumann in the 1920s.Von Neumann was also noted for his eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory). Herman Goldstine wrote:Von Neumann was reportedly able to memorize the pages of telephone directories. He entertained friends by asking them to randomly call out page numbers; he then recited the names, addresses and numbers therein.\"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"John von Neumann: Selected Letters\". James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 said that von Neumann \"may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\". In the foreword of Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei's \"Selected Letters\", Peter Lax wrote, \"To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics\".In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer after he was examined by physicians for a fall, whereupon they inspected a mass growing near his collarbone. The cancer was possibly caused by his radiation exposure during his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, \"So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,\" referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, \"There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Father Strittmatter administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic\". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.Von Neumann was on his deathbed when he entertained his brother by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's \"Faust\". On his deathbed, his mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish; at times Von Neumann even forgot the lines that his brother recited from Goethe's \"Faust\". He died at age 53 on February 8, 1957, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., under military security lest he reveal military secrets while heavily medicated. He was buried at Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey.PhD students BooksPopular periodicalsVideo", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "University of Hamburg", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "Princeton University"], "facts": [["John von Neumann", "employer", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1923", "January 1925"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "University of Hamburg", "January 1929", "January 1930"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "January 1955", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "January 1950", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "January 1943", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "spouse", "Klara Dan von Neumann", "January 1938", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium", "January 1911", "January 1921"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "January 1941", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1933", "January 1957"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Johnnetta B. Cole work for 36 years and 9 months after January 1969?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Johnnetta B. Cole work for 36 years and 9 months after January 1969?", "date": "October 16 2005", "text_answers": {"text": ["Bennett College"]}, "id": "L2H_Q15503036_P108_10", "fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from January 1998 to January 2001. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from January 1970 to January 1983. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from January 2002 to January 2007. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to January 1970. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from January 2009 to January 2017. \nJohnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to January 1953. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from January 1987 to January 1997.", "adv_fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from Jan 2009 to Jan 2017. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from 01/2002 to Jan 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to 01/1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from 01/1987 to 01/1997. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to Jan 1953. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from Jan 1998 to January 2001. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan 1970 to January 1983.", "context": "Johnnetta ColeJohnnetta Betsch Cole (born October 19, 1936) is an American anthropologist, educator, museum director, and college president. Cole was the first female African-American president of Spelman College, a historically black college, serving from 1987 to 1997. She was president of Bennett College from 2002 to 2007. During 2009\u20132017 she was Director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art.Johnnetta Betsch was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on October 19, 1936. Her family belonged to the African-American upper class; She was a granddaughter of Abraham Lincoln Lewis, Florida's first black millionaire, entrepreneur and cofounder of the Afro-American Industrial and Benefit Association, and Mary Kingsley Sammis. Sammis' great-grandparents were Zephaniah Kingsley, a slave trader and slave owner, and his wife and former slave Anna Madgigine Jai, a Wolof princess who was originally from present-day Senegal. Her Fort George Island home is protected as Kingsley Plantation, a National Historic Landmark.Cole enrolled at the age of 15 in Fisk University, a historically black college. She transferred to Oberlin College in Ohio, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1957. She attended graduate school at Northwestern University, earning her Master of Arts (1959) and Doctor of Philosophy (1967) degrees in anthropology. She did her dissertation field research in Liberia, West Africa, in 1960\u20131961 through Northwestern University as part of their economic survey of the country.Cole served as a professor at Washington State University from 1962 to 1970, where she cofounded one of the US's first black studies programs. In 1970 Cole began working in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she served until 1982. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole then moved to Hunter College in 1982, and became director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies program. From 1998 to 2001 Cole was a professor of Anthropology, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at Emory University in Atlanta.In 1987, Cole was selected as the first black female president of Spelman College, a prestigious historically black college for women. She served until 1997, building up their endowment through a $113 million capital campaign, attracting significantly higher enrollment as students increased, and, overall, the ranking of the school among the best liberal arts schools went up. Bill and Camille Cosby contributed $20 million to the capital campaign.After teaching at Emory University, she was recruited as president of Bennett College for Women, also a historically black college for women. There she led another successful capital campaign. In addition, she founded an art gallery to contribute to the college's culture. Cole is currently the Chair of the Johnnetta B. Cole Global Diversity & Inclusion Institute founded at Bennett College for Women. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.She was Director of the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, during 2009\u20132017. During her directorship the controversial exhibit, \"Conversations: African and African-American Artworks in Dialogue,\" featuring dozens of pieces from Bill and Camille Cosby's private art collection was held in 2015, coinciding with accusations of sexual assault against the comedian.Cole has also served in major corporations and foundations. Cole served for many years as board member at the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation. She has been a director of Merck & Co. since 1994. From 2004 to 2006, Cole was the Chair of the Board of Trustees of United Way of America and is on the Board of Directors of the United Way of Greater Greensboro. Since 2013, Cole has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.President-elect Bill Clinton appointed Cole to his transition team for education, labor, the arts, and humanities in 1992. He also considered her for the cabinet post of Secretary of Education. However, when \"The Jewish Daily Forward\" reported that she had been a member of the national committee of the Venceremos Brigades, which the Federal Bureau of Investigation had tied to Cuban intelligence forces, Clinton did not advance her nomination.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Emory University", "Washington State University", "Spelman College", "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "National Museum of African Art"], "facts": [["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "January 1970", "January 1983"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "educated at", "Fisk University", "January 1952", "January 1953"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Emory University", "January 1998", "January 2001"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Bennett College", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Washington State University", "January 1969", "January 1970"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Spelman College", "January 1987", "January 1997"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "National Museum of African Art", "January 2009", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Where was Johnnetta B. Cole educated 26 years and 5 months before December 1978?", "adv_question": "Where was Johnnetta B. Cole educated 26 years and five months before December 1978?", "date": "July 28 1952", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fisk University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q15503036_P69_12", "fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from January 1987 to January 1997. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to January 1970. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from January 1970 to January 1983. \nJohnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to January 1953. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from January 1998 to January 2001. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from January 2002 to January 2007. \nJohnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from January 2009 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from Jan 1998 to January 2001. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from 01/2002 to Jan 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to 01/1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from Jan 2009 to Jan 2017. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan 1970 to January 1983. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to Jan 1953. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from 01/1987 to 01/1997.", "context": "Johnnetta ColeJohnnetta Betsch Cole (born October 19, 1936) is an American anthropologist, educator, museum director, and college president. Cole was the first female African-American president of Spelman College, a historically black college, serving from 1987 to 1997. She was president of Bennett College from 2002 to 2007. During 2009\u20132017 she was Director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art.Johnnetta Betsch was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on October 19, 1936. Her family belonged to the African-American upper class; She was a granddaughter of Abraham Lincoln Lewis, Florida's first black millionaire, entrepreneur and cofounder of the Afro-American Industrial and Benefit Association, and Mary Kingsley Sammis. Sammis' great-grandparents were Zephaniah Kingsley, a slave trader and slave owner, and his wife and former slave Anna Madgigine Jai, a Wolof princess who was originally from present-day Senegal. Her Fort George Island home is protected as Kingsley Plantation, a National Historic Landmark.Cole enrolled at the age of 15 in Fisk University, a historically black college. She transferred to Oberlin College in Ohio, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1957. She attended graduate school at Northwestern University, earning her Master of Arts (1959) and Doctor of Philosophy (1967) degrees in anthropology. She did her dissertation field research in Liberia, West Africa, in 1960\u20131961 through Northwestern University as part of their economic survey of the country.Cole served as a professor at Washington State University from 1962 to 1970, where she cofounded one of the US's first black studies programs. In 1970 Cole began working in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she served until 1982. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole then moved to Hunter College in 1982, and became director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies program. From 1998 to 2001 Cole was a professor of Anthropology, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at Emory University in Atlanta.In 1987, Cole was selected as the first black female president of Spelman College, a prestigious historically black college for women. She served until 1997, building up their endowment through a $113 million capital campaign, attracting significantly higher enrollment as students increased, and, overall, the ranking of the school among the best liberal arts schools went up. Bill and Camille Cosby contributed $20 million to the capital campaign.After teaching at Emory University, she was recruited as president of Bennett College for Women, also a historically black college for women. There she led another successful capital campaign. In addition, she founded an art gallery to contribute to the college's culture. Cole is currently the Chair of the Johnnetta B. Cole Global Diversity & Inclusion Institute founded at Bennett College for Women. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.She was Director of the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, during 2009\u20132017. During her directorship the controversial exhibit, \"Conversations: African and African-American Artworks in Dialogue,\" featuring dozens of pieces from Bill and Camille Cosby's private art collection was held in 2015, coinciding with accusations of sexual assault against the comedian.Cole has also served in major corporations and foundations. Cole served for many years as board member at the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation. She has been a director of Merck & Co. since 1994. From 2004 to 2006, Cole was the Chair of the Board of Trustees of United Way of America and is on the Board of Directors of the United Way of Greater Greensboro. Since 2013, Cole has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.President-elect Bill Clinton appointed Cole to his transition team for education, labor, the arts, and humanities in 1992. He also considered her for the cabinet post of Secretary of Education. However, when \"The Jewish Daily Forward\" reported that she had been a member of the national committee of the Venceremos Brigades, which the Federal Bureau of Investigation had tied to Cuban intelligence forces, Clinton did not advance her nomination.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Johnnetta B. Cole", "educated at", "Fisk University", "January 1952", "January 1953"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Washington State University", "January 1969", "January 1970"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Spelman College", "January 1987", "January 1997"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Emory University", "January 1998", "January 2001"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "January 1970", "January 1983"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Bennett College", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "National Museum of African Art", "January 2009", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk 1 years and 7 months before March 2021?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk one years and seven months before Mar 2021?", "date": "August 19 2019", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sergei Gurenko"]}, "id": "L2H_Q211477_P286_26", "fact_context": "Sergei Gurenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from June 2019 to April 2020. \nVadim Skripchenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from November 2022 to May 2023. \nLeonid Kuchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from April 2020 to June 2021. \nRoman Pylypchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from February 2019 to May 2019. \nFC Dinamo Minsk was owned by Dinamo Minsk from January 2020 to May 2023. \nOleh Protasov was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from January 2012 to January 2013. \nArtsyom Chelyadzinski was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from December 2021 to November 2022.", "adv_fact_context": "Vadim Skripchenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 11/2022 to 05/2023. \n Artsyom Chelyadzinski was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from Dec 2021 to November 2022. \n Sergei Gurenko was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from June 2019 to 04/2020. \n Roman Pylypchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 02/2019 to 05/2019. \n Oleh Protasov was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from January 2012 to January 2013. \n Leonid Kuchuk was the head coach of FC Dinamo Minsk from 04/2020 to 06/2021. \n FC Dinamo Minsk was owned by Dinamo Minsk from Jan 2020 to May 2023.", "context": "FC Dinamo MinskFC Dinamo Minsk (, \"FK Dynama Minsk\"; ) is a professional football club based in the Belarusian capital city of Minsk.It was founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society, and was the only club from the Byelorussian SSR that competed in the Soviet Top League, playing 39 of the 54 seasons, and winning the title in 1982. Since the independence of Belarus, the club participates in the Belarusian Premier League, having won 7 league titles and 3 Belarusian Cups.Dinamo plays its home games in the 22,246 capacity Dinamo Stadium in Minsk. Dinamo is the second Belarusian team, after BATE Borisov to reach UEFA Europa League group stages (2014\u201315 and 2015\u201316).Dinamo Minsk was founded in 1927 as a part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society. They spent some of their history in the lower leagues of the Soviet Union, but in 1940, they were promoted to the Soviet Top League, becoming the first and only Belarusian team to compete in the Soviet top division. They were relegated to the second level in 1952, but returned to the top level the next year. In 1954, they finished in the third place, their best performance in the top flight to date, and were dissolved, being re-founded as \"Spartak Minsk\", only to be renamed in \"Belarus Minsk\" in 1959, in honor of the Soviet republic in the national championship. However, in 1962, they return to the original name of \"Dinamo Minsk\". They were relegated again from top level in 1955 and in 1957. They played in the top level again in the 1960 season. They were relegated again in 1973 and returned to the top level in the 1975 season. But they relegated immediately in 1976. They returned top level after 2 years.In 1982, Dinamo Minsk won the Soviet championship for the first and only time in their history. The following year saw them debuting in the European Cup against Grasshopper of Switzerland. They reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup after eliminating Grasshoppers and Gy\u0151ri ETO of Hungary, only to be eliminated by Dinamo Bucure\u0219ti. In the 1984\u201385 season, Dinamo Minsk reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup after beating HJK Helsinki, Sporting CP and Widzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, but were eventually stopped by \u017deljezni\u010dar Sarajevo. 1988 saw Dinamo Minsk up to a new European performance, the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, passing through Gen\u00e7lerbirli\u011fi and Real Sociedad, but being eliminated by KV Mechelen.Dinamo Minsk also participated in Belarusian SSR league. Since the mid-50s, their appearances were only sporadic and they were represented by youth teams in later seasons. They have won the championship 7 times.Dinamo Minsk won the inaugural season of the Belarusian Premier League in 1992. They became the top team in the new Belarusian championship and won 5 league titles until 1995, making only one appearance in the UEFA Champions League, in 1993. However, after a title in 1997, Dinamo Minsk last won the championship in 2004. The 2000s saw Dinamo Minsk failing to secure any league title in the battle against BATE Borisov, thus finishing on lower places, mostly second.In 2014, Dinamo Minsk beat MYPA, CFR Cluj and Nacional to be drawn in Group K of Europa League, along with Italian side Fiorentina, French team Guingamp and Greek side PAOK, becoming the second team, after BATE Borisov, to reach group stages of Europa League. Dinamo finished at the bottom with four points, after a draw with Guingamp and a historical 2\u20131 victory over Fiorentina.Dinamo Minsk is one of the most popular teams in Belarus. Among ultras groups, the largest is called \"Blue White Will\". Fans of Dinamo Minsk are friends with Dinamo Brest fans.The ultras of Dinamo Minsk are famous for their right-wing political orientation and there have been several riots, clashes with the police forces and chants against the Belarusian authoritarian regime, led by long-time President Alexander Lukashenko.Their political views as well as geographic proximity and contest for dominance of the city make them huge rivals with neighbours Partizan Minsk, whose fans tend to be strongly left-wing. Dinamo Minsk also has a big rivalry with BATE Borisov from the city of Barysaw. BelarusBelarusian Premier LeagueBelarusian CupSeason CupBelarusian Premier League Reserves ChampionshipSoviet Top LeagueSoviet CupFederation Cup\"Soviet First League:\"Football Championship of the Belarusian SSRBelarusian SSR Cup\"As of June 2021\"There has been several teams that served as Dinamo Minsk official reserve or farm clubs. BelarusLegend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Roman Pylypchuk", "Artsyom Chelyadzinski", "Vadim Skripchenko", "Leonid Kuchuk", "Oleh Protasov"], "facts": [["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Artsyom Chelyadzinski", "December 2021", "November 2022"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "owned by", "Dinamo Minsk", "January 2020", "May 2023"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Oleh Protasov", "January 2012", "January 2013"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Leonid Kuchuk", "April 2020", "June 2021"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Roman Pylypchuk", "February 2019", "May 2019"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Vadim Skripchenko", "November 2022", "May 2023"], ["FC Dinamo Minsk", "head coach", "Sergei Gurenko", "June 2019", "April 2020"]]}
{"question": "Where was Obi Toppin educated 3 years and 3 months after August 2015?", "adv_question": "Where was Obi Toppin educated 3 years and 3 months after Aug 2015?", "date": "November 07 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Dayton"]}, "id": "L2H_Q75060241_P69_5", "fact_context": "Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from January 2018 to January 2020. \nObi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from January 2018 to January 2020. \nObi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from January 2015 to January 2017. \nObi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from January 2014 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Obi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from 01/2018 to 01/2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from Jan 2015 to January 2017. \n Obi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from Jan 2014 to Jan 2015. \n Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from Jan 2018 to January 2020.", "context": "Obi ToppinObadiah Richard \"Obi\" Toppin Jr. (born March 4, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A power forward, he played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers.A native of Brooklyn, Toppin graduated from Ossining High School in New York. After receiving no NCAA Division I offers, he played a postgraduate season at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Maryland. As a freshman with the Dayton Flyers, Toppin was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year after leading his team in scoring. He had breakout success in his sophomore season, earning Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and National College Player of the Year honors. After the college season Toppin declared for the 2020 NBA draft where he was selected with the eighth overall pick by the New York Knicks. In his rookie season Toppin was the runner up in the 2021 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.Toppin was born in Brooklyn in New York City and originally grew up in the neighborhood of Bushwick before moving to Melbourne, Florida. He attended Heritage High School in Palm Bay as a freshman before transferring to Melbourne Central Catholic High School the next year. Toppin, his mother and younger brother relocated to Ossining, New York and enrolled at Ossining High School going into his junior year. He averaged 20.6 points, 8.1 rebounds, 3 assists and 3 steals as a senior during his only year playing varsity at Ossining and led the team to its first conference title in 10 years. Having received no NCAA Division I offers, Toppin opted to enroll at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Baltimore, Maryland for a postgraduate year. He averaged 17 points, eight rebounds and four assists and also grew four inches to . He committed to play college basketball at the University of Dayton over offers from Rhode Island, Georgetown, Georgia, Texas A&M, Minnesota and Texas Tech.Toppin redshirted his true freshman season after being ruled academically ineligible to play. As a redshirt freshman, Toppin led the Flyers with 14.4 points per game while averaging 5.6 rebounds per game and was named the Atlantic 10 Conference Rookie of the Week seven times. At the end of the season, Toppin was named the Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year and to the first team All-Atlantic 10, the first freshman to do so since Lamar Odom in 1999. Following the end of the season he declared for the 2019 NBA draft, but did not hire an agent. After working out for several NBA teams, Toppin opted to withdraw from the draft and return to Dayton. Entering his redshirt sophomore season, Toppin was named to the preseason first team All-Atlantic 10 and to the Karl Malone, Lute Olson, and Naismith Award watchlists. Toppin was also named the 44th-best collegiate basketball player going into the 2019\u201320 season by CBS Sports and the 24th-best prospect for the 2020 NBA draft by ESPN. He was named the Atlantic 10 Player of the Week for the first week of the season after scoring a career-high 29 points with 12 rebounds in the Flyers' season opening 86\u201381 win over Indiana State. In late November 2019, Toppin led Dayton to second place at the 2019 Maui Invitational Tournament, averaging 22.3 points, 7.0 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.3 blocks over three games. He subsequently repeated as Atlantic 10 Player of the Week and was recognized as National Player of the Week by NBC Sports. On December 30, Toppin scored a career-high 31 points in a 77\u201359 win over North Florida, including a school-record 10 dunks. He was named to the midseason watchlist for the Wooden Award and was named the Midseason Player of the Year by The Athletic. Toppin sprained his left ankle during a win against UMass on January 11, 2020, but did not miss a game, scoring 24 points in Dayton's next game against VCU in spite of his injury. Toppin scored his 1,000th career point on February 22, 2020 during a 28-point performance in an 80\u201370 win over Duquesne. At the end of the regular season Toppin was named to the first team All-Atlantic 10 and the Atlantic 10 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year after averaging 20 points, 7.5 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game with a .633 field goal percentage. Toppin was a consensus first team All-American selection, won the Karl Malone Award as the nation's top power forward, and was the consensus National Player of the Year after being named the Associated Press College Basketball Player of the Year, NABC Player of the Year, Naismith College Player of the Year, and awarded the Oscar Robertson Trophy and the John R. Wooden Award. He also garnered national player of the year honors from CBS Sports, The Athletic, NBC Sports and USA Today. After the season Toppin announced that he would be forgoing his final two seasons of eligibility to enter the 2020 NBA draft. Toppin finished his college career with 1,096 points scored and a school-record 190 dunks.On November 18, 2020, Toppin was selected with the eighth overall pick in the 2020 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. On November 23, Toppin signed a rookie scale contract with the Knicks. On December 23, Toppin made his NBA debut, putting up nine points, three rebounds, and two blocks in 24 minutes, in a 121\u2013107 loss to the Indiana Pacers. Toppin missed 10 games due to injury sustained in his NBA debut, and returned on January 13, 2021 in a 116\u2013109 loss to the Brooklyn Nets. He was invited to participate in the 2021 NBA Dunk Contest and finished in 2nd place.Toppin's father, also named Obadiah, was a well-known streetball player in Brooklyn. He played basketball collegiately at Globe Institute of Technology and professionally for the Brooklyn Kings of the United States Basketball League, the Harlem Strong Dogs of the American Basketball Association and in the Dominican Republic. His father was also known as \"Dunkers Delight\" while playing for a streetball team called the Court Kingz. His brother, Jacob, plays college basketball for Kentucky after transferring from Rhode Island.Toppin is a Christian and has a cross tattoo on his right shoulder as a sign of his faith.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Ossining High School", "Melbourne Central Catholic High School"], "facts": [["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Ossining High School", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Obi Toppin", "member of sports team", "Dayton Flyers men's basketball", "January 2018", "January 2020"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Melbourne Central Catholic High School", "January 2014", "January 2015"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "University of Dayton", "January 2018", "January 2020"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Fabrizio Cicchitto belong to 11 years and 4 months before February 2022?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Fabrizio Cicchitto belong to 11 years and four months before February 2022?", "date": "October 26 2010", "text_answers": {"text": ["The People of Freedom"]}, "id": "L2H_Q3737980_P102_39", "fact_context": "Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the New Centre-Right from November 2013 to May 2023. \nFabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Popular Alternative from January 2017 to May 2023. \nFabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Reform Socialist Party from January 1994 to January 1996. \nFabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Forza Italia from January 1999 to March 2009. \nFabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from March 2013 to March 2018. \nFabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Italian Senate from April 1992 to April 1994. \nFabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the The People of Freedom from March 2009 to November 2013.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Italian Senate from Apr 1992 to April 1994. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Popular Alternative from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Reform Socialist Party from 01/1994 to 01/1996. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Forza Italia from 01/1999 to Mar 2009. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the The People of Freedom from Mar 2009 to November 2013. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the New Centre-Right from November 2013 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Mar 2013 to March 2018.", "context": "Fabrizio CicchittoFabrizio Cicchitto (born 26 October 1940 in Rome) is an Italian politician.Fabrizio Cicchitto entered politics during the earlier 1960s, supporting the Marxist left wing of Riccardo Lombardi in the Italian Socialist Party and then becoming secretary of the party's youth organization (\"Federazione Giovanile Socialista Italiana\", Italian Young Socialist Federation). Cicchitto also became sympathetic to Eurocommunism and the \"Historic Compromise\" path taken by the Italian Communist Party (PCI), while being highly critical of Christian Democracy (DC) itself, as well as of the American CIA and the Italian Servizio Informazioni Difesa. According to him, DC would have taken profit from the Red Brigades' activities and the Aldo Moro case to cut off relations with the PCI.In 1981, he confessed being a member of the masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2). Shortly after this move, Cicchitto was excluded from the Socialist Party. Readmitted toward the end of the Eighties, he followed the policies of Bettino Craxi and held minor posts throughout the \"Mani pulite\"-\"Tangentopoli\" scandals that saw the disestablishment of most Italian political parties. Cicchitto joined Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right party Forza Italia, leading its social-democratic wing We Blue Reformers. He had been a Socialist member of either the Italian Chamber of Deputies or the Italian Senate for three successive terms. He is currently the vice-president of Forza Italia's group in the Chamber, and national deputy-coordinator of the party from 2003.He has contributed to steps taken by Italy in its adoption of the European Monetary System and the Maastricht Treaty, and has taken part in debates over privatization in the country. Since 1998, Cicchitto contributes editorials to \"Il Giornale\", and is currently a member of the editorial staff for \"Avanti!\".In November 2009 he founded \"Reformism and Freedom\" (\"REL\"), a \"reformist\" and mainly social-democratic think tank within The People of Freedom (PdL). After the split of PdL, Cicchitto joined the New Centre-Right party.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Popular Alternative", "Forza Italia (1994)", "Reform Socialist Party", "New Centre-Right"], "facts": [["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Forza Italia (1994)", "January 1999", "March 2009"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "position held", "member of the Italian Senate", "April 1992", "April 1994"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Reform Socialist Party", "January 1994", "January 1996"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Popular Alternative", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "position held", "member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic", "March 2013", "March 2018"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "New Centre-Right", "November 2013", "May 2023"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "The People of Freedom", "March 2009", "November 2013"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills 19 years and 6 months after March 1999?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills 19 years and six months after March 1999?", "date": "September 14 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["Alina Maria Binder"]}, "id": "L2H_Q1753485_P26_5", "fact_context": "Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Argyle House School from January 1992 to January 1999. \nNicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills was married to Alina Maria Binder from October 2017 to May 2023. \nNicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Shiplake College from January 1999 to January 2004. \nNicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Royal Holloway, University of London from January 2009 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills was married to Alina Maria Binder from Oct 2017 to May 2023. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Argyle House School from January 1992 to January 1999. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Shiplake College from January 1999 to Jan 2004. \n Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills studied at Royal Holloway, University of London from January 2009 to Jan 2012.", "context": "Nicholas Medforth-MillsNicholas Michael de Roumanie Medforth-Mills, formerly called Prince Nicholas of Romania (born 1 April 1985), is the eldest child and only son of Princess Elena of Romania and Robin Medforth-Mills. As a grandson of King Michael of Romania, he was third in line to the defunct throne of Romania according to a new family statute enacted in 2007, that also conferred the title of a \"prince of Romania\" on him which was abrogated in 2015. The statute and the titles it confers have no standing in present Romanian law.Nicholas Medforth-Mills was born on 1 April 1985 at La Tour Hospital in Meyrin, a commuter town near Geneva, Switzerland, the first child and son of Princess Elena of Romania and her first husband Robin Medforth-Mills and the second grandchild of King Michael I of Romania and his wife Queen Anne.He was baptised in the Orthodox faith, his godparents being Queen Anne (his maternal grandmother) and Crown Princess Margareta of Romania (his maternal aunt).He was followed by a sister, Elisabeta-Karina (born 4 January 1989).Until the age of four, Medforth-Mills lived with his sister and parents at the Romanian royal family's residence in Versoix, Switzerland. The family moved to England in 1989 where they took up residence at Flass Hall, Esh Winning in County Durham.Medforth-Mills joined the Beaver Scouts at age five. During his childhood, he developed an interest in cars, an interest shared with his grandfather King Michael I. During holidays in Versoix, Switzerland with his maternal grandparents, Nicholas spent hours in his grandfather's garage, watching him maintain his Jeep collection. In an interview with historian Filip-Lucian Iorga, Nicholas recalled the time spent with King Michael, and how he had been allowed to drive one of his cars, a Ford which once belonged to General George S. Patton; the vehicle was given to his grandfather by Queen Anne's paternal uncle Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma as a gift. He also recalled spending time with Queen Anne at Versoix where they used to fish and play golf together.As a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and King Christian IX of Denmark, he regularly met with many of his extended relatives.Medforth-Mills attended Argyle House School, Sunderland, England which he left in 1999 with 8 GCSEs - English Language, English Literature, Mathematics, Science (Chemistry, Biology and Physics), French, German, Information Technology, and Geography.In 1999, he enrolled with Shiplake College, Henley-on-Thames, England where he left with 3 A-levels of French, Business Sciences and Physical Education. During this time he also took part in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.Before enrolling for university he took a 5-year \"Gap year\", where:Medforth-Mills' first major appearance in Romania was on 19 April 1992 on Easter Day along with his grandparents King Michael I and Queen Anne and with his mother and her second husband Alexander Nixon.Medforth-Mills came again for the second time on Christmas Day 1997, when the entire royal family set foot in Romania for the first time after nearly five decades of exile. In 2002, he visited Romania for the third time; he stayed at Elisabeta Palace. During this visit he started to consider his role as a member of the royal family, which required a fundamental transformation for him.Since the beginning of 2008, Medforth-Mills has become more involved in the public life of Romania, taking part, for instance, at the 2008 UNITER theatre gala and in visits throughout the country with his aunt, Crown Princess Margareta, and his maternal uncle, Radu Duda.In 1997, Romanian monarchists intended to ask Michael to designate a male heir-presumptive from the House of Hohenzollern in keeping with the rules of the last royal constitution which were based on agnatic primogeniture and Salic law; The monarchists eventually agreed on a compromise and requested him to designate a male rather than female heir-presumptive, in the person of Nicholas. However, under the influence of Queen Anne, Michael rejected the monarchists' request, and at the end of 1997, he designated Princess Margareta as heir presumptive in keeping with the European Convention on Human Rights, which meant Nicholas would only succeed to the headship of the royal family after the deaths of King Michael, Crown Princess Margareta and his mother.In 2005, Michael told Medforth-Mills that he could choose to have the chance of becoming a \"prince of Romania\" which would mean assuming responsibility in a conscious manner by starting to work for the country.On 30 December 2007, the press office of King Michael announced that Nicholas Medforth-Mills would receive the title \"prince of Romania\" with the style of \"royal highness\", coming into effect on Nicholas's 25th birthday. On 1 April 2010, by virtue of his new title, he became a member of the Romanian royal family and was decorated with the \"Nihil Sine Deo\", the highest of royal decorations at the time.In February 2008, Nicholas stated in an interview with the Romanian daily newspaper \"Cotidianul\" that if the Romanian people asked him to become king, he would not refuse.In September 2012, after his university studies, he moved to Romania to undertake more of the royal family's public activities.On 1 August 2015, former King Michael of Romania signed a document removing the title prince of Romania and the qualification of royal highness from his grandson. Medforth-Mills also has been removed from the line of succession. The former king took the decision after considering that Romania needed a ruler marked by modesty and moral principles, respect and thought for others after the \"reign and life\" of his eldest daughter, Crown Princess Margareta, will have finished. In issuing the declaration, the former king expressed the hope that \"Nicholas will find in future years a suitable way to serve the ideals and use the qualities that God gave him\". Nicholas's mother, Princess Elena, received notification of the former king's decision in a personal letter.The move \"stunned Romanians\" and \"sparked speculation that a jealous relative had sought to edge Nicholas out of the succession.\" speculated that the exclusion of Nicholas from the royal succession was due to the birth of an illegitimate daughter, born from a short relationship with Nicoleta C\u00eerjan (b. 1986). The child, born on 9 February 2016 in Bra\u0219ov and named Iris Anna, was not recognized by the former prince.Nicholas released a press statement on 18 November 2017 from London about the child. Point 2 of the Press release stated, \"I returned to Romania in November 2015 to resolve the situation with my alleged child. Due to the constant lack of co-operation from the mother of my alleged child, this situation has remained unclear. So far, there is no medical evidence to support the mother's accusations. Therefore, any accusations that are related to this subject are unfounded.\" On 27 May 2019, Nicholas confirmed via a Facebook post that paternity tests had confirmed the illegitimate daughter is his, and that he had assumed legal responsibility for her.On 8 November 2017, during Michael I's final illness, the Romanian Royal House filed a complaint with Swiss police alleging that Nicholas tried to force his way into his grandfather's home. It alleged that Nicholas \"physically and verbally assaulted\" three staff members, while he accused his relatives of trying to stop him seeing his grandfather and discrediting his name. The former king died on 5 December 2017.Nicholas became engaged to Alina Maria Binder (Constan\u021ba, 26 January 1988) on 29 July 2017 in Cornwall. They married civilly in Henley-on-Thames on 6 October 2017. On 30 September 2018 the couple married religiously at Saint Elijah Church in Sinaia, and the wedding reception took place at Sinaia Casino.Their daughter Maria-Alexandra was born on 7 November 2020 at Institute for Mother and Child Alfred Rusescu - Polizu in Bucharest, and was baptised at Curtea de Arge\u0219 Cathedral on 23 January 2021.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "spouse", "Alina Maria Binder", "October 2017", "May 2023"], ["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "educated at", "Royal Holloway, University of London", "January 2009", "January 2012"], ["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "educated at", "Argyle House School", "January 1992", "January 1999"], ["Nicholas de Roumanie-Medforth-Mills", "educated at", "Shiplake College", "January 1999", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated 11 years and 11 months before March 2005?", "adv_question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated 11 years and 11 months before Mar 2005?", "date": "April 11 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stony Brook University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q235137_P69_25", "fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from January 2004 to January 2008. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \nKeiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from January 2010 to May 2023. \nKeiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2011. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from January 1993 to January 1994. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from January 1981 to January 1993. \nKeiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from August 1994 to November 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from 01/1993 to Jan 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from Jan 2004 to 01/2008. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 07/2006 to Jul 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from Jan 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from Aug 1994 to 11/2000. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from 01/1981 to January 1993.", "context": "Keiko FujimoriKeiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi ( or ; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian business administrator, politician, and perennial candidate for public office. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi, and formerly in role as the First Lady of Peru from 1994 to 2000. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections but was defeated by a narrow margin in the second round all three times. She launched a third presidential campaign during the 2021 election and once again managed to qualify for the run-off, but was defeated by Pedro Castillo in the second round.Keiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi was born on 25 May 1975 in the Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda district of Lima, the capital of Peru. Fujimori's parents are Japanese Peruvians; her father is former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori, who was elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election, and her mother is Susana Higuchi. In addition, Fujimori would come to have three siblings: Kenji Gerardo (born May 1980), Hiro Alberto (born December 1976) and Sachi Marcela (born March 1979). For primary and secondary education, Keiko Fujimori and her siblings attended Peruvian Catholic School (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts).In 1990, her father was elected president and later led a self-coup when he dissolved congress in 1992, violating the independence of the judiciary and the press, and began persecuting opponents. Subsequently, with the approval of a new constitution, the president could be re-elected in the following elections. Throughout her father's presidency, the government committed multiple human rights violations that included forced sterilizations and extrajudicial killings and its response to the internal conflict in Peru resulted in the deaths of at least 69,000 people. It was also alleged that Fujimori embezzled between US$600\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0billion through graft. Such allegations placed Fujimori seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984\u20132004. Alberto Fujimori's revitalization of the economy of Peru and defeat of Shining Path, however, has resulted in continued support from some Peruvians, with the former president having a divisive legacy overall in the country.After her father's coup, Fujimori graduated from secondary school and travelled to the United States in 1993 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Stony Brook University.In 1994, Fujimori's father stripped her mother of her title of First Lady of Peru with the intent of silencing her after she accused him publicly and in the Peruvian Judicial Branch of kidnapping, torture and corruption, this led to the two separating in the same year, taking with them the last vestiges of her mother's titles. On 23 August 1994, Keiko stopped her studies at Stony Brook and returned to Peru, where her father appointed her as First Lady of Peru, the youngest first lady in the Americas. On top of her symbolic functions, from April 1994 to November 2000, her father made her head of (Foundation for the Children of Peru), which is usually led by the first lady, and she created Fundaci\u00f3n Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology) for children with congenital heart diseases. In May 1997, Fujimori completed her studies in Business Administration at Boston University. Fujimori's parents formally divorced in 1996. In the years after their separation, Susana said that she was subjected to torture at least five-hundred times between 1992 and 2000 and told the press that Alberto had ordered his partner Vladimiro Montesinos to execute her, though Montesinos said he refused on the ground of being a devout Catholic.As first lady, she received three main accusations: that she diverted clothing donated through charity by Japanese-Peruvians, a controversy that even made it before Supreme Court of Peru; that she ordered the Government Palace's rooms painted pink; and the perceived betrayal, as it was seen by many opposition members, when she refused to defend her mother who had been denounced and persecuted by her father. Fujimori responded to the last criticism by alleging that the accusations of tortures made by her mother were a \"legend.\" She would later reconcile with her mother, who then assisted her with her presidential campaigns.In 1998, as her father intended to run for an unprecedented and at that point unconstitutional third term, Fujimori came out in a strong declaration against her father's plan, supporting a plan made by the opposition. She put out a statement: \"As a daughter, I would prefer that my father rest, but as a citizen, I believe he is what the country requires.\" Fujimori still helped her father despite her reservations in his reelection campaign in April 2000, as she had done in his 1995 campaign. In November 2000, her father fled to Japan and resigned from the presidency while visiting Brunei once news came of a massive corruption scandal. Shortly after the scandal broke, Fujimori had asked her father to not renounce anything and to return to Peru to defend himself before a court of law.Fujimori was forced to leave the Government Palace of Peru on 21 November 2000 after the Congress of Peru officially vacated her father Alberto's position as president of Peru. Her mother, now a member of congress, offered Fujimori to stay with her, though Fujimori refused and preferred to stay with her aunt Juana Fujimori beside her father's family.In August 2001, Fujimori visited Tokyo to meet with her father who still had dual citizenship, the main reason Japan was reluctant to reject his asylum and extradite him. She moved to the United States in 2002 to further pursue her business career, studying at Columbia University. While in New York, she met Mark Vito Villanella and married him in a wedding attended by many Fujimorist officials in the Miraflores district of Lima that was officiated by Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Archbishop of Lima and member of Opus Dei. The newlyweds returned to New York where Fujimori would continue her MBA studies.Fujimori's father arrived in Santiago de Chile in preparation of his return to Peru to run anew as a presidential candidate on 6 November 2005 and was arrested shortly after by Interpol. After her father's arrest in Chile, Fujimori's father was blocked from announcing his candidacy for President of Peru in the 2006 Peruvian general election, as was his political coalition Si Cumple.As a result of Alberto Fujimori's arrest, those sympathetic to the ex-president created the party Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) with the acronym AF recognizing their previous leader. With her father unable to preside over the new party, Keiko Fujimori was chosen as the party's leader and candidate, which resulted with her ending her residency in the United States. It was in this context that she finally returned to the country and ran for Congress in the general elections of 2006. On 6 January 2006, Keiko managed to get her new party included in the Peruvian Registry of Political Organizations. In that year's legislative elections, she topped the list of her party's candidates. The party's presidential candidate, Martha Chavez Cossio, running with vice presidential candidate Santiago Fujimori (Keiko's uncle), finished in fourth place, with 7.4% of the valid votes. Keiko received the most votes of any congressional candidate that year, with 602,869 votes, more than three times more than the runner up, Mercedes Cabanillas; breaking the national record for most votes receieved by a legislator up to that point. The Alliance received 1.4\u00a0million votes in total, or 13% of all valid votes cast, winning 13 congressional seats and becoming the fourth most powerful party in the Congress. In the night of the first vote, 9 April, Fujimori declared, \"I believe that much of the support is because I am the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, and it is obvious that I am really the recipient of the caring and gratefulness that the people have for my father.\" She would serve as a Member of the National Congress from 26 July 2006 \u2013 26 July 2011 for Lima.With the election of Alan Garcia to the presidency, Fujimori now became the part of the congressional opposition. Adopting a moderate tone concerning Garcia, who did not have a majority of parliament, Fujimori announced her willingness to cooperate on certain issues. During her term, she played the role of a discreet legislator who was yet a prominent spokesperson for fujimorismo until the role was handed to Carlos Raffo Arce in 2008. Of the only 20 legislative projects she proposed in five years, just 6 were approved. The majority of her proposals concerned reforms of the legal code. Fujimori and her parliamentary bloc supported various government policies, such as their fruitless reform of the Penal Code to reintroduce the death penalty for terrorists. Later, she attempted to reintroduce the death penalty for pedophilia and robbery. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the \"sincere confession\" provision. In September 2007, she organized demonstrations in support of her father, who was now being judged for his previous crimes. She told the press that she was confident of his acquittal because \"there is no hard evidence.\" Fujimori insisted that her father was unaware of the crimes committed by Montesinos and other public functionaries. In December, the ex-president received his first guilty verdict and was convicted of participating in acts of corruption, murder, human rights abuses, and other charges. His daughter considered the ruling an \"injustice\", the result of \"political and judicial persecution\", saying that the Peruvian judiciary \"inspires no confidence.\" The next year, she said that if she was elected president, she would \"not hesitate\" to use her presidential pardon power on her own father.On 13 January 2008, Fujimori announced the creation of a new political party, Fuerza 2011, that would nominate a candidate for 2011. It would nominate her if her father was blocked from running by the law. Other Fujimorista organizations, such as Cambio 90 and New Majority, decided to maintain their organizational independence.In April 2009, Alberto was convicted for another time, this time sentenced for 25 years of prison for crimes against humanity, specifically referring to various massacres, which left 25 people in total dead. Before the ruling, Fujimori had organized another demonstration that had managed to obtain the attendance of 10,000 people, where she challenged the existence of any evidence against her father. She attributed the ruling to \"vengeance\" against \"the best president that we have ever had in the country.\" In an opinion poll taken at the time, 70% of the population believed that the ex-president was guilty, while just 27% believed he was innocent. At the same time, when asked whether they would support him for president, between 19 to 21% said that they would if he were allowed to run.Fujimori was criticized for absent from 500 sessions of Congress, according to the publication \"La Rep\u00fablica\". During this time, she gave birth to two daughters and needed to take maternity leave. Furthermore, she was outside of the country for a total of 223 days between August 2006 and 2010, being her primary trip destinations Chile (5 times) and the United States (10 times), where she spent almost 100 days between January and May 2008 finishing her master's degree in Columbia University. According to the same publication, of the 42 sessions of the commission on the economy in which she was a member, she was only present for 7.During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures to create Fuerza 2011, her own political party. Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.On 9 March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. On 19 May, she officially launched this new political organization. On 17 December, she announced her candidacy during a campaign in a Lima neighborhood. Rafael Rey Rey, minister of defense, Peruvian representative to the Andean Parliament and member of the conservative party National Renewal, was the first vice-presidential candidate while Jaime Yoshiyama, her father's former minister during his presidency, was the second.Throughout the entire campaign, Fujimori fiercely defended her various proposals, among them to apply the death penalty to certain crimes, create jobs, fight poverty, control public accounts, sponsor free trade, counter crime, begin an \"offensive against corruption\", improve the education system via a reward initiative for excellent teachers, and an accompanying system for gauging teacher skills. Her campaign was fundamentally built upon a defense of her father's government. In her opinion, that government had been responsible for defeating terrorism and stabilizing the economy. However, she also found it necessary to distance herself from the scandals that ended up ending the presidency of her father, trying to blame Montesinos for the violations of human rights and corruption while also promising to not pardon her father, a constitutional power of the president. Fujimori also recognized \"errors\" and \"excesses\" committed during her father's terms and reminded the public of her opposition to her father's third term.During the campaign for the first ballot, Fujimori became embroiled in a new scandal as she admitted to having received donations from people allegedly involved in drug trafficking during her run for Congress in 2006. She admitted to having received 10,000 dollars from two convicted women who, according to Fujimori, were victims of persecution.Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011; she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010. In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes (3.4\u00a0million), second only to Ollanta Humala, a leftist nationalist candidate who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%, followed by Alejandro Toledo and Luis Casta\u00f1eda, ex-mayor of Lima. Kuczynski and Casta\u00f1eda subsequently declared their support for Fujimori while Toledo declared for Humala. With 37 representatives, Fuerza 2011 became the second most powerful party in congress. Fujimori's brother, Kenji Gerardo Fujimori, was elected representative for Lima, receiving the most votes of any national candidate.The second vote was polarized. Near election date, polls indicated effectively a tie due to the margin of error. The election was also marked by fearmongering by both sides of the aisle. According to Sinesio Lopez, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, \"Humala's candidacy fed into fears that his political program would kill small businesses. Keiko's candidacy, meanwhile, fed into fears of a return to corruption and violation of human rights that had occurred during her father's government.\" Humala was also branded by his opponents as a purportedly Chavista authoritarian. As a result, both were incredibly polarizing figures, with polls showing that both encountered stern rejection from about 50% of the population during the first round of voting. According to the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, eight million people, mostly centrists and members of the middle class, said they would be electing the \"lesser evil\" for the nation.In the 5 June runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% (7,937,704 votes) to 48.66% (7,490,647 votes). She had received the majority of her support from the business community, conservatives, the majority of the press, liberal professionals, small businesses, the church, and much of the Lima middle class. With 90% of polls closed, Fujimori admitted her defeat and personally congratulated Humala on his win.After her 2011 defeat, Fujimori began to work toward a renewed campaign for 2016. Her strategy began with a small change as on 29 June 2012, she announced a new name for her party: Fuerza Popular, a change that officially took effect 4 January 2013. According to her, she had chosen a new name for the party so that it \"would be able to last in the times.\" The logo for her party, orange with a big white \"K\" (for Keiko), stayed the same. Furthermore, she continued to serve as its president. The new party did not present any declaration of ideology for the electoral authorities, but she seemed to maintain the essence of fujimorismo, including the defense of neoliberal economics, financial stability, and strict security. Despite these continuities, she continued to slowly distance herself from the legacy of her father.In October 2012, Fujimori and her brothers requested a humanitarian pardon for their father, who, according to the defense, was having health problems. Fujimori herself declared \"we are submitting a letter to president Ollanta Humala in order to inform him of this request for freedom. It will be personal letter from four children to inform him of the commencement of this process.\" In June 2013, Humala denied the request for clemency, alleging that according to a medical professional, the ex-president did not suffer from any terminal illness nor any serious and incurable mental illnesses. In January 2015, her father was convicted for a third time, this time sentenced for eight years for having been guilty for misappropriation of public funds to buy off tabloids for his 2000 election.Between 2011 and 2016, Fujimori intended to strengthen her party, travelling across the country to mitigate the hesitancy many still had toward her because of her connection to Alberto Fujimori, a factor that had been decisive in her 2011 defeat. She dedicated herself to cutting the association, including by removing corrupt members of her party and reaching out to youth. Her electoral base continued to be in Lima and the center of the country. Although she did not serve out a single public function during this period that could have increased her visibility, Fujimori led all opinion polls throughout 2015, with more than 30% support. She also benefited from an ongoing political crisis and accusations of corruption against Humala that made his approval ratings drop to just 20%.On 4 December 2015, Fujimori officially announced her candidacy for president in the 2016 elections. Her running mates were ex-minister of agriculture and irrigation Jose Chilmper Ackerman for first vice president and Vladimiro Huaroc Portocarrero, ex-regional governor of Junin as the second vice president. Fujimori outlined six \"pillars\", among them defense of institutions of a higher law, independence of powers, protection of human rights, support for limiting the armed forces, a free market, tax cuts, incentives for small businesses, use of emergency state funds to kickstart the economy, increase in supply of government bonds, and expansion of electrical and internet infrastructure in rural areas.In January 2016, there were 19 presidential candidates, but by the first vote, nine had been expelled or dropped out. Cesar Acuna y Julio Guzman, two of the main competitors, had been excluded according to the National Jury of Elections. The candidacy of Acuna was interrupted because he gave money to the people during the campaign and Guzman was forced out of the race because of questions about whether his party functioned democratically. Fujimori was not free of accusations as the JNE also requested her removal from the election after it came to light that she had received donations larger than those allowed by the election laws. Fujimori countered that the accusations against her were \"irresponsible\" and alleged insufficient evidence. The JNE dismissed the claims as unfounded, declaring that \"The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.\" The outcome provoked suspicions that the original exclusionary rulings had been made in favor of Fujimori's candidacy, calling into question the clarity of the system for applying the election rules.As the first vote arrived, Fujimori maintained her lead over her competitors. With Acu\u00f1a and Guzm\u00e1n's disqualifications, her main opponents were now the center-right economist and former minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK), the left-leaning psychologist and congresswoman Veronika Mendoza, and the former delegate Alfredo Barnechea. Also in the ring were Alan Garcia and Alejandro Toledo, ex-presidents whose prospects were dim because of investigations and revelations connecting them to Operation Car Wash.On the anniversary of the self-coup of 1992, more than 50,000 demonstrators, most of them called by the non-profit organization No a Keiko, protested Fujimori's candidacy with chants such as \"Fujimori never more\" in the Plaza San Martin. As she had done in the previous elections, she promised to not pardon her father, but promised also to continue the struggle in court for his release; she also affirmed that this was a decision taken by the whole family, not just herself. Fujimori maintained a high level of disapproval, approximately 45% according to Ipsos, deriving mainly from the negative legacy of her father who was again seeking freedom and appeals for his sentence. The appeals process intensified, bringing Keiko to distance herself from the controversial shadow of her father, vowing to not follow his path, to provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father, and to promise to not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise. She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency. She also supported the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, responsible for detailing the human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by both the Shining Path Insurgency and the government, for the first time.Polls indicated that she placed first in the first round of voting on 10 April, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Ver\u00f3nika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%. Fuerza Popular obtained an absolute majority in the congress, garnering 73 of 130 available seats. After learning of the results, Fujimori said, \"The new political map that has been drawn clearly shows us that Peru wants reconciliation and does not want any more violence.\" However, as no candidate had obtained a majority of votes for president, a second vote would be scheduled for 5 June.In this next stage of the campaign, Fujimori traveled across the country, especially to where her father continued to maintain a steady level of popularity, while PPK talked about possible allies and intended to present himself as a centrist candidate capable of winning over the antifujimorista vote. Fujimori continued to be the favorite according to polls, but her campaign suffered a major setback: as the election approached, accusations surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaqu\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular and one of Fujimori's principle aids. On 15 May 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisi\u00f3n that alleging that Ram\u00edrez was being investigated by the DEA for money laundering. According to the report, the DEA had a recording in which Ramirez told a commercial pilot, \"Do you know that \"China\" [referring to Keiko] gave me 15 million dollars during the last campaign in order to \"clean\" them for the 2011 campaign, and that I 'cleaned' them through a chain of faucets?\" The DEA denied that there was any investigation into Fujimori, who denied any involvement in the case or having in fact ever given any money to Ramirez. Her image continue to take a hit, primarily due to fears that the country would turn into a narco-state with her election, fears that were stoked by her rival PPK. At the same time, prosecutors announced they would be investigating suspicions of money laundering and other irregularities in Fujimori's campaign, which she dismissed as simply a smear campaign. In the final days before the vote, the leaders of the left, such as Mendoza, announced their support for PPK. At the beginning of June, another march organized by several left-leaning organizations against Fujimori garnered thousands of demonstraters in Lima, an event shared considerably via social media under the title \"it is not hate, it is love for Peru.\" According to analysts, this second march was decisive in those not yet decided showing support for the PPK.In a very contested election, Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski according to exit polls as ballots were counted late into the evening on 5 June 2016. The recount took up copious amounts of time after election day. Due to the narrow margin involved, the national (and international, to a lesser degree) press only began to consider PPK as the new \"virtual president\" on 9 June, four days after the original vote. At that point, PPK had obtained 50.12% of the vote, compared with 49.88% for Fujimori. On 10 June, Fujimori admitted her defeat, saying that her party had a \"vigilant\" opposition and wishing the new president elect well. On the other hand, Fujimori also claimed that the PPK had won with the help of \"promoters of hatred\" and \"the political, economic, and media power of the outgoing government.\" Kuczynski had won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on 28 July.After the 2016 elections, Fujimori continued to be the main leader of the opposition against PPK's government presiding over the parliamentary majority, while defending herself from accusations of having maintained a controversial relationship with the Odebrecht conglomerate. In December 2017, she supported the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, though he pardoned her father Alberto Fujimori on 24 December 2018 three days after the impeachment process failed.Her brother, Kenji Fujimori, declared his opposition to such a move, which worsened a growing rift between the siblings over their father's legacy and control of the opposition. In March 2018, PPK resigned having been accused of buying votes against his impeachment. At the time, Kenji was recorded negotiating for votes in favor of PPK's acquittal, dubbed his \"kenjivideos\", in return for a pardon for his father, a deal which PPK ended up following through with. When she found out about the videos, Keiko, accused of being partly responsible for the leak of the recordings, condemned her brother's actions. Upon his expulsion from Congress in June 2018, Kenji responded, \"Keiko, congratulations! Here you have my head on a platter.\" During the second round of elections in 2016, Kenji did not vote for his own sister because he refused to compromise on the freedom of their father or have a discourse on his errors. When he lost a challenge to become leader of Fuerza Popular, Kenji promised to run for president in 2021, something that his sister was also planning to do for the third time, this time in a new party that would split from Fuerza Popular along with other dissidents in the party.When PPK resigned on 23 March 2017, the presidency was passed to civil engineer Martin Vizcarra, with Fujimori welcoming him and wished for his \"success\" through a tweet the same day. Nevertheless, she heavily criticized Vizcarra's 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum since included on the ballot was whether citizens supported the re-election of congressmen and the return of a bicameral legislature. She claimed that the ballot items \"are evidence of centrist populism\", asked the president to \"stop seeing congress members as your enemies\", and was empowered to make as the parliamentary majority leader to attempt to defeat the measures through the referendum.On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was arrested and placed in provisional detention on charges of money laundering days after the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the pardon of her father, ordering him back to prison. The arrest came at the request of the Public Ministry, who accused her of illegally receiving money from Odebrecht during her campaign in 2011 as part of the Lava Jato corruption scandal. The arrest order stated that she led a \"criminal organization inside of Fuerza 2011 [today Fuerza Popular].\" In response, Fujimori wrote, \"this is what we call political persecution ... without evidence against me, I am deprived of liberty, but still with my head held high and my spirit intact.\" On 18 October, she was let go as her appeal was accepted by the National Audience. On 31 October, she was arrested again when she was again sentenced to 3 years of pretrial detention for money laundering and \"a high risk of escaping\", as per the decision by judge Richard Concepcion Carhuancho. Fujimori appealed yet again to be set free but the appeal was rejected by the Superior Court of Justice in January 2019. By August of that year, the Supreme Court, due to an impasse between its members, delayed their decision on her appeal. During the investigations, in September, the publication \"La Republica\" revealed that Fujimori had used a pseudonym together with the rest of her party's leadership in a Telegram group chat called \"Titanic Group\" where she made the most important party decisions under the name Ruth. By the beginning of December, Jose Camayo, a businessman investigated for the \"White Collar Port\" case involved with Fuerza Popular, declared before the Operation Car Wash Special Team that Se\u00f1ora K, a persona accused of corruption, was in fact Keiko Fujimori herself, something that was later denied by her, and yet still had a significant impact on the ongoing investigation. In January 2020, the tribunal decided, four votes to three, to grant her \"habeas corpus\" on the grounds that the preventative detention sentence was invalid for its violation of her liberty. Shortly afterward, her husband Mark Vito began a hunger strike in a camp installed in front of the prison where she was detained. On 28 January, the judge Victor Zuniga Urday re-imposed a preventive prison for 15 months on the charges of money laundering from the Odebrecht company. On 30 April 2020, a Peruvian appeals court overturned her 15-month detention order and granted her a conditional release from prison. She was finally released on bail on 5 May 2020.After a few months out of the spotlight despite still leading her party, on 25 September 2020, she announced her total return to politics. A month later, 30 November, still under investigation by the Operation Car Wash team, she tweeted that she was officially announcing her candidacy as the Fuerza Popular's presidential candidate with her ballot partners ex-congressional president Luis Galarreta as first vice president and the former lawyer and director of National Solidarity, Patricia Juarez as second vice president. Fujimori's party helped lead the controversial removal of Mart\u00edn Vizcarra and his replacement by Manuel Merino, which resulted with the peaceful 2020 Peruvian protests. The protests were violently put down, resulting in the deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo. Shortly after their deaths, Fujimori lamented what had happened and also considered the current situation as \"unsustainable\", calling for Merino to step down or else he \"should be censured right here right now\", a move she believed a majority of Congress would support.On 9 December, she officially won the internal party elections to be come Fuerza Popular's candidate for the 2021 election. The campaign got off to a rocky start as on the same day as a victory, a poll by \"Peru21\" released a national Datum poll which revealed that 63% of Peruvians said they would \"never vote\" for her. Then, on 21 December, the National Jury of Elections declared that Fuerza Popular's presidential board was \"inadmissible\" and gave them two days to follow their instructions. In the end, the board was finally revised and admitted.She has said that she wanted to be a president with a \"heavy hand\" and \"authority\", proposing increased legal protection on law enforcement. She has called for the construction of more prisons to reduce overcrowding and to offer more instances of probation for small crime offenders. In a break with previous elections in which she promised not to pardon her father, Fujimori emphasized her closeness to his legacy during this election, stating that \"after conversations that I have had with my father, through letters and during the year he's recently had in freedom, we've been able to get much closer and understand things about each other\" as well as expressing that his presidency \"was not a dictatorship, despite some moments of authoritarianism\", and making clear a renewed promise to pardon her father if elected. She proposes a large stimulus to voters that would represent three percent of Peru's annual gross domestic product, possibly increasing the low national debt that exists in Peru. Throughout the presidential campaign, she was among the frontrunners in opinion polling. Following the first round election, Fujimori gave a speech in which she framed the runoff as a battle between \"markets and Marxism\", framing her second round opponent Pedro Castillo as a communist. Americas Society/Council of the Americas wrote that a Fujimori presidency would bring the appearance of maintaining the \"status quo\" in Peru, but it would make the nation \"far from stable.\" After Castillo took the lead during the ballot-counting process in the second round of elections, Fujimori disseminated unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud. According to \"The Guardian\", various international observers countered Fujimori's claims, stating that the election process was conducted in accordance with international standards, with electoral observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denying any instances of widespread fraud while also praising the accuracy of the elections. Fujimori's statements about possibly overturning the election were described as being inspired by the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election by former U.S. president Donald Trump. \"The Guardian\" also reported that analysts and political observers criticized Fujimori's remarks, noting that it made her appear desperate after losing her third presidential run in a ten-year period. If elected into the presidency, criminal investigations against Fujimori would be suspended until July 2026, with Anne Applebaum writing in \"The Atlantic\" that \"the personal stakes are high. ... Fujimori previously spent a year in jail while awaiting trial for allegedly collecting illegal campaign contributions, and she could conceivably be sent back.\"Fujimori has continued to promote her father's ideology of Fujimorism within Peru and her political career was her father's idea. \"The New York Times\" wrote that her political movement was created \"to help whitewash\" her father Alberto's legacy. She has been described as having an authoritarian, centre-right, right-wing populist, and far-right political ideology. According to Fujimori, she believes in leading Peru with a \"heavy hand\" and that democracy \"cannot be weak ... must be supported by a solid principle of authority.\" If on one hand fujimoristas have the support of at least 10.9% of the population, on the other there also exists \"antifujimorismo\", a group of activists who strongly reject the legacy of her father and see in his daughter not only a threat but a complete reversal of democracy, and that is considered one of the most important political forces in Peru, despite her attempts to craft her image as a moderate.Defeated in the 1990 elections by Alberto Fujimori, writer and politician Mario Vargas Llosa has been one of the voices most critical of Keiko, although his opinion of her has evolved over time. During her candidacy in the 2011 Peruvian general election, Vargas Llosa said \"the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history\", while during her candidacy for the 2016 Peruvian general election, he stated that \"Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murderer and thief. I do not want her to win the elections.\" When Fujimori faced far-left candidate Pedro Castillo in 2021, Vargas Llosa endorsed her as the \"lesser of two evils\", a position criticized as being \"the neoliberal right ... allied with authoritarian Fujimori\" by Argentine newspaper \"P\u00e1gina/12\", who said the writer was \"betting on fear and resuscitating an anti-communist coalition.\"Michael Shifter, professor and president of Interamerican Dialogue, admitted that Fujimori has \"definite political skill\" and \"has constructed a base of support.\" However, he considers the holdover of many of her father's officials in her own team as something that \"generates resistance in parts of society that still have very bad memories from years defined by violation of human rights, corruption, and a polarized political climate.\"According to a poll taken by Ipsos in March 2016, 27% of voters \"definitely would not vote\" for her. Fujimori's Popular Force party, which held a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru until its dissolution in 2019, has little public support in Peru. In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%. By July 2018, her public approval had dropped to 14% and her disapproval had increased to more than 88%, with his drop in her approval rating being correlated with allegations that placed her in the midst of the Odebrecht scandal. Prior to first round presidential elections in 2021, Ipsos polls found that 66.3% of respondents definitely would not vote for her, 7.1% probably would not vote for her, 16.3% probably would vote for her, and 7% definitely would vote for her.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Boston University", "Columbia Business School", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta"], "facts": [["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Columbia Business School", "January 2004", "January 2008"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2011"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Stony Brook University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "First Lady of Peru", "August 1994", "November 2000"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Boston University", "January 1995", "January 1997"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "January 1981", "January 1993"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "member of political party", "Popular Force", "January 2010", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Keiko Fujimori hold 10 years before March 2009?", "adv_question": "Which position did Keiko Fujimori hold ten years before 03/2009?", "date": "March 30 1999", "text_answers": {"text": ["First Lady of Peru"]}, "id": "L2H_Q235137_P39_32", "fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from January 2010 to May 2023. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from January 1981 to January 1993. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from January 1993 to January 1994. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from January 2004 to January 2008. \nKeiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2011. \nKeiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from August 1994 to November 2000. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997.", "adv_fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from Aug 1994 to 11/2000. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 07/2006 to Jul 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from Jan 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from Jan 2004 to 01/2008. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from 01/1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from 01/1993 to Jan 1994.", "context": "Keiko FujimoriKeiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi ( or ; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian business administrator, politician, and perennial candidate for public office. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi, and formerly in role as the First Lady of Peru from 1994 to 2000. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections but was defeated by a narrow margin in the second round all three times. She launched a third presidential campaign during the 2021 election and once again managed to qualify for the run-off, but was defeated by Pedro Castillo in the second round.Keiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi was born on 25 May 1975 in the Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda district of Lima, the capital of Peru. Fujimori's parents are Japanese Peruvians; her father is former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori, who was elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election, and her mother is Susana Higuchi. In addition, Fujimori would come to have three siblings: Kenji Gerardo (born May 1980), Hiro Alberto (born December 1976) and Sachi Marcela (born March 1979). For primary and secondary education, Keiko Fujimori and her siblings attended Peruvian Catholic School (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts).In 1990, her father was elected president and later led a self-coup when he dissolved congress in 1992, violating the independence of the judiciary and the press, and began persecuting opponents. Subsequently, with the approval of a new constitution, the president could be re-elected in the following elections. Throughout her father's presidency, the government committed multiple human rights violations that included forced sterilizations and extrajudicial killings and its response to the internal conflict in Peru resulted in the deaths of at least 69,000 people. It was also alleged that Fujimori embezzled between US$600\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0billion through graft. Such allegations placed Fujimori seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984\u20132004. Alberto Fujimori's revitalization of the economy of Peru and defeat of Shining Path, however, has resulted in continued support from some Peruvians, with the former president having a divisive legacy overall in the country.After her father's coup, Fujimori graduated from secondary school and travelled to the United States in 1993 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Stony Brook University.In 1994, Fujimori's father stripped her mother of her title of First Lady of Peru with the intent of silencing her after she accused him publicly and in the Peruvian Judicial Branch of kidnapping, torture and corruption, this led to the two separating in the same year, taking with them the last vestiges of her mother's titles. On 23 August 1994, Keiko stopped her studies at Stony Brook and returned to Peru, where her father appointed her as First Lady of Peru, the youngest first lady in the Americas. On top of her symbolic functions, from April 1994 to November 2000, her father made her head of (Foundation for the Children of Peru), which is usually led by the first lady, and she created Fundaci\u00f3n Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology) for children with congenital heart diseases. In May 1997, Fujimori completed her studies in Business Administration at Boston University. Fujimori's parents formally divorced in 1996. In the years after their separation, Susana said that she was subjected to torture at least five-hundred times between 1992 and 2000 and told the press that Alberto had ordered his partner Vladimiro Montesinos to execute her, though Montesinos said he refused on the ground of being a devout Catholic.As first lady, she received three main accusations: that she diverted clothing donated through charity by Japanese-Peruvians, a controversy that even made it before Supreme Court of Peru; that she ordered the Government Palace's rooms painted pink; and the perceived betrayal, as it was seen by many opposition members, when she refused to defend her mother who had been denounced and persecuted by her father. Fujimori responded to the last criticism by alleging that the accusations of tortures made by her mother were a \"legend.\" She would later reconcile with her mother, who then assisted her with her presidential campaigns.In 1998, as her father intended to run for an unprecedented and at that point unconstitutional third term, Fujimori came out in a strong declaration against her father's plan, supporting a plan made by the opposition. She put out a statement: \"As a daughter, I would prefer that my father rest, but as a citizen, I believe he is what the country requires.\" Fujimori still helped her father despite her reservations in his reelection campaign in April 2000, as she had done in his 1995 campaign. In November 2000, her father fled to Japan and resigned from the presidency while visiting Brunei once news came of a massive corruption scandal. Shortly after the scandal broke, Fujimori had asked her father to not renounce anything and to return to Peru to defend himself before a court of law.Fujimori was forced to leave the Government Palace of Peru on 21 November 2000 after the Congress of Peru officially vacated her father Alberto's position as president of Peru. Her mother, now a member of congress, offered Fujimori to stay with her, though Fujimori refused and preferred to stay with her aunt Juana Fujimori beside her father's family.In August 2001, Fujimori visited Tokyo to meet with her father who still had dual citizenship, the main reason Japan was reluctant to reject his asylum and extradite him. She moved to the United States in 2002 to further pursue her business career, studying at Columbia University. While in New York, she met Mark Vito Villanella and married him in a wedding attended by many Fujimorist officials in the Miraflores district of Lima that was officiated by Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Archbishop of Lima and member of Opus Dei. The newlyweds returned to New York where Fujimori would continue her MBA studies.Fujimori's father arrived in Santiago de Chile in preparation of his return to Peru to run anew as a presidential candidate on 6 November 2005 and was arrested shortly after by Interpol. After her father's arrest in Chile, Fujimori's father was blocked from announcing his candidacy for President of Peru in the 2006 Peruvian general election, as was his political coalition Si Cumple.As a result of Alberto Fujimori's arrest, those sympathetic to the ex-president created the party Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) with the acronym AF recognizing their previous leader. With her father unable to preside over the new party, Keiko Fujimori was chosen as the party's leader and candidate, which resulted with her ending her residency in the United States. It was in this context that she finally returned to the country and ran for Congress in the general elections of 2006. On 6 January 2006, Keiko managed to get her new party included in the Peruvian Registry of Political Organizations. In that year's legislative elections, she topped the list of her party's candidates. The party's presidential candidate, Martha Chavez Cossio, running with vice presidential candidate Santiago Fujimori (Keiko's uncle), finished in fourth place, with 7.4% of the valid votes. Keiko received the most votes of any congressional candidate that year, with 602,869 votes, more than three times more than the runner up, Mercedes Cabanillas; breaking the national record for most votes receieved by a legislator up to that point. The Alliance received 1.4\u00a0million votes in total, or 13% of all valid votes cast, winning 13 congressional seats and becoming the fourth most powerful party in the Congress. In the night of the first vote, 9 April, Fujimori declared, \"I believe that much of the support is because I am the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, and it is obvious that I am really the recipient of the caring and gratefulness that the people have for my father.\" She would serve as a Member of the National Congress from 26 July 2006 \u2013 26 July 2011 for Lima.With the election of Alan Garcia to the presidency, Fujimori now became the part of the congressional opposition. Adopting a moderate tone concerning Garcia, who did not have a majority of parliament, Fujimori announced her willingness to cooperate on certain issues. During her term, she played the role of a discreet legislator who was yet a prominent spokesperson for fujimorismo until the role was handed to Carlos Raffo Arce in 2008. Of the only 20 legislative projects she proposed in five years, just 6 were approved. The majority of her proposals concerned reforms of the legal code. Fujimori and her parliamentary bloc supported various government policies, such as their fruitless reform of the Penal Code to reintroduce the death penalty for terrorists. Later, she attempted to reintroduce the death penalty for pedophilia and robbery. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the \"sincere confession\" provision. In September 2007, she organized demonstrations in support of her father, who was now being judged for his previous crimes. She told the press that she was confident of his acquittal because \"there is no hard evidence.\" Fujimori insisted that her father was unaware of the crimes committed by Montesinos and other public functionaries. In December, the ex-president received his first guilty verdict and was convicted of participating in acts of corruption, murder, human rights abuses, and other charges. His daughter considered the ruling an \"injustice\", the result of \"political and judicial persecution\", saying that the Peruvian judiciary \"inspires no confidence.\" The next year, she said that if she was elected president, she would \"not hesitate\" to use her presidential pardon power on her own father.On 13 January 2008, Fujimori announced the creation of a new political party, Fuerza 2011, that would nominate a candidate for 2011. It would nominate her if her father was blocked from running by the law. Other Fujimorista organizations, such as Cambio 90 and New Majority, decided to maintain their organizational independence.In April 2009, Alberto was convicted for another time, this time sentenced for 25 years of prison for crimes against humanity, specifically referring to various massacres, which left 25 people in total dead. Before the ruling, Fujimori had organized another demonstration that had managed to obtain the attendance of 10,000 people, where she challenged the existence of any evidence against her father. She attributed the ruling to \"vengeance\" against \"the best president that we have ever had in the country.\" In an opinion poll taken at the time, 70% of the population believed that the ex-president was guilty, while just 27% believed he was innocent. At the same time, when asked whether they would support him for president, between 19 to 21% said that they would if he were allowed to run.Fujimori was criticized for absent from 500 sessions of Congress, according to the publication \"La Rep\u00fablica\". During this time, she gave birth to two daughters and needed to take maternity leave. Furthermore, she was outside of the country for a total of 223 days between August 2006 and 2010, being her primary trip destinations Chile (5 times) and the United States (10 times), where she spent almost 100 days between January and May 2008 finishing her master's degree in Columbia University. According to the same publication, of the 42 sessions of the commission on the economy in which she was a member, she was only present for 7.During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures to create Fuerza 2011, her own political party. Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.On 9 March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. On 19 May, she officially launched this new political organization. On 17 December, she announced her candidacy during a campaign in a Lima neighborhood. Rafael Rey Rey, minister of defense, Peruvian representative to the Andean Parliament and member of the conservative party National Renewal, was the first vice-presidential candidate while Jaime Yoshiyama, her father's former minister during his presidency, was the second.Throughout the entire campaign, Fujimori fiercely defended her various proposals, among them to apply the death penalty to certain crimes, create jobs, fight poverty, control public accounts, sponsor free trade, counter crime, begin an \"offensive against corruption\", improve the education system via a reward initiative for excellent teachers, and an accompanying system for gauging teacher skills. Her campaign was fundamentally built upon a defense of her father's government. In her opinion, that government had been responsible for defeating terrorism and stabilizing the economy. However, she also found it necessary to distance herself from the scandals that ended up ending the presidency of her father, trying to blame Montesinos for the violations of human rights and corruption while also promising to not pardon her father, a constitutional power of the president. Fujimori also recognized \"errors\" and \"excesses\" committed during her father's terms and reminded the public of her opposition to her father's third term.During the campaign for the first ballot, Fujimori became embroiled in a new scandal as she admitted to having received donations from people allegedly involved in drug trafficking during her run for Congress in 2006. She admitted to having received 10,000 dollars from two convicted women who, according to Fujimori, were victims of persecution.Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011; she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010. In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes (3.4\u00a0million), second only to Ollanta Humala, a leftist nationalist candidate who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%, followed by Alejandro Toledo and Luis Casta\u00f1eda, ex-mayor of Lima. Kuczynski and Casta\u00f1eda subsequently declared their support for Fujimori while Toledo declared for Humala. With 37 representatives, Fuerza 2011 became the second most powerful party in congress. Fujimori's brother, Kenji Gerardo Fujimori, was elected representative for Lima, receiving the most votes of any national candidate.The second vote was polarized. Near election date, polls indicated effectively a tie due to the margin of error. The election was also marked by fearmongering by both sides of the aisle. According to Sinesio Lopez, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, \"Humala's candidacy fed into fears that his political program would kill small businesses. Keiko's candidacy, meanwhile, fed into fears of a return to corruption and violation of human rights that had occurred during her father's government.\" Humala was also branded by his opponents as a purportedly Chavista authoritarian. As a result, both were incredibly polarizing figures, with polls showing that both encountered stern rejection from about 50% of the population during the first round of voting. According to the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, eight million people, mostly centrists and members of the middle class, said they would be electing the \"lesser evil\" for the nation.In the 5 June runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% (7,937,704 votes) to 48.66% (7,490,647 votes). She had received the majority of her support from the business community, conservatives, the majority of the press, liberal professionals, small businesses, the church, and much of the Lima middle class. With 90% of polls closed, Fujimori admitted her defeat and personally congratulated Humala on his win.After her 2011 defeat, Fujimori began to work toward a renewed campaign for 2016. Her strategy began with a small change as on 29 June 2012, she announced a new name for her party: Fuerza Popular, a change that officially took effect 4 January 2013. According to her, she had chosen a new name for the party so that it \"would be able to last in the times.\" The logo for her party, orange with a big white \"K\" (for Keiko), stayed the same. Furthermore, she continued to serve as its president. The new party did not present any declaration of ideology for the electoral authorities, but she seemed to maintain the essence of fujimorismo, including the defense of neoliberal economics, financial stability, and strict security. Despite these continuities, she continued to slowly distance herself from the legacy of her father.In October 2012, Fujimori and her brothers requested a humanitarian pardon for their father, who, according to the defense, was having health problems. Fujimori herself declared \"we are submitting a letter to president Ollanta Humala in order to inform him of this request for freedom. It will be personal letter from four children to inform him of the commencement of this process.\" In June 2013, Humala denied the request for clemency, alleging that according to a medical professional, the ex-president did not suffer from any terminal illness nor any serious and incurable mental illnesses. In January 2015, her father was convicted for a third time, this time sentenced for eight years for having been guilty for misappropriation of public funds to buy off tabloids for his 2000 election.Between 2011 and 2016, Fujimori intended to strengthen her party, travelling across the country to mitigate the hesitancy many still had toward her because of her connection to Alberto Fujimori, a factor that had been decisive in her 2011 defeat. She dedicated herself to cutting the association, including by removing corrupt members of her party and reaching out to youth. Her electoral base continued to be in Lima and the center of the country. Although she did not serve out a single public function during this period that could have increased her visibility, Fujimori led all opinion polls throughout 2015, with more than 30% support. She also benefited from an ongoing political crisis and accusations of corruption against Humala that made his approval ratings drop to just 20%.On 4 December 2015, Fujimori officially announced her candidacy for president in the 2016 elections. Her running mates were ex-minister of agriculture and irrigation Jose Chilmper Ackerman for first vice president and Vladimiro Huaroc Portocarrero, ex-regional governor of Junin as the second vice president. Fujimori outlined six \"pillars\", among them defense of institutions of a higher law, independence of powers, protection of human rights, support for limiting the armed forces, a free market, tax cuts, incentives for small businesses, use of emergency state funds to kickstart the economy, increase in supply of government bonds, and expansion of electrical and internet infrastructure in rural areas.In January 2016, there were 19 presidential candidates, but by the first vote, nine had been expelled or dropped out. Cesar Acuna y Julio Guzman, two of the main competitors, had been excluded according to the National Jury of Elections. The candidacy of Acuna was interrupted because he gave money to the people during the campaign and Guzman was forced out of the race because of questions about whether his party functioned democratically. Fujimori was not free of accusations as the JNE also requested her removal from the election after it came to light that she had received donations larger than those allowed by the election laws. Fujimori countered that the accusations against her were \"irresponsible\" and alleged insufficient evidence. The JNE dismissed the claims as unfounded, declaring that \"The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.\" The outcome provoked suspicions that the original exclusionary rulings had been made in favor of Fujimori's candidacy, calling into question the clarity of the system for applying the election rules.As the first vote arrived, Fujimori maintained her lead over her competitors. With Acu\u00f1a and Guzm\u00e1n's disqualifications, her main opponents were now the center-right economist and former minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK), the left-leaning psychologist and congresswoman Veronika Mendoza, and the former delegate Alfredo Barnechea. Also in the ring were Alan Garcia and Alejandro Toledo, ex-presidents whose prospects were dim because of investigations and revelations connecting them to Operation Car Wash.On the anniversary of the self-coup of 1992, more than 50,000 demonstrators, most of them called by the non-profit organization No a Keiko, protested Fujimori's candidacy with chants such as \"Fujimori never more\" in the Plaza San Martin. As she had done in the previous elections, she promised to not pardon her father, but promised also to continue the struggle in court for his release; she also affirmed that this was a decision taken by the whole family, not just herself. Fujimori maintained a high level of disapproval, approximately 45% according to Ipsos, deriving mainly from the negative legacy of her father who was again seeking freedom and appeals for his sentence. The appeals process intensified, bringing Keiko to distance herself from the controversial shadow of her father, vowing to not follow his path, to provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father, and to promise to not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise. She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency. She also supported the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, responsible for detailing the human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by both the Shining Path Insurgency and the government, for the first time.Polls indicated that she placed first in the first round of voting on 10 April, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Ver\u00f3nika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%. Fuerza Popular obtained an absolute majority in the congress, garnering 73 of 130 available seats. After learning of the results, Fujimori said, \"The new political map that has been drawn clearly shows us that Peru wants reconciliation and does not want any more violence.\" However, as no candidate had obtained a majority of votes for president, a second vote would be scheduled for 5 June.In this next stage of the campaign, Fujimori traveled across the country, especially to where her father continued to maintain a steady level of popularity, while PPK talked about possible allies and intended to present himself as a centrist candidate capable of winning over the antifujimorista vote. Fujimori continued to be the favorite according to polls, but her campaign suffered a major setback: as the election approached, accusations surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaqu\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular and one of Fujimori's principle aids. On 15 May 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisi\u00f3n that alleging that Ram\u00edrez was being investigated by the DEA for money laundering. According to the report, the DEA had a recording in which Ramirez told a commercial pilot, \"Do you know that \"China\" [referring to Keiko] gave me 15 million dollars during the last campaign in order to \"clean\" them for the 2011 campaign, and that I 'cleaned' them through a chain of faucets?\" The DEA denied that there was any investigation into Fujimori, who denied any involvement in the case or having in fact ever given any money to Ramirez. Her image continue to take a hit, primarily due to fears that the country would turn into a narco-state with her election, fears that were stoked by her rival PPK. At the same time, prosecutors announced they would be investigating suspicions of money laundering and other irregularities in Fujimori's campaign, which she dismissed as simply a smear campaign. In the final days before the vote, the leaders of the left, such as Mendoza, announced their support for PPK. At the beginning of June, another march organized by several left-leaning organizations against Fujimori garnered thousands of demonstraters in Lima, an event shared considerably via social media under the title \"it is not hate, it is love for Peru.\" According to analysts, this second march was decisive in those not yet decided showing support for the PPK.In a very contested election, Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski according to exit polls as ballots were counted late into the evening on 5 June 2016. The recount took up copious amounts of time after election day. Due to the narrow margin involved, the national (and international, to a lesser degree) press only began to consider PPK as the new \"virtual president\" on 9 June, four days after the original vote. At that point, PPK had obtained 50.12% of the vote, compared with 49.88% for Fujimori. On 10 June, Fujimori admitted her defeat, saying that her party had a \"vigilant\" opposition and wishing the new president elect well. On the other hand, Fujimori also claimed that the PPK had won with the help of \"promoters of hatred\" and \"the political, economic, and media power of the outgoing government.\" Kuczynski had won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on 28 July.After the 2016 elections, Fujimori continued to be the main leader of the opposition against PPK's government presiding over the parliamentary majority, while defending herself from accusations of having maintained a controversial relationship with the Odebrecht conglomerate. In December 2017, she supported the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, though he pardoned her father Alberto Fujimori on 24 December 2018 three days after the impeachment process failed.Her brother, Kenji Fujimori, declared his opposition to such a move, which worsened a growing rift between the siblings over their father's legacy and control of the opposition. In March 2018, PPK resigned having been accused of buying votes against his impeachment. At the time, Kenji was recorded negotiating for votes in favor of PPK's acquittal, dubbed his \"kenjivideos\", in return for a pardon for his father, a deal which PPK ended up following through with. When she found out about the videos, Keiko, accused of being partly responsible for the leak of the recordings, condemned her brother's actions. Upon his expulsion from Congress in June 2018, Kenji responded, \"Keiko, congratulations! Here you have my head on a platter.\" During the second round of elections in 2016, Kenji did not vote for his own sister because he refused to compromise on the freedom of their father or have a discourse on his errors. When he lost a challenge to become leader of Fuerza Popular, Kenji promised to run for president in 2021, something that his sister was also planning to do for the third time, this time in a new party that would split from Fuerza Popular along with other dissidents in the party.When PPK resigned on 23 March 2017, the presidency was passed to civil engineer Martin Vizcarra, with Fujimori welcoming him and wished for his \"success\" through a tweet the same day. Nevertheless, she heavily criticized Vizcarra's 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum since included on the ballot was whether citizens supported the re-election of congressmen and the return of a bicameral legislature. She claimed that the ballot items \"are evidence of centrist populism\", asked the president to \"stop seeing congress members as your enemies\", and was empowered to make as the parliamentary majority leader to attempt to defeat the measures through the referendum.On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was arrested and placed in provisional detention on charges of money laundering days after the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the pardon of her father, ordering him back to prison. The arrest came at the request of the Public Ministry, who accused her of illegally receiving money from Odebrecht during her campaign in 2011 as part of the Lava Jato corruption scandal. The arrest order stated that she led a \"criminal organization inside of Fuerza 2011 [today Fuerza Popular].\" In response, Fujimori wrote, \"this is what we call political persecution ... without evidence against me, I am deprived of liberty, but still with my head held high and my spirit intact.\" On 18 October, she was let go as her appeal was accepted by the National Audience. On 31 October, she was arrested again when she was again sentenced to 3 years of pretrial detention for money laundering and \"a high risk of escaping\", as per the decision by judge Richard Concepcion Carhuancho. Fujimori appealed yet again to be set free but the appeal was rejected by the Superior Court of Justice in January 2019. By August of that year, the Supreme Court, due to an impasse between its members, delayed their decision on her appeal. During the investigations, in September, the publication \"La Republica\" revealed that Fujimori had used a pseudonym together with the rest of her party's leadership in a Telegram group chat called \"Titanic Group\" where she made the most important party decisions under the name Ruth. By the beginning of December, Jose Camayo, a businessman investigated for the \"White Collar Port\" case involved with Fuerza Popular, declared before the Operation Car Wash Special Team that Se\u00f1ora K, a persona accused of corruption, was in fact Keiko Fujimori herself, something that was later denied by her, and yet still had a significant impact on the ongoing investigation. In January 2020, the tribunal decided, four votes to three, to grant her \"habeas corpus\" on the grounds that the preventative detention sentence was invalid for its violation of her liberty. Shortly afterward, her husband Mark Vito began a hunger strike in a camp installed in front of the prison where she was detained. On 28 January, the judge Victor Zuniga Urday re-imposed a preventive prison for 15 months on the charges of money laundering from the Odebrecht company. On 30 April 2020, a Peruvian appeals court overturned her 15-month detention order and granted her a conditional release from prison. She was finally released on bail on 5 May 2020.After a few months out of the spotlight despite still leading her party, on 25 September 2020, she announced her total return to politics. A month later, 30 November, still under investigation by the Operation Car Wash team, she tweeted that she was officially announcing her candidacy as the Fuerza Popular's presidential candidate with her ballot partners ex-congressional president Luis Galarreta as first vice president and the former lawyer and director of National Solidarity, Patricia Juarez as second vice president. Fujimori's party helped lead the controversial removal of Mart\u00edn Vizcarra and his replacement by Manuel Merino, which resulted with the peaceful 2020 Peruvian protests. The protests were violently put down, resulting in the deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo. Shortly after their deaths, Fujimori lamented what had happened and also considered the current situation as \"unsustainable\", calling for Merino to step down or else he \"should be censured right here right now\", a move she believed a majority of Congress would support.On 9 December, she officially won the internal party elections to be come Fuerza Popular's candidate for the 2021 election. The campaign got off to a rocky start as on the same day as a victory, a poll by \"Peru21\" released a national Datum poll which revealed that 63% of Peruvians said they would \"never vote\" for her. Then, on 21 December, the National Jury of Elections declared that Fuerza Popular's presidential board was \"inadmissible\" and gave them two days to follow their instructions. In the end, the board was finally revised and admitted.She has said that she wanted to be a president with a \"heavy hand\" and \"authority\", proposing increased legal protection on law enforcement. She has called for the construction of more prisons to reduce overcrowding and to offer more instances of probation for small crime offenders. In a break with previous elections in which she promised not to pardon her father, Fujimori emphasized her closeness to his legacy during this election, stating that \"after conversations that I have had with my father, through letters and during the year he's recently had in freedom, we've been able to get much closer and understand things about each other\" as well as expressing that his presidency \"was not a dictatorship, despite some moments of authoritarianism\", and making clear a renewed promise to pardon her father if elected. She proposes a large stimulus to voters that would represent three percent of Peru's annual gross domestic product, possibly increasing the low national debt that exists in Peru. Throughout the presidential campaign, she was among the frontrunners in opinion polling. Following the first round election, Fujimori gave a speech in which she framed the runoff as a battle between \"markets and Marxism\", framing her second round opponent Pedro Castillo as a communist. Americas Society/Council of the Americas wrote that a Fujimori presidency would bring the appearance of maintaining the \"status quo\" in Peru, but it would make the nation \"far from stable.\" After Castillo took the lead during the ballot-counting process in the second round of elections, Fujimori disseminated unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud. According to \"The Guardian\", various international observers countered Fujimori's claims, stating that the election process was conducted in accordance with international standards, with electoral observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denying any instances of widespread fraud while also praising the accuracy of the elections. Fujimori's statements about possibly overturning the election were described as being inspired by the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election by former U.S. president Donald Trump. \"The Guardian\" also reported that analysts and political observers criticized Fujimori's remarks, noting that it made her appear desperate after losing her third presidential run in a ten-year period. If elected into the presidency, criminal investigations against Fujimori would be suspended until July 2026, with Anne Applebaum writing in \"The Atlantic\" that \"the personal stakes are high. ... Fujimori previously spent a year in jail while awaiting trial for allegedly collecting illegal campaign contributions, and she could conceivably be sent back.\"Fujimori has continued to promote her father's ideology of Fujimorism within Peru and her political career was her father's idea. \"The New York Times\" wrote that her political movement was created \"to help whitewash\" her father Alberto's legacy. She has been described as having an authoritarian, centre-right, right-wing populist, and far-right political ideology. According to Fujimori, she believes in leading Peru with a \"heavy hand\" and that democracy \"cannot be weak ... must be supported by a solid principle of authority.\" If on one hand fujimoristas have the support of at least 10.9% of the population, on the other there also exists \"antifujimorismo\", a group of activists who strongly reject the legacy of her father and see in his daughter not only a threat but a complete reversal of democracy, and that is considered one of the most important political forces in Peru, despite her attempts to craft her image as a moderate.Defeated in the 1990 elections by Alberto Fujimori, writer and politician Mario Vargas Llosa has been one of the voices most critical of Keiko, although his opinion of her has evolved over time. During her candidacy in the 2011 Peruvian general election, Vargas Llosa said \"the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history\", while during her candidacy for the 2016 Peruvian general election, he stated that \"Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murderer and thief. I do not want her to win the elections.\" When Fujimori faced far-left candidate Pedro Castillo in 2021, Vargas Llosa endorsed her as the \"lesser of two evils\", a position criticized as being \"the neoliberal right ... allied with authoritarian Fujimori\" by Argentine newspaper \"P\u00e1gina/12\", who said the writer was \"betting on fear and resuscitating an anti-communist coalition.\"Michael Shifter, professor and president of Interamerican Dialogue, admitted that Fujimori has \"definite political skill\" and \"has constructed a base of support.\" However, he considers the holdover of many of her father's officials in her own team as something that \"generates resistance in parts of society that still have very bad memories from years defined by violation of human rights, corruption, and a polarized political climate.\"According to a poll taken by Ipsos in March 2016, 27% of voters \"definitely would not vote\" for her. Fujimori's Popular Force party, which held a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru until its dissolution in 2019, has little public support in Peru. In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%. By July 2018, her public approval had dropped to 14% and her disapproval had increased to more than 88%, with his drop in her approval rating being correlated with allegations that placed her in the midst of the Odebrecht scandal. Prior to first round presidential elections in 2021, Ipsos polls found that 66.3% of respondents definitely would not vote for her, 7.1% probably would not vote for her, 16.3% probably would vote for her, and 7% definitely would vote for her.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru"], "facts": [["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Columbia Business School", "January 2004", "January 2008"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Stony Brook University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2011"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "January 1981", "January 1993"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "member of political party", "Popular Force", "January 2010", "May 2023"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Boston University", "January 1995", "January 1997"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "First Lady of Peru", "August 1994", "November 2000"]]}
{"question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated 12 years and 7 months before August 2007?", "adv_question": "Where was Keiko Fujimori educated 12 years and 7 months before August 2007?", "date": "January 24 1995", "text_answers": {"text": ["Boston University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q235137_P69_33", "fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from January 2004 to January 2008. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from January 1993 to January 1994. \nKeiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from January 2010 to May 2023. \nKeiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2011. \nKeiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from August 1994 to November 2000. \nKeiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from January 1981 to January 1993.", "adv_fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from Jan 2004 to 01/2008. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from Jan 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from Aug 1994 to 11/2000. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 07/2006 to Jul 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from 01/1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from 01/1993 to Jan 1994.", "context": "Keiko FujimoriKeiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi ( or ; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian business administrator, politician, and perennial candidate for public office. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi, and formerly in role as the First Lady of Peru from 1994 to 2000. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections but was defeated by a narrow margin in the second round all three times. She launched a third presidential campaign during the 2021 election and once again managed to qualify for the run-off, but was defeated by Pedro Castillo in the second round.Keiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi was born on 25 May 1975 in the Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda district of Lima, the capital of Peru. Fujimori's parents are Japanese Peruvians; her father is former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori, who was elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election, and her mother is Susana Higuchi. In addition, Fujimori would come to have three siblings: Kenji Gerardo (born May 1980), Hiro Alberto (born December 1976) and Sachi Marcela (born March 1979). For primary and secondary education, Keiko Fujimori and her siblings attended Peruvian Catholic School (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts).In 1990, her father was elected president and later led a self-coup when he dissolved congress in 1992, violating the independence of the judiciary and the press, and began persecuting opponents. Subsequently, with the approval of a new constitution, the president could be re-elected in the following elections. Throughout her father's presidency, the government committed multiple human rights violations that included forced sterilizations and extrajudicial killings and its response to the internal conflict in Peru resulted in the deaths of at least 69,000 people. It was also alleged that Fujimori embezzled between US$600\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0billion through graft. Such allegations placed Fujimori seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984\u20132004. Alberto Fujimori's revitalization of the economy of Peru and defeat of Shining Path, however, has resulted in continued support from some Peruvians, with the former president having a divisive legacy overall in the country.After her father's coup, Fujimori graduated from secondary school and travelled to the United States in 1993 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Stony Brook University.In 1994, Fujimori's father stripped her mother of her title of First Lady of Peru with the intent of silencing her after she accused him publicly and in the Peruvian Judicial Branch of kidnapping, torture and corruption, this led to the two separating in the same year, taking with them the last vestiges of her mother's titles. On 23 August 1994, Keiko stopped her studies at Stony Brook and returned to Peru, where her father appointed her as First Lady of Peru, the youngest first lady in the Americas. On top of her symbolic functions, from April 1994 to November 2000, her father made her head of (Foundation for the Children of Peru), which is usually led by the first lady, and she created Fundaci\u00f3n Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology) for children with congenital heart diseases. In May 1997, Fujimori completed her studies in Business Administration at Boston University. Fujimori's parents formally divorced in 1996. In the years after their separation, Susana said that she was subjected to torture at least five-hundred times between 1992 and 2000 and told the press that Alberto had ordered his partner Vladimiro Montesinos to execute her, though Montesinos said he refused on the ground of being a devout Catholic.As first lady, she received three main accusations: that she diverted clothing donated through charity by Japanese-Peruvians, a controversy that even made it before Supreme Court of Peru; that she ordered the Government Palace's rooms painted pink; and the perceived betrayal, as it was seen by many opposition members, when she refused to defend her mother who had been denounced and persecuted by her father. Fujimori responded to the last criticism by alleging that the accusations of tortures made by her mother were a \"legend.\" She would later reconcile with her mother, who then assisted her with her presidential campaigns.In 1998, as her father intended to run for an unprecedented and at that point unconstitutional third term, Fujimori came out in a strong declaration against her father's plan, supporting a plan made by the opposition. She put out a statement: \"As a daughter, I would prefer that my father rest, but as a citizen, I believe he is what the country requires.\" Fujimori still helped her father despite her reservations in his reelection campaign in April 2000, as she had done in his 1995 campaign. In November 2000, her father fled to Japan and resigned from the presidency while visiting Brunei once news came of a massive corruption scandal. Shortly after the scandal broke, Fujimori had asked her father to not renounce anything and to return to Peru to defend himself before a court of law.Fujimori was forced to leave the Government Palace of Peru on 21 November 2000 after the Congress of Peru officially vacated her father Alberto's position as president of Peru. Her mother, now a member of congress, offered Fujimori to stay with her, though Fujimori refused and preferred to stay with her aunt Juana Fujimori beside her father's family.In August 2001, Fujimori visited Tokyo to meet with her father who still had dual citizenship, the main reason Japan was reluctant to reject his asylum and extradite him. She moved to the United States in 2002 to further pursue her business career, studying at Columbia University. While in New York, she met Mark Vito Villanella and married him in a wedding attended by many Fujimorist officials in the Miraflores district of Lima that was officiated by Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Archbishop of Lima and member of Opus Dei. The newlyweds returned to New York where Fujimori would continue her MBA studies.Fujimori's father arrived in Santiago de Chile in preparation of his return to Peru to run anew as a presidential candidate on 6 November 2005 and was arrested shortly after by Interpol. After her father's arrest in Chile, Fujimori's father was blocked from announcing his candidacy for President of Peru in the 2006 Peruvian general election, as was his political coalition Si Cumple.As a result of Alberto Fujimori's arrest, those sympathetic to the ex-president created the party Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) with the acronym AF recognizing their previous leader. With her father unable to preside over the new party, Keiko Fujimori was chosen as the party's leader and candidate, which resulted with her ending her residency in the United States. It was in this context that she finally returned to the country and ran for Congress in the general elections of 2006. On 6 January 2006, Keiko managed to get her new party included in the Peruvian Registry of Political Organizations. In that year's legislative elections, she topped the list of her party's candidates. The party's presidential candidate, Martha Chavez Cossio, running with vice presidential candidate Santiago Fujimori (Keiko's uncle), finished in fourth place, with 7.4% of the valid votes. Keiko received the most votes of any congressional candidate that year, with 602,869 votes, more than three times more than the runner up, Mercedes Cabanillas; breaking the national record for most votes receieved by a legislator up to that point. The Alliance received 1.4\u00a0million votes in total, or 13% of all valid votes cast, winning 13 congressional seats and becoming the fourth most powerful party in the Congress. In the night of the first vote, 9 April, Fujimori declared, \"I believe that much of the support is because I am the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, and it is obvious that I am really the recipient of the caring and gratefulness that the people have for my father.\" She would serve as a Member of the National Congress from 26 July 2006 \u2013 26 July 2011 for Lima.With the election of Alan Garcia to the presidency, Fujimori now became the part of the congressional opposition. Adopting a moderate tone concerning Garcia, who did not have a majority of parliament, Fujimori announced her willingness to cooperate on certain issues. During her term, she played the role of a discreet legislator who was yet a prominent spokesperson for fujimorismo until the role was handed to Carlos Raffo Arce in 2008. Of the only 20 legislative projects she proposed in five years, just 6 were approved. The majority of her proposals concerned reforms of the legal code. Fujimori and her parliamentary bloc supported various government policies, such as their fruitless reform of the Penal Code to reintroduce the death penalty for terrorists. Later, she attempted to reintroduce the death penalty for pedophilia and robbery. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the \"sincere confession\" provision. In September 2007, she organized demonstrations in support of her father, who was now being judged for his previous crimes. She told the press that she was confident of his acquittal because \"there is no hard evidence.\" Fujimori insisted that her father was unaware of the crimes committed by Montesinos and other public functionaries. In December, the ex-president received his first guilty verdict and was convicted of participating in acts of corruption, murder, human rights abuses, and other charges. His daughter considered the ruling an \"injustice\", the result of \"political and judicial persecution\", saying that the Peruvian judiciary \"inspires no confidence.\" The next year, she said that if she was elected president, she would \"not hesitate\" to use her presidential pardon power on her own father.On 13 January 2008, Fujimori announced the creation of a new political party, Fuerza 2011, that would nominate a candidate for 2011. It would nominate her if her father was blocked from running by the law. Other Fujimorista organizations, such as Cambio 90 and New Majority, decided to maintain their organizational independence.In April 2009, Alberto was convicted for another time, this time sentenced for 25 years of prison for crimes against humanity, specifically referring to various massacres, which left 25 people in total dead. Before the ruling, Fujimori had organized another demonstration that had managed to obtain the attendance of 10,000 people, where she challenged the existence of any evidence against her father. She attributed the ruling to \"vengeance\" against \"the best president that we have ever had in the country.\" In an opinion poll taken at the time, 70% of the population believed that the ex-president was guilty, while just 27% believed he was innocent. At the same time, when asked whether they would support him for president, between 19 to 21% said that they would if he were allowed to run.Fujimori was criticized for absent from 500 sessions of Congress, according to the publication \"La Rep\u00fablica\". During this time, she gave birth to two daughters and needed to take maternity leave. Furthermore, she was outside of the country for a total of 223 days between August 2006 and 2010, being her primary trip destinations Chile (5 times) and the United States (10 times), where she spent almost 100 days between January and May 2008 finishing her master's degree in Columbia University. According to the same publication, of the 42 sessions of the commission on the economy in which she was a member, she was only present for 7.During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures to create Fuerza 2011, her own political party. Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.On 9 March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. On 19 May, she officially launched this new political organization. On 17 December, she announced her candidacy during a campaign in a Lima neighborhood. Rafael Rey Rey, minister of defense, Peruvian representative to the Andean Parliament and member of the conservative party National Renewal, was the first vice-presidential candidate while Jaime Yoshiyama, her father's former minister during his presidency, was the second.Throughout the entire campaign, Fujimori fiercely defended her various proposals, among them to apply the death penalty to certain crimes, create jobs, fight poverty, control public accounts, sponsor free trade, counter crime, begin an \"offensive against corruption\", improve the education system via a reward initiative for excellent teachers, and an accompanying system for gauging teacher skills. Her campaign was fundamentally built upon a defense of her father's government. In her opinion, that government had been responsible for defeating terrorism and stabilizing the economy. However, she also found it necessary to distance herself from the scandals that ended up ending the presidency of her father, trying to blame Montesinos for the violations of human rights and corruption while also promising to not pardon her father, a constitutional power of the president. Fujimori also recognized \"errors\" and \"excesses\" committed during her father's terms and reminded the public of her opposition to her father's third term.During the campaign for the first ballot, Fujimori became embroiled in a new scandal as she admitted to having received donations from people allegedly involved in drug trafficking during her run for Congress in 2006. She admitted to having received 10,000 dollars from two convicted women who, according to Fujimori, were victims of persecution.Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011; she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010. In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes (3.4\u00a0million), second only to Ollanta Humala, a leftist nationalist candidate who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%, followed by Alejandro Toledo and Luis Casta\u00f1eda, ex-mayor of Lima. Kuczynski and Casta\u00f1eda subsequently declared their support for Fujimori while Toledo declared for Humala. With 37 representatives, Fuerza 2011 became the second most powerful party in congress. Fujimori's brother, Kenji Gerardo Fujimori, was elected representative for Lima, receiving the most votes of any national candidate.The second vote was polarized. Near election date, polls indicated effectively a tie due to the margin of error. The election was also marked by fearmongering by both sides of the aisle. According to Sinesio Lopez, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, \"Humala's candidacy fed into fears that his political program would kill small businesses. Keiko's candidacy, meanwhile, fed into fears of a return to corruption and violation of human rights that had occurred during her father's government.\" Humala was also branded by his opponents as a purportedly Chavista authoritarian. As a result, both were incredibly polarizing figures, with polls showing that both encountered stern rejection from about 50% of the population during the first round of voting. According to the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, eight million people, mostly centrists and members of the middle class, said they would be electing the \"lesser evil\" for the nation.In the 5 June runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% (7,937,704 votes) to 48.66% (7,490,647 votes). She had received the majority of her support from the business community, conservatives, the majority of the press, liberal professionals, small businesses, the church, and much of the Lima middle class. With 90% of polls closed, Fujimori admitted her defeat and personally congratulated Humala on his win.After her 2011 defeat, Fujimori began to work toward a renewed campaign for 2016. Her strategy began with a small change as on 29 June 2012, she announced a new name for her party: Fuerza Popular, a change that officially took effect 4 January 2013. According to her, she had chosen a new name for the party so that it \"would be able to last in the times.\" The logo for her party, orange with a big white \"K\" (for Keiko), stayed the same. Furthermore, she continued to serve as its president. The new party did not present any declaration of ideology for the electoral authorities, but she seemed to maintain the essence of fujimorismo, including the defense of neoliberal economics, financial stability, and strict security. Despite these continuities, she continued to slowly distance herself from the legacy of her father.In October 2012, Fujimori and her brothers requested a humanitarian pardon for their father, who, according to the defense, was having health problems. Fujimori herself declared \"we are submitting a letter to president Ollanta Humala in order to inform him of this request for freedom. It will be personal letter from four children to inform him of the commencement of this process.\" In June 2013, Humala denied the request for clemency, alleging that according to a medical professional, the ex-president did not suffer from any terminal illness nor any serious and incurable mental illnesses. In January 2015, her father was convicted for a third time, this time sentenced for eight years for having been guilty for misappropriation of public funds to buy off tabloids for his 2000 election.Between 2011 and 2016, Fujimori intended to strengthen her party, travelling across the country to mitigate the hesitancy many still had toward her because of her connection to Alberto Fujimori, a factor that had been decisive in her 2011 defeat. She dedicated herself to cutting the association, including by removing corrupt members of her party and reaching out to youth. Her electoral base continued to be in Lima and the center of the country. Although she did not serve out a single public function during this period that could have increased her visibility, Fujimori led all opinion polls throughout 2015, with more than 30% support. She also benefited from an ongoing political crisis and accusations of corruption against Humala that made his approval ratings drop to just 20%.On 4 December 2015, Fujimori officially announced her candidacy for president in the 2016 elections. Her running mates were ex-minister of agriculture and irrigation Jose Chilmper Ackerman for first vice president and Vladimiro Huaroc Portocarrero, ex-regional governor of Junin as the second vice president. Fujimori outlined six \"pillars\", among them defense of institutions of a higher law, independence of powers, protection of human rights, support for limiting the armed forces, a free market, tax cuts, incentives for small businesses, use of emergency state funds to kickstart the economy, increase in supply of government bonds, and expansion of electrical and internet infrastructure in rural areas.In January 2016, there were 19 presidential candidates, but by the first vote, nine had been expelled or dropped out. Cesar Acuna y Julio Guzman, two of the main competitors, had been excluded according to the National Jury of Elections. The candidacy of Acuna was interrupted because he gave money to the people during the campaign and Guzman was forced out of the race because of questions about whether his party functioned democratically. Fujimori was not free of accusations as the JNE also requested her removal from the election after it came to light that she had received donations larger than those allowed by the election laws. Fujimori countered that the accusations against her were \"irresponsible\" and alleged insufficient evidence. The JNE dismissed the claims as unfounded, declaring that \"The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.\" The outcome provoked suspicions that the original exclusionary rulings had been made in favor of Fujimori's candidacy, calling into question the clarity of the system for applying the election rules.As the first vote arrived, Fujimori maintained her lead over her competitors. With Acu\u00f1a and Guzm\u00e1n's disqualifications, her main opponents were now the center-right economist and former minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK), the left-leaning psychologist and congresswoman Veronika Mendoza, and the former delegate Alfredo Barnechea. Also in the ring were Alan Garcia and Alejandro Toledo, ex-presidents whose prospects were dim because of investigations and revelations connecting them to Operation Car Wash.On the anniversary of the self-coup of 1992, more than 50,000 demonstrators, most of them called by the non-profit organization No a Keiko, protested Fujimori's candidacy with chants such as \"Fujimori never more\" in the Plaza San Martin. As she had done in the previous elections, she promised to not pardon her father, but promised also to continue the struggle in court for his release; she also affirmed that this was a decision taken by the whole family, not just herself. Fujimori maintained a high level of disapproval, approximately 45% according to Ipsos, deriving mainly from the negative legacy of her father who was again seeking freedom and appeals for his sentence. The appeals process intensified, bringing Keiko to distance herself from the controversial shadow of her father, vowing to not follow his path, to provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father, and to promise to not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise. She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency. She also supported the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, responsible for detailing the human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by both the Shining Path Insurgency and the government, for the first time.Polls indicated that she placed first in the first round of voting on 10 April, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Ver\u00f3nika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%. Fuerza Popular obtained an absolute majority in the congress, garnering 73 of 130 available seats. After learning of the results, Fujimori said, \"The new political map that has been drawn clearly shows us that Peru wants reconciliation and does not want any more violence.\" However, as no candidate had obtained a majority of votes for president, a second vote would be scheduled for 5 June.In this next stage of the campaign, Fujimori traveled across the country, especially to where her father continued to maintain a steady level of popularity, while PPK talked about possible allies and intended to present himself as a centrist candidate capable of winning over the antifujimorista vote. Fujimori continued to be the favorite according to polls, but her campaign suffered a major setback: as the election approached, accusations surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaqu\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular and one of Fujimori's principle aids. On 15 May 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisi\u00f3n that alleging that Ram\u00edrez was being investigated by the DEA for money laundering. According to the report, the DEA had a recording in which Ramirez told a commercial pilot, \"Do you know that \"China\" [referring to Keiko] gave me 15 million dollars during the last campaign in order to \"clean\" them for the 2011 campaign, and that I 'cleaned' them through a chain of faucets?\" The DEA denied that there was any investigation into Fujimori, who denied any involvement in the case or having in fact ever given any money to Ramirez. Her image continue to take a hit, primarily due to fears that the country would turn into a narco-state with her election, fears that were stoked by her rival PPK. At the same time, prosecutors announced they would be investigating suspicions of money laundering and other irregularities in Fujimori's campaign, which she dismissed as simply a smear campaign. In the final days before the vote, the leaders of the left, such as Mendoza, announced their support for PPK. At the beginning of June, another march organized by several left-leaning organizations against Fujimori garnered thousands of demonstraters in Lima, an event shared considerably via social media under the title \"it is not hate, it is love for Peru.\" According to analysts, this second march was decisive in those not yet decided showing support for the PPK.In a very contested election, Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski according to exit polls as ballots were counted late into the evening on 5 June 2016. The recount took up copious amounts of time after election day. Due to the narrow margin involved, the national (and international, to a lesser degree) press only began to consider PPK as the new \"virtual president\" on 9 June, four days after the original vote. At that point, PPK had obtained 50.12% of the vote, compared with 49.88% for Fujimori. On 10 June, Fujimori admitted her defeat, saying that her party had a \"vigilant\" opposition and wishing the new president elect well. On the other hand, Fujimori also claimed that the PPK had won with the help of \"promoters of hatred\" and \"the political, economic, and media power of the outgoing government.\" Kuczynski had won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on 28 July.After the 2016 elections, Fujimori continued to be the main leader of the opposition against PPK's government presiding over the parliamentary majority, while defending herself from accusations of having maintained a controversial relationship with the Odebrecht conglomerate. In December 2017, she supported the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, though he pardoned her father Alberto Fujimori on 24 December 2018 three days after the impeachment process failed.Her brother, Kenji Fujimori, declared his opposition to such a move, which worsened a growing rift between the siblings over their father's legacy and control of the opposition. In March 2018, PPK resigned having been accused of buying votes against his impeachment. At the time, Kenji was recorded negotiating for votes in favor of PPK's acquittal, dubbed his \"kenjivideos\", in return for a pardon for his father, a deal which PPK ended up following through with. When she found out about the videos, Keiko, accused of being partly responsible for the leak of the recordings, condemned her brother's actions. Upon his expulsion from Congress in June 2018, Kenji responded, \"Keiko, congratulations! Here you have my head on a platter.\" During the second round of elections in 2016, Kenji did not vote for his own sister because he refused to compromise on the freedom of their father or have a discourse on his errors. When he lost a challenge to become leader of Fuerza Popular, Kenji promised to run for president in 2021, something that his sister was also planning to do for the third time, this time in a new party that would split from Fuerza Popular along with other dissidents in the party.When PPK resigned on 23 March 2017, the presidency was passed to civil engineer Martin Vizcarra, with Fujimori welcoming him and wished for his \"success\" through a tweet the same day. Nevertheless, she heavily criticized Vizcarra's 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum since included on the ballot was whether citizens supported the re-election of congressmen and the return of a bicameral legislature. She claimed that the ballot items \"are evidence of centrist populism\", asked the president to \"stop seeing congress members as your enemies\", and was empowered to make as the parliamentary majority leader to attempt to defeat the measures through the referendum.On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was arrested and placed in provisional detention on charges of money laundering days after the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the pardon of her father, ordering him back to prison. The arrest came at the request of the Public Ministry, who accused her of illegally receiving money from Odebrecht during her campaign in 2011 as part of the Lava Jato corruption scandal. The arrest order stated that she led a \"criminal organization inside of Fuerza 2011 [today Fuerza Popular].\" In response, Fujimori wrote, \"this is what we call political persecution ... without evidence against me, I am deprived of liberty, but still with my head held high and my spirit intact.\" On 18 October, she was let go as her appeal was accepted by the National Audience. On 31 October, she was arrested again when she was again sentenced to 3 years of pretrial detention for money laundering and \"a high risk of escaping\", as per the decision by judge Richard Concepcion Carhuancho. Fujimori appealed yet again to be set free but the appeal was rejected by the Superior Court of Justice in January 2019. By August of that year, the Supreme Court, due to an impasse between its members, delayed their decision on her appeal. During the investigations, in September, the publication \"La Republica\" revealed that Fujimori had used a pseudonym together with the rest of her party's leadership in a Telegram group chat called \"Titanic Group\" where she made the most important party decisions under the name Ruth. By the beginning of December, Jose Camayo, a businessman investigated for the \"White Collar Port\" case involved with Fuerza Popular, declared before the Operation Car Wash Special Team that Se\u00f1ora K, a persona accused of corruption, was in fact Keiko Fujimori herself, something that was later denied by her, and yet still had a significant impact on the ongoing investigation. In January 2020, the tribunal decided, four votes to three, to grant her \"habeas corpus\" on the grounds that the preventative detention sentence was invalid for its violation of her liberty. Shortly afterward, her husband Mark Vito began a hunger strike in a camp installed in front of the prison where she was detained. On 28 January, the judge Victor Zuniga Urday re-imposed a preventive prison for 15 months on the charges of money laundering from the Odebrecht company. On 30 April 2020, a Peruvian appeals court overturned her 15-month detention order and granted her a conditional release from prison. She was finally released on bail on 5 May 2020.After a few months out of the spotlight despite still leading her party, on 25 September 2020, she announced her total return to politics. A month later, 30 November, still under investigation by the Operation Car Wash team, she tweeted that she was officially announcing her candidacy as the Fuerza Popular's presidential candidate with her ballot partners ex-congressional president Luis Galarreta as first vice president and the former lawyer and director of National Solidarity, Patricia Juarez as second vice president. Fujimori's party helped lead the controversial removal of Mart\u00edn Vizcarra and his replacement by Manuel Merino, which resulted with the peaceful 2020 Peruvian protests. The protests were violently put down, resulting in the deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo. Shortly after their deaths, Fujimori lamented what had happened and also considered the current situation as \"unsustainable\", calling for Merino to step down or else he \"should be censured right here right now\", a move she believed a majority of Congress would support.On 9 December, she officially won the internal party elections to be come Fuerza Popular's candidate for the 2021 election. The campaign got off to a rocky start as on the same day as a victory, a poll by \"Peru21\" released a national Datum poll which revealed that 63% of Peruvians said they would \"never vote\" for her. Then, on 21 December, the National Jury of Elections declared that Fuerza Popular's presidential board was \"inadmissible\" and gave them two days to follow their instructions. In the end, the board was finally revised and admitted.She has said that she wanted to be a president with a \"heavy hand\" and \"authority\", proposing increased legal protection on law enforcement. She has called for the construction of more prisons to reduce overcrowding and to offer more instances of probation for small crime offenders. In a break with previous elections in which she promised not to pardon her father, Fujimori emphasized her closeness to his legacy during this election, stating that \"after conversations that I have had with my father, through letters and during the year he's recently had in freedom, we've been able to get much closer and understand things about each other\" as well as expressing that his presidency \"was not a dictatorship, despite some moments of authoritarianism\", and making clear a renewed promise to pardon her father if elected. She proposes a large stimulus to voters that would represent three percent of Peru's annual gross domestic product, possibly increasing the low national debt that exists in Peru. Throughout the presidential campaign, she was among the frontrunners in opinion polling. Following the first round election, Fujimori gave a speech in which she framed the runoff as a battle between \"markets and Marxism\", framing her second round opponent Pedro Castillo as a communist. Americas Society/Council of the Americas wrote that a Fujimori presidency would bring the appearance of maintaining the \"status quo\" in Peru, but it would make the nation \"far from stable.\" After Castillo took the lead during the ballot-counting process in the second round of elections, Fujimori disseminated unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud. According to \"The Guardian\", various international observers countered Fujimori's claims, stating that the election process was conducted in accordance with international standards, with electoral observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denying any instances of widespread fraud while also praising the accuracy of the elections. Fujimori's statements about possibly overturning the election were described as being inspired by the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election by former U.S. president Donald Trump. \"The Guardian\" also reported that analysts and political observers criticized Fujimori's remarks, noting that it made her appear desperate after losing her third presidential run in a ten-year period. If elected into the presidency, criminal investigations against Fujimori would be suspended until July 2026, with Anne Applebaum writing in \"The Atlantic\" that \"the personal stakes are high. ... Fujimori previously spent a year in jail while awaiting trial for allegedly collecting illegal campaign contributions, and she could conceivably be sent back.\"Fujimori has continued to promote her father's ideology of Fujimorism within Peru and her political career was her father's idea. \"The New York Times\" wrote that her political movement was created \"to help whitewash\" her father Alberto's legacy. She has been described as having an authoritarian, centre-right, right-wing populist, and far-right political ideology. According to Fujimori, she believes in leading Peru with a \"heavy hand\" and that democracy \"cannot be weak ... must be supported by a solid principle of authority.\" If on one hand fujimoristas have the support of at least 10.9% of the population, on the other there also exists \"antifujimorismo\", a group of activists who strongly reject the legacy of her father and see in his daughter not only a threat but a complete reversal of democracy, and that is considered one of the most important political forces in Peru, despite her attempts to craft her image as a moderate.Defeated in the 1990 elections by Alberto Fujimori, writer and politician Mario Vargas Llosa has been one of the voices most critical of Keiko, although his opinion of her has evolved over time. During her candidacy in the 2011 Peruvian general election, Vargas Llosa said \"the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history\", while during her candidacy for the 2016 Peruvian general election, he stated that \"Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murderer and thief. I do not want her to win the elections.\" When Fujimori faced far-left candidate Pedro Castillo in 2021, Vargas Llosa endorsed her as the \"lesser of two evils\", a position criticized as being \"the neoliberal right ... allied with authoritarian Fujimori\" by Argentine newspaper \"P\u00e1gina/12\", who said the writer was \"betting on fear and resuscitating an anti-communist coalition.\"Michael Shifter, professor and president of Interamerican Dialogue, admitted that Fujimori has \"definite political skill\" and \"has constructed a base of support.\" However, he considers the holdover of many of her father's officials in her own team as something that \"generates resistance in parts of society that still have very bad memories from years defined by violation of human rights, corruption, and a polarized political climate.\"According to a poll taken by Ipsos in March 2016, 27% of voters \"definitely would not vote\" for her. Fujimori's Popular Force party, which held a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru until its dissolution in 2019, has little public support in Peru. In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%. By July 2018, her public approval had dropped to 14% and her disapproval had increased to more than 88%, with his drop in her approval rating being correlated with allegations that placed her in the midst of the Odebrecht scandal. Prior to first round presidential elections in 2021, Ipsos polls found that 66.3% of respondents definitely would not vote for her, 7.1% probably would not vote for her, 16.3% probably would vote for her, and 7% definitely would vote for her.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "Columbia Business School", "Stony Brook University"], "facts": [["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "January 1981", "January 1993"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "First Lady of Peru", "August 1994", "November 2000"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "member of political party", "Popular Force", "January 2010", "May 2023"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Boston University", "January 1995", "January 1997"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Columbia Business School", "January 2004", "January 2008"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2011"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Stony Brook University", "January 1993", "January 1994"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for 12 years and 7 months before July 2012?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for 12 years and 7 months before Jul 2012?", "date": "December 20 1999", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sun Microsystems"]}, "id": "L2H_Q58345040_P108_34", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007. \nRobyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \nRobyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Echelon Corporation", "Tesla, Inc.", "Juniper Networks", "Toyota Australia", "Arthur Andersen", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for 11 years before November 2016?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for 11 years before November 2016?", "date": "November 19 2005", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sun Microsystems"]}, "id": "L2H_Q58345040_P108_50", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \nRobyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \nRobyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Echelon Corporation", "Tesla, Inc.", "Juniper Networks", "Toyota Australia", "Arthur Andersen", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Karl Menger work for 3 years and 2 months before February 1930?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Karl Menger work for 3 years and two months before 02/1930?", "date": "December 11 1926", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Amsterdam"]}, "id": "L2H_Q93690_P108_26", "fact_context": "Karl Menger worked for Rice University from January 1930 to January 1931. \nKarl Menger studied at University of Vienna from January 1920 to January 1924. \nKarl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from January 1925 to January 1927. \nKarl Menger worked for University of Vienna from January 1927 to January 1937. \nKarl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from January 1913 to January 1920. \nKarl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to January 1948. \nKarl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1971.", "adv_fact_context": "Karl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to 01/1948. \n Karl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1971. \n Karl Menger studied at University of Vienna from Jan 1920 to January 1924. \n Karl Menger worked for Rice University from 01/1930 to 01/1931. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Vienna from 01/1927 to Jan 1937. \n Karl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from 01/1913 to 01/1920. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from Jan 1925 to January 1927.", "context": "Karl MengerKarl Menger (January 13, 1902 \u2013 October 5, 1985) was an Austrian-American mathematician. He was the son of the economist Carl Menger. He is credited with Menger's theorem. He worked on mathematics of algebras, algebra of geometries, curve and dimension theory, etc. Moreover, he contributed to game theory and social sciences.Karl Menger was a student of Hans Hahn and received his PhD from the University of Vienna in 1924. L. E. J. Brouwer invited Menger in 1925 to teach at the University of Amsterdam. In 1927, he returned to Vienna to accept a professorship there. In 1930 and 1931 he was visiting lecturer at Harvard University and The Rice Institute. From 1937 to 1946 he was a professor at the University of Notre Dame. From 1946 to 1971, he was a professor at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. In 1983, IIT awarded Menger a Doctor of Humane Letters and Sciences degree.His most famous popular contribution was the Menger sponge (mistakenly known as Sierpinski's sponge), a three-dimensional version of Sierpinski's carpet. It is also related to the Cantor set.With Arthur Cayley, Menger is considered one of the founders of distance geometry; especially by having formalized definitions to the notions of \"angle\" and of \"curvature\" in terms of directly measurable physical quantities, namely ratios of \"distance\" values. The characteristic mathematical expressions appearing in those definitions are Cayley\u2013Menger determinants.He was an active participant of the Vienna Circle which had discussions in the 1920s on social science and philosophy. During that time, he published an influential result on the St. Petersburg paradox with applications to the utility theory in economics; this result has since been criticised as fundamentally misleading. Later he contributed to the development of game theory with Oskar Morgenstern.Menger's longest and last academic post was at the Illinois Institute of Technology, which hosts an annual IIT Karl Menger Lecture and offers the IIT Karl Menger Student Award to an exceptional student for scholarship each year.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Illinois Institute of Technology", "Rice University", "University of Notre Dame", "University of Vienna"], "facts": [["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Vienna", "January 1927", "January 1937"], ["Karl Menger", "educated at", "University of Vienna", "January 1920", "January 1924"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "Rice University", "January 1930", "January 1931"], ["Karl Menger", "educated at", "Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Notre Dame", "January 1937", "January 1948"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Amsterdam", "January 1925", "January 1927"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "Illinois Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1971"]]}
{"question": "Where was \u00c5ke Pleijel educated 8 years and 7 months before May 1947?", "adv_question": "Where was \u00c5ke Pleijel educated eight years and 7 months before May 1947?", "date": "October 27 1938", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stockholm University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6051696_P69_18", "fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1952. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from November 1937 to January 1967. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1947 to January 1948. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to January 1979. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to January 1941. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from January 1932 to January 1940.", "adv_fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from Nov 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1952. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from Jan 1932 to 01/1940. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to 01/1979. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from 01/1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965.", "context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel\u00c5ke Pleijel (10 August 1913 \u2013 24 September 1989) was a Swedish mathematician.He completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at Stockholm University in 1940 (with Torsten Carleman as supervisor), and later became Professor of Mathematics at Uppsala University.\u00c5ke Pleijel published the paper in which the Minakshisundaram\u2013Pleijel zeta function was introduced.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "spouse", "Sonja Berg Pleijel", "November 1937", "January 1967"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Royal Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1952"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Stockholm University", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "educated at", "Stockholm University", "January 1932", "January 1940"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Lund University", "January 1952", "January 1965"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1947", "January 1948"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Uppsala University", "January 1967", "January 1979"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did \u00c5ke Pleijel work for 26 years and 1 months after May 1947?", "adv_question": "Which employer did \u00c5ke Pleijel work for 26 years and 1 months after 05/1947?", "date": "June 26 1973", "text_answers": {"text": ["Uppsala University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6051696_P108_23", "fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from January 1932 to January 1940. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to January 1979. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from November 1937 to January 1967. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1947 to January 1948. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to January 1941. \n\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1952.", "adv_fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from Jan 1932 to 01/1940. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1952. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from Nov 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from 01/1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to 01/1979. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to Jan 1941.", "context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel\u00c5ke Pleijel (10 August 1913 \u2013 24 September 1989) was a Swedish mathematician.He completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at Stockholm University in 1940 (with Torsten Carleman as supervisor), and later became Professor of Mathematics at Uppsala University.\u00c5ke Pleijel published the paper in which the Minakshisundaram\u2013Pleijel zeta function was introduced.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Stockholm University", "Lund University", "Royal Institute of Technology", "Institute for Advanced Study"], "facts": [["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "educated at", "Stockholm University", "January 1932", "January 1940"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "spouse", "Sonja Berg Pleijel", "November 1937", "January 1967"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Stockholm University", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Lund University", "January 1952", "January 1965"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Uppsala University", "January 1967", "January 1979"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Royal Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1952"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1947", "January 1948"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Werner Heisenberg work for 19 years and 7 months after March 1922?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Werner Heisenberg work for 19 years and seven months after 03/1922?", "date": "October 03 1941", "text_answers": {"text": ["German nuclear weapons program"]}, "id": "L2H_Q40904_P108_8", "fact_context": "Werner Heisenberg worked for Leipzig University from January 1927 to January 1941. \nWerner Heisenberg worked for German nuclear weapons program from January 1941 to January 1945. \nWerner Heisenberg worked for Max Planck Institute for Physics from January 1946 to January 1970. \nWerner Heisenberg worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1926 to January 1927. \nWerner Heisenberg studied at Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen from January 1911 to January 1920. \nWerner Heisenberg studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1920 to January 1923.", "adv_fact_context": "Werner Heisenberg worked for German nuclear weapons program from Jan 1941 to 01/1945. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Leipzig University from Jan 1927 to Jan 1941. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen from Jan 1911 to 01/1920. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1926 to Jan 1927. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan 1946 to Jan 1970. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 01/1920 to January 1923.", "context": "Werner HeisenbergWerner Karl Heisenberg (; ; 5 December 1901 \u2013 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for the creation of quantum mechanics\".Heisenberg also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II. He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957.Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970.Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.Werner Karl Heisenberg was born in W\u00fcrzburg, Germany, to , a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only \"ordentlicher Professor\" (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system, and his wife, Annie Wecklein.Heisenberg was raised and lived as a Lutheran Christian. His autobiography starts with the young Heisenberg in his late teenage years, reading Plato's \"Timaeus\" while hiking in the Bavarian Alps. Heisenberg recounted the philosophical conversations with his fellow students and teachers on understanding the atom while receiving his scientific training in Munich, G\u00f6ttingen and Copenhagen. Heisenberg would later state that \u201cMy mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing\". and that \"Modern physics has definitely decided in favor of Plato. In fact the smallest units of matter are not physical objects in the ordinary sense; they are forms, ideas which can be expressed unambiguously only in mathematical language\"Heisenberg arrived at Munich in 1919 as a member of the \"Freikorps\" to fight the Bavarian Soviet Republic established a year earlier. Five decades later he recalled those days as youthful fun, like \"playing cops and robbers and so on; it was nothing serious at all.\"He studied physics and mathematics from 1920 to 1923 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen. At Munich, he studied under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien. At G\u00f6ttingen, he studied physics with Max Born and James Franck and mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld. At G\u00f6ttingen, under Born, he completed his habilitation in 1924 with a \"Habilitationsschrift\" (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect.Because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in his students and knew of Heisenberg's interest in Niels Bohr's theories on atomic physics, Sommerfeld took Heisenberg to G\u00f6ttingen to attend the Bohr Festival of June 1922. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics. There, Heisenberg met Bohr for the first time, and it had a significant and continuing effect on him.Heisenberg's doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on turbulence; the thesis discussed both the stability of laminar flow and the nature of turbulent flow. The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the Orr\u2013Sommerfeld equation, a fourth order linear differential equation for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II.In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the \"Neupfadfinder\", a German Scout association and part of the German Youth Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and Heisenberg organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich.Heisenberg enjoyed classical music and was an accomplished pianist. His interest in music led to meeting his future wife. In January 1937, Heisenberg met Elisabeth Schumacher (1914\u20131998) at a private music recital. Elisabeth was the daughter of a well-known Berlin economics professor, and her brother was the economist E. F. Schumacher, author of \"Small Is Beautiful\". Heisenberg married her on 29 April. Fraternal twins Maria and Wolfgang were born in January 1938, whereupon Wolfgang Pauli congratulated Heisenberg on his \"pair creation\"\u2014a word play on a process from elementary particle physics, pair production. They had five more children over the next 12 years: Barbara, Christine, Jochen, Martin and Verena. In 1936 he bought a summer home for his family in Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany.From 1924 to 1927, Heisenberg was a Privatdozent at G\u00f6ttingen, meaning he was qualified to teach and examine independently, without having a chair. From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, Heisenberg went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. His seminal paper, \"\u00dcber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen\" (\"Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations\"), was published in September 1925. He returned to G\u00f6ttingen and, with Max Born and Pascual Jordan over a period of about six months, developed the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. On 1 May 1926, Heisenberg began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. On 23 February, Heisenberg wrote a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he first described his new principle. In his paper on the principle, Heisenberg used the word \"\"Ungenauigkeit\"\" (imprecision), not uncertainty, to describe it.In 1927, Heisenberg was appointed \"ordentlicher Professor\" (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the University of Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture there on 1 February 1928. In his first paper published from Leipzig, Heisenberg used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism.During Heisenberg's tenure at Leipzig, the high quality of the doctoral students and post-graduate and research associates who studied and worked with him is clear from the acclaim many later earned. At various times they included Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Fl\u00fcgge, William Vermillion Houston, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Edward Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, Gregor Wentzel, and Clarence Zener.In early 1929, Heisenberg and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, Heisenberg went on a lecture tour of China, Japan, India, and the United States. In the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago, where he lectured on quantum mechanics.In 1928, the British mathematical physicist Paul Dirac had derived his relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons. In 1932, from a cloud chamber photograph of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a track as having been made by a positron. In mid-1933, Heisenberg presented his theory of the positron. His thinking on Dirac's theory and further development of the theory were set forth in two papers. The first, \"Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons\" (\"Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron\") was published in 1934, and the second, \"Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons\" (\"Consequences of Dirac's Theory of the Positron\"), was published in 1936. In these papers Heisenberg was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a \"classical\" field equation for any point particle of spin \u0127/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing electrons, Heisenberg put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl had already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.)Heisenberg's paper establishing quantum mechanics has puzzled physicists and historians. His methods assume that the reader is familiar with Kramers-Heisenberg transition probability calculations. The main new idea, non-commuting matrices, is justified only by a rejection of unobservable quantities. It introduces the non-commutative multiplication of matrices by physical reasoning, based on the correspondence principle, despite the fact that Heisenberg was not then familiar with the mathematical theory of matrices. The path leading to these results has been reconstructed in MacKinnon, 1977, and the detailed calculations are worked out in Aitchison et al.In Copenhagen, Heisenberg and Hans Kramers collaborated on a paper on dispersion, or the scattering from atoms of radiation whose wavelength is larger than the atoms. They showed that the successful formula Kramers had developed earlier could not be based on Bohr orbits, because the transition frequencies are based on level spacings which are not constant. The frequencies which occur in the Fourier transform of sharp classical orbits, by contrast, are equally spaced. But these results could be explained by a semi-classical virtual state model: the incoming radiation excites the valence, or outer, electron to a virtual state from which it decays. In a subsequent paper Heisenberg showed that this virtual oscillator model could also explain the polarization of fluorescent radiation.These two successes, and the continuing failure of the Bohr\u2013Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding problem of the anomalous Zeeman effect, led Heisenberg to use the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate spectral frequencies. The method proved too difficult to immediately apply to realistic problems, so Heisenberg turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator.The dipole oscillator consists of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is thought of as a charged particle on a spring, perturbed by an external force, like an external charge. The motion of the oscillating charge can be expressed as a Fourier series in the frequency of the oscillator. Heisenberg solved for the quantum behavior by two different methods. First, he treated the system with the virtual oscillator method, calculating the transitions between the levels that would be produced by the external source.He then solved the same problem by treating the anharmonic potential term as a perturbation to the harmonic oscillator and using the perturbation methods that he and Born had developed. Both methods led to the same results for the first and the very complicated second order correction terms. This suggested that behind the very complicated calculations lay a consistent scheme.So Heisenberg set out to formulate these results without any explicit dependence on the virtual oscillator model. To do this, he replaced the Fourier expansions for the spatial coordinates by matrices, matrices which corresponded to the transition coefficients in the virtual oscillator method. He justified this replacement by an appeal to Bohr's correspondence principle and the Pauli doctrine that quantum mechanics must be limited to observables.On 9 July, Heisenberg gave Born this paper to review and submit for publication. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices, which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg's paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors.Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattice theory of crystals in 1921. While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics.In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced Heisenberg had won the Prize for 1932 \"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen\".The development of quantum mechanics, and the apparent contradictory implications in regard to what is \"real\" had profound philosophical implications, including what scientific observations truly mean. In contrast to Albert Einstein and Louis de Broglie, who were realists who believed that particles had an objectively true momentum and position at all times (even if both could not be measured), Heisenberg was an anti-realist, arguing that direct knowledge of what is \"real\" was beyond the scope of science. Writing in his book \"The Physicist's Conception of Nature,\" Heisenberg argued that ultimately we only can speak of the \"knowledge\" (numbers in tables) which describe something about particles but we can never have any \"true\" access to the particles themselves:We can no longer speak of the behaviour of the particle independently of the process of observation. As a final consequence, the natural laws formulated mathematically in quantum theory no longer deal with the elementary particles themselves but with our knowledge of them. Nor is it any longer possible to ask whether or not these particles exist in space and time objectively ...When we speak of the picture of nature in the exact science of our age, we do not mean a picture of nature so much as a \"picture of our relationships with nature\". ...Science no longer confronts nature as an objective observer, but sees itself as an actor in this interplay between man and nature. The scientific method of analysing, explaining and classifying has become conscious of its limitations, which arise out of the fact that by its intervention science alters and refashions the object of investigation. In other words, method and object can no longer be separated.Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, Heisenberg submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in the press as a \"White Jew\". Supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\", or Aryan Physics, launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and Heisenberg. From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics movement \"Deutsche Physik\" had concerned itself with quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark.There had been many failed attempts to have Heisenberg appointed as professor at a number of German universities. His attempt to be appointed as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld failed because of opposition by the \"Deutsche Physik\" movement. On 1 April 1935, the eminent theoretical physicist Sommerfeld, Heisenberg's doctoral advisor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, achieved emeritus status. However, Sommerfeld stayed in his chair during the selection process for his successor, which took until 1 December 1939. The process was lengthy due to academic and political differences between the Munich Faculty's selection and that of the Reich Education Ministry and the supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\".In 1935, the Munich Faculty drew up a list of candidates to replace Sommerfeld as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich. The three candidates had all been former students of Sommerfeld: Heisenberg, who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics; Peter Debye, who had received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936; and Richard Becker. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates, with Heisenberg as their first choice. However, supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\" and elements in the REM had their own list of candidates, and the battle dragged on for over four years. During this time, Heisenberg came under vicious attack by the \"Deutsche Physik\" supporters. One attack was published in \"\"The Black Corps\"\", the newspaper of the SS, headed by Heinrich Himmler. In this, Heisenberg was called a \"White Jew\" (i.e. an Aryan who acts like a Jew) who should be made to \"disappear\". These attacks were taken seriously, as Jews were violently attacked and incarcerated. Heisenberg fought back with an editorial and a letter to Himmler, in an attempt to resolve the matter and regain his honour.At one point, Heisenberg's mother visited Himmler's mother. The two women knew each other, as Heisenberg's maternal grandfather and Himmler's father were rectors and members of a Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler settled the Heisenberg affair by sending two letters, one to SS Gruppenf\u00fchrer Reinhard Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In the letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Germany could not afford to lose or silence Heisenberg, as he would be useful for teaching a generation of scientists. To Heisenberg, Himmler said the letter came on recommendation of his family and he cautioned Heisenberg to make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal and political attitudes of the involved scientists.Wilhelm M\u00fcller replaced Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. M\u00fcller was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental to educating theoretical physicists.The three investigators who led the SS investigation of Heisenberg had training in physics. Indeed, Heisenberg had participated in the doctoral examination of one of them at the Universit\u00e4t Leipzig. The most influential of the three was Johannes Juilfs. During their investigation, they became supporters of Heisenberg as well as his position against the ideological policies of the \"Deutsche Physik\" movement in theoretical physics and academia.In mid-1936, Heisenberg presented his theory of cosmic-ray showers in two papers. Four more papers appeared in the next two years.In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"The Natural Sciences\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Hahn concluded a \"bursting\" of the uranium nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these results to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.In June 1939, Heisenberg traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, Heisenberg refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II.The German nuclear weapons program, known as \"Uranverein\", was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The \"Heereswaffenamt\" (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the \"Reichsforschungsrat\" (RFR, Reich Research Council) out of the \"Reichserziehungsministerium\" (REM, Reich Ministry of Education) and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The project had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Fl\u00fcgge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included Heisenberg, Klaus Clusius, Robert D\u00f6pel and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker. The \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced. During the period when Diebner administered the KWIP under the HWA program, considerable personal and professional animosity developed between Diebner and Heisenberg's inner circle, which included Karl Wirtz and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker.At a scientific conference on 26\u201328 February 1942 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, called by the Army Weapons Office, Heisenberg presented a lecture to Reichs officials on energy acquisition from nuclear fission. The lecture, entitled \"Die theoretischen Grundlagen f\u00fcr die Energiegewinning aus der Uranspaltung\" (\"The theoretical basis for energy generation from uranium fission\") was, as Heisenberg confessed after the Second World War in a letter to Samuel Goudsmit, \"adapted to the intellectual level of a Reichs Minister\". Heisenberg lectured on the enormous energy potential of nuclear fission, stating that 250 million electron volts could be released through the fission of an atomic nucleus. Heisenberg stressed that pure U-235 had to be obtained to achieve a chain reaction. He explored various ways of obtaining isotope in its pure form, including uranium enrichment and an alternative layered method of normal uranium and a moderator in a machine. This machine, he noted, could be used in practical ways to fuel vehicles, ships and submarines. Heisenberg stressed the importance of the Army Weapons Office's financial and material support for this scientific endeavour. A second scientific conference followed. Lectures were heard on problems of modern physics with decisive importance for the national defense and economy. The conference was attended by Bernhard Rust, the Reichs Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. At the conference Reichs Minister Rust decided to take the nuclear project away from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The Reichs Research Council was to take on the project. In April 1942 the army returned the Physics Institute to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, naming Heisenberg as Director at the Institute. With this appointment at the KWIP, Heisenberg obtained his first professorship. Peter Debye was still director of the institute, but had gone on leave to the United States after he had refused to become a German citizen when the HWA took administrative control of the KWIP. Heisenberg still also had his department of physics at the University of Leipzig where work had been done for the \"Uranverein\" by Robert D\u00f6pel and his wife Klara D\u00f6pel.On 4 June 1942, Heisenberg was summoned to report to Albert Speer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on the prospects for converting the Uranverein's research toward developing nuclear weapons. During the meeting, Heisenberg told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, because it would require significant monetary resources and number of personnel.After the Uranverein project was placed under the leadership of the Reichs Research Council, it focused on nuclear power production and thus maintained its \"kriegswichtig\" (importance for the war) status; funding therefore continued from the military. The nuclear power project was broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the \"Uranmaschine\" (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). The project was then essentially split up between a number of institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. The point in 1942, when the army relinquished its control of the German nuclear weapons program, was the zenith of the project relative to the number of personnel. About 70 scientists worked for the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time to nuclear fission research. After 1942, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many of the scientists not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war-related work.In September 1942, Heisenberg submitted his first paper of a three-part series on the scattering matrix, or S-matrix, in elementary particle physics. The first two papers were published in 1943 and the third in 1944. The S-matrix described only the states of incident particles in a collision process, the states of those emerging from the collision, and stable bound states; there would be no reference to the intervening states. This was the same precedent as he followed in 1925 in what turned out to be the foundation of the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics through only the use of observables.In February 1943, Heisenberg was appointed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the \"Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t\" (today, the Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin). In April, his election to the \"Preu\u00dfische Akademie der Wissenschaften\" (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was approved. That same month, he moved his family to their retreat in as Allied bombing increased in Berlin. In the summer, he dispatched the first of his staff at the \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, for the same reasons. From 18\u201326 October, he travelled to German-occupied Netherlands. In December 1943, Heisenberg visited German-occupied Poland.From 24 January to 4 February 1944, Heisenberg travelled to occupied Copenhagen, after the German army confiscated Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. He made a short return trip in April. In December, Heisenberg lectured in neutral Switzerland. The United States Office of Strategic Services sent agent Moe Berg to attend the lecture carrying a pistol, with orders to shoot Heisenberg if his lecture indicated that Germany was close to completing an atomic bomb.In January 1945, Heisenberg, with most of the rest of his staff, moved from the \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" to the facilities in the Black Forest.The Alsos Mission was an Allied effort to determine if the Germans had an atomic bomb program and to exploit German atomic related facilities, research, material resources, and scientific personnel for the benefit of the US. Personnel on this operation generally swept into areas which had just come under control of the Allied military forces, but sometimes they operated in areas still under control by German forces. Berlin had been a location of many German scientific research facilities. To limit casualties and loss of equipment, many of these facilities were dispersed to other locations in the latter years of the war. The \"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) had been bombed so it had mostly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, which eventually became included in the French occupation zone. This allowed the American task force of the Alsos Mission to take into custody a large number of German scientists associated with nuclear research.On 30 March, the Alsos Mission reached Heidelberg, where important scientists were captured including Walther Bothe, Richard Kuhn, Philipp Lenard, and Wolfgang Gertner. Their interrogation revealed that Otto Hahn was at his laboratory in Tailfingen, while Heisenberg and Max von Laue were at Heisenberg's laboratory in Hechingen, and that the experimental natural uranium reactor that Heisenberg's team had built in Berlin had been moved to Haigerloch. Thereafter, the main focus of the Alsos Mission was on these nuclear facilities in the W\u00fcrttemberg area. Heisenberg was captured and arrested in Urfeld, on 3 May 1945, in an alpine operation in territory still under control by German forces. He was taken to Heidelberg, where, on 5 May, he met Goudsmit for the first time since the Ann Arbor visit in 1939. Germany surrendered just two days later. Heisenberg would not see his family again for eight months, as he was moved across France and Belgium and flown to England on 3 July 1945.Nine of the prominent German scientists who published reports in \"Nuclear Physics Research Reports\" as members of the \"Uranverein\" were captured by Operation Alsos and incarcerated in England under Operation Epsilon. Ten German scientists, including Heisenberg, were held at Farm Hall in England. The facility had been a safe house of the British foreign intelligence MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought to be of intelligence value were transcribed and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On 6 August 1945, the scientists at Farm Hall learned from media reports that the USA had dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan. At first, there was disbelief that a bomb had been built and dropped. In the weeks that followed, the German scientists discussed how the USA might have built the bomb.The Farm Hall transcripts reveal that Heisenberg, along with other physicists interned at Farm Hall including Otto Hahn and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, were glad the Allies had won World War II. Heisenberg told other scientists that he had never contemplated a bomb, only an atomic pile to produce energy. The morality of creating a bomb for the Nazis was also discussed. Only a few of the scientists expressed genuine horror at the prospect of nuclear weapons, and Heisenberg himself was cautious in discussing the matter. On the failure of the German nuclear weapons program to build an atomic bomb, Heisenberg remarked, \"We wouldn't have had the moral courage to recommend to the Government in the spring of 1942 that they should employ 120,000 men just for building the thing up.\"On 3 January 1946, the ten Operation Epsilon detainees were transported to Alswede in Germany. Heisenberg settled in G\u00f6ttingen, which was in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. Heisenberg immediately began to promote scientific research in Germany. Following the Kaiser Wilhelm Society's obliteration by the Allied Control Council and the establishment of the Max Planck Society in the British zone, Heisenberg became the director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics. Max von Laue was appointed vice director, while Karl Wirtz, Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker and Ludwig Biermann joined to help Heisenberg establish the institute. Heinz Billing joined in 1950 to promote the development of electronic computing. The core research focus of the institute was cosmic radiation. The institute held a colloquium every Saturday morning.Heisenberg together with was instrumental in the establishment of the Forschungsrat (research council). Heisenberg envisaged for this council to promote the dialogue between the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany and the scientific community based in Germany. Heisenberg was appointed president of the \"Forschungsrat\". In 1951, the organization was fused with the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science) and that same year renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). Following the merger, Heisenberg was appointed to the presidium.In 1958, the Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik was moved to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA). In the interim, Heisenberg and the astrophysicist Ludwig Biermann were co-directors of MPIFA. Heisenberg also became an \"ordentlicher Professor\" (ordinarius professor) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen. Heisenberg was the sole director of MPIFA from 1960 to 1970. Heisenberg resigned his directorship of the MPIFA on 31 December 1970.In 1951, Heisenberg agreed to become the scientific representative of the Federal Republic of Germany at the UNESCO conference, with the aim of establishing a European laboratory for nuclear physics. Heisenberg's aim was to build a large particle accelerator, drawing on the resources and technical skills of scientists across the Western Bloc. On 1 July 1953 Heisenberg signed the convention that established CERN on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although he was asked to become CERN's founding scientific director, he declined. Instead, he was appointed chair of CERN's science policy committee and went on to determine the scientific program at CERN.In December 1953, Heisenberg became the president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. During his tenure as president 550 Humboldt scholars from 78 nations received scientific research grants. Heisenberg resigned as president shortly before his death.In 1946, the German scientist Heinz Pose, head of Laboratory V in Obninsk, wrote a letter to Heisenberg inviting him to work in the USSR. The letter lauded the working conditions in the USSR and the available resources, as well as the favorable attitude of the Soviets towards German scientists. A courier hand delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to Heisenberg; Heisenberg politely declined. In 1947, Heisenberg presented lectures in Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol. Heisenberg contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of superconductivity with a paper in 1947 and two papers in 1948, one of them with Max von Laue.In the period shortly after World War II, Heisenberg briefly returned to the subject of his doctoral thesis, turbulence. Three papers were published in 1948 and one in 1950. In the post-war period Heisenberg continued his interests in cosmic-ray showers with considerations on multiple production of mesons. He published three papers in 1949, two in 1952, and one in 1955.In late 1955 to early 1956, Heisenberg gave the Gifford Lectures at St Andrews University, in Scotland, on the intellectual history of physics. The lectures were later published as \"Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science\". During 1956 and 1957, Heisenberg was the chairman of the \"Arbeitskreis Kernphysik\" (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the \"Fachkommission II \"Forschung und Nachwuchs\"\" (Commission II \"Research and Growth\") of the \"Deutsche Atomkommission\" (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Walther Bothe, Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957.In 1957, Heisenberg was a signatory of the G\u00f6ttinger Manifest, taking a public stand against the Federal Republic of Germany arming itself with nuclear weapons. Heisenberg, like Pascual Jordan, thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But Heisenberg believed that the G\u00f6ttinger Manifest would \"influence public opinion\" which politicians would have to take into account. He wrote to Walther Gerlach: \"We will probably have to keep coming back to this question in public for a long time because of the danger that public opinion will slacken.\" In 1961 Heisenberg signed the Memorandum of T\u00fcbingen alongside a group of scientists who had been brought together by Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker and Ludwig Raiser. A public discussion between scientists and politicians ensued. As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against \"the full-time intellectual nonconformists\".From 1957 onwards, Heisenberg was interested in plasma physics and the process of nuclear fusion. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in Geneva. He was a member of the Institute's scientific policy committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair. He was one of the eight signatories of the Memorandum of T\u00fcbingen which called for the recognition of the Oder\u2013Nei\u00dfe line as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of West Germany.In 1973, Heisenberg gave a lecture at Harvard University on the historical development of the concepts of quantum theory. On 24 March 1973 Heisenberg gave a speech before the Catholic Academy of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of his speech was published under the title \"Scientific and Religious Truth\", a quotation from which appears in a later section of this article.Heisenberg admired Eastern philosophy and saw parallels between it and quantum mechanics, describing himself as in \"complete agreement\" with the book \"The Tao of Physics\". Heisenberg even went as far to state that after conversations with Rabindranath Tagore about Indian philosophy \"some of the ideas that seemed so crazy suddenly made much more sense\".Regarding the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Heisenberg disliked \"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus\" but he liked \"very much the later ideas of Wittgenstein and his philosophy about language.\"Heisenberg, a devout Christian, wrote: \"We can console ourselves that the good Lord God would know the position of the [subatomic] particles, thus He would let the causality principle continue to have validity,\" in his last letter to Albert Einstein. Einstein continued to maintain that quantum physics must be incomplete because it implies that the universe is indeterminate at a fundamental level.When Heisenberg accepted the in 1974, he gave a speech, which he later published under the title \"Scientific and Religious Truth\". He mused:Heisenberg's son, Martin Heisenberg, became a neurobiologist at the University of W\u00fcrzburg, while his son Jochen Heisenberg became a physics professor at the University of New Hampshire.In his late sixties, Heisenberg penned his autobiography for the mass market. In 1969 the book was published in Germany, in early 1971 it was published in English and in the years thereafter in a string of other languages. Heisenberg had initiated the project in 1966, when his public lectures increasingly turned to the subjects of philosophy and religion. Heisenberg had sent the manuscript for a textbook on the unified field theory to the Hirzel Verlag and John Wiley & Sons for publication. This manuscript, he wrote to one of his publishers, was the preparatory work for his autobiography. He structured his autobiography in themes, covering: 1) The goal of exact science, 2) The problematic of language in atomic physics, 3) Abstraction in mathematics and science, 4) The divisibility of matter or Kant's antinomy, 5) The basic symmetry and its substantiation, and 6) Science and religion.Heisenberg wrote his memoirs as a chain of conversations, covering the course of his life. The book became a popular success, but was regarded as troublesome by historians of science. In the preface Heisenberg wrote that he had abridged historical events, to make them more concise. At the time of publication it was reviewed by Paul Forman in the journal \"Science\" with the comment \"Now here is a memoir in the form of rationally reconstructed dialogue. And the dialogue as Galileo well knew, is itself a most insidious literary device: lively, entertaining, and especially suited for insinuating opinions while yet evading responsibility for them.\" Few scientific memoirs had been published, but Konrad Lorenz and Adolf Portmann had penned popular books that conveyed scholarship to a wide audience. Heisenberg worked on his autobiography and published it with the Piper Verlag in Munich. Heisenberg initially proposed the title \"Gespr\u00e4che im Umkreis der Atomphysik\" (\"Conversations on atomic physics\"). The autobiography was published eventually under the title \"Der Teil und das Ganze\" (\"The part and the whole\"). The 1971 English translation was published under the title \"Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations\".Heisenberg died of kidney cancer at his home, on 1 February 1976. The next evening, his colleagues and friends walked in remembrance from the Institute of Physics to his home, lit a candle and placed it in front of his door. Heisenberg is buried in Munich Waldfriedhof.In 1980 his widow, Elisabeth Heisenberg, published \"The Political Life of an Apolitical Person\" (de, \"Das politische Leben eines Unpolitischen\"). In it she characterized Heisenberg as \"first and foremost, a spontaneous person, thereafter a brilliant scientist, next a highly talented artist, and only in the fourth place, from a sense of duty, homo politicus.\"Heisenberg was awarded a number of honors:The following reports were published in \"Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte\" (\"Research Reports in Nuclear Physics\"), an internal publication of the German \"Uranverein\". The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.Heisenberg's surname is used as the primary alias for Walter White, the lead character in AMC's crime drama series \"Breaking Bad\" throughout White's transformation from a High school chemistry teacher to a drug kingpin.Heisenberg was the target of an assassination by spy Moe Berg in the film \"The Catcher Was a Spy\", based on real events.Heisenberg is credited with building the atomic bomb used by the Axis in the Amazon Prime tv series adaptation of The Man in the High Castle. Atomic bombs in this universe are referred to as Heisenberg Devices.Heisenberg is the namesake of \"Resident Evil Village\" secondary antagonist Karl Heisenberg. Heisenberg's research on ferromagnetism served as inspiration for the character's magnetic abilities.FootnotesCitations", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leipzig University", "University of Copenhagen", "Max Planck Institute for Physics"], "facts": [["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "Leipzig University", "January 1927", "January 1941"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "Max Planck Institute for Physics", "January 1946", "January 1970"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1920", "January 1923"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "educated at", "Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen", "January 1911", "January 1920"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "German nuclear weapons project", "January 1941", "January 1945"]]}
{"question": "Which position did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s hold 14 years and 2 months after February 1976?", "adv_question": "Which position did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s hold 14 years and 2 months after 02/1976?", "date": "April 19 1990", "text_answers": {"text": ["President of Hungary"]}, "id": "L2H_Q461944_P39_29", "fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to January 1978. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to January 1959. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from January 1978 to January 1982. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from January 1989 to January 2002. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from June 1998 to May 2002. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from January 2003 to January 2005. \nM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from January 1951 to January 1956.", "adv_fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from Jan 1989 to 01/2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from Jan 1951 to January 1956. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to Jan 1978. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from Jan 2003 to Jan 2005. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from 06/1998 to May 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from Jan 1978 to Jan 1982. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to 01/1959.", "context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6sM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s (; born 11 September 1933 in P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny) is a Hungarian politician. He served as provisional President of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990. His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government.Sz\u0171r\u00f6s served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990. In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character. The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved. Under the Constitution, Sz\u0171r\u00f6s became provisional president until the election. Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the \"People's Republic\" from its constitutional name and was now the \"Republic of Hungary.\"He remained in parliament until 2002 as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party, often voting against the party consensus. He quit the party in 2002, joined the newly established New Left Party and ran as their prime minister candidate at the parliamentary elections, but the party only got 0.1% of the popular votes. In 2003 he joined the Social Democratic Party and was later elected as the chairman of the party. He resigned his position in 2005.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "ambassador of Hungary to East Germany", "Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union"], "facts": [["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "June 1998", "May 2002"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Working People's Party", "January 1951", "January 1956"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "ambassador of Hungary to East Germany", "January 1975", "January 1978"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "President of Hungary", "October 1989", "May 1990"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party", "January 1956", "January 1989"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Party", "January 1989", "January 2002"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Social Democratic Party", "January 2003", "January 2005"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "educated at", "Moscow State Institute of International Relations", "January 1953", "January 1959"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union", "January 1978", "January 1982"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Toni Cantazo belong to 13 years and 4 months before March 2021?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Toni Cantazo belong to 13 years and 4 months before Mar 2021?", "date": "November 04 2007", "text_answers": {"text": ["Vecinos por Torrelodones"]}, "id": "L2H_Q947070_P102_12", "fact_context": "Toni Cantazo held the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from July 2016 to May 2019. \nToni Cantazo was a member of the Union, Progress and Democracy from January 2008 to January 2015. \nToni Cantazo held the position of member of the Corts Valencianes from May 2019 to March 2021. \nToni Cantazo was a member of the Vecinos por Torrelodones from January 2007 to January 2008. \nToni Cantazo was a member of the independent politician from January 2021 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Toni Cantazo was a member of the independent politician from 01/2021 to May 2023. \n Toni Cantazo was a member of the Union, Progress and Democracy from Jan 2008 to 01/2015. \n Toni Cantazo was a member of the Vecinos por Torrelodones from 01/2007 to 01/2008. \n Toni Cantazo held the position of Member of the Congress of Deputies from 07/2016 to May 2019. \n Toni Cantazo held the position of member of the Corts Valencianes from May 2019 to 03/2021.", "context": "Toni Cant\u00f3Antonio Cant\u00f3 Garc\u00eda del Moral, known as Toni Cant\u00f3 (born 14 January 1965) is a Spanish actor, current People's Party politician and former Citizens deputy and spokesman, who represented Valencia Province in the Congress of Deputies from 2011 to April 2015 and again from December 2015 until 2021.Antonio Cant\u00f3 Garc\u00eda del Moral was born on 14 January 1965 in Valencia, son to a physician. He worked as model. He received training in drama at the Centro Dram\u00e1tico Nacional and, in 1986, he landed a job as TV presenter in La 1 show \"La tarde\". His debut in a feature film came with a performance in Carlos Romero Marchent's \"\", released in 1986. Some of his credits included performances in films such as Pilar Mir\u00f3's \"Tu nombre envenena mis sue\u00f1os\" (1996) and Pedro Almod\u00f3var's \"Todo sobre mi madre\" (1999). A performer in a number of television series in the 1990s (including \"El destino en sus manos\", \"Entre naranjos\" and \"Querido maestro\"), the breakthrough role bringing him widespread public recognition in Spain was his performance as David P\u00e9rez in the sitcom \"7 vidas\".Cant\u00f3 came third on of \"\" in December 2020.Cant\u00f3 joined Ciudadanos in 2006 and ran as candidate of the local list Vecinos por Torrelodones in the 2007 municipal elections. He later joined Union Progress and Democracy (UPyD) in 2008.In 2011, Cant\u00f3 was selected to head the UPyD list in Valencia Province for the 2011 general election, where he gained a seat. In 2014, he was selected as UPyD candidate for President of the Valencian Government in the 2015 regional elections. He resigned his seat in Congress in April 2015 and announced that he would also not be standing for President in the Valencian regional elections. In his resignation announcement he stated that he would consider whether to remain in UPyD after the party's congress in June 2015.Cant\u00f3 had been one of the UPyD figures most critical of the leadership of Rosa D\u00edez. Following poor local and regional election results, D\u00edez resigned and Cant\u00f3 supported Irene Lozano in the subsequent leadership election on 12 July 2015, in which Lozano lost to Andr\u00e9s Herzog. 4 days later, Cant\u00f3 announced that he would sit as an independent and would seek the number two position on the Citizens' list for the 2015 Spanish general election. He was chosen as the second candidate and was elected to Congress in the 2015 election.He ran as Cs' candidate for the 2019 Valencian regional election, and was elected to the Corts Valencianes, becoming the leader of his parliamentary group and one of the most conspicuous legislators. Some of his speeches went viral. He hired a cyberactivist and adherent of the so-called \"alt-right\" as aid, who helped him to nurture further popularity. Following an ephemeral rapprochement with the Valencian government majority during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, Cant\u00f3 returned to an all-out style of opposition, going further than Vox and the PP in some stances.Following the announcement of the motion of no confidence in the PP regional government in Murcia in March 2021 (and ensuing crisis in Cs as party regional legislators who had initially backed the motion crossed the floor within hours to accept government posts offered by the PP), PP's Secretary General Teodoro Garc\u00eda Egea contacted Cant\u00f3. Cs' leader In\u00e9s Arrimadas proposed including Cant\u00f3 in the executive board of Cs, yet Cant\u00f3 announced he was leaving the party and his seat on 15 March 2021.9 days later, on 24 March 2021, PP announced Cant\u00f3 would be on their list for the 2021 Madrilenian regional election. However, Cant\u00f3 was registered in the Valencian Community (so he could run as candidate in the Valencian regional election) and the electoral body is set by the national electoral law (LOREG) at two months before elections are called, so doubts were cast about Cant\u00f3's passive suffrage availability, as it requires active suffrage. He claimed he had registered in the Madrid region \"some days ago\". In April 2021, the Administrative Court number 5 of Madrid resolved that Cant\u00f3, along with fellow intended candidate Agust\u00edn Conde, was \"ineligible\" for the PP list due to not having registered in the Madrid region in due time and form.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Union, Progress and Democracy", "independent politician"], "facts": [["Toni Cantazo", "member of political party", "Vecinos por Torrelodones", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Toni Cantazo", "position held", "Member of the Congress of Deputies", "July 2016", "May 2019"], ["Toni Cantazo", "member of political party", "Union, Progress and Democracy", "January 2008", "January 2015"], ["Toni Cantazo", "member of political party", "independent politician", "January 2021", "May 2023"], ["Toni Cantazo", "position held", "member of the Corts Valencianes", "May 2019", "March 2021"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Vladimir Milov hold 5 years and 3 months after March 1997?", "adv_question": "Which position did Vladimir Milov hold 5 years and three months after March 1997?", "date": "June 02 2002", "text_answers": {"text": ["Deputy Minister"]}, "id": "L2H_Q3739496_P39_1", "fact_context": "Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from January 2001 to January 2002. \nVladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from January 2018 to May 2023. \nVladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from December 2008 to January 2010. \nVladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to January 2001. \nVladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from December 2010 to September 2011. \nVladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to October 2002.", "adv_fact_context": "Vladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to Jan 2001. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from 01/2001 to January 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from 01/2018 to May 2023. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from Dec 2010 to Sep 2011. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to Oct 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from Dec 2008 to Jan 2010.", "context": "Vladimir MilovVladimir Stanislavovich Milov (, born 18 June 1972 in Kemerovo) is a Russian politician and the former chairman of the Russian political party Democratic Choice (May 2012 to December 2015). From May to October 2002, he served as Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation. He was a member of the Federal Political Council of the democratic movement Solidarnost (2008-2010) and one of the founders of the coalition \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\". He was also the president of the Institute for Energy Policy, a Moscow-based independent think tank until 2013. Vladimir Milov graduated from Moscow State Mining University in 1994. In 1997\u20132001, he worked for the natural monopoly regulator of Russia, the Federal Energy Commission of Russia, serving in 1999\u20132001 as the head of its economic analysis department. In 2001 he headed an expert team within the Center for Strategic Research, a government-linked think tank.In December 2001, Milov was appointed adviser to the Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation and in May 2002, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia in Kasyanov's government. He resigned in October 2002.In November 2002, Milov founded and became the head of the research fund Institute for Strategic Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex (in 2003, it was renamed to Institute for Energy Policy). From September 2005 to August 2006, the institute was one of the ten most mentioned economic expert centers in the country and the first on energy issues. By 2010, the institute had ceased to engage in real activities, and the legal entity was liquidated in December 2013.Milov authored numerous analytical materials, concept papers and publications on energy policy and infrastructure development in Russia. He collaborated on state programs for reforming the country's gas industry, electric power industry, and railway transport, and proposed a reform project for Gazprom, which was rejected by Vladimir Putin. In 2002, he headed an interdepartmental working group on the development of the energy strategy for Russia for the period up to 2020. He took part in the development of Russian legislation on the electric power industry, regulation and taxation of the energy sector.In December 2008, Milov co-founded the opposition movement \"Solidarnost\". He was one of the leaders of the organization until May 2010. In 2009, Milow ran for the Moscow City Duma as an independent candidate, but was not admitted to register. In February 2010, Milov was elected a leader of the social movement \"Democratic Choice\". He resigned on December 20, 2015 after a series of internal disagreements. Since 2016, Milov has been actively participating in Alexei Navalny's presidential campaign. Milov was mentioned as one of the co-authors of Navalny's platform that was published on December 13, 2017.Since October 19, 2019, Milov has been broadcasting a weekly program about international politics, Hugs With Dictators, on his YouTube channel.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["consultant"], "facts": [["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Solidarnost", "December 2008", "January 2010"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Russia of the Future", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "consultant", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Vladimir Milov", "employer", "Federal Tariff Service", "January 1997", "January 2001"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "Deputy Minister", "May 2002", "October 2002"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\"", "December 2010", "September 2011"]]}
{"question": "Where was Michael Batty educated 10 years and 8 months before February 1976?", "adv_question": "Where was Michael Batty educated ten years and eight months before Feb 1976?", "date": "June 12 1965", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Manchester"]}, "id": "L2H_Q6845991_P69_14", "fact_context": "Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to January 1990. \nMichael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \nMichael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \nMichael Batty worked for University of Manchester from January 1966 to January 1969. \nMichael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from January 2009 to May 2023. \nMichael Batty studied at University of Manchester from January 1962 to January 1966. \nMichael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from January 1990 to January 1995. \nMichael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to January 1979.", "adv_fact_context": "Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to 01/1990. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from Jan 2009 to 05/2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from 01/1990 to 01/1995. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to Jan 1979. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from Jan 1966 to 01/1969. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from Jan 1962 to January 1966.", "context": "Michael BattyMichael Batty CBE, FBA, FRS, FAcSS (born 11 January 1945) is a British urban planner, geographer and spatial data scientist, and Bartlett Professor of Planning in The Bartlett at University College London . He has been Director\u2014now Chairman\u2014of the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, set up when he was appointed to UCL in 1995. His research and the work of CASA is focused on computer models of city systems. He was awarded the William Alonso Prize of the Regional Science Association in 2011 for his book Cities and Complexity, the same prize a second time for his book The New Science of Cities in 2017-2018, the University Consortium GIS Research Award in 2012, and the Laur\u00e9at Prix International de G\u00e9ographie Vautrin Lud, the so-called 'Nobel for geography', in 2013. In 2015, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and in 2016, the Gold Medal of the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI). He also received the Senior Scholar Award of the Complex Systems Society in September 2016.Michael Batty was born in Liverpool and educated at Northway County Primary School from 1950 to 1956 and then at Quarry Bank High School for Boys from 1956 to 1962. He went to the University of Manchester (1962-1966) where he studied Town and Country Planning gaining the BA degree with First Class Honours in 1966. His PhD is from the University of Wales, Institute of Science and Technology in 1984. The thesis on Pseudo Dynamic Urban Models was made available online in 2012.He began his academic career in the University of Manchester in 1966 where he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Town and Country Planning. He then spent 10 years at the University of Reading as Research Assistant, Lecturer and Reader in Geography. During this time he spent one year as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Transport Planning in the Department of Civil Engineering in the University of Waterloo, Ontario. He moved to the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (now the University of Cardiff) in 1979, where he was Professor of town planning. During this time, he acted as Head of Department, and Dean of the Faculty of Environmental Design. In 1990, he moved to direct the US National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) where he was a Professor of geography.He has held several visiting appointments in computing, engineering, planning, and geography at the following Universities: University of Illinois; University of Melbourne; University of Hong Kong; University of Bristol; University of Michigan; and he currently has visiting appointments at Cardiff University and Arizona State University.His research has focussed on the development of analytical methods and computer models for simulating the structure of cities and regions. Early work involved aggregate land use transport models which are summarised in his first book \"Urban Modelling\". After this early work, he focused on more visual representations of cities and their models and some of these were represented in his second book \"Microcomputer Graphics\". With Paul Longley, he published \"Fractal Cities\". This work established the idea that cities might be regarded as the outcome of self-similar fractal processes generating structure from the bottom up. His work on complexity theory in urban analysis and planning is the focus of his book \"Cities and Complexity\", a summary of which is available on his ComplexCity web site. His book \"The New Science of Cities\". ties many of the ideas together, developing the notion that it is flows rather than locations that are key to an understanding not only of cities but also the processes for their design and planning. His most recent book \"Inventing Future Cities\" was published by MIT Press in 2018 and focuses on the idea that we can invent the future with respect to cities but can never predict them.He has edited several volumes, most recently \"Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems\" and \"Virtual Geographic Environments\".Details of his publications are available from his curriculum vitaand on his personal web pages.Learned Societies: He has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009, a Fellow of the British Academy in 2001, a Fellow of Academy of Social Sciences in 2001 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1982.Professional Institutes: He has been a Member and now Fellow of the Royal Town Planning Institute since 1971, and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport since 1984. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society since 1972.He has recently acted as: Member of the Advisory Panel on Public Sector Information - APPSI, Chair of the ESRC Census Advisory Committee, and a Member of the UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) 2004-2009 Geography Panel.At Cardiff, he was a Member of the Computer Board for British Universities and Research Councils, now JISC (1988\u20131990), a Member of the SERC (Science and Engineering Research Council) Transport Committee (1982\u20131985), Chair (1980\u20131982), then Vice-Chair (1982\u20131984) of the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Environment and Planning Committee, and Chair of the Conference of Heads Of Planning Schools (CHOPS) 1986-1980.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Michael Batty", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1990", "January 1995"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "Cardiff University", "January 1979", "January 1990"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the British Academy", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Reading", "January 1969", "January 1979"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Royal Society", "January 2009", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "educated at", "University of Manchester", "January 1962", "January 1966"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Manchester", "January 1966", "January 1969"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for 8 years and 7 months after May 1921?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for 8 years and 7 months after 05/1921?", "date": "December 07 1929", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fitzwilliam College"]}, "id": "L2H_Q180468_P108_9", "fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to January 1917. \nAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from January 1939 to January 1943. \nAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from January 1925 to January 1926. \nAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from January 1926 to January 1930. \nAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from January 1920 to January 1922. \nAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from April 1945 to November 1945. \nAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \nAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from November 1945 to January 1947.", "adv_fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to Jan 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from 04/1945 to Nov 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from 01/1925 to Jan 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from 01/1939 to 01/1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from Jan 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from Nov 1945 to Jan 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from Jan 1926 to 01/1930.", "context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyiAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi de Nagyr\u00e1polt (September 16, 1893\u00a0\u2013 October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1893. His father, Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Transylvania (today T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when S\u00e1muel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled. At the time of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available. (Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and M\u00e1ria Csiky). His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of J\u00f3zsef Lenhoss\u00e9k and Anna Boss\u00e1nyi. Jozefina was a sister of Mih\u00e1ly Lenhoss\u00e9k; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University. His family included three generations of scientists. Music was important in the Lenhoss\u00e9k family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother P\u00e1l became a professional violinist.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911, and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi shot himself in the arm, claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917. He married Korn\u00e9lia Dem\u00e9ny, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his research career in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929 where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called \"hexuronic acid\", from adrenal gland tissue.He accepted a position at the University of Szeged in 1930. There Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that \"hexuronic acid\" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zolt\u00e1n Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\". Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (The Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.)In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.In 1947 Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research.During the 1950s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956.In the late 1950s, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term \"syntropy\" replace the term \"negentropy\". Ralph Moss, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled \"Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.\" Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling.Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, who realized that \"a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,\" divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored \"the fringes of knowledge,\" Dionysians. He wrote, \"In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian.\"As the government of Gyula G\u00f6mb\u00f6s and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Mikl\u00f3s K\u00e1llay sent Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.In 1967, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.He married Cornelia Dem\u00e9ny, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917. Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was born in 1918. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975. They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth. In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi oral history collection.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Groningen", "University of Szeged", "Leiden University"], "facts": [["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1925", "January 1926"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "November 1945", "January 1947"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Fitzwilliam College", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Provisional National Assembly", "April 1945", "November 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Hungarian upper chamber", "January 1939", "January 1943"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "educated at", "Semmelweis University", "January 1911", "January 1917"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1931", "January 1945"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 23 years and 9 months before December 2020?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 23 years and 9 months before Dec 2020?", "date": "March 10 1997", "text_answers": {"text": ["Carlo Ancelotti"]}, "id": "L2H_Q2693_P286_46", "fact_context": "Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from August 2020 to January 2021. \nCarlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1996 to June 1998. \nArrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1985 to June 1987. \nJiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2017 to January 2020. \nGiuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \nRoberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2021 to May 2021. \nClaudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \nFabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2022 to May 2023. \nStefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2006 to February 2007. \nEnzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from May 2021 to November 2021.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Aug 2020 to January 2021. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2021 to May 2021. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jul 1985 to 06/1987. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 05/2021 to November 2021. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2017 to Jan 2020. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 06/2022 to May 2023. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 07/1996 to 06/1998. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jun 2006 to 02/2007.", "context": "Parma Calcio 1913Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian professional football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently competes in the Serie B, the 2nd tier of Italian football.Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 27,906-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply \"Il Tardini\", from 1923.Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the 1996\u201397 season. The club has won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018.The club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma. It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross. Parma began playing league football during the 1919\u201320 season after the end of World War I. Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later. Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928\u201329 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931. In the 1935\u201336 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944.Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948\u201349 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954\u201355, a club record at that time. This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged. Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960\u201361 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964\u201365 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the \"Crociata\" shirts, the badge and the city's name. This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the \"Rossoneri\". Sacchi's replacement, Zden\u011bk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989. Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2\u20130 Derby dell'Enza win over Reggiana. Investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991. Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991\u201392, beating Juventus 2\u20131 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3\u20131 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley. The next season, the side was successful in the European Super Cup, overcoming Milan 2\u20131 on aggregate, but lost the Cup Winners' Cup final 1\u20130 to Arsenal. Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2\u20131 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997. Parma consequently made its debut in the UEFA Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3\u20130 victory before 1999 Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hern\u00e1n Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed.Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won the third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the \"Seven Sisters\". In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004 (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004\u201305 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A\u00a0\u2013 despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for \u20ac25\u00a0million\u00a0\u2013 as managers came and went. Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal.On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club. Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season following his February appointment. However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after 18 years in the top flight.Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009\u201310, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight. Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare. In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5\u20130 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014\u201315 Serie A season. Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million, including \u20ac63m unpaid salaries. The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. Administrators Angelo Anedda and Alberto Guiotto were forced to put some trophies to sell in an auction in a desperate attempt to raise money to cover the debt. These included: three Coppa Italia won in 1992, 1999 and 2002, the UEFA Cup Winners\u2019 Cup from 1993, the 1994 UEFA Super Cup, two UEFA Cup of 1995 and 1999 and the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana.The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the 2015\u201316 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma. Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach. In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record. Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro with three games to spare following a 2\u20131 win against Delta Rovigo, ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.Parma ended the 2016\u201317 Lega Pro season in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2\u20130 win over Alessandria in the promotion play-off final. On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the 2017\u201318 Serie B season second behind champions Empoli and level on points with Frosinone, but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in 2018\u201319 Serie A just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D. On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018\u201319 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player Emanuele Calaio \"eliciting a reduced effort\" from two players of Spezia (Filippo De Col and Claudio Terzi) during the 2017\u201318 season, a match Parma won 2\u20130 to secure promotion. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.In the club's first season back in Serie A, they managed to achieve a 14th placed finish on the table, three points above the relegation zone.Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established, but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change. White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the \"Giallobl\u00f9\" (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000\u201301 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014\u201315 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013\u201314 campaign. The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for \u20ac250,000 a year later.Parma initially had no permanent home and used the \"Piazza d'Armi\", where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the \"Piazza d'Armi\" before transferring to the \"Tre Pioppi\", the first fenced-off pitch in the city. Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue. Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio. In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi\u00a0Sportivi\u00a0S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about \u20ac3\u00a0million.The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans. Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late. The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in Serie D than the previous year in Serie A following bankruptcy. In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region. They are represented by three main groups: \"il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club\" (which represents most of the fanbase), \"l'Associazione Petitot\" and the club's ultras, \"Boys Parma\", which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans. The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, \"La Curva Nord\", directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand. In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans. In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002\u201303 season. Parma's club anthem is \"Il grido di battaglia\", which means \"The Battle Cry\".Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. \"Derby dell'Enza\" opponents Reggiana are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia. Parma contests the \"Derby dell'Emilia\" with Bologna. Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the \"Derby dei Ducati\", which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the \"Derby del Ducato\", which is played against Piacenza. Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too.Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's 1995 UEFA Cup victory, its first and third Coppa Italia triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in 1995 and 2002, and its 1995 domestic cup final defeat to \"The Old Lady\". These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called \"gemellaggi\". This is a practice uncommon elsewhere. Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the \"Azzurri\" fans' knowledge. Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20\u00a0billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over \u20ac10\u00a0billion and a \u20ac167\u00a0million net loss by the club in 2003. On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39\u00a0million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of \u20ac20\u00a0million nominal value. Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just \u20ac3\u00a0million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority. By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%. In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi. On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Ta\u00e7i for \u20ac1, at which point the club was $200\u00a0million in debt. The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, \u20ac1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer. With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million (including unpaid wages of \u20ac63\u00a0million). On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma. The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish \u20ac22.6\u00a0million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B. Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of \u20ac250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (co-owner of Barilla Group), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of Impresa Pizzarotti), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara. The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further \u20ac89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of \u20ac500 per share.In June 2017, Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang's Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche. At the end of October 2018 the local Nuovo Inizio group regained control of the club reacquiring 60% of the shares, with the Chinese partners forced to downsize to 30% in light of alleged lack of diligence in meeting their obligations, while 10% remained unchanged in the public company Partecipazioni Calcistiche. On 9 November Parma Calcio held a shareholders\u2019 Meeting to appoint a new Board of Directors, at the end of which Pietro Pizzarotti, at the time vice-president, was appointed the new president of the club.In 2020, Parma were purchased by the Krause Group, owners of American-based convenience store chain Kum & Go.Since 2013 the main sponsor is Cetilar by Pharmanutra.  6\u00a0\u2013 The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain Alessandro Lucarelli after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.12\u00a0\u2013 From the 2002\u201303 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015\u201316 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.\"For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.\"Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.\"For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and .\"\"For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.\"\"For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.Parma has won eight major titles in its history, all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002. These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition (after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan), and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Fabio Liverani", "Roberto D'Aversa", "Claudio Ranieri", "Fabio Pecchia", "Arrigo Sacchi", "Enzo Maresca", "Stefano Pioli", "Giuseppe Iachini"], "facts": [["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Stefano Pioli", "June 2006", "February 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Arrigo Sacchi", "July 1985", "June 1987"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Claudio Ranieri", "February 2007", "June 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Enzo Maresca", "May 2021", "November 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Liverani", "August 2020", "January 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Pecchia", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Giuseppe Iachini", "November 2021", "May 2022"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Roberto D'Aversa", "January 2021", "May 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Carlo Ancelotti", "July 1996", "June 1998"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "chairperson", "Jiang Lizhang", "January 2017", "January 2020"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Marcel Dassault belong to 39 years and 1 months after February 1946?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Marcel Dassault belong to 39 years and one months after Feb 1946?", "date": "March 06 1985", "text_answers": {"text": ["Rally for the Republic"]}, "id": "L2H_Q160802_P102_2", "fact_context": "Marcel Dassault held the position of president from January 1945 to January 1947. \nMarcel Dassault was a member of the Union of Democrats for the Republic from January 1968 to January 1978. \nMarcel Dassault was a member of the Rally for the Republic from January 1978 to January 1986. \nMarcel Dassault was a member of the Rally of the French People from January 1951 to January 1955. \nMarcel Dassault held the position of member of the French National Assembly from April 1986 to April 1986.", "adv_fact_context": "Marcel Dassault was a member of the Rally for the Republic from 01/1978 to January 1986. \n Marcel Dassault held the position of member of the French National Assembly from 04/1986 to Apr 1986. \n Marcel Dassault held the position of president from January 1945 to 01/1947. \n Marcel Dassault was a member of the Union of Democrats for the Republic from 01/1968 to Jan 1978. \n Marcel Dassault was a member of the Rally of the French People from January 1951 to 01/1955.", "context": "Marcel DassaultMarcel Dassault (born Marcel Ferdinand Bloch; 22 January 1892 \u2013 17 April 1986) was a French engineer and industrialist who spent his career in aircraft manufacturing.Born on 22 January 1892 in Paris, he was the youngest of the four children of Adolphe Bloch, a doctor, and his wife No\u00e9mie Allatini. His parents were Jewish.He was educated at Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet in Paris. After studies in electrical engineering, he graduated from the Breguet School and Supa\u00e9ro. At the latter school, Bloch was classmates with a Russian student named Mikhail Gurevich, who would later be instrumental in the creation of the MiG aircraft series.Bloch worked at the French Aeronautics Research Laboratory at Chalais-Meudon during World War I and invented a type of aircraft propeller subsequently used by the French army during the conflict. In 1916, with Henry Potez and Louis Coroller, he formed a company, the \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'\u00c9tudes A\u00e9ronautiques\", to produce the SEA series of fighters.In 1928, Bloch founded the aircraft company \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Avions Marcel Bloch\", which produced its first aircraft in 1930. In 1935, Bloch and Henry Potez entered into an agreement to buy \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 A\u00e9rienne Bordelaise\" (SAB). In 1936, the company was nationalized as the \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\u00e9ronautiques du Sud Ouest\" (SNCASO). Bloch agreed to become the delegated administrator of the Minister for Air.During the occupation of France by Nazi Germany during World War II, France's aviation industry was virtually disbanded, other than the compulsory manufacturing, assembly and servicing of German designs. In October 1940, Bloch refused to collaborate with the German occupiers at Bordeaux-A\u00e9ronautique and was imprisoned by the Vichy government.In 1944, the Nazis deported Bloch to the Buchenwald concentration camp, as punishment for refusing to co-operate with their regime. He was tortured, beaten and held in solitary confinement. In the meantime, his wife was interned near Paris. Bloch was detained at Buchenwald until it was liberated on 11 April 1945. By the time of his return to Paris, he was crippled to such an extent that he could barely walk. He was advised by his doctors to settle his affairs, as they did not expect him to recover his health. After the war, he changed his name from Bloch to Bloch-Dassault and in 1949 to Dassault. This name was the \"nom de guerre\" used by his brother, General Darius Paul Bloch, when he served in the French resistance, and is derived from \"char d'assaut\", French for \"tank\". In 1971, Dassault acquired Breguet, forming \"Avions Marcel Dassault\u2013Breguet Aviation\" (AMD\u2013BA).In 1919, Bloch married Madeleine Minckes, the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family of furniture dealers. They had two sons, Claude and Serge. After changing his name to Dassault (nom de guerre from his brother General Paul Bloch was Chardasso and derived from char d\u2019assaut for tank in French), he converted to Roman Catholicism in 1950.In July 1952, Dassault acquired the Paris landmark buildings now known as H\u00f4tel Marcel Dassault, dating from 1844,at nos. 7 and 9 rond-point des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es (at the corner of the avenue des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es and avenue Montaigne), from the Sabatier d'Espeyran family. The building at no. 7 has been used since 2002 by the auction house Artcurial, which had further alterations made under the direction of architect Jean-Michel Wilmotte. While no. 7 has been sold, no. 9 is still used by the \"Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault\".In 1973, Dassault was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.Dassault died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1986 and was buried at the Passy Cemetery in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.Serge Dassault, Marcel's younger son, became CEO of \"Avions Marcel Dassault\", which was restructured as \"Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault\", reflecting its broader interests. In 1990, the aviation division was renamed Dassault Aviation.In 1991, the \"rond-point des Champs-Elys\u00e9es\" in Paris was renamed the \"rond-point des Champs-Elys\u00e9es-Marcel-Dassault\" in his honor.In \"The Adventures of Tintin\" book \"Flight 714 to Sydney\", Dassault is parodied as the aircraft construction tycoon Laszlo Carreidas \u2013 \"the millionaire who never laughs\" \u2013 who offers Tintin, Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus his personal jet, the Carreidas 160, to travel to Sydney.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Union of Democrats for the Republic", "Rally of the French People"], "facts": [["Marcel Dassault", "position held", "member of the French National Assembly", "April 1986", "April 1986"], ["Marcel Dassault", "position held", "president", "January 1945", "January 1947"], ["Marcel Dassault", "member of political party", "Rally of the French People", "January 1951", "January 1955"], ["Marcel Dassault", "member of political party", "Rally for the Republic", "January 1978", "January 1986"], ["Marcel Dassault", "member of political party", "Union of Democrats for the Republic", "January 1968", "January 1978"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Pat Forde work for 26 years and 2 months after April 1982?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Pat Forde work for 26 years and 2 months after Apr 1982?", "date": "June 07 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["ESPN"]}, "id": "L2H_Q16208054_P108_2", "fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for ESPN from January 2004 to October 2011. \nPat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from January 1987 to January 2004. \nPat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from November 2011 to October 2019. \nPat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from October 2019 to May 2023. \nPat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from January 1979 to January 1983. \nPat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to January 1987.", "adv_fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from Oct 2019 to May 2023. \n Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from Nov 2011 to 10/2019. \n Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from 01/1979 to 01/1983. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to Jan 1987. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from 01/2004 to 10/2011. \n Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from Jan 1987 to Jan 2004.", "context": "Pat FordePat Forde is a sports journalist who is a national columnist for \"Sports Illustrated\". He previously worked for ESPN, \"The Courier-Journal\" in Louisville, Kentucky, and \"Yahoo Sports\".Forde is a native of Colorado Springs, Colorado. He currently lives in Louisville with his wife Tricia, a former swimmer at Northwestern University. All three of their children have been college swimmers\u2014son Mitchell at Missouri from 2013\u20132017, another son Clayton at Georgia from 2016\u20132020, and daughter Brooke at Stanford since 2017. Brooke will compete in the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 as part of the USA 4 \u00d7 200m freestyle relay team.Forde played high school football for Gary Barnett during his sophomore and junior years (1980\u201381) at Air Academy High School in Colorado Springs. He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.Forde began his career in 1987 working as a journalist for \"The Courier-Journal\", where his writing won numerous awards. He initially worked there as a beat reporter and then spent 12 years writing a column.In 2004, Forde left \"The Courier-Journal\" to join ESPN full-time after freelancing for their website for about seven years. During the NCAA football season, Forde wrote a column called \"Forde Yard Dash\", and during the NCAA basketball season, he wrote a column called \"Forde Minutes\". He also appeared on ESPN radio and television.On November 1, 2011, after the expiration of his contract, Forde left ESPN to pursue a career with Yahoo Sports. There, he resumed his weekly \"Forde Yard Dash\" and, later, his \"Forde Minutes\" column as well.On October 29, 2019, Forde joined \"Sports Illustrated\" as its new senior college sports writer. He continues to write both \"Forde-Yard Dash\" and \"Forde Minutes\" for \"SI\".In 2008, Forde served as the co-author for University of Louisville basketball coach Rick Pitino's \"Rebound Rules: The Art of Success 2.0\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sports Illustrated", "The Courier-Journal", "Yahoo Sports"], "facts": [["Pat Forde", "employer", "Yahoo Sports", "November 2011", "October 2019"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "Air Academy High School", "January 1979", "January 1983"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "University of Missouri", "January 1983", "January 1987"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "ESPN", "January 2004", "October 2011"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Sports Illustrated", "October 2019", "May 2023"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "The Courier-Journal", "January 1987", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Where was Pat Forde educated 34 years and 10 months before January 2014?", "adv_question": "Where was Pat Forde educated 34 years and 10 months before January 2014?", "date": "March 09 1979", "text_answers": {"text": ["Air Academy High School"]}, "id": "L2H_Q16208054_P69_20", "fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from January 1987 to January 2004. \nPat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from November 2011 to October 2019. \nPat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to January 1987. \nPat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from October 2019 to May 2023. \nPat Forde worked for ESPN from January 2004 to October 2011. \nPat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from January 1979 to January 1983.", "adv_fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from Jan 1987 to Jan 2004. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to Jan 1987. \n Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from 01/1979 to 01/1983. \n Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from Nov 2011 to 10/2019. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from 01/2004 to 10/2011. \n Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from Oct 2019 to May 2023.", "context": "Pat FordePat Forde is a sports journalist who is a national columnist for \"Sports Illustrated\". He previously worked for ESPN, \"The Courier-Journal\" in Louisville, Kentucky, and \"Yahoo Sports\".Forde is a native of Colorado Springs, Colorado. He currently lives in Louisville with his wife Tricia, a former swimmer at Northwestern University. All three of their children have been college swimmers\u2014son Mitchell at Missouri from 2013\u20132017, another son Clayton at Georgia from 2016\u20132020, and daughter Brooke at Stanford since 2017. Brooke will compete in the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 as part of the USA 4 \u00d7 200m freestyle relay team.Forde played high school football for Gary Barnett during his sophomore and junior years (1980\u201381) at Air Academy High School in Colorado Springs. He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.Forde began his career in 1987 working as a journalist for \"The Courier-Journal\", where his writing won numerous awards. He initially worked there as a beat reporter and then spent 12 years writing a column.In 2004, Forde left \"The Courier-Journal\" to join ESPN full-time after freelancing for their website for about seven years. During the NCAA football season, Forde wrote a column called \"Forde Yard Dash\", and during the NCAA basketball season, he wrote a column called \"Forde Minutes\". He also appeared on ESPN radio and television.On November 1, 2011, after the expiration of his contract, Forde left ESPN to pursue a career with Yahoo Sports. There, he resumed his weekly \"Forde Yard Dash\" and, later, his \"Forde Minutes\" column as well.On October 29, 2019, Forde joined \"Sports Illustrated\" as its new senior college sports writer. He continues to write both \"Forde-Yard Dash\" and \"Forde Minutes\" for \"SI\".In 2008, Forde served as the co-author for University of Louisville basketball coach Rick Pitino's \"Rebound Rules: The Art of Success 2.0\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Missouri"], "facts": [["Pat Forde", "educated at", "Air Academy High School", "January 1979", "January 1983"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "ESPN", "January 2004", "October 2011"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Yahoo Sports", "November 2011", "October 2019"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "The Courier-Journal", "January 1987", "January 2004"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "University of Missouri", "January 1983", "January 1987"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Sports Illustrated", "October 2019", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which team did Fabio Bazzani play for 6 years and 7 months before January 2014?", "adv_question": "Which team did Fabio Bazzani play for six years and 7 months before 01/2014?", "date": "June 29 2007", "text_answers": {"text": ["Brescia Calcio"]}, "id": "L2H_Q924087_P54_153", "fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from January 2000 to January 2001. \nFabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from January 2001 to January 2002. \nFabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from January 2007 to January 2008. \nFabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from January 1998 to January 1999. \nFabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \nFabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from January 2005 to May 2023. \nFabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from January 2008 to January 2009. \nFabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to January 2000. \nFabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \nFabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to January 1996. \nFabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from January 2009 to January 2010. \nFabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to January 2004. \nFabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from January 2010 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from 01/2000 to 01/2001. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from 01/2007 to 01/2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from Jan 2010 to Jan 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from Jan 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from 01/2005 to 05/2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan 2008 to 01/2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from 01/1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to Jan 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from 01/2001 to Jan 2002. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to Jan 2004.", "context": "Fabio BazzaniFabio Bazzani (; born 20 October 1976) is a former Italian footballer who lastly played for A.S.D. Mezzolara as a striker. He was known in particular for his heading ability, as well his shooting accuracy and physical strength.After two seasons with amateur side Boca San Lazzaro, Bazzani moved to Serie C2 club Sandon\u00e0. In 1997, he was in Serie B team Venezia, but played only twice in the season. He moved to Varese and then Arezzo, where he made an impression scoring 20 goals in 31 matches under the management of Serse Cosmi. In 2000, he returned to Venezia, but scored only five goals in 36 matches. In 2001, he rejoined his former coach Cosmi when he signed with Serie A side Perugia, where he scored ten goals.In 2002, he moved to Sampdoria, where he scored 16 goals in his first season with the \"blucerchiati\" in Serie B and 13 goals in his second campaign with Sampdoria, when in Serie A. During his second season with Sampdoria, he was capped three times in the Italian team. He was loaned to Lazio in exchange for Simone Inzaghi in January 2005, but failed to impress with the \"biancazzurri\" and returned to Sampdoria at the end of the season.On 14 June 2007, he was signed by Brescia Calcio on a free transfer. He had originally signed for Livorno but the move subsequently cancelled, following protests by the \"amaranto\" supporters which did not want the player in their team.On 26 July 2009, he signed a one-year contract with SPAL. He played his first game for the club on 3 August, a 2\u20131 won to Calcio Como at Coppa Italia. He also played the next two Coppa Italia matches, scored nil.On 1 July 2010, he moved to Mezzolara, in Serie D.Bazzani made his senior international debut for Italy on 12 November 2003, under Giovanni Trapattoni, in a 3\u20131 friendly defeat against Poland in Warsaw; he made two more appearances for Italy, with his final appearance coming in a 2\u20130 friendly loss to Iceland in Reykjav\u00edk, on 18 August 2004, under Marcello Lippi.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "Varese Calcio", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "Italy national association football team", "Venezia F.C.", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "U.C. Sampdoria", "U.S. Arezzo", "Delfino Pescara 1936"], "facts": [["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.S. Arezzo", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Varese Calcio", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.C. Sampdoria", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "January 2009", "January 2010"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "January 2010", "January 2015"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Venezia F.C.", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "January 1994", "January 1996"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "spouse", "Alessia Merz", "January 2005", "May 2023"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "January 1996", "January 1997"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Italy national association football team", "January 2003", "January 2004"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Brescia Calcio", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Delfino Pescara 1936", "January 2008", "January 2009"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Johannes van der Corput work for 37 years and 11 months after October 1911?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Johannes van der Corput work for 37 years and 11 months after October 1911?", "date": "September 23 1949", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Amsterdam"]}, "id": "L2H_Q449106_P108_3", "fact_context": "Johannes van der Corput studied at Leiden University from January 1908 to January 1914. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of California, Berkeley from January 1954 to January 1966. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of Groningen from January 1923 to January 1945. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of Amsterdam from January 1945 to January 1954. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for Utrecht University from January 1920 to January 1922. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for Stanford University from January 1950 to January 1952. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of Fribourg from January 1922 to January 1923.", "adv_fact_context": "Johannes van der Corput worked for Stanford University from January 1950 to 01/1952. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of California, Berkeley from January 1954 to Jan 1966. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for Utrecht University from January 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Amsterdam from 01/1945 to 01/1954. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Groningen from January 1923 to Jan 1945. \n Johannes van der Corput studied at Leiden University from 01/1908 to Jan 1914. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Fribourg from 01/1922 to Jan 1923.", "context": "Johannes van der CorputJohannes Gaultherus van der Corput (4 September 1890 \u2013 16 September 1975) was a Dutch mathematician, working in the field of analytic number theory.He was appointed professor at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland) in 1922, at the University of Groningen in 1923,and at the University of Amsterdam in 1946.He was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam, of which he also was the first director. From 1953 on he worked in the United States at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison.He introduced the van der Corput lemma, a technique for creating an upper bound on the measure of a set drawn from harmonic analysis, and the van der Corput theorem on equidistribution modulo 1.He became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, and foreign member in 1953. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Groningen", "University of California, Berkeley", "University of Fribourg", "Utrecht University", "Stanford University"], "facts": [["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "Stanford University", "January 1950", "January 1952"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Fribourg", "January 1922", "January 1923"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Amsterdam", "January 1945", "January 1954"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of California, Berkeley", "January 1954", "January 1966"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1908", "January 1914"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1923", "January 1945"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Johannes van der Corput work for 26 years and 8 months after March 1922?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Johannes van der Corput work for 26 years and 8 months after March 1922?", "date": "November 09 1948", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Amsterdam"]}, "id": "L2H_Q449106_P108_15", "fact_context": "Johannes van der Corput studied at Leiden University from January 1908 to January 1914. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of Amsterdam from January 1945 to January 1954. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for Utrecht University from January 1920 to January 1922. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for Stanford University from January 1950 to January 1952. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of Groningen from January 1923 to January 1945. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of Fribourg from January 1922 to January 1923. \nJohannes van der Corput worked for University of California, Berkeley from January 1954 to January 1966.", "adv_fact_context": "Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Groningen from January 1923 to Jan 1945. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Fribourg from 01/1922 to Jan 1923. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of Amsterdam from 01/1945 to 01/1954. \n Johannes van der Corput studied at Leiden University from 01/1908 to Jan 1914. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for Utrecht University from January 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for University of California, Berkeley from January 1954 to Jan 1966. \n Johannes van der Corput worked for Stanford University from January 1950 to 01/1952.", "context": "Johannes van der CorputJohannes Gaultherus van der Corput (4 September 1890 \u2013 16 September 1975) was a Dutch mathematician, working in the field of analytic number theory.He was appointed professor at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland) in 1922, at the University of Groningen in 1923,and at the University of Amsterdam in 1946.He was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam, of which he also was the first director. From 1953 on he worked in the United States at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison.He introduced the van der Corput lemma, a technique for creating an upper bound on the measure of a set drawn from harmonic analysis, and the van der Corput theorem on equidistribution modulo 1.He became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, and foreign member in 1953. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Groningen", "University of California, Berkeley", "University of Fribourg", "Utrecht University", "Stanford University"], "facts": [["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Fribourg", "January 1922", "January 1923"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Amsterdam", "January 1945", "January 1954"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1908", "January 1914"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "Stanford University", "January 1950", "January 1952"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of California, Berkeley", "January 1954", "January 1966"], ["Johannes van der Corput", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1923", "January 1945"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Jozo Rado\u0161 belong to 13 years and 2 months before October 2017?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Jozo Rado\u0161 belong to 13 years and 2 months before October 2017?", "date": "August 02 2004", "text_answers": {"text": ["Party of Liberal Democrats"]}, "id": "L2H_Q3441723_P102_27", "fact_context": "Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament from December 2011 to July 2014. \nJozo Rado\u0161 held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from January 1998 to April 2000. \nJozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party from January 1990 to January 2002. \nJozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Party of Liberal Democrats from January 2002 to January 2005. \nJozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats from January 2005 to June 2017. \nJozo Rado\u0161 held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2014 to July 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament from December 2011 to 07/2014. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul 2014 to 07/2019. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from January 1998 to April 2000. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats from 01/2005 to Jun 2017. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party from 01/1990 to January 2002. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Party of Liberal Democrats from Jan 2002 to January 2005.", "context": "Jozo Rado\u0161Jozo Rado\u0161 (; born 3 November 1956) is a Croatian liberal politician currently serving as one out of 11 Croatian members of the European Parliament. He previously served as a Minister of Defence, member of the Croatian Parliament and as an observer in the European Parliament for Croatia.Native Bosnian Croat, Rado\u0161 was born in Seonica village in Duvno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He attended elementary school in \u0110akovo and gymnasium in Zagreb.In 1983 he graduated from Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing of University of Zagreb. From 1983 until 1986 he worked as a professor of history and electrical engineering in Osijek and \u0110akovo. From 1986 until 1990 he worked as designer of the development of system of power electronics in KON\u010cAR Group. In 1990 he joined Croatian Social Liberal Party where he served as party's vice president until 1998. From 1990 until 1992 he worked as technologist of electronics in bulbs factory in Zagreb. In 1992 he became member of parliament. In 1993 he graduated philosophy and history at Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of University of Zagreb. During the war years he was member of reserve in Croatian police. At the time of Zagreb crisis in 1995 he was elected Mayor of Zagreb, but was not confirmed by President Franjo Tu\u0111man. As such, he wasn't formally prepared for mayor duties and had to resign. From 1998 until 2000 he was general secretary of the Croatian Social Liberal Party. In 2011 he graduated at Faculty of Political Science of University of Zagreb.The HSLS entered an alliance with SDP for the 2000 parliament elections which they won. Following this, Rado\u0161 became Croatian Minister of Defence in the government led by Ivica Ra\u010dan.During his mandate as minister, the military budget was severely cut as part of a late post-war demilitarization. Mandatory military service was also cut from 12 to 6 months. During his entire mandate, personnel cuts to the army were planned, but never implemented.Following HSLS's leader Dra\u017een Budi\u0161a's exit from the government, HSLS split into two factions, Rado\u0161 being a member of the dissident pro-government faction which would go on to create a party called \"Libra\" which Rado\u0161 became a president of. Despite his support for the government, Rado\u0161 previously resigned his post and was succeeded by SDP's \u017deljka Antunovi\u0107 as minister.Libra, along with Rado\u0161, merged with the Croatian People's Party in 2005, since known as the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats.Since 2014, Rado\u0161 has been a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he is a member of the parliament\u2019s delegation for relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and the delegation to the EU-Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats", "Croatian Social Liberal Party"], "facts": [["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Party of Liberal Democrats", "January 2002", "January 2005"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2014", "July 2019"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "January 1998", "April 2000"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Croatian Social Liberal Party", "January 1990", "January 2002"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats", "January 2005", "June 2017"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "representative in the Croatian Parliament", "December 2011", "July 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Khairuddin Razali belong to 14 years and 2 months before June 2022?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Khairuddin Razali belong to 14 years and two months before June 2022?", "date": "April 26 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["Malaysian Islamic Party"]}, "id": "L2H_Q95947458_P102_9", "fact_context": "Khairuddin Razali held the position of Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities from March 2020 to August 2021. \nKhairuddin Razali held the position of Member of the Dewan Rakyat from May 2013 to May 2018. \nKhairuddin Razali was a member of the independent politician from March 2022 to May 2023. \nKhairuddin Razali was a member of the Malaysian Islamic Party from January 1989 to March 2022.", "adv_fact_context": "Khairuddin Razali was a member of the Malaysian Islamic Party from Jan 1989 to 03/2022. \n Khairuddin Razali held the position of Member of the Dewan Rakyat from May 2013 to 05/2018. \n Khairuddin Razali held the position of Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities from 03/2020 to 08/2021. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the independent politician from March 2022 to May 2023.", "context": "Khairuddin RazaliMohd Khairuddin bin Aman Razali (Jawi \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a; born 9 December 1973) is a Malaysian politician from the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), a component party of the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition who has served as the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities in the PN administration under Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin since March 2020 and Member of Parliament (MP) for Kuala Nerus since May 2013.Mohd Khairuddin was born in Kampung Baru, Seberang Takir, Kuala Terengganu on 9 December 1973. He is the eldest of 16 siblings.Early secondary education at the Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious Secondary School, Ladang, Kuala Terengganu in 1986. After achieving outstanding results in SRP in 1988, he was offered an offer at Klang Islamic College. But the heart is bound to enter the flow of Thanawi which is fully Arabic in Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious Secondary School in Kuala Terengganu.However, his education in the Thanawi stream could not be completed because after obtaining a successful SPM which he took privately in 1990, he was more than willing to go abroad to seek knowledge. As a result, an offer to further his studies in 1992 to the University of Jordan was accepted.Succeeded with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Arabic Language & Literature at the University of Jordan in 1996. His undergraduate degree continued and earned a Bachelor of Arabic Language and Literature at Aal al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan in 2000. Master's thesis title he was \" \"Significant and Genetic Participatory Particles on the Syntax\" (Signifikan Partikel Setara dan Genetif di sisi Sarjana Sintaksis) and \"Scholar of Fiqh Proposals and their Influence on Syariah Text Understanding\" (Sarjana Usul Fiqh serta pengaruhnya terhadap Kefahaman Teks Syarak) \"He then obtained a PhD in Islamic Studies (2011) at the Department of Arabic & Islamic Civilization, FPI, UKM with the thesis entitled: \" \"Waw Particle Rhetoric in the Qur'an and Its Influence on Translating the Meaning of the Qur'an into Malay (Retorik Partikel Waw Dalam al-Qur'an Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Penterjemahan Makna al-Qur'an ke Dalam Bahasa Melayu) . \"\"Started lecturing on radio and TV since returning to Malaysia in 1999. Has been working on Arabic language programming 2000 on RTM Radio Nasional at 6.15pm for 3 years. Spoken at various slots on RTM Radio Nasional and IKIM Radio. Also on TV1, TV2, TV3 and more. Likewise active in lectures, discussions, seminars throughout the country in mosques, suraus and government departments and ministries. In 2004 founded Darul Fuqaha education and welfare center in Sg. Merab Bangi, Selangor and Tahfiz Intellectual Islam in 2007. He is active as a Speaker (in mosques, TV and radio), Author (books, articles and papers), Publisher (Islamic books, Social Workers and Islamic Medical Practitioners).1. Founder and Chairman of Maahad Tahfiz Orphan Darul Fuqaha (2004\u2013present)2. Founder and Chairman of the Smart Islamic Primary School Tahfiz Fuqaha (2008\u2013present)3. Chairman of Smart Islamic Primary School, Kuala Terengganu (2008\u2013present)1. Member of Political Cluster, Islamic Consultative Council (2016\u20132018)2. Founder and President of Nadwah Muslim Scientist (2007\u20132013)3. Founder and Chairman of the Malaysian Ummah Concerned Association (2013\u20132018)4. Founder of Malaysian Islamic Book Publishers and Distributors (2008\u20132013)5. Member of Working Committee of Malaysian Scholars Association (2007\u20132011)He first became active in PAS after leaving his educational career. He is active in the PAS Legislative Council and has served in several capacities. He served as Treasurer of the Central PAS Clerks in the 2009\u20132011 term, Secretary of the Central PAS Clerk of the House (2011\u20132013) and Head of Information of the Central PAS Clerks (2013\u20132017). In addition, he has been a Member of the Central PAS Working Committee since 2013 to date. As the PAS Central AJK, he has held portfolios as Chairman of the PAS Central Economic Development, Property and Entrepreneur Development (2013\u2013present), PAS Central Vice-Chair of International Poverty Law (2015\u20132017) and Director of the Central PAS Strategic Institute (2013\u2013present). He has also been elected to the PAS Syura Syura Council since 2013.He is a member of parliament of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu who has been contesting on PAS tickets since 2013. In 2013, he defeated the incumbent Mohd Nasir Ibrahim Fikri with slim majority by 610 votes.He retained the seat in 2018 after defeating a well-known Motivator Tengku Asmadi Tengku Mohamad from Barisan Nasional and Abdullah Mohamed from Pakatan Harapan with a wider majority by 8,447 votes.Immediately following the end of the Malaysian General Elections 2018, the State of Terengganu is ruled by the PAS. He has been appointed by Terengganu State Government to be the chairman of the board of 4 state-owned companies beginning 2018, namely the Terengganu Strategic & Integrity Institute (TSIS), Darul Iman Training Center (DITC), Paya Bunga Hotel, and Duyong Marina & Resort. Earlier, he was appointed by Kelantan State Government as the Kelantan Government Economic Advisory Panel since 2014.He has been appointed Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities Malaysia in the new cabinet by Prime Minister, Muhyiddin Yassin.He has been active in several international organizations including being a board member and Assistant Secretary of the International Conference of Islamic members of parliament (IIFP) from 2018 to the present. He is also the Treasurer of the Youth Wing, International Conference on Asian Political Parties (ICAPP) from 2019 to the present.He is renown for his fellow Member of Parliament's claim that he brought in RM82\u00a0billion worth of investments for Malaysia while on a semi-personal trip to Turkey, and subsequently violated legally-mandated COVID quarantine procedures when he returned to Malaysia. In 2019, Malaysia's FDI was recorded at RM32\u00a0billion (US$8\u00a0billion). For that achievement, he was compared to the hudhud bird mentioned in the Quran. The Prophet Mohamad prohibited the killing of hud-hud bird due to its sagacity. Upon investigation, he was fined RM1,000 (US$250) for violating quarantine, despite commoners being fined up to RM8,000 (US$2,000) and a day's jail. Popular speculations on his hudhud-like political survivability point to the fact that the sitting Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin has a narrow, 2-seat majority in Parliament and any fines above RM2,000 (US$500) would have disqualified Dato' Dr. Mohd Khairuddin of his position in the Parliament, thus further weakening the Prime Minister's majority and achieving the intention of Muhyiddin Yassin of not wanting to be the Prime Minister in the first place.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["independent politician"], "facts": [["Khairuddin Razali", "position held", "Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities", "March 2020", "August 2021"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "member of political party", "independent politician", "March 2022", "May 2023"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "member of political party", "Malaysian Islamic Party", "January 1989", "March 2022"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "position held", "Member of the Dewan Rakyat", "May 2013", "May 2018"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Solomon Lefschetz work for 7 years and 7 months after July 1910?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Solomon Lefschetz work for seven years and seven months after Jul 1910?", "date": "February 15 1918", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Kansas"]}, "id": "L2H_Q371942_P108_28", "fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from January 1924 to January 1953. \nSolomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \nSolomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from January 1944 to January 1966. \nSolomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from January 1910 to January 1911. \nSolomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from January 1907 to January 1910. \nSolomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from January 1913 to January 1924. \nSolomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to January 1913. \nSolomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to January 1906. \nSolomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from January 1902 to January 1905.", "adv_fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to 01/1913. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from Jan 1944 to 01/1966. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from 01/1924 to 01/1953. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from 01/1902 to 01/1905. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to 01/1906. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from Jan 1910 to January 1911. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from Jan 1907 to 01/1910. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from 01/1913 to 01/1924.", "context": "Solomon LefschetzSolomon Lefschetz (; 3 September 1884 \u2013 5 October 1972) was an American mathematician who did fundamental work on algebraic topology, its applications to algebraic geometry, and the theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations.He was born in Moscow, the son of Alexander Lefschetz and his wife Sarah or Vera Lifschitz, Jewish traders who used to travel around Europe and the Middle East (they held Ottoman passports). Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Paris. He was educated there in engineering at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris, but emigrated to the US in 1905.He was badly injured in an industrial accident in 1907, losing both hands. He moved towards mathematics, receiving a Ph.D. in algebraic geometry from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1911. He then took positions in University of Nebraska and University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University in 1924, where he was soon given a permanent position. He remained there until 1953.In the application of topology to algebraic geometry, he followed the work of Charles \u00c9mile Picard, whom he had heard lecture in Paris at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris. He proved theorems on the topology of hyperplane sections of algebraic varieties, which provide a basic inductive tool (these are now seen as allied to Morse theory, though a Lefschetz pencil of hyperplane sections is a more subtle system than a Morse function because hyperplanes intersect each other). The Picard\u2013Lefschetz formula in the theory of vanishing cycles is a basic tool relating the degeneration of families of varieties with 'loss' of topology, to monodromy. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg. His book \"L'analysis situs et la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie alg\u00e9brique\" from 1924, though opaque foundationally given the current technical state of homology theory, was in the long term very influential (one could say that it was one of the sources for the eventual proof of the Weil conjectures, through SGA 7 also for the study of Picard groups of Zariski surface). In 1924 he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in mathematical analysis.The Lefschetz fixed point theorem, now a basic result of topology, was developed by him in papers from 1923 to 1927, initially for manifolds. Later, with the rise of cohomology theory in the 1930s, he contributed to the intersection number approach (that is, in cohomological terms, the ring structure) via the cup product and duality on manifolds. His work on topology was summed up in his monograph \"Algebraic Topology\" (1942). From 1944 he worked on differential equations.He was editor of the \"Annals of Mathematics\" from 1928 to 1958. During this time, the \"Annals\" became an increasingly well-known and respected journal, and Lefschetz played an important role in this.In 1945 he travelled to Mexico for the first time, where he joined the Institute of Mathematics at the National University of Mexico as a visiting professor. He visited frequently for long periods, and during 1953\u20131966 he spent most of his winters in Mexico City. He played an important role in the foundation of mathematics in Mexico, and sent several students back to Princeton. His students included Emilio Lluis, Jos\u00e9 Adem, Samuel Gitler, Santiago L\u00f3pez de Medrano, Francisco Javier Gonz\u00e1lez-Acu\u00f1a and Alberto Verjovsky.Lefschetz came out of retirement in 1958, because of the launch of Sputnik, to augment the mathematical component of Glenn L. Martin Company's Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS) in Baltimore, Maryland. His team became the world's largest group of mathematicians devoted to research in nonlinear differential equations. The RIAS mathematics group stimulated the growth of nonlinear differential equations through conferences and publications. He left RIAS in 1964 to form the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Research Institute for Advanced Studies", "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln", "Princeton University", "Baldwin Locomotive Works", "Westinghouse Electric"], "facts": [["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "Clark University", "January 1910", "January 1911"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Research Institute for Advanced Studies", "January 1957", "January 1964"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "January 1944", "January 1966"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Baldwin Locomotive Works", "January 1905", "January 1906"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln", "January 1911", "January 1913"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Kansas", "January 1913", "January 1924"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "\u00c9cole Centrale Paris", "January 1902", "January 1905"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1924", "January 1953"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Westinghouse Electric", "January 1907", "January 1910"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Frigyes Riesz work for 23 years and 11 months after January 1899?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Frigyes Riesz work for 23 years and 11 months after Jan 1899?", "date": "December 14 1922", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Szeged"]}, "id": "L2H_Q380366_P108_5", "fact_context": "Frigyes Riesz studied at E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University from January 1899 to January 1901. \nFrigyes Riesz worked for University of Szeged from January 1920 to January 1945. \nFrigyes Riesz studied at University of Zurich from January 1897 to January 1899. \nFrigyes Riesz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1901 to January 1902.", "adv_fact_context": "Frigyes Riesz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1901 to 01/1902. \n Frigyes Riesz studied at E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University from January 1899 to Jan 1901. \n Frigyes Riesz worked for University of Szeged from 01/1920 to 01/1945. \n Frigyes Riesz studied at University of Zurich from 01/1897 to January 1899.", "context": "Frigyes RieszFrigyes Riesz (, , sometimes spelled as Frederic; 22 January 1880 \u2013 28 February 1956) was a Hungarian mathematician who made fundamental contributions to functional analysis, as did his younger brother Marcel Riesz.He was born into a Jewish family in Gy\u0151r, Austria-Hungary and died in Budapest, Hungary. Between 1911 and 1919 he was a professor at the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsv\u00e1r, Austria-Hungary. The post-WW1 Treaty of Trianon transferred former Austro-Hungarian territory including Kolozsv\u00e1r to the Kingdom of Romania, whereupon Kolozsv\u00e1r's name changed to Cluj and the University of Kolozsv\u00e1r moved to Szeged, Hungary, becoming the University of Szeged. Then, Riesz was the rector and a professor at the University of Szeged, as well as a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. and the Polish Academy of Learning. He was the older brother of the mathematician Marcel Riesz.Riesz did some of the fundamental work in developing functional analysis and his work has had a number of important applications in physics. He established the spectral theory for bounded symmetric operators in a form very much like that now regarded as standard. He also made many contributions to other areas including ergodic theory, topology and he gave an elementary proof of the mean ergodic theorem.Riesz founded the Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum journal together with Alfr\u00e9d Haar.He had an uncommon method of giving lectures: he entered the lecture hall with an assistant and a docent. The docent then began reading the proper passages from Riesz's handbook and the assistant wrote the appropriate equations on the blackboard\u2014while Riesz himself stood aside, nodding occasionally.The Swiss-American mathematician Edgar Lorch spent 1934 in Szeged working under Riesz and wrote a reminiscence about his time there, including his collaboration with Riesz.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Frigyes Riesz", "educated at", "E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University", "January 1899", "January 1901"], ["Frigyes Riesz", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1920", "January 1945"], ["Frigyes Riesz", "educated at", "University of Zurich", "January 1897", "January 1899"], ["Frigyes Riesz", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1901", "January 1902"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Rafael Artzy work for 31 years and 11 months before October 1994?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Rafael Artzy work for 31 years and 11 months before Oct 1994?", "date": "November 23 1962", "text_answers": {"text": ["Rutgers University"]}, "id": "L2H_Q7282028_P108_69", "fact_context": "Rafael Artzy worked for Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology from January 1958 to January 1960. \nRafael Artzy studied at University of K\u00f6nigsberg from January 1930 to January 1933. \nRafael Artzy worked for Rutgers University from January 1961 to January 1965. \nRafael Artzy worked for Temple University from January 1967 to January 1973. \nRafael Artzy worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 1960 to January 1961. \nRafael Artzy worked for University of Haifa from January 1973 to January 1995. \nRafael Artzy studied at Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1933 to January 1934. \nRafael Artzy worked for University at Buffalo from January 1965 to January 1967. \nRafael Artzy worked for University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from January 1956 to January 1958.", "adv_fact_context": "Rafael Artzy worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 01/1960 to 01/1961. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from Jan 1956 to Jan 1958. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology from 01/1958 to January 1960. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Temple University from Jan 1967 to January 1973. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Rutgers University from Jan 1961 to Jan 1965. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University at Buffalo from Jan 1965 to 01/1967. \n Rafael Artzy studied at Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 01/1933 to 01/1934. \n Rafael Artzy studied at University of K\u00f6nigsberg from Jan 1930 to January 1933. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Haifa from 01/1973 to January 1995.", "context": "Rafael ArtzyRafael Artzy (23 July 1912 \u2013 22 August 2006) was an Israeli mathematician specializing in geometry.Artzy was born July 23, 1912, in K\u00f6nigsberg, Germany. His father was Edward I. Deutschlander and his mother Ida Freudenheim. Rafael studied at K\u00f6nigsberg University from 1930 to 1933. He transferred to Hebrew University and obtained a master\u2019s degree in 1934. He married Elly Iwiansky on October 12, 1934. Rafael continued his studies at Hebrew University under Theodore Motzkin, obtaining a Ph.D. in 1945. Elly and Rafael raised three children: Ehud, Michal, and Barak. Ehud and Barak died before their father. Michal Artzy is emeritus professor in Marine Civilization at the University of Haifa.Rafael served as both teacher and principal of Israel High School from 1934 to 1951. He was an instructor and assistant professor at the Israel Institute of Technology from 1951 to 1956.Rafael Artzy took up a position as research associate and lecturer at University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1956. That year he also made his first of many contributions to Mathematical Reviews. Artzy became associate professor at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1960. The following year Rutgers University made him a full professor. In 1964 he was a visitor at the Institute for Advanced Study. He wrote \"Linear Geometry\" (1965) which was favorably reviewed by H. S. M. Coxeter In 1965 Artzy was at State University of New York in Buffalo. In 1967 he joined Temple University where he was for five years.In 1972 Rafael Artzy returned to Israel and participated in mathematics at Technion in Haifa. He helped organize a quadrennial conference on geometry at Haifa. For instance, in March 1979 such a conference was held and the proceedings \"Geometry and Differential Geometry\" was edited by Artzy and I. Vaisman and published in Springer Lecture Notes as #792. In 1992 he published \"Geometry. An Algebraic Approach\" Artzy had made 224 contributions to \"Mathematical Reviews\" by his last submission in 1995.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University at Buffalo", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "Temple University", "University of Haifa"], "facts": [["Rafael Artzy", "educated at", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "January 1933", "January 1934"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "January 1958", "January 1960"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "January 1960", "January 1961"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1965", "January 1967"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Temple University", "January 1967", "January 1973"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Rutgers University", "January 1961", "January 1965"], ["Rafael Artzy", "educated at", "University of K\u00f6nigsberg", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of Haifa", "January 1973", "January 1995"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison", "January 1956", "January 1958"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did J\u00fcri Adams belong to after he/she was the member of Isamaa?", "adv_question": "Which political party did J\u00fcri Adams belong to after he/she was the member of Isamaa?", "date": "January 01 2014", "text_answers": {"text": ["Estonian Free Party"]}, "id": "L3_Q12365796_P102_P102_10", "fact_context": "J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian National Independence Party from January 1988 to January 1995. \n J\u00fcri Adams held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from March 2015 to May 2023. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Isamaa from January 2006 to January 2014. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Pro Patria Union from January 1995 to January 2006. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian Free Party from January 2014 to January 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Isamaa from Jan 2006 to January 2014. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian National Independence Party from Jan 1988 to 01/1995. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Pro Patria Union from Jan 1995 to January 2006. \n J\u00fcri Adams was a member of the Estonian Free Party from January 2014 to 01/2019. \n J\u00fcri Adams held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from Mar 2015 to May 2023.", "context": "J\u00fcri AdamsJ\u00fcri Adams (born 22 November 1947) is an Estonian politician. He formerly was the Justice Minister of Estonia from 1994 to 1995. He has been a member of numerous political parties, including the Estonian National Independence Party, Pro Patria Union and later the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. From 2014 to 2019 he was a member of the Estonian Free Party and a member of the Riigikogu.Adams graduated from the Tartu Distance Learning Secondary School in 1966, studied mathematics at Moscow State University and philology at the University of Tartu. He graduated from Luua Metsanduskool with a degree in forestry machinery in 1982.Adams has worked, among other things, as a teacher, forest warden and boiler-maker.In the time before Estonia regained its independence, Adams participated in the Estonian resistance movement and in the underground in the free press. Among other things, he translated the secret protocols of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact into Estonian. In 1978, he founded the magazine \"Additions to the Freedom of Thoughts and News in Estonia\". In 1988, Adams was one of the founders of the program and articles of association of the Estonian National Independence Party, and then the vice chairman of the party. From 1990 to 1992, he was the vice chairman of the Estonian Congress.Adams was a member of the Constitutional Assembly. He is considered to be the main author of the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia. From 1992 to 2003, and again from 2015 onwards, he has been a member of the Riigikogu, where he was chairman of the Committee on Legal Affairs.From 1994 to 1995, Adams was the Justice Minister of Estonia under prime minister Andres Tarand. However, from 2003 to 2014, he did not participate in active political activities. Adams is one of the founders of the Jaan T\u00f5nisson Institute and, since 2007, has been the chairman of their council.Adams is the son of writer and literary scholar Valmar Adams.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Pro Patria Union", "Estonian National Independence Party", "Isamaa"], "facts": [["J\u00fcri Adams", "position held", "member of the Estonian Riigikogu", "March 2015", "May 2023"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Pro Patria Union", "January 1995", "January 2006"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Estonian National Independence Party", "January 1988", "January 1995"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Estonian Free Party", "January 2014", "January 2019"], ["J\u00fcri Adams", "member of political party", "Isamaa", "January 2006", "January 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton hold before he/she was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames?", "adv_question": "Which position did Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton hold before he/she was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames?", "date": "December 10 1957", "text_answers": {"text": ["heir apparent"]}, "id": "L3_Q22004678_P39_P26_3", "fact_context": "Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Susanne Suckling from January 1974 to April 2018. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton held the position of heir apparent from February 1934 to May 1957. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Kyra Aslin from March 1963 to January 1973. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames from December 1957 to January 1962.", "adv_fact_context": "Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames from Dec 1957 to 01/1962. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Susanne Suckling from January 1974 to 04/2018. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton held the position of heir apparent from Feb 1934 to May 1957. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Kyra Aslin from Mar 1963 to January 1973.", "context": "Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of WiltonFrancis Egerton Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton (born 8 February 1934) is a British aristocrat, financier, and academic. He is the eldest son of Robert Egerton Grosvenor, 5th Baron Ebury, and his first wife, Anne Acland-Troyte. He succeeded his father as 6th Baron Ebury in 1957, and his fourth cousin, Seymour William Arthur John Egerton, 7th Earl of Wilton, to the earldom in 1999.Following a career in the financial services industry in London, Melbourne and Hong Kong, he attained a doctorate in Philosophy-Arts at Melbourne University, going on to teach there as 'Dr Francis Ebury'. The Earl is a member of the Board of Directors of Victorian Opera (Melbourne).He married firstly, on 10 December 1957 (marriage dissolved 1962), Gilian Elfrida Astley Elfin Soames, with issue:He married secondly, on 8 March 1963 (marriage dissolved 1973), Kyra Aslin.He married thirdly, in 1974, Suzanne Jean Suckling (4 August 1943 - 12 April 2018), with issue:As \"Sue Ebury\", his third wife was a biographer (\"The Many Lives of Kenneth Myer\"; \"Weary the Life of Sir Edward Dunlop\", \"Weary: King Of The River\"), editor and publisher; member of the Development Council of the National Library of Australia, and Patron of the Australian Garden History Society.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "spouse", "Kyra Aslin", "March 1963", "January 1973"], ["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "spouse", "Susanne Suckling", "January 1974", "April 2018"], ["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "position held", "heir apparent", "February 1934", "May 1957"], ["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "spouse", "Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames", "December 1957", "January 1962"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton after he/she was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton after he/she was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames?", "date": "January 01 1962", "text_answers": {"text": ["Kyra Aslin"]}, "id": "L3_Q22004678_P26_P26_4", "fact_context": "Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Susanne Suckling from January 1974 to April 2018. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Kyra Aslin from March 1963 to January 1973. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton held the position of heir apparent from February 1934 to May 1957. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames from December 1957 to January 1962.", "adv_fact_context": "Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton held the position of heir apparent from Feb 1934 to May 1957. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Kyra Aslin from Mar 1963 to January 1973. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames from Dec 1957 to 01/1962. \n Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton was married to Susanne Suckling from January 1974 to 04/2018.", "context": "Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of WiltonFrancis Egerton Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton (born 8 February 1934) is a British aristocrat, financier, and academic. He is the eldest son of Robert Egerton Grosvenor, 5th Baron Ebury, and his first wife, Anne Acland-Troyte. He succeeded his father as 6th Baron Ebury in 1957, and his fourth cousin, Seymour William Arthur John Egerton, 7th Earl of Wilton, to the earldom in 1999.Following a career in the financial services industry in London, Melbourne and Hong Kong, he attained a doctorate in Philosophy-Arts at Melbourne University, going on to teach there as 'Dr Francis Ebury'. The Earl is a member of the Board of Directors of Victorian Opera (Melbourne).He married firstly, on 10 December 1957 (marriage dissolved 1962), Gilian Elfrida Astley Elfin Soames, with issue:He married secondly, on 8 March 1963 (marriage dissolved 1973), Kyra Aslin.He married thirdly, in 1974, Suzanne Jean Suckling (4 August 1943 - 12 April 2018), with issue:As \"Sue Ebury\", his third wife was a biographer (\"The Many Lives of Kenneth Myer\"; \"Weary the Life of Sir Edward Dunlop\", \"Weary: King Of The River\"), editor and publisher; member of the Development Council of the National Library of Australia, and Patron of the Australian Garden History Society.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames", "Susanne Suckling"], "facts": [["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "spouse", "Gillian Elfrida Astley Soames", "December 1957", "January 1962"], ["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "spouse", "Susanne Suckling", "January 1974", "April 2018"], ["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "position held", "heir apparent", "February 1934", "May 1957"], ["Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton", "spouse", "Kyra Aslin", "March 1963", "January 1973"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Anna Wilmarth Ickes after he/she studied at University of Chicago?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Anna Wilmarth Ickes after he/she studied at University of Chicago?", "date": "January 01 1896", "text_answers": {"text": ["James Westfall Thompson"]}, "id": "L3_Q31854559_P26_P69_0", "fact_context": "Anna Wilmarth Ickes was a member of the Progressive Party (United States, 1912) from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes held the position of member of the Illinois House of Representatives from January 1928 to January 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to Harold L. Ickes from September 1911 to August 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes studied at University of Chicago from January 1893 to January 1896. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to James Westfall Thompson from January 1897 to January 1909.", "adv_fact_context": "Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to Harold L. Ickes from 09/1911 to August 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes held the position of member of the Illinois House of Representatives from Jan 1928 to Jan 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to James Westfall Thompson from 01/1897 to 01/1909. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was a member of the Progressive Party (United States, 1912) from January 1912 to 01/1916. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes studied at University of Chicago from Jan 1893 to January 1896.", "context": "Anna Wilmarth IckesAnna Wilmarth Thompson Ickes (January 27, 1873 \u2013 August 31, 1935) was an American politician and activist.Born Anna Hawes Wilmarth in Chicago, Illinois, to Henry Martin Wilmarth, a manufacturer and organizer of the First National Bank of Chicago, and Mary Jane (Hawes) Wilmarth (1837\u20131919), a civic and reform leader, Wilmarth went to the South Division High School and to the University of Chicago. Ickes was influenced by her mother, Mary Wilmarth, a progressive woman's activist and colleague of Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.In 1897, she married James Westfall Thompson (1869\u20131941), who was an instructor at the University of Chicago; in 1909, they were granted a divorce. On September 16, 1911, she married Harold L. Ickes, an attorney. Anna Ickes supported the Women's Trade Union League and the Hull House in Chicago. In 1912, Ickes and her husband Harold Ickes supported the Progressive Party. In 1920, Anna and Harold Ickes supported James M. Cox for President of the United States. From 1924 to 1929, Ickes served on the University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Ickes belonged to the Woman's City Club and the Chicago Woman's Club who endorsed her run for the Illinois House of Representatives. She won and served for three terms, as a Republican from 1929 to 1935. In 1935, Ickes went to New Mexico to study the customs and ceremonies of the Navajos and the Pueblos Native Americans. In 1933, she wrote a book: \"Mesa Land\" about the Native Americans. Ickes was killed in an automobile accident in Velarde, New Mexico.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Harold L. Ickes"], "facts": [["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "position held", "member of the Illinois House of Representatives", "January 1928", "January 1935"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "spouse", "James Westfall Thompson", "January 1897", "January 1909"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "educated at", "University of Chicago", "January 1893", "January 1896"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "spouse", "Harold L. Ickes", "September 1911", "August 1935"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "member of political party", "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)", "January 1912", "January 1916"]]}
{"question": "Where was Anna Wilmarth Ickes educated before he/she was married to James Westfall Thompson?", "adv_question": "Where was Anna Wilmarth Ickes educated before he/she was married to James Westfall Thompson?", "date": "January 01 1897", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Chicago"]}, "id": "L3_Q31854559_P69_P26_4", "fact_context": "Anna Wilmarth Ickes studied at University of Chicago from January 1893 to January 1896. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes held the position of member of the Illinois House of Representatives from January 1928 to January 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was a member of the Progressive Party (United States, 1912) from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to Harold L. Ickes from September 1911 to August 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to James Westfall Thompson from January 1897 to January 1909.", "adv_fact_context": "Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to Harold L. Ickes from 09/1911 to August 1935. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was a member of the Progressive Party (United States, 1912) from January 1912 to 01/1916. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes was married to James Westfall Thompson from 01/1897 to 01/1909. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes studied at University of Chicago from Jan 1893 to January 1896. \n Anna Wilmarth Ickes held the position of member of the Illinois House of Representatives from Jan 1928 to Jan 1935.", "context": "Anna Wilmarth IckesAnna Wilmarth Thompson Ickes (January 27, 1873 \u2013 August 31, 1935) was an American politician and activist.Born Anna Hawes Wilmarth in Chicago, Illinois, to Henry Martin Wilmarth, a manufacturer and organizer of the First National Bank of Chicago, and Mary Jane (Hawes) Wilmarth (1837\u20131919), a civic and reform leader, Wilmarth went to the South Division High School and to the University of Chicago. Ickes was influenced by her mother, Mary Wilmarth, a progressive woman's activist and colleague of Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.In 1897, she married James Westfall Thompson (1869\u20131941), who was an instructor at the University of Chicago; in 1909, they were granted a divorce. On September 16, 1911, she married Harold L. Ickes, an attorney. Anna Ickes supported the Women's Trade Union League and the Hull House in Chicago. In 1912, Ickes and her husband Harold Ickes supported the Progressive Party. In 1920, Anna and Harold Ickes supported James M. Cox for President of the United States. From 1924 to 1929, Ickes served on the University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Ickes belonged to the Woman's City Club and the Chicago Woman's Club who endorsed her run for the Illinois House of Representatives. She won and served for three terms, as a Republican from 1929 to 1935. In 1935, Ickes went to New Mexico to study the customs and ceremonies of the Navajos and the Pueblos Native Americans. In 1933, she wrote a book: \"Mesa Land\" about the Native Americans. Ickes was killed in an automobile accident in Velarde, New Mexico.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "spouse", "Harold L. Ickes", "September 1911", "August 1935"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "member of political party", "Progressive Party (United States, 1912)", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "educated at", "University of Chicago", "January 1893", "January 1896"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "position held", "member of the Illinois House of Representatives", "January 1928", "January 1935"], ["Anna Wilmarth Ickes", "spouse", "James Westfall Thompson", "January 1897", "January 1909"]]}
{"question": "Where was Evan Tom Davies educated after he/she studied at Aberystwyth University?", "adv_question": "Where was Evan Tom Davies educated after he/she studied at Aberystwyth University?", "date": "January 01 1924", "text_answers": {"text": ["Swansea University"]}, "id": "L3_Q20476511_P69_P69_0", "fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to January 1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from January 1946 to January 1969. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from January 1930 to January 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from January 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from January 1924 to January 1926.", "adv_fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from Jan 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to 01/1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from 01/1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from Jan 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from 01/1930 to Jan 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from Jan 1921 to 01/1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from Jan 1946 to 01/1969.", "context": "Evan Tom DaviesEvan Tom Davies (24 September 1904 \u2013 8 October 1973) was a Welsh mathematician. He studied applications of the Lie derivative as it relates to Riemannian geometry as well as absolute differential calculus, and published a large number of papers relating to the subjects.Davies was born in 1904 in Pencader, Carmarthenshire, a small village in Wales. He was the son of two farmers and attended a local primary school. After finishing primary school, Davies received a full ride scholarship to Llandysul County School in the neighbouring town of Llandysul. There he became friends with Evan James Williams, a future professor of physics at Aberystwyth University and member of the Royal Society. In 1921, he enrolled in Aberystwyth University. He would graduate with a Bachelor of Science with honours in the field of applied mathematics. After graduation he went to Swansea University where he studied pure mathematics and received his master's degree. Davies would move to Rome in August 1926 to study with the leading expert on absolute differential calculus, Tullio Levi-Civita. There he received his doctorate.In 1930, after a short academic break due to poor health, Davies accepted a position as an assistant lecturer at King's College London. There he was promoted twice, first to Lecturer in 1935, and later to Reader in 1946. Davies was affected by the evacuation of King's College due to the London Blitz and was forced to temporarily relocate to the University of Bristol. After the conclusion of the Second World War and his subsequent promotion to Lecturer; Davie would become the chair of mathematics at the University of Southampton. He stayed at Southampton until his retirement in 1969 at the age of 65. After retirement, he went on to be a professor of mathematics at the University of Calgary for a period two years until leaving to be a professor at the University of Waterloo. He died at the age of 69 while employed there.Davies' first marriage was to Margaret Helen Picton in 1941, but she died a few years later in 1944. In 1955 he remarried, to Hilda Gladys Boyens, and they had one son. He made a hobby of linguistics and was fluent in five languages.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sapienza University of Rome", "Aberystwyth University"], "facts": [["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Aberystwyth University", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Swansea University", "January 1924", "January 1926"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Waterloo", "January 1971", "January 1973"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Calgary", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "King's College London", "January 1930", "January 1946"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Southampton", "January 1946", "January 1969"]]}
{"question": "Where was Evan Tom Davies educated before he/she studied at Sapienza University of Rome?", "adv_question": "Where was Evan Tom Davies educated before he/she studied at Sapienza University of Rome?", "date": "January 01 1926", "text_answers": {"text": ["Swansea University"]}, "id": "L3_Q20476511_P69_P69_13", "fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from January 1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to January 1973. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from January 1930 to January 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from January 1946 to January 1969. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from January 1969 to January 1971.", "adv_fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from Jan 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to 01/1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from Jan 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from 01/1930 to Jan 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from Jan 1946 to 01/1969. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from Jan 1921 to 01/1924. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from 01/1924 to January 1926.", "context": "Evan Tom DaviesEvan Tom Davies (24 September 1904 \u2013 8 October 1973) was a Welsh mathematician. He studied applications of the Lie derivative as it relates to Riemannian geometry as well as absolute differential calculus, and published a large number of papers relating to the subjects.Davies was born in 1904 in Pencader, Carmarthenshire, a small village in Wales. He was the son of two farmers and attended a local primary school. After finishing primary school, Davies received a full ride scholarship to Llandysul County School in the neighbouring town of Llandysul. There he became friends with Evan James Williams, a future professor of physics at Aberystwyth University and member of the Royal Society. In 1921, he enrolled in Aberystwyth University. He would graduate with a Bachelor of Science with honours in the field of applied mathematics. After graduation he went to Swansea University where he studied pure mathematics and received his master's degree. Davies would move to Rome in August 1926 to study with the leading expert on absolute differential calculus, Tullio Levi-Civita. There he received his doctorate.In 1930, after a short academic break due to poor health, Davies accepted a position as an assistant lecturer at King's College London. There he was promoted twice, first to Lecturer in 1935, and later to Reader in 1946. Davies was affected by the evacuation of King's College due to the London Blitz and was forced to temporarily relocate to the University of Bristol. After the conclusion of the Second World War and his subsequent promotion to Lecturer; Davie would become the chair of mathematics at the University of Southampton. He stayed at Southampton until his retirement in 1969 at the age of 65. After retirement, he went on to be a professor of mathematics at the University of Calgary for a period two years until leaving to be a professor at the University of Waterloo. He died at the age of 69 while employed there.Davies' first marriage was to Margaret Helen Picton in 1941, but she died a few years later in 1944. In 1955 he remarried, to Hilda Gladys Boyens, and they had one son. He made a hobby of linguistics and was fluent in five languages.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sapienza University of Rome", "Aberystwyth University"], "facts": [["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Aberystwyth University", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Southampton", "January 1946", "January 1969"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "King's College London", "January 1930", "January 1946"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Calgary", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Waterloo", "January 1971", "January 1973"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Swansea University", "January 1924", "January 1926"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Evan Tom Davies work for after he/she studied at Sapienza University of Rome?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Evan Tom Davies work for after he/she studied at Sapienza University of Rome?", "date": "January 01 1930", "text_answers": {"text": ["King's College London"]}, "id": "L3_Q20476511_P108_P69_14", "fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from January 1946 to January 1969. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from January 1930 to January 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to January 1973. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from January 1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from January 1969 to January 1971.", "adv_fact_context": "Evan Tom Davies studied at Aberystwyth University from Jan 1921 to 01/1924. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for King's College London from 01/1930 to Jan 1946. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Swansea University from 01/1924 to January 1926. \n Evan Tom Davies studied at Sapienza University of Rome from Jan 1926 to January 1930. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Waterloo from January 1971 to 01/1973. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Calgary from Jan 1969 to January 1971. \n Evan Tom Davies worked for University of Southampton from Jan 1946 to 01/1969.", "context": "Evan Tom DaviesEvan Tom Davies (24 September 1904 \u2013 8 October 1973) was a Welsh mathematician. He studied applications of the Lie derivative as it relates to Riemannian geometry as well as absolute differential calculus, and published a large number of papers relating to the subjects.Davies was born in 1904 in Pencader, Carmarthenshire, a small village in Wales. He was the son of two farmers and attended a local primary school. After finishing primary school, Davies received a full ride scholarship to Llandysul County School in the neighbouring town of Llandysul. There he became friends with Evan James Williams, a future professor of physics at Aberystwyth University and member of the Royal Society. In 1921, he enrolled in Aberystwyth University. He would graduate with a Bachelor of Science with honours in the field of applied mathematics. After graduation he went to Swansea University where he studied pure mathematics and received his master's degree. Davies would move to Rome in August 1926 to study with the leading expert on absolute differential calculus, Tullio Levi-Civita. There he received his doctorate.In 1930, after a short academic break due to poor health, Davies accepted a position as an assistant lecturer at King's College London. There he was promoted twice, first to Lecturer in 1935, and later to Reader in 1946. Davies was affected by the evacuation of King's College due to the London Blitz and was forced to temporarily relocate to the University of Bristol. After the conclusion of the Second World War and his subsequent promotion to Lecturer; Davie would become the chair of mathematics at the University of Southampton. He stayed at Southampton until his retirement in 1969 at the age of 65. After retirement, he went on to be a professor of mathematics at the University of Calgary for a period two years until leaving to be a professor at the University of Waterloo. He died at the age of 69 while employed there.Davies' first marriage was to Margaret Helen Picton in 1941, but she died a few years later in 1944. In 1955 he remarried, to Hilda Gladys Boyens, and they had one son. He made a hobby of linguistics and was fluent in five languages.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Southampton", "University of Waterloo", "University of Calgary"], "facts": [["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Aberystwyth University", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "King's College London", "January 1930", "January 1946"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Calgary", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Southampton", "January 1946", "January 1969"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Swansea University", "January 1924", "January 1926"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Evan Tom Davies", "employer", "University of Waterloo", "January 1971", "January 1973"]]}
{"question": "Where was Stefan Mazurkiewicz educated after he/she studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich?", "adv_question": "Where was Stefan Mazurkiewicz educated after he/she studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich?", "date": "January 01 1910", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of G\u00f6ttingen"]}, "id": "L3_Q656642_P69_P69_5", "fact_context": "Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1907 to January 1910. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at Lviv University from January 1912 to January 1913. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz worked for University of Warsaw from January 1915 to January 1945. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at Jagiellonian University from January 1906 to January 1907. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1910 to January 1912.", "adv_fact_context": "Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at Jagiellonian University from 01/1906 to January 1907. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1910 to 01/1912. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at Lviv University from Jan 1912 to Jan 1913. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 01/1907 to 01/1910. \n Stefan Mazurkiewicz worked for University of Warsaw from January 1915 to 01/1945.", "context": "Stefan MazurkiewiczStefan Mazurkiewicz (25 September 1888 \u2013 19 June 1945) was a Polish mathematician who worked in mathematical analysis, topology, and probability. He was a student of Wac\u0142aw Sierpi\u0144ski and a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (\"PAU\"). His students included Karol Borsuk, Bronis\u0142aw Knaster, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Stanis\u0142aw Saks, and Antoni Zygmund. For a time Mazurkiewicz was a professor at the University of Paris; however, he spent most of his career as a professor at the University of Warsaw. The Hahn\u2013Mazurkiewicz theorem, a basic result on curves prompted by the phenomenon of space-filling curves, is named for Mazurkiewicz and Hans Hahn. His 1935 paper \"Sur l'existence des continus ind\u00e9composables\" is generally considered the most elegant piece of work in point-set topology.During the Polish\u2013Soviet War (1919\u201321), Mazurkiewicz as early as 1919 broke the most common Russian cipher for the Polish General Staff's cryptological agency. Thanks to this, orders issued by Soviet commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky's staff were known to Polish Army leaders. This contributed substantially, perhaps decisively, to Polish victory at the critical Battle of Warsaw and possibly to Poland's survival as an independent country. ", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Jagiellonian University", "Lviv University", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"], "facts": [["Stefan Mazurkiewicz", "educated at", "Lviv University", "January 1912", "January 1913"], ["Stefan Mazurkiewicz", "employer", "University of Warsaw", "January 1915", "January 1945"], ["Stefan Mazurkiewicz", "educated at", "Jagiellonian University", "January 1906", "January 1907"], ["Stefan Mazurkiewicz", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1910", "January 1912"], ["Stefan Mazurkiewicz", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1907", "January 1910"]]}
{"question": "Where was Reinhold Baer educated after he/she studied at Leibniz University Hannover?", "adv_question": "Where was Reinhold Baer educated after he/she studied at Leibniz University Hannover?", "date": "January 01 1921", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Freiburg"]}, "id": "L3_Q78085_P69_P69_0", "fact_context": "Reinhold Baer worked for Victoria University of Manchester from January 1933 to January 1935. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Freiburg from January 1926 to January 1928. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 1937 to January 1938. \n Reinhold Baer studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to January 1925. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1935 to January 1937. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from January 1929 to January 1933. \n Reinhold Baer studied at Leibniz University Hannover from January 1920 to January 1921. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign from January 1938 to January 1956. \n Reinhold Baer studied at University of Freiburg from January 1921 to January 1922. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1956 to January 1967.", "adv_fact_context": "Reinhold Baer studied at University of Freiburg from Jan 1921 to Jan 1922. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Victoria University of Manchester from 01/1933 to Jan 1935. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from Jan 1929 to Jan 1933. \n Reinhold Baer studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to 01/1925. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Freiburg from 01/1926 to Jan 1928. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1956 to January 1967. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign from Jan 1938 to Jan 1956. \n Reinhold Baer studied at Leibniz University Hannover from Jan 1920 to Jan 1921. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan 1937 to 01/1938. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Institute for Advanced Study from 01/1935 to 01/1937.", "context": "Reinhold BaerReinhold Baer (22 July 1902 \u2013 22 October 1979) was a German mathematician, known for his work in algebra. He introduced injective modules in 1940. He is the eponym of Baer rings and Baer groups.Baer studied mechanical engineering for a year at Leibniz University Hannover. He then went to study philosophy at Freiburg in 1921. While he was at G\u00f6ttingen in 1922 he was influenced by Emmy Noether and Hellmuth Kneser. In 1924 he won a scholarship for specially gifted students. Baer wrote up his doctoral dissertation and it was published in Crelle's Journal in 1927.Baer accepted a post at Halle in 1928. There, he published Ernst Steinitz's \"Algebraische Theorie der K\u00f6rper\" with Helmut Hasse, first published in Crelle's Journal in 1910.While Baer was with his wife in Austria, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came into power. Both of Baer's parents were Jewish, and he was for this reason informed that his services at Halle were no longer required. Louis Mordell invited him to go to Manchester and Baer accepted.Baer stayed at Princeton University and was a visiting scholar at the nearby Institute for Advanced Study from 1935 to 1937. For a short while he lived in North Carolina. From 1938 to 1956 he worked at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He returned to Germany in 1956.According to biographer K. W. Gruenberg,He died of heart failure on October 22nd in 1979.In 2016 the Reinhold Baer Prize for the best Ph.D. thesis in group theory was set up in his honour.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leibniz University Hannover", "University of G\u00f6ttingen"], "facts": [["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "January 1929", "January 1933"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of Freiburg", "January 1926", "January 1928"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "Victoria University of Manchester", "January 1933", "January 1935"], ["Reinhold Baer", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1922", "January 1925"], ["Reinhold Baer", "educated at", "University of Freiburg", "January 1921", "January 1922"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "Goethe University Frankfurt", "January 1956", "January 1967"], ["Reinhold Baer", "educated at", "Leibniz University Hannover", "January 1920", "January 1921"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "January 1937", "January 1938"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1935", "January 1937"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign", "January 1938", "January 1956"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Kersti Kaljulaid belong to before he/she held the position of President of Estonia?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Kersti Kaljulaid belong to before he/she held the position of President of Estonia?", "date": "October 10 2016", "text_answers": {"text": ["Pro Patria Union"]}, "id": "L3_Q12366816_P102_P39_5", "fact_context": "Kersti Kaljulaid worked for Hansabank from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Kersti Kaljulaid held the position of President of Estonia from October 2016 to October 2021. \n Kersti Kaljulaid was a member of the Pro Patria Union from January 2001 to January 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Kersti Kaljulaid was a member of the Pro Patria Union from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Kersti Kaljulaid held the position of President of Estonia from 10/2016 to Oct 2021. \n Kersti Kaljulaid worked for Hansabank from Jan 1998 to January 1999.", "context": "Kersti KaljulaidKersti Kaljulaid (; born 30 December 1969) is an Estonian politician who is the fifth and current president of Estonia, in office since 10 October 2016. She is the first female head of state of Estonia since the country declared independence in 1918, as well as the youngest president, age 46 at the time of her election.Kaljulaid is a former state official, serving as Estonia's representative in the European Court of Auditors from 2004 until 2016. After several unsuccessful rounds of Estonian presidential elections in 2016, Kaljulaid was nominated on 30 September 2016 by the majority of parliamentary parties as a joint candidate for president, as the only official candidate for that round. Kaljulaid was voted president on 3 October 2016, with 81 votes and 17 abstentions.In 1987, Kaljulaid graduated from Tallinn Secondary School no. 44. During her studies there, she was a member of the Students' Scientific Association, specializing in ornithology. In 1992, she graduated from University of Tartu \"cum laude\" as a biologist. She is a member of Estonian female student corporation, Filiae Patriae. In 2001, she graduated from the University of Tartu with an MBA in business management. Her thesis was titled as \"Riigi poolt asutatud sihtasutuste juhtimiss\u00fcsteemi t\u00e4iustamine\" or \"The improvement of the management system of state-founded foundations\" in English.From 1996 to 1997 Kaljulaid was a sales manager in state-owned telecom Eesti Telefon and from 1997 to 1998 a project manager in Hoiupanga Investeeringute AS. From 1998 to 1999 she was employed in Hansabank's investment banking division Hansabank Markets. From 1999 to 2002, Kaljulaid worked as the economic policy advisor to Estonian Prime Minister Mart Laar. From 2002 to 2004, Kaljulaid was the director of Iru Power Plant, a subsidiary of the state-owned energy company Eesti Energia. She was the first woman to lead a power plant in Estonia.In 2004, when Estonia joined the European Union, Kaljulaid was appointed the country's representative at the European Court of Auditors. Since 2011, Kaljulaid has been the chairperson of the board of the University of Tartu.As Kaljulaid's term as a member of the European Court of Auditors was due to end on 7 May 2016, she was confirmed as the next head of PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies in November 2015. Although the Estonian government should have proposed her replacement in the court by 7 February 2016, it still had not managed to do so by the end of her term, so she remained in the position.On 19 September 2016, the freshly founded Development Monitoring Advisory Board at the chancellery of Estonian Parliament voted Kaljulaid to be its chair.From 2001 to 2004, Kaljulaid was a member of the political party Pro Patria Union, a predecessor of the current Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, yet did not run in any elections.After several failed rounds in the Estonian presidential elections in August through September 2016, a so-called \"council of elders\" of the Riigikogu, which included the representatives of all parliamentary parties, the speaker and vice-speakers, asked for Kaljulaid's consent and then proposed her as the only potential presidential candidate to be put before the members of the Riigikogu on 3 October 2016. Her candidacy was officially registered on 30 September. Riigikogu Speaker Eiki Nestor said that Kaljulaid undoubtedly had the required 68 votes from the 101-member Riigikogu, but the exact number remained to be seen. Ultimately her candidacy was supported by 90 Riigikogu MPs. She won the elections by 81 votes with 17 abstainers and no votes against her, while the only parliamentary party that had publicly declared not to support her was EKRE which had only 7 votes.The main objection raised repeatedly during her candidacy by media as well as politicians and street polls was her being relatively unknown, compared to the candidates that had participated in the campaign. She confronted the objection in her public letter and during several interviews by promising to become visible across the country, visiting different areas and talking to the people directly. In mid-October 2016, the first conducted survey showed Kaljulaid's approval rating at 73%.In 2020, the Estonian government nominated Kaljulaid as its candidate to succeed Angel Gurr\u00eda in the position of Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for a five-year term. In January 2021, Kaljulaid announced that she had withdrawn her candidacy, citing consultations that led her to believe that accepting the position at the end of her first term as president amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia would \"not be the best solution.\" She had just advanced to the second round of the interview process.On 21 January 2021, the opposition Social Democratic Party announced that they would support Kaljulaid should she run for a second term in the 2021 Estonian presidential election. If she is proposed by the incumbent government as their presidential candidate in the election, this would give her enough votes to be elected by the Riigikogu. The government has not yet indicated if they will support Kaljulaid for a second term. By June 2021, it was stated that the government had \"cooled\" on the prospective of Kaljulaid serving a second term as president, due to her divisiveness in Estonian society.In June 2021, United Nations Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres appointed Kaljulaid to the newly established role as Global Advocate for the Every Woman Every Child Global Strategy for Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health.Kaljulaid has defined herself as a liberal conservative. She has spoken in support of strong civil society with less state interference, whilst placing high importance on helping those in need. She holds liberal views on social issues such as LGBT rights and immigration. She has often published opinion pieces in Estonian media, considering the position of Estonia in the European Union and on social and economical matters. Additionally, she has been a regular participant in political analysis programmes of Radio Kuku, e.g. \"Keskp\u00e4evatund\".In 2017, Kaljulaid became the first Estonian to be featured in the \"Forbes\" magazine's list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women, placed at 78th, and came twenty second among the most influential female political leaders.Kaljulaid has a daughter and a son from her first marriage. She is also a grandmother of three. Kaljulaid's second husband is Georgi-Rene Maksimovski; they have two sons. Kaljulaid's half-brother, Estonian Social Democratic Party politician Raimond Kaljulaid, served as the Elder of P\u00f5hja-Tallinn district from 2016 to 2019, and was later elected to the Riigikogu in 2019.Besides Estonian, Kaljulaid is fluent in English, Finnish, French and to a certain extent, Russian.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Kersti Kaljulaid", "member of political party", "Pro Patria Union", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Kersti Kaljulaid", "employer", "Hansabank", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Kersti Kaljulaid", "position held", "President of Estonia", "October 2016", "October 2021"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Sarah Feinberg work for after he/she held the position of chief of staff?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Sarah Feinberg work for after he/she held the position of chief of staff?", "date": "January 01 2015", "text_answers": {"text": ["Federal Railroad Administration"]}, "id": "L3_Q93570553_P108_P39_96", "fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from January 2005 to December 2006. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to December 2004. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from January 2009 to July 2010. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from July 2010 to August 2011. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from December 2006 to November 2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from September 2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from September 2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from August 1999 to August 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from August 2011 to September 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from January 2015 to January 2017. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from March 2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from March 2020 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Sarah Feinberg worked for Facebook, Inc. from 08/2011 to Sep 2013. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of president from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for White House Office from Jan 2009 to 07/2010. \n Sarah Feinberg held the position of chief of staff from 09/2013 to January 2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Tom Daschle from December 2002 to Dec 2004. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Department of Transportation from Sep 2013 to 01/2015. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs from 08/1999 to Aug 2000. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for House Democratic Caucus from Dec 2006 to 11/2008. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from 01/2005 to 12/2006. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for New York City Transit Authority from 03/2020 to May 2023. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Federal Railroad Administration from Jan 2015 to 01/2017. \n Sarah Feinberg worked for Bloomberg L.P. from 07/2010 to August 2011.", "context": "Sarah FeinbergSarah Elizabeth Feinberg (born October 3, 1977) is the Interim President of the New York City Transit Authority, and a former Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, and the chosen MTA Chairperson as of June 8, 2021. Her background is mostly in communications.Feinberg is a native of Charleston, West Virginia. Her father is attorney Lee Franklin Feinberg, a West Virginia state legislator, and her mother is Mary Elizabeth Stanley, until 2013 a U.S. District Court judge in West Virginia. She attended Washington and Lee University, where she obtained a B.A. in Politics in 1999. She also attended National Defense University in 2008-09, studying Middle East foreign policy.Feinberg spent a number of years on Capitol Hill beginning in 1999, including working for the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee, as the communications director for the House Democratic Caucus, the press secretary at the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and the national press secretary to then-Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle.From 2009-10, she served in the Obama administration as special assistant to the president, and senior advisor to White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel.Feinberg served as Bloomberg LP\u2019s Global Communications Director (2010-11), and as the Director of Policy and Crisis Communications at Facebook (2011-13).In 2017 she founded Feinberg Strategies, LLC, a strategic business and communications consulting practice focused on the tech sector. From 2013 to 2015 she served as chief of staff of United States Secretary of Transportation Anthony R. Foxx in the US Department of Transportation, providing strategic advice and counsel to the Secretary regarding operational and legislative initiatives.Feinberg, from 2015 to 2017, served as the 13th Administrator of the Federal Railroad Administration, the safety regulator of the U.S. rail system, becoming the second woman in history to do so. She was nominated for the post by President Obama in June 2015, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Feinberg served on the Amtrak board of directors during that time, and has been a member of the Northeast Corridor Commission, starting in 2015. Feinberg was instrumental in helping Andrew Cuomo resolve a LIRR dispute in 2016. Beginning in February 2019, she was a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Board, where she was the Transit Committee Chair. Feinberg was named the Interim President, by Andrew Cuomo, of the New York City Transit Authority as of March 2020, after the resignation of Andy Byford. She stepped away from her position as an MTA Board member to serve.She has been chosen by the Governor Andrew Cuomo as the new Chairperson of the MTA on June 8, 2021, to replace current MTA Chairman Patrick Foye, who will lead the Empire State Economic Development Authority effective July 30, 2021.Feinberg currently serves on the StoryCorps board of directors.She is a resident of the East Village in Manhattan, New York City, with her partner and daughter. She was previously married to Dan Pfeiffer.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["New York City Transit Authority", "Tom Daschle", "Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives", "Bloomberg L.P.", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "United States Department of Transportation", "White House Office", "Facebook, Inc.", "United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs"], "facts": [["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Federal Railroad Administration", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Facebook, Inc.", "August 2011", "September 2013"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives", "December 2006", "November 2008"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "White House Office", "January 2009", "July 2010"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Tom Daschle", "December 2002", "December 2004"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "New York City Transit Authority", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "January 2005", "December 2006"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Department of Transportation", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs", "August 1999", "August 2000"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "chief of staff", "September 2013", "January 2015"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "position held", "president", "March 2020", "May 2023"], ["Sarah Feinberg", "employer", "Bloomberg L.P.", "July 2010", "August 2011"]]}
{"question": "Where was C Lee Giles educated before he/she studied at University of Michigan?", "adv_question": "Where was C Lee Giles educated before he/she studied at University of Michigan?", "date": "January 01 1969", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Tennessee"]}, "id": "L3_Q15995097_P69_P69_11", "fact_context": "C Lee Giles studied at Rhodes College from January 1964 to January 1967. \n C Lee Giles worked for Pennsylvania State University from August 2000 to May 2023. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Tennessee from January 1967 to January 1969. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Arizona from January 1975 to January 1981. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Michigan from January 1969 to August 1973. \n C Lee Giles held the position of full professor from August 2000 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "C Lee Giles studied at University of Michigan from Jan 1969 to Aug 1973. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Tennessee from 01/1967 to January 1969. \n C Lee Giles worked for Pennsylvania State University from 08/2000 to May 2023. \n C Lee Giles studied at Rhodes College from January 1964 to 01/1967. \n C Lee Giles studied at University of Arizona from 01/1975 to January 1981. \n C Lee Giles held the position of full professor from 08/2000 to 05/2023.", "context": "Lee GilesClyde Lee Giles is an American computer scientist and the David Reese Professor at the College of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University. He is also Graduate Faculty Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, Courtesy Professor of Supply Chain and Information Systems, and Director of the Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He was Interim Associate Dean of Research. His graduate degrees are from the University of Michigan and the University of Arizona and his undergraduate degrees are from Rhodes College and the University of Tennessee. His PhD is in optical sciences with advisor Harrison H. Barrett. His academic genealogy includes two Nobel laureates (Felix Bloch and Werner Heisenberg) and prominent mathematicians.Giles has been associated with the computer science or electrical engineering departments at Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, the University of Pisa, the University of Trento and the University of Maryland, College Park. Previous positions were at NEC Research Institute (now NEC Labs), Princeton, NJ; Air Force Research Laboratory; and the United States Naval Research Laboratory. He is best known for his work on the creation of novel scientific and academic search engines and digital libraries and is considered by some one of the founders of academic document search. Earlier research was concerned with recurrent neural networks and optical computing.His research interests are in intelligent web and cyberinfrastructure tools, search engines and information retrieval, digital libraries, web services, knowledge and information management and extraction, machine learning, and information and data mining. He has created several vertical search engines in these areas. He has over 500 publications with some in \"Nature\", \"Science\" and the \"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\". His research is well cited with an h-index of 102 according to Google Scholar and over 45,000 total citations as evidenced in CiteSeerX, ISI and Google Scholar. He has one of the top 200 h-indexes in Computer Science and the top 10 in Information Retrieval.Most of his papers author his name as C. Lee Giles or C.L. Giles.He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and International Neural Networks Society, INNS. He also received the Gabor Award from the International Neural Network Society recognizing achievements in engineering/applications in neural networks. Most recently he received the 2018 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computational Intelligence Society (CIS) Neural Networks Pioneer Award and the 2018 National Federation of Advanced Information Services (NFAIS) Miles Conrad Award.He has twice received the IBM Distinguished Faculty Award.Before his work on neural networks, Giles published papers on reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves from magnetic materials for the particular cases of equal refractive indexes. His work is mentioned in the following articles: Fresnel_equations, Mie_scattering, and Brewster%27s_angle. For Mie_scattering, he is a coauthor on the Kerker effect, which was an extension of his work on a planar boundary effect and his idea.Giles' work on neural networks showed that fundamental computational structures such as regular grammars and finite state machines could be theoretically represented in recurrent neural networks. Another contribution was the Neural Network Pushdown Automata and the first analog differentiable stack. Some of these publications are cited as early work in \"deep\" learning.In 1998 and 1999 his work published in \"Science and Nature\" with Steve Lawrence estimated the size of the web and showed that search engines did not index that much of it. This work also showed that the web had significantly matured and had a diversity of material and resources.With Steve Lawrence and Kurt Bollacker, Giles was responsible for the creation in 1997 of automatic citation indexing and CiteSeer, a public academic search engine and digital library for Computer and Information Science. Under his direction CiteSeer was moved to and is being maintained at the Pennsylvania State University. CiteSeer has been replaced by the Next Generation CiteSeer, CiteSeerX.He is the director of the Next Generation CiteSeer project, CiteSeerX, also at the Pennsylvania State University. In addition, he was responsible for the creation of an academic business search engine and digital library, BizSeer (previously known as SmealSearch). With Isaac Councill, he created automatic acknowledgement indexing, permitting for the first time the automatic search and indexing of acknowledged entities in scholarly and research documents. The search engine for this was AckSeer. He also was the cocreater of the first search engine for robots.txt, BotSeer.Research in collaboration with Professors Prasenjit Mitra, Karl Mueller, Barbara Garrison and James Kubicki resulted in the development of a search engine and data portal for chemistry, ChemSeer, ChemXSeer. With Yang Sun, a novel search engine, BotSeer, was designed that searches and indexes robots.txt files on web sites. The Next Generation CiteSeer, CiteSeer, came online in February 2008, with over one million articles indexed and now with active crawling exceeds 10 million articles. RefSeerX was a context-aware citation recommendation service which recommended papers from CiteSeerX that are most relevant to a given text. These new services were based on SeerSuite, a package of open sources tools for searching and indexing academic documents and data.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Rhodes College", "University of Arizona", "University of Michigan"], "facts": [["C Lee Giles", "employer", "Pennsylvania State University", "August 2000", "May 2023"], ["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "University of Tennessee, Knoxville", "January 1967", "January 1969"], ["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "University of Michigan", "January 1969", "August 1973"], ["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "Rhodes College", "January 1964", "January 1967"], ["C Lee Giles", "position held", "full professor", "August 2000", "May 2023"], ["C Lee Giles", "educated at", "University of Arizona", "January 1975", "January 1981"]]}
{"question": "What was the residence of L. L. Zamenhof before he/she was living in Kherson?", "adv_question": "What was the residence of L. L. Zamenhof before he/she was living in Kherson?", "date": "November 01 1889", "text_answers": {"text": ["P\u0142ock"]}, "id": "L3_Q11758_P551_P551_7", "fact_context": "L. L. Zamenhof received Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association from January 1907 to January 1917. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Veisiejai from February 1885 to May 1885. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Kherson from November 1889 to May 1890. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in P\u0142ock from December 1885 to May 1886.", "adv_fact_context": "L. L. Zamenhof lived in P\u0142ock from Dec 1885 to May 1886. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Kherson from November 1889 to 05/1890. \n L. L. Zamenhof received Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association from Jan 1907 to 01/1917. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Veisiejai from Feb 1885 to 05/1885.", "context": "L. L. ZamenhofL. L. Zamenhof (15 December 185914 April 1917) was an ophthalmologist who lived for most of his life in Warsaw. He is best known as the creator of Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language.Zamenhof first developed the language in 1873 while still in school. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war. He believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language. The language would be a tool to gather people together through neutral, fair, equitable communication. He successfully formed a community that continues today despite the World Wars of the 20th century. Also, it has developed like other languages, through the interaction and creativity of its users.In light of his achievements, and his support of intercultural dialogue, UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death.Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the son of Mark Zamenhof and (), in the multi-ethnic city of Belostok in the Russian Empire (now Bia\u0142ystok in Poland). At that time the city was in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire as a result of the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit. His parents were of Litvak Jewish descent. This group inhabited the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He appears to have been natively bilingual in Yiddish and Russian. His father was a teacher of German and French. From him, Zamenhof learned German, French and Hebrew. He also spoke some major languages of Bia\u0142ystok: Polish, Yiddish, Belarusian, and German. Polish became the native language of his children in Warsaw. In school he studied the classical languages Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic. He later learned some English, though in his own words not very well. He had an interest in Lithuanian and Italian and learned Volap\u00fck when it came out in 1880. By that point his international language project was already well developed.In addition to the Yiddish-speaking Jewish majority, the population of Bia\u0142ystok included Roman Catholic Poles and Eastern Orthodox Russians (mainly government officials), with smaller groups of Belarusians, Germans and other ethnic groups. Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups. He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in the mutual misunderstanding caused by the lack of a common language. If such a language existed, Zamenhof postulated, it could play the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.As a student at secondary school in Warsaw, Zamenhof attempted to create an international language with a grammar that was rich, but complex. When he later studied English, he decided that the international language must have a simpler grammar. Apart from his parents' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his projects were also aided by his mastery of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.By 1878, his project \"Lingwe uniwersala\" was finished. However, Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work. Soon after graduation he began to study medicine, first in Moscow, and later in Warsaw. In 1885, Zamenhof graduated from university and began his practice as a doctor in Veisiejai. After 1886 he worked as an ophthalmologist in P\u0142ock and Vienna. While healing people there, he continued to work on his project of an international language.For two years he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language, until he received the financial help from his future wife's father. In 1887, the book titled \"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u044a\" (International language: Introduction and complete textbook) was published in Russian under the pseudonym \"Doktoro Esperanto\" (Doctor Hoper, or literally \"Doctor One Who Hopes\".). Zamenhof initially called his language \"Lingvo internacia\" (international language), but those who learned it began to call it \"Esperanto\" after his pseudonym, and this soon became the official name for the language. For Zamenhof, this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way to promote peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures.In 1879 Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of Yiddish. It was partly published years later in the Yiddish magazine \"Lebn un visnshaft\". The complete original Russian text of this manuscript was only published in 1982, with parallel Esperanto translation by Adolf Holzhaus, in \"L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo\" [An attempt at a grammar of neo-Jewish language], Helsinki, pp.\u00a09\u201336. In this work, not only does he provide a review of Yiddish grammar, but also proposes its transition to the Latin script and other orthographic innovations. In the same period Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish, including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics (see p.\u00a050 in the above-cited book).In 1882 a wave of pogroms within the Russian Empire, including Congress Poland, motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement, the Hibbat Zion. He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title \"Hillelism\", in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people.In 1914 he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists, the TEHA. In his letter to the organizers, he said, \"I am profoundly convinced that every nationalism offers humanity only the greatest unhappiness\u00a0... It is true that the nationalism of oppressed peoples \u2013 as a natural self-defensive reaction \u2013 is much more excusable than the nationalism of peoples who oppress; but, if the nationalism of the strong is ignoble, the nationalism of the weak is imprudent; both give birth to and support each other\u00a0...\" The Hebrew Bible is among the many works that Zamenhof translated into Esperanto.Zamenhof died in Warsaw on 14 April 1917, possibly of a heart attack, and was buried at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery. The farewell speech was delivered by the chief rabbi and preacher of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw, Samuel Abraham Pozna\u0144ski, who said: \"There will be a time where the Polish soil and nation will understand what fame gave this great son of God to his homeland.\"Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik raised three children, a son, Adam, and two daughters, Zofia and Lidia. All three were murdered in the Holocaust.Lidia Zamenhof in particular took a keen interest in Esperanto, and as an adult became a teacher of the language, traveling through Europe and to America to teach classes in it. Through her friendship with Martha Root, Lidia accepted Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and became a member of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith. As one of its social principles, the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world's nations.Zamenhof's grandson, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (Adam's son), lived in France from the 1960s until his death in 2019. As of 2020 Louis-Christophe's daughter, Margaret Zaleski-Zamenhof, is active in the Esperanto movement.Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called \"Homaranismo\" (the term in Esperanto, usually rendered as \"humanitism\" in English, sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder. He said of Homaranismo: \"It is indeed the object of my whole life. I would give up everything for it.\"Zamenhof came from and lived a very-much multilingual life. His name is/was variously transliterated, depending on the language:Born into an Ashkenazi family, at his birth Zamenhof was given the common Hebrew name \"Eliezer\" by his parents, the equivalent of the English Lazarus. However as the area was a part of the Russian empire at the time, his name was recorded on his birth certificate as \"Leyzer Zamengov\", using the Yiddish form of the forename and a russified version of his surname; many later Russian language documents also include the patronymic \"Markovich\" \u00ab son of Mark \u00bb (in reference to his father, Markus), as is the custom in the language. His family name is of German origin and was originally written \"Samenhof\"; this was later transcribed into Yiddish as , then re-romanized back as \"Zamenhof\". The change of the initial letter from \u00ab S \u00bb to \u00ab Z \u00bb is not unusual, as in German an initial \u00ab s \u00bb is pronounced .In his adolescence he used both the Yiddish \"Leyzer\" and the Russian \"Lazar\" when writing his first name. While at university, Zamenhof began using the Russian name \"Lyudovik\" (also transcribed \"Ludovic\" or translated as \"Ludwig\") in place of \"Lazar\", possibly in honor of Francis Lodwick, who in 1652 had published an early conlang proposal. When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name \"Dr L. Zamenhof\", Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name \"Lazar\" and from 1901 signed his name \"Dr L. L. Zamenhof\" to avoid confusion with his brother. The two L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order \"Ludwik Lejzer\" is a modern convention.In 1905 Zamenhof received the L\u00e9gion d'honneur for creating Esperanto. In 1910, Zamenhof was first nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament (including James O'Grady and Philip Snowden) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole. (The Prize was instead awarded to the International Peace Bureau.) Ultimately Zamenhof was nominated 12 times for the Nobel Peace Prize.On the occasion of the 5th Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.A monument or place linked to Zamenhof or Esperanto is known as a Zamenhof-Esperanto object (or ZEO).The minor planet 1462 Zamenhof is named in his honour. It was discovered on 6 February 1938 by Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4. There is also a minor planet named in honour of Esperanto (1421 Esperanto).Hundreds of city streets, parks, and bridges worldwide have also been named after Zamenhof. In Lithuania, the best-known Zamenhof Street is in Kaunas, where he lived and owned a house for some time. There are others in Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Spain (mostly in Catalonia), Italy, Israel, Belgium and Brazil. There are Zamenhof Hills in Hungary and Brazil, and a Zamenhof Island in the Danube.In some Israeli cities, street signs identify Esperanto's creator and give his birth and death dates, but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer (a variant of which, El'azar, is the origin of Lazarus). Zamenhof is honoured as a deity by the Japanese religion Oomoto, which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers. Also, a genus of lichen has been named \"Zamenhofia\" in his honour.Russian writer Nikolai Afrikanovich Borovko, who lived in Odessa, together with Vladimir Gernet, founded a branch of the first official Esperanto society Esrero in Russia. In the years 1896-97 N.A. Borovko became its chairman. A monument to L. Zamenhof was installed in Odessa in an ordinary residential courtyard. Esperantist sculptor Nikolai Vasilyevich Blazhkov lived in this house, who in the early 1960s brought a sculptural portrait into the courtyard, because the customs authorities did not allow the sculpture to be sent to the Esperanto Congress in Vienna.In Gothenburg, Sweden a public square is named Esperantoplatsen.In Italy, a few streets are named after Esperanto, including Largo Esperanto in Pisa.In 1959, UNESCO honoured Zamenhof in the occasion of his centenary. In 2015 it decided to support the celebration of the 100th anniversary of his death.His birthday, 15 December, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto. On 15 December 2009, Esperanto's green-starred flag flew on the Google homepage to commemorate Zamenhof's 150th birthday.The house of the Zamenhof family and a monument to Zamenhof are sites on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Bia\u0142ystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Bia\u0142ystok Foundation. Bia\u0142ystok is also home to the Ludwik Zamenhof Centre.In 1960, Esperanto summer schools were established in Stoke-on-Trent in the United Kingdom by the Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB), which began to provide lessons and promote the language locally. There is a road named after Zamenhof in the city: Zamenhof Grove.As Dr. Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the Esperanto Society of New York gathers every December to celebrate Zamenhofa Tago (Zamenhof Day in Esperanto).In Michael Chabon's alternate history novel \"The Yiddish Policemen's Union\", the main character lives in the Hotel Zamenhof, which uses Esperanto signage.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Veisiejai", "Kherson"], "facts": [["L. L. Zamenhof", "residence", "Veisiejai", "February 1885", "May 1885"], ["L. L. Zamenhof", "award received", "Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association", "January 1907", "January 1917"], ["L. L. Zamenhof", "residence", "P\u0142ock", "December 1885", "May 1886"], ["L. L. Zamenhof", "residence", "Kherson", "November 1889", "May 1890"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for after he/she worked for TBWA Worldwide?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Marian Salzman work for after he/she worked for TBWA Worldwide?", "date": "January 01 1997", "text_answers": {"text": ["Young & Rubicam"]}, "id": "L3_Q6761974_P108_P108_0", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["TBWA Worldwide", "Philip Morris International", "Porter Novelli", "Havas", "J. Walter Thompson"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"]]}
{"question": "Who was the owner of New York Liberty after Bill Laimbeer was the headcoach?", "adv_question": "Who was the owner of New York Liberty after Bill Laimbeer was the headcoach?", "date": "January 01 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["Joseph Tsai"]}, "id": "L3_Q974705_P127_P286_24", "fact_context": "New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from January 2019 to May 2023. \n John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2010 to January 2012. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2013 to January 2017. \n New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from January 2010 to January 2019. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1998 to January 2004. \n Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1997 to January 1998.", "adv_fact_context": "Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1997 to 01/1998. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2013 to 01/2017. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1998 to Jan 2004. \n New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from Jan 2019 to May 2023. \n John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2010 to January 2012. \n New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from 01/2010 to January 2019.", "context": "New York LibertyThe New York Liberty is an American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn, New York City, which plays in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as part of the Eastern Conference. The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league. The team is owned by Joe Tsai, the majority owner of the Brooklyn Nets. The team's home games are played at Barclays Center.The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in fourteen of its twenty-four years. The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon, Rebecca Lobo, Becky Hammon, Leilani Mitchell, Essence Carson, Cappie Pondexter, Tina Charles, and the team's first-ever No.1 overall Draft pick Sabrina Ionescu. The Liberty have four conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals four times, falling to the Houston Comets in 1997, 1999, and 2000, and losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002. They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship.Prior to the team's first season, to avoid potential trademark infringement, the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association.When the WNBA opened in 1997, the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player, and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo (UConn) to a contract. Lobo was a starter for two seasons, but was injured in 1999. Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later. Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star, and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game, where the team lost to the Houston Comets. In 1999, they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals, where they again faced the Comets. In Game 2, Teresa Weatherspoon's halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece. However, the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time.In 2000, the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams. In 2001, Weatherspoon became the WNBA's all-time assist leader. Teamed with Robinson, Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks, who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game, Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002, but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks, respectively. The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001.The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoon's WNBA career winding down, fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player. The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the team's starting point guard.The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention. These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr. boxing match held in 1999.With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets, Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the team's starting center position in 2005. However, she was unfortunately injured midway through the season. The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs.The Liberty had a poor 2006 season, winning only 11 games, the fewest in franchise history.At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season, the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport, a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft. They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting. The 2007 Liberty started out 5\u20130, then lost 7 straight games, then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games, beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record. In the Eastern Conference semifinals, the Liberty, as huge underdogs, faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series. The Liberty defeated the Shock by winning Game 1 in New York. In Games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit, 76\u201373 and 71\u201370 (OT) respectively.In 2008, the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins, and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason. Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team, the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008, to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action, and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals. Again, the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1, followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3. The 2008 season also featured the \"Liberty Outdoor Classic\", the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors, on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic.In the 2009 WNBA Draft, the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers. With a solid core group, the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again.In the 2009 season, however, they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle. To replace Coyle, the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis. Despite the coaching change, the franchise continued to struggle, finishing 13\u201321, their second worst record in franchise history.The New York Liberty fared better in 2010, during Donovan's first and only full season as head coach. Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter (formerly of the Phoenix Mercury) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell, the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost to the Atlanta Dream.The team had high hopes for 2011, after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant. Janel McCarville did not report to training camp, seeking time with her family, and as such, was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season. This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase. Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center.The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009. However, the renovation plans were delayed, and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010. The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey for their 2011, 2012, and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing.Pondexter and Plenette Pierson, along with improved play from Vaughn, allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season. The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference. In August, Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton. By maintaining a fairly even standard of play, the Liberty made their way into the WNBA Playoffs. However, the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.On May 5, 2015, the Liberty hired Thomas as Team President overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise. Under Thomas' leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach, the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season.On August 2, 2015, during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm, the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Liberty's Ring of Honor. Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden. Hammon, a former New York Liberty point guard, is currently an NBA assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs.After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA Playoffs, the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round.In November 2017, the Madison Square Garden Company and James L. Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise. After not immediately finding a buyer, MSG relocated most of the Liberty's 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains, New York, the home of MSG's NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks, while still continuing to pursue a sale.On January 23, 2019, the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai, co-founder of the Alibaba Group, a Chinese internet company, who then owned 49% of the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. During the 2019 season, the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets' home of the Barclays Center, with the rest still in White Plains. Later that year, Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center. For the 2020 season, Tsai relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis.The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft, entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round. Shortly before the draft, they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings. They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick, with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round. The team also introduced a new logo, featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding. The color black was also made one of the primary colors, echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad, the Brooklyn Nets.The Liberty began the 2020 season, held in a \"bubble\" in Bradenton, Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with seven rookies on their opening-night roster. The team suffered a major blow in their third game, in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season. The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2\u201320 record.! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%Liberty games are broadcast on the YES Network, which is a regional sports network based in New York City. More often than not, NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast, which is shown nationally. Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Mike Crispino, Rosalyn Gold-Onwude and Julianne Viani.All games (excluding blackout games, which are available on ESPN3.com) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website. Furthermore, some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC. The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN, which will pay right fees to the Liberty, as well as other teams in the league.On May 22, 2019, the YES Network announced that it would broadcast 16 Liberty games for the 2019 season, adding to the network's existing basketball coverage of the Brooklyn Nets. Previously, games had been broadcast on MSG Network.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Madison Square Garden Sports"], "facts": [["New York Liberty", "head coach", "John Whisenant", "January 2010", "January 2012"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Bill Laimbeer", "January 2013", "January 2017"], ["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Joseph Tsai", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Nancy Darsch", "January 1997", "January 1998"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Richie Adubato", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Madison Square Garden Sports", "January 2010", "January 2019"]]}
{"question": "Who was the head coach of New York Liberty before it was owned by Joseph Tsai?", "adv_question": "Who was the head coach of New York Liberty before it was owned by Joseph Tsai?", "date": "January 01 2019", "text_answers": {"text": ["Bill Laimbeer"]}, "id": "L3_Q974705_P286_P127_29", "fact_context": "John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2010 to January 2012. \n New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from January 2010 to January 2019. \n Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1997 to January 1998. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2013 to January 2017. \n New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1998 to January 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from 01/2010 to January 2019. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2013 to 01/2017. \n Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1997 to 01/1998. \n New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from Jan 2019 to May 2023. \n John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2010 to January 2012. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1998 to Jan 2004.", "context": "New York LibertyThe New York Liberty is an American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn, New York City, which plays in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as part of the Eastern Conference. The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league. The team is owned by Joe Tsai, the majority owner of the Brooklyn Nets. The team's home games are played at Barclays Center.The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in fourteen of its twenty-four years. The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon, Rebecca Lobo, Becky Hammon, Leilani Mitchell, Essence Carson, Cappie Pondexter, Tina Charles, and the team's first-ever No.1 overall Draft pick Sabrina Ionescu. The Liberty have four conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals four times, falling to the Houston Comets in 1997, 1999, and 2000, and losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002. They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship.Prior to the team's first season, to avoid potential trademark infringement, the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association.When the WNBA opened in 1997, the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player, and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo (UConn) to a contract. Lobo was a starter for two seasons, but was injured in 1999. Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later. Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star, and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game, where the team lost to the Houston Comets. In 1999, they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals, where they again faced the Comets. In Game 2, Teresa Weatherspoon's halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece. However, the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time.In 2000, the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams. In 2001, Weatherspoon became the WNBA's all-time assist leader. Teamed with Robinson, Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks, who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game, Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002, but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks, respectively. The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001.The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoon's WNBA career winding down, fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player. The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the team's starting point guard.The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention. These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr. boxing match held in 1999.With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets, Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the team's starting center position in 2005. However, she was unfortunately injured midway through the season. The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs.The Liberty had a poor 2006 season, winning only 11 games, the fewest in franchise history.At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season, the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport, a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft. They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting. The 2007 Liberty started out 5\u20130, then lost 7 straight games, then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games, beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record. In the Eastern Conference semifinals, the Liberty, as huge underdogs, faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series. The Liberty defeated the Shock by winning Game 1 in New York. In Games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit, 76\u201373 and 71\u201370 (OT) respectively.In 2008, the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins, and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason. Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team, the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008, to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action, and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals. Again, the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1, followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3. The 2008 season also featured the \"Liberty Outdoor Classic\", the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors, on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic.In the 2009 WNBA Draft, the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers. With a solid core group, the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again.In the 2009 season, however, they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle. To replace Coyle, the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis. Despite the coaching change, the franchise continued to struggle, finishing 13\u201321, their second worst record in franchise history.The New York Liberty fared better in 2010, during Donovan's first and only full season as head coach. Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter (formerly of the Phoenix Mercury) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell, the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost to the Atlanta Dream.The team had high hopes for 2011, after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant. Janel McCarville did not report to training camp, seeking time with her family, and as such, was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season. This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase. Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center.The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009. However, the renovation plans were delayed, and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010. The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey for their 2011, 2012, and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing.Pondexter and Plenette Pierson, along with improved play from Vaughn, allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season. The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference. In August, Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton. By maintaining a fairly even standard of play, the Liberty made their way into the WNBA Playoffs. However, the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.On May 5, 2015, the Liberty hired Thomas as Team President overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise. Under Thomas' leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach, the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season.On August 2, 2015, during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm, the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Liberty's Ring of Honor. Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden. Hammon, a former New York Liberty point guard, is currently an NBA assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs.After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA Playoffs, the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round.In November 2017, the Madison Square Garden Company and James L. Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise. After not immediately finding a buyer, MSG relocated most of the Liberty's 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains, New York, the home of MSG's NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks, while still continuing to pursue a sale.On January 23, 2019, the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai, co-founder of the Alibaba Group, a Chinese internet company, who then owned 49% of the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. During the 2019 season, the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets' home of the Barclays Center, with the rest still in White Plains. Later that year, Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center. For the 2020 season, Tsai relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis.The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft, entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round. Shortly before the draft, they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings. They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick, with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round. The team also introduced a new logo, featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding. The color black was also made one of the primary colors, echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad, the Brooklyn Nets.The Liberty began the 2020 season, held in a \"bubble\" in Bradenton, Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with seven rookies on their opening-night roster. The team suffered a major blow in their third game, in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season. The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2\u201320 record.! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%Liberty games are broadcast on the YES Network, which is a regional sports network based in New York City. More often than not, NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast, which is shown nationally. Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Mike Crispino, Rosalyn Gold-Onwude and Julianne Viani.All games (excluding blackout games, which are available on ESPN3.com) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website. Furthermore, some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC. The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN, which will pay right fees to the Liberty, as well as other teams in the league.On May 22, 2019, the YES Network announced that it would broadcast 16 Liberty games for the 2019 season, adding to the network's existing basketball coverage of the Brooklyn Nets. Previously, games had been broadcast on MSG Network.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Richie Adubato", "John Whisenant", "Nancy Darsch"], "facts": [["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Nancy Darsch", "January 1997", "January 1998"], ["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Madison Square Garden Sports", "January 2010", "January 2019"], ["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Joseph Tsai", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Bill Laimbeer", "January 2013", "January 2017"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Richie Adubato", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "John Whisenant", "January 2010", "January 2012"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Joseph Stalin belong to after he/she worked for Tbilisi Observatory?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Joseph Stalin belong to after he/she worked for Tbilisi Observatory?", "date": "March 21 1901", "text_answers": {"text": ["Russian Social Democratic Labour Party"]}, "id": "L3_Q855_P102_P108_26", "fact_context": "Joseph Stalin studied at Gori school from January 1888 to June 1894. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva from January 1918 to November 1932. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from April 1951 to March 1953. \n Joseph Stalin worked for Tbilisi Observatory from December 1899 to March 1901. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Chrudim from July 1945 to January 2019. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union from June 1950 to March 1953. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice from January 1945 to January 2017. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Ekaterina Svanidze from July 1906 to December 1907. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from October 1901 to January 1903. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik) from January 1903 to January 1912. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary from September 1894 to May 1899. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from April 1922 to October 1952. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Prague from January 1946 to January 1990.", "adv_fact_context": "Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Prague from 01/1946 to 01/1990. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 04/1951 to Mar 1953. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik) from January 1903 to 01/1912. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from Oct 1901 to January 1903. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary from Sep 1894 to 05/1899. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva from Jan 1918 to 11/1932. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice from January 1945 to 01/2017. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union from 06/1950 to Mar 1953. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Chrudim from Jul 1945 to January 2019. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Ekaterina Svanidze from Jul 1906 to 12/1907. \n Joseph Stalin worked for Tbilisi Observatory from Dec 1899 to 03/1901. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Gori school from Jan 1888 to June 1894. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from April 1922 to 10/1952.", "context": "Joseph StalinJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dz\u0435 Jughashvili; \u2013 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and political leader who ruled the Soviet Union from 1927 until his death in 1953. He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922\u20131952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941\u20131953). Despite initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he ultimately consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's dictator by the 1930s. A communist ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin formalised these ideas as Marxism\u2013Leninism while his own policies are known as Stalinism.Born to a poor family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before eventually joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He went on to edit the party's newspaper, \"Pravda\", and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles. After the Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the newly formed Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's dogma. As a result of the Five-Year Plans implemented under his leadership, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. This led to severe disruptions of food production that contributed to the famine of 1932\u201333. To eradicate accused \"enemies of the working class\", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government.Stalin promoted Marxism\u2013Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. Despite suffering enormous losses and numerous defeats in the early stages of the conflict, the Soviet Red Army ultimately repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, thereby ending World War II in Europe. In the process of defeating Germany and its allies, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and established Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe, China, and North Korea. By the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers. The ensuing deterioration of relations between the Soviet-backed Eastern Bloc and U.S.-backed Western Bloc gave rise to a sustained period of tensions known as the Cold War that lasted until 1989. In the final years of his leadership, Stalin presided over the post-war reconstruction of the Soviet Union as well as the development of a Soviet atomic bomb in 1949. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society.Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist\u2013Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. Conversely, his totalitarian regime has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions.Stalin's birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dz\u0435 Jughashvili. He was born in the Georgian town of Gori, then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. He was born on and baptised on 29 December. His parents, Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze, were ethnically Georgian, and Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language. He was their only child to survive past infancy and was nicknamed \"Soso\", a diminutive of \"Ioseb\".Besarion was a shoemaker who was employed in a workshop owned by another man; it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline, and the family found itself living in poverty. Besarion became an alcoholic and drunkenly beat his wife and son. Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. In 1886, they moved into the house of a family friend, Father Christopher Charkviani. Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Gori Church School, a place secured by Charkviani. Although he got into many fights, Stalin excelled academically, displaying talent in painting and drama classes, writing his own poetry, and singing as a choirboy. Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars; and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, likely the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm.In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there, and he achieved high grades. He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of \"Soselo\" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper \"Iveria\" (\"Georgia\"). According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became \"minor Georgian classics\" and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped, and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks.Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school; he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel \"What Is To Be Done?\" Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's \"The Patricide\", with Stalin adopting the nickname \"Koba\" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. He also read \"\", the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism, which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. At night, he attended secret workers' meetings and was introduced to Silibistro \"Silva\" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi (\"Third Group\"), a Georgian socialist group. Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned.In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900, at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding, living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898.That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batumi. His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an \"agent provocateur\" working for the government. He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral, before being arrested in April 1902. Held first in Batumi Prison and then Kutaisi Prison, in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia.Stalin left Batumi in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, \"Proletariatis Brdzola\" (\"Proletarian Struggle\"), with Philip Makharadze. He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's \"Bolsheviks\" and Julius Martov's \"Mensheviks\". Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura, Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene.In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. Georgia was particularly affected. Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. He publicly lambasted the \"pogroms against Jews and Armenians\" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to \"buttress his despicable throne\". Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops, raided government arsenals, and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds, co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia.In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. At the conference, the RSDLP \u2014 then led by its Menshevik majority \u2014 agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause.Stalin married Kato Svanidze in a church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. By that year \u2014 according to the historian Robert Service \u2014 Stalin had established himself as \"Georgia's leading Bolshevik\". He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held in London in May\u2013June 1907. After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Yerevan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive.After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them.In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, \"Bakinsky Proletary\" and \"Gudok\" (\"Whistle\"). In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International \u2014 an international socialist organisation \u2014 in Stuttgart, Germany. In November 1907, his wife died of typhus, and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit, which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him.In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months, having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. He escaped to Saint Petersburg, where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda.In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg, tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, \"Zvezda\" (\"Star\") into a daily, \"Pravda\" (\"Truth\"). The new newspaper was launched in April 1912, although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret.In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym, where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg.During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group \u2014 although not Stalin \u2014 were apprehended by the authorities. Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for \"Pravda\".After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. In late 1912, Stalin twice crossed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Krak\u00f3w, eventually bowing to Lenin's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks. In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna, where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject, wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia.Stalin's article \"Marxism and the National Question\" was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal \"Prosveshcheniye\"; Lenin was pleased with it. According to Montefiore, this was \"Stalin's most famous work\". The article was published under the pseudonym \"K. Stalin\", a name he had used since 1912. Derived from the Russian word for steel (\"stal\"), this has been translated as \"Man of Steel\"; Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks.In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygia, who was thirteen at the time and thus a year under the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. In or about December 1914, Pereprygia gave birth to Stalin's child, although the infant soon died. She gave birth to another of his children, Alexander, circa April 1917.In Kureika, Stalin lived closely with the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak, and spent much of his time fishing.While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917, where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. Stalin was required to serve four more months on his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd \u2014 as Saint Petersburg had been renamed \u2014 and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. The Russian Empire became a \"de facto\" republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. There, Stalin and a fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of \"Pravda\", and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential council of the city's workers. In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding \"Pravda\". During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing \"Pravda\" and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\". Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a \"coup\" at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October.On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik \"coup\" \u2014 the October Revolution \u2014 was directed. Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the \"Aurora\", opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin \"filled an important role [in the October Revolution]... as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper\"; the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been \"in the thick of events\" in the build-up to the coup.On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars (\"Sovnarkom\"). Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Stalin became part of an informal foursome leading the government, alongside Lenin, Trotsky, and Sverdlov; of these, Sverdlov was regularly absent and died in March 1919. Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute, and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky, Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers, and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror.Having dropped his editorship of \"Pravda\", Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies.Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. Stalin thought it necessary because \u2014 unlike Lenin \u2014 he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party.After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. Eager to prove himself as a commander, once there he took control of regional military operations. He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial and \u2014 in contravention of government orders \u2014 purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of; for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program.In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919, before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. In September he was returned to the Southern Front. During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service.The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia; during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate; that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front.Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the Polish\u2013Soviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kyiv on 7 May. On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. The Red Army retook Kyiv on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski's Polish government. Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lviv; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw.In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behavior in the Polish\u2013Soviet war. Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of \"strategic mistakes\" in his handling of the war. Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga.The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia, while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression, facilitated through \"autonomous republics\" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state.Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow; Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921.After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralyzed. Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's \"Asiatic\" manner and told his sister Maria that Stalin was \"not intelligent\". Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov's view that doing so was impractical at that stage. Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one.They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the \"Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia\", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as \"autonomous republics\" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Lenin accused Stalin of \"Great Russian chauvinism\"; Stalin accused Lenin of \"national liberalism\". A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the \"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\" (USSR). The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow.Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with Lenin's Testament, a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin; Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity.Lenin died in January 1924. Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed \"Leningrad\" that year. To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the \"Foundations of Leninism\", later published in book form. During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, \"Lenin's Testament\" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position.As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. Favouring new Communist Party members, many from worker and peasant backgrounds, to the \"Old Bolsheviks\" who tended to be university educated, he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries, and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova; his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926.In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. Stalin saw Trotsky \u2014 whom he personally despised \u2014 as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a \"rightist\" for his support of the policy. Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee, while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability.In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism \u2014 and thus instability \u2014 into the party. In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin; in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee; the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government.Stalin was now the party's supreme leader, although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. According to Montefiore, at this point \"Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator\". His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino, and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze.In 1926, Stalin published \"On Questions of Leninism\". Here, he argued for the concept of \"Socialism in One Country\", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries, and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach; they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as \"kulaks\" and small business owners or \"Nepmen\". At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the \"left\" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev.In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. Stalin announced that both kulaks and the \"middle peasants\" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. Large numbers died during the journey. By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was \"the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country.\"In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture, establishing both \"kolkhozy\" collective farms and \"sovkhoz\" state farms. Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. Many of the collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland, and productivity slumped. Famine broke out in many areas, with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions.Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials. Although he and Stalin had been close for many years, Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old \"war communism\" policy and believed that it would fail. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo.Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the \"irrationality\" and \"wastefulness\" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on \"ad hoc\" commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry; it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery.Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks; Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a \"new Soviet person\".In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. He warned of a \"danger from the right\", including in the Communist Party itself. The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class \"industrial specialists\" were convicted of sabotage. From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition: these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian, he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the \"Zhenotdel\" women's department.Stalin desired a \"cultural revolution\", entailing both creation of a culture for the \"masses\" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts, while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified, with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist clergy faced persecution. Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents identified as religious.Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world; initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called \"social fascists\"; Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky.Stalin faced problems in his family life. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself.Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder.Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offense. The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933.The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 1932\u201333; between five and seven million people died. Worst affected were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. Historians have long debated whether Stalin's government had intended the famine to occur or not; there are no known documents in which Stalin or his government explicitly called for starvation to be used against the population. The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. Government policies\u2014including the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotation\u2014exacerbated the problem; the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and sabotage within the peasantry; his government provided small amounts of food to famine-struck rural areas, although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation. The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritized for the urban workforce; for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine, the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers.In 1935\u201336, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. He declared that \"socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country\". In 1938, \"The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)\", colloquially known as the \"Short Course\", was released; Conquest later referred to it as the \"central text of Stalinism\". A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published, although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. During the later 1930s, Stalin placed \"a few limits on the worship of his own greatness\". By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death.Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, of which it had previously been excluded. Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe; in May 1935, the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia. At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in July\u2013August 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936.When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front.Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. State repression intensified after Kirov's death; Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas; in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD.Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937, and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin.There were mass expulsions from the party, with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements.Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of \"anti-Soviet elements\" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. He also initiated \"national operations\", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups\u2014among them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinese\u2014through internal or external exile. During these years, approximately 1.6\u00a0million people were arrested, 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture.During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad; in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government.Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians. His personal writings from the period were \u2014 according to Khlevniuk \u2014 \"unusually convoluted and incoherent\", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government, fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria, a man totally devoted to Stalin. Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among sympathetic leftists. As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself, blaming its \"excesses\" and \"violations of law\" on Yezhov. According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution.As a Marxist\u2013Leninist, Stalin expected an inevitable conflict between competing capitalist powers; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, Stalin recognised a war was looming. He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out.As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. In May 1939, Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. On 17 September, the Red Army entered eastern Poland, officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state. On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. A German\u2013Soviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany.The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August; they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed.The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. Although \"de facto\" head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as \"de jure\" head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union.In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege; and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow, and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions.Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them, also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. With Order No. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors; among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. Stalin issued Order No. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in \"penal battalions\" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions; the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort.The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States; although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment, while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of \"rootless cosmopolitanism\", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. Comintern was dissolved in 1943, and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist\u2013Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal.In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. This attack proved unsuccessful. That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war; in commemoration, Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union.By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5\u00a0million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault.In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday, and in 1942, \"Time\" magazine named him \"Man of the Year\". When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him \"Uncle Joe\" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the \"Big Three\". Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war, with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them.In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of K\u00f6nigsberg be declared Soviet territory. Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West.In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany, including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre. In 1944 the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the region\u2014the Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatars\u2014were accused of having collaborated with the Germans. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy.In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20\u00a0billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. Privately, Stalin sought to ensure that Poland would come fully under Soviet influence. The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal.In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. Stalin refused to punish the offenders. After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could \"react normally? And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors?\"With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan.Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in July\u2013August 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a \"Sovietization\" of Eastern Europe. Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. He also pushed for \"war booty\", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself\u2014located within the Soviet area\u2014also subdivided thusly.After the war, Stalin was\u2014according to Service\u2014at the \"apex of his career\". Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe.In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus, and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as \"the outstanding nation\" and \"leading force\" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. In 1946, the state published Stalin's \"Collected Works\". In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. He was quoted in \"Pravda\" on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes.Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through \"filtration\" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. The Gulag system of labour camps was expanded further. By January 1953, three percent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8\u00a0million in \"special settlements\" in isolated areas and another 2.5\u00a0million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons.The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the ruble and abolished the ration-book system. Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but reinstalled in 1950.Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945.He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. He demoted Molotov, and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950.In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities, and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine hit areas. Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5\u00a0million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. Much of this was constructed by prison labour.In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. Tensions among these former Allies grew, resulting in the Cold War. Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent, believing that several decades of peace was likely. He nevertheless secretly intensified Soviet research into nuclear weaponry, intent on creating an atom bomb. Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that \"atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world.\" He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9\u00a0million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8\u00a0million by 1953.The US began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony in eastern Europe. The US also offered financial assistance as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree.The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out.Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libya\u2014recently liberated from Italian occupation\u2014to become a Soviet protectorate. He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the \"most evil dictator alive\" and compared to Hitler.In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of \"Falsifiers of History\", published as a series of \"Pravda\" articles in February 1948 and then in book form. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming Western powers for the war. He erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside Marxist\u2013Leninist leaders from across Europe and Asia.After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states.He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as \"dictatorships of the proletariat\" but as \"people's democracies\", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class.Churchill observed that an \"Iron Curtain\" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Por\u0119ba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist\u2013Leninist doctrine. At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia.Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. When the US and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party, and vote rigging was used to ensure that it secured office. The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc.In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war.At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. The U.S. went to the UN Security Council\u2014which the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's government\u2014and secured military support for the South Koreans. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North.The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948. When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S. After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. In November 1948, he abolished the JAC, and show trials took place for some of its members. The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and \"rootless cosmopolitanism\", with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same; he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a \"counter-revolutionary\" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S. There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia.In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months vacationing at his Abkhazian dacha. Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. In November, the Sl\u00e1nsk\u00fd trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations.From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. The amount of written material that he produced also declined. In 1950, Stalin issued the article \"Marxism and Problems of Linguistics\", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood.In 1952, Stalin's last book, \"Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR\", was published. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium.On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Volynskoe dacha. He had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and leeches were applied to him. Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, resulting in him being sent home. Stalin died on 5 March 1953. According to Svetlana, it had been \"a difficult and terrible death\". An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral hemorrhage and that he also suffered from severe damage to his cerebral arteries due to atherosclerosis. It is possible that Stalin was murdered. Beria has been suspected of murder, although no firm evidence has ever appeared.Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. The body was embalmed, and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. Crowds were such that a crush killed about 100 people. The funeral involved the body being laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square on 9 March; hundreds of thousands attended. That month featured a surge in arrests for \"anti-Soviet agitation\" as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death.Stalin left no anointed successor nor a framework within which a transfer of power could take place. The Central Committee met on the day of his death, with Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerging as the party's key figures. The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member attaining autocratic domination again. The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S., pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. A mass amnesty for those imprisoned for non-political crimes was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953.Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen, and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life; according to Kotkin, Stalin held \"zealous Marxist convictions\", while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a \"quasi-religious\" value for Stalin. Although he never became a Georgian nationalist, during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in \"a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals\". Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that \"there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. I stand on the ground of the latter\". Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his \"dogmatic turn of mind\", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's \"few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism\". Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment; Stalin would often turn to ideology \"post hoc\" to justify his decisions. Stalin referred to himself as a \"praktik\", meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician.As a Marxist and an extreme anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable \"class war\" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat, regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic \"enemies\" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes, and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. As a propaganda tool, the shaming of \"enemies\" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. According to Sandle, Stalin was \"committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced.\"Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. In his book, \"Foundations of Leninism\", he stated that \"Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution\". He claimed to be a loyal Leninist, although was\u2014according to Service\u2014\"not a blindly obedient Leninist\". Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically, and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled \u00e9migr\u00e9, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a \"strong bond\" over the years, while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was \"the single most important relationship in Stalin's life\". After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writings\u2014far more so than those of Marx and Engels\u2014to guide him in the affairs of state. Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary vanguard who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them. Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figure\u2014akin to a Tsar\u2014whom they could rally around. In his words, \"the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work\". He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the \"vozhd\", an equivalent to the Italian \"duce\" and German \"fuhrer\".Stalinism was a development of Leninism, and while Stalin avoided using the term \"Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism\", he allowed others to do so. Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of \"Socialism in One Country\". This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 1925\u201326. Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals, and served to discredit Trotsky\u2014who promoted the idea of \"permanent revolution\"\u2014by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism.Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community, and regarded all nations as inherently equal. In his work, he stated that \"the right of secession\" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a \"national character\" but were not a \"nation\" and were thus unassimilable. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism.Ethnically Georgian, Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language, and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. He remained proud of his Georgian identity, and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. Stalin's colleagues described him as \"Asiatic\", and he told a Japanese journalist that \"I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian\". Service also noted that Stalin \"would never be Russian\", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. Montefiore was of the view that \"after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship.\"Stalin had a soft voice, and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. In private he used coarse language, although avoided doing so in public. Described as a poor orator, according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was \"simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics\". He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including \"Koba\", \"Soselo\", and \"Ivanov\", adopting \"Stalin\" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for \"steel\" and has often been translated as \"Man of Steel\".In adulthood, Stalin measured tall. To appear taller, he wore stacked shoes, and stood on a small platform during parades. His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility, which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage.During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian \"chokha\" or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture; his interest was in power rather than wealth.As Soviet leader, Stalin typically awoke around 11am, with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm; he then worked late into the evening. He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas; he disliked travel, and refused to travel by plane. His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years, although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35\u00a0km outside Moscow, although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9\u00a0km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. In 1935 he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon; in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov.Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity. This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. According to biographer Montefiore, \"it is clear from hostile and friendly witnesses alike that Stalin was always exceptional, even from childhood\". Stalin had a complex mind, great self-control, and an excellent memory. He was a hard worker, and displayed a keen desire to learn; when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. According to Volkogonov, \"Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same\"; he did not take days off from political activities.Stalin could play different roles to different audiences, and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. Several historians have seen it appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being \"several Stalins\" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. He was a good organiser, with a strategic mind, and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting, but he rarely raised his voice in anger; as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad tempered. Despite his tough-talking attitude, he could be very charming; when relaxed, he cracked jokes and mimicked others. Montefiore suggested that this charm was \"the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party\".Stalin was ruthless, temperamentally cruel, and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. He lacked compassion, something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile, although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. He was capable of self-righteous indignation, and was resentful, and vindictive, holding on to grudges for many years. By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. He never attended torture sessions or executions, although Service thought Stalin \"derived deep satisfaction\" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of \"unrelieved fear\". Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a \"natural extremist\"; Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international Marxist\u2013Leninist cause.Keenly interested in the arts, Stalin admired artistic talent. He protected several Soviet writers, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. He enjoyed music, owning around 2,700 records, and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental \"formalism\". He also favoured classical forms in the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism. He was a voracious reader, with a library of over 20,000 books. Little of this was fiction, although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. An autodidact, he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day, with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. He favoured the Western genre; his favourite film was the 1938 picture \"Volga Volga\".Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player, and collected watches. He also enjoyed practical jokes; he for instance would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. When at social events, he encouraged singing, as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers, and later in life he became a keen gardener. His Volynskoe suburb had a park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities.Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism, although he was repeatedly accused of it. People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harbored negative sentiments toward Jews, and anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fueled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that \"the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews.\" In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that \"every Jew is a potential spy.\" Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. Service cautioned that there was \"no irrefutable evidence\" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were \"undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews\"; he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian \"would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews\". According to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women.Friendship was important to Stalin, and he used it to gain and maintain power. Kotkin observed that Stalin \"generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background\". He gave nicknames to his favourites, for instance referring to Yezhov as \"my blackberry\". Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships \"meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy\". While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money.According to Montefiore, in his early life Stalin \"rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend\". He was sexually promiscuous, although rarely talked about his sex life. Montefiore noted that Stalin's favoured types were \"young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women\", who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. According to Service, Stalin \"regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort\". Stalin married twice and had several offspring.Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. According to Montefiore, theirs was \"a true love match\"; Volkogonov suggested that she was \"probably the one human being he had really loved\". When she died, Stalin said: \"This creature softened my heart of stone.\" They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide.Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often fought. They had two biological children\u2014a son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana\u2014and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. During his marriage to Nadezhda, Stalin had affairs with many other women, most of whom were fellow revolutionaries or their wives. Nadezdha suspected that this was the case, and committed suicide in 1932. Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood, and was also very fond of Artyom. In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Allilueva, and defected to the U.S.After Nadezdha's death, Stalin became increasingly close to her sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva; Montefiore believed that they were probably lovers. There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. Stalin had at least two illegitimate children, although he never recognised them as being his. One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met his father. The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygia; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father.The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps \"determined the course of the twentieth century\" more than any other individual. Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician; Montefiore labelled Stalin as \"that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer\", a man who was \"the ultimate politician\" and \"the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans\". According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from \"the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory.\" For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder.Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power, one which could \"claim impressive achievements\" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care as mortality rates also declined. Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, with it being argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 on may have only been a limiting factor.Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state, with Stalin its authoritarian leader. Various biographers have described him as a dictator, an autocrat, or accused him of practicing Caesarism. Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934, with Stalin only becoming \"absolute dictator\" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. According to Kotkin, Stalin \"built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship.\" In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an \"Oriental despot\". Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as \"one of the most powerful figures in human history.\" McDermott stated that Stalin had \"concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands.\" Service stated that Stalin \"had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history\" by the late 1930s.McDermott nevertheless cautioned against \"over-simplistic stereotypes\"\u2014promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakov\u2014that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an \"unimpeded despot\", noting that \"powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless\", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were \"periodic manifestations\" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure.A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. Since his death many more biographies have been written, although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians, at which point Stalin became \"one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda\" in the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light, and producing a flood of new research.Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged \"the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution\".With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labeled \"one of the most notorious figures in history.\" These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime.Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938, the years of the Great Purge. According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,000\u20131.2\u00a0million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953, the current historical consensus is that of the 18\u00a0million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7\u00a0million died as a result of their incarceration. Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3\u00a0million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. Wheatcroft and historian R. W. Davies estimate famine deaths at 5.5\u20136.5\u00a0million while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7\u00a0million. In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9\u00a0million deaths, with 6\u00a0million of these being deliberate killings. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20\u00a0million or above which were made before access to the archives.Historians continue to debate whether or not the 1932\u201333 Ukrainian famine, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor, should be called a genocide. Twenty six countries officially recognise it under the legal definition of genocide. In 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament declared it to be such, and in 2010 a Ukrainian court posthumously convicted Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich, Stanislav Kosior, and other Soviet leaders of genocide. Popular among some Ukrainian nationalists is the idea that Stalin consciously organised the famine to suppress national desires among the Ukrainian people. This interpretation has been disputed by more recent historical studies. These have articulated the view that while Stalin's policies contributed significantly to the high mortality rate, there is no evidence that Stalin or the Soviet government consciously engineered the famine. The idea that this was a targeted attack on the Ukrainians is complicated by the widespread suffering that also affected other Soviet peoples in the famine, including the Russians. Within Ukraine, ethnic Poles and Bulgarians died in similar proportions to ethnic Ukrainians. Despite any lack of clear intent on Stalin's part, the historian Norman Naimark noted that although there may not be sufficient \"evidence to convict him in an international court of justice as a genocidaire [...] that does not mean that the event itself cannot be judged as genocide.\"Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult, which was subsequently criticised in \"Pravda\". In 1956, Khrushchev gave his \"Secret Speech\", titled \"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences\", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis next to the Kremlin walls, the location marked only by a simple bust. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd.Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were defeated by critics within the Soviet and international Marxist\u2013Leninist movement. Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. His successor Vladimir Putin did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions. In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the \"terrible past\" would neither be \"justified by anything\" nor \"erased from the national memory.\"Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. In the 2008 \"Name of Russia\" television show, Stalin was voted as the third most notable personality in Russian history.Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. The Center, in 2019, reports that around 70% of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in their homeland and in May 2021, a survey finds that Stalin is the most important personality in Russian public opinion, followed by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Pushkin. At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat \"enemies of the people\" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge.The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitude has been very divided. A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history. A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing \"a positive attitude\" to him. A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev.Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country \"will always have need of a leader like Stalin.\" In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. In December 2010, unknown persons cut off its head and it was destroyed in an explosion in 2011. In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik)"], "facts": [["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizen of Prague", "January 1946", "January 1990"], ["Joseph Stalin", "educated at", "Tbilisi Theological Seminary", "September 1894", "May 1899"], ["Joseph Stalin", "spouse", "Ekaterina Svanidze", "July 1906", "December 1907"], ["Joseph Stalin", "employer", "Tbilisi Observatory", "December 1899", "March 1901"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union", "June 1950", "March 1953"], ["Joseph Stalin", "member of political party", "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik)", "January 1903", "January 1912"], ["Joseph Stalin", "spouse", "Nadezhda Alliluyeva", "January 1918", "November 1932"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "April 1922", "October 1952"], ["Joseph Stalin", "educated at", "Gori school", "January 1888", "June 1894"], ["Joseph Stalin", "member of political party", "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party", "October 1901", "January 1903"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizen of Chrudim", "July 1945", "January 2019"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice", "January 1945", "January 2017"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "April 1951", "March 1953"]]}
{"question": "Where was Nathan Rourke educated before he/she studied at Ohio University?", "adv_question": "Where was Nathan Rourke educated before he/she studied at Ohio University?", "date": "January 01 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fort Scott Community College"]}, "id": "L3_Q89005562_P69_P69_7", "fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from January 2015 to January 2016. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from January 2016 to January 2017. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from January 2017 to January 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from Jan 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from Jan 2017 to Jan 2019. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from 01/2015 to Jan 2016. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from 01/2016 to 01/2017.", "context": "Nathan RourkeNathan Rourke (born May 24, 1998) is a Canadian professional football quarterback for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Ohio Bobcats.Rourke attended high school for three years at Holy Trinity Catholic Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario, before transferring to Edgewood Academy in Elmore, Alabama for his senior season of high school football. He committed to play college football at Fort Scott Community College in Fort Scott, Kansas.Rourke spent one season at Fort Scott, where he was named first-team All-KJCCC. He then transferred to Ohio University, where he started at quarterback for three years for the Bobcats. Rourke led Ohio to a 25\u201314 overall record as a starting quarterback for the Bobcats, while leading the team to three consecutive bowl victories in the 2017 Bahamas Bowl, 2018 Frisco Bowl, and the 2020 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (January).He was the first winner of the Jon Cornish Trophy as the top Canadian football player in the NCAA for 2017, and repeated as winner in 2018. He is the only two-time winner of the award. Rourke was ranked as the seventh-overall prospect entering the 2020 CFL Draft; after being ranked third overall in both September 2019 and December 2019. He was eventually drafted in the second round with the 15th overall pick by the BC Lions. Rourke was the highest drafted Canadian quarterback since Jesse Palmer in the 2001 CFL Draft. On May 19, 2021, Rourke signed a three-year contract with the Lions.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Edgewood Academy", "Ohio University"], "facts": [["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Fort Scott Community College", "January 2016", "January 2017"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Ohio University", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Edgewood Academy", "January 2015", "January 2016"], ["Nathan Rourke", "member of sports team", "Ohio Bobcats football", "January 2017", "January 2019"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for after he/she worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project?", "adv_question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for after he/she worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project?", "date": "January 01 1955", "text_answers": {"text": ["United States Atomic Energy Commission"]}, "id": "L3_Q17455_P108_P108_120", "fact_context": "John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from January 1941 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from January 1938 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from January 1929 to January 1930. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from January 1930 to January 1933. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from January 1950 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from January 1943 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from January 1911 to January 1921. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from January 1955 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 1923 to January 1925. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1926 to January 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to January 1941. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1933 to January 1957.", "adv_fact_context": "John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from Jan 1941 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 01/1950 to Jan 1955. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 1923 to 01/1925. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from Jan 1929 to 01/1930. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from Jan 1911 to 01/1921. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from Jan 1930 to 01/1933. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1926 to Jan 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan 1933 to Jan 1957. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from 01/1938 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from 01/1943 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from Jan 1955 to 02/1957.", "context": "John von NeumannJohn von Neumann (; , ; December 28, 1903\u00a0\u2013 February\u00a08, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be \"the last representative of the great mathematicians\". He integrated pure and applied sciences.Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, representation theory, operator algebras, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.Von Neumann published over 150 papers in his life: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical ones. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was in the hospital, was later published in book form as \"The Computer and the Brain\".His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term \"kiloton\" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and consulted for organizations including the United States Air Force, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a Hungarian \u00e9migr\u00e9, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos to a wealthy, acculturated and non-observant Jewish family. In Hungarian the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mih\u00e1ly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907\u20131989) and Mikl\u00f3s (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911\u20132011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873\u20131928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation \"Margittai\", meaning \"of Margitta\" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann de Margitta), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, \"What are you calculating?\".When they were young, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages in addition to Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume \"Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen\". A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evang\u00e9likus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1914. Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend. This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, which included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (born 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as \"The Martians\".Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeg\u0151 posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.According to his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. in mathematics simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, \"Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort.\" He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected \"Privatdozent\" in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His powers of recall allowed him to quickly memorize the pages of telephone directories, and recite the names, addresses and numbers therein. In 1929, he briefly became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University.On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Marietta K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930. Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.In 1933, he was offered a lifetime professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he had announced his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California, Los Angeles. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: \"Oh, France won't matter.\"Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community. His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, \"Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?\" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did.Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving\u2014frequently while reading a book\u2014occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up. Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's \"Elements\", had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and in geometry, thanks to Hilbert's axioms. But at the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics, but did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the \"axiom of foundation\" and the notion of \"class.\"The axiom of foundation proposed that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel. If one set belongs to another, then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession. This excludes the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration called the \"method of inner models\", which became an essential instrument in set theory.The second approach to the problem of sets belonging to themselves took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class that belongs to other classes, while a \"proper class\" is defined as a class that does not belong to other classes. On the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets that do not belong to themselves. In contrast, on von Neumann's approach, the class of all sets that do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a \"proper class\", not a set.With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets avoided the contradictions of earlier systems and became usable as a foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth expressible in their language. Moreover, every consistent extension of these systems necessarily remains incomplete.Less than a month later, von Neumann, who had participated in the Conference, communicated to G\u00f6del an interesting consequence of his theorem: that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem, and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"Building on the work of Felix Hausdorff, in 1924 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski proved that given a solid ball in 3\u2011dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets that can be reassembled together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. Banach and Tarski proved that, using isometric transformations, the result of taking apart and reassembling a two-dimensional figure would necessarily have the same area as the original. This would make creating two unit squares out of one impossible. But in a 1929 paper, von Neumann proved that paradoxical decompositions could use a group of transformations that include as a subgroup a free group with two generators. The group of area-preserving transformations contains such subgroups, and this opens the possibility of performing paradoxical decompositions using these subgroups. The class of groups von Neumann isolated in his work on Banach\u2013Tarski decompositions was very important in many areas of mathematics, including von Neumann's own later work in measure theory (see below).In a series of papers published in 1932, von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure. Of the 1932 papers on ergodic theory, Paul Halmos wrote that even \"if von Neumann had never done anything else, they would have been sufficient to guarantee him mathematical immortality\". By then von Neumann had already written his articles on operator theory, and the application of this work was instrumental in the von Neumann mean ergodic theorem.Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as being equal to the bicommutant. Von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of F.J. Murray, on the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 \"rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century\". The direct integral was later introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann.In measure theory, the \"problem of measure\" for an -dimensional Euclidean space may be stated as: \"does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of ?\" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if or and a negative solution (because of the Banach\u2013Tarski paradox) in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character\": the existence of a measure could be determined by looking at the properties of the transformation group of the given space. The positive solution for spaces of dimension at most two, and the negative solution for higher dimensions, comes from the fact that the Euclidean group is a solvable group for dimension at most two, and is not solvable for higher dimensions. \"Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is a substitute of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., \"n\", it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Earlier, Menger and Birkhoff had axiomatized complex projective geometry in terms of the properties of its lattice of linear subspaces. Von Neumann, following his work on rings of operators, weakened those axioms to describe a broader class of lattices, the continuous geometries.While the dimensions of the subspaces of projective geometries are a discrete set (the non-negative integers), the dimensions of the elements of a continuous geometry can range continuously across the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.Between 1937 and 1939, von Neumann worked on lattice theory, the theory of partially ordered sets in which every two elements have a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices (properties that arise in the lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces): \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\"Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice having a \"basis\" of pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring . This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized in 1926 that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.The \"physics\" of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the \"mathematics\" of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the \"non-commutativity\" of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1935, Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. Hermann's work was largely ignored until after John S. Bell made essentially the same argument in 1966. In 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach.Von Neumann's proof inaugurated a line of research that ultimately led, through Bell's theorem and the experiments of Alain Aspect in 1982, to the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a \"notion of reality\" substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity.In a chapter of \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter. He argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective consciousness\" of the human observer. Although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance among the majority of physicists. The Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation has been summarized as follows:The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) \"minds\", which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.Though theories of quantum mechanics continue to evolve, there is a basic framework for the mathematical formalism of problems in quantum mechanics underlying most approaches that can be traced back to the mathematical formalisms and techniques first used by von Neumann. In other words, discussions about interpretation of the theory, and extensions to it, are now mostly conducted on the basis of shared assumptions about the mathematical foundations.Von Neumann entropy is extensively used in different forms (conditional entropy, relative entropy, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory. Entanglement measures are based upon some quantity directly related to the von Neumann entropy. Given a statistical ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix formula_1, it is given by formula_2 Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and conditional quantum entropy.Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics. Decades later, Shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von Neumann what to call it. Von Neumann said to call it Shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von Neumann entropy.The formalism of density operators and matrices was introduced by von Neumann in 1927 and independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively. The density matrix is an alternative way to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann led to the development of quantum decoherence theories.Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann and Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (\"e.g.\", horizontally and vertically), and therefore, \"a fortiori\", it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added \"between\" the other two, the photons will indeed pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the \"non-commutativity\" of conjunction formula_3. It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, formula_4 and formula_5, are not valid for quantum theory.The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is in turn attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case in quantum mechanics that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members is necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., \"x\" and \"y\") results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the \"x\" direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction \"y\" will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive or the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative\" must be true for \u0278.In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which \"formula_6\", while formula_7.As Hilary Putnam writes, von Neumann replaced classical logic with a logic constructed in orthomodular lattices (isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of the Hilbert space of a given physical system).Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. He proved his minimax theorem in 1928. It establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 \"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\", written with Oskar Morgenstern. Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that \"The New York Times\" ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analysis, especially convex sets and the topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.Independently, Leonid Kantorovich's functional analytic work on mathematical economics also focused attention on optimization theory, non-differentiability, and vector lattices. Von Neumann's functional-analytic techniques\u2014the use of duality pairings of real vector spaces to represent prices and quantities, the use of supporting and separating hyperplanes and convex sets, and fixed-point theory\u2014have been the primary tools of mathematical economics ever since.Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several influential publications. For his model of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil\u00a0\" A\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bbB\" with nonnegative matrices\u00a0A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors\u00a0\"p\" and\u00a0\"q\" and a positive number\u00a0\"\u03bb\" that would solve the complementarity equationalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector \"p\" represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \"\u03bb\" represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate.Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where his model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of his model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in German that was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began while he was lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929. He spent his summers back home in Budapest, as did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in the book and corrected them\u2013for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras's Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.Building on his results on matrix games and on his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann invented the theory of duality in linear programming when George Dantzig described his work in a few minutes, and an impatient von Neumann asked him to get to the point. Dantzig then listened dumbfounded while von Neumann provided an hourlong lecture on convex sets, fixed-point theory, and duality, conjecturing the equivalence between matrix games and linear programming.Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Paul Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.Subsequently, Denis Sargan and Alok Bhargava extended the results for testing if the errors on a regression model follow a Gaussian random walk (\"i.e.\", possess a unit root) against the alternative that they are a stationary first order autoregression.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in the field of fluid dynamics.Von Neumann's contributions to fluid dynamics included his discovery of the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery (independently of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Werner D\u00f6ring) of the ZND detonation model of explosives. During the 1930s, von Neumann became an authority on the mathematics of shaped charges.Later with Robert D. Richtmyer, von Neumann developed an algorithm defining \"artificial viscosity\" that improved the understanding of shock waves. When computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of \"artificial viscosity\" smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics.Von Neumann soon applied computer modelling to the field, developing software for his ballistics research. During WW2, he arrived one day at the office of R.H. Kent, the Director of the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, with a computer program he had created for calculating a one-dimensional model of 100 molecules to simulate a shock wave. Von Neumann then gave a seminar on his computer program to an audience which included his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. After von Neumann had finished, von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n said \"Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics.\" It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's M\u00e9canique analytique.Stan Ulam, who knew von Neumann well, described his mastery of mathematics this way: \"Most mathematicians know one method. For example, Norbert Wiener had mastered Fourier transforms. Some mathematicians have mastered two methods and might really impress someone who knows only one of them. John von Neumann had mastered three methods.\" He went on to explain that the three methods were:Edward Teller wrote that \"Nobody knows all science, not even von Neumann did. But as for mathematics, he contributed to every part of it except number theory and topology. That is, I think, something unique.\"Von Neumann was asked to write an essay for the layman describing what mathematics is, and produced a beautiful analysis. He explained that mathematics straddles the world between the empirical and logical, arguing that geometry was originally empirical, but Euclid constructed a logical, deductive theory. However, he argued, that there is always the danger of straying too far from the real world and becoming irrelevant sophistry.Beginning in the late 1930s, von Neumann developed an expertise in explosions\u2014phenomena that are difficult to model mathematically. During this period, von Neumann was the leading authority of the mathematics of shaped charges. This led him to a large number of military consultancies, primarily for the Navy, which in turn led to his involvement in the Manhattan Project. The involvement included frequent trips by train to the project's secret research facilities at the Los Alamos Laboratory in a remote part of New Mexico.Von Neumann made his principal contribution to the atomic bomb in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.In a visit to Los Alamos in September 1944, von Neumann showed that the pressure increase from explosion shock wave reflection from solid objects was greater than previously believed if the angle of incidence of the shock wave was between 90\u00b0 and some limiting angle. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of an atomic bomb would be enhanced with detonation some kilometers above the target, rather than at ground level.Von Neumann, four other scientists, and various military personnel were included in the target selection committee that was responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on to the Soviet Union by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"For his wartime services, von Neumann was awarded the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award in July 1946, and the Medal for Merit in October 1946.In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons. Over the following two years, he became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate-range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.Shortly before his death from cancer, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, which would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.Von Neumann is credited with developing the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Soviets considered that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons; they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:Von Neumann's assessment that the Soviets had a lead in missile technology, considered pessimistic at the time, was soon proven correct in the Sputnik crisis.Von Neumann entered government service primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the United States would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"On February 15, 1956, von Neumann was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His citation read:Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Von Neumann was the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged.Von Neumann wrote the 23 pages long sorting program for the EDVAC in ink. On the first page, traces of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased, can still be seen. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanis\u0142aw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. Von Neumann's algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\" Von Neumann also noted that when this method went awry it did so obviously, unlike other methods which could be subtly incorrect.While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is the basis of most modern computer designs, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture was based on the work of Eckert and Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.John von Neumann consulted for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, most notably on the ENIAC project, as a member of its Scientific Advisory Committee.The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved.The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed \"the defense computer\", include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953.However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s.Von Neumann's rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.Von Neumann created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.The detailed proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward in lectures von Neumann delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he first only proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicator due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop a more abstract model self-replicator based on his original concept of cellular automata.Subsequently, the concept of the Von Neumann universal constructor based on the von Neumann cellular automaton was fleshed out in his posthumously published lectures \"Theory of Self Reproducing Automata\". Ulam and von Neumann created a method for calculating liquid motion in the 1950s. The driving concept of the method was to consider a liquid as a group of discrete units and calculate the motion of each based on its neighbors' behaviors. Like Ulam's lattice network, von Neumann's cellular automata are two-dimensional, with his self-replicator implemented algorithmically. The result was a universal copier and constructor working within a cellular automaton with a small neighborhood (only those cells that touch are neighbors; for von Neumann's cellular automata, only orthogonal cells), and with 29 states per cell. Von Neumann gave an existence proof that a particular pattern would make infinite copies of itself within the given cellular universe by designing a 200,000 cell configuration that could do so.Von Neumann addressed the evolutionary growth of complexity amongst his self-replicating machines. His \"proof-of-principle\" designs showed how it is logically possible, by using a general purpose programmable (\"universal\") constructor, to exhibit an indefinitely large class of self-replicators, spanning a wide range of complexity, interconnected by a network of potential mutational pathways, including pathways from the most simple to the most complex. This is an important result, as prior to that it might have been conjectured that there is a fundamental logical barrier to the existence of such pathways; in which case, biological organisms, which do support such pathways, could not be \"machines\", as conventionally understood. Von Neumann considers the potential for conflict between his self-reproducing machines, stating that \"our models lead to such conflict situations\", indicating it as a field of further study.The cybernetics movement highlighted the question of what it takes for self-reproduction to occur autonomously, and in 1952, John von Neumann designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically make a copy of its initial configuration of cells. The von Neumann neighborhood, in which each cell in a two-dimensional grid has the four orthogonally adjacent grid cells as neighbors, continues to be used for other cellular automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth.Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming.Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.As part of his research into weather forecasting, von Neumann founded the \"Meteorological Program\" in Princeton in 1946, securing funding for his project from the US Navy. Von Neumann and his appointed assistant on this project, Jule Gregory Charney, wrote the world's first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann and his team published the results as \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Together they played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. Von Neumann proposed as the research program for climate modeling: \"The approach is to first try short-range forecasts, then long-range forecasts of those properties of the circulation that can perpetuate themselves over arbitrarily long periods of time, and only finally to attempt forecast for medium-long time periods which are too long to treat by simple hydrodynamic theory and too short to treat by the general principle of equilibrium theory.\"Von Neumann's research into weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo), thereby inducing global warming. Von Neumann proposed a theory of global warming as a result of the activity of humans, noting that the Earth was only colder during the last glacial period, he wrote in 1955: \"Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil - more than half of it during the last generation - may have changed the atmosphere's composition sufficiently to account for a general warming of the world by about one degree Fahrenheit.\" However, von Neumann urged a degree of caution in any program of intentional human weather manufacturing: \"What \"could\" be done, of course, is no index to what \"should\" be done... In fact, to evaluate the ultimate consequences of either a general cooling or a general heating would be a complex matter. Changes would affect the level of the seas, and hence the habitability of the continental coastal shelves; the evaporation of the seas, and hence general precipitation and glaciation levels; and so on... But there is little doubt that one \"could\" carry out the necessary analyses needed to predict the results, intervene on any desired scale, and ultimately achieve rather fantastic results.\"The first use of the concept of a in the technological context is attributed to von Neumann, who according to Ulam discussed the \"ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.\" This concept was fleshed out later in the book \"Future Shock\" by Alvin Toffler.Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe said \"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", and later Bethe wrote that \"[von Neumann's] brain indicated a new species, an evolution beyond man\". Seeing von Neumann's mind at work, Eugene Wigner wrote, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was\u00a0... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller admitted that he \"never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.\" Peter Lax wrote \"Von Neumann was addicted to thinking, and in particular to thinking about mathematics\".When George Dantzig brought von Neumann an unsolved problem in linear programming \"as I would to an ordinary mortal\", on which there had been no published literature, he was astonished when von Neumann said \"Oh, that!\", before offhandedly giving a lecture of over an hour, explaining how to solve the problem using the hitherto unconceived theory of duality.Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Eugene Wigner writes: \"'Jancsi,' I might say, 'Is angular momentum always an integer of \"h?\" ' He would return a day later with a decisive answer: 'Yes, if all particles are at rest.'... We were all in awe of Jancsi von Neumann\". Enrico Fermi told physicist Herbert L. Anderson: \"You know, Herb, Johnny can do calculations in his head ten times as fast as I can! And I can do them ten times as fast as you can, Herb, so you can see how impressive Johnny is!\"Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:Eugene Wigner told a similar story, only with a swallow instead of a fly, and says it was Max Born who posed the question to von Neumann in the 1920s.Von Neumann was also noted for his eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory). Herman Goldstine wrote:Von Neumann was reportedly able to memorize the pages of telephone directories. He entertained friends by asking them to randomly call out page numbers; he then recited the names, addresses and numbers therein.\"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"John von Neumann: Selected Letters\". James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 said that von Neumann \"may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\". In the foreword of Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei's \"Selected Letters\", Peter Lax wrote, \"To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics\".In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer after he was examined by physicians for a fall, whereupon they inspected a mass growing near his collarbone. The cancer was possibly caused by his radiation exposure during his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, \"So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,\" referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, \"There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Father Strittmatter administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic\". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.Von Neumann was on his deathbed when he entertained his brother by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's \"Faust\". On his deathbed, his mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish; at times Von Neumann even forgot the lines that his brother recited from Goethe's \"Faust\". He died at age 53 on February 8, 1957, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., under military security lest he reveal military secrets while heavily medicated. He was buried at Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey.PhD students BooksPopular periodicalsVideo", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "University of Hamburg", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "Institute for Advanced Study", "Princeton University", "Ballistic Research Laboratory"], "facts": [["John von Neumann", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1923", "January 1925"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["John von Neumann", "spouse", "Klara Dan von Neumann", "January 1938", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "January 1955", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1933", "January 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "January 1950", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "University of Hamburg", "January 1929", "January 1930"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "January 1941", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "January 1943", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium", "January 1911", "January 1921"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1930", "January 1933"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Johnnetta B. Cole work for after he/she worked for Washington State University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Johnnetta B. Cole work for after he/she worked for Washington State University?", "date": "January 01 1970", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Massachusetts Amherst"]}, "id": "L3_Q15503036_P108_P108_7", "fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to January 1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to January 1953. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from January 1970 to January 1983. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from January 1998 to January 2001. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from January 2009 to January 2017. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from January 1987 to January 1997.", "adv_fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to 01/1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from 01/1987 to 01/1997. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan 1970 to January 1983. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to Jan 1953. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from Jan 1998 to January 2001. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from 01/2002 to Jan 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from Jan 2009 to Jan 2017.", "context": "Johnnetta ColeJohnnetta Betsch Cole (born October 19, 1936) is an American anthropologist, educator, museum director, and college president. Cole was the first female African-American president of Spelman College, a historically black college, serving from 1987 to 1997. She was president of Bennett College from 2002 to 2007. During 2009\u20132017 she was Director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art.Johnnetta Betsch was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on October 19, 1936. Her family belonged to the African-American upper class; She was a granddaughter of Abraham Lincoln Lewis, Florida's first black millionaire, entrepreneur and cofounder of the Afro-American Industrial and Benefit Association, and Mary Kingsley Sammis. Sammis' great-grandparents were Zephaniah Kingsley, a slave trader and slave owner, and his wife and former slave Anna Madgigine Jai, a Wolof princess who was originally from present-day Senegal. Her Fort George Island home is protected as Kingsley Plantation, a National Historic Landmark.Cole enrolled at the age of 15 in Fisk University, a historically black college. She transferred to Oberlin College in Ohio, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1957. She attended graduate school at Northwestern University, earning her Master of Arts (1959) and Doctor of Philosophy (1967) degrees in anthropology. She did her dissertation field research in Liberia, West Africa, in 1960\u20131961 through Northwestern University as part of their economic survey of the country.Cole served as a professor at Washington State University from 1962 to 1970, where she cofounded one of the US's first black studies programs. In 1970 Cole began working in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she served until 1982. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole then moved to Hunter College in 1982, and became director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies program. From 1998 to 2001 Cole was a professor of Anthropology, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at Emory University in Atlanta.In 1987, Cole was selected as the first black female president of Spelman College, a prestigious historically black college for women. She served until 1997, building up their endowment through a $113 million capital campaign, attracting significantly higher enrollment as students increased, and, overall, the ranking of the school among the best liberal arts schools went up. Bill and Camille Cosby contributed $20 million to the capital campaign.After teaching at Emory University, she was recruited as president of Bennett College for Women, also a historically black college for women. There she led another successful capital campaign. In addition, she founded an art gallery to contribute to the college's culture. Cole is currently the Chair of the Johnnetta B. Cole Global Diversity & Inclusion Institute founded at Bennett College for Women. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.She was Director of the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, during 2009\u20132017. During her directorship the controversial exhibit, \"Conversations: African and African-American Artworks in Dialogue,\" featuring dozens of pieces from Bill and Camille Cosby's private art collection was held in 2015, coinciding with accusations of sexual assault against the comedian.Cole has also served in major corporations and foundations. Cole served for many years as board member at the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation. She has been a director of Merck & Co. since 1994. From 2004 to 2006, Cole was the Chair of the Board of Trustees of United Way of America and is on the Board of Directors of the United Way of Greater Greensboro. Since 2013, Cole has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.President-elect Bill Clinton appointed Cole to his transition team for education, labor, the arts, and humanities in 1992. He also considered her for the cabinet post of Secretary of Education. However, when \"The Jewish Daily Forward\" reported that she had been a member of the national committee of the Venceremos Brigades, which the Federal Bureau of Investigation had tied to Cuban intelligence forces, Clinton did not advance her nomination.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Emory University", "Bennett College", "Washington State University", "Spelman College", "National Museum of African Art"], "facts": [["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Emory University", "January 1998", "January 2001"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Spelman College", "January 1987", "January 1997"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "educated at", "Fisk University", "January 1952", "January 1953"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "National Museum of African Art", "January 2009", "January 2017"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Washington State University", "January 1969", "January 1970"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "January 1970", "January 1983"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Bennett College", "January 2002", "January 2007"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Joseph Kobzon after he/she was married to Veronica P. Kruglova?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Joseph Kobzon after he/she was married to Veronica P. Kruglova?", "date": "January 01 1967", "text_answers": {"text": ["Lyudmila Gurchenko"]}, "id": "L3_Q1980296_P26_P26_0", "fact_context": "Joseph Kobzon held the position of member of the State Duma from January 2000 to December 2003. \n Joseph Kobzon was married to Ninel Kobzon from January 1971 to January 2018. \n Joseph Kobzon was married to Lyudmila Gurchenko from January 1967 to January 1970. \n Joseph Kobzon was married to Veronica P. Kruglova from January 1965 to January 1967.", "adv_fact_context": "Joseph Kobzon was married to Veronica P. Kruglova from January 1965 to January 1967. \n Joseph Kobzon was married to Lyudmila Gurchenko from January 1967 to 01/1970. \n Joseph Kobzon held the position of member of the State Duma from Jan 2000 to Dec 2003. \n Joseph Kobzon was married to Ninel Kobzon from January 1971 to 01/2018.", "context": "Joseph KobzonIosif (Joseph) Davydovich Kobzon (; 11 September 1937 \u2013 30 August 2018) was a Soviet and Russian singer, known for his crooner style.Kobzon was born to Jewish parents in the mining town of Chasiv Yar, in the Donbas region of Ukraine.As a boy he demonstrated a talent for singing, winning numerous regional singing contests. He reached the national finals on two separate occasions, appearing in concerts dedicated to Joseph Stalin \u2013 a significant honour at the time.Despite his talent for singing, Kobzon went on to technical school to study geology and mining in Dnipropetrovsk, as this was considered a lucrative vocation in the Soviet Union following the Second World War. However, in 1959, following his 1956\u20131959 contact with professional music instructors in the Soviet Army where he was a member of the armies song and dance ensemble, he decided that music would be his preferred vocation.In 1958, Kobzon officially started his singing career in Moscow, and enrolled to study at the Gnessin Institute. In the next few years he made valuable contacts in Moscow's entertainment world, and was eventually given a chance by composer Arkady Ostrovsky to perform some of his music. Initially, he performed in a duet with the tenor Viktor Kokhno, but was eventually offered a solo repertoire by many of the outstanding composers of the time such as Mark Fradkin, and Yan Frenkel.In 1962, he recorded his first LP which included songs written by Aleksandra Pakhmutova.In 1964, he triumphed at the International Song Contest in Sopot, Poland, and in the following year he took part in the \"Friendship\" contest held across six nations, winning first prize in Warsaw, Berlin and Budapest.His popularity rose quickly, and demand for his singing saw him frequently performing two to three concerts a day. His most popular hit song at the time was titled \"A u nas vo dvore\".During Leonid Brezhnev's time in office (1964\u201382), there was hardly an official concert where Kobzon did not take part, and in 1980 he was awarded the honour of People's Artist of the USSR.His best-known song is \"Instants\" from the legendary Soviet TV series \"Seventeen Moments of Spring\" (1973).In 1983, Kobzon was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and reprimanded for \"political short sightedness,\" after he performed Jewish songs during an international friendship concert, which resulted in the Arab delegations leaving in protest. However, the following year, (1984) his reputation was restored, as he was honored with the USSR State Prize.Joseph Kobzon has performed in solo concerts in most cities of the former USSR. He was also bestowed the rare honour of performing international concerts tours as a representative of USSR in United States, Panama, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Argentina, Israel, Republic of the Congo, Zaire, Angola, Nigeria, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, (Germany), Greece, and Finland. Throughout his career, he has shared the stage with many Western superstars, including the likes of Liza Minnelli and Julio Iglesias.Although he officially ended his international touring career in 1997, he continued to appear in regular concerts before audiences around the world, and was frequently seen on Russian television.Kobzon has been married three times. In 1965, he married the singer, ; then in 1969 Kobzon married Lyudmila Gurchenko, one of the best known comic actresses of the Soviet cinema. In 1971, he married Ninel Drizina with whom he had two children.On many occasions, Kobzon performed in disaster areas and military hot-spots such as Afghanistan during the Soviet-Afghan War, and Chechnya during the Chechen War.In 1986, Kobzon was the first celebrity to visit and perform in the town of Chernobyl to cheer the nuclear reactor rescuers. Two years later, Kobzon was the first celebrity to visit and perform for victims of the 1988 Armenian earthquake.Kobzon has been active in Russian politics since 1989. He is an experienced Russian MP, and enjoyed landslide election victories.His first major political achievement (1989\u20131991) transpired when his promotion of Jewish culture in the USSR aided the establishment of diplomatic ties between USSR and Israel.For many years, Kobzon has presided over numerous charitable organisations. Since 1989, he has been Chairman of The Movement for Honour and Dignity of Russian Citizens. He is also the president of the Humanitarian Initiatives Fund, and the president of a charitable fund known as \u2018Shield and Lira\" which is devoted to helping families of those killed and injured in action while on law enforcement duties.He is Chairman of the Public Council of Moscow's Police Department, and leader of his political party \"The Russian Party for Peace\".Since the early 1990s, Kobzon has personally funded numerous orphanages around the country.In 2002, he risked his life as key negotiator in the Moscow theater hostage crisis. His involvement resulted in the release of a mother with three children and a British citizen.Kobzon's innumerable contributions to culture, music, humanitarian and political life across the Commonwealth of Independent States saw a monument depicting Kobzon erected near his birthplace, in Donetsk, Ukraine in 2003.Between 2005 and 2007, he was the head of the State Duma's culture committee.In 2007, his name was entered into the Guinness Book of Records (Russian Edition) as the most decorated artist in the country's history.In 2009, Kobzon became the 24th individual to be named Honorary Citizen of Moscow.He has suffered from prostate cancer since 2005. He died on 30 August 2018.! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background: red;\" | OvationKobzon was awarded honorary citizenship of 28 cities: Anapa, Saratov (1998), Donetsk (2007), Bishkek, Dnipro (deprived of the honor on 3 September 2014), Kramatorsk, Noginsk, Poltava (deprived of the honor on 25 November 2014), Slavic (1999), Chasiv Yar, Cherkessk, Artemovsk, Horlivka and others. He is also an honorary citizen of the Saratov Oblast, Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (abolished 1 January 2008) and the Transbaikal Oblast (23 September 2010).On 31 March 2009, Kobzon was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Moscow \u2013 \"for his services and contribution to the organization and development of national culture, long-term activities designed to meet the challenges of the patriotic and cultural education of the Russian people, as well as charitable activity in the city of Moscow and other Russian regions\".A comprehensive list of all 300+ honours awarded to Joseph Kobzon can be viewed at http://iosifkobzon.ru/activity/rank/ (in Russian).Refer to *Official site of Iosif KobzonConsidering Kobzon's career, personality, spirit and singing style, many say that he was Russia's answer to the U.S. crooner Frank Sinatra. Besides their singing careers, both Sinatra and Kobzon used their popularity towards an active involvement in politics. The parallels between the two became the focus of media articles, books and novels claiming to have detailed knowledge of Russia's gangster world based on inside information obtained from the CIA. As a result, Kobzon was barred entry to the United States from 1995 when his visa was revoked on allegations of mafia ties. In response, Kobzon successfully sued numerous publications for propagating unsubstantiated rumours, asserting his impeccable reputation and great honour among millions of Russian-speakers worldwide.In March 2014, Kobzon was among 500 Russian artists who signed an open letter in support of Russia's annexation of Crimea. As a result, in July 2014, Kobzon was included in a selected group of Russian artists banned from entering Latvia.Following the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution pro-Russian unrest broke out in Ukraine. In late October 2014, Kobzon visited Donbas on a humanitarian mission, providing medications to hospitals in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions and giving a free concert in support of the people of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic. As a result of the visit, Alexander Zakharchenko (then Prime Minister of the Donetsk People's Republic) bestowed on Kobzon the title of Russia's \"honorary consul\" to DPR. However, the title had questionable meaning as there are no reports of Russia formally sending Kobzon as an honorary consul to DPR nor ratifying this appointment.On 3 September 2014 deputies of the Dnipropetrovsk City Council deprived Kobzon of the title of \"Honorary citizen of Dnipropetrovsk\", on 25 November 2014 Poltava City Council removed his title of \"Honorary citizen of Poltava\", and on 28 January 2015 Kramatorsk City Council removed his title of \"Honorary citizen of Kramatorsk.\" In autumn 2014, Ukraine's national security service banned him from entering the country. Kobzon responded by saying that \"he shouldn't need a visa to visit his own homeland and birthplace.\" He stated that he welcomed any decision by Ukraine's authorities to strip him of honours, as he didn't want to be \"an honorary citizen of a country that is run by a fascist regime.\" He requested that Ukraine also strip him of his People's Artist of Ukraine award. In February 2015, Kobzon was awarded Honorary Citizenship of Yenakiieve in Donetsk Oblast (controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic), and was later awarded the honour of 'People's Artist' by self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic.In February 2015, the European Union added Kobzon to its list of sanctioned individuals; Kobzon responded that he was \"very pleased and grateful.\" He was \"proud to be included in a list of people who are not indifferent to the fate of internally displaced Russian-speakers in Donbas and the fate of Russia\". Russian MPs spoke out in response to the EU sanctions, while Kobzon's fans launched a Twitter campaign in his support. Russia's Foreign Ministry said that the new sanctions defy common sense, referring to the fact that Kobzon was on a humanitarian mission to help innocent people caught in a war zone and that the sanctions were imposed just one day after the Minsk II agreement came into force. The agreement was reached between EU representatives (Germany and France), Ukraine and Russia, and was aimed at resolving the War in Donbas. Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov condemned Kobzon's inclusion on the sanctions list as \"vile\" and \"cynical\", questioning the purpose of sanctioning \"a highly respected national artist\" whose mission in Donbas was \"fundamentally humanitarian.\" A ruling party MP, Vyacheslav Nikonov, spoke in parliament to support Kobzon, stating \"We are with you. If they're all Charlie, then we are all Kobzon\", playing on the \"Je Suis Charlie\" slogan used in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shooting. In response to calls for retaliatory sanctions, Russia's culture minister Vladimir Medinsky said that Moscow could not impose equal sanctions on the EU, because \"Europe simply lacks a star of the same standing as Kobzon.\" Kobzon returned to Donbas one week following the EU's decision. This was his second humanitarian mission to the region delivering medications to hospitals in Luhansk, and giving another free concert \"to support local residents\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Ninel Kobzon", "Veronica P. Kruglova"], "facts": [["Joseph Kobzon", "position held", "member of the State Duma", "January 2000", "December 2003"], ["Joseph Kobzon", "spouse", "Ninel Kobzon", "January 1971", "January 2018"], ["Joseph Kobzon", "spouse", "Lyudmila Gurchenko", "January 1967", "January 1970"], ["Joseph Kobzon", "spouse", "Veronica P. Kruglova", "January 1965", "January 1967"]]}
{"question": "Where was Beate Meinl-Reisinger educated before he/she studied at Danube University Krems?", "adv_question": "Where was Beate Meinl-Reisinger educated before he/she studied at Danube University Krems?", "date": "January 01 2002", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Vienna"]}, "id": "L3_Q15787318_P69_P69_3", "fact_context": "Beate Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the NEOS \u2013 The New Austria from January 2012 to May 2023. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at Danube University Krems from January 2002 to January 2003. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at University of Vienna from January 1996 to January 2002. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger held the position of member of the regional parliament of Vienna from November 2015 to September 2018.", "adv_fact_context": "Beate Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the NEOS \u2013 The New Austria from 01/2012 to 05/2023. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at University of Vienna from Jan 1996 to January 2002. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at Danube University Krems from Jan 2002 to 01/2003. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger held the position of member of the regional parliament of Vienna from 11/2015 to 09/2018.", "context": "Beate Meinl-ReisingerBeate Meinl-Reisinger (born 25 April 1978) is an Austrian politician serving as leader of NEOS \u2013 The New Austria and Liberal Forum since June 2018. She is also the leader of the party's parliamentary group in the National Council since 2018. Previously, she was a member of the National Council and from 2015 to 2018, and a member of the Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna, where she also led the NEOS group. She returned to the National Council after the resignation of Matthias Strolz in 2018.Meinl-Reisinger was born Beate Reisinger on 25 April 1978. She attended the Wasagasse grammar school, then studied law at the University of Vienna and completed her Masters in European Studies at the Danube University Krems. She then completed a trainee program for EU academics at the Austrian Economic Chamber. In this context, she worked for the European Commission and as an assistant to Othmar Karas in the European Parliament.After the trainee program, she worked as a deputy managing director at \"Women in the Economy\", a department of the Economic Chamber. She held further positions at the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor and the Federal Ministry of Economics, Family and Youth. Subsequently, she worked as a consultant for women's, family, and integration policy in the cabinet of State Secretary Christine Marek. In 2009, she became a political advisor for the Vienna branch of the Austrian People's Party (\u00d6VP).Meinl-Reisinger is married and has three children.From 2010 to 2012, Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the Vienna branch of the \u00d6VP women's association.After the birth of her second daughter in 2012, Meinl-Reisinger became involved with the new party NEOS. She was elected to third place on the party's federal list in the 2013 federal election, and was elected to the National Council. After NEOS merged with the Liberal Forum in 2014, she was elected as one of two federal deputy leaders of the party; she also became chairwoman of its Vienna branch. In the National Council, Meinl-Resinger served as chair of the culture committee and was a member of the judiciary committee, the consumer protection committee, and the family committee.In February 2015, Meinl-Reisinger was selected as the top candidate for the 2015 Viennese state election. On 24 September, she announced her resignation from the National Council to commit time to Viennese politics; she did so on 9 October, two days before the election. She led the party to significant success, winning 6.16% and five seats. She subsequently became chairwoman of the NEOS parliamentary group in the Viennese parliament.In the 2017 federal election, Meinl-Reisinger was again third on the federal list. She did not take her seat after the election, choosing instead to remain active in Viennese politics.Federal NEOS leader Matthias Strolz announced his resignation on 7 May 2018. At a party congress on 23 June 2018, Beate Meinl-Reisinger was elected at his successor with 94.8% of the delegate votes. Upon his resignation from the National Council on 18 October, she took his seat, and replaced him as NEOS group leader. Ahead of this, she resigned from her positions in Vienna, and she was replaced as chairperson and group leader by Christoph Wiederkehr.At a party conference in Vienna on 6 July 2019, Meinl-Reisinger was elected as the top candidate for the 2019 federal election with 96.1% of votes. NEOS won 8.10% of votes in the election, and won 15 seats, an increase of five from its 2013 result.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Danube University Krems"], "facts": [["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "position held", "member of the regional parliament of Vienna", "November 2015", "September 2018"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "educated at", "Danube University Krems", "January 2002", "January 2003"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "member of political party", "NEOS \u2013 The New Austria", "January 2012", "May 2023"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "educated at", "University of Vienna", "January 1996", "January 2002"]]}
{"question": "Where was Beate Meinl-Reisinger educated before he/she was the member of NEOS \u2013 The New Austria?", "adv_question": "Where was Beate Meinl-Reisinger educated before he/she was the member of NEOS \u2013 The New Austria?", "date": "January 01 2012", "text_answers": {"text": ["Danube University Krems"]}, "id": "L3_Q15787318_P69_P102_7", "fact_context": "Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at Danube University Krems from January 2002 to January 2003. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at University of Vienna from January 1996 to January 2002. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger held the position of member of the regional parliament of Vienna from November 2015 to September 2018. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the NEOS \u2013 The New Austria from January 2012 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Beate Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the NEOS \u2013 The New Austria from 01/2012 to 05/2023. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at University of Vienna from Jan 1996 to January 2002. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger studied at Danube University Krems from Jan 2002 to 01/2003. \n Beate Meinl-Reisinger held the position of member of the regional parliament of Vienna from 11/2015 to 09/2018.", "context": "Beate Meinl-ReisingerBeate Meinl-Reisinger (born 25 April 1978) is an Austrian politician serving as leader of NEOS \u2013 The New Austria and Liberal Forum since June 2018. She is also the leader of the party's parliamentary group in the National Council since 2018. Previously, she was a member of the National Council and from 2015 to 2018, and a member of the Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna, where she also led the NEOS group. She returned to the National Council after the resignation of Matthias Strolz in 2018.Meinl-Reisinger was born Beate Reisinger on 25 April 1978. She attended the Wasagasse grammar school, then studied law at the University of Vienna and completed her Masters in European Studies at the Danube University Krems. She then completed a trainee program for EU academics at the Austrian Economic Chamber. In this context, she worked for the European Commission and as an assistant to Othmar Karas in the European Parliament.After the trainee program, she worked as a deputy managing director at \"Women in the Economy\", a department of the Economic Chamber. She held further positions at the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor and the Federal Ministry of Economics, Family and Youth. Subsequently, she worked as a consultant for women's, family, and integration policy in the cabinet of State Secretary Christine Marek. In 2009, she became a political advisor for the Vienna branch of the Austrian People's Party (\u00d6VP).Meinl-Reisinger is married and has three children.From 2010 to 2012, Meinl-Reisinger was a member of the Vienna branch of the \u00d6VP women's association.After the birth of her second daughter in 2012, Meinl-Reisinger became involved with the new party NEOS. She was elected to third place on the party's federal list in the 2013 federal election, and was elected to the National Council. After NEOS merged with the Liberal Forum in 2014, she was elected as one of two federal deputy leaders of the party; she also became chairwoman of its Vienna branch. In the National Council, Meinl-Resinger served as chair of the culture committee and was a member of the judiciary committee, the consumer protection committee, and the family committee.In February 2015, Meinl-Reisinger was selected as the top candidate for the 2015 Viennese state election. On 24 September, she announced her resignation from the National Council to commit time to Viennese politics; she did so on 9 October, two days before the election. She led the party to significant success, winning 6.16% and five seats. She subsequently became chairwoman of the NEOS parliamentary group in the Viennese parliament.In the 2017 federal election, Meinl-Reisinger was again third on the federal list. She did not take her seat after the election, choosing instead to remain active in Viennese politics.Federal NEOS leader Matthias Strolz announced his resignation on 7 May 2018. At a party congress on 23 June 2018, Beate Meinl-Reisinger was elected at his successor with 94.8% of the delegate votes. Upon his resignation from the National Council on 18 October, she took his seat, and replaced him as NEOS group leader. Ahead of this, she resigned from her positions in Vienna, and she was replaced as chairperson and group leader by Christoph Wiederkehr.At a party conference in Vienna on 6 July 2019, Meinl-Reisinger was elected as the top candidate for the 2019 federal election with 96.1% of votes. NEOS won 8.10% of votes in the election, and won 15 seats, an increase of five from its 2013 result.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Vienna"], "facts": [["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "educated at", "University of Vienna", "January 1996", "January 2002"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "member of political party", "NEOS \u2013 The New Austria", "January 2012", "May 2023"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "educated at", "Danube University Krems", "January 2002", "January 2003"], ["Beate Meinl-Reisinger", "position held", "member of the regional parliament of Vienna", "November 2015", "September 2018"]]}
{"question": "Where was Obi Toppin educated before he/she played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball?", "adv_question": "Where was Obi Toppin educated before he/she played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball?", "date": "January 01 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["Ossining High School"]}, "id": "L3_Q75060241_P69_P54_7", "fact_context": "Obi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from January 2015 to January 2017. \n Obi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from January 2018 to January 2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from January 2014 to January 2015. \n Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from January 2018 to January 2020.", "adv_fact_context": "Obi Toppin studied at University of Dayton from 01/2018 to 01/2020. \n Obi Toppin studied at Ossining High School from Jan 2015 to January 2017. \n Obi Toppin studied at Melbourne Central Catholic High School from Jan 2014 to Jan 2015. \n Obi Toppin played for Dayton Flyers men's basketball from Jan 2018 to January 2020.", "context": "Obi ToppinObadiah Richard \"Obi\" Toppin Jr. (born March 4, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A power forward, he played college basketball for the Dayton Flyers.A native of Brooklyn, Toppin graduated from Ossining High School in New York. After receiving no NCAA Division I offers, he played a postgraduate season at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Maryland. As a freshman with the Dayton Flyers, Toppin was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year after leading his team in scoring. He had breakout success in his sophomore season, earning Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and National College Player of the Year honors. After the college season Toppin declared for the 2020 NBA draft where he was selected with the eighth overall pick by the New York Knicks. In his rookie season Toppin was the runner up in the 2021 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.Toppin was born in Brooklyn in New York City and originally grew up in the neighborhood of Bushwick before moving to Melbourne, Florida. He attended Heritage High School in Palm Bay as a freshman before transferring to Melbourne Central Catholic High School the next year. Toppin, his mother and younger brother relocated to Ossining, New York and enrolled at Ossining High School going into his junior year. He averaged 20.6 points, 8.1 rebounds, 3 assists and 3 steals as a senior during his only year playing varsity at Ossining and led the team to its first conference title in 10 years. Having received no NCAA Division I offers, Toppin opted to enroll at Mt. Zion Preparatory School in Baltimore, Maryland for a postgraduate year. He averaged 17 points, eight rebounds and four assists and also grew four inches to . He committed to play college basketball at the University of Dayton over offers from Rhode Island, Georgetown, Georgia, Texas A&M, Minnesota and Texas Tech.Toppin redshirted his true freshman season after being ruled academically ineligible to play. As a redshirt freshman, Toppin led the Flyers with 14.4 points per game while averaging 5.6 rebounds per game and was named the Atlantic 10 Conference Rookie of the Week seven times. At the end of the season, Toppin was named the Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year and to the first team All-Atlantic 10, the first freshman to do so since Lamar Odom in 1999. Following the end of the season he declared for the 2019 NBA draft, but did not hire an agent. After working out for several NBA teams, Toppin opted to withdraw from the draft and return to Dayton. Entering his redshirt sophomore season, Toppin was named to the preseason first team All-Atlantic 10 and to the Karl Malone, Lute Olson, and Naismith Award watchlists. Toppin was also named the 44th-best collegiate basketball player going into the 2019\u201320 season by CBS Sports and the 24th-best prospect for the 2020 NBA draft by ESPN. He was named the Atlantic 10 Player of the Week for the first week of the season after scoring a career-high 29 points with 12 rebounds in the Flyers' season opening 86\u201381 win over Indiana State. In late November 2019, Toppin led Dayton to second place at the 2019 Maui Invitational Tournament, averaging 22.3 points, 7.0 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.3 blocks over three games. He subsequently repeated as Atlantic 10 Player of the Week and was recognized as National Player of the Week by NBC Sports. On December 30, Toppin scored a career-high 31 points in a 77\u201359 win over North Florida, including a school-record 10 dunks. He was named to the midseason watchlist for the Wooden Award and was named the Midseason Player of the Year by The Athletic. Toppin sprained his left ankle during a win against UMass on January 11, 2020, but did not miss a game, scoring 24 points in Dayton's next game against VCU in spite of his injury. Toppin scored his 1,000th career point on February 22, 2020 during a 28-point performance in an 80\u201370 win over Duquesne. At the end of the regular season Toppin was named to the first team All-Atlantic 10 and the Atlantic 10 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year after averaging 20 points, 7.5 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game with a .633 field goal percentage. Toppin was a consensus first team All-American selection, won the Karl Malone Award as the nation's top power forward, and was the consensus National Player of the Year after being named the Associated Press College Basketball Player of the Year, NABC Player of the Year, Naismith College Player of the Year, and awarded the Oscar Robertson Trophy and the John R. Wooden Award. He also garnered national player of the year honors from CBS Sports, The Athletic, NBC Sports and USA Today. After the season Toppin announced that he would be forgoing his final two seasons of eligibility to enter the 2020 NBA draft. Toppin finished his college career with 1,096 points scored and a school-record 190 dunks.On November 18, 2020, Toppin was selected with the eighth overall pick in the 2020 NBA draft by the New York Knicks. On November 23, Toppin signed a rookie scale contract with the Knicks. On December 23, Toppin made his NBA debut, putting up nine points, three rebounds, and two blocks in 24 minutes, in a 121\u2013107 loss to the Indiana Pacers. Toppin missed 10 games due to injury sustained in his NBA debut, and returned on January 13, 2021 in a 116\u2013109 loss to the Brooklyn Nets. He was invited to participate in the 2021 NBA Dunk Contest and finished in 2nd place.Toppin's father, also named Obadiah, was a well-known streetball player in Brooklyn. He played basketball collegiately at Globe Institute of Technology and professionally for the Brooklyn Kings of the United States Basketball League, the Harlem Strong Dogs of the American Basketball Association and in the Dominican Republic. His father was also known as \"Dunkers Delight\" while playing for a streetball team called the Court Kingz. His brother, Jacob, plays college basketball for Kentucky after transferring from Rhode Island.Toppin is a Christian and has a cross tattoo on his right shoulder as a sign of his faith.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Dayton", "Melbourne Central Catholic High School"], "facts": [["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Melbourne Central Catholic High School", "January 2014", "January 2015"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "Ossining High School", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Obi Toppin", "educated at", "University of Dayton", "January 2018", "January 2020"], ["Obi Toppin", "member of sports team", "Dayton Flyers men's basketball", "January 2018", "January 2020"]]}
{"question": "Where was Joseph Ritt educated after he/she studied at City College of New York?", "adv_question": "Where was Joseph Ritt educated after he/she studied at City College of New York?", "date": "January 01 1910", "text_answers": {"text": ["George Washington University"]}, "id": "L3_Q1707899_P69_P69_0", "fact_context": "Joseph Ritt studied at Columbia University from January 1913 to January 1917. \n Joseph Ritt studied at City College of New York from January 1908 to January 1910. \n Joseph Ritt studied at George Washington University from January 1910 to January 1913. \n Joseph Ritt worked for Columbia University from January 1921 to January 1950.", "adv_fact_context": "Joseph Ritt worked for Columbia University from Jan 1921 to 01/1950. \n Joseph Ritt studied at George Washington University from 01/1910 to January 1913. \n Joseph Ritt studied at Columbia University from Jan 1913 to Jan 1917. \n Joseph Ritt studied at City College of New York from 01/1908 to 01/1910.", "context": "Joseph RittJoseph Fels Ritt (August 23, 1893 \u2013 January 5, 1951) was an American mathematician at Columbia University in the early 20th century. He was born and died in New York.After beginning his undergraduate studies at City College of New York, Ritt received his B.A. from George Washington University in 1913. He then earned a doctorate in mathematics from Columbia University in 1917 under the supervision of Edward Kasner. After doing calculations for the war effort in World War I, he joined the Columbia faculty in 1921. He served as department chair from 1942 to 1945, and in 1945 became the Davies Professor of Mathematics. In 1932, George Washington University honored him with a Doctorate in Science, and in 1933 he was elected to join the United States National Academy of Sciences. He has 463 academic descendants listed in the Mathematics Genealogy Project, mostly through his student Ellis Kolchin. Ritt was an Invited Speaker with talk \"Elementary functions and their inverses\" at the ICM in 1924 in Toronto and a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Ritt founded differential algebra theory, which was subsequently much developed by him and his student Ellis Kolchin.He is known for his work on characterizing the indefinite integrals that can be solved in closed form, for his work on the theory of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations, for beginning the study of differential algebraic groups, and for the method of characteristic sets used in the solution of systems of polynomial equations.Despite his great achievements, he was never awarded any prize for his work, a fact which he resented, as he felt he was underappreciated. He once composed the following epitaph for himself:", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Columbia University", "City College of New York"], "facts": [["Joseph Ritt", "educated at", "City College of New York", "January 1908", "January 1910"], ["Joseph Ritt", "educated at", "George Washington University", "January 1910", "January 1913"], ["Joseph Ritt", "employer", "Columbia University", "January 1921", "January 1950"], ["Joseph Ritt", "educated at", "Columbia University", "January 1913", "January 1917"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of El Potro \u00c1lvarez before he/she was married to Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of El Potro \u00c1lvarez before he/she was married to Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz?", "date": "January 01 2006", "text_answers": {"text": ["Astrid Carolina Herrera"]}, "id": "L3_Q701423_P26_P26_3", "fact_context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Dayana Colmenares from January 2013 to May 2023. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera from January 2002 to January 2005. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz from January 2006 to January 2008. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez held the position of minister from January 2014 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera from 01/2002 to 01/2005. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Dayana Colmenares from January 2013 to May 2023. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz from 01/2006 to January 2008. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez held the position of minister from January 2014 to January 2015.", "context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarezAntonio Enrique \u00c1lvarez Cisneros (; born 9 May 1979) is a Venezuelan politician and a former professional baseball player.Born in Caracas, he played professionally under the name Tony \u00c1lvarez. Furthermore, he is commonly known as El Potro \u00c1lvarez, a moniker that he has been using since starting his baseball career at a young age.\u00c1lvarez was a highly touted as a five-tool outfielder prospect. In addition to his playing in the 2002 All-Star Futures Game and the 2006 World Baseball Classic, he usually smashed hard line drives into the infield or deep into the outfield, played aggressive baserunning, and crashed the walls in pursuit of a fly ball, delighting baseball fans for most of a decade. \"People come out to the ballpark and pay money to watch the game\", \u00c1lvarez explained in an interview. \"I'm an aggressive player and it's hard for me to change. If I lose my aggressiveness, I won't be the same player\", he added.Additionally, during the same period \u00c1lvarez found time to develop a successful but not remarkable musical career, ventured in politics and even married three times, each one of his wives being former beauty queens, which led him to achieve celebrity status in his country.At age 25, \u00c1lvarez was ranked by \"Baseball America\" as one of the top ten prospects in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, but was never able to fulfill the potential that he showed in the Minor Leagues.Listed at 6' 1\" , 200 lb. , \u00c1lvarez batted and threw right-handed. He was signed by Pittsburgh at the age of 16 while attending high school in Venezuela. After graduating, he joined the Gulf Coast League Pirates rookie level in 1998 and gained five promotions in the next three years.\u00c1lvarez collected a .474 batting average in the 2002 spring training and impressed the Pittsburgh organization as much with his enthusiasm and magnetic personality. \"He's a high-energy guy\", Pirates farm director Brian Graham said. \"He plays the game hard and has the kind of attitude you want to see in a young player.\" His breakout season came this year, when he slashed a line of .318/.361/.483 with 15 home runs, 59 RBI and 29 stolen bases in 125 games for Double-A Altoona Curve, emerging as a leadoff hitter and playing for the World team in the Futures Game.\u00c1lvarez succeeded despite suffering personal adversity, missing the last month of the 2002 season at Altoona to return home to Venezuela to be with his father, who was battling leukemia. Once his father showed signs of recovery, \u00c1lvarez got the call to join the big club in late October. He played at the three outfield positions in eight games with the Pirates, including seven starts, and was used in pinch-hit roles seven times. He hit an average of .308 (8-for-26) with one home run and a .500 slugging percentage, driving in two runs and scoring six times, while stealing one base.In 2003, \u00c1lvarez batted .298/.361/.470 with nine homers and 53 RBI, while stealing 22 bases in 106 games for Triple-A Nashville Sounds, significant numbers as he spent two stints on the disabled list. He opened 2004 at Nashville, batting .290/.365/.457 with 14 homers, 59 runs, 48 RBI, 19 steals in 99 games.\u00c1lvarez was recalled by Pittsburgh during the 2004 midseason, but was used sparingly in 24 games. He hit a paltry .211 average with one homer and eight RBI but did not steal one base. He was released at the end of the season. Overall, he hit .250 and slugged 406 in 38 games for the Pirates, including 11 runs, 10 RBI and one stolen base.He then was signed by the Chicago White Sox as a free agent before the 2005 season, but failed to make the big club. After that, he played in the Baltimore Orioles minor league system in 2006, as well as for the Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in 2007.Over his nine-season Minor League career, \u00c1lvarez posted a .295 average and slugged .452 in 746 games appearances, batting 13 home runs with 387 RBI, while scoring 420 runs and stealing 217 stolen bases.In between, \u00c1lvarez played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas, Navegantes del Magallanes, Tiburones de La Guaira, Caribes de Anzo\u00e1tegui, \u00c1guilas del Zulia and Tigres de Aragua clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in a 15-season career spanning 1996\u20132014. He compiled a slash line of .282/.318/.463 with 46 home runs and 192 RBI in 466 games, scoring 228 runs scored and 46 stolen bases. Additionally, he served as a playoff reinforcement for the Pastora de Los Llanos and Cardenales de Lara, making him one of few players to wear all uniforms in the eight-team league.Starting 2009, \u00c1lvarez engaged on a musical career as a reggaeton artist. Usually using the stage name \"El Potro Alvarez\", he collaborated with various artists in a bunch of music videos taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style. These music videos were usually directed by Venezuelan Daniel Dur\u00e1n and Dominican Marlon Pe\u00f1a (aka Marlon P).Starting his political career in 2013, \u00c1lvarez ran as a United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV in Spanish) candidate for mayor of the Sucre Municipality, but was defeated by Carlos Ocariz.Then, in September 2014 Venezuelan President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro announced a reshuffle of his Cabinet and appointed \u00c1lvarez as the new Minister of Youth and Sports. The minister, during his statements, explained that sport in Venezuela had been deepened as a state policy during the last 15 years of revolution.In April 2015, President Maduro announced that \u00c1lvarez had been relieved of his ministerial duties. \u00c1lvarez was released from office due to his bid for the PSUV primary elections ahead of parliamentary elections.From 2002 to May 2005, \u00c1lvarez was married to Miss World Venezuela 1984 and Miss World 1984 Astrid Carolina Herrera. After they divorced, he married in December 2005 to Miss Venezuela 2002 winner and actress Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz, with whom he had a daughter named Mari\u00e1ngel Victoria. \u00c1lvarez and Ruiz divorced in 2008. Then in 2013 he married to Dayana Colmenares, a model and winner of Miss Venezuela International 2007, and this couple have a daughter, Mia Dayana, who was born in 2014.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Dayana Colmenares", "Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz"], "facts": [["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "position held", "minister", "January 2014", "January 2015"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Astrid Carolina Herrera", "January 2002", "January 2005"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Dayana Colmenares", "January 2013", "May 2023"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz", "January 2006", "January 2008"]]}
{"question": "Where was Chris Hadfield educated before he/she held the position of ISS Expedition Commander?", "adv_question": "Where was Chris Hadfield educated before he/she held the position of ISS Expedition Commander?", "date": "March 13 2013", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Tennessee Space Institute"]}, "id": "L3_Q1076962_P69_P39_19", "fact_context": "Chris Hadfield held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from March 2013 to May 2013. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Military College of Canada from January 1980 to January 1982. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Waterloo from January 1982 to January 1983. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Roads University from January 1978 to January 1980. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Tennessee Space Institute from January 1990 to January 1992.", "adv_fact_context": "Chris Hadfield held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from 03/2013 to May 2013. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Military College of Canada from 01/1980 to January 1982. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Tennessee Space Institute from January 1990 to 01/1992. \n Chris Hadfield studied at Royal Roads University from January 1978 to 01/1980. \n Chris Hadfield studied at University of Waterloo from January 1982 to Jan 1983.", "context": "Chris HadfieldChris Austin Hadfield (born August 29, 1959) is a retired Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut, engineer, science communicator, singer, and former fighter pilot. The first Canadian to walk in space, Hadfield has flown two Space Shuttle missions and served as commander of the International Space Station (ISS). Prior to his career as an astronaut, Hadfield served in the Canadian Forces for 25 years as an Air Command fighter pilot.Hadfield was inspired as a child when he watched the Apollo 11 Moon landing on TV. He attended high school in Oakville and Milton in southern Ontario and earned his glider pilot licence as a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. After joining the Canadian Armed Forces, he earned an engineering degree at Royal Military College (RMC). He learned to fly various types of aircraft in the military and eventually became a test pilot, flying several experimental planes. As part of an exchange program with the United States Navy and United States Air Force, he obtained a master's degree in aviation systems at the University of Tennessee Space Institute.In 1992, Hadfield was accepted into the Canadian astronaut program by the Canadian Space Agency. He first flew in space in November 1995 as a mission specialist aboard , visiting the Russian space station \"Mir\". He flew again in April 2001 on , when he visited the ISS and walked in space to help install the Canadarm2. In December 2012, he flew for a third time aboard Soyuz TMA-07M to join Expedition 34 on the ISS. When this expedition ended in March 2013, he became the commander of the ISS as part of Expedition 35, responsible for a crew of five astronauts and helping to run dozens of scientific experiments dealing with the impact of low gravity on human biology. During this mission, he chronicled life on board the space station by taking pictures of the Earth and posting them on various social media platforms. He was a guest on television news and talk shows and gained popularity by playing the ISS's guitar in space. Hadfield returned to Earth in May 2013 when the mission ended. He announced his retirement shortly after returning, capping a 35-year career as a military pilot and astronaut.Hadfield was born in Sarnia, Ontario. His parents are Roger and Eleanor Hadfield, who live in Milton, Ontario. Hadfield was raised on a corn farm in southern Ontario. He was a member of a Wolf Cub Pack that met at the Milton Fairgrounds. He became interested in flying at a young age and in being an astronaut at age nine when he saw the Apollo 11 Moon landing on television. He is married to his high-school girlfriend Helene, and they have three adult children: Kyle, Evan and Kristin Hadfield. Hadfield used to be a ski instructor at Glen Eden Ski Area before becoming a test pilot.Hadfield is of northern English and southern Scottish descent. He is a devoted fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs and wore a Leafs jersey under his spacesuit during his Soyuz TMA-07M reentry in May 2013. After the 2012 NHL Lockout ended, Hadfield tweeted a photo of himself holding a Maple Leafs logo, and stated he was \"ready to cheer [his team] on from orbit\". He sang the Canadian National Anthem during the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens game on January 18, 2014, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto.Hadfield attended White Oaks Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario until his senior year and then graduated as an Ontario Scholar from Milton District High School in 1977. As a member of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, he earned a glider pilot scholarship at age 15 and a powered pilot scholarship at age 16. After graduating from high school in 1978, he joined the Canadian Armed Forces and spent two years at Royal Roads Military College followed by two years at the Royal Military College, where he received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1982. He also conducted his post-graduate research at the University of Waterloo in 1982. Before graduating, he also underwent basic flight training at CFB Portage la Prairie. In 1983, he took honours as the top graduate from Basic Jet Training at CFB Moose Jaw, and then went on to train as a tactical fighter pilot with 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron at CFB Cold Lake, flying the Canadair CF-116 Freedom Fighter and the McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet. After completing his fighter training, Hadfield flew CF-18 Hornets with 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron, flying intercept missions for NORAD. He was the first CF-18 pilot to intercept a Soviet Tupolev Tu 95 long-range bomber in the Canadian Arctic.In the late 1980s, Hadfield attended the US Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base and served as an exchange officer with the US Navy at Strike Test Directorate at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station. His accomplishments from 1989 to 1992 included testing the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet and LTV A-7 Corsair II aircraft; performing research work with NASA on pitch control margin simulation and flight; completing the first military flight of F/A-18 enhanced performance engines; piloting the first flight test of the National Aerospace Plane external burning hydrogen propulsion engine; developing a new handling qualities rating scale for high angle-of-attack test; and participating in the F/A-18 out-of-control recovery test program.In May 1992, Hadfield graduated with a master's degree in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute, where his thesis concerned high-angle attack aerodynamics of the F/A-18 Hornet fighter jet. In total, Hadfield has flown over 70 different types of aircraft.Hadfield was selected to become one of four new Canadian astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. Three of those four (Dafydd Williams, Julie Payette and Hadfield) have flown in space. The fourth candidate, Michael McKay, resigned as an astronaut in 1995. Hadfield was assigned by the CSA to the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas in August, where he addressed technical and safety issues for Shuttle Operations Development, contributed to the development of the glass shuttle cockpit, and supported shuttle launches at the Kennedy Space Center, in Florida. In addition, Hadfield was NASA's chief CAPCOM (capsule communicator\")\", the voice of mission control to astronauts in orbit, for 25 Space Shuttle missions. From 1996 to 2000, he represented CSA astronauts and coordinated their activities as the chief astronaut for the CSA.He was the director of operations for NASA at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) in Star City, Russia from 2001 until 2003. Some of his duties included co-ordination and direction of all International Space Station crew activities in Russia, oversight of training and crew support staff, as well as policy negotiation with the Russian Space Program and other International Partners. He also trained and became fully qualified to be a flight engineer cosmonaut in the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, and to perform spacewalks in the Russian Orlan spacesuit.Hadfield is a civilian CSA astronaut, having retired as a colonel from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2003 after 25 years of military service. He was chief of robotics for the NASA Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas from 2003 to 2006 and was chief of International Space Station Operations from 2006 to 2008. In 2008 and 2009, he trained as a back-up to Robert Thirsk on Expedition 21. In May 2010, Hadfield served as the commander of the mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for fourteen days. NASA announced in 2010 that Hadfield would become the first Canadian commander of the International Space Station, leading Expedition 35 after its launch on December 19, 2012. His craft docked with the station on December 21. He remained on the station for five months, transferring control to Pavel Vinogradov and departing on May 13, 2013.In June 2013, one month after completing his third trip to space, Hadfield announced his retirement from the Canadian Space Agency, effective July 3, 2013. Hadfield stated that after living primarily in the United States since the 1980s for his career, he would be moving back to Canada, \"making good on a promise I made my wife nearly 30 years ago\u2014that yes, eventually, we would be moving back to Canada.\" He noted that he plans to pursue private interests outside government there.Hadfield is enthusiastic about the prospects for a manned mission to Mars, and when asked in 2011 if he would consider being the first to visit even if the journey to Mars were one-way, he said \"I would be honoured to be given the opportunity.\"Hadfield served as Mission Specialist 1 on STS-74 in November 1995. It was NASA's second space shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station \"Mir\". During the flight, the crew of Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\" attached a five-tonne docking module to \"Mir\" and transferred over 1,000\u00a0kg of food, water, and scientific supplies to the cosmonauts. Hadfield flew as the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm in orbit, and the only Canadian ever to board \"Mir\".In April 2001, Hadfield served as mission specialist 1 on STS-100, International Space Station (ISS) assembly Flight 6A. The crew of Space Shuttle \"Endeavour\" delivered and installed Canadarm2, the new Canadian-built robotic arm, as well as the Italian-made resupply module \"Raffaello\". During the 11-day flight, Hadfield performed two spacewalks, which made him the first Canadian to ever leave a spacecraft and float freely in space. During his first spacewalk Hadfield experienced severe eye irritation due to the anti-fog solution used to polish his spacesuit visor, temporarily blinding him and forcing him to vent oxygen into space. In total, Hadfield spent 14 hours, 50 minutes outside, travelling 10 times around the world during his spacewalk.On December 19, 2012, Hadfield launched in the Soyuz TMA-07M flight for a long duration stay on board the ISS as part of Expedition 35. He arrived at the station two days later, as scheduled, and became the first Canadian to command the ISS when the crew of Expedition 34 departed in March 2013. On May 12, 2013, he turned over command of the ISS, and returned home aboard the Soyuz spacecraft on May 13. He received significant media exposure during his time on the ISS, and ended his time on the station by paying tribute to David Bowie with a rendition of \"Space Oddity\".Hadfield has a social media presence, with over 2,400,000 Twitter followers . He created one of the top Reddit ask me anything (AMA) threads of all time on February 17, 2013. He also maintains accounts on Facebook, Tumblr, and YouTube. His exchanges with William Shatner and other \"Star Trek\" actors have received media coverage. Hadfield has been described by Forbes as \"perhaps the most social media savvy astronaut ever to leave Earth\".Hadfield enlisted the help of his son Evan to manage his social media presence. They work in tandem to share information over the internet about aspects of life as an astronaut, both the scientific and the mundane.During his free time on Expedition 35, Hadfield recorded music for an album, using the Larriv\u00e9e Parlor guitar previously brought to the ISS. The first song recorded in space, \"Jewel in the Night\", was released via YouTube on Christmas Eve\u00a02012.His collaboration with Ed Robertson of the Barenaked Ladies and the Wexford Gleeks, \"Is Somebody Singing?\"\u2014sometimes shortened \"I.S.S.\"\u2014was aired on the CBC Radio program Q and released by CBC Music online on February\u00a08, 2013. Hadfield sang \"Is Somebody Singing\" along with singers across Canada for the national Music Monday program. Hadfield has been credited musically on his brother Dave Hadfield's albums. He also has performed with his brother the \"Canada Song\", which was released on YouTube on Canada Day, 2014.On May 12, 2013, after handing over command of the ISS, but before returning home, Hadfield released a music video recorded on the ISS of a modified rendition of \"Space Oddity\" by David Bowie. , the video has over 45\u00a0million views on YouTube. The performance was the subject of a piece by Glenn Fleishman in \"The Economist\" on May\u00a022, 2013, analysing the legal implications of publicly performing a copyrighted work of music while in Earth orbit.In October 2015, Hadfield released \"Space Sessions: Songs From a Tin Can\", an album of songs that he had recorded on the International Space Station.In October 2013 Hadfield was interviewed by \"Maclean's\" magazine and appeared on its cover wearing face make-up to \"replicate Bowie's famed image from the cover of his \"Aladdin Sane\" album.\" Hadfield wrote an article for the December 2013 edition of \"Wired\" magazine in which he reflects on his time spent on the International Space Station.On October 8, 2013, the University of Waterloo announced that Hadfield will join the university as a professor for a three-year term beginning in the Fall of 2014. Hadfield's work is expected to involve instructing and advising roles in aviation programs offered by the Faculty of Environment and Faculty of Science, as well as assisting in ongoing research regarding the health of astronauts with the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences.Hadfield's 2013 autobiography, \"An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth: What Going to Space Taught Me About Ingenuity, Determination, and Being Prepared for Anything\" deals with his professional life and work, and with numerous examples from the lead-up to his command of Expedition 35. The book was a \"New York Times\" bestseller and was also the bestselling book in Canada on a Canadian subject.In 2017, Hadfield hosted the BBC show \"Astronauts: Do You Have What It Takes?\" alongside Kevin Fong and Iya Whiteley, where 12 contestants compete to earn Hadfield's approval and recommendation as a candidate for future applications to become an astronaut. The challenges involved replicated real tests carried out by the different Space Agencies at facilities in Europe and America, including hypoxia and centrifuge training, with contestants eliminated each week. Hadfield hosted a web series about space exploration on the video platform MasterClass.On February 9, 2021 Virgin Galactic announced that Hadfield would be joining their Space Advisory Board to help \"provide advice to senior management as the company moves forward to open space for the benefit of all.\" Hadfield will be joined by former astronaut Sandra Magnus and Chief Scientist of Cubic Corporation David A. Whelan.Hadfield is the recipient of numerous awards and special honours. These include appointment to the Order of Ontario in 1996, as an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2014, receipt of the Vanier Award in 2001, NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 2002, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002, and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012. He is also the only Canadian to have received both a military and civilian Meritorious Service Cross, the military medal in 2001 and the civilian one in 2013. In 1988, Hadfield was granted the Liethen-Tittle Award (top pilot graduate of the USAF Test Pilot School) and was named US Navy Test Pilot of the Year in 1991. He was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2005 and commemorated on Royal Canadian Mint silver and gold coins for his spacewalk to install Canadarm2 on the International Space Station in 2001. Further, the Royal Military College granted Hadfield an honorary Doctorate of Engineering in 1996 and he was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Laws from Trent University three years later. In 2013, Hadfield was presented with an Honorary Diploma from Nova Scotia Community College. Upon his taking command of the International Space Station, Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, sent Hadfield a personal message of congratulations, stating \"I am pleased to transmit my personal best wishes, and those of all Canadians, to Colonel Christopher Hadfield as he takes command of the International Space Station...\"His affiliations include membership in the Royal Military College Club, Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute, and serving as honorary patron of Lambton College, former trustee of Lakefield College School, board member of the International Space School Foundation, and executive with the Association of Space Explorers.In Sarnia, the city airport was renamed to Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport in 1997 and there are two public schools named after him \u2013 one in Milton, Ontario and the other in Bradford, Ontario. A NASA Marshall Space Flight Center-run rocket factory at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, where he briefly worked, and an asteroid 14143 Hadfield are also named after him.In 2005, 820 Milton Blue Thunder Squadron was renamed 820 Chris Hadfield Squadron in honour of Hadfield, who was a cadet there from 1971 to 1978. The Town of Milton also named a municipal park and street after Hadfield.In 2014, his name was added to the Wall of Honour at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario.In 2020, the newly discovered Andrena Hadfieldi, a species of bee, was named in his honour.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Royal Roads University", "University of Waterloo", "Royal Military College of Canada"], "facts": [["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "University of Waterloo", "January 1982", "January 1983"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "University of Tennessee Space Institute", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Chris Hadfield", "position held", "ISS Expedition Commander", "March 2013", "May 2013"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "Royal Roads University", "January 1978", "January 1980"], ["Chris Hadfield", "educated at", "Royal Military College of Canada", "January 1980", "January 1982"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Jean-Pierre Bosser hold after he/she studied at \u00c9cole de l'infanterie?", "adv_question": "Which position did Jean-Pierre Bosser hold after he/she studied at \u00c9cole de l'infanterie?", "date": "January 01 1982", "text_answers": {"text": ["Chief of Staff of the French Army"]}, "id": "L3_Q17580025_P39_P69_10", "fact_context": "Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr from January 1970 to January 1979. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr from January 1979 to January 1981. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of director general from September 2019 to May 2023. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of Chief of Staff of the French Army from September 2014 to July 2019. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole de l'infanterie from January 1981 to January 1982.", "adv_fact_context": "Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole de l'infanterie from January 1981 to Jan 1982. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of director general from 09/2019 to May 2023. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser held the position of Chief of Staff of the French Army from 09/2014 to July 2019. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr from 01/1970 to 01/1979. \n Jean-Pierre Bosser studied at \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr from January 1979 to January 1981.", "context": "Jean-Pierre Bosser (army general)Jean-Pierre Bosser (born 14 November 1959 in Versailles, France) is a French Army General. He was Chief of Staff of the French Army from 1 September 2014 to 31 July 2019.Student of the Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr, then the \u00c9cole sp\u00e9ciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (promotion G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Lasalle 1979-1981), he chose then the infantry application school at Montpellier.He served in the 8th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment 8 RPIMa at Castres on three different occasions, as a section (platoon) chief and paratrooper instructor from 1982 to 1985, assistant officer then commandant of a company between 1986 and 1990, and finally after being nominated to colonel on 1 October 2000, in quality as a regimental commander from 2011 to 2003. Jean-Pierre Bosser was particularly renowned for becoming a paratrooper instructor, particularly at the 8th Parachute Regiment of the Troupes de marine, and participated to a dozen of exterior operations.Between 1982 and 1990, he deployed to Lebanon at the corps of the Multinational Force in Lebanon since creation in September 1982, to Tchad for the launching of Operation Manta in 1983 then within the cadre of Op\u00e9ration \u00c9pervier in 1989, to Central African Republic in 1984 and 1986, and to Gabon in 1990 for the evacuation of French citizens from Port-Gentil. He also conducted simultaneously a technical military assistance mission for one year as a counselor of the para-commando battalion of Mauritania in 1985.From 1990 to 1992, he occupied the post of chief of the operational center of the inter-arm general staff headquarters of the superior commandment of the New Caledonian Armed Forces (FANC). He was then engaged at the head of his regiment in Kosovo within the cadre of Operation Trident in 2002, then Central African Republic to open Operation Boali in 2003. Brevetted at the \u00c9cole de guerre in 1996, he served for five years at the bureau \u00ab \u00e9tudes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales \u00bb of the Directorate of Military Personnel of the French Army (DPMAT) before assuming the command of the 8 RPIMa. Then, from 2003 till 2005, he was designated as director of the student formations (DFE) of \u00c9coles de Saint-Cyr Co\u00ebtquidan ESCC.He joined again the DPMAT in quality as a bureau chief \u00ab Arme de m\u00eal\u00e9e \u00bb, then bureau chief \u00ab \u00e9tudes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales \u00bb. Nominated to G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade on 1 August 2007, he became the assistant to the deputy chief of the general staff headquarters \u00ab ressources humaines \u00bb at the general staff headquarters of the French Army where he was confined with the functions of deputy chief of the general staff headquarters \u00ab performance-synth\u00e8se \u00bb. Elevated to the rank designation of g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de corps d\u2019arm\u00e9e, he became on 29 November 2012, the director of the Protection and Defense Security Directorate DPSD, while being responsible for one of the French Military Intelligence Subsidiaries.On 9 July 2014, he was nominated by the Council of Ministers Chief of Staff of the French Army CEMAT, the highest function in the chain of command of the French Army. He assumed this post responsibility on 1 September 2014 along with the rank elevation designation of G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'arm\u00e9e.Jean-Pierre Bosser is an Honorary Corporal (bestowed) of the French Foreign Legion.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["director general"], "facts": [["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "position held", "Chief of Staff of the French Army", "September 2014", "July 2019"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "position held", "director general", "September 2019", "May 2023"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "educated at", "\u00c9cole de l'infanterie", "January 1981", "January 1982"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "educated at", "Lyc\u00e9e militaire de Saint-Cyr", "January 1970", "January 1979"], ["Jean-Pierre Bosser", "educated at", "\u00c9cole Sp\u00e9ciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr", "January 1979", "January 1981"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for after he/she worked for Toyota Australia?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for after he/she worked for Toyota Australia?", "date": "January 01 1996", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sun Microsystems"]}, "id": "L3_Q58345040_P108_P108_9", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Echelon Corporation", "Tesla, Inc.", "Juniper Networks", "Toyota Australia", "Arthur Andersen", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"], ["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for before he/she worked for Sun Microsystems?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for before he/she worked for Sun Microsystems?", "date": "January 01 1996", "text_answers": {"text": ["Toyota Australia"]}, "id": "L3_Q58345040_P108_P108_17", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Echelon Corporation", "Tesla, Inc.", "Juniper Networks", "Arthur Andersen", "Sun Microsystems", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for before he/she worked for Juniper Networks?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Robyn Denholm work for before he/she worked for Juniper Networks?", "date": "August 01 2007", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sun Microsystems"]}, "id": "L3_Q58345040_P108_P108_26", "fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from January 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from December 1984 to August 1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from August 2007 to August 2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from January 1996 to August 2007. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to April 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from January 1989 to January 1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Robyn Denholm worked for Echelon Corporation from Jan 2008 to January 2013. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Arthur Andersen from Dec 1984 to 08/1989. \n Robyn Denholm worked for ABB Group from April 2016 to Apr 2017. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Toyota Australia from Jan 1989 to 01/1996. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Tesla, Inc. from January 2014 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Sun Microsystems from Jan 1996 to Aug 2007. \n Robyn Denholm held the position of chief operating officer from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Juniper Networks from Aug 2007 to 08/2016. \n Robyn Denholm worked for Telstra from Jan 2017 to 05/2023.", "context": "Robyn DenholmRobyn M. Denholm (born 27 May 1963) is an Australian business executive. In November 2018, Denholm succeeded Elon Musk as chair of Tesla, Inc.Denholm was born on 27 May 1963 in Milperra, New South Wales. She was raised there, where her parents owned a service station. Working at her parents' service station, Denholm handled the financial accounts, repaired cars, pumped petrol and became interested in cars.Denholm graduated from the University of Sydney with a bachelor's degree in economics, and from the University of New South Wales in 1999 with a master's degree in commerce. Denholm is a member of Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and New Zealand.After graduating, Denholm worked in accountancy for Arthur Andersen in Sydney. This was followed by seven years at Toyota Australia. Denholm worked at the IT companies Sun Microsystems, and then Juniper Networks for nine years in finance and operations roles, rising to chief financial officer of Juniper. In 2014, Denholm became a non-executive director of Tesla, Inc. In the following four years as a non-executive director of Tesla, including as chair of the audit committee, Denholm received 17\u00a0million in Tesla stock options.In early-2017, Denholm was appointed as chief operations officer (COO) of Telstra, Australia's largest telecoms company, subsequently becoming chief financial officer (CFO) on 1 October 2018. In November 2018, Denholm gave notice of resignation after only five weeks in the role as a result of stepping into the role of chair of Tesla Inc. Telstra CEO Andy Penn announced that Denholm would end her responsibilities as CFO at Telstra on 6 May 2019.Denholm debuted on \"The Australian Financial Review\" Rich List in 2021 with a net worth of 688\u00a0million.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Telstra", "Echelon Corporation", "Tesla, Inc.", "Juniper Networks", "Toyota Australia", "Arthur Andersen", "ABB Group"], "facts": [["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Juniper Networks", "August 2007", "August 2016"], ["Robyn Denholm", "position held", "chief operating officer", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Telstra", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Toyota Australia", "January 1989", "January 1996"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Arthur Andersen", "December 1984", "August 1989"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Sun Microsystems", "January 1996", "August 2007"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "ABB Group", "April 2016", "April 2017"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "January 2014", "May 2023"], ["Robyn Denholm", "employer", "Echelon Corporation", "January 2008", "January 2013"]]}
{"question": "Where was Daniil Mordovtsev educated before he/she studied at Saint Petersburg State University?", "adv_question": "Where was Daniil Mordovtsev educated before he/she studied at Saint Petersburg State University?", "date": "January 01 1851", "text_answers": {"text": ["Kazan Federal University"]}, "id": "L3_Q1970722_P69_P69_27", "fact_context": "Daniil Mordovtsev studied at Saint Petersburg State University from January 1851 to January 1854. \n Daniil Mordovtsev worked for Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian Empire) from January 1864 to January 1867. \n Daniil Mordovtsev lived in Danilovka, Volgograd Oblast from December 1830 to January 1840. \n Daniil Mordovtsev lived in Rostov-on-Don from January 1885 to January 1905. \n Daniil Mordovtsev studied at Kazan Federal University from January 1850 to January 1851. \n Daniil Mordovtsev studied at Nekrasova Street, 17, Saratov from August 1844 to January 1850. \n Daniil Mordovtsev lived in Serafimovich from January 1840 to January 1844.", "adv_fact_context": "Daniil Mordovtsev lived in Danilovka, Volgograd Oblast from Dec 1830 to Jan 1840. \n Daniil Mordovtsev lived in Rostov-on-Don from Jan 1885 to 01/1905. \n Daniil Mordovtsev worked for Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian Empire) from January 1864 to Jan 1867. \n Daniil Mordovtsev studied at Kazan Federal University from 01/1850 to January 1851. \n Daniil Mordovtsev studied at Nekrasova Street, 17, Saratov from Aug 1844 to 01/1850. \n Daniil Mordovtsev lived in Serafimovich from 01/1840 to Jan 1844. \n Daniil Mordovtsev studied at Saint Petersburg State University from January 1851 to January 1854.", "context": "Daniil MordovtsevDaniil Lukich Mordovtsev (; December 19, 1830, Danilovka, Don Host Oblast, Russian Empire \u2014 June 23, 1905, Kislovodsk, Russian Empire) was a Ukrainian and Russian writer and historian.Mordovtsev was born in Danilovka, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Mordovtsev's father was a Don Cossack and an estate manager. Mordovtsev spent his childhood in Don Host Oblast, where he learned in school. He graduated from the faculty of history and philology at St. Petersburg University in 1854.Mordovtsev's literary debut came in the mid-1850s. His first work was the poem \"The Cossacks and the Sea\" (1854, published 1859). He began writing in Russian in the 1860s his first novels. His novella \"New Russian People\" (1868) dealt with the Narodniks and their cause, and with the position of raznochintsy intellectuals, as did the novel \"Signs of the Times\" (1869), although Mordovets did not share the views of the Narodniks. His historical novels were widely read; (\"The False Dmitry\", 1879; \"Tsar Peter and the Regent Sophia\", 1885; \"The Tsar and the Hetman\", 1880; \"Lord Novgorod the Great\", 1882; \"For Whose Sins?\", 1890); these novels demonstrated Mordovets's democratic leanings. He served for more than thirty years as an official in Saratov and was the editor of the \"Saratov Provincial News\". He contributed to several popular journals, including \"Russian Word\", \"Notes of the Fatherland\", and \"Affairs\".Mordovets also published many historical works, such as \"Impostors and the Freemen of the Lower Reaches\" (1867), \"The Haidamak Uprising\" (1870), \"Political Movements of the Russian People\" (2 vols, 1871), and \"On the Eve of Freedom\" (1872, published 1889), and his memoirs, \"From My Past and Experiences\" (1902, written in Ukrainian), in which he tells of his meetings with Taras Shevchenko and Nikolay Chernyshevsky. His historical works were received favorably in St. Petersburg academic circles, and he was even considered for a position on the faculty of St. Petersburg University.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Saint Petersburg State University", "Nekrasova Street, 17, Saratov"], "facts": [["Daniil Mordovtsev", "residence", "Serafimovich", "January 1840", "January 1844"], ["Daniil Mordovtsev", "educated at", "Nekrasova Street, 17, Saratov", "August 1844", "January 1850"], ["Daniil Mordovtsev", "residence", "Rostov-on-Don", "January 1885", "January 1905"], ["Daniil Mordovtsev", "employer", "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian Empire)", "January 1864", "January 1867"], ["Daniil Mordovtsev", "educated at", "Kazan Federal University", "January 1850", "January 1851"], ["Daniil Mordovtsev", "residence", "Danilovka, Volgograd Oblast", "December 1830", "January 1840"], ["Daniil Mordovtsev", "educated at", "Saint Petersburg State University", "January 1851", "January 1854"]]}
{"question": "Where was Suzana Herculano-Houzel educated before he/she studied at Case Western Reserve University?", "adv_question": "Where was Suzana Herculano-Houzel educated before he/she studied at Case Western Reserve University?", "date": "August 01 1992", "text_answers": {"text": ["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro"]}, "id": "L3_Q10375239_P69_P69_3", "fact_context": "Suzana Herculano-Houzel worked for Vanderbilt University from May 2016 to May 2023. \n Suzana Herculano-Houzel studied at Case Western Reserve University from August 1992 to March 1995. \n Suzana Herculano-Houzel studied at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from March 1989 to March 1992. \n Suzana Herculano-Houzel studied at Pierre and Marie Curie University from August 1995 to January 1999.", "adv_fact_context": "Suzana Herculano-Houzel studied at Pierre and Marie Curie University from Aug 1995 to 01/1999. \n Suzana Herculano-Houzel worked for Vanderbilt University from May 2016 to May 2023. \n Suzana Herculano-Houzel studied at Case Western Reserve University from 08/1992 to Mar 1995. \n Suzana Herculano-Houzel studied at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from 03/1989 to 03/1992.", "context": "Suzana Herculano-HouzelSuzana Herculano-Houzel (born 1972) is a Brazilian neuroscientist. Her main field of work is comparative neuroanatomy; her findings include a method of counting of neurons of human and other animals' brains and the relation between the cerebral cortex area and thickness and number of cortical folds .Suzana Herculano-Houzel was born in 1972 in Rio de Janeiro. She graduated in biology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (1992), took a master's degree at Case Western Reserve (1995), and a doctorate in neuroscience at Paris VI University (1999). She was also a post-doctoral fellow at Max Planck Institute for Brain Research (1999).Herculano-Houzel was a faculty member at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from 2002 to May 2016, when she moved to Vanderbilt University.She published books on popularization of science and writes columns for Folha de S.Paulo newspaper and Scientific American Brazil magazine. She was the first Brazilian speaker on TED Global in 2013.She won the Jos\u00e9 Reis Prize of Science Communication in 2004.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Case Western Reserve University", "Pierre and Marie Curie University"], "facts": [["Suzana Herculano-Houzel", "educated at", "Pierre and Marie Curie University", "August 1995", "January 1999"], ["Suzana Herculano-Houzel", "educated at", "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro", "March 1989", "March 1992"], ["Suzana Herculano-Houzel", "educated at", "Case Western Reserve University", "August 1992", "March 1995"], ["Suzana Herculano-Houzel", "employer", "Vanderbilt University", "May 2016", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Where was Karl Menger educated before he/she worked for University of Amsterdam?", "adv_question": "Where was Karl Menger educated before he/she worked for University of Amsterdam?", "date": "January 01 1925", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Vienna"]}, "id": "L3_Q93690_P69_P108_13", "fact_context": "Karl Menger studied at University of Vienna from January 1920 to January 1924. \n Karl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from January 1913 to January 1920. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Vienna from January 1927 to January 1937. \n Karl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1971. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from January 1925 to January 1927. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to January 1948. \n Karl Menger worked for Rice University from January 1930 to January 1931.", "adv_fact_context": "Karl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from 01/1913 to 01/1920. \n Karl Menger worked for Rice University from 01/1930 to 01/1931. \n Karl Menger studied at University of Vienna from Jan 1920 to January 1924. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Vienna from 01/1927 to Jan 1937. \n Karl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1971. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to 01/1948. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from Jan 1925 to January 1927.", "context": "Karl MengerKarl Menger (January 13, 1902 \u2013 October 5, 1985) was an Austrian-American mathematician. He was the son of the economist Carl Menger. He is credited with Menger's theorem. He worked on mathematics of algebras, algebra of geometries, curve and dimension theory, etc. Moreover, he contributed to game theory and social sciences.Karl Menger was a student of Hans Hahn and received his PhD from the University of Vienna in 1924. L. E. J. Brouwer invited Menger in 1925 to teach at the University of Amsterdam. In 1927, he returned to Vienna to accept a professorship there. In 1930 and 1931 he was visiting lecturer at Harvard University and The Rice Institute. From 1937 to 1946 he was a professor at the University of Notre Dame. From 1946 to 1971, he was a professor at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. In 1983, IIT awarded Menger a Doctor of Humane Letters and Sciences degree.His most famous popular contribution was the Menger sponge (mistakenly known as Sierpinski's sponge), a three-dimensional version of Sierpinski's carpet. It is also related to the Cantor set.With Arthur Cayley, Menger is considered one of the founders of distance geometry; especially by having formalized definitions to the notions of \"angle\" and of \"curvature\" in terms of directly measurable physical quantities, namely ratios of \"distance\" values. The characteristic mathematical expressions appearing in those definitions are Cayley\u2013Menger determinants.He was an active participant of the Vienna Circle which had discussions in the 1920s on social science and philosophy. During that time, he published an influential result on the St. Petersburg paradox with applications to the utility theory in economics; this result has since been criticised as fundamentally misleading. Later he contributed to the development of game theory with Oskar Morgenstern.Menger's longest and last academic post was at the Illinois Institute of Technology, which hosts an annual IIT Karl Menger Lecture and offers the IIT Karl Menger Student Award to an exceptional student for scholarship each year.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling"], "facts": [["Karl Menger", "educated at", "University of Vienna", "January 1920", "January 1924"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Vienna", "January 1927", "January 1937"], ["Karl Menger", "educated at", "Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "Rice University", "January 1930", "January 1931"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Amsterdam", "January 1925", "January 1927"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "Illinois Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1971"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Notre Dame", "January 1937", "January 1948"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Silvia Pinal after he/she was married to Rafael Banquells?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Silvia Pinal after he/she was married to Rafael Banquells?", "date": "January 01 1952", "text_answers": {"text": ["Gustavo Alatriste"]}, "id": "L3_Q332485_P26_P26_0", "fact_context": "Silvia Pinal was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez from January 1982 to January 1995. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Rafael Banquells from January 1947 to January 1952. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico from September 1991 to August 1994. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Gustavo Alatriste from January 1961 to January 1967. \n Silvia Pinal was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party from January 1991 to January 2000. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of member of the Senate of Mexico from January 1998 to August 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Silvia Pinal held the position of member of the Senate of Mexico from Jan 1998 to August 2000. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Rafael Banquells from January 1947 to Jan 1952. \n Silvia Pinal was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party from Jan 1991 to 01/2000. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Gustavo Alatriste from Jan 1961 to 01/1967. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez from January 1982 to Jan 1995. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico from September 1991 to Aug 1994.", "context": "Silvia PinalSilvia Ver\u00f3nica Pinal Hidalgo (born 12 September 1931) is a Mexican film, theater and television actress.Pinal began her career in the theater, venturing into cinema in 1949. Pinal reached popularity during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. Her film work and popularity in her native country led her to work in Europe (Spain and Italy). Pinal achieved international recognition by starring in a famous film trilogy by director Luis Bu\u00f1uel: \"Viridiana\" (1961), \"El \u00e1ngel exterminador\" (1962) and \"Sim\u00f3n del desierto\" (1965).In addition to her outstanding career in film, Pinal has also excelled in other areas. She was a pioneer of the Musical theatre in Mexico in addition to venturing into television, as an actress and producer. At one point in her life, Pinal also ventured into politics and held some public office in her native country.Silvia Pinal Hidalgo was born in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, on 12 September 1931. Her parents were Mar\u00eda Luisa Hidalgo Aguilar and Mois\u00e9s Pasquel. Pasquel was an orchestra conductor at the Mexican radio station XEW. Silvia's mother became pregnant with Pasquel when she was only 15 years old. Her father did not recognize her and Silvia did not know him until she was 11 years old. On the part of her biological father, Silvia had three more brothers: Eugenio, Mois\u00e9s and Virginia. however, Pinal never spent time with the Pasquel family. Pinal spent her first years behind the counter of a seafood restaurant located near the XEW where her mother worked. When Pinal was five years old, her mother married Luis G. Pinal, whom they called \"El Caballero Pinal\", a journalist, military man and politician twenty years older than her. Pinal recognized Silvia as his daughter. Mr. Pinal had three more daughters from a previous marriage: Mercedes, Beatriz and Eugenia. Her adoptive father held several public positions in Mexico. He was municipal president of Tequisquiapan, Quer\u00e9taro. The family lived in several cities of Mexico as Quer\u00e9taro, Acapulco, Monterrey, Chilpancingo, Cuernavaca and Puebla, finally settled in Mexico City.Pinal was fascinated by show business since she was a child. In addition to film and music, she liked to write and recite poems. She studied first at Pestalozzi College in Cuernavaca, and then at the Washington Institute in Mexico City. Despite her artistic aspirations, her father conditioned her to study \"something useful\" and therefore she learned typing. At age 14 she started working at Kodak as a secretary.Silvia wanted to study opera. She began to prepare taking classes with a private teacher and then with Professor Reyes Retana. Her first step towards fame occurred when she was invited to participate in a beauty pageant. In this contest Silvia obtained the title of Student Princess of Mexico. In her coronation she met the actors Rub\u00e9n Rojo and Manolo F\u00e1bregas, with whom she became close friends. While studying bel canto, Silvia went to work as a secretary in the pharmaceutical laboratories Carlos Stein. At the music academy, Silvia auditioned for a role in the opera La Traviata. However, this hearing was a failure. Then her teacher encouraged her to take acting courses in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. In that academy, she was a classmate of figures such as Carlos Pellicer, Salvador Novo and Xavier Villaurrutia. She debuted as an extra in a performance of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" by William Shakespeare.Silvia continued working in the pharmaceutical products firm, in her advertising department. Her boss, knowing that she was studying acting, gave her the opportunity to participate in the recording of some radio comedies in the XEQ. She debuted in the comedy \"Dos pesos la dejada\".At the radio station, she met some publicists, who invited her to be part of an experimental company. She made her debut in that company with a role in the play \"Los Caprichos de Goya\". The director of this work was the Mexican actor and director, of Cuban origin Rafael Banquells, with whom Silvia began an employment relationship and a close friendship that led to romance. Rafael Banquells got the master Carlos Laverne to allow them to use the Ideal Theater of Mexico City for their productions. Laverne chose Silvia to participate in a montage with the company of the Ideal Theater, directed by the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch. The work was called \"Nuestra Natacha\". Silvia acted in numerous works for this company. Her first star work was \"Un sue\u00f1o de cristal\".Just fifteen days after she debuted in the theater, Pinal made her debut in the cinema with a brief role in the film \"Bamba\" (1949), starring Carmen Montejo and directed by Miguel Contreras Torres. Contreras Torres had seen her work at the Ideal Theatre and invited her to take part in the project. Contreras Torres was a tough and strict director who made Pinal suffer for her inexperience. Eventually, in that same year, she performed in the film \"El pecado de Laura\", directed by Juli\u00e1n Soler and starring Meche Barba. In that film she worked for the first time in cinema with Rafael Banquells, who at that time was already her husband. Immediately she made another small role in the film \"Escuela para casadas\", by Miguel Zacar\u00edas. Silvia met and worked for the first time with the popular actor and singer Pedro Infante in the film \"La mujer que yo perd\u00ed\". The actor and comedian Cantinflas (her wedding godfather), chose Pinal as his co-star in the film \"The Doorman\" (1949), which was a very big step for the young and new actress. But her first solid step towards popularity was her participation in the comedy \"El rey del barrio\" (1949), where she formed a great comedic pair with Germ\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s \"Tin-T\u00e1n\", directed by Gilberto Mart\u00ednez Solares. Pinal and Tin T\u00e1n acted together in two more films: \"La marca del zorrillo\" (1950) and \"Me traes de un ala \" (1952).Pinal participated in small roles in several more films.Pinal received her first major recognition, her first Silver Ariel Award as a co-starring actress, for her performance in the film \"Un rinc\u00f3n cerca del cielo\" (1952), where she worked again with Pedro Infante. In 1952, she performed with Joaqu\u00edn Pardav\u00e9 in the comedies \"Do\u00f1a Mariquita de mi coraz\u00f3n]\" and \"El casto Susano\".In 1953, Pinal signed a contract with the FILMEX studios of Gregorio Walerstein, who gave her first stellar works in the films \"Reventa de esclavas\" (1953) and \"Yo soy muy macho\" (1953). In that same year, she made her first musical work with the film \"Mis tres viudas alegres\", where she shared credits with Lilia del Valle and the Cuban rumbera Amalia Aguilar. The success of the film led the three actresses to star, that same year, in the comedy \"Las cari\u00f1osas\". In that same year ,she acted with Libertad Lamarque in \"Si volvieras a m\u00ed\"Pinal achieved success and recognition in 1954, after participating in the film \"Un extra\u00f1o en la escalera\", directed by Tulio Demicheli, and starring opposite Arturo de C\u00f3rdova. De C\u00f3rdova wanted as his co-stars the Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida or the Cuban rumbera Rosa Carmina, because he distrusted Pinal due to her youth. With the support of the producer Gregorio Walerstein, Silvia made a change of image, highlighting her sex appeal, which helped her to be approved by De Cordova for the film. The film was filmed in Havana, Cuba and it was a remarkable blockbuster, which consecrates Pinal as the first figure in the cinema.Another director who knew how to make the most of Silvia's histrionic abilities was Alberto Gout. Under the baton of Gout, Silvia made the film \"La sospechosa\" (1954). Another outstanding movie in which Pinal participates is \"Historia de un abrigo de mink\" (1954),an episodic film that Pinal co-stars with the actresses Mar\u00eda Elena Marqu\u00e9s, Columba Dom\u00ednguez and Irasema Dili\u00e1n. With Tito Davison as director, Pinal also filmed the Mexican-Spanish-Chilean co-production \"Cabo de Hornos\" (1955), along with the actor Jorge Mistral. Pinal worked again with Pedro Infante, this time as his co-star in the famous comedy \"El inocente\" (1955).Pinal starred in several films by Tulio Demicheli. Among the most outstanding is \"Locura pasional\" (1955), which would bring her first Silver Ariel award as best actress. The second was thanks to her role in the film \"La dulce enemiga\" (1957), directed by Tito Davison.In 1956, Pinal starred in the film \"Una cita de amor\" (1956), where she worked for the first and only time under the direction of the director Emilio Fern\u00e1ndez.The popularity and success of Pinal in Mexico opened the doors for her to work in Europe following the advice of Tulio Demicheli. Her first work in the Old Continent is in the Spanish-Mexican co-production \"Las locuras de B\u00e1rbara\" (1958), directed by Demicheli. From the hand of Demicheli Silvia starred in Spain the musical film \"Charleston\".Given the success of her films in Europe, Silvia was invited to work in Italy, where she also served as producer of the film \"Men and Noblemen\" (1959), which she starred next to Vittorio de Sica and Elke Sommer.Under the direction of Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Forqu\u00e9, Silvia starred in Spain in the film \"Maribel y la extra\u00f1a familia\" (1960). In 1961 she filmed the Spanish musical film \"Adi\u00f3s, Mim\u00ed Pompom\", next to Fernando Fern\u00e1n G\u00f3mez.Pinal achieved international acclaim through a trilogy of films that marked the end of the Mexican era of the Spanish filmmaker Luis Bu\u00f1uel. Pinal had her first contact with Bu\u00f1uel through Mexican actor Ernesto Alonso, with the firm intention of starring in the film version of the novel \"Tristana\". However, the little commercial success of Bu\u00f1uel's films prevented the producers from financing the project, which ended up collapsing (Bu\u00f1uel filmed the film years later in Spain with Catherine Deneuve).Years later, Pinal, with the help of her second husband, producer Gustavo Alatriste, looked for Bu\u00f1uel in Spain and convinced him to film \"Viridiana\" (1961). This, without a doubt, is her most famous film. She was co-starred by Francisco Rabal and Fernando Rey, and was the winner of the Palme d'Or at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Despite the success and prestige enjoyed by the film, it was at the time, rejected by the Spanish censorship and the Vatican, accusing it of blasphemy. The Spanish government ordered its destruction. Through the intervention of Pinal, who fled with a copy to Mexico, the film was saved. In Mexico, Vatican censorship had also resonated. However, with the help of Salvador Novo, the film premiered in some rooms.Her second film with Bu\u00f1uel was \"El \u00e1ngel exterminador\" (1962), which Pinal starred in with a choral cast. The film also received critical acclaim worldwide. In 2004, the \"New York Times\" recognized it among the best films of all time.Her third and last project with Bu\u00f1uel was \"Sim\u00f3n del desierto\" (1964). The film, misrepresented as a medium-length film, was originally conceived to be an episodic film. Pinal and Gustavo Alatriste looked for Federico Fellini to direct a second episode, but Fellini accepted with the condition that his wife, Giulietta Masina, starred in it. Jules Dassin was then sought, who likewise accepted on the condition that it was starred by his wife Melina Mercouri. Pinal also rejected this request. The idea was that Pinal starred in all the episodes of the film, so the project ended up filming only with Bu\u00f1uel. In the film Pinal also made the first nude appearance of her career, something still rare in Mexican cinema and also the first naked scenes of Bu\u00f1uel's cinema.Pinal was also on the verge of starring with Bu\u00f1uel in the film \"Diary of a Chambermaid\", in France. Pinal learned French and was willing to charge nothing for her participation. However, the French producer Serge Silberman ended up choosing Jeanne Moreau. Even so, Silvia Pinal (along with Lilia Prado), who is the actress with whom Bu\u00f1uel worked with the most, made a total of three classic films. Pinal was also going to shoot with Bu\u00f1uel in Spain on \"Divinas palabras\", but there were problems with copyrights. Years later, Pinal was finally able to do it in Mexico with another director.After her work with Bu\u00f1uel, Pinal returned to the cinema with the comedy \"Buenas noches, A\u00f1o Nuevo\" (1965), where she alternated with Ricardo Montalb\u00e1n. In 1966 she made the mythical film \"La soldadera\", directed by Jos\u00e9 Bola\u00f1os and inspired by the events of the Mexican Revolution. In that same year she participated in the Mexican-Brazilian co-production \"Juego peligroso\", directed by Luis Alcoriza and based on a script by Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez. She also appeared in the Franco-Italian-Mexican co-production \"La bataille de san sebastian\", along with Anthony Quinn and Charles Bronson. In 1967 Pinal films \"Shark!\", together Burt Reynolds and directed by Samuel Fuller. This is the only Hollywood production in which Pinal has appeared.Pinal achieved a huge blockbuster with the film \"Mar\u00eda Isabel\" (1968), based on a popular cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulch\u00e9.Between the late 1960s and early 1970s, Pinal mainly made comic films directed by the filmmaker Ren\u00e9 Cardona Jr.. In 1976, Pinal starred in \"Las mariposas disecadas\", a thriller of psychological suspense. In 1977 she finally starred in the controversial film \"Divinas palabras\" (1977), directed by Juan Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, a film where she made an integral nude scene.At the end of the seventies and the beginning of the eighties, Silvia filmed some films in Spain, Italy and Argentina as part of a project by Televisa to unify the Spanish and Latin American markets.After ten years of absence in the cinema, Silvia returned in 1992 with the tape \"Modelo antiguo\", directed by Ra\u00fal Araiza. The decline of Mexican cinema and the activity of Silvia on television and other media (such as politics), made her practically withdraw from the big screen. In recent years, her film appearances are limited to films \"Ya no los hacen como antes\" (2002), and a brief special appearance on the movie \"Tercera llamada\" ( 2013).Pinal made her debut at the theater in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Eventually she did experimental plays, to then work at the Ideal Theater in Mexico City, in the company of the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch, where she was directed in numerous productions by Rafael Banquells.Outside of this company, in 1950 participates in the play\"Celos del aire\", with Manolo F\u00e1bregas and Carmen Montejo. In that same year she represented \"Do\u00f1a In\u00e9s\" in \"Don Juan Tenorio\", next to Jorge Mistral. Of her most outstanding plays from the beginning of her career stand out \"The Madwoman of Chaillot\", next to Prudencia Griffel and \"El cuadrante de la soledad\", by Jos\u00e9 Revueltas, with sets by the artist Diego Rivera. In 1954, Pinal participates in the play \"La Sed\", with Ernesto Alonso and the Argentinean actor Pedro L\u00f3pez Lagar. In 1955 she obtained the recognition in the theater scene in the assembly \"Anna Christie\", along with Wolf Ruvinskis. In 1957 Silvia staged the play \"Desn\u00fadate, Lucrecia\", in Chile, next to Jorge Mistral, who eventually starred in the cinema in Mexico.In 1958, Pinal was responsible for producing in Mexico the first Musical comedy \"Bells Are Ringing\", directed by Luis de Llano Palmer. For this work, Pinal had an offer to work on Broadway with the manager of Judy Holliday, but Pinal refused to cut her career in Mexico.In 1964 she made the Mexican version of the musical \"Irma La Douce\", alongside Julio Alem\u00e1n and directed by Enrique Rambal. Jos\u00e9 Luis Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez will end up becoming her head theater director. Under the baton of Iba\u00f1ez, Pinal starred in the work \"Vidas privadas\". One of her most memorable works in musical comedy, was the Mexican version of \"Mame\", successful Broadway musical, which thanks to her success, Pinal rode three times (1972, 1985 and 1989). In 1976 he also starred in the musical \"Annie Get Your Gun\".In 1977, to commemorate her twenty-five year career, Pinal set up her own cabaret show entitled \"\u00a1Felicidades Silvia!\". The show was presented with great success, first at the nightclub El Patio, and then at the Teatro de la Ciudad in Mexico City.In 1978, she starred in the musical \"Plaza Suite\". The death of her daughter Viridiana, truncated the theatrical project \"Agnes of God\", which starred together in 1982. In 1983, Pinal starred in and produced the Mexican montage of the work \"La se\u00f1orita de Tacna\", based on the work of Mario Vargas Llosa. In 1985, while serving as First Lady of the state of Tlaxcala, Pinal remodeled the Xicoht\u00e9ncatl Theater, which reopened with the assembly \"The memories of the Divine Sarah\". In 1986, Pinal starred in the work \"Anna Karenina\", which despite the success obtained, was not to the liking of the actress, and the assembly only reached 100 performances.In 1988, in association with Margarita L\u00f3pez Portillo, Pinal acquired the Cine Estadio, located in Colonia Roma in Mexico City, transforming it into its own theatrical venue, the Silvia Pinal Theater, a space dedicated mainly to musical comedy. which Pinal was free to set up her own productions. The Silvia Pinal Theater was inaugurated in 1989 with the third representation of the musical \"Mame\", with Pinal at the head of the cast.In 1992, Pinal acquired the former Cine Versalles, located in Colonia Ju\u00e1rez in Mexico City and turned it into his second theater, the Diego Rivera Theater. The Diego Rivera Theater was inaugurated in 1991 with the assembly \"Lettice and Lovage\".In 1996, Silvia returned to the musical theater with the second Mexican version of \"Hello, Dolly!\", opposite Ignacio L\u00f3pez Tarso. The last work that Pinal starred in her previous theater was \"Gypsy\" (1998), starring alongside her daughter, the singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n.As a producer, she was responsible for making the Mexican versions of the musicals \"A Chorus Line\" (1989), \"Cats\" (1991) and \"La Cage aux Folles\" (1992). Unfortunately, several problems caused Pinal to close the Silvia Pinal Theater, which stopped functioning in 2000 to become a religious temple.Pinal returned to the theater in 2002 with the play \"Debiera haber obispas\". In recent dates she has also participated in productions such as \"Adorables enemigas\" (2008) and \"Amor, dolor y lo que puesto\" (2012). In 2014, the Diego Rivera Theater changed its name to become the new Silvia Pinal Theatre.Pinal dabbled in television since its appearance in Mexico in the early 1950s. In 1952, she participated in her television show titled \"Con los brazos abiertos\". Eventually she participates in numerous telecasts, produced by Luis de Llano Palmer. That's where Pinal first introduced the use of playback on Mexican television.In the mid-sixties, Silvia staged her own comic-musical show on Televisa entitled \"Los especiales de Silvia Pinal\". When Silvia married the actor and singer Enrique Guzm\u00e1n, both produced and starred in the variety show \"Silvia y Enrique\" (a comedy-musical program in the style of \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\"), which presented during four years (1968\u20131972) with a great success. Once separated from Guzm\u00e1n, Silvia continued with her variety show titled \"\u00a1Ahora Silvia!!.In 1985, she became a producer and presenter of the TV show \"Mujer, casos de la vida real\". Initially, the show was created to respond to cases and needs of the public focused on locating victims of the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City. With the passage of time, the show evolved to present current issues and daily life that included from domestic violence to legal issues and public health. This production was a success and lasted more than 20 years transmitting in Mexico, Spain, Italy and several countries in Latin America. The program was canceled in 2007.In 2009 Silvia also participated in a chapter of the series \"Mujeres asesinas\".In 1968, Pinal makes his debut in telenovelas with the historical telenovela \"Los caudillos\", inspired by the events of the War of Independence of Mexico. The telenovela was produced by Ernesto Alonso. Her second foray into the genre was with the telenovela \"\u00bfQui\u00e9n?\" (1973), produced by Guillermo Diazayas and based on a cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulch\u00e9.Eventually, Silvia decided to produce her own telenovelas, her first hit being \"Ma\u00f1ana es primavera\" (1982), the last acting work of her daughter Viridiana, before dying. In 1985 he also produced and starred in \"Eclipse\".Her last works in television have been in special participations in various telenovelas and television series. The most relevant ones are \"Carita de \u00e1ngel\" (2000), in which she went on to replace the actress Libertad Lamarque, who at the time of her death left her character unfinished in this childhood melodrama), \"Fuego en la sangre\" (2008), \"Soy tu due\u00f1a\" (2010) and \"Mi marido tiene familia\" (2017).In addition to the aforementioned telenovelas that she starred, Pinal also produced the melodramas \"Cuando los hijos van\" (1983) and \"Tiempo de amar\" (1987).Pinal dabbled in the world of politics as a result of her fourth marriage, with the politician Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez, who was governor of the State of Tlaxcala. Between 1981 and 1987, Pinal was the First Lady of that state. Eventually she became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party and was elected to federal deputy in 1991. Later, she became a senator and member of the Asamblea de Representantes del Federal District.In these positions, Pinal had some achievements. Among the most outstanding are to achieve that the Cinematographic Law contemplate the right of interpreter, worked on the Law of Condominiums and the Law of Tourism, did tasks in favor of ecology, promoted the dissemination of theater books and fought for the Ministry of Finance to lower taxes on the theater.Since the fifties, Pinal actively participated in trade union movements of the actors of his country. She was part of the group \"Rosa Mexicano\" , founded by Dolores del R\u00edo. Between 1988 and 1995, Pinal became a leader of the National Association of Interpreters (A.N.D.I.) of Mexico.Pinal had problems with justice in the year 2000 due to problems in her management as leader of the Association of Theater Producers (Protea) in the early 1990s. For this reason the actress lived some time in Miami, United States. After eleven months, the actress was declared innocent and returned to her country.Between 2010 and 2014, Pinal also served as General Secretary of the Screen Actors Guild of M\u00e9xico (ANDA) of Mexico.In an attempt to protect the mature actors, she became the founder of the \"Asociaci\u00f3n Rafael Banquells\", in charge of providing non-profit help to the interpreters. As president of the association, Pinal is in charge of the delivery of the Bravo Awards to the highlights in music, film, theater, radio, television, dubbing and commercial realization during the year. The awards are given annually since 1991.Pinal has been married four times. Her first marriage was with the actor and director Rafael Banquells, who was her first formal boyfriend. Pinal married Banquells in 1947. Pinal acknowledges that her marriage at such an early age was partly due to escape from her father's repression: \"\"I changed my father for a softer one that stimulated me in my career.\"\" The couple divorced in 1952, a year after the birth of their daughter, Sylvia Pasquel, who later consolidated an outstanding career as an actress.Her second marriage was with the businessman and film producer Gustavo Alatriste. Pinal has revealed on numerous occasions that Alatriste was the love of her life, a husband with whom she could have stayed forever. Silvia met Alatriste at a meeting at Ernesto Alonso's house when he was about to divorce the actress Ariadne Welter. It was thanks to Alatriste that Pinal was able to make her film projects with Luis Bu\u00f1uel. The marriage ended in 1967 due to Alatriste's infidelities and business problems between the couple. Of her relationship with Alatriste was born a daughter, also actress Viridiana Alatriste (born in 1963). Unfortunately, Viridiana died tragically in a car accident in Mexico City in 1982, only 19 years old.Her third marriage was with the popular singer and idol of Rock and roll Enrique Guzm\u00e1n. Pinal and Guzm\u00e1n met when he came as a guest on the Pinal's television show \"\u00a1Ahora Silvia!\". Pinal and Guzm\u00e1n were married in 1967 despite some resistance from Pinal being 11 years older than her husband. Their marriage lasted nine years. They worked together and procreated two children: the popular singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n (born in 1968) and the musician and composer Luis Enrique Guzm\u00e1n (born in 1970).Her last marriage was with the politician, and then governor of the state of Tlaxcala, Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez. The couple married in 1982. It was through Hern\u00e1ndez that Pinal entered the world of politics. Pinal and Hernandez divorced in 1995.In addition to her marriages, at various times in her life, Pinal held various romances. In 1954, when filming \"Un extra\u00f1o en la escalera\", Pinal fell in love with her co-star, the actor Arturo de C\u00f3rdova. Others of her romances were with the Mexican businessman Emilio Azc\u00e1rraga Milmo, the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif and with the American businessman Conrad Nicholson Hilton, Jr..With the passage of time, Silvia Pinal has become the head of one of the most famous artistic dynasties in Latin America. Her daughters Sylvia and Viridiana followed in her footsteps as an actress. The youngest of her daughters, Alejandra, is one of the most popular singers in Mexico. Alejandra's daughter Frida Sofia is also a model, currently living in Miami Fl. In addition, her granddaughter Stephanie Salas (daughter of Sylvia) has also forged a career as an actress and singer. Stephanie's daughters, Michelle Salas and Camila Valero, are both models and actresses.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Rafael Banquells", "Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez"], "facts": [["Silvia Pinal", "position held", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico", "September 1991", "August 1994"], ["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez", "January 1982", "January 1995"], ["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Rafael Banquells", "January 1947", "January 1952"], ["Silvia Pinal", "member of political party", "Institutional Revolutionary Party", "January 1991", "January 2000"], ["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Gustavo Alatriste", "January 1961", "January 1967"], ["Silvia Pinal", "position held", "member of the Senate of Mexico", "January 1998", "August 2000"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Marianne Aasen after he/she studied at University of Oslo?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Marianne Aasen after he/she studied at University of Oslo?", "date": "January 01 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["Simen Agdestein"]}, "id": "L3_Q156550_P26_P69_0", "fact_context": "Marianne Aasen held the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from October 2013 to September 2017. \n Marianne Aasen studied at University of Oslo from January 1986 to January 1993. \n Marianne Aasen was married to Simen Agdestein from January 1996 to January 2008.", "adv_fact_context": "Marianne Aasen held the position of member of the Parliament of Norway from Oct 2013 to Sep 2017. \n Marianne Aasen studied at University of Oslo from January 1986 to Jan 1993. \n Marianne Aasen was married to Simen Agdestein from Jan 1996 to Jan 2008.", "context": "Marianne AasenMarianne Aasen (born 21 February 1967) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.She was born in Bergen, but grew up in Moss. She graduated with a cand.polit. degree in 1993 from the University of Oslo. She worked as a journalist in \"Arbeiderbladet\" from 1991 to 1993 and Avisenes Nyhetsbyr\u00e5 from 1993 to 1995. She was then information director of the European Movement Norway from 1998 to 2000.In her party she worked as a political advisor for the Labour Party parliamentary group from 1995 to 1996 and 2001 to 2005. From 2000 to 2001, during the first cabinet Stoltenberg, she was a political advisor in the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Aasen has never held local political office, but chaired the party chapter in Asker from 2003 to 2004. She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 2005.For twelve years she was married to Simen Agdestein, an International Grandmaster of chess and former Norwegian international footballer. The couple had two children, but they split in 2008.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Marianne Aasen", "spouse", "Simen Agdestein", "January 1996", "January 2008"], ["Marianne Aasen", "educated at", "University of Oslo", "January 1986", "January 1993"], ["Marianne Aasen", "position held", "member of the Parliament of Norway", "October 2013", "September 2017"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for before he/she worked for Howard University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for before he/she worked for Howard University?", "date": "January 01 1972", "text_answers": {"text": ["Portland State University"]}, "id": "L3_Q866128_P108_P108_17", "fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to January 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from January 1972 to January 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from January 1998 to January 2004. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from January 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from January 1982 to January 1990.", "adv_fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from Jan 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from Jan 1998 to 01/2004. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from Jan 1972 to Jan 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from Jan 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to Jan 1996.", "context": "Lee P. BrownLee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is an American politician, criminologist and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African-American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was re-elected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades. With practical experience and a doctorate from University of California, Berkeley, he has combined research and operations in his career. After serving as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, he was appointed in 1982 as the first African-American police chief in Houston, Texas, where he implemented techniques in community policing to reduce crime.His parents, Andrew and Zelma Brown were sharecroppers in Oklahoma, and Lee Brown was born in Wewoka. His family, including five brothers and one sister, moved to California in the second wave of the Great Migration and his parents continued as farmers. A high school athlete, Brown earned a football scholarship to Fresno State University, where he earned a B.S. in criminology in 1960. That year he started as a police officer in San Jose, California, where he served for eight years. Brown was elected as the president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association (union) and served from 1965\u20131966.Brown went on to earn a master's degree in sociology from San Jos\u00e9 State University in 1964, and became an assistant professor there in 1968. He also earned a second master's degree in criminology from University of California, Berkeley in 1968. In the same year, he moved to Portland, Oregon, where he established and served as chairman of the Department of Administration of Justice at Portland State University.In 1972, Brown was appointed associate director of the Institute of Urban Affairs and Research and professor of Public Administration and director of Criminal Justice programs at Howard University. In 1974, Brown was named Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon and in 1976 became director of the Department of Justice Services.In 1978 he was appointed Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, serving to 1982. Brown and his staff oversaw investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders case and increased efforts to provide safety in black areas of the city during the period when murders were committed. A critical element of reform during Brown's tenure was increasing diversity of the police force. By the time Brown resigned to accept the top police job in Houston, Atlanta's police force was 20 percent black.In 1982 Brown was the first African American to be appointed as Police Chief to the City of Houston, serving until 1990. He was first appointed by Mayor Kathy Whitmire. The Houston Police Department seemed to be in constant turmoil and badly needed reform. According to one of Brown's colleagues at Atlanta, ... \"Everybody knows Lee likes challenges and anyone who knows about the Houston Police Department knows it's one helluva challenge.\" After coming to Houston, Brown quickly began to implement methods of community policing, building relationships with the city's diverse communities.The Houston Police Officers Union (HPOU) recently published a history describing in more detail how Brown's reforms were implemented and how it became accepted by the officers as well as the communities they served over a period of years. Initially, the officers were unimpressed by what Brown termed Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP). Old-time officers saw it as simply reverting to a long-discredited policy of \"walking a beat,\" and claimed the acronym meant \"never on patrol.\"Brown and his staff divided the city into 23 identifiable \"neighborhoods.\" Each neighborhood had a small informal office, located in a storefront, where people from the neighborhood were invited to come in and discuss their concerns or problems with one of the officers that served there. Brown emphasized through his officer training sessions that getting feedback from the public was as important as writing up tickets or doing paperwork chores. The neighborhood officers soon recognized the hot spots and the neighborhood \"movers and shakers\" who could be helpful in preventing problems.Brown was credited with getting more police officers into the neighborhoods during his tenure. Relations between the residents and the police were far better than ever before, with residents becoming willing to work with the police implementing various activities. He was quoted as saying that sixty percent of all cities in the U.S. had adopted some form of NOP by the time he stepped down as Houston's chief.In December 1989 Brown was named by Mayor David Dinkins as Police Commissioner of New York City, the first non-New Yorker appointed in a quarter of a century as head of the nation's largest police force. In January 1990, he took over a police force that was seven times the size of Houston's, with \"a complex organization of more than 26,000 officers\" and a 346-member executive corps of officers at the rank of captain and above. At the time, the force was 75% white; there were issues of perception of police justice and sensitivity in a city with a population estimated to be half minorities: black, Hispanic and Asian.Brown implemented community policing citywide, which reportedly quadrupled the number of police officers on foot patrol and had a goal of creating a partnership between the police and citizens. The fact that reported crimes were 6.7 percent lower for the first four months of 1992, compared to the previous year, indicated that Brown's program was having a positive effect, according to the Treadwell article.On the other hand, according to Treadwell, the police department was being criticized for the alleged ineffectiveness of its internal affairs division in the wake of allegations of drug dealing and bribery by some officers. Dinkins had appointed a five-member panel to investigate the corruption allegations, and had asked the City Council to establish an all-civilian review board to look at charges of police brutality. Brown was already on record as opposing both actions. Both Brown and Dinkins took great pains to assure reporters that the policy disagreement played no role in Brown's decision to leave.Brown submitted his resignation from the New York City position effective September 1, 1992. He and Mayor Dinkins held a joint news conference to explain the reason for his sudden departure. Brown stated that he was leaving to care for his wife, who was ill, and to rejoin the rest of his family, who were still in Houston. He added that he had accepted a college teaching position in Houston.In 1993 Brown was appointed by President Bill Clinton as his Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, or \"Drug Czar\"), and moved to Washington, DC. The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment.In the late 1990s, Brown returned to Houston and entered politics directly, running for mayor. In 1997, Brown became the first African American elected as mayor of Houston. During Brown's administration, the city invested extensively in infrastructure: it started the first 7.5-mile leg of its light-rail system and obtained voter approval for an extension, along with increases in bus service, park and ride facilities and HOV lanes. It opened three new professional sports facilities, attracting visitors to the city. It revitalized the downtown area: constructing the City's first convention center hotel, doubling the size of the convention center; and constructing the Hobby Center of the Performing Arts. In addition, it built and renovated new libraries, police and fire stations. Brown initiated a $2.9\u00a0billion development program at the city's airport, which consisted of new terminals and runways; and a consolidated rental car facility; in addition to renovating other terminals and runways, he built a new water treatment plant.Brown also advanced the city's affirmative action program; installed programs in city libraries to provide access to the Internet; built the state-of-the-art Houston Emergency Communications Center; implemented e-government, and opened new parks. Brown led trade missions for the business community to other countries and promoted international trade. He increased the number of foreign consulates.Brown undertook a massive program to reconstruct the downtown street system and replace the aging underground utility system. The accompanying traffic problems was made a campaign issue by his opponent, three-term city councilman Orlando Sanchez in the 2001 election campaign. In 2001 Brown narrowly survived the reelection challenge and runoff against Sanchez, a Cuban-born man who grew up in Houston. The election characterized by especially high voter turnout in both black and Hispanic districts.Sanchez' supporters highlighted poor street conditions, campaigning that the \"P stands for Pothole,\" referring to Brown's middle initial. Sanchez drove a Hummer as his campaign vehicle during this period, which was adorned with the banner, \"With Brown in Town it's the only way to get around.\"Following the death of Houston Fire Captain Jay Janhke in the line of duty, Sanchez gained endorsements from the fire/emergency medical services sector. Brown changed Fire Department policy on staffing as a result of the captain's death.The Brown-Sanchez election attracted involvement from several national political figures, who contributed to its rhetoric. Brown was endorsed by former Democratic president Bill Clinton while Sanchez was endorsed by then-President George W. Bush, former President George H.W. Bush and his wife, former First Lady Barbara Bush; Rudy Giuliani and a host of other Republicans. Some members of the President's cabinet campaigned for Sanchez in Houston.The contest had ethnic undertones as Sanchez, a Cuban American, was vying to become the first Hispanic mayor of Houston; he challenged Brown, who was the city's first African-American mayor. According to the U.S. Census 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White (including Hispanic or Latino), 25.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 37% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.Voting split along racial and political party lines, with a majority of African Americans and Asians (largely Democrats) supporting Brown, and a majority of Hispanic and Anglo voters (largely Republicans) supporting Sanchez. Brown had 43% in the first round of voting, and Sanchez 40%, which resulted in their competing in a run-off. Chris Bell received 16% of the ballots cast in the first round. Brown narrowly won reelection by a margin of three percentage points following heavy voter turnout in predominantly Black precincts, compared to relatively light turnout in Hispanic precincts, although Hispanic voting in the runoff election was much higher than previously.Brown's 2001 reelection was one of the last major political campaigns supported by the Houston-based Enron Corporation, which collapsed in a financial scandal days after the election.Brown was married twice. His first wife, Yvonne Brown, died of cancer after they had four children together. He is married to Frances Young, a teacher in the Houston Independent School District.Brown is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha collegiate fraternity and Sigma Pi Phi, an African-American fraternity for those who have achieved distinction in their chosen profession.While in Houston, Dr. Brown was a Professor at Texas Southern University and Director of the university's Black Male Initiative Program.Brown is a co-founder of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE). Brown is chairman and CEO of Brown Group International, which is a business solutions organization.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["San Jose Police Department", "Howard University", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "Houston Police Department", "New York City Police Department"], "facts": [["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "New York City Police Department", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "chief of police", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Howard University", "January 1972", "January 1975"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Houston Police Department", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "San Jose Police Department", "January 1960", "January 1968"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Portland State University", "January 1968", "January 1972"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "Mayor of Houston", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "January 1993", "January 1996"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "New York City Police Commissioner", "January 1990", "January 1992"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for before he/she held the position of chief of police?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for before he/she held the position of chief of police?", "date": "January 01 1982", "text_answers": {"text": ["Howard University"]}, "id": "L3_Q866128_P108_P39_26", "fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from January 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from January 1972 to January 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to January 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from January 1998 to January 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from Jan 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from Jan 1972 to Jan 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to Jan 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from Jan 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from Jan 1998 to 01/2004.", "context": "Lee P. BrownLee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is an American politician, criminologist and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African-American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was re-elected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades. With practical experience and a doctorate from University of California, Berkeley, he has combined research and operations in his career. After serving as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, he was appointed in 1982 as the first African-American police chief in Houston, Texas, where he implemented techniques in community policing to reduce crime.His parents, Andrew and Zelma Brown were sharecroppers in Oklahoma, and Lee Brown was born in Wewoka. His family, including five brothers and one sister, moved to California in the second wave of the Great Migration and his parents continued as farmers. A high school athlete, Brown earned a football scholarship to Fresno State University, where he earned a B.S. in criminology in 1960. That year he started as a police officer in San Jose, California, where he served for eight years. Brown was elected as the president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association (union) and served from 1965\u20131966.Brown went on to earn a master's degree in sociology from San Jos\u00e9 State University in 1964, and became an assistant professor there in 1968. He also earned a second master's degree in criminology from University of California, Berkeley in 1968. In the same year, he moved to Portland, Oregon, where he established and served as chairman of the Department of Administration of Justice at Portland State University.In 1972, Brown was appointed associate director of the Institute of Urban Affairs and Research and professor of Public Administration and director of Criminal Justice programs at Howard University. In 1974, Brown was named Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon and in 1976 became director of the Department of Justice Services.In 1978 he was appointed Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, serving to 1982. Brown and his staff oversaw investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders case and increased efforts to provide safety in black areas of the city during the period when murders were committed. A critical element of reform during Brown's tenure was increasing diversity of the police force. By the time Brown resigned to accept the top police job in Houston, Atlanta's police force was 20 percent black.In 1982 Brown was the first African American to be appointed as Police Chief to the City of Houston, serving until 1990. He was first appointed by Mayor Kathy Whitmire. The Houston Police Department seemed to be in constant turmoil and badly needed reform. According to one of Brown's colleagues at Atlanta, ... \"Everybody knows Lee likes challenges and anyone who knows about the Houston Police Department knows it's one helluva challenge.\" After coming to Houston, Brown quickly began to implement methods of community policing, building relationships with the city's diverse communities.The Houston Police Officers Union (HPOU) recently published a history describing in more detail how Brown's reforms were implemented and how it became accepted by the officers as well as the communities they served over a period of years. Initially, the officers were unimpressed by what Brown termed Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP). Old-time officers saw it as simply reverting to a long-discredited policy of \"walking a beat,\" and claimed the acronym meant \"never on patrol.\"Brown and his staff divided the city into 23 identifiable \"neighborhoods.\" Each neighborhood had a small informal office, located in a storefront, where people from the neighborhood were invited to come in and discuss their concerns or problems with one of the officers that served there. Brown emphasized through his officer training sessions that getting feedback from the public was as important as writing up tickets or doing paperwork chores. The neighborhood officers soon recognized the hot spots and the neighborhood \"movers and shakers\" who could be helpful in preventing problems.Brown was credited with getting more police officers into the neighborhoods during his tenure. Relations between the residents and the police were far better than ever before, with residents becoming willing to work with the police implementing various activities. He was quoted as saying that sixty percent of all cities in the U.S. had adopted some form of NOP by the time he stepped down as Houston's chief.In December 1989 Brown was named by Mayor David Dinkins as Police Commissioner of New York City, the first non-New Yorker appointed in a quarter of a century as head of the nation's largest police force. In January 1990, he took over a police force that was seven times the size of Houston's, with \"a complex organization of more than 26,000 officers\" and a 346-member executive corps of officers at the rank of captain and above. At the time, the force was 75% white; there were issues of perception of police justice and sensitivity in a city with a population estimated to be half minorities: black, Hispanic and Asian.Brown implemented community policing citywide, which reportedly quadrupled the number of police officers on foot patrol and had a goal of creating a partnership between the police and citizens. The fact that reported crimes were 6.7 percent lower for the first four months of 1992, compared to the previous year, indicated that Brown's program was having a positive effect, according to the Treadwell article.On the other hand, according to Treadwell, the police department was being criticized for the alleged ineffectiveness of its internal affairs division in the wake of allegations of drug dealing and bribery by some officers. Dinkins had appointed a five-member panel to investigate the corruption allegations, and had asked the City Council to establish an all-civilian review board to look at charges of police brutality. Brown was already on record as opposing both actions. Both Brown and Dinkins took great pains to assure reporters that the policy disagreement played no role in Brown's decision to leave.Brown submitted his resignation from the New York City position effective September 1, 1992. He and Mayor Dinkins held a joint news conference to explain the reason for his sudden departure. Brown stated that he was leaving to care for his wife, who was ill, and to rejoin the rest of his family, who were still in Houston. He added that he had accepted a college teaching position in Houston.In 1993 Brown was appointed by President Bill Clinton as his Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, or \"Drug Czar\"), and moved to Washington, DC. The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment.In the late 1990s, Brown returned to Houston and entered politics directly, running for mayor. In 1997, Brown became the first African American elected as mayor of Houston. During Brown's administration, the city invested extensively in infrastructure: it started the first 7.5-mile leg of its light-rail system and obtained voter approval for an extension, along with increases in bus service, park and ride facilities and HOV lanes. It opened three new professional sports facilities, attracting visitors to the city. It revitalized the downtown area: constructing the City's first convention center hotel, doubling the size of the convention center; and constructing the Hobby Center of the Performing Arts. In addition, it built and renovated new libraries, police and fire stations. Brown initiated a $2.9\u00a0billion development program at the city's airport, which consisted of new terminals and runways; and a consolidated rental car facility; in addition to renovating other terminals and runways, he built a new water treatment plant.Brown also advanced the city's affirmative action program; installed programs in city libraries to provide access to the Internet; built the state-of-the-art Houston Emergency Communications Center; implemented e-government, and opened new parks. Brown led trade missions for the business community to other countries and promoted international trade. He increased the number of foreign consulates.Brown undertook a massive program to reconstruct the downtown street system and replace the aging underground utility system. The accompanying traffic problems was made a campaign issue by his opponent, three-term city councilman Orlando Sanchez in the 2001 election campaign. In 2001 Brown narrowly survived the reelection challenge and runoff against Sanchez, a Cuban-born man who grew up in Houston. The election characterized by especially high voter turnout in both black and Hispanic districts.Sanchez' supporters highlighted poor street conditions, campaigning that the \"P stands for Pothole,\" referring to Brown's middle initial. Sanchez drove a Hummer as his campaign vehicle during this period, which was adorned with the banner, \"With Brown in Town it's the only way to get around.\"Following the death of Houston Fire Captain Jay Janhke in the line of duty, Sanchez gained endorsements from the fire/emergency medical services sector. Brown changed Fire Department policy on staffing as a result of the captain's death.The Brown-Sanchez election attracted involvement from several national political figures, who contributed to its rhetoric. Brown was endorsed by former Democratic president Bill Clinton while Sanchez was endorsed by then-President George W. Bush, former President George H.W. Bush and his wife, former First Lady Barbara Bush; Rudy Giuliani and a host of other Republicans. Some members of the President's cabinet campaigned for Sanchez in Houston.The contest had ethnic undertones as Sanchez, a Cuban American, was vying to become the first Hispanic mayor of Houston; he challenged Brown, who was the city's first African-American mayor. According to the U.S. Census 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White (including Hispanic or Latino), 25.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 37% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.Voting split along racial and political party lines, with a majority of African Americans and Asians (largely Democrats) supporting Brown, and a majority of Hispanic and Anglo voters (largely Republicans) supporting Sanchez. Brown had 43% in the first round of voting, and Sanchez 40%, which resulted in their competing in a run-off. Chris Bell received 16% of the ballots cast in the first round. Brown narrowly won reelection by a margin of three percentage points following heavy voter turnout in predominantly Black precincts, compared to relatively light turnout in Hispanic precincts, although Hispanic voting in the runoff election was much higher than previously.Brown's 2001 reelection was one of the last major political campaigns supported by the Houston-based Enron Corporation, which collapsed in a financial scandal days after the election.Brown was married twice. His first wife, Yvonne Brown, died of cancer after they had four children together. He is married to Frances Young, a teacher in the Houston Independent School District.Brown is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha collegiate fraternity and Sigma Pi Phi, an African-American fraternity for those who have achieved distinction in their chosen profession.While in Houston, Dr. Brown was a Professor at Texas Southern University and Director of the university's Black Male Initiative Program.Brown is a co-founder of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE). Brown is chairman and CEO of Brown Group International, which is a business solutions organization.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["San Jose Police Department", "Portland State University", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "Houston Police Department", "New York City Police Department"], "facts": [["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "January 1993", "January 1996"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "San Jose Police Department", "January 1960", "January 1968"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "Mayor of Houston", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Howard University", "January 1972", "January 1975"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "New York City Police Department", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "New York City Police Commissioner", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "chief of police", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Houston Police Department", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Portland State University", "January 1968", "January 1972"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Hilde Benjamin after he/she studied at Humboldt University of Berlin?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Hilde Benjamin after he/she studied at Humboldt University of Berlin?", "date": "January 01 1924", "text_answers": {"text": ["Georg Benjamin"]}, "id": "L3_Q276069_P26_P69_0", "fact_context": "Hilde Benjamin held the position of member of the Volkskammer from January 1949 to January 1967. \n Hilde Benjamin was married to Georg Benjamin from January 1926 to August 1942. \n Hilde Benjamin was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany from January 1946 to January 1989. \n Hilde Benjamin studied at Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1921 to January 1924.", "adv_fact_context": "Hilde Benjamin studied at Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1921 to 01/1924. \n Hilde Benjamin was married to Georg Benjamin from 01/1926 to 08/1942. \n Hilde Benjamin was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany from Jan 1946 to Jan 1989. \n Hilde Benjamin held the position of member of the Volkskammer from January 1949 to Jan 1967.", "context": "Hilde BenjaminHilde Benjamin (n\u00e9e Lange, 5 February 1902 \u2013 18 April 1989) was an East German judge and Minister of Justice. She is best known for presiding over a series of political trials in the 1950s. She is particularly known as responsible for the politically motivated prosecution of Erna Dorn and Ernst Jennrich. In his 1994 inauguration speech German President Roman Herzog mentioned Benjamin's status as a symbol of injustice, noting that her name was incompatible with the German constitution and the rule of law.Hilde Lange was born in Bernburg, Anhalt, and grew up in Berlin, in to a middle class and liberal minded family, the daughter of the engineer Heinz Lange and his wife, Adele. Growing up in the culturally inclined liberal ambience of a middle-class family awakened in her an early interest in classical music and literature: this would stay with her throughout her life. In 1921 she successfully completed her school career at the in Steglitz on the south side of Berlin.She was among the first women to study law in Germany, which she did at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Hamburg from 1921 to 1924.Afterwards, she worked as a practicing attorney in Berlin-Wedding for the Rote Hilfe, a Communist aid organization. In 1926 she married the medical doctor, Georg Benjamin, the brother of writer Walter Benjamin and of her friend, the academic . Georg and Hilde's son, was born at the end of 1932.In 1926 she quit the moderate left-wing SPD and in 1927 joined her husband in the Communist Party. Because of her political convictions, she was forbidden to practice law after 1933. Briefly jobless, with her husband removed to a concentration camp (from which, on this occasion, he was released later in the year) directly after the Reichstag fire, she returned for a time to live with her parents along with her small son: she then obtained a position providing legal advice for the Soviet trade association in Berlin. During World War II, she was forced to work in a factory from 1939-45. Her Jewish husband was killed at the KZ Mauthausen in 1942.After the war, she joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1946 and was vice president of the Supreme Court of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1949 to 1953. In that capacity, she assisted with the Waldheim Trials and presided over a series of show trials against those identified as political undesirables, such as Johann Burianek and Wolfgang Kaiser, as well as against Jehovah's Witnesses. Her two death sentences earned her the popular sobriquets \"The Red Guillotine\" and \"Bloody Hilde\" in Western media.From 1949 to 1967 she was a member of the Volkskammer and from 1954 to 1989, a member of the Central Committee of the SED. In 1953, she succeeded Max Fechner as Minister of Justice. GDR leader Walter Ulbricht asked her to resign in 1967, ostensibly for health reasons.Benjamin was instrumental in authoring the penal code and the code of penal procedure of the GDR and played a decisive role in the reorganization of the country's legal system. From 1967 to her death, she held the chair for the history of the judiciary at the \"Deutsche Akademie f\u00fcr Staats- und Rechtswissenschaft\" in Potsdam-Babelsberg. She died in East Berlin in April 1989.Benjamin received several awards in the GDR: in 1962 the Patriotic Order of Merit, in 1977 and 1987 the Order of Karl Marx, in 1979 the title of Meritorious Jurist of the GDR (\"Verdiente Juristin der DDR\"), and in 1982 the Star of People's Friendship.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Hilde Benjamin", "educated at", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "member of political party", "Socialist Unity Party of Germany", "January 1946", "January 1989"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "position held", "member of the Volkskammer", "January 1949", "January 1967"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "spouse", "Georg Benjamin", "January 1926", "August 1942"]]}
{"question": "Where was Gary Payton II educated before he/she studied at Salt Lake Community College?", "adv_question": "Where was Gary Payton II educated before he/she studied at Salt Lake Community College?", "date": "January 01 2012", "text_answers": {"text": ["Westwind Preparatory Academy"]}, "id": "L3_Q19979256_P69_P69_3", "fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from January 2012 to January 2014. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from January 2011 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from Jan 2011 to 01/2012. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from 01/2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from 01/2012 to 01/2014.", "context": "Gary Payton IIGary Dwayne Payton II (born December 1, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a junior and senior playing college basketball for the Oregon State Beavers, Payton was named first-team All-Pac-12 as well as Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. He is the son of NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton. His nickname is \"The Mitten\", a reference to his father's nickname \"The Glove\".Payton was born in Seattle, Washington to Monique and Gary Payton, while his father was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics. He attended Spring Valley High School where he lettered two years in basketball and one year in swimming before graduating in 2011. He then enrolled at Westwind Preparatory Academy for the 2011\u201312 season.Payton played two seasons at Salt Lake Community College in Salt Lake City, Utah. He averaged 9.4 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 1.9 steals per game as a freshman (2012\u201313) and led the Bruins to a 29\u20135 overall record and 14\u20131 mark in the Scenic West Athletic Conference (SWAC), where they won the Region 18 Championship and outright SWAC title in 2013. Payton was named First Team All-SWAC and made Region 18 All-Tournament Team as a freshman. In his sophomore year, he averaged 14.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.9 steals per game earning him Second Team NJCAA Division I All-American and was voted 2014 Region 18 Co-Player of the Year and Region 18 Tournament Most Valuable Player. The Bruins finished with a 27\u20137 overall record and won their second consecutive Region 18 Championship.During Payton's sophomore season at Salt Lake CC he signed a letter of intent to play for his father's alma mater Oregon State under men's head basketball coach Craig Robinson. Robinson was fired before the start of the 2014\u201315 basketball season and was replaced by University of Montana head coach Wayne Tinkle. Having lost their top five scorers from the previous season, Pac-12 coaches picked Oregon State to finish 12th in the 2014\u201315 season. Instead, the up-tempo Beavers finished 7th with a 4\u20131 record against the conference's top three teams, Arizona, Oregon and Utah. In their game against Grambling State Payton recorded 10 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists, becoming only the second Beaver ever with a triple-double in a game. His father, Hall of Famer Gary Payton, is the other Beaver with a triple-double when he had 20 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against the University of Portland in 1988. Following a home sweep of the Los Angeles schools Payton was named the January 26, 2015 Pac-12 Conference Player of the Week. During his first season at Oregon State Payton led his team in multiple categories: scoring, rebounds, and steals. On March 9, 2015 Pac-12 coaches voted Payton to the All-Pac-12 First Team, All-Pac-12 Defensive Team and named him the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award for top point guard of the year. He was named to the 35-man mid-season watchlist for the Naismith Player of the Year on February 11.After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Payton II joined the Houston Rockets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 23, 2016, he signed with the Rockets, but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in six preseason games. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Rockets. On December 3, 2016, he scored 51 points on 20-of-29 shooting to go with 11 rebounds in a 140\u2013125 win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.On April 2, 2017, Payton II signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He made his debut for the Bucks that night, scoring five points in nine minutes off the bench in a 109\u2013105 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. Payton II was waived on October 14 as one of the team's final 2017\u201318 preseason roster cuts. On October 17, 2017, Payton II was given a two-way contract with the Bucks via their NBA G League affiliate the Wisconsin Herd, meaning he'd officially return to Milwaukee for the start of the season. Payton II would have his first start in the NBA on November 22, 2017, against the Phoenix Suns, playing as the starting small forward for the Bucks that night due to team injuries. While he would end the night early due to an injury of his own, the Bucks would win that night in overtime. On December 13, Payton II was waived from the Bucks in favor of Sean Kilpatrick.On January 15, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers signed Payton II to a two-way contract. Throughout the rest of the season, he split his playing time between the Los Angeles Lakers and their NBA G League affiliate, the South Bay Lakers. On the final game of the season, Payton scored a career-high 25 points and also posted a career-high 12 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.On September 4, 2018, Payton signed a training camp contract with the Portland Trail Blazers. On October 13, 2018, Payton was waived by the Trail Blazers.On December 12, 2018, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League announced via Twitter that they had re-acquired Payton.On January 21, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards on a 10-day contract, and Payton made his debut for the Wizards on January 22 in a 101\u201387 win over the Detroit Pistons, but was not offered for a second 10-day contract.On February 2, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers announced that they had reacquired Payton.On October 24, 2019, the Canton Charge acquired the returning right from Rio Grande Valley Vipers for Payton in exchange for Jaron Blossomgame. Two days later on October 26, 2019, Payton was traded to the South Bay Lakers for Sheldon Mac and Robert Heyer. Two days later on October 28, 2019, Payton was added to the training camp roster of the South Bay Lakers. On November 4, 2019, Payton was included in the opening night roster of the South Bay Lakers.On December 23, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards. On July 9, 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19.On January 11, 2021, Payton was selected 15th overall by the Raptors 905 in the first 2021 NBA G League draft, where he averaged 10.8 points on 55.5 percent shooting from the field, 5.6 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 2.54 steals in 21.9 minutes per game. At the end of the shortened single-site season in Orlando, he was named the 2021 Defensive Player of the Year.On April 8, 2021, Payton signed a 10-day contract with the Golden State Warriors. On April 19, he signed a second 10-day contract and on May 16, he was signed for the rest of the season.| style=\"text-align:left;\"| ", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Salt Lake Community College", "Oregon State University"], "facts": [["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Westwind Preparatory Academy", "January 2011", "January 2012"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Salt Lake Community College", "January 2012", "January 2014"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Oregon State University", "January 2014", "January 2016"], ["Gary Payton II", "member of sports team", "Oregon State Beavers men's basketball", "January 2014", "January 2016"]]}
{"question": "Where was Gary Payton II educated before he/she played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball?", "adv_question": "Where was Gary Payton II educated before he/she played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball?", "date": "January 01 2014", "text_answers": {"text": ["Salt Lake Community College"]}, "id": "L3_Q19979256_P69_P54_7", "fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from January 2011 to January 2012. \n Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from January 2012 to January 2014. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016.", "adv_fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from 01/2012 to 01/2014. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from Jan 2011 to 01/2012. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from 01/2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016.", "context": "Gary Payton IIGary Dwayne Payton II (born December 1, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a junior and senior playing college basketball for the Oregon State Beavers, Payton was named first-team All-Pac-12 as well as Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. He is the son of NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton. His nickname is \"The Mitten\", a reference to his father's nickname \"The Glove\".Payton was born in Seattle, Washington to Monique and Gary Payton, while his father was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics. He attended Spring Valley High School where he lettered two years in basketball and one year in swimming before graduating in 2011. He then enrolled at Westwind Preparatory Academy for the 2011\u201312 season.Payton played two seasons at Salt Lake Community College in Salt Lake City, Utah. He averaged 9.4 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 1.9 steals per game as a freshman (2012\u201313) and led the Bruins to a 29\u20135 overall record and 14\u20131 mark in the Scenic West Athletic Conference (SWAC), where they won the Region 18 Championship and outright SWAC title in 2013. Payton was named First Team All-SWAC and made Region 18 All-Tournament Team as a freshman. In his sophomore year, he averaged 14.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.9 steals per game earning him Second Team NJCAA Division I All-American and was voted 2014 Region 18 Co-Player of the Year and Region 18 Tournament Most Valuable Player. The Bruins finished with a 27\u20137 overall record and won their second consecutive Region 18 Championship.During Payton's sophomore season at Salt Lake CC he signed a letter of intent to play for his father's alma mater Oregon State under men's head basketball coach Craig Robinson. Robinson was fired before the start of the 2014\u201315 basketball season and was replaced by University of Montana head coach Wayne Tinkle. Having lost their top five scorers from the previous season, Pac-12 coaches picked Oregon State to finish 12th in the 2014\u201315 season. Instead, the up-tempo Beavers finished 7th with a 4\u20131 record against the conference's top three teams, Arizona, Oregon and Utah. In their game against Grambling State Payton recorded 10 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists, becoming only the second Beaver ever with a triple-double in a game. His father, Hall of Famer Gary Payton, is the other Beaver with a triple-double when he had 20 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against the University of Portland in 1988. Following a home sweep of the Los Angeles schools Payton was named the January 26, 2015 Pac-12 Conference Player of the Week. During his first season at Oregon State Payton led his team in multiple categories: scoring, rebounds, and steals. On March 9, 2015 Pac-12 coaches voted Payton to the All-Pac-12 First Team, All-Pac-12 Defensive Team and named him the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award for top point guard of the year. He was named to the 35-man mid-season watchlist for the Naismith Player of the Year on February 11.After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Payton II joined the Houston Rockets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 23, 2016, he signed with the Rockets, but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in six preseason games. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Rockets. On December 3, 2016, he scored 51 points on 20-of-29 shooting to go with 11 rebounds in a 140\u2013125 win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.On April 2, 2017, Payton II signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He made his debut for the Bucks that night, scoring five points in nine minutes off the bench in a 109\u2013105 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. Payton II was waived on October 14 as one of the team's final 2017\u201318 preseason roster cuts. On October 17, 2017, Payton II was given a two-way contract with the Bucks via their NBA G League affiliate the Wisconsin Herd, meaning he'd officially return to Milwaukee for the start of the season. Payton II would have his first start in the NBA on November 22, 2017, against the Phoenix Suns, playing as the starting small forward for the Bucks that night due to team injuries. While he would end the night early due to an injury of his own, the Bucks would win that night in overtime. On December 13, Payton II was waived from the Bucks in favor of Sean Kilpatrick.On January 15, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers signed Payton II to a two-way contract. Throughout the rest of the season, he split his playing time between the Los Angeles Lakers and their NBA G League affiliate, the South Bay Lakers. On the final game of the season, Payton scored a career-high 25 points and also posted a career-high 12 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.On September 4, 2018, Payton signed a training camp contract with the Portland Trail Blazers. On October 13, 2018, Payton was waived by the Trail Blazers.On December 12, 2018, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League announced via Twitter that they had re-acquired Payton.On January 21, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards on a 10-day contract, and Payton made his debut for the Wizards on January 22 in a 101\u201387 win over the Detroit Pistons, but was not offered for a second 10-day contract.On February 2, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers announced that they had reacquired Payton.On October 24, 2019, the Canton Charge acquired the returning right from Rio Grande Valley Vipers for Payton in exchange for Jaron Blossomgame. Two days later on October 26, 2019, Payton was traded to the South Bay Lakers for Sheldon Mac and Robert Heyer. Two days later on October 28, 2019, Payton was added to the training camp roster of the South Bay Lakers. On November 4, 2019, Payton was included in the opening night roster of the South Bay Lakers.On December 23, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards. On July 9, 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19.On January 11, 2021, Payton was selected 15th overall by the Raptors 905 in the first 2021 NBA G League draft, where he averaged 10.8 points on 55.5 percent shooting from the field, 5.6 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 2.54 steals in 21.9 minutes per game. At the end of the shortened single-site season in Orlando, he was named the 2021 Defensive Player of the Year.On April 8, 2021, Payton signed a 10-day contract with the Golden State Warriors. On April 19, he signed a second 10-day contract and on May 16, he was signed for the rest of the season.| style=\"text-align:left;\"| ", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Oregon State University", "Westwind Preparatory Academy"], "facts": [["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Westwind Preparatory Academy", "January 2011", "January 2012"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Salt Lake Community College", "January 2012", "January 2014"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Oregon State University", "January 2014", "January 2016"], ["Gary Payton II", "member of sports team", "Oregon State Beavers men's basketball", "January 2014", "January 2016"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Werner Heisenberg work for after he/she worked for German nuclear weapons project?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Werner Heisenberg work for after he/she worked for German nuclear weapons project?", "date": "January 01 1945", "text_answers": {"text": ["Max Planck Institute for Physics"]}, "id": "L3_Q40904_P108_P108_24", "fact_context": "Werner Heisenberg worked for Leipzig University from January 1927 to January 1941. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1920 to January 1923. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen from January 1911 to January 1920. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for German nuclear weapons program from January 1941 to January 1945. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Max Planck Institute for Physics from January 1946 to January 1970.", "adv_fact_context": "Werner Heisenberg studied at Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen from Jan 1911 to 01/1920. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Max Planck Institute for Physics from Jan 1946 to Jan 1970. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for Leipzig University from Jan 1927 to Jan 1941. \n Werner Heisenberg studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 01/1920 to January 1923. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1926 to Jan 1927. \n Werner Heisenberg worked for German nuclear weapons program from Jan 1941 to 01/1945.", "context": "Werner HeisenbergWerner Karl Heisenberg (; ; 5 December 1901 \u2013 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for the creation of quantum mechanics\".Heisenberg also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was a principal scientist in the German nuclear weapons program during World War II. He was also instrumental in planning the first West German nuclear reactor at Karlsruhe, together with a research reactor in Munich, in 1957.Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958. He then became director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics from 1960 to 1970.Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.Werner Karl Heisenberg was born in W\u00fcrzburg, Germany, to , a secondary school teacher of classical languages who became Germany's only \"ordentlicher Professor\" (ordinarius professor) of medieval and modern Greek studies in the university system, and his wife, Annie Wecklein.Heisenberg was raised and lived as a Lutheran Christian. His autobiography starts with the young Heisenberg in his late teenage years, reading Plato's \"Timaeus\" while hiking in the Bavarian Alps. Heisenberg recounted the philosophical conversations with his fellow students and teachers on understanding the atom while receiving his scientific training in Munich, G\u00f6ttingen and Copenhagen. Heisenberg would later state that \u201cMy mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing\". and that \"Modern physics has definitely decided in favor of Plato. In fact the smallest units of matter are not physical objects in the ordinary sense; they are forms, ideas which can be expressed unambiguously only in mathematical language\"Heisenberg arrived at Munich in 1919 as a member of the \"Freikorps\" to fight the Bavarian Soviet Republic established a year earlier. Five decades later he recalled those days as youthful fun, like \"playing cops and robbers and so on; it was nothing serious at all.\"He studied physics and mathematics from 1920 to 1923 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen. At Munich, he studied under Arnold Sommerfeld and Wilhelm Wien. At G\u00f6ttingen, he studied physics with Max Born and James Franck and mathematics with David Hilbert. He received his doctorate in 1923 at Munich under Sommerfeld. At G\u00f6ttingen, under Born, he completed his habilitation in 1924 with a \"Habilitationsschrift\" (habilitation thesis) on the anomalous Zeeman effect.Because Sommerfeld had a sincere interest in his students and knew of Heisenberg's interest in Niels Bohr's theories on atomic physics, Sommerfeld took Heisenberg to G\u00f6ttingen to attend the Bohr Festival of June 1922. At the event, Bohr was a guest lecturer and gave a series of comprehensive lectures on quantum atomic physics. There, Heisenberg met Bohr for the first time, and it had a significant and continuing effect on him.Heisenberg's doctoral thesis, the topic of which was suggested by Sommerfeld, was on turbulence; the thesis discussed both the stability of laminar flow and the nature of turbulent flow. The problem of stability was investigated by the use of the Orr\u2013Sommerfeld equation, a fourth order linear differential equation for small disturbances from laminar flow. He briefly returned to this topic after World War II.In his youth he was a member and Scoutleader of the \"Neupfadfinder\", a German Scout association and part of the German Youth Movement. In August 1923 Robert Honsell and Heisenberg organized a trip to Finland with a Scout group of this association from Munich.Heisenberg enjoyed classical music and was an accomplished pianist. His interest in music led to meeting his future wife. In January 1937, Heisenberg met Elisabeth Schumacher (1914\u20131998) at a private music recital. Elisabeth was the daughter of a well-known Berlin economics professor, and her brother was the economist E. F. Schumacher, author of \"Small Is Beautiful\". Heisenberg married her on 29 April. Fraternal twins Maria and Wolfgang were born in January 1938, whereupon Wolfgang Pauli congratulated Heisenberg on his \"pair creation\"\u2014a word play on a process from elementary particle physics, pair production. They had five more children over the next 12 years: Barbara, Christine, Jochen, Martin and Verena. In 1936 he bought a summer home for his family in Urfeld am Walchensee, in southern Germany.From 1924 to 1927, Heisenberg was a Privatdozent at G\u00f6ttingen, meaning he was qualified to teach and examine independently, without having a chair. From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, Heisenberg went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. His seminal paper, \"\u00dcber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen\" (\"Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations\"), was published in September 1925. He returned to G\u00f6ttingen and, with Max Born and Pascual Jordan over a period of about six months, developed the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. On 1 May 1926, Heisenberg began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. On 23 February, Heisenberg wrote a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he first described his new principle. In his paper on the principle, Heisenberg used the word \"\"Ungenauigkeit\"\" (imprecision), not uncertainty, to describe it.In 1927, Heisenberg was appointed \"ordentlicher Professor\" (professor ordinarius) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the University of Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture there on 1 February 1928. In his first paper published from Leipzig, Heisenberg used the Pauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism.During Heisenberg's tenure at Leipzig, the high quality of the doctoral students and post-graduate and research associates who studied and worked with him is clear from the acclaim many later earned. At various times they included Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Fl\u00fcgge, William Vermillion Houston, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Edward Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, Gregor Wentzel, and Clarence Zener.In early 1929, Heisenberg and Pauli submitted the first of two papers laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, Heisenberg went on a lecture tour of China, Japan, India, and the United States. In the spring of 1929, he was a visiting lecturer at the University of Chicago, where he lectured on quantum mechanics.In 1928, the British mathematical physicist Paul Dirac had derived his relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons. In 1932, from a cloud chamber photograph of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a track as having been made by a positron. In mid-1933, Heisenberg presented his theory of the positron. His thinking on Dirac's theory and further development of the theory were set forth in two papers. The first, \"Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons\" (\"Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron\") was published in 1934, and the second, \"Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons\" (\"Consequences of Dirac's Theory of the Positron\"), was published in 1936. In these papers Heisenberg was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a \"classical\" field equation for any point particle of spin \u0127/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing electrons, Heisenberg put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl had already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.)Heisenberg's paper establishing quantum mechanics has puzzled physicists and historians. His methods assume that the reader is familiar with Kramers-Heisenberg transition probability calculations. The main new idea, non-commuting matrices, is justified only by a rejection of unobservable quantities. It introduces the non-commutative multiplication of matrices by physical reasoning, based on the correspondence principle, despite the fact that Heisenberg was not then familiar with the mathematical theory of matrices. The path leading to these results has been reconstructed in MacKinnon, 1977, and the detailed calculations are worked out in Aitchison et al.In Copenhagen, Heisenberg and Hans Kramers collaborated on a paper on dispersion, or the scattering from atoms of radiation whose wavelength is larger than the atoms. They showed that the successful formula Kramers had developed earlier could not be based on Bohr orbits, because the transition frequencies are based on level spacings which are not constant. The frequencies which occur in the Fourier transform of sharp classical orbits, by contrast, are equally spaced. But these results could be explained by a semi-classical virtual state model: the incoming radiation excites the valence, or outer, electron to a virtual state from which it decays. In a subsequent paper Heisenberg showed that this virtual oscillator model could also explain the polarization of fluorescent radiation.These two successes, and the continuing failure of the Bohr\u2013Sommerfeld model to explain the outstanding problem of the anomalous Zeeman effect, led Heisenberg to use the virtual oscillator model to try to calculate spectral frequencies. The method proved too difficult to immediately apply to realistic problems, so Heisenberg turned to a simpler example, the anharmonic oscillator.The dipole oscillator consists of a simple harmonic oscillator, which is thought of as a charged particle on a spring, perturbed by an external force, like an external charge. The motion of the oscillating charge can be expressed as a Fourier series in the frequency of the oscillator. Heisenberg solved for the quantum behavior by two different methods. First, he treated the system with the virtual oscillator method, calculating the transitions between the levels that would be produced by the external source.He then solved the same problem by treating the anharmonic potential term as a perturbation to the harmonic oscillator and using the perturbation methods that he and Born had developed. Both methods led to the same results for the first and the very complicated second order correction terms. This suggested that behind the very complicated calculations lay a consistent scheme.So Heisenberg set out to formulate these results without any explicit dependence on the virtual oscillator model. To do this, he replaced the Fourier expansions for the spatial coordinates by matrices, matrices which corresponded to the transition coefficients in the virtual oscillator method. He justified this replacement by an appeal to Bohr's correspondence principle and the Pauli doctrine that quantum mechanics must be limited to observables.On 9 July, Heisenberg gave Born this paper to review and submit for publication. When Born read the paper, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices, which he had learned from his study under Jakob Rosanes at Breslau University. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; the paper was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg's paper. A follow-on paper was submitted for publication before the end of the year by all three authors.Up until this time, matrices were seldom used by physicists; they were considered to belong to the realm of pure mathematics. Gustav Mie had used them in a paper on electrodynamics in 1912 and Born had used them in his work on the lattice theory of crystals in 1921. While matrices were used in these cases, the algebra of matrices with their multiplication did not enter the picture as they did in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics.In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It was at that time that it was announced Heisenberg had won the Prize for 1932 \"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen\".The development of quantum mechanics, and the apparent contradictory implications in regard to what is \"real\" had profound philosophical implications, including what scientific observations truly mean. In contrast to Albert Einstein and Louis de Broglie, who were realists who believed that particles had an objectively true momentum and position at all times (even if both could not be measured), Heisenberg was an anti-realist, arguing that direct knowledge of what is \"real\" was beyond the scope of science. Writing in his book \"The Physicist's Conception of Nature,\" Heisenberg argued that ultimately we only can speak of the \"knowledge\" (numbers in tables) which describe something about particles but we can never have any \"true\" access to the particles themselves:We can no longer speak of the behaviour of the particle independently of the process of observation. As a final consequence, the natural laws formulated mathematically in quantum theory no longer deal with the elementary particles themselves but with our knowledge of them. Nor is it any longer possible to ask whether or not these particles exist in space and time objectively ...When we speak of the picture of nature in the exact science of our age, we do not mean a picture of nature so much as a \"picture of our relationships with nature\". ...Science no longer confronts nature as an objective observer, but sees itself as an actor in this interplay between man and nature. The scientific method of analysing, explaining and classifying has become conscious of its limitations, which arise out of the fact that by its intervention science alters and refashions the object of investigation. In other words, method and object can no longer be separated.Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, Heisenberg submitted the first of three papers on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in the press as a \"White Jew\". Supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\", or Aryan Physics, launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and Heisenberg. From the early 1930s onward, the anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics movement \"Deutsche Physik\" had concerned itself with quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark.There had been many failed attempts to have Heisenberg appointed as professor at a number of German universities. His attempt to be appointed as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld failed because of opposition by the \"Deutsche Physik\" movement. On 1 April 1935, the eminent theoretical physicist Sommerfeld, Heisenberg's doctoral advisor at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, achieved emeritus status. However, Sommerfeld stayed in his chair during the selection process for his successor, which took until 1 December 1939. The process was lengthy due to academic and political differences between the Munich Faculty's selection and that of the Reich Education Ministry and the supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\".In 1935, the Munich Faculty drew up a list of candidates to replace Sommerfeld as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich. The three candidates had all been former students of Sommerfeld: Heisenberg, who had received the Nobel Prize in Physics; Peter Debye, who had received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936; and Richard Becker. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates, with Heisenberg as their first choice. However, supporters of \"Deutsche Physik\" and elements in the REM had their own list of candidates, and the battle dragged on for over four years. During this time, Heisenberg came under vicious attack by the \"Deutsche Physik\" supporters. One attack was published in \"\"The Black Corps\"\", the newspaper of the SS, headed by Heinrich Himmler. In this, Heisenberg was called a \"White Jew\" (i.e. an Aryan who acts like a Jew) who should be made to \"disappear\". These attacks were taken seriously, as Jews were violently attacked and incarcerated. Heisenberg fought back with an editorial and a letter to Himmler, in an attempt to resolve the matter and regain his honour.At one point, Heisenberg's mother visited Himmler's mother. The two women knew each other, as Heisenberg's maternal grandfather and Himmler's father were rectors and members of a Bavarian hiking club. Eventually, Himmler settled the Heisenberg affair by sending two letters, one to SS Gruppenf\u00fchrer Reinhard Heydrich and one to Heisenberg, both on 21 July 1938. In the letter to Heydrich, Himmler said Germany could not afford to lose or silence Heisenberg, as he would be useful for teaching a generation of scientists. To Heisenberg, Himmler said the letter came on recommendation of his family and he cautioned Heisenberg to make a distinction between professional physics research results and the personal and political attitudes of the involved scientists.Wilhelm M\u00fcller replaced Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. M\u00fcller was not a theoretical physicist, had not published in a physics journal, and was not a member of the German Physical Society. His appointment was considered a travesty and detrimental to educating theoretical physicists.The three investigators who led the SS investigation of Heisenberg had training in physics. Indeed, Heisenberg had participated in the doctoral examination of one of them at the Universit\u00e4t Leipzig. The most influential of the three was Johannes Juilfs. During their investigation, they became supporters of Heisenberg as well as his position against the ideological policies of the \"Deutsche Physik\" movement in theoretical physics and academia.In mid-1936, Heisenberg presented his theory of cosmic-ray showers in two papers. Four more papers appeared in the next two years.In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to \"The Natural Sciences\" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons and Otto Hahn concluded a \"bursting\" of the uranium nucleus; simultaneously, Hahn communicated these results to his friend Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted Hahn's and Strassmann's results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.In June 1939, Heisenberg traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, Heisenberg refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II.The German nuclear weapons program, known as \"Uranverein\", was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began. The \"Heereswaffenamt\" (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) had squeezed the \"Reichsforschungsrat\" (RFR, Reich Research Council) out of the \"Reichserziehungsministerium\" (REM, Reich Ministry of Education) and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The project had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Fl\u00fcgge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included Heisenberg, Klaus Clusius, Robert D\u00f6pel and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker. The \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced. During the period when Diebner administered the KWIP under the HWA program, considerable personal and professional animosity developed between Diebner and Heisenberg's inner circle, which included Karl Wirtz and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker.At a scientific conference on 26\u201328 February 1942 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, called by the Army Weapons Office, Heisenberg presented a lecture to Reichs officials on energy acquisition from nuclear fission. The lecture, entitled \"Die theoretischen Grundlagen f\u00fcr die Energiegewinning aus der Uranspaltung\" (\"The theoretical basis for energy generation from uranium fission\") was, as Heisenberg confessed after the Second World War in a letter to Samuel Goudsmit, \"adapted to the intellectual level of a Reichs Minister\". Heisenberg lectured on the enormous energy potential of nuclear fission, stating that 250 million electron volts could be released through the fission of an atomic nucleus. Heisenberg stressed that pure U-235 had to be obtained to achieve a chain reaction. He explored various ways of obtaining isotope in its pure form, including uranium enrichment and an alternative layered method of normal uranium and a moderator in a machine. This machine, he noted, could be used in practical ways to fuel vehicles, ships and submarines. Heisenberg stressed the importance of the Army Weapons Office's financial and material support for this scientific endeavour. A second scientific conference followed. Lectures were heard on problems of modern physics with decisive importance for the national defense and economy. The conference was attended by Bernhard Rust, the Reichs Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. At the conference Reichs Minister Rust decided to take the nuclear project away from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The Reichs Research Council was to take on the project. In April 1942 the army returned the Physics Institute to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, naming Heisenberg as Director at the Institute. With this appointment at the KWIP, Heisenberg obtained his first professorship. Peter Debye was still director of the institute, but had gone on leave to the United States after he had refused to become a German citizen when the HWA took administrative control of the KWIP. Heisenberg still also had his department of physics at the University of Leipzig where work had been done for the \"Uranverein\" by Robert D\u00f6pel and his wife Klara D\u00f6pel.On 4 June 1942, Heisenberg was summoned to report to Albert Speer, Germany's Minister of Armaments, on the prospects for converting the Uranverein's research toward developing nuclear weapons. During the meeting, Heisenberg told Speer that a bomb could not be built before 1945, because it would require significant monetary resources and number of personnel.After the Uranverein project was placed under the leadership of the Reichs Research Council, it focused on nuclear power production and thus maintained its \"kriegswichtig\" (importance for the war) status; funding therefore continued from the military. The nuclear power project was broken down into the following main areas: uranium and heavy water production, uranium isotope separation and the \"Uranmaschine\" (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). The project was then essentially split up between a number of institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. The point in 1942, when the army relinquished its control of the German nuclear weapons program, was the zenith of the project relative to the number of personnel. About 70 scientists worked for the program, with about 40 devoting more than half their time to nuclear fission research. After 1942, the number of scientists working on applied nuclear fission diminished dramatically. Many of the scientists not working with the main institutes stopped working on nuclear fission and devoted their efforts to more pressing war-related work.In September 1942, Heisenberg submitted his first paper of a three-part series on the scattering matrix, or S-matrix, in elementary particle physics. The first two papers were published in 1943 and the third in 1944. The S-matrix described only the states of incident particles in a collision process, the states of those emerging from the collision, and stable bound states; there would be no reference to the intervening states. This was the same precedent as he followed in 1925 in what turned out to be the foundation of the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics through only the use of observables.In February 1943, Heisenberg was appointed to the Chair for Theoretical Physics at the \"Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t\" (today, the Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin). In April, his election to the \"Preu\u00dfische Akademie der Wissenschaften\" (Prussian Academy of Sciences) was approved. That same month, he moved his family to their retreat in as Allied bombing increased in Berlin. In the summer, he dispatched the first of his staff at the \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, for the same reasons. From 18\u201326 October, he travelled to German-occupied Netherlands. In December 1943, Heisenberg visited German-occupied Poland.From 24 January to 4 February 1944, Heisenberg travelled to occupied Copenhagen, after the German army confiscated Bohr's Institute of Theoretical Physics. He made a short return trip in April. In December, Heisenberg lectured in neutral Switzerland. The United States Office of Strategic Services sent agent Moe Berg to attend the lecture carrying a pistol, with orders to shoot Heisenberg if his lecture indicated that Germany was close to completing an atomic bomb.In January 1945, Heisenberg, with most of the rest of his staff, moved from the \"Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" to the facilities in the Black Forest.The Alsos Mission was an Allied effort to determine if the Germans had an atomic bomb program and to exploit German atomic related facilities, research, material resources, and scientific personnel for the benefit of the US. Personnel on this operation generally swept into areas which had just come under control of the Allied military forces, but sometimes they operated in areas still under control by German forces. Berlin had been a location of many German scientific research facilities. To limit casualties and loss of equipment, many of these facilities were dispersed to other locations in the latter years of the war. The \"Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f\u00fcr Physik\" (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics) had been bombed so it had mostly been moved in 1943 and 1944 to Hechingen and its neighboring town of Haigerloch, on the edge of the Black Forest, which eventually became included in the French occupation zone. This allowed the American task force of the Alsos Mission to take into custody a large number of German scientists associated with nuclear research.On 30 March, the Alsos Mission reached Heidelberg, where important scientists were captured including Walther Bothe, Richard Kuhn, Philipp Lenard, and Wolfgang Gertner. Their interrogation revealed that Otto Hahn was at his laboratory in Tailfingen, while Heisenberg and Max von Laue were at Heisenberg's laboratory in Hechingen, and that the experimental natural uranium reactor that Heisenberg's team had built in Berlin had been moved to Haigerloch. Thereafter, the main focus of the Alsos Mission was on these nuclear facilities in the W\u00fcrttemberg area. Heisenberg was captured and arrested in Urfeld, on 3 May 1945, in an alpine operation in territory still under control by German forces. He was taken to Heidelberg, where, on 5 May, he met Goudsmit for the first time since the Ann Arbor visit in 1939. Germany surrendered just two days later. Heisenberg would not see his family again for eight months, as he was moved across France and Belgium and flown to England on 3 July 1945.Nine of the prominent German scientists who published reports in \"Nuclear Physics Research Reports\" as members of the \"Uranverein\" were captured by Operation Alsos and incarcerated in England under Operation Epsilon. Ten German scientists, including Heisenberg, were held at Farm Hall in England. The facility had been a safe house of the British foreign intelligence MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought to be of intelligence value were transcribed and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On 6 August 1945, the scientists at Farm Hall learned from media reports that the USA had dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan. At first, there was disbelief that a bomb had been built and dropped. In the weeks that followed, the German scientists discussed how the USA might have built the bomb.The Farm Hall transcripts reveal that Heisenberg, along with other physicists interned at Farm Hall including Otto Hahn and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker, were glad the Allies had won World War II. Heisenberg told other scientists that he had never contemplated a bomb, only an atomic pile to produce energy. The morality of creating a bomb for the Nazis was also discussed. Only a few of the scientists expressed genuine horror at the prospect of nuclear weapons, and Heisenberg himself was cautious in discussing the matter. On the failure of the German nuclear weapons program to build an atomic bomb, Heisenberg remarked, \"We wouldn't have had the moral courage to recommend to the Government in the spring of 1942 that they should employ 120,000 men just for building the thing up.\"On 3 January 1946, the ten Operation Epsilon detainees were transported to Alswede in Germany. Heisenberg settled in G\u00f6ttingen, which was in the British zone of Allied-occupied Germany. Heisenberg immediately began to promote scientific research in Germany. Following the Kaiser Wilhelm Society's obliteration by the Allied Control Council and the establishment of the Max Planck Society in the British zone, Heisenberg became the director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics. Max von Laue was appointed vice director, while Karl Wirtz, Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker and Ludwig Biermann joined to help Heisenberg establish the institute. Heinz Billing joined in 1950 to promote the development of electronic computing. The core research focus of the institute was cosmic radiation. The institute held a colloquium every Saturday morning.Heisenberg together with was instrumental in the establishment of the Forschungsrat (research council). Heisenberg envisaged for this council to promote the dialogue between the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany and the scientific community based in Germany. Heisenberg was appointed president of the \"Forschungsrat\". In 1951, the organization was fused with the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science) and that same year renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation). Following the merger, Heisenberg was appointed to the presidium.In 1958, the Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik was moved to Munich, expanded, and renamed Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Physik und Astrophysik (MPIFA). In the interim, Heisenberg and the astrophysicist Ludwig Biermann were co-directors of MPIFA. Heisenberg also became an \"ordentlicher Professor\" (ordinarius professor) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen. Heisenberg was the sole director of MPIFA from 1960 to 1970. Heisenberg resigned his directorship of the MPIFA on 31 December 1970.In 1951, Heisenberg agreed to become the scientific representative of the Federal Republic of Germany at the UNESCO conference, with the aim of establishing a European laboratory for nuclear physics. Heisenberg's aim was to build a large particle accelerator, drawing on the resources and technical skills of scientists across the Western Bloc. On 1 July 1953 Heisenberg signed the convention that established CERN on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although he was asked to become CERN's founding scientific director, he declined. Instead, he was appointed chair of CERN's science policy committee and went on to determine the scientific program at CERN.In December 1953, Heisenberg became the president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. During his tenure as president 550 Humboldt scholars from 78 nations received scientific research grants. Heisenberg resigned as president shortly before his death.In 1946, the German scientist Heinz Pose, head of Laboratory V in Obninsk, wrote a letter to Heisenberg inviting him to work in the USSR. The letter lauded the working conditions in the USSR and the available resources, as well as the favorable attitude of the Soviets towards German scientists. A courier hand delivered the recruitment letter, dated 18 July 1946, to Heisenberg; Heisenberg politely declined. In 1947, Heisenberg presented lectures in Cambridge, Edinburgh and Bristol. Heisenberg contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon of superconductivity with a paper in 1947 and two papers in 1948, one of them with Max von Laue.In the period shortly after World War II, Heisenberg briefly returned to the subject of his doctoral thesis, turbulence. Three papers were published in 1948 and one in 1950. In the post-war period Heisenberg continued his interests in cosmic-ray showers with considerations on multiple production of mesons. He published three papers in 1949, two in 1952, and one in 1955.In late 1955 to early 1956, Heisenberg gave the Gifford Lectures at St Andrews University, in Scotland, on the intellectual history of physics. The lectures were later published as \"Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science\". During 1956 and 1957, Heisenberg was the chairman of the \"Arbeitskreis Kernphysik\" (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the \"Fachkommission II \"Forschung und Nachwuchs\"\" (Commission II \"Research and Growth\") of the \"Deutsche Atomkommission\" (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Walther Bothe, Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957.In 1957, Heisenberg was a signatory of the G\u00f6ttinger Manifest, taking a public stand against the Federal Republic of Germany arming itself with nuclear weapons. Heisenberg, like Pascual Jordan, thought politicians would ignore this statement by nuclear scientists. But Heisenberg believed that the G\u00f6ttinger Manifest would \"influence public opinion\" which politicians would have to take into account. He wrote to Walther Gerlach: \"We will probably have to keep coming back to this question in public for a long time because of the danger that public opinion will slacken.\" In 1961 Heisenberg signed the Memorandum of T\u00fcbingen alongside a group of scientists who had been brought together by Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker and Ludwig Raiser. A public discussion between scientists and politicians ensued. As prominent politicians, authors and socialites joined the debate on nuclear weapons, the signatories of the memorandum took a stand against \"the full-time intellectual nonconformists\".From 1957 onwards, Heisenberg was interested in plasma physics and the process of nuclear fusion. He also collaborated with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in Geneva. He was a member of the Institute's scientific policy committee, and for several years was the Committee's chair. He was one of the eight signatories of the Memorandum of T\u00fcbingen which called for the recognition of the Oder\u2013Nei\u00dfe line as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of West Germany.In 1973, Heisenberg gave a lecture at Harvard University on the historical development of the concepts of quantum theory. On 24 March 1973 Heisenberg gave a speech before the Catholic Academy of Bavaria, accepting the Romano Guardini Prize. An English translation of his speech was published under the title \"Scientific and Religious Truth\", a quotation from which appears in a later section of this article.Heisenberg admired Eastern philosophy and saw parallels between it and quantum mechanics, describing himself as in \"complete agreement\" with the book \"The Tao of Physics\". Heisenberg even went as far to state that after conversations with Rabindranath Tagore about Indian philosophy \"some of the ideas that seemed so crazy suddenly made much more sense\".Regarding the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Heisenberg disliked \"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus\" but he liked \"very much the later ideas of Wittgenstein and his philosophy about language.\"Heisenberg, a devout Christian, wrote: \"We can console ourselves that the good Lord God would know the position of the [subatomic] particles, thus He would let the causality principle continue to have validity,\" in his last letter to Albert Einstein. Einstein continued to maintain that quantum physics must be incomplete because it implies that the universe is indeterminate at a fundamental level.When Heisenberg accepted the in 1974, he gave a speech, which he later published under the title \"Scientific and Religious Truth\". He mused:Heisenberg's son, Martin Heisenberg, became a neurobiologist at the University of W\u00fcrzburg, while his son Jochen Heisenberg became a physics professor at the University of New Hampshire.In his late sixties, Heisenberg penned his autobiography for the mass market. In 1969 the book was published in Germany, in early 1971 it was published in English and in the years thereafter in a string of other languages. Heisenberg had initiated the project in 1966, when his public lectures increasingly turned to the subjects of philosophy and religion. Heisenberg had sent the manuscript for a textbook on the unified field theory to the Hirzel Verlag and John Wiley & Sons for publication. This manuscript, he wrote to one of his publishers, was the preparatory work for his autobiography. He structured his autobiography in themes, covering: 1) The goal of exact science, 2) The problematic of language in atomic physics, 3) Abstraction in mathematics and science, 4) The divisibility of matter or Kant's antinomy, 5) The basic symmetry and its substantiation, and 6) Science and religion.Heisenberg wrote his memoirs as a chain of conversations, covering the course of his life. The book became a popular success, but was regarded as troublesome by historians of science. In the preface Heisenberg wrote that he had abridged historical events, to make them more concise. At the time of publication it was reviewed by Paul Forman in the journal \"Science\" with the comment \"Now here is a memoir in the form of rationally reconstructed dialogue. And the dialogue as Galileo well knew, is itself a most insidious literary device: lively, entertaining, and especially suited for insinuating opinions while yet evading responsibility for them.\" Few scientific memoirs had been published, but Konrad Lorenz and Adolf Portmann had penned popular books that conveyed scholarship to a wide audience. Heisenberg worked on his autobiography and published it with the Piper Verlag in Munich. Heisenberg initially proposed the title \"Gespr\u00e4che im Umkreis der Atomphysik\" (\"Conversations on atomic physics\"). The autobiography was published eventually under the title \"Der Teil und das Ganze\" (\"The part and the whole\"). The 1971 English translation was published under the title \"Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations\".Heisenberg died of kidney cancer at his home, on 1 February 1976. The next evening, his colleagues and friends walked in remembrance from the Institute of Physics to his home, lit a candle and placed it in front of his door. Heisenberg is buried in Munich Waldfriedhof.In 1980 his widow, Elisabeth Heisenberg, published \"The Political Life of an Apolitical Person\" (de, \"Das politische Leben eines Unpolitischen\"). In it she characterized Heisenberg as \"first and foremost, a spontaneous person, thereafter a brilliant scientist, next a highly talented artist, and only in the fourth place, from a sense of duty, homo politicus.\"Heisenberg was awarded a number of honors:The following reports were published in \"Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte\" (\"Research Reports in Nuclear Physics\"), an internal publication of the German \"Uranverein\". The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.Heisenberg's surname is used as the primary alias for Walter White, the lead character in AMC's crime drama series \"Breaking Bad\" throughout White's transformation from a High school chemistry teacher to a drug kingpin.Heisenberg was the target of an assassination by spy Moe Berg in the film \"The Catcher Was a Spy\", based on real events.Heisenberg is credited with building the atomic bomb used by the Axis in the Amazon Prime tv series adaptation of The Man in the High Castle. Atomic bombs in this universe are referred to as Heisenberg Devices.Heisenberg is the namesake of \"Resident Evil Village\" secondary antagonist Karl Heisenberg. Heisenberg's research on ferromagnetism served as inspiration for the character's magnetic abilities.FootnotesCitations", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Leipzig University", "University of Copenhagen", "German nuclear weapons project"], "facts": [["Werner Heisenberg", "educated at", "Maximiliansgymnasium M\u00fcnchen", "January 1911", "January 1920"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "Leipzig University", "January 1927", "January 1941"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1920", "January 1923"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "German nuclear weapons project", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Werner Heisenberg", "employer", "Max Planck Institute for Physics", "January 1946", "January 1970"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jacques Attali educated before he/she studied at Sciences Po?", "adv_question": "Where was Jacques Attali educated before he/she studied at Sciences Po?", "date": "January 01 1965", "text_answers": {"text": ["\u00c9cole polytechnique"]}, "id": "L3_Q364315_P69_P69_2", "fact_context": "Jacques Attali worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique from January 1968 to January 1985. \n Jacques Attali studied at Sciences Po from January 1965 to January 1967. \n Jacques Attali studied at \u00c9cole polytechnique from January 1963 to January 1965.", "adv_fact_context": "Jacques Attali studied at Sciences Po from Jan 1965 to Jan 1967. \n Jacques Attali studied at \u00c9cole polytechnique from 01/1963 to 01/1965. \n Jacques Attali worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique from Jan 1968 to Jan 1985.", "context": "Jacques AttaliJacques Attali (; born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant, who served as a counselor to President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991 and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1991-1993. In 1997, upon the request of education minister Claude All\u00e8gre, he proposed a reform of the higher education degrees system. In 2008-2010, he led the government committee on how to ignite the growth of the French economy, under President Nicolas Sarkozy.Attali co-founded the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the development of new technologies. He also founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance and is the head of Attali & Associates (A&A), an international consultancy firm on strategy, corporate finance and venture capital. Interested in the arts, he has been nominated to serve on the board of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay. He has published more than fifty books, including \"\" (1985), \"Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom\" (1999), and \"A Brief History of the Future\" (2006).In 2009, \"Foreign Policy\" recognized him as one of the top 100 \"global thinkers\" in the world.Jacques Attali was born on 1 November 1943 in Algiers (Algeria), with his twin brother Bernard Attali, in a Jewish family. His father, Simon Attali, is a self-educated person who achieved success in perfumery (\"Bib et Bab\" shop) in Algiers. He married Fernande Ab\u00e9cassis on 27 January 1943. On 11 February 1954, his mother gave birth to his sister, Fabienne. In 1956, two years after the beginning of the Algerian independence war (1954\u20131962), his father decided to move to Paris with his family.Jacques and Bernard studied at the Lyc\u00e9e Janson-de-Sailly, in the 16th arrondissement, where they met Jean-Louis Bianco and Laurent Fabius. In 1966, Jacques graduated from the \u00c9cole polytechnique (first of the class of 1963). He also graduated from the \u00c9cole des mines, Sciences Po and the \u00c9cole nationale d'administration (third of the class of 1970).In 1968, while doing an internship at the prefecture of a French department (Ni\u00e8vre), he met for the second time with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, then President of the department, whom he had met for the first time three years before.in 1972, Jacques Attali received a Ph.D. in economics from University Paris Dauphine, for a thesis written under the supervision of Alain Cotta. Michel Serres was among the jury of his Ph.D.In 1970, when he was 27, he became a member of the Council of State. In 1972, aged 29, he published his first two books, \"Analyse \u00e9conomique de la vie politique\" and \"Mod\u00e8les politiques\", for which he was awarded with a prize from the Academy of Sciences.Jacques Attali taught economics from 1968 to 1985 at the Paris Dauphine University, at the \u00c9cole polytechnique and at the \u00c9cole des Ponts et chauss\u00e9es.In his laboratory in Dauphine, the IRIS, he gathered several young researchers Yves Stourdz\u00e9 (who ran the European research program EUREKA co-founded by Jacques Attali), Jean-Herv\u00e9 Lorenzi, and \u00c9rik Orsenna, but also leading figures in various fields (including journalism, mathematics, show business, financial analysis).Jacques Attali's close collaboration with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand started in December 1973. He directed his political campaign for the presidential elections in 1974. He then became his main chief of staff in the opposition. In 1981, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, after he was elected President, named Attali as his special adviser. From this moment on, Jacques Attali wrote notes every evening for the attention of the French President, which dealt with economics, culture, politics, or the last book he read. He also attended all the Cabinet meetings, the Defense Council, and all bilateral meetings between President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand and foreign heads of States and governments. The President also entrusted him with the role of \"sherpa\" (personal representative of a head of State) for the European and G7 summits.Jacques Attali then enlarged his circle of acquaintances to Raymond Barre, Jacques Delors, Philippe S\u00e9guin, Jean-Luc Lagard\u00e8re, Antoine Riboud, Michel Serres, Coluche. He advised the President to get Jean-Louis Bianco, Alain Boublil and several young, promising graduates from the \u00c9cole nationale d\u2019administration (like Fran\u00e7ois Hollande and S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal) to join his team.In 1982, he pleaded for \"economic rigour\". As \"sherpa\" of Mitterrand during 10 years, he organised the Versailles G7 summit in 1982 and the G7 Summit of the Arch in 1989. He took an active part in the organization of the celebrations for the bicentenary of the French Revolution on July, 14th 1989.In 1997, upon the request of Claude All\u00e8gre, he proposed a reform of the tertiary education degree system which led to the implementation of the LMD model.In 2008 and 2010, he was asked by then President Nicolas Sarkozy to chair a bipartisan commission aiming at proposing reforms to foster French economic growth. In 2013, Jacques Attali advocated the concept of positive economy in a report delivered to President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande at his request. His ideas inspired some of the provisions of the law proposed by Emmanuel Macron, Minister of Economy.On 7 April 2011, in Washington, D.C., the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the United States' Smithsonian Institution presented the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service to Jacques Attali, founder and president of PlaNet Finance.Attali has supported Rattachism.In 1979, Attali co-founded the international NGO Action Against Hunger (\"Action Contre La Faim\").In 1984, he helped implement the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the \"development of new technologies\", the direction of which he entrusted to Yves Stourdz\u00e9.In January 1989, he initiated a vast international plan of action against the disastrous flooding in Bangladesh.In August 1989, during Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand's second mandate, Jacques Attali gave up politics and left the Elys\u00e9e Palace. He founded the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), in London, and became its first president. He had initiated the idea of this institution in June 1989, before the fall of the Berlin Wall, in order to support the reconstruction of Eastern European countries. He chaired the Paris negotiating conference which led to the creation of the EBRD. Under his leadership, the EBRD promoted investments which aimed at protecting nuclear power plants, protecting the environment and, more generally, developing infrastructure, reinforcing private sector competitiveness and support transition to democracy.In 1991, Attali invited Mikhail Gorbachev to the EBRD headquarters, in London, against the opinion of British Prime Minister John Major. By doing so, he compelled the heads of government of the G7, who were attending a summit in this town, to receive the Soviet head of state. After a stormy phone call between Jacques Attali and John Major, the British press started to criticize Attali and spread suspicions about his management of the institution. Uncontested details of the management of the EBRD \u2013 including of inefficiency and profligacy \u2013 were shocking. Some of these details were taken up by some French journalists. Attali explains his stance in a chapter of his book \"C'\u00e9tait Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand\", entitled \"Verbatim and the EBRD\": \"the work in question had been done under the supervision of an international working group to which I did not belong\". Indeed, when Attali left the EBRD (voluntarily) the board of governors gave him final discharge for the management of the institution. However, his reputation never recovered.In 1993, Attali won a libel suit; he had been accused of having reproduced in his book verbatim, without Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand's authorization, secret archives and several sentences of the French head of State which were meant for another book. The \"Herald Tribune\" even published, on the front page, an article claiming (wrongly) that President Mitterrand had asked for the book to be withdrawn from sale. Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand confirmed in a long interview that he had asked Attali to write this book, and acknowledged that he had proofread it and had been given the possibility to make corrections.In 1998, Attali founded Positive Planet, a non-profit organization which is active in more than 80 countries, employing over 500 staff, and provides funding, technical assistance and advisory services to microfinance players and stakeholders. Positive Planet is also active in France empoverished suburbs.In 2001 Attali was subject to investigations on the charges of \"concealment of company assets which have been misused and influence peddling\". He was discharged on 27 October 2009 by the magistrate's court of Paris, \"on the benefit of the doubt\".Jacques Attali advocates the establishment of a global rule of law, which will condition the survival of democracy through the creation of a new global order. He thinks the regulation of the economy by a global financial supervisory institution may be a solution to the financial crisis which started 2008. The financial institution is a first step towards the establishment of a democratic world government, of which the European Union can be a laboratory.In 1994, Jacques Attali founded Attali & Associates (A&A), an international advisory firm which specializes in strategy consulting, corporate finance and venture capital to help companies develop on the long run.In 2012, Attali became a member of the supervisory board of Kepler Capital Markets, a Swiss broker based in Geneva. The same year, Cr\u00e9dit Agricole sold Cheuvreux, which employs about 700 people worldwide, to Kepler Capital Markets.He also presides over the supervisory board of Slate.fr. On 9 September 2010, Jacques Attali was appointed as a member of the directorate of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay.Jacques Attali has a passion for music: he plays the piano (he once played for the association Les Restos du C\u0153ur), and wrote lyrics for Barbara. He is the author of the book \"Bruits\" (1977) (English: \"\"), an essay which deals with the economy of music and the importance of music in the evolution of our societies.In 1978, he got to play himself in \"Pauline et l'ordinateur\", directed by Francis Fehr.Since 2003, he directs the Grenoble University orchestra, open to amateurs, under Patrick Souillot. He performed very different pieces, which ranged from a symphony composed by Benda to Bach's violin concertos, a mass composed by Mozart, Barber's Adagio and Mendelssohn's double concerto for violin, piano and orchestra. In 2012, he conducted the \"Musiques en sc\u00e8ne orchestra\", performing the opening of the Barber of Sevilla and co-directed the Lamoureux Orchestra with his friend, the geneticist Daniel Cohen, during the gala of Technion University, in Paris. He also directed the Lausanne Sinfonietta in August and Ravel's Concerto in G with the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra in Jerusalem and then in Paris. He also directed orchestra in Shanghai, Bondy, Marseille, London and Astana.With Patrick Souillot, he created in 2012 a national organization following the model of the Fabrique Op\u00e9ra Grenoble, which aims at coordinating the production of cooperative operas with the participation of students from vocational highschools.On 24 July 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Jacques Attali to chair a bipartisan commission charged with studying \"the bottlenecks that constrain growth\". It was composed of 42 members, freely appointed by Attali, mostly liberals and social democrats. Its unanimous report was handed over to the President on 23 January 2008. It contained various recommendations to radically transform the French economy and society in order to unlock economic growth.In 2012, French President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande ordered from Attali a report on the \"positive economics\" situation. The aim of this report was to put an end to the short-termism, to move from an individualistic economy based on the short-term to an economy based on public interest and the interest of future generations, to organize the transition from an old model based on the wealth economy to a model in which economic agents will have other obligations than profit maximization. This report, written by a wide-ranging commission, proposed 44 reforms.The literary work of Jacques Attali covers a wide range of topics and almost every possible subject in the field of literature: mathematics, economic theory, essays, novels, biographies, memoirs, children's stories, and theater. It is probably difficult to find a common thread in his work.All of his essays revolve around the daunting task of describing the future from a long-term analysis of the past. In order to accomplish this, he undertook the task of retelling the story of human activity and its various dimensions: music, time, property, France, nomadic life, health, the seas, modernity, global governance, love and death (\"Bruits, Histoires du temps, La nouvelle \u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise, Chemin de sagesse, Au propre et au figur\u00e9, l'ordre cannibale, Consolations, l\u2019homme nomade, Amours, Histoire de la modernit\u00e9, Demain qui gouvernera le monde , Histoires de la mer\"). He has also put forward several readers (\"Lignes d'horizon\", \"Br\u00e8ve histoire de l'avenir\", \"Vivement apr\u00e8s demain\") and several publications on analytical methods (\"Analyse \u00e9conomique de la vie politique\", \"Mod\u00e8les politiques\", \"Les trois mondes\", \"La figure de Fraser\", \"Peut-on pr\u00e9voir l'avenir ?\").His work reveals a distinct vision of history and its successive stages, which are simultaneously ideological, technological and geopolitical. Furthermore, his work entails depicting the slow transformation of humanity into an artifact in which man becomes an object to escape death, and the geopolitical evolution toward chaos that accompanies such transformation; meanwhile, man is also waiting for an awakening leading to a new global governance, a sanctification of the essential makeup of mankind, taking into account the interest of future generations, and not letting prostheses invade it.Attali has also, in books written during key events, tried to highlight particular moments of the present and the near future (\"La crise et apr\u00e8s ?\", \"Tous ruin\u00e9s dans dix ans ?,\" \"\u00c9conomie de l'apocalypse\") and he proposed reforms to implement, either in books he authored (\"Candidats, r\u00e9pondez !, Urgences fran\u00e7aises\") or in collective reports (\"Rapport sur l'\u00e9volution de l'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur\", \"sur la lib\u00e9ration de la croissance, sur l'\u00e9conomie positive, sur la francophonie\").Attali also reflected on the future of the concepts of socialism and altruism (\"La voie humaine\", \"Fraternit\u00e9s\") and advocated methods of personal growth (\"Survivre aux crises\", \"Devenir soi\").Since his earliest books, Attali foresaw and announced signals of the future, albeit weak at the time, that later came true: In \"La parole et l'outil\" (1976), he announced and described the shift from an energy-based society to an information-based society. In \"Bruits\", in 1977, he announced what would later be the internet, YouTube, and the importance of musical practice; in \"La nouvelle \u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise\", in 1978, he discussed the coming emergence of the personal computer, hyper-surveillance and self-surveillance. In \"Les trois mondes\", in 1980, he announced the shift of the centre of power around the Pacific. In \"L'ordre Cannibale\", in 1980, he announced the advent of a prosthetic society, now known as transhumanism. In \"Histoires du temps\", he announced the rapid pace of history and the growing immediacy of relationships. In \"Amours\", he announced the emergence of poly-romantic relationships. In \"Au propre et au figur\u00e9\", he announced the break-up of property and its use, and subsequently he invented the concept of the \"nomadic object.\" In \"Lignes d'horizons\", in 1990, he predicted the relative decline of US power. In \"Br\u00e8ve histoire de l'avenir\", he announced a corporate power grab by health data and insurance companies. In \"L'homme nomade\", he described the great movement of populations whose sedentary life was only a temporary stage.Attali has reflected on the many dimensions, as well as the place, of Jewish thought and the Jewish people in history (\"1492\", \"Histoire \u00e9conomique du peuple juif\", \"Dictionnaire amoureux du juda\u00efsme\"); he also took on this subject at the theatre in \"Du cristal \u00e0 la fum\u00e9e\".He also reflected on inter-religious dialogue (\"La confr\u00e9rie des Eveill\u00e9s\" and \"Naissance de l'Occident\").The focus of his biographical publishing is on retelling the lives of characters who disrupted world history by the strength of their ideas: Warburg, Pascal, Marx, Gandhi, Diderot, and all those for whom he wrote a short biography in \"Phares\", such as Averroes, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno, Darwin.Attali's novels, mostly categorized in fantasy genre, or at least in the slight dystopia subgenre, address the same themes. In particular, his novels revolve around the risks confronted by humanity, with characters anxious to hide, to disappear (\"Nouvelles\", \"Les portes du ciel\", \"Le premier jour apr\u00e8s moi\", \"Il viendra\", \"Notre vie disent- ils\").More recently, he has chosen to combine crime novels with dystopia, imagining a reappearing police chief, whilst the action takes place in a near future period.In conclusion, Attali has narrated some of the major events in which he was involved in several memoirs: first, in \"Verbatim 1, 2\" and \"3\", he kept, at the request of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, the daily newspaper in the years during Mitterand's presidency. He also recounted his memories of the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in \"Europe(s)\" and drew a portrait of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand in \"C'\u00e9tait Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand\", from the twenty years he spent at his side.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sciences Po"], "facts": [["Jacques Attali", "educated at", "Sciences Po", "January 1965", "January 1967"], ["Jacques Attali", "educated at", "\u00c9cole polytechnique", "January 1963", "January 1965"], ["Jacques Attali", "employer", "\u00c9cole polytechnique", "January 1968", "January 1985"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jacques Attali educated before he/she worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique?", "adv_question": "Where was Jacques Attali educated before he/she worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique?", "date": "January 01 1968", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sciences Po"]}, "id": "L3_Q364315_P69_P108_5", "fact_context": "Jacques Attali worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique from January 1968 to January 1985. \n Jacques Attali studied at Sciences Po from January 1965 to January 1967. \n Jacques Attali studied at \u00c9cole polytechnique from January 1963 to January 1965.", "adv_fact_context": "Jacques Attali studied at Sciences Po from Jan 1965 to Jan 1967. \n Jacques Attali studied at \u00c9cole polytechnique from 01/1963 to 01/1965. \n Jacques Attali worked for \u00c9cole polytechnique from Jan 1968 to Jan 1985.", "context": "Jacques AttaliJacques Attali (; born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant, who served as a counselor to President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991 and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1991-1993. In 1997, upon the request of education minister Claude All\u00e8gre, he proposed a reform of the higher education degrees system. In 2008-2010, he led the government committee on how to ignite the growth of the French economy, under President Nicolas Sarkozy.Attali co-founded the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the development of new technologies. He also founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance and is the head of Attali & Associates (A&A), an international consultancy firm on strategy, corporate finance and venture capital. Interested in the arts, he has been nominated to serve on the board of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay. He has published more than fifty books, including \"\" (1985), \"Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom\" (1999), and \"A Brief History of the Future\" (2006).In 2009, \"Foreign Policy\" recognized him as one of the top 100 \"global thinkers\" in the world.Jacques Attali was born on 1 November 1943 in Algiers (Algeria), with his twin brother Bernard Attali, in a Jewish family. His father, Simon Attali, is a self-educated person who achieved success in perfumery (\"Bib et Bab\" shop) in Algiers. He married Fernande Ab\u00e9cassis on 27 January 1943. On 11 February 1954, his mother gave birth to his sister, Fabienne. In 1956, two years after the beginning of the Algerian independence war (1954\u20131962), his father decided to move to Paris with his family.Jacques and Bernard studied at the Lyc\u00e9e Janson-de-Sailly, in the 16th arrondissement, where they met Jean-Louis Bianco and Laurent Fabius. In 1966, Jacques graduated from the \u00c9cole polytechnique (first of the class of 1963). He also graduated from the \u00c9cole des mines, Sciences Po and the \u00c9cole nationale d'administration (third of the class of 1970).In 1968, while doing an internship at the prefecture of a French department (Ni\u00e8vre), he met for the second time with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, then President of the department, whom he had met for the first time three years before.in 1972, Jacques Attali received a Ph.D. in economics from University Paris Dauphine, for a thesis written under the supervision of Alain Cotta. Michel Serres was among the jury of his Ph.D.In 1970, when he was 27, he became a member of the Council of State. In 1972, aged 29, he published his first two books, \"Analyse \u00e9conomique de la vie politique\" and \"Mod\u00e8les politiques\", for which he was awarded with a prize from the Academy of Sciences.Jacques Attali taught economics from 1968 to 1985 at the Paris Dauphine University, at the \u00c9cole polytechnique and at the \u00c9cole des Ponts et chauss\u00e9es.In his laboratory in Dauphine, the IRIS, he gathered several young researchers Yves Stourdz\u00e9 (who ran the European research program EUREKA co-founded by Jacques Attali), Jean-Herv\u00e9 Lorenzi, and \u00c9rik Orsenna, but also leading figures in various fields (including journalism, mathematics, show business, financial analysis).Jacques Attali's close collaboration with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand started in December 1973. He directed his political campaign for the presidential elections in 1974. He then became his main chief of staff in the opposition. In 1981, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, after he was elected President, named Attali as his special adviser. From this moment on, Jacques Attali wrote notes every evening for the attention of the French President, which dealt with economics, culture, politics, or the last book he read. He also attended all the Cabinet meetings, the Defense Council, and all bilateral meetings between President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand and foreign heads of States and governments. The President also entrusted him with the role of \"sherpa\" (personal representative of a head of State) for the European and G7 summits.Jacques Attali then enlarged his circle of acquaintances to Raymond Barre, Jacques Delors, Philippe S\u00e9guin, Jean-Luc Lagard\u00e8re, Antoine Riboud, Michel Serres, Coluche. He advised the President to get Jean-Louis Bianco, Alain Boublil and several young, promising graduates from the \u00c9cole nationale d\u2019administration (like Fran\u00e7ois Hollande and S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal) to join his team.In 1982, he pleaded for \"economic rigour\". As \"sherpa\" of Mitterrand during 10 years, he organised the Versailles G7 summit in 1982 and the G7 Summit of the Arch in 1989. He took an active part in the organization of the celebrations for the bicentenary of the French Revolution on July, 14th 1989.In 1997, upon the request of Claude All\u00e8gre, he proposed a reform of the tertiary education degree system which led to the implementation of the LMD model.In 2008 and 2010, he was asked by then President Nicolas Sarkozy to chair a bipartisan commission aiming at proposing reforms to foster French economic growth. In 2013, Jacques Attali advocated the concept of positive economy in a report delivered to President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande at his request. His ideas inspired some of the provisions of the law proposed by Emmanuel Macron, Minister of Economy.On 7 April 2011, in Washington, D.C., the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the United States' Smithsonian Institution presented the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service to Jacques Attali, founder and president of PlaNet Finance.Attali has supported Rattachism.In 1979, Attali co-founded the international NGO Action Against Hunger (\"Action Contre La Faim\").In 1984, he helped implement the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the \"development of new technologies\", the direction of which he entrusted to Yves Stourdz\u00e9.In January 1989, he initiated a vast international plan of action against the disastrous flooding in Bangladesh.In August 1989, during Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand's second mandate, Jacques Attali gave up politics and left the Elys\u00e9e Palace. He founded the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), in London, and became its first president. He had initiated the idea of this institution in June 1989, before the fall of the Berlin Wall, in order to support the reconstruction of Eastern European countries. He chaired the Paris negotiating conference which led to the creation of the EBRD. Under his leadership, the EBRD promoted investments which aimed at protecting nuclear power plants, protecting the environment and, more generally, developing infrastructure, reinforcing private sector competitiveness and support transition to democracy.In 1991, Attali invited Mikhail Gorbachev to the EBRD headquarters, in London, against the opinion of British Prime Minister John Major. By doing so, he compelled the heads of government of the G7, who were attending a summit in this town, to receive the Soviet head of state. After a stormy phone call between Jacques Attali and John Major, the British press started to criticize Attali and spread suspicions about his management of the institution. Uncontested details of the management of the EBRD \u2013 including of inefficiency and profligacy \u2013 were shocking. Some of these details were taken up by some French journalists. Attali explains his stance in a chapter of his book \"C'\u00e9tait Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand\", entitled \"Verbatim and the EBRD\": \"the work in question had been done under the supervision of an international working group to which I did not belong\". Indeed, when Attali left the EBRD (voluntarily) the board of governors gave him final discharge for the management of the institution. However, his reputation never recovered.In 1993, Attali won a libel suit; he had been accused of having reproduced in his book verbatim, without Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand's authorization, secret archives and several sentences of the French head of State which were meant for another book. The \"Herald Tribune\" even published, on the front page, an article claiming (wrongly) that President Mitterrand had asked for the book to be withdrawn from sale. Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand confirmed in a long interview that he had asked Attali to write this book, and acknowledged that he had proofread it and had been given the possibility to make corrections.In 1998, Attali founded Positive Planet, a non-profit organization which is active in more than 80 countries, employing over 500 staff, and provides funding, technical assistance and advisory services to microfinance players and stakeholders. Positive Planet is also active in France empoverished suburbs.In 2001 Attali was subject to investigations on the charges of \"concealment of company assets which have been misused and influence peddling\". He was discharged on 27 October 2009 by the magistrate's court of Paris, \"on the benefit of the doubt\".Jacques Attali advocates the establishment of a global rule of law, which will condition the survival of democracy through the creation of a new global order. He thinks the regulation of the economy by a global financial supervisory institution may be a solution to the financial crisis which started 2008. The financial institution is a first step towards the establishment of a democratic world government, of which the European Union can be a laboratory.In 1994, Jacques Attali founded Attali & Associates (A&A), an international advisory firm which specializes in strategy consulting, corporate finance and venture capital to help companies develop on the long run.In 2012, Attali became a member of the supervisory board of Kepler Capital Markets, a Swiss broker based in Geneva. The same year, Cr\u00e9dit Agricole sold Cheuvreux, which employs about 700 people worldwide, to Kepler Capital Markets.He also presides over the supervisory board of Slate.fr. On 9 September 2010, Jacques Attali was appointed as a member of the directorate of the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay.Jacques Attali has a passion for music: he plays the piano (he once played for the association Les Restos du C\u0153ur), and wrote lyrics for Barbara. He is the author of the book \"Bruits\" (1977) (English: \"\"), an essay which deals with the economy of music and the importance of music in the evolution of our societies.In 1978, he got to play himself in \"Pauline et l'ordinateur\", directed by Francis Fehr.Since 2003, he directs the Grenoble University orchestra, open to amateurs, under Patrick Souillot. He performed very different pieces, which ranged from a symphony composed by Benda to Bach's violin concertos, a mass composed by Mozart, Barber's Adagio and Mendelssohn's double concerto for violin, piano and orchestra. In 2012, he conducted the \"Musiques en sc\u00e8ne orchestra\", performing the opening of the Barber of Sevilla and co-directed the Lamoureux Orchestra with his friend, the geneticist Daniel Cohen, during the gala of Technion University, in Paris. He also directed the Lausanne Sinfonietta in August and Ravel's Concerto in G with the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra in Jerusalem and then in Paris. He also directed orchestra in Shanghai, Bondy, Marseille, London and Astana.With Patrick Souillot, he created in 2012 a national organization following the model of the Fabrique Op\u00e9ra Grenoble, which aims at coordinating the production of cooperative operas with the participation of students from vocational highschools.On 24 July 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Jacques Attali to chair a bipartisan commission charged with studying \"the bottlenecks that constrain growth\". It was composed of 42 members, freely appointed by Attali, mostly liberals and social democrats. Its unanimous report was handed over to the President on 23 January 2008. It contained various recommendations to radically transform the French economy and society in order to unlock economic growth.In 2012, French President Fran\u00e7ois Hollande ordered from Attali a report on the \"positive economics\" situation. The aim of this report was to put an end to the short-termism, to move from an individualistic economy based on the short-term to an economy based on public interest and the interest of future generations, to organize the transition from an old model based on the wealth economy to a model in which economic agents will have other obligations than profit maximization. This report, written by a wide-ranging commission, proposed 44 reforms.The literary work of Jacques Attali covers a wide range of topics and almost every possible subject in the field of literature: mathematics, economic theory, essays, novels, biographies, memoirs, children's stories, and theater. It is probably difficult to find a common thread in his work.All of his essays revolve around the daunting task of describing the future from a long-term analysis of the past. In order to accomplish this, he undertook the task of retelling the story of human activity and its various dimensions: music, time, property, France, nomadic life, health, the seas, modernity, global governance, love and death (\"Bruits, Histoires du temps, La nouvelle \u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise, Chemin de sagesse, Au propre et au figur\u00e9, l'ordre cannibale, Consolations, l\u2019homme nomade, Amours, Histoire de la modernit\u00e9, Demain qui gouvernera le monde , Histoires de la mer\"). He has also put forward several readers (\"Lignes d'horizon\", \"Br\u00e8ve histoire de l'avenir\", \"Vivement apr\u00e8s demain\") and several publications on analytical methods (\"Analyse \u00e9conomique de la vie politique\", \"Mod\u00e8les politiques\", \"Les trois mondes\", \"La figure de Fraser\", \"Peut-on pr\u00e9voir l'avenir ?\").His work reveals a distinct vision of history and its successive stages, which are simultaneously ideological, technological and geopolitical. Furthermore, his work entails depicting the slow transformation of humanity into an artifact in which man becomes an object to escape death, and the geopolitical evolution toward chaos that accompanies such transformation; meanwhile, man is also waiting for an awakening leading to a new global governance, a sanctification of the essential makeup of mankind, taking into account the interest of future generations, and not letting prostheses invade it.Attali has also, in books written during key events, tried to highlight particular moments of the present and the near future (\"La crise et apr\u00e8s ?\", \"Tous ruin\u00e9s dans dix ans ?,\" \"\u00c9conomie de l'apocalypse\") and he proposed reforms to implement, either in books he authored (\"Candidats, r\u00e9pondez !, Urgences fran\u00e7aises\") or in collective reports (\"Rapport sur l'\u00e9volution de l'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur\", \"sur la lib\u00e9ration de la croissance, sur l'\u00e9conomie positive, sur la francophonie\").Attali also reflected on the future of the concepts of socialism and altruism (\"La voie humaine\", \"Fraternit\u00e9s\") and advocated methods of personal growth (\"Survivre aux crises\", \"Devenir soi\").Since his earliest books, Attali foresaw and announced signals of the future, albeit weak at the time, that later came true: In \"La parole et l'outil\" (1976), he announced and described the shift from an energy-based society to an information-based society. In \"Bruits\", in 1977, he announced what would later be the internet, YouTube, and the importance of musical practice; in \"La nouvelle \u00e9conomie fran\u00e7aise\", in 1978, he discussed the coming emergence of the personal computer, hyper-surveillance and self-surveillance. In \"Les trois mondes\", in 1980, he announced the shift of the centre of power around the Pacific. In \"L'ordre Cannibale\", in 1980, he announced the advent of a prosthetic society, now known as transhumanism. In \"Histoires du temps\", he announced the rapid pace of history and the growing immediacy of relationships. In \"Amours\", he announced the emergence of poly-romantic relationships. In \"Au propre et au figur\u00e9\", he announced the break-up of property and its use, and subsequently he invented the concept of the \"nomadic object.\" In \"Lignes d'horizons\", in 1990, he predicted the relative decline of US power. In \"Br\u00e8ve histoire de l'avenir\", he announced a corporate power grab by health data and insurance companies. In \"L'homme nomade\", he described the great movement of populations whose sedentary life was only a temporary stage.Attali has reflected on the many dimensions, as well as the place, of Jewish thought and the Jewish people in history (\"1492\", \"Histoire \u00e9conomique du peuple juif\", \"Dictionnaire amoureux du juda\u00efsme\"); he also took on this subject at the theatre in \"Du cristal \u00e0 la fum\u00e9e\".He also reflected on inter-religious dialogue (\"La confr\u00e9rie des Eveill\u00e9s\" and \"Naissance de l'Occident\").The focus of his biographical publishing is on retelling the lives of characters who disrupted world history by the strength of their ideas: Warburg, Pascal, Marx, Gandhi, Diderot, and all those for whom he wrote a short biography in \"Phares\", such as Averroes, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno, Darwin.Attali's novels, mostly categorized in fantasy genre, or at least in the slight dystopia subgenre, address the same themes. In particular, his novels revolve around the risks confronted by humanity, with characters anxious to hide, to disappear (\"Nouvelles\", \"Les portes du ciel\", \"Le premier jour apr\u00e8s moi\", \"Il viendra\", \"Notre vie disent- ils\").More recently, he has chosen to combine crime novels with dystopia, imagining a reappearing police chief, whilst the action takes place in a near future period.In conclusion, Attali has narrated some of the major events in which he was involved in several memoirs: first, in \"Verbatim 1, 2\" and \"3\", he kept, at the request of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, the daily newspaper in the years during Mitterand's presidency. He also recounted his memories of the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in \"Europe(s)\" and drew a portrait of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand in \"C'\u00e9tait Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand\", from the twenty years he spent at his side.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["\u00c9cole polytechnique"], "facts": [["Jacques Attali", "educated at", "Sciences Po", "January 1965", "January 1967"], ["Jacques Attali", "employer", "\u00c9cole polytechnique", "January 1968", "January 1985"], ["Jacques Attali", "educated at", "\u00c9cole polytechnique", "January 1963", "January 1965"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Ann Wolff before he/she was working in Kosta, Sweden?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Ann Wolff before he/she was working in Kosta, Sweden?", "date": "January 01 1978", "text_answers": {"text": ["G\u00f6ran W\u00e4rff"]}, "id": "L3_Q558866_P26_P937_2", "fact_context": "Ann Wolff  in Kyllaj from January 2000 to January 2013. \n Ann Wolff was married to G\u00f6ran W\u00e4rff from January 1960 to January 1972. \n Ann Wolff  in Kosta, Sweden from January 1978 to January 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Ann Wolff  in Kyllaj from 01/2000 to Jan 2013. \n Ann Wolff  in Kosta, Sweden from 01/1978 to January 2000. \n Ann Wolff was married to G\u00f6ran W\u00e4rff from 01/1960 to 01/1972.", "context": "Ann WolffAnn Wolff (born 1937, L\u00fcbeck, Germany) is a glass artist who lives and works in both Gotland, Sweden, and in Berlin, Germany. Wolff's blown, engraved, and cast work explores the lives of women, their relationship with one another, and their position in society. She is considered one of the founders of the international Studio Glass movement.Born in L\u00fcbeck, Germany, Wolff moved to Sweden after graduating from the Ulm School of Design in 1959. Her career as a glass designer and artist led to her involvement as an instructor at the Pilchuck Glass School in Seattle, Washington, as early as 1977. Wolff was born Ann Warff but changed her last name to Wolff in 1985. She established a non-profit foundation, AWC (Ann Wolff Collection Foundation), in Berlin, Germany, in 2008.Wolff trained at Hochschule f\u00fcr Gestaltung, Ulm, Germany between 1956 and 1959. She has worked as a designer at Pukeberg Glasbruk, Sweden, and Kosta Boda, Kosta, Sweden. She established an independent studio practice in Transj\u00f6, Kosta, Sweden in 1978, later opening studios in Kyllaj and Visby in Gotland, Sweden, and in Berlin, Germany.Her work resides in many international public collections including: The Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia; Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York; Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art, Hokkaido, Japan; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles, California; Mint Museum of Craft + Design, Charlotte, North Carolina; Mus\u00e9e des Arts D\u00e9coratifs, Paris; National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo; and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.Wolff is the recipient of numerous awards. Some of her more recent acknowledgements include the Jurors Award, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio (2005); Jurors Award, Muskegon Museum of Art, Muskegon, Michigan (2006); Award of Excellence, Smithsonian Renwick Collections, Washington, DC (2008); Award of Excellence, Tacoma Museum of Glass, Tacoma, Washington (2010); and the Lifetime Achievement Award, Glass Art Scoiety (2011). Older awards Wolff has won range from the Lunning Prize, New York, NY in 1968, to the Rakow Commission in 1997 The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, NY.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Ann Wolff", "work location", "Kyllaj", "January 2000", "January 2013"], ["Ann Wolff", "spouse", "G\u00f6ran W\u00e4rff", "January 1960", "January 1972"], ["Ann Wolff", "work location", "Kosta, Sweden", "January 1978", "January 2000"]]}
{"question": "Where did Ann Wolff work after he/she was working in Kosta, Sweden?", "adv_question": "Where did Ann Wolff work after he/she was working in Kosta, Sweden?", "date": "January 01 2000", "text_answers": {"text": ["Kyllaj"]}, "id": "L3_Q558866_P937_P937_3", "fact_context": "Ann Wolff was married to G\u00f6ran W\u00e4rff from January 1960 to January 1972. \n Ann Wolff  in Kyllaj from January 2000 to January 2013. \n Ann Wolff  in Kosta, Sweden from January 1978 to January 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Ann Wolff was married to G\u00f6ran W\u00e4rff from 01/1960 to 01/1972. \n Ann Wolff  in Kosta, Sweden from 01/1978 to January 2000. \n Ann Wolff  in Kyllaj from 01/2000 to Jan 2013.", "context": "Ann WolffAnn Wolff (born 1937, L\u00fcbeck, Germany) is a glass artist who lives and works in both Gotland, Sweden, and in Berlin, Germany. Wolff's blown, engraved, and cast work explores the lives of women, their relationship with one another, and their position in society. She is considered one of the founders of the international Studio Glass movement.Born in L\u00fcbeck, Germany, Wolff moved to Sweden after graduating from the Ulm School of Design in 1959. Her career as a glass designer and artist led to her involvement as an instructor at the Pilchuck Glass School in Seattle, Washington, as early as 1977. Wolff was born Ann Warff but changed her last name to Wolff in 1985. She established a non-profit foundation, AWC (Ann Wolff Collection Foundation), in Berlin, Germany, in 2008.Wolff trained at Hochschule f\u00fcr Gestaltung, Ulm, Germany between 1956 and 1959. She has worked as a designer at Pukeberg Glasbruk, Sweden, and Kosta Boda, Kosta, Sweden. She established an independent studio practice in Transj\u00f6, Kosta, Sweden in 1978, later opening studios in Kyllaj and Visby in Gotland, Sweden, and in Berlin, Germany.Her work resides in many international public collections including: The Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia; Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York; Hokkaido Museum of Modern Art, Hokkaido, Japan; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles, California; Mint Museum of Craft + Design, Charlotte, North Carolina; Mus\u00e9e des Arts D\u00e9coratifs, Paris; National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo; and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.Wolff is the recipient of numerous awards. Some of her more recent acknowledgements include the Jurors Award, Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio (2005); Jurors Award, Muskegon Museum of Art, Muskegon, Michigan (2006); Award of Excellence, Smithsonian Renwick Collections, Washington, DC (2008); Award of Excellence, Tacoma Museum of Glass, Tacoma, Washington (2010); and the Lifetime Achievement Award, Glass Art Scoiety (2011). Older awards Wolff has won range from the Lunning Prize, New York, NY in 1968, to the Rakow Commission in 1997 The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, NY.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Kosta, Sweden"], "facts": [["Ann Wolff", "spouse", "G\u00f6ran W\u00e4rff", "January 1960", "January 1972"], ["Ann Wolff", "work location", "Kyllaj", "January 2000", "January 2013"], ["Ann Wolff", "work location", "Kosta, Sweden", "January 1978", "January 2000"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Vladimir Milov hold after he/she held the position of consultant?", "adv_question": "Which position did Vladimir Milov hold after he/she held the position of consultant?", "date": "January 01 2002", "text_answers": {"text": ["Deputy Minister"]}, "id": "L3_Q3739496_P39_P39_6", "fact_context": "Vladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to January 2001. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from December 2008 to January 2010. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from January 2001 to January 2002. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to October 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from December 2010 to September 2011. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from January 2018 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Vladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to Oct 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from Dec 2008 to Jan 2010. \n Vladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to Jan 2001. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from 01/2001 to January 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from Dec 2010 to Sep 2011. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from 01/2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Vladimir MilovVladimir Stanislavovich Milov (, born 18 June 1972 in Kemerovo) is a Russian politician and the former chairman of the Russian political party Democratic Choice (May 2012 to December 2015). From May to October 2002, he served as Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation. He was a member of the Federal Political Council of the democratic movement Solidarnost (2008-2010) and one of the founders of the coalition \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\". He was also the president of the Institute for Energy Policy, a Moscow-based independent think tank until 2013. Vladimir Milov graduated from Moscow State Mining University in 1994. In 1997\u20132001, he worked for the natural monopoly regulator of Russia, the Federal Energy Commission of Russia, serving in 1999\u20132001 as the head of its economic analysis department. In 2001 he headed an expert team within the Center for Strategic Research, a government-linked think tank.In December 2001, Milov was appointed adviser to the Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation and in May 2002, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia in Kasyanov's government. He resigned in October 2002.In November 2002, Milov founded and became the head of the research fund Institute for Strategic Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex (in 2003, it was renamed to Institute for Energy Policy). From September 2005 to August 2006, the institute was one of the ten most mentioned economic expert centers in the country and the first on energy issues. By 2010, the institute had ceased to engage in real activities, and the legal entity was liquidated in December 2013.Milov authored numerous analytical materials, concept papers and publications on energy policy and infrastructure development in Russia. He collaborated on state programs for reforming the country's gas industry, electric power industry, and railway transport, and proposed a reform project for Gazprom, which was rejected by Vladimir Putin. In 2002, he headed an interdepartmental working group on the development of the energy strategy for Russia for the period up to 2020. He took part in the development of Russian legislation on the electric power industry, regulation and taxation of the energy sector.In December 2008, Milov co-founded the opposition movement \"Solidarnost\". He was one of the leaders of the organization until May 2010. In 2009, Milow ran for the Moscow City Duma as an independent candidate, but was not admitted to register. In February 2010, Milov was elected a leader of the social movement \"Democratic Choice\". He resigned on December 20, 2015 after a series of internal disagreements. Since 2016, Milov has been actively participating in Alexei Navalny's presidential campaign. Milov was mentioned as one of the co-authors of Navalny's platform that was published on December 13, 2017.Since October 19, 2019, Milov has been broadcasting a weekly program about international politics, Hugs With Dictators, on his YouTube channel.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["consultant"], "facts": [["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\"", "December 2010", "September 2011"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "Deputy Minister", "May 2002", "October 2002"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Russia of the Future", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Solidarnost", "December 2008", "January 2010"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "consultant", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Vladimir Milov", "employer", "Federal Tariff Service", "January 1997", "January 2001"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Vladimir Milov belong to after he/she was the member of Solidarnost?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Vladimir Milov belong to after he/she was the member of Solidarnost?", "date": "January 01 2010", "text_answers": {"text": ["People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\""]}, "id": "L3_Q3739496_P102_P102_18", "fact_context": "Vladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to January 2001. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from December 2008 to January 2010. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from December 2010 to September 2011. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from January 2001 to January 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to October 2002.", "adv_fact_context": "Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from 01/2001 to January 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from Dec 2010 to Sep 2011. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from Dec 2008 to Jan 2010. \n Vladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to Jan 2001. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from 01/2018 to May 2023. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to Oct 2002.", "context": "Vladimir MilovVladimir Stanislavovich Milov (, born 18 June 1972 in Kemerovo) is a Russian politician and the former chairman of the Russian political party Democratic Choice (May 2012 to December 2015). From May to October 2002, he served as Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation. He was a member of the Federal Political Council of the democratic movement Solidarnost (2008-2010) and one of the founders of the coalition \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\". He was also the president of the Institute for Energy Policy, a Moscow-based independent think tank until 2013. Vladimir Milov graduated from Moscow State Mining University in 1994. In 1997\u20132001, he worked for the natural monopoly regulator of Russia, the Federal Energy Commission of Russia, serving in 1999\u20132001 as the head of its economic analysis department. In 2001 he headed an expert team within the Center for Strategic Research, a government-linked think tank.In December 2001, Milov was appointed adviser to the Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation and in May 2002, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia in Kasyanov's government. He resigned in October 2002.In November 2002, Milov founded and became the head of the research fund Institute for Strategic Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex (in 2003, it was renamed to Institute for Energy Policy). From September 2005 to August 2006, the institute was one of the ten most mentioned economic expert centers in the country and the first on energy issues. By 2010, the institute had ceased to engage in real activities, and the legal entity was liquidated in December 2013.Milov authored numerous analytical materials, concept papers and publications on energy policy and infrastructure development in Russia. He collaborated on state programs for reforming the country's gas industry, electric power industry, and railway transport, and proposed a reform project for Gazprom, which was rejected by Vladimir Putin. In 2002, he headed an interdepartmental working group on the development of the energy strategy for Russia for the period up to 2020. He took part in the development of Russian legislation on the electric power industry, regulation and taxation of the energy sector.In December 2008, Milov co-founded the opposition movement \"Solidarnost\". He was one of the leaders of the organization until May 2010. In 2009, Milow ran for the Moscow City Duma as an independent candidate, but was not admitted to register. In February 2010, Milov was elected a leader of the social movement \"Democratic Choice\". He resigned on December 20, 2015 after a series of internal disagreements. Since 2016, Milov has been actively participating in Alexei Navalny's presidential campaign. Milov was mentioned as one of the co-authors of Navalny's platform that was published on December 13, 2017.Since October 19, 2019, Milov has been broadcasting a weekly program about international politics, Hugs With Dictators, on his YouTube channel.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Russia of the Future", "Solidarnost"], "facts": [["Vladimir Milov", "employer", "Federal Tariff Service", "January 1997", "January 2001"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "Deputy Minister", "May 2002", "October 2002"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Russia of the Future", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Solidarnost", "December 2008", "January 2010"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\"", "December 2010", "September 2011"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "consultant", "January 2001", "January 2002"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Jan Carew after he/she studied at Charles University?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Jan Carew after he/she studied at Charles University?", "date": "January 01 1950", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sylvia Wynter"]}, "id": "L3_Q3161626_P26_P69_22", "fact_context": "Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from January 1949 to January 1950. \n Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from January 1986 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from January 1991 to January 1993. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from January 2000 to January 2001. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to January 1972. \n Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from January 1989 to January 1991. \n Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from January 1966 to January 1968. \n Jan Carew studied at Howard University from January 1945 to January 1946. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from January 1946 to January 1948.", "adv_fact_context": "Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to Jan 1972. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from Jan 2000 to January 2001. \n Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 01/1966 to Jan 1968. \n Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from 01/1989 to Jan 1991. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from Jan 1991 to Jan 1993. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from 01/1949 to Jan 1950. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from Jan 1946 to 01/1948. \n Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from Jan 1986 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew studied at Howard University from 01/1945 to 01/1946. \n Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987.", "context": "Jan CarewJan Rynveld Carew (24 September 1920 \u2013 6 December 2012) was a Guyana-born novelist, playwright, poet and educator, who lived at various times in The Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Jamaica, Canada and the United States. His works, diverse in form and multifaceted, make Jan Carew an important intellectual of the Caribbean world. His poetry and his first two novels, \"Black Midas\" and \"The Wild Coast\" (both published in 1958 by Secker & Warburg in London), were significant landmarks of the West Indian literature then attempting to cope with its colonial past and assert its wish for autonomy. He worked with the late President Cheddi Jagan in the fight for Guianese independence. Carew also played an important part in the Black movement gaining strength in England and North America, publishing reviews and newspapers, producing programmes and plays for the radio and the television. His scholarly research drove him to question traditional historiographies and the prevailing historical models of the conquest of America. The way he reframed Christopher Columbus as an historical character outside his mythical hagiography became a necessary path in his mind to build anew the Caribbean world on sounder foundations.Jan Rynveld Carew was born on 24 September 1920 at Agricola, a coastal village also called Rome, in British Guiana (present-day Guyana), the South American colony of the British Empire that would become Guyana. He was the middle child and only son of Ethel Robertson and Alan Carew. From 1924 to 1926, the Carews lived in the United States but Jan Carew and his elder sister had to come back to Guyana after the kidnapping of his younger sister in New York in 1926. The child would be recovered and sent back to her family in 1927. Carew's father lived on several occasions in the United States and Canada, working for a while with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and thus crossing the American continent from Halifax to Vancouver. His memories would fuel the imagination of the young Carew. From 1926 to 1938, he was educated in Guyana, first attending the Agricola Wesleyan School, then the Catholic elementary school and then Berbice High School, a Canadian Scottish Presbyterian School, in New Amsterdam. He passed his Senior Cambridge Examination in 1938.In 1939, he became a part-time teacher at Berbice High School for Girls, and then was called up to the British Army as the Second World War broke out in Europe. He served in the Coast Artillery Regiment until 1943. From 1943 to 1944, he was a customs officer in Georgetown.At the time, he published his first text in the Christmas Annual and was working a lot on his painting and drawing. From 1944 to 1945, he worked at the Price Controls Office in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.Carew felt himself to be part of the Caribbean world that for him included \"the island archipelago, the countries of the Caribbean littoral and Guyana, Surinam, and Cayenne.\" He found the paradoxical unity of the Caribbean way of life in the \"successive waves of cultural alienation\" that shaped the Caribbean frame of mind from \"a mosaic of cultural fragments - Amerindian, African, European, Asian.\"At the age of 17, he left Guyana for the United States, where he studied at Howard University and Western Reserve University (1944\u201348), the predecessor of Case Western Reserve University. He also went to Charles University in Prague (1948\u201350) and the Sorbonne in Paris.In what he described as his \"endless journeyings\", he lived at different times in the Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Canada and the United States. In England, he acted with Laurence Olivier and edited the \"Kensington Post\". He also worked as a broadcaster and writer with the BBC and lectured in race relations at London University.He always maintained his Caribbean links, and in 1962 served as director of culture in British Guiana under the Jagan administration. According to York University Professor Emeritus Dr. Frank Birbalsingh, \"'He was a strong supporter of the late Dr. Cheddi Jagan and the People's Progressive Party. He was quite fearless when it came to politics.'\"Between 1962 and 1966 Carew lived in Jamaica with his then wife Sylvia Wynter, and then moved to Canada for some years before settling in the USA.He taught at Princeton, Rutgers, Illinois Wesleyan, Hampshire College, Northwestern and Lincoln Universities. He was Emeritus Professor of African American Studies at Northwestern University.Jan Carew died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, at the age of 92, survived by his widow Dr Joy Gleason, his daughters Lisa St Aubin de Ter\u00e1n and Shantoba Eliza Carew, and his son, David Christopher Carew.His memoir \"Potaro Dreams: My Youth in Guyana\" was posthumously published in 2014. Envisaged as a first volume, covering the period from birth in 1920 to 1939 when Carew was drawn into the Second World War, the book was described by the author as \"the prism\" through which he would approach life.Carew wrote novels, short stories, plays, memoirs and other non-fiction, as well as children's stories and books, but he remains best known for his first novel, \"Black Midas\" (1958). His many other works include \"The Wild Coast\", \"The Last Barbarian,\" \"Moscow Is Not My Mecca\" (US edition, \"Green Winter\", 1965), \"Fulcrums of Change\" (1988), \"Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean\" (1994), and \"The Guyanese Wanderer\" (Sarabande Books, 2007).He wrote (together with Sylvia Wynter) the screenplay of a television drama, \"The Big Pride\" (ITV/Associated Television, 1961).His essays include \"The Caribbean writer in exile\", \"Columbus and the origin of racism in the Americas: part one\" (\"Race & Class\", April 1988, 29: 1\u201319), \"The fusion of African and Amerindian folk myths\" (\"Bim\" 16. 64, 1978: 241\u201357), \"United We Stand! Joint Struggles of Native Americans and African Americans in the Columbian Era\" (\"Monthly Review\", Vol. 44, No. 3: July\u2013August 1992), \"Culture and Rebellion\" (\"Race & Class\": Special issue \u2013 Black America: the street and the campus, Vol. 35, No. 1, July \u2013 September 1993), \"Jonestown revisited\" (Eusi Kwayana, \"A New Look At Jonestown: Dimensions from a Guyanese Perspective\", Carib House, 2016), \"The Ivory trade: The cruelest trade of all, white gold\", \"The Synergen project\", \"The Amaranth project\", \"Estevanico: The African Explorer\" (\"Journal of African Civilizations\", 3 (1) April 1981, pp.\u00a086\u201399) and \"Moorish Culture-Bringers: Bearers of Englightenment\" (in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., \"Golden Age of the Moor\", New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1992: 248\u201377).Carew was a pioneer in the field of Pan-African Studies.Some of the noted figures to whom Carew has been connected are W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, Kwame Nkrumah, Shirley Graham Du Bois, Maurice Bishop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Edward Scobie, John Henrik Clarke, Tsegaye Medhin Gabre, Sterling D. Plumpp and Ivan Van Sertima.In his book \"Grenada: The Hour Will Strike Again\" (1985), published two years after the American invasion of Grenada, \"Carew unearthed and revealed sources of independence in the country itself. [The book] went back to and beyond the struggles of the rebellious African captives, but to the epic resistance of the island's indigenous population.\"As noted by Eusi Kwayana, Carew \"was an environmentalist long before it become fashionable\" and made a recommendation to the government of Guyana for an international involvement for a million acres of forestland in Guyana, which inspired an Act on the Guyanese statute book to provide for approximately 360,000 hectares of tropical rainforest for the purposes of research \"to make available to Guyana and the International Community systems, methods, and techniques for the sustainable management and utilisation of the multiple resources of the Tropical forest and the conservation of biological diversity and for matters incidental thereto.\"The many awards that Carew received include a London \"Daily Mirror\" Award for Best Play in 1964, the Casa de las Am\u00e9ricas Prize for poetry, the Walter Rodney Memorial Award from the Association of Caribbean Studies, in 1985; the London Hansib Publication Award, 1990; the Paul Robeson Award for \"living a life of art and politics\", 1998; the Clark-Atlanta University Nkyinkyim Award in 2002; and in 2003 the Caribbean-Canadian Lifetime Creative Award from the Caribbean Canadian Literary Exposition, 2003.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Case Western Reserve University", "January 1946", "January 1948"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "George Mason University", "January 1989", "January 1991"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Yale University", "January 1969", "January 1972"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Illinois Wesleyan University", "January 1991", "January 1993"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Hampshire College", "January 1986", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "University of Louisville", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Howard University", "January 1945", "January 1946"], ["Jan Carew", "spouse", "Sylvia Wynter", "January 1958", "July 1971"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Northwestern University Department of African American Studies", "January 1973", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Charles University", "January 1949", "January 1950"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "January 1966", "January 1968"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Jan Carew work for after he/she worked for Hampshire College?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Jan Carew work for after he/she worked for Hampshire College?", "date": "January 01 1987", "text_answers": {"text": ["George Mason University"]}, "id": "L3_Q3161626_P108_P108_77", "fact_context": "Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from January 1966 to January 1968. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from January 1946 to January 1948. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to January 1972. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from January 2000 to January 2001. \n Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from January 1986 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from January 1991 to January 1993. \n Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew studied at Howard University from January 1945 to January 1946. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from January 1949 to January 1950. \n Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from January 1989 to January 1991.", "adv_fact_context": "Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from 01/1989 to Jan 1991. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from Jan 2000 to January 2001. \n Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 01/1966 to Jan 1968. \n Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from Jan 1991 to Jan 1993. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from Jan 1946 to 01/1948. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from 01/1949 to Jan 1950. \n Jan Carew studied at Howard University from 01/1945 to 01/1946. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to Jan 1972. \n Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from Jan 1986 to January 1987.", "context": "Jan CarewJan Rynveld Carew (24 September 1920 \u2013 6 December 2012) was a Guyana-born novelist, playwright, poet and educator, who lived at various times in The Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Jamaica, Canada and the United States. His works, diverse in form and multifaceted, make Jan Carew an important intellectual of the Caribbean world. His poetry and his first two novels, \"Black Midas\" and \"The Wild Coast\" (both published in 1958 by Secker & Warburg in London), were significant landmarks of the West Indian literature then attempting to cope with its colonial past and assert its wish for autonomy. He worked with the late President Cheddi Jagan in the fight for Guianese independence. Carew also played an important part in the Black movement gaining strength in England and North America, publishing reviews and newspapers, producing programmes and plays for the radio and the television. His scholarly research drove him to question traditional historiographies and the prevailing historical models of the conquest of America. The way he reframed Christopher Columbus as an historical character outside his mythical hagiography became a necessary path in his mind to build anew the Caribbean world on sounder foundations.Jan Rynveld Carew was born on 24 September 1920 at Agricola, a coastal village also called Rome, in British Guiana (present-day Guyana), the South American colony of the British Empire that would become Guyana. He was the middle child and only son of Ethel Robertson and Alan Carew. From 1924 to 1926, the Carews lived in the United States but Jan Carew and his elder sister had to come back to Guyana after the kidnapping of his younger sister in New York in 1926. The child would be recovered and sent back to her family in 1927. Carew's father lived on several occasions in the United States and Canada, working for a while with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and thus crossing the American continent from Halifax to Vancouver. His memories would fuel the imagination of the young Carew. From 1926 to 1938, he was educated in Guyana, first attending the Agricola Wesleyan School, then the Catholic elementary school and then Berbice High School, a Canadian Scottish Presbyterian School, in New Amsterdam. He passed his Senior Cambridge Examination in 1938.In 1939, he became a part-time teacher at Berbice High School for Girls, and then was called up to the British Army as the Second World War broke out in Europe. He served in the Coast Artillery Regiment until 1943. From 1943 to 1944, he was a customs officer in Georgetown.At the time, he published his first text in the Christmas Annual and was working a lot on his painting and drawing. From 1944 to 1945, he worked at the Price Controls Office in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.Carew felt himself to be part of the Caribbean world that for him included \"the island archipelago, the countries of the Caribbean littoral and Guyana, Surinam, and Cayenne.\" He found the paradoxical unity of the Caribbean way of life in the \"successive waves of cultural alienation\" that shaped the Caribbean frame of mind from \"a mosaic of cultural fragments - Amerindian, African, European, Asian.\"At the age of 17, he left Guyana for the United States, where he studied at Howard University and Western Reserve University (1944\u201348), the predecessor of Case Western Reserve University. He also went to Charles University in Prague (1948\u201350) and the Sorbonne in Paris.In what he described as his \"endless journeyings\", he lived at different times in the Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Canada and the United States. In England, he acted with Laurence Olivier and edited the \"Kensington Post\". He also worked as a broadcaster and writer with the BBC and lectured in race relations at London University.He always maintained his Caribbean links, and in 1962 served as director of culture in British Guiana under the Jagan administration. According to York University Professor Emeritus Dr. Frank Birbalsingh, \"'He was a strong supporter of the late Dr. Cheddi Jagan and the People's Progressive Party. He was quite fearless when it came to politics.'\"Between 1962 and 1966 Carew lived in Jamaica with his then wife Sylvia Wynter, and then moved to Canada for some years before settling in the USA.He taught at Princeton, Rutgers, Illinois Wesleyan, Hampshire College, Northwestern and Lincoln Universities. He was Emeritus Professor of African American Studies at Northwestern University.Jan Carew died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, at the age of 92, survived by his widow Dr Joy Gleason, his daughters Lisa St Aubin de Ter\u00e1n and Shantoba Eliza Carew, and his son, David Christopher Carew.His memoir \"Potaro Dreams: My Youth in Guyana\" was posthumously published in 2014. Envisaged as a first volume, covering the period from birth in 1920 to 1939 when Carew was drawn into the Second World War, the book was described by the author as \"the prism\" through which he would approach life.Carew wrote novels, short stories, plays, memoirs and other non-fiction, as well as children's stories and books, but he remains best known for his first novel, \"Black Midas\" (1958). His many other works include \"The Wild Coast\", \"The Last Barbarian,\" \"Moscow Is Not My Mecca\" (US edition, \"Green Winter\", 1965), \"Fulcrums of Change\" (1988), \"Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean\" (1994), and \"The Guyanese Wanderer\" (Sarabande Books, 2007).He wrote (together with Sylvia Wynter) the screenplay of a television drama, \"The Big Pride\" (ITV/Associated Television, 1961).His essays include \"The Caribbean writer in exile\", \"Columbus and the origin of racism in the Americas: part one\" (\"Race & Class\", April 1988, 29: 1\u201319), \"The fusion of African and Amerindian folk myths\" (\"Bim\" 16. 64, 1978: 241\u201357), \"United We Stand! Joint Struggles of Native Americans and African Americans in the Columbian Era\" (\"Monthly Review\", Vol. 44, No. 3: July\u2013August 1992), \"Culture and Rebellion\" (\"Race & Class\": Special issue \u2013 Black America: the street and the campus, Vol. 35, No. 1, July \u2013 September 1993), \"Jonestown revisited\" (Eusi Kwayana, \"A New Look At Jonestown: Dimensions from a Guyanese Perspective\", Carib House, 2016), \"The Ivory trade: The cruelest trade of all, white gold\", \"The Synergen project\", \"The Amaranth project\", \"Estevanico: The African Explorer\" (\"Journal of African Civilizations\", 3 (1) April 1981, pp.\u00a086\u201399) and \"Moorish Culture-Bringers: Bearers of Englightenment\" (in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., \"Golden Age of the Moor\", New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1992: 248\u201377).Carew was a pioneer in the field of Pan-African Studies.Some of the noted figures to whom Carew has been connected are W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, Kwame Nkrumah, Shirley Graham Du Bois, Maurice Bishop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Edward Scobie, John Henrik Clarke, Tsegaye Medhin Gabre, Sterling D. Plumpp and Ivan Van Sertima.In his book \"Grenada: The Hour Will Strike Again\" (1985), published two years after the American invasion of Grenada, \"Carew unearthed and revealed sources of independence in the country itself. [The book] went back to and beyond the struggles of the rebellious African captives, but to the epic resistance of the island's indigenous population.\"As noted by Eusi Kwayana, Carew \"was an environmentalist long before it become fashionable\" and made a recommendation to the government of Guyana for an international involvement for a million acres of forestland in Guyana, which inspired an Act on the Guyanese statute book to provide for approximately 360,000 hectares of tropical rainforest for the purposes of research \"to make available to Guyana and the International Community systems, methods, and techniques for the sustainable management and utilisation of the multiple resources of the Tropical forest and the conservation of biological diversity and for matters incidental thereto.\"The many awards that Carew received include a London \"Daily Mirror\" Award for Best Play in 1964, the Casa de las Am\u00e9ricas Prize for poetry, the Walter Rodney Memorial Award from the Association of Caribbean Studies, in 1985; the London Hansib Publication Award, 1990; the Paul Robeson Award for \"living a life of art and politics\", 1998; the Clark-Atlanta University Nkyinkyim Award in 2002; and in 2003 the Caribbean-Canadian Lifetime Creative Award from the Caribbean Canadian Literary Exposition, 2003.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hampshire College", "Illinois Wesleyan University", "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "Northwestern University Department of African American Studies", "Yale University", "University of Louisville"], "facts": [["Jan Carew", "employer", "University of Louisville", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Howard University", "January 1945", "January 1946"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Yale University", "January 1969", "January 1972"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Illinois Wesleyan University", "January 1991", "January 1993"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Northwestern University Department of African American Studies", "January 1973", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "January 1966", "January 1968"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Hampshire College", "January 1986", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Charles University", "January 1949", "January 1950"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "George Mason University", "January 1989", "January 1991"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Case Western Reserve University", "January 1946", "January 1948"], ["Jan Carew", "spouse", "Sylvia Wynter", "January 1958", "July 1971"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Jan Carew work for before he/she worked for Illinois Wesleyan University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Jan Carew work for before he/she worked for Illinois Wesleyan University?", "date": "January 01 1991", "text_answers": {"text": ["George Mason University"]}, "id": "L3_Q3161626_P108_P108_98", "fact_context": "Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from January 2000 to January 2001. \n Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from January 1966 to January 1968. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from January 1949 to January 1950. \n Jan Carew studied at Howard University from January 1945 to January 1946. \n Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from January 1946 to January 1948. \n Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from January 1989 to January 1991. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from January 1991 to January 1993. \n Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from January 1986 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to January 1972.", "adv_fact_context": "Jan Carew studied at Howard University from 01/1945 to 01/1946. \n Jan Carew studied at Charles University from 01/1949 to Jan 1950. \n Jan Carew worked for Illinois Wesleyan University from Jan 1991 to Jan 1993. \n Jan Carew worked for University of Louisville from Jan 2000 to January 2001. \n Jan Carew studied at Case Western Reserve University from Jan 1946 to 01/1948. \n Jan Carew worked for Northwestern University Department of African American Studies from January 1973 to January 1987. \n Jan Carew worked for George Mason University from 01/1989 to Jan 1991. \n Jan Carew worked for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation from 01/1966 to Jan 1968. \n Jan Carew worked for Yale University from January 1969 to Jan 1972. \n Jan Carew was married to Sylvia Wynter from January 1958 to July 1971. \n Jan Carew worked for Hampshire College from Jan 1986 to January 1987.", "context": "Jan CarewJan Rynveld Carew (24 September 1920 \u2013 6 December 2012) was a Guyana-born novelist, playwright, poet and educator, who lived at various times in The Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Jamaica, Canada and the United States. His works, diverse in form and multifaceted, make Jan Carew an important intellectual of the Caribbean world. His poetry and his first two novels, \"Black Midas\" and \"The Wild Coast\" (both published in 1958 by Secker & Warburg in London), were significant landmarks of the West Indian literature then attempting to cope with its colonial past and assert its wish for autonomy. He worked with the late President Cheddi Jagan in the fight for Guianese independence. Carew also played an important part in the Black movement gaining strength in England and North America, publishing reviews and newspapers, producing programmes and plays for the radio and the television. His scholarly research drove him to question traditional historiographies and the prevailing historical models of the conquest of America. The way he reframed Christopher Columbus as an historical character outside his mythical hagiography became a necessary path in his mind to build anew the Caribbean world on sounder foundations.Jan Rynveld Carew was born on 24 September 1920 at Agricola, a coastal village also called Rome, in British Guiana (present-day Guyana), the South American colony of the British Empire that would become Guyana. He was the middle child and only son of Ethel Robertson and Alan Carew. From 1924 to 1926, the Carews lived in the United States but Jan Carew and his elder sister had to come back to Guyana after the kidnapping of his younger sister in New York in 1926. The child would be recovered and sent back to her family in 1927. Carew's father lived on several occasions in the United States and Canada, working for a while with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and thus crossing the American continent from Halifax to Vancouver. His memories would fuel the imagination of the young Carew. From 1926 to 1938, he was educated in Guyana, first attending the Agricola Wesleyan School, then the Catholic elementary school and then Berbice High School, a Canadian Scottish Presbyterian School, in New Amsterdam. He passed his Senior Cambridge Examination in 1938.In 1939, he became a part-time teacher at Berbice High School for Girls, and then was called up to the British Army as the Second World War broke out in Europe. He served in the Coast Artillery Regiment until 1943. From 1943 to 1944, he was a customs officer in Georgetown.At the time, he published his first text in the Christmas Annual and was working a lot on his painting and drawing. From 1944 to 1945, he worked at the Price Controls Office in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.Carew felt himself to be part of the Caribbean world that for him included \"the island archipelago, the countries of the Caribbean littoral and Guyana, Surinam, and Cayenne.\" He found the paradoxical unity of the Caribbean way of life in the \"successive waves of cultural alienation\" that shaped the Caribbean frame of mind from \"a mosaic of cultural fragments - Amerindian, African, European, Asian.\"At the age of 17, he left Guyana for the United States, where he studied at Howard University and Western Reserve University (1944\u201348), the predecessor of Case Western Reserve University. He also went to Charles University in Prague (1948\u201350) and the Sorbonne in Paris.In what he described as his \"endless journeyings\", he lived at different times in the Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Canada and the United States. In England, he acted with Laurence Olivier and edited the \"Kensington Post\". He also worked as a broadcaster and writer with the BBC and lectured in race relations at London University.He always maintained his Caribbean links, and in 1962 served as director of culture in British Guiana under the Jagan administration. According to York University Professor Emeritus Dr. Frank Birbalsingh, \"'He was a strong supporter of the late Dr. Cheddi Jagan and the People's Progressive Party. He was quite fearless when it came to politics.'\"Between 1962 and 1966 Carew lived in Jamaica with his then wife Sylvia Wynter, and then moved to Canada for some years before settling in the USA.He taught at Princeton, Rutgers, Illinois Wesleyan, Hampshire College, Northwestern and Lincoln Universities. He was Emeritus Professor of African American Studies at Northwestern University.Jan Carew died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, at the age of 92, survived by his widow Dr Joy Gleason, his daughters Lisa St Aubin de Ter\u00e1n and Shantoba Eliza Carew, and his son, David Christopher Carew.His memoir \"Potaro Dreams: My Youth in Guyana\" was posthumously published in 2014. Envisaged as a first volume, covering the period from birth in 1920 to 1939 when Carew was drawn into the Second World War, the book was described by the author as \"the prism\" through which he would approach life.Carew wrote novels, short stories, plays, memoirs and other non-fiction, as well as children's stories and books, but he remains best known for his first novel, \"Black Midas\" (1958). His many other works include \"The Wild Coast\", \"The Last Barbarian,\" \"Moscow Is Not My Mecca\" (US edition, \"Green Winter\", 1965), \"Fulcrums of Change\" (1988), \"Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean\" (1994), and \"The Guyanese Wanderer\" (Sarabande Books, 2007).He wrote (together with Sylvia Wynter) the screenplay of a television drama, \"The Big Pride\" (ITV/Associated Television, 1961).His essays include \"The Caribbean writer in exile\", \"Columbus and the origin of racism in the Americas: part one\" (\"Race & Class\", April 1988, 29: 1\u201319), \"The fusion of African and Amerindian folk myths\" (\"Bim\" 16. 64, 1978: 241\u201357), \"United We Stand! Joint Struggles of Native Americans and African Americans in the Columbian Era\" (\"Monthly Review\", Vol. 44, No. 3: July\u2013August 1992), \"Culture and Rebellion\" (\"Race & Class\": Special issue \u2013 Black America: the street and the campus, Vol. 35, No. 1, July \u2013 September 1993), \"Jonestown revisited\" (Eusi Kwayana, \"A New Look At Jonestown: Dimensions from a Guyanese Perspective\", Carib House, 2016), \"The Ivory trade: The cruelest trade of all, white gold\", \"The Synergen project\", \"The Amaranth project\", \"Estevanico: The African Explorer\" (\"Journal of African Civilizations\", 3 (1) April 1981, pp.\u00a086\u201399) and \"Moorish Culture-Bringers: Bearers of Englightenment\" (in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., \"Golden Age of the Moor\", New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1992: 248\u201377).Carew was a pioneer in the field of Pan-African Studies.Some of the noted figures to whom Carew has been connected are W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, Kwame Nkrumah, Shirley Graham Du Bois, Maurice Bishop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Edward Scobie, John Henrik Clarke, Tsegaye Medhin Gabre, Sterling D. Plumpp and Ivan Van Sertima.In his book \"Grenada: The Hour Will Strike Again\" (1985), published two years after the American invasion of Grenada, \"Carew unearthed and revealed sources of independence in the country itself. [The book] went back to and beyond the struggles of the rebellious African captives, but to the epic resistance of the island's indigenous population.\"As noted by Eusi Kwayana, Carew \"was an environmentalist long before it become fashionable\" and made a recommendation to the government of Guyana for an international involvement for a million acres of forestland in Guyana, which inspired an Act on the Guyanese statute book to provide for approximately 360,000 hectares of tropical rainforest for the purposes of research \"to make available to Guyana and the International Community systems, methods, and techniques for the sustainable management and utilisation of the multiple resources of the Tropical forest and the conservation of biological diversity and for matters incidental thereto.\"The many awards that Carew received include a London \"Daily Mirror\" Award for Best Play in 1964, the Casa de las Am\u00e9ricas Prize for poetry, the Walter Rodney Memorial Award from the Association of Caribbean Studies, in 1985; the London Hansib Publication Award, 1990; the Paul Robeson Award for \"living a life of art and politics\", 1998; the Clark-Atlanta University Nkyinkyim Award in 2002; and in 2003 the Caribbean-Canadian Lifetime Creative Award from the Caribbean Canadian Literary Exposition, 2003.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hampshire College", "Illinois Wesleyan University", "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "Northwestern University Department of African American Studies", "Yale University", "University of Louisville"], "facts": [["Jan Carew", "employer", "Northwestern University Department of African American Studies", "January 1973", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "spouse", "Sylvia Wynter", "January 1958", "July 1971"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation", "January 1966", "January 1968"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "George Mason University", "January 1989", "January 1991"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Charles University", "January 1949", "January 1950"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Hampshire College", "January 1986", "January 1987"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Illinois Wesleyan University", "January 1991", "January 1993"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "Yale University", "January 1969", "January 1972"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Howard University", "January 1945", "January 1946"], ["Jan Carew", "educated at", "Case Western Reserve University", "January 1946", "January 1948"], ["Jan Carew", "employer", "University of Louisville", "January 2000", "January 2001"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Basuki Tjahaja Purnama hold before he/she was the member of Party of Functional Groups?", "adv_question": "Which position did Basuki Tjahaja Purnama hold before he/she was the member of Party of Functional Groups?", "date": "January 01 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["Regent of East Belitung"]}, "id": "L3_Q3701615_P39_P102_15", "fact_context": "Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Regent of East Belitung from August 2005 to December 2006. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Great Indonesia Movement Party from January 2012 to January 2014. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Veronica Tan from January 1997 to January 2018. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Puput Nastiti Devi from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Golkar from January 2008 to January 2012. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta from November 2014 to May 2017. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Vice Governor of Jakarta from October 2012 to November 2014.", "adv_fact_context": "Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta from November 2014 to May 2017. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Golkar from January 2008 to Jan 2012. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Vice Governor of Jakarta from 10/2012 to Nov 2014. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Puput Nastiti Devi from Jan 2019 to May 2023. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Great Indonesia Movement Party from 01/2012 to Jan 2014. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Veronica Tan from 01/1997 to 01/2018. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Regent of East Belitung from Aug 2005 to 12/2006.", "context": "Basuki Tjahaja PurnamaBasuki Tjahaja Purnama (born 29 June 1966) is an Indonesian businessman, politician and former governor of Jakarta. He is also known by his Hakka Chinese nickname Ahok (). He was the first governor of Jakarta with Chinese ancestry and also the city's second Christian governor, following Henk Ngantung, who was governor from 1964\u201365.Ahok was a legislator in the Indonesian People's Representative Council (DPR) and Regent of East Belitung. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the 2009\u20132014 term but resigned in 2012 to run for the deputy governorship of Jakarta, to which he was elected. In November 2014, he became governor of Jakarta, as his predecessor Joko Widodo had become president. Ahead of the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, Ahok's political rivals aligned themselves with Islamic extremists to exploit religious and racial intolerance, resulting in Ahok being accused of blasphemy in October 2016. He then lost the election to former Education Minister Anies Baswedan and was imprisoned for blasphemy.Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Chinese: ; Hakka Pha\u030dk-fa-s\u1e73: \"Ch\u00fbng Van-ho\u030dk\") was born on 29 June 1966 and grew up in Manggar, East Belitung. He is the first son of Buniarti Ningsih and the late Indra Tjahaja Purnama. He has three siblings: Basuri Tjahaja Purnama, Fifi Lety, and Harry Basuki.Ahok married Veronica Tan on 6 September 1997, and the couple has three children: Nicolas Sean, Natania, and Daud Albeneer. They divorced in 2018, with Ahok gaining custody of the two younger children. In 2019, Ahok married Puput Nastiti Devi, a police officer who previously served as the aide of his ex-wife.Ahok attended Trisakti University, majoring in mineral resources and technology. He graduated with a bachelor of science degree in geological engineering in 1989 and returned to his hometown in Belitung to build a company that dealt in mining contracts.After two years of working in the company, he decided to pursue a master's degree in financial management at Prasetiya Mulya Business School in Jakarta. He graduated with a Master of Business Administration.Ahok entered politics in his home region of Belitung. He contested the 2005 East Belitung regent election with Khairul Effendi as his running mate and was elected with 37.13% of the vote. He was hopeful Indonesia was breaking with its long and often violent history of prejudice and resentment. He is nicknamed \"The Father\" and \"The Law\" for his firm stance against corruption. Ahok confronted vital issues related to traffic congestion, labour, corruption and bureaucracy. He mediated a minimum wage increase, proposed incentives for street vendors to move to designated markets in order to reduce congestion, migrated poor villagers to new flats, introduced surprise inspections of government offices, and proposed installing CCTVs to improve accountability.Ahok resigned from his position as East Belitung regent on 11 December 2006 in order to run in the 2007 Bangka-Belitung gubernatorial election. He later credited former Indonesian president Abdurrahman Wahid, for convincing him to run for public office. Wahid supported Ahok's candidacy and praised his healthcare reforms. However, Ahok was defeated by Eko Maulana Ali.In 2008, Ahok wrote a biography titled \"Merubah Indonesia\" (\"Reforming Indonesia\").In 2009, Ahok was elected to the DPR as a member of Golkar. He was elected with 119,232 votes, and was assigned to the Second Commission. In 2011, he generated controversy in a visit to his local constituency, during which was recorded by the local media condemning local tin mining businesses for causing environmental damage. The comment was regarded as an insult by a local youth NGO, who reported him to the House Ethics Committee.In 2011, Ahok considered running for Jakarta governor as an independent candidate. However, he opted not to run, as he was pessimistic about his chances of receiving 250,000 signatures, a requirement for running as an independent gubernatorial candidate in Jakarta. He then became the running mate of Joko Widodo in the 2012 election. The pair won 1,847,157 (42.6%) votes in the first round, and 2,472,130 (53.82%) in the second round, defeating incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo. The ticket was nominated by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) and the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra). On 10 September 2014, Ahok left Gerindra because he opposed the party's proposal to scrap direct elections for local leaders. Since then, he has been politically unaffiliated.When Joko Widodo took a temporary leave from his post as Jakarta governor to campaign for the presidency, Ahok became acting Governor of Jakarta from 1 June to 22 July 2014. Following Jokowi's victory, he succeeded him as governor and was sworn into office on 18 November 2014.In October 2015, the State Audit Board (BPK) commenced an investigation into the city's procurement of 3.7 hectares of land adjacent to Sumber Waras Hospital in West Jakarta for a cardiac and cancer center. The city administration bought the land in 2014 for Rp775.69 billion, but BPK subsequently said the land should have cost Rp564.35 billion, so the purchase had caused a state loss of Rp191 billion. The Corruption Eradication Commission questioned Ahok over the case in 2016 and cleared him of any wrongdoing. Anti-corruption activist Boyamin Saiman claimed he had evidence of corruption and demanded Ahok be held accountable. Corruption allegations were also made over an allegedly fallacious land purchase made by the city administration in Cengkareng, West Jakarta, on 13 November 2015, with a marked-up price causing an estimated state loss of Rp600 billion. In December 2020, South Jakarta District Court heard a pre-trial hearing over the Cengkareng land procurement case.Ahok initially had declared to run for the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election as an independent candidate with \"Teman Ahok\" (Friends of Ahok), a group of volunteers responsible for collecting over one million Resident Identity Cards, representing supporters required by Indonesian law to be eligible to run from an independent ticket. Due to a new state regulation that stricken independent candidate's requirements to run for this election, Ahok is set to run from political party ticket from three political parties, who previously declared endorsements earlier in 2016. They are Golkar, the People's Conscience Party (Hanura), and the Nasdem Party. On 20 September 2016, the PDI-P declared its support for Ahok.In the first round of voting on 15 February 2017, Ahok secured passage to the second-round between two candidates, having secured approximately 43% of the vote, ahead of Anies Baswedan with 40%, and well ahead of Agus Yudhoyono with 17%. Quick counts for the 19 April runoff indicated that Anies Baswedan was elected as governor; Ahok conceded defeat hours after the polls closed. The official results of the runoff were published by General Elections Commissions (KPU) in May, and Anies Baswedan was elected as the new governor of Jakarta.A candidate and a member of a minority ethnic group, Ahok has become the subject of occasional racist comments. During the campaign, he was regularly targeted by ultra-conservatives and supporters of rival candidates for being of Chinese descent. Furthermore, his \"double minority\" background, being both a Christian and of Chinese descent, makes him a target of the hardliner Islamic Defenders Front (\"Front Pembela Islam\", FPI). The group called for the revision of the Jakarta constitution to remove some of the governor's responsibilities for government-affiliated Islamic organisations. In 2016, Indonesian Army General Surya Prabowo commented that Ahok should \"know his place lest the Indonesian Chinese face the consequences of his action\". This controversial comment was considered to hearken back to previous violence against Chinese Indonesians.On 27 September 2016, while introducing a government project to citizens of the Thousand Islands, Ahok said some citizens would not vote for him because they were being \"threatened and deceived\" by those using the verse Al-Ma'ida 51 of the Qur'an and variations of it. The provincial government of Jakarta uploaded the video recording to YouTube in a channel which often featured Ahok's activities. The video was later edited by a university lecturer, Buni Yani, and one word was omitted from that video, creating a misinterpretation of Ahok's statement. The video went viral, with some citizens considering it an insult to the Quran. Ahok received threats of lynching and was widely criticised in social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Several \"Change.org\" petitions were filed, initiated by both his supporters and critics, garnering tens of thousands of signatures.Some groups, such as the FPI, or the local chapter of the Indonesian Ulema Council, reported Ahok to the police, accusing him of having violated Indonesia's blasphemy law. On 10 October 2016, Ahok publicly apologised to those he offended with his statement, stating that it was not his intention to do so and that some of his policies had benefited Muslims, such as granting permits for Islamic schools, providing Jakarta Smart Cards (KJP) to the students, and building a mosque in the City Hall complex. He also pointed out that during his Thousand Islands speech, the residents were not insulted, and even amused during his recitation. Imam Mohammad Tawhidi of Australia requested to defend Ahok during his blasphemy trial. Tawhidi argued that the aggrieved Islamic groups had incorrectly interpreted the verse of the Quran that Ahok had allegedly referenced in a blasphemous manner. Tawhidi stated that there is nothing wrong with non-Muslims leading a Muslim-majority country. Tawhidi said he had received death threats from FPI.On 9 May 2017, Ahok was sentenced to two years in prison by North Jakarta District Court after being found guilty of blasphemy and inciting violence. The panel of judges rejected his defence that he referred to a Quranic verse to highlight political discrimination. Based on the court hearing,the panel of judges said that his Thousand Islands speech contained elements of blasphemy. The chief judge maintained that Ahok's statement considered the Al-Maidah verse as a tool to deceive or a source of lies. He said the verse is part of the Quran, and that anyone who quotes it should not have any intent of deception. The judges took into consideration a book Ahok had written in 2008 titled \"Changing Indonesia\". His book was judged as proof that he understood the verse in question. They determined the word \"aulia\" (\"friends and protectors\", or \"allies\") in the verse could be defined as a leader, thus declaring that Ahok's remarks to be degrading and insulting to the Koran. They also agreed with expert witnesses in the trial that Ahok's remarks were a blasphemous offence.The verdict was met with scrutiny, condemnation and heavy criticism by many Indonesians and observers in the international community, in a case widely seen as a test of religious tolerance and free speech. Many said the verdict was politically driven, retaliatory in nature, and the judges had succumbed to pressure from extremist Islamic groups, disgruntled corrupt business groups, and politicians and officials who were previously criticised by the Ahok administration. Several civil society groups protested his imprisonment, including Amnesty International. Renowned music composer and conductor Addie MS conducted a singing protest in front of the \"Balai Kota\" (city hall). Candle-lit vigils were held in various cities. Many observers and individuals both inside and outside of Indonesia have also petitioned the Indonesian government to amend the blasphemy law on the basis that it is discriminatory and targets minorities. The promotion of three judges from the panel a few days after the verdict also raised suspicions and spurred criticism from many Indonesians.As a result of his imprisonment, Ahok was unable to finish his term as governor and was replaced by his deputy, Djarot Saiful Hidayat, who served until the administration completed its term in October 2017. Ahok initially wished to appeal his sentence but withdrew his appeal on 22 May 2017. In an unusual move, the prosecutors filed an appeal against the verdict, arguing the sentence was much heavier than the 1-year imprisonment they had requested. In February 2018, he filed a case review request to the Supreme Court, with his lawyers citing a conviction for tampering with the video footage which was used as evidence against him. On 26 March, the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.Before his arrest, Ahok had said that one day he wanted to be president of Indonesia. Although parole was possible in August 2018, Ahok stated that he would serve his entire sentence before leaving prison. In 2017, \"Foreign Policy\" included Ahok in its list of Global Thinkers 2017 \"for standing up to Indonesia's creeping fundamentalism.\"He was released on 24 January 2019 due to remissions granted at Indonesian Independence Day and Christmas. Soon afterwards, he joined the PDI-P. He has requested to be called as 'BTP', rather than 'Ahok' by which he is more known.In 2019, Ahok stated that he \"could no longer become a government official\". During Jokowi's second term of presidency, Ahok was appointed as the president commissioner of the state-owned oil and gas firm Pertamina. By February 2020, the 212 Movement (the same group which protested his alleged blasphemy) had protested for Ahok to be removed from Pertamina.Human rights groups and academics criticized Ahok's forced evictions of Jakarta's urban poor 'kampung' residents from areas zoned for redevelopment to reduce floods and traffic and create green space. Ahok said the residents were illegally squatting on government-owned land and would be moved to newly built public housing. Jakarta Legal Aid Foundation noted at least 16,000 urban poor families had been displaced in two years during his administration. There were 193 forced evictions alone in 2016, compared to 113 in 2015. Human rights groups said the evictions were not conducted under the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) convention, which Indonesia ratified in 2005. One of the conditions of the covenant requires a dialogue before eviction and compensation for any damaged property. Ahok was criticized for deploying police and military personnel during evictions that were part of shutting down and redeveloping a brothel complex.Ahok said his policies only evicted illegal squatters in order to uphold the rule of law. Human rights groups argued that under Indonesian land policy, the so-called illegal squatters should have received land certificates for having lived there for more than 30 years. Ahok relocated the evicted people to privately-funded public housing, but the relocations drew criticism for not meeting basic living standards and having a cost that jumped from the equivalent of about $10 to $20 a month to $70 to $100. Ahok was also accused of employing double standards in the evictions. Rujak Center for Urban Studies researcher Dian Tri Irawaty noted that the evictions did not apply to commercial areas and elite neighbourhoods in Jakarta. She cited the Taman Anggrek mall in West Jakarta, the neighbourhoods and commercial areas in Kelapa Gading and Pluit in North Jakarta, which were also built on water catchment areas. Ian Wilson of Murdoch University argued that Ahok's policies that affected Jakarta's urban poor were overshadowed by his status as an ethnic and religious minority, especially since at the same time he was accused of blasphemy. Many lower and middle-class citizens felt he had ignored public aspirations and caused hundreds of residents to lose their homes.Ahok countered that he had a different concept of human rights, saying, \"I would kill 2,000 people in front of you to save 10 million.\" The leader of human rights group KontraS, Haris Azhar, said Ahok's anti-corruption image was \"nothing but a publicity gimmick\" for his lack of awareness in human rights.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta", "Vice Governor of Jakarta"], "facts": [["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "position held", "Vice Governor of Jakarta", "October 2012", "November 2014"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "position held", "Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta", "November 2014", "May 2017"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "member of political party", "Indonesian Democratic Party \u2013 Struggle", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "spouse", "Veronica Tan", "January 1997", "January 2018"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "position held", "Regent of East Belitung", "August 2005", "December 2006"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "member of political party", "Party of Functional Groups", "January 2008", "January 2012"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "spouse", "Puput Nastiti Devi", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "member of political party", "Great Indonesia Movement Party", "January 2012", "January 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Basuki Tjahaja Purnama belong to before he/she was the member of Great Indonesia Movement Party?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Basuki Tjahaja Purnama belong to before he/she was the member of Great Indonesia Movement Party?", "date": "January 01 2012", "text_answers": {"text": ["Golkar"]}, "id": "L3_Q3701615_P102_P102_23", "fact_context": "Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Golkar from January 2008 to January 2012. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta from November 2014 to May 2017. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Vice Governor of Jakarta from October 2012 to November 2014. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Puput Nastiti Devi from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Regent of East Belitung from August 2005 to December 2006. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Great Indonesia Movement Party from January 2012 to January 2014. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Veronica Tan from January 1997 to January 2018. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle from January 2019 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta from November 2014 to May 2017. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Great Indonesia Movement Party from 01/2012 to Jan 2014. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Puput Nastiti Devi from Jan 2019 to May 2023. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Vice Governor of Jakarta from 10/2012 to Nov 2014. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was a member of the Golkar from January 2008 to Jan 2012. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was married to Veronica Tan from 01/1997 to 01/2018. \n Basuki Tjahaja Purnama held the position of Regent of East Belitung from Aug 2005 to 12/2006.", "context": "Basuki Tjahaja PurnamaBasuki Tjahaja Purnama (born 29 June 1966) is an Indonesian businessman, politician and former governor of Jakarta. He is also known by his Hakka Chinese nickname Ahok (). He was the first governor of Jakarta with Chinese ancestry and also the city's second Christian governor, following Henk Ngantung, who was governor from 1964\u201365.Ahok was a legislator in the Indonesian People's Representative Council (DPR) and Regent of East Belitung. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the 2009\u20132014 term but resigned in 2012 to run for the deputy governorship of Jakarta, to which he was elected. In November 2014, he became governor of Jakarta, as his predecessor Joko Widodo had become president. Ahead of the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, Ahok's political rivals aligned themselves with Islamic extremists to exploit religious and racial intolerance, resulting in Ahok being accused of blasphemy in October 2016. He then lost the election to former Education Minister Anies Baswedan and was imprisoned for blasphemy.Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Chinese: ; Hakka Pha\u030dk-fa-s\u1e73: \"Ch\u00fbng Van-ho\u030dk\") was born on 29 June 1966 and grew up in Manggar, East Belitung. He is the first son of Buniarti Ningsih and the late Indra Tjahaja Purnama. He has three siblings: Basuri Tjahaja Purnama, Fifi Lety, and Harry Basuki.Ahok married Veronica Tan on 6 September 1997, and the couple has three children: Nicolas Sean, Natania, and Daud Albeneer. They divorced in 2018, with Ahok gaining custody of the two younger children. In 2019, Ahok married Puput Nastiti Devi, a police officer who previously served as the aide of his ex-wife.Ahok attended Trisakti University, majoring in mineral resources and technology. He graduated with a bachelor of science degree in geological engineering in 1989 and returned to his hometown in Belitung to build a company that dealt in mining contracts.After two years of working in the company, he decided to pursue a master's degree in financial management at Prasetiya Mulya Business School in Jakarta. He graduated with a Master of Business Administration.Ahok entered politics in his home region of Belitung. He contested the 2005 East Belitung regent election with Khairul Effendi as his running mate and was elected with 37.13% of the vote. He was hopeful Indonesia was breaking with its long and often violent history of prejudice and resentment. He is nicknamed \"The Father\" and \"The Law\" for his firm stance against corruption. Ahok confronted vital issues related to traffic congestion, labour, corruption and bureaucracy. He mediated a minimum wage increase, proposed incentives for street vendors to move to designated markets in order to reduce congestion, migrated poor villagers to new flats, introduced surprise inspections of government offices, and proposed installing CCTVs to improve accountability.Ahok resigned from his position as East Belitung regent on 11 December 2006 in order to run in the 2007 Bangka-Belitung gubernatorial election. He later credited former Indonesian president Abdurrahman Wahid, for convincing him to run for public office. Wahid supported Ahok's candidacy and praised his healthcare reforms. However, Ahok was defeated by Eko Maulana Ali.In 2008, Ahok wrote a biography titled \"Merubah Indonesia\" (\"Reforming Indonesia\").In 2009, Ahok was elected to the DPR as a member of Golkar. He was elected with 119,232 votes, and was assigned to the Second Commission. In 2011, he generated controversy in a visit to his local constituency, during which was recorded by the local media condemning local tin mining businesses for causing environmental damage. The comment was regarded as an insult by a local youth NGO, who reported him to the House Ethics Committee.In 2011, Ahok considered running for Jakarta governor as an independent candidate. However, he opted not to run, as he was pessimistic about his chances of receiving 250,000 signatures, a requirement for running as an independent gubernatorial candidate in Jakarta. He then became the running mate of Joko Widodo in the 2012 election. The pair won 1,847,157 (42.6%) votes in the first round, and 2,472,130 (53.82%) in the second round, defeating incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo. The ticket was nominated by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) and the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra). On 10 September 2014, Ahok left Gerindra because he opposed the party's proposal to scrap direct elections for local leaders. Since then, he has been politically unaffiliated.When Joko Widodo took a temporary leave from his post as Jakarta governor to campaign for the presidency, Ahok became acting Governor of Jakarta from 1 June to 22 July 2014. Following Jokowi's victory, he succeeded him as governor and was sworn into office on 18 November 2014.In October 2015, the State Audit Board (BPK) commenced an investigation into the city's procurement of 3.7 hectares of land adjacent to Sumber Waras Hospital in West Jakarta for a cardiac and cancer center. The city administration bought the land in 2014 for Rp775.69 billion, but BPK subsequently said the land should have cost Rp564.35 billion, so the purchase had caused a state loss of Rp191 billion. The Corruption Eradication Commission questioned Ahok over the case in 2016 and cleared him of any wrongdoing. Anti-corruption activist Boyamin Saiman claimed he had evidence of corruption and demanded Ahok be held accountable. Corruption allegations were also made over an allegedly fallacious land purchase made by the city administration in Cengkareng, West Jakarta, on 13 November 2015, with a marked-up price causing an estimated state loss of Rp600 billion. In December 2020, South Jakarta District Court heard a pre-trial hearing over the Cengkareng land procurement case.Ahok initially had declared to run for the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election as an independent candidate with \"Teman Ahok\" (Friends of Ahok), a group of volunteers responsible for collecting over one million Resident Identity Cards, representing supporters required by Indonesian law to be eligible to run from an independent ticket. Due to a new state regulation that stricken independent candidate's requirements to run for this election, Ahok is set to run from political party ticket from three political parties, who previously declared endorsements earlier in 2016. They are Golkar, the People's Conscience Party (Hanura), and the Nasdem Party. On 20 September 2016, the PDI-P declared its support for Ahok.In the first round of voting on 15 February 2017, Ahok secured passage to the second-round between two candidates, having secured approximately 43% of the vote, ahead of Anies Baswedan with 40%, and well ahead of Agus Yudhoyono with 17%. Quick counts for the 19 April runoff indicated that Anies Baswedan was elected as governor; Ahok conceded defeat hours after the polls closed. The official results of the runoff were published by General Elections Commissions (KPU) in May, and Anies Baswedan was elected as the new governor of Jakarta.A candidate and a member of a minority ethnic group, Ahok has become the subject of occasional racist comments. During the campaign, he was regularly targeted by ultra-conservatives and supporters of rival candidates for being of Chinese descent. Furthermore, his \"double minority\" background, being both a Christian and of Chinese descent, makes him a target of the hardliner Islamic Defenders Front (\"Front Pembela Islam\", FPI). The group called for the revision of the Jakarta constitution to remove some of the governor's responsibilities for government-affiliated Islamic organisations. In 2016, Indonesian Army General Surya Prabowo commented that Ahok should \"know his place lest the Indonesian Chinese face the consequences of his action\". This controversial comment was considered to hearken back to previous violence against Chinese Indonesians.On 27 September 2016, while introducing a government project to citizens of the Thousand Islands, Ahok said some citizens would not vote for him because they were being \"threatened and deceived\" by those using the verse Al-Ma'ida 51 of the Qur'an and variations of it. The provincial government of Jakarta uploaded the video recording to YouTube in a channel which often featured Ahok's activities. The video was later edited by a university lecturer, Buni Yani, and one word was omitted from that video, creating a misinterpretation of Ahok's statement. The video went viral, with some citizens considering it an insult to the Quran. Ahok received threats of lynching and was widely criticised in social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Several \"Change.org\" petitions were filed, initiated by both his supporters and critics, garnering tens of thousands of signatures.Some groups, such as the FPI, or the local chapter of the Indonesian Ulema Council, reported Ahok to the police, accusing him of having violated Indonesia's blasphemy law. On 10 October 2016, Ahok publicly apologised to those he offended with his statement, stating that it was not his intention to do so and that some of his policies had benefited Muslims, such as granting permits for Islamic schools, providing Jakarta Smart Cards (KJP) to the students, and building a mosque in the City Hall complex. He also pointed out that during his Thousand Islands speech, the residents were not insulted, and even amused during his recitation. Imam Mohammad Tawhidi of Australia requested to defend Ahok during his blasphemy trial. Tawhidi argued that the aggrieved Islamic groups had incorrectly interpreted the verse of the Quran that Ahok had allegedly referenced in a blasphemous manner. Tawhidi stated that there is nothing wrong with non-Muslims leading a Muslim-majority country. Tawhidi said he had received death threats from FPI.On 9 May 2017, Ahok was sentenced to two years in prison by North Jakarta District Court after being found guilty of blasphemy and inciting violence. The panel of judges rejected his defence that he referred to a Quranic verse to highlight political discrimination. Based on the court hearing,the panel of judges said that his Thousand Islands speech contained elements of blasphemy. The chief judge maintained that Ahok's statement considered the Al-Maidah verse as a tool to deceive or a source of lies. He said the verse is part of the Quran, and that anyone who quotes it should not have any intent of deception. The judges took into consideration a book Ahok had written in 2008 titled \"Changing Indonesia\". His book was judged as proof that he understood the verse in question. They determined the word \"aulia\" (\"friends and protectors\", or \"allies\") in the verse could be defined as a leader, thus declaring that Ahok's remarks to be degrading and insulting to the Koran. They also agreed with expert witnesses in the trial that Ahok's remarks were a blasphemous offence.The verdict was met with scrutiny, condemnation and heavy criticism by many Indonesians and observers in the international community, in a case widely seen as a test of religious tolerance and free speech. Many said the verdict was politically driven, retaliatory in nature, and the judges had succumbed to pressure from extremist Islamic groups, disgruntled corrupt business groups, and politicians and officials who were previously criticised by the Ahok administration. Several civil society groups protested his imprisonment, including Amnesty International. Renowned music composer and conductor Addie MS conducted a singing protest in front of the \"Balai Kota\" (city hall). Candle-lit vigils were held in various cities. Many observers and individuals both inside and outside of Indonesia have also petitioned the Indonesian government to amend the blasphemy law on the basis that it is discriminatory and targets minorities. The promotion of three judges from the panel a few days after the verdict also raised suspicions and spurred criticism from many Indonesians.As a result of his imprisonment, Ahok was unable to finish his term as governor and was replaced by his deputy, Djarot Saiful Hidayat, who served until the administration completed its term in October 2017. Ahok initially wished to appeal his sentence but withdrew his appeal on 22 May 2017. In an unusual move, the prosecutors filed an appeal against the verdict, arguing the sentence was much heavier than the 1-year imprisonment they had requested. In February 2018, he filed a case review request to the Supreme Court, with his lawyers citing a conviction for tampering with the video footage which was used as evidence against him. On 26 March, the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.Before his arrest, Ahok had said that one day he wanted to be president of Indonesia. Although parole was possible in August 2018, Ahok stated that he would serve his entire sentence before leaving prison. In 2017, \"Foreign Policy\" included Ahok in its list of Global Thinkers 2017 \"for standing up to Indonesia's creeping fundamentalism.\"He was released on 24 January 2019 due to remissions granted at Indonesian Independence Day and Christmas. Soon afterwards, he joined the PDI-P. He has requested to be called as 'BTP', rather than 'Ahok' by which he is more known.In 2019, Ahok stated that he \"could no longer become a government official\". During Jokowi's second term of presidency, Ahok was appointed as the president commissioner of the state-owned oil and gas firm Pertamina. By February 2020, the 212 Movement (the same group which protested his alleged blasphemy) had protested for Ahok to be removed from Pertamina.Human rights groups and academics criticized Ahok's forced evictions of Jakarta's urban poor 'kampung' residents from areas zoned for redevelopment to reduce floods and traffic and create green space. Ahok said the residents were illegally squatting on government-owned land and would be moved to newly built public housing. Jakarta Legal Aid Foundation noted at least 16,000 urban poor families had been displaced in two years during his administration. There were 193 forced evictions alone in 2016, compared to 113 in 2015. Human rights groups said the evictions were not conducted under the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) convention, which Indonesia ratified in 2005. One of the conditions of the covenant requires a dialogue before eviction and compensation for any damaged property. Ahok was criticized for deploying police and military personnel during evictions that were part of shutting down and redeveloping a brothel complex.Ahok said his policies only evicted illegal squatters in order to uphold the rule of law. Human rights groups argued that under Indonesian land policy, the so-called illegal squatters should have received land certificates for having lived there for more than 30 years. Ahok relocated the evicted people to privately-funded public housing, but the relocations drew criticism for not meeting basic living standards and having a cost that jumped from the equivalent of about $10 to $20 a month to $70 to $100. Ahok was also accused of employing double standards in the evictions. Rujak Center for Urban Studies researcher Dian Tri Irawaty noted that the evictions did not apply to commercial areas and elite neighbourhoods in Jakarta. She cited the Taman Anggrek mall in West Jakarta, the neighbourhoods and commercial areas in Kelapa Gading and Pluit in North Jakarta, which were also built on water catchment areas. Ian Wilson of Murdoch University argued that Ahok's policies that affected Jakarta's urban poor were overshadowed by his status as an ethnic and religious minority, especially since at the same time he was accused of blasphemy. Many lower and middle-class citizens felt he had ignored public aspirations and caused hundreds of residents to lose their homes.Ahok countered that he had a different concept of human rights, saying, \"I would kill 2,000 people in front of you to save 10 million.\" The leader of human rights group KontraS, Haris Azhar, said Ahok's anti-corruption image was \"nothing but a publicity gimmick\" for his lack of awareness in human rights.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Indonesian Democratic Party \u2013 Struggle", "Great Indonesia Movement Party"], "facts": [["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "position held", "Governor of Special Capital Region of Jakarta", "November 2014", "May 2017"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "position held", "Regent of East Belitung", "August 2005", "December 2006"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "spouse", "Puput Nastiti Devi", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "member of political party", "Great Indonesia Movement Party", "January 2012", "January 2014"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "member of political party", "Indonesian Democratic Party \u2013 Struggle", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "spouse", "Veronica Tan", "January 1997", "January 2018"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "member of political party", "Party of Functional Groups", "January 2008", "January 2012"], ["Basuki Tjahaja Purnama", "position held", "Vice Governor of Jakarta", "October 2012", "November 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for after he/she worked for University of Groningen?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi work for after he/she worked for University of Groningen?", "date": "January 01 1926", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fitzwilliam College"]}, "id": "L3_Q180468_P108_P108_16", "fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from January 1920 to January 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to January 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from January 1939 to January 1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from April 1945 to November 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from January 1925 to January 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from November 1945 to January 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from January 1926 to January 1930.", "adv_fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from Jan 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from 01/1925 to Jan 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to Jan 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from Jan 1926 to 01/1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from Nov 1945 to Jan 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from 04/1945 to Nov 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from 01/1939 to 01/1943.", "context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyiAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi de Nagyr\u00e1polt (September 16, 1893\u00a0\u2013 October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1893. His father, Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Transylvania (today T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when S\u00e1muel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled. At the time of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available. (Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and M\u00e1ria Csiky). His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of J\u00f3zsef Lenhoss\u00e9k and Anna Boss\u00e1nyi. Jozefina was a sister of Mih\u00e1ly Lenhoss\u00e9k; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University. His family included three generations of scientists. Music was important in the Lenhoss\u00e9k family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother P\u00e1l became a professional violinist.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911, and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi shot himself in the arm, claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917. He married Korn\u00e9lia Dem\u00e9ny, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his research career in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929 where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called \"hexuronic acid\", from adrenal gland tissue.He accepted a position at the University of Szeged in 1930. There Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that \"hexuronic acid\" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zolt\u00e1n Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\". Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (The Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.)In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.In 1947 Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research.During the 1950s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956.In the late 1950s, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term \"syntropy\" replace the term \"negentropy\". Ralph Moss, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled \"Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.\" Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling.Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, who realized that \"a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,\" divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored \"the fringes of knowledge,\" Dionysians. He wrote, \"In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian.\"As the government of Gyula G\u00f6mb\u00f6s and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Mikl\u00f3s K\u00e1llay sent Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.In 1967, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.He married Cornelia Dem\u00e9ny, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917. Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was born in 1918. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975. They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth. In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi oral history collection.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Groningen", "University of Szeged", "Leiden University"], "facts": [["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Hungarian upper chamber", "January 1939", "January 1943"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "November 1945", "January 1947"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "educated at", "Semmelweis University", "January 1911", "January 1917"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1925", "January 1926"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1931", "January 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Fitzwilliam College", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Provisional National Assembly", "April 1945", "November 1945"]]}
{"question": "Where was Anna Cervin educated after he/she studied at Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts?", "adv_question": "Where was Anna Cervin educated after he/she studied at Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts?", "date": "January 01 1903", "text_answers": {"text": ["Acad\u00e9mie Colarossi"]}, "id": "L3_Q4942463_P69_P69_0", "fact_context": "Anna Cervin studied at Acad\u00e9mie Colarossi from January 1903 to January 1904. \n Anna Cervin studied at Harriet Backer School from January 1907 to January 1908. \n Anna Cervin was married to Jens Munthe Svendsen from January 1904 to January 1912. \n Anna Cervin studied at Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts from January 1898 to January 1903.", "adv_fact_context": "Anna Cervin studied at Harriet Backer School from Jan 1907 to 01/1908. \n Anna Cervin studied at Acad\u00e9mie Colarossi from January 1903 to January 1904. \n Anna Cervin was married to Jens Munthe Svendsen from Jan 1904 to Jan 1912. \n Anna Cervin studied at Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts from Jan 1898 to 01/1903.", "context": "Anna CervinAnna Kristina Cervin (27 May 1878 in Holmedal, Sweden \u2013 1972) was a Swedish artist, primarily known for her painting work.Cervin was the daughter of August Cervin and Emma Bratt\u00e9n.She studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in Stockholm between 1898\u20131903, at the Acad\u00e9mie Colarossi in Paris between 1903\u20131904, and at the Harriet Backer School in Oslo between 1907\u20131908. She worked in Sweden. At first she mainly painted still life portraits and landscape paintings, mostly with oil.She became known for her skill copying family portraits and older paintings. She was featured in several Swedish artists' exhibitions and in the exhibition \"Fem m\u00e5larinnor\" in V\u00e4rmlands Museum in 1948, and at Lund University's art exhibition in 1919.Her works are presented at the Nationalmuseum and in the V\u00e4rmlands museum in Karlstad, among others.She was married to the Norwegian sculptor Jens Munthe-Svendsen between 1904\u20131912.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts", "Harriet Backer School"], "facts": [["Anna Cervin", "educated at", "Acad\u00e9mie Colarossi", "January 1903", "January 1904"], ["Anna Cervin", "educated at", "Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts", "January 1898", "January 1903"], ["Anna Cervin", "spouse", "Jens Munthe Svendsen", "January 1904", "January 1912"], ["Anna Cervin", "educated at", "Harriet Backer School", "January 1907", "January 1908"]]}
{"question": "Where was Abraham Fraenkel educated before he/she studied at University of Wroc\u0142aw?", "adv_question": "Where was Abraham Fraenkel educated before he/she studied at University of Wroc\u0142aw?", "date": "January 01 1912", "text_answers": {"text": ["Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich"]}, "id": "L3_Q61043_P69_P69_5", "fact_context": "Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Marburg from January 1918 to January 1928. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Wroc\u0142aw from January 1912 to January 1913. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Kiel from January 1931 to January 1933. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1909 to January 1910. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1933 to January 1957. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Marburg from January 1913 to January 1914.", "adv_fact_context": "Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Wroc\u0142aw from Jan 1912 to 01/1913. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 01/1933 to 01/1957. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from Jan 1909 to Jan 1910. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Marburg from January 1918 to Jan 1928. \n Abraham Fraenkel studied at University of Marburg from 01/1913 to Jan 1914. \n Abraham Fraenkel worked for University of Kiel from Jan 1931 to January 1933.", "context": "Abraham FraenkelAbraham Fraenkel (; February 17, 1891 \u2013 October 15, 1965) was a German-born Israeli mathematician. He was an early Zionist and the first Dean of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is known for his contributions to axiomatic set theory, especially his additions to Ernst Zermelo's axioms, which resulted in the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory.Abraham Adolf Halevi Fraenkel studied mathematics at the Universities of Munich, Berlin, Marburg and Breslau. After graduating, he lectured at the University of Marburg from 1916, and was promoted to professor in 1922.In 1919 he married Wilhelmina Malka A. Prins (1892\u20131983). Due to the severe housing shortage in post-war Germany, for a few years the couple lived as subtenants at professor Hensel's place.After leaving Marburg in 1928, Fraenkel taught at the University of Kiel for a year. He then made the fateful choice of accepting a position at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which had been founded four years earlier, where he spent the rest of his career. He became the first Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics, and for a while served as Rector of the University.Fraenkel was a fervent Zionist and as such was a member of Jewish National Council and the Jewish Assembly of Representatives under the British mandate. He also belonged to the Mizrachi religious wing of Zionism, which promoted Jewish religious education and schools, and which advocated giving the Chief Rabbinate authority over marriage and divorce.Fraenkel's early work was on Kurt Hensel's p-adic numbers and on the theory of rings. He is best known for his work on axiomatic set theory, publishing his first major work on the topic \"Einleitung in die Mengenlehre\" (Introduction to set theory) in 1919. In 1922 and 1925, he published two papers that sought to improve Zermelo's axiomatic system; the result is the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel axioms. Fraenkel worked in set theory and foundational mathematics.Fraenkel also was interested in the history of mathematics, writing in 1920 and 1930 about Gauss's works in algebra, and he published a biography of Georg Cantor. After retiring from the Hebrew University and being succeeded by his former student Abraham Robinson, Fraenkel continued teaching at the Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan (near Tel Aviv).", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Wroc\u0142aw", "University of Marburg"], "facts": [["Abraham Fraenkel", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1909", "January 1910"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "employer", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "January 1933", "January 1957"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "educated at", "University of Wroc\u0142aw", "January 1912", "January 1913"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "educated at", "University of Marburg", "January 1913", "January 1914"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "employer", "University of Kiel", "January 1931", "January 1933"], ["Abraham Fraenkel", "employer", "University of Marburg", "January 1918", "January 1928"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Pat Forde work for after he/she worked for Yahoo Sports?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Pat Forde work for after he/she worked for Yahoo Sports?", "date": "October 28 2019", "text_answers": {"text": ["Sports Illustrated"]}, "id": "L3_Q16208054_P108_P108_24", "fact_context": "Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from January 1979 to January 1983. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to January 1987. \n Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from January 1987 to January 2004. \n Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from November 2011 to October 2019. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from January 2004 to October 2011. \n Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from October 2019 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Pat Forde worked for Yahoo Sports from Nov 2011 to 10/2019. \n Pat Forde worked for The Courier-Journal from Jan 1987 to Jan 2004. \n Pat Forde worked for Sports Illustrated from Oct 2019 to May 2023. \n Pat Forde worked for ESPN from 01/2004 to 10/2011. \n Pat Forde studied at University of Missouri from January 1983 to Jan 1987. \n Pat Forde studied at Air Academy High School from 01/1979 to 01/1983.", "context": "Pat FordePat Forde is a sports journalist who is a national columnist for \"Sports Illustrated\". He previously worked for ESPN, \"The Courier-Journal\" in Louisville, Kentucky, and \"Yahoo Sports\".Forde is a native of Colorado Springs, Colorado. He currently lives in Louisville with his wife Tricia, a former swimmer at Northwestern University. All three of their children have been college swimmers\u2014son Mitchell at Missouri from 2013\u20132017, another son Clayton at Georgia from 2016\u20132020, and daughter Brooke at Stanford since 2017. Brooke will compete in the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 as part of the USA 4 \u00d7 200m freestyle relay team.Forde played high school football for Gary Barnett during his sophomore and junior years (1980\u201381) at Air Academy High School in Colorado Springs. He is a 1987 graduate of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.Forde began his career in 1987 working as a journalist for \"The Courier-Journal\", where his writing won numerous awards. He initially worked there as a beat reporter and then spent 12 years writing a column.In 2004, Forde left \"The Courier-Journal\" to join ESPN full-time after freelancing for their website for about seven years. During the NCAA football season, Forde wrote a column called \"Forde Yard Dash\", and during the NCAA basketball season, he wrote a column called \"Forde Minutes\". He also appeared on ESPN radio and television.On November 1, 2011, after the expiration of his contract, Forde left ESPN to pursue a career with Yahoo Sports. There, he resumed his weekly \"Forde Yard Dash\" and, later, his \"Forde Minutes\" column as well.On October 29, 2019, Forde joined \"Sports Illustrated\" as its new senior college sports writer. He continues to write both \"Forde-Yard Dash\" and \"Forde Minutes\" for \"SI\".In 2008, Forde served as the co-author for University of Louisville basketball coach Rick Pitino's \"Rebound Rules: The Art of Success 2.0\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["The Courier-Journal", "Yahoo Sports", "ESPN"], "facts": [["Pat Forde", "employer", "Yahoo Sports", "November 2011", "October 2019"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "University of Missouri", "January 1983", "January 1987"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "The Courier-Journal", "January 1987", "January 2004"], ["Pat Forde", "educated at", "Air Academy High School", "January 1979", "January 1983"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "Sports Illustrated", "October 2019", "May 2023"], ["Pat Forde", "employer", "ESPN", "January 2004", "October 2011"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu work for after he/she worked for Chernivtsi University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu work for after he/she worked for Chernivtsi University?", "date": "January 01 1939", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Bucharest"]}, "id": "L3_Q247545_P108_P108_24", "fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1923 to January 1924. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1919 to January 1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from January 1939 to January 1970. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to January 1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from January 1929 to January 1939.", "adv_fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from Jan 1919 to 01/1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from 01/1923 to 01/1924. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1922 to 01/1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from 01/1929 to Jan 1939. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from Jan 1939 to Jan 1970.", "context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanuGheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu (June 30, 1900 \u2013 April 27, 1979) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and topology. He was titular member of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.He was born in 1900 in Valea Hogei, then a village in Vaslui County, now a component of Lipova commune, in Bac\u0103u County. He was the eldest of five children in his family. After attending primary school in his village and high school in Vaslui, he went to study mathematics at the University of Ia\u0219i in 1919. There, he took courses with , Vera Myller, , Victor V\u00e2lcovici, and Simion Stoilow. After graduating in 1922, he went in 1923 to the University of G\u00f6ttingen, where he studied under David Hilbert. Thereafter, he went to the University of Rome, where he studied under Tullio Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on November 5, 1924 with thesis \"Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita\". The thesis defense committee was composed of 11 faculty, and was headed by Vito Volterra.Vr\u0103nceanu returned to Ia\u0219i, where he was appointed a lecturer at the University. In 1927\u20131928, he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in France and the United States, where he was in a contact with \u00c9lie Cartan and Oswald Veblen. In 1929, he returned to Romania, and was appointed professor at the University of Cern\u0103u\u021bi. In 1939, he moved to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Head of the Geometry and Topology department in 1948, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. His doctoral students include Henri Moscovici and .Vr\u0103nceanu was elected to the Romanian Academy as a corresponding member in 1946, then as a full member in 1955. From 1964 he was president of the Mathematics Section of the Romanian Academy. Also from 1964, he was an editor of the journal \"Revue Roumaine de math\u00e9matiques pures et appliqu\u00e9es\", founded that year. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, Canada in 1974, he was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, a position he held from 1975 to 1978. He died in Bucharest in 1979 of an intestinal obstruction and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.A high school in Bac\u0103u (Colegiul Na\u021bional \"Gheorghe Vr\u00e2nceanu\") is named after him, and so is a school in Lipova.During his career, Vr\u0103nceanu published over 300 articles in journals throughout the world. His work covers a whole range of modern geometry, from the classical theory of surfaces, to the notion of non-holonomic spaces, which he discovered.In 1928 he gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, titled \"Parallelisme et courbure dans une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 non holonome\". In it, he introduced the notion of \"non-holonomic manifolds,\" which are smooth manifolds provided with a smooth distribution that is generally not integrable.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Chernivtsi University", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University"], "facts": [["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Chernivtsi University", "January 1929", "January 1939"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1919", "January 1922"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1922", "January 1923"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "University of Bucharest", "January 1939", "January 1970"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1923", "January 1924"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jiankui He educated before he/she studied at Rice University?", "adv_question": "Where was Jiankui He educated before he/she studied at Rice University?", "date": "January 01 2009", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Science and Technology of China"]}, "id": "L3_Q59223278_P69_P69_3", "fact_context": "Jiankui He studied at Stanford University from January 2011 to January 2012. \n Jiankui He studied at University of Science and Technology of China from January 2002 to January 2006. \n Jiankui He studied at Rice University from January 2009 to January 2010. \n Jiankui He worked for Southern University of Science and Technology from January 2012 to February 2018.", "adv_fact_context": "Jiankui He worked for Southern University of Science and Technology from Jan 2012 to Feb 2018. \n Jiankui He studied at Stanford University from 01/2011 to 01/2012. \n Jiankui He studied at Rice University from Jan 2009 to Jan 2010. \n Jiankui He studied at University of Science and Technology of China from January 2002 to 01/2006.", "context": "He JiankuiHe Jiankui (; ; born 1984) is a Chinese biophysics researcher who was an associate professor in the Department of Biology of the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) in Shenzhen, China. Earning his Ph.D. from Rice University in Texas on protein evolution, including that of CRISPR, He learned gene-editing techniques (CRISPR/Cas9) as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University in California.He Jiankui became widely known in November 2018 after he had claimed that he had created the first human genetically edited babies, twin girls known by their pseudonyms, Lulu and Nana. The announcement in November 2018 of Lulu and Nana, who were born by mid-October 2018, was initially praised in the press as a major scientific advancement. But following scrutiny on how the experiment was executed, He received widespread condemnation, and on 29 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended his research activities. On January 21, 2019, He was fired by SUSTech.In May 2019, lawyers in China reported, in light of the purported creation by He Jiankui of the first gene-edited humans, the drafting of regulations that anyone manipulating the human genome by gene-editing techniques would be held responsible for any related adverse consequences. In December 2019, \"MIT Technology Review\" reported an overview of the controversy to date, including excerpts of the unpublished research manuscript. On 30 December 2019, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He to three years' imprisonment and a three-million-yuan fine.He was listed as one of \"Time\" 100 most influential people of 2019.Born in Xinhua County, Loudi, Hunan in 1984, He Jiankui was educated at the University of Science and Technology of China as an undergraduate student from 2002 to 2006. He entered Rice University in 2007 and received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Physics and Astronomy under the supervision of Michael W. Deem in 2010. After his Ph.D., Deem arranged for He to work on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique as a postdoc fellow with Stephen Quake at Stanford University. He returned to China in 2012 under the Thousand Talents Program of the Government of China and opened a lab at the Southern University of Science and Technology. As part of the program, he was given 1 million yuan ($144,000) in angel funding, which he used to start biotech and investment companies. He founded Direct Genomics in 2012 in Shenzhen, to develop single-molecule sequencing devices based on patents invented by Quake that had formerly been licensed by Helicos Biosciences. Direct Genomics received 40 million yuan ($4.5 million) in subsidies from Shenzhen, and raised hundreds of millions yuan more in private investment, but He sold his stake in 2019. He also founded Vienomics Biotech, which offers genome sequencing services for people with cancer.He Jiankui's achievements were widely revered in Chinese media, including China Central Television which covered his research and described him as \"the founding father of third-generation genome editing\" during a program celebrating the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. He took an unpaid leave from the university starting in February 2018, and began conducting the genome-editing clinical experiment. On 26 November 2018, he announced the birth of gene-edited human babies, Lulu and Nana. Three days later, on 29 November 2018, Chinese authorities suspended all of his research activities, saying that his work was \"extremely abominable in nature\" and a violation of Chinese law. In December 2018, following public outcry regarding his work, He appeared to have gone missing. China's Southern University of Science and Technology denied the widespread rumors that he had been detained.In 2010, at Rice University, He Jiankui and Michael W. Deem published a paper describing some details of the CRISPR protein; this paper was part of the early work on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, before it had been adopted as a gene editing tool.In 2017, He gave a presentation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory describing work he did at Southern University of Science and Technology, in which he used CRISPR/Cas9 on mice, monkeys, and around 300 human embryos.In August 2018, He met with Chinese-American doctor John Zhang to discuss plans to launch a company focused on \"genetic medical tourism.\" The business was to target elite customers, operating out of China or Thailand. The business plans were shelved with He's detainment in November 2018.In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua \u2013 the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep, and the same gene-editing CRISPR/Cas9 technique allegedly used by He in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.On 25 November 2018, He Jiankui first announced on YouTube that his team successfully created the world's first genome-edited babies, Lulu and Nana. Formally presenting the story at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong three days later, he said that the twins were born from genetically modified embryos that were made resistant to HIV. His team recruited 8 couples consisting each of HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother through Beijing-based HIV volunteer group called Baihualin China League. During \"in vitro\" fertilization, the sperms were cleansed of HIV. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, they mutated the gene called \"CCR5\", which would confer resistance to HIV infection. The \"People's Daily\" announced the result as \"a historical breakthrough in the application of gene editing technology for disease prevention\".The experiment had recruited couples who wanted to have children; in order to participate, the man had to be HIV-positive and the woman uninfected. At the time, it was not disclosed whether the clinical experiment had received appropriate ethical review from an institutional review board before it started, and it was unclear if the participants had given truly informed consent.He Jiankui said that he edited the genomes of the embryos using CRISPR/Cas9, specifically targeting a gene, \"CCR5\", that codes for a protein that HIV-1 uses to enter cells. He was trying to create a specific mutation in the gene, (\"CCR5 \u039432\"), that few people naturally have and that possibly confers innate resistance to HIV-1, as seen in the case of the Berlin Patient. He said that the girls still carried functional copies of \"CCR5\" along with disabled \"CCR5\" given mosaicism inherent in the present state of the art in germ-line editing. There are forms of HIV that use a different receptor instead of CCR5, and the work that He did could not protect resulting children from those forms of HIV.He Jiankui said that he used a preimplantation genetic diagnosis process on the embryos that were edited, where three to five single cells were removed and the editing was checked. He said that parents were offered the choice of using edited or unedited embryos.The twin girls were born by mid-October 2018, according to emails from He to an adviser. According to He, they appeared to be healthy in all respects. When they were born, it was unclear if there might be long-term effects from the gene-editing; He was asked about his plans to monitor the children, and pay for their care should any problems arise, and how their confidentiality and that of their parents could remain protected. The names of the children used in reports, \"Lulu\" and \"Nana\", along with the names of their parents, \"Mark\" and \"Grace\", are pseudonyms. In February 2019, He's claims were reported to have been confirmed by Chinese investigators, according to NPR News.He Jiankui also said at the Hong Kong meeting that a second mother in his clinical experiment was in the early stages of pregnancy. Although there are no official reports, the baby was expected around August 2019, and the birth was confirmed from the court verdict on 30 December which mentioned that there were three genetically-edited babies.He Jiankui's human gene-editing clinical experiment was conducted without public discussion in the scientific community. It was first made public on 25 November 2018 when Antonio Regalado published a story about the work in \"MIT Technology Review\", based on documents that had been posted earlier that month on the Chinese clinical trials registry. He Jiankui refused to give any comment on whether the pregnancies were aborted or carried on. It was only after the story was posted that the experiment was revealed in a promotional video on YouTube by He Jiankui and the next day in the \"Associated Press\" report. He Jiankui had engaged a public relations firm as well.Once the existence of the clinical experiment was made public, He Jiankui's conduct was widely condemned. On 26 November, 122 Chinese scientists issued a joint statement that He's works were unethical, crazy and \"a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science\". Other Chinese scientists and institutions harshly criticized He; an article in \"Nature\" stated that concerns about He's conduct were \"particularly acute in China, where scientists are sensitive to the country's reputation as the Wild West of biomedical research\". An eminent bioethicist, Ren-zong Qiu, speaking at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, commented on He's research as \"a practice with the least degree of ethical justifiability and acceptability\".Geneticist Eric Topol stated, \"This is far too premature ... We're dealing with the operating instructions of a human being. It's a big deal.\" Nobel prize-winning biologist David Baltimore considered the work \"irresponsible\". Developmental biologist Kathy Niakan of the Francis Crick Institute said, \"If true...this would be a highly irresponsible, unethical and dangerous use of genome editing technology.\" Medical ethicist Julian Savulescu of the University of Oxford noted, \"If true, this experiment is monstrous.\" Bioethicist Henry T. Greely of Stanford Law School declared, \"I unequivocally condemn the experiment,\" and later, \"He Jiankui\u2019s experiment was, amazingly, even worse than I first thought.\" Nobel prize-winning biochemist Jennifer Doudna, of the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, condemned the research. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard University, defended some aspects of the experiment and said gene editing for HIV resistance was \"justifiable\" since HIV is \"a major and growing public health threat\", but questioned the decision of this project to allow one of the embryos to be used in a pregnancy attempt, since the use of that embryo suggests that the researchers\u2019 \"main emphasis was on testing editing rather than avoiding this disease\".Arthur Caplan, bioethicist at the New York University School of Medicine, said that engineering human genes is inevitable and, although there are concerns of creating \"designer babies\", medical researchers are more interested in using the technology to prevent and treat diseases, much like the type of experiments performed by He.Carl Zimmer compared the reaction to He's human gene editing experiment to the initial reactions and subsequent debate over mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), and the eventual regulatory approval of MRT in the United Kingdom.The National Institutes of Health (NIH) of United States announced a statement on 28 November 2018 signed by its Director Francis S. Collins, condemning He and his team for intentionally flouting international ethical norms by doing such irresponsible work, and criticizing that He's \"project was largely carried out in secret, the medical necessity for inactivation of CCR5 in these infants is utterly unconvincing, the informed consent process appears highly questionable, and the possibility of damaging off-target effects has not been satisfactorily explored\". NIH claims no support for the use of gene-editing technologies in human embryos.The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an announcement in the journal \"Lancet\", stating that they \"are opposed to any clinical operation of human embryo genome editing for reproductive purposes in violation of laws, regulations, and ethical norms in the absence of full scientific evaluation\", and condemning He for violating relevant ethical regulations and guidelines that have been clearly documented by the Chinese government. They emphasized that the \"genome editing of germ cells or early embryos is still in the stage of basic research, ... scientific research institutions and researchers should not undertake clinical operations of genome editing of human germ cells for reproductive purposes, nor should they fund such research\", and they will \"develop and issue further operational technical and ethical guidelines as soon as possible to guide and standardise relevant research and applications according to the highest scientific and ethical standards.\"In February 2019, scientists reported that the twin babies Lulu and Nana may have inadvertently (or perhaps, intentionally) had their brains enhanced.In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a global registry to track research on human genome editing, after a call to halt all work on genome editing.In April 2019, genetics experts from the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) noted, \u201c[We] believe there is no sound scientific reason to perform this type of gene editing on the human germline, and that the behavior of He [Jiankui] and his team represents a gross violation of both the Chinese regulations and the consensus reached by the international science community. We strongly condemn their actions as extremely irresponsible, both scientifically and ethically.\u201dThe Southern University of Science and Technology stated that He Jiankui had been on unpaid leave since February 2018, and his research was conducted outside of their campus; the university and his department said they were unaware of the research project and said it was inviting international experts to form an independent committee to investigate the incident, and would release the results to the public. Local authorities and the Chinese government also opened investigations.Michael W. Deem, He's doctoral advisor at Rice University, was involved in the clinical project, and was present when people involved in his study gave consent. Deem came under investigation by Rice after news of the work was made public.As of news reported on 28 December 2018, He was sequestered in a university apartment and under guard. According to news reported on 7 January 2019, he could face severe consequences. William Hurlbut, Stanford University neuroscientist and bioethicist, reported that he was in contact with He who was staying in a university apartment in Shenzhen \u201cby mutual agreement\u201d and was free to leave; often visiting the gym and taking walks with his wife. Nonetheless, He may have been under some form of surveillance.On 25 February 2019, news was reported that suggested the Chinese government may have helped fund the CRISPR babies experiment, at least in part, based on newly uncovered documents.An investigating task force set up by the Health Commission of China in Guangdong Province released a preliminary report on January 21, 2019, stated that He Jiankui had defied government bans and conducted the research in the pursuit of personal fame and gain. The report confirmed that He had recruited eight couples to participate in his experiment, resulting in two pregnancies, one of which gave birth to the gene edited twin girls in November 2018. The babies are now under medical supervision. The report further said He had made forged ethical review papers in order to enlist volunteers for the procedure, and had raised his own funds deliberately evading oversight, and organized a team that included some overseas members to carry out the illegal project. Officials from the investigation said that He, as well as other relevant personnel and organizations, will receive punishment per relevant laws and regulations, and those who are suspected of committing crimes will be charged.The SUSTech announced a statement on its website on 21 January 2019 that He Jiankui had been fired.On 30 December 2019, the Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison and fined him 3 million RMB (US$430,000). His collaborators received less penalty \u2013 Zhang Renli of the Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital, a two-year prison sentence and a 1-million RMB fine, and Qin Jinzhou of the Southern University of Science and Technology, an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000 RMB fine. The three were found guilty of having \"forged ethical review documents and misled doctors into unknowingly implanting gene-edited embryos into two women.\"", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Rice University", "Stanford University"], "facts": [["Jiankui He", "educated at", "Stanford University", "January 2011", "January 2012"], ["Jiankui He", "educated at", "Rice University", "January 2009", "January 2010"], ["Jiankui He", "educated at", "University of Science and Technology of China", "January 2002", "January 2006"], ["Jiankui He", "employer", "Southern University of Science and Technology", "January 2012", "February 2018"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for after he/she worked for Euro Disney S.C.A.?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for after he/she worked for Euro Disney S.C.A.?", "date": "January 01 2000", "text_answers": {"text": ["Bouygues Telecom"]}, "id": "L3_Q3106470_P108_P108_16", "fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from January 1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from January 1976 to January 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from January 2006 to January 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from January 2006 to February 2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to November 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from January 2001 to January 2005.", "adv_fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to 11/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from 01/2006 to 02/2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from 01/1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from Jan 2006 to 01/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from Jan 1976 to Jan 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from Jan 2001 to January 2005.", "context": "Gilles P\u00e9lissonGilles P\u00e9lisson (born 26 May 1957) is a French business executive. Gilles P\u00e9lisson was born on May 26, 1957. His uncle, G\u00e9rard Pelisson, is the founder of the Accor hotel group.He graduated from the ESSEC Business School in Paris. He went on to receive an MBA from the Harvard Business School.P\u00e9lisson started his career for Accor in Los Angeles, California. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of the French restaurant chain Courtepaille from 1988 to 1993. He then served as the Joint Chairman of the Novotel hotel chain. He then served as the Vice-Chief Executive Officer of Euro Disney from 1993 to 1997, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 1997 to 2000.P\u00e9lisson served as the Chairman of the Suez-Telef\u00f3nica ST3G consortium & Chairman of NOOS, a top French cable network operator, from 2000 to 2001. He served as the Chief Operating Officer of Bouygues T\u00e9l\u00e9com from 2001 to 2004, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2006. He served as the CEO of Accor from 2006 to 2010, and as its Chairman from 2009 to 2011.He serves on the Board of Directors of Accenture.P\u00e9lisson formerly served on the Board of Trustees of the MEDEF.He serves as a co-founder and the President of the Fondation ESSEC, the fundraising organisation of his alma mater, ESSEC.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "Accor", "TF1 Group", "Euro Disney S.C.A."], "facts": [["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "January 1995", "January 2000"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral", "February 2009", "November 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Accor", "January 2006", "January 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "TF1 Group", "January 2016", "May 2023"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "director general", "January 2006", "February 2009"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "educated at", "ESSEC Business School", "January 1976", "January 1979"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Bouygues Telecom", "January 2001", "January 2005"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "January 1981", "January 1983"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for after he/she worked for Bouygues Telecom?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for after he/she worked for Bouygues Telecom?", "date": "January 01 2005", "text_answers": {"text": ["Accor"]}, "id": "L3_Q3106470_P108_P108_24", "fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from January 1976 to January 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from January 1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from January 2006 to January 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from January 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from January 2006 to February 2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to November 2010.", "adv_fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to 11/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from 01/2006 to 02/2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from Jan 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from Jan 2006 to 01/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from 01/1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from Jan 1976 to Jan 1979.", "context": "Gilles P\u00e9lissonGilles P\u00e9lisson (born 26 May 1957) is a French business executive. Gilles P\u00e9lisson was born on May 26, 1957. His uncle, G\u00e9rard Pelisson, is the founder of the Accor hotel group.He graduated from the ESSEC Business School in Paris. He went on to receive an MBA from the Harvard Business School.P\u00e9lisson started his career for Accor in Los Angeles, California. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of the French restaurant chain Courtepaille from 1988 to 1993. He then served as the Joint Chairman of the Novotel hotel chain. He then served as the Vice-Chief Executive Officer of Euro Disney from 1993 to 1997, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 1997 to 2000.P\u00e9lisson served as the Chairman of the Suez-Telef\u00f3nica ST3G consortium & Chairman of NOOS, a top French cable network operator, from 2000 to 2001. He served as the Chief Operating Officer of Bouygues T\u00e9l\u00e9com from 2001 to 2004, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2006. He served as the CEO of Accor from 2006 to 2010, and as its Chairman from 2009 to 2011.He serves on the Board of Directors of Accenture.P\u00e9lisson formerly served on the Board of Trustees of the MEDEF.He serves as a co-founder and the President of the Fondation ESSEC, the fundraising organisation of his alma mater, ESSEC.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "TF1 Group", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "Bouygues Telecom"], "facts": [["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral", "February 2009", "November 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "educated at", "ESSEC Business School", "January 1976", "January 1979"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "TF1 Group", "January 2016", "May 2023"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "January 1981", "January 1983"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "director general", "January 2006", "February 2009"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Accor", "January 2006", "January 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Bouygues Telecom", "January 2001", "January 2005"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "January 1995", "January 2000"]]}
{"question": "Where was Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek educated before he/she worked for Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics?", "adv_question": "Where was Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek educated before he/she worked for Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics?", "date": "January 01 2016", "text_answers": {"text": ["Princeton University"]}, "id": "L3_Q54318944_P69_P108_11", "fact_context": "Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Pretoria from January 2003 to January 2005. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek worked for Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Cape Town from January 2007 to January 2008. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at Princeton University from January 2011 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Cape Town from Jan 2007 to 01/2008. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek worked for Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics from Jan 2016 to May 2023. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at Princeton University from Jan 2011 to 01/2015. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Pretoria from Jan 2003 to January 2005.", "context": "Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eekRen\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek (born 15 November 1983) is a South African cosmologist, Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Toronto, and an Azrieli Global Scholar within the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. She studies the cosmic microwave background, Type Ia supernova and baryon acoustic oscillations. She is a Senior TED Fellow and was made a Sloan Research Fellow in 2020.Hlo\u017eek studied Mathematics at the University of Pretoria and the University of Cape Town graduating in 2008. During her undergraduate studies she worked with on dark energy. She completed her PhD at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 2011. Her thesis, \"Probing the early universe and Dark Energy with multi-epoch cosmological data\", used the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Her doctoral advisor was Jo Dunkley. During her time at Oxford, she appeared on Chris Lintott's Pub Astronomy podcast and 365 Days of Astronomy.After her PhD Hlo\u017eek joined Princeton University as a Lyman Spitzer Jr. Postdoctoral Research Fellow. At Princeton University she prepared for the polarisation-sensitive Atacama Cosmology Telescope. In 2012 she was appointed a Spitzer-Cotsen Fellow at Princeton University. At Princeton she took part in a prison teaching initiative, and formed the Hope-Princeton exchange to bring young black women into Princeton's astronomy departments. She took part in the Story Collider. In 2013 she took part in the \"Science Train\" started by Lucianne Walkowicz at Princeton, where she took to the New York City Subway to talk to the public about astronomy.She joined the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics in 2016. She continues to work with the polarisation instrument on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, alongside data from Planck and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and BICEP and Keck Array. She looks to classify radio transient signals using the Algonquin 46m radio telescope. She has worked with the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. In 2017 she took part in the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Untangling the Cosmos event. In 2020 she was awarded a Sloan Research Fellow.Hlo\u017eek was named a TED Fellow in 2012 and a Senior Fellow in 2014. Her contribution to TEDed \"The death of the universe\" has been viewed 1.1 Million times. She has spoken at several TED events, including the 2014 TED conference in Vancouver. She takes part in several activities to improve gender balance in science.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Cape Town", "University of Pretoria"], "facts": [["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "employer", "Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics", "January 2016", "May 2023"], ["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "educated at", "University of Cape Town", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "educated at", "Princeton University", "January 2011", "January 2015"], ["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "educated at", "University of Pretoria", "January 2003", "January 2005"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Corine Mauch work for after he/she worked for Uster?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Corine Mauch work for after he/she worked for Uster?", "date": "January 01 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["ETH Zurich"]}, "id": "L3_Q123363_P108_P108_16", "fact_context": "Corine Mauch worked for Uster from January 1989 to January 1993. \n Corine Mauch worked for Parliamentary Services from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Corine Mauch worked for Swiss Academic Society for Environmental Research and Ecology from January 1995 to January 1998. \n Corine Mauch worked for ETH Zurich from January 1993 to January 2000. \n Corine Mauch worked for Infras from January 1986 to January 1989. \n Corine Mauch held the position of Mayor of Z\u00fcrich from May 2009 to May 2023. \n Corine Mauch studied at ETH Zurich from January 1980 to January 1988. \n Corine Mauch held the position of president of the Financial Audit Commission of Z\u00fcrich from January 2006 to January 2008.", "adv_fact_context": "Corine Mauch held the position of Mayor of Z\u00fcrich from May 2009 to 05/2023. \n Corine Mauch worked for Parliamentary Services from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Corine Mauch worked for Uster from January 1989 to 01/1993. \n Corine Mauch worked for Swiss Academic Society for Environmental Research and Ecology from 01/1995 to Jan 1998. \n Corine Mauch worked for ETH Zurich from January 1993 to 01/2000. \n Corine Mauch held the position of president of the Financial Audit Commission of Z\u00fcrich from Jan 2006 to January 2008. \n Corine Mauch studied at ETH Zurich from 01/1980 to 01/1988. \n Corine Mauch worked for Infras from January 1986 to Jan 1989.", "context": "Corine MauchCorine Mauch (born 28 May 1960 in Iowa City) is a Swiss Social Democrat politician who serves as mayor of Zurich. She is the first female and first openly lesbian person to be elected mayor of the city.Mauch was elected mayor in March 2009, after ten years on the city council. In the first round of balloting, she finished in second place, barely 1,300 votes behind Kathrin Martelli, the candidate of the Free Democratic Party. In the second round, she received 41,745 votes, beating Martelli by 58 percent to 42. In the March 2018 elections, Mauch received 63,139 votes, and she was re-elected as mayor of Z\u00fcrich until her terms ends in 2022.Mauch is the daughter of Ursula Mauch, who led the Social Democratic Party in the federal parliament. She grew up in the canton of Aargau before attending ETH Zurich, where she studied agricultural economics, and the Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP). She began the procedure to renounce her United States citizenship in 2012; her office confirmed media reports of the renunciation in April 2013.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Uster", "Swiss Academic Society for Environmental Research and Ecology", "Infras", "Parliamentary Services"], "facts": [["Corine Mauch", "employer", "Infras", "January 1986", "January 1989"], ["Corine Mauch", "employer", "Parliamentary Services", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Corine Mauch", "position held", "president of the Financial Audit Commission of Z\u00fcrich", "January 2006", "January 2008"], ["Corine Mauch", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1980", "January 1988"], ["Corine Mauch", "employer", "Uster", "January 1989", "January 1993"], ["Corine Mauch", "position held", "Mayor of Z\u00fcrich", "May 2009", "May 2023"], ["Corine Mauch", "employer", "Swiss Academic Society for Environmental Research and Ecology", "January 1995", "January 1998"], ["Corine Mauch", "employer", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1993", "January 2000"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jessica Stegrud educated after he/she studied at Karlstad University?", "adv_question": "Where was Jessica Stegrud educated after he/she studied at Karlstad University?", "date": "January 01 1991", "text_answers": {"text": ["G\u00e4vle University College"]}, "id": "L3_Q63975366_P69_P69_0", "fact_context": "Jessica Stegrud studied at Karlstad University from January 1989 to January 1991. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2019 to September 2022. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from September 2022 to May 2023. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at G\u00e4vle University College from January 1991 to January 1993. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at University of Angers from January 1993 to January 1994.", "adv_fact_context": "Jessica Stegrud studied at G\u00e4vle University College from Jan 1991 to 01/1993. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul 2019 to 09/2022. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at Karlstad University from January 1989 to 01/1991. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from 09/2022 to May 2023. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at University of Angers from January 1993 to Jan 1994.", "context": "Jessica StegrudJessica Margareta Stegrud (born 27 September 1970) is a Swedish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Sweden since 2019. She is a member of the Sweden Democrats, part of European Conservatives and Reformists.Stegrud studied economics at the Karlstad University from 1989 to 1991 and at the G\u00e4vle University College from 1991 to 1993. She was employed as at Sydkraft/EON Sverige AB from 2001 until her election to the European Parliament in 2019. She had not been a member of the Sweden Democrats before her candidacy in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Karlstad University", "University of Angers"], "facts": [["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "Karlstad University", "January 1989", "January 1991"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "position held", "member of the Swedish Riksdag", "September 2022", "May 2023"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2019", "September 2022"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "G\u00e4vle University College", "January 1991", "January 1993"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "University of Angers", "January 1993", "January 1994"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to before he/she was the member of \u0130Y\u0130 Party?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to before he/she was the member of \u0130Y\u0130 Party?", "date": "January 01 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["Nationalist Movement Party"]}, "id": "L3_Q434923_P102_P102_11", "fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from January 2001 to January 2016. \n Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from November 1996 to June 1997. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from January 1995 to January 2001.", "adv_fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from Jan 2017 to May 2023. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from Jan 1995 to January 2001. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from Jan 2001 to 01/2016. \n Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from Nov 1996 to Jun 1997.", "context": "Meral Ak\u015fenerMeral Ak\u015fener (n\u00e9e G\u00fcrer; born 18 July 1956) is a Turkish politician, teacher, historian and academic. She served as Minister of the Interior and was a vice-speaker of the Grand National Assembly. She also founded and is chairman of \u0130Y\u0130 Party (Good Party), and was its candidate in the 2018 Turkish presidential elections.Ak\u015fener first entered parliament as a deputy of the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 general elections, and served as the interior minister in the coalition government established by Necmettin Erbakan between 1996 and 1997. Ak\u015fener entered the parliament as a deputy of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) in the Turkish general elections in 2007, 2011 and June 2015. After tensions between her and the MHP's leader Devlet Bah\u00e7eli, she was not nominated as an MP for the November 2015 general elections. In 2016, she led a group of opposition within the MHP against Bah\u00e7eli. On 25 October 2017, she separated from the MHP and founded the \u0130Y\u0130 Party, of which she is the leader.Ak\u015fener is a key opposition figure in Turkey, and has been informally dubbed as an \"iron lady\" by international observers.Meral Ak\u015fener was born on 18 July 1956, in the G\u00fcndo\u011fdu neighborhood of \u0130zmit, Kocaeli. Her father Tahir \u00d6mer and her mother S\u0131dd\u0131ka are Balkan Turks from the historical regions of Macedonia and Thrace. Her parents were among hundreds of thousands who left Greece to resettle in Turkey in 1923.She studied history at Istanbul University and she completed her post-graduate studies at the Social Sciences Institute of Marmara University, earning a Ph.D. in history. She then worked as a lecturer at Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University, Kocaeli University and Marmara University before entering politics.Ak\u015fener has been described as a devout Muslim who prays regularly. She is known to her supporters as \"Asena\", after the mythical she-wolf.Ak\u015fener quit her post as a university department chair in 1994 and entered politics with the general elections in 1995 as deputy of Istanbul Province with the True Path Party (DYP). She was Minister of the Interior between 8 November 1996 and 30 June 1997, replacing Mehmet A\u011far, who resigned as a result of his involvement in the Susurluk scandal. She was later forced out of office after the 1997 military memorandum.In the 1999 general election she was re-elected to parliament as a deputy of Kocaeli Province. Later, she was re-elected in the general elections of 2007 and 2011 representing Istanbul Province as a member of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).She was elected vice-speaker of the parliament alongside G\u00fcldal Mumcu, another female politician, serving at this post after Nermin Neft\u00e7i, who was elected in 1968 to be Turkey's first female vice-speaker.She split with the MHP leadership in 2016 over Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan's bid to transform Turkey\u2019s constitution, and promised to start her own political party. Ak\u015fener was a 2018 presidential candidate. She received 7.3% of the votes.She announced the foundation of the Good Party on 25 October 2017 and revealed its logo and aims. \u201cI call it the movement of the brave,\u201d she said. In her first address to her followers, Ak\u015fener stated she believed that Turkish democracy is \"under threat\" and the Good Party wants a free society and to fix the problems of the Turkish judiciary system. Ak\u015fener further stated the \"media should not be under pressure. Democratic participation, a strong parliament and the national will are irreplaceable. We will democratize the law on political parties in the of contemporary democratic principles and the criteria of the Venice Commission.\" Aksener said that many who are joining her movement are young Turkish citizens who are \"chafing under the restrictions\" imposed by the government on public gatherings, freedom of expression, and constraints placed on the media.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["\u0130Y\u0130 Party", "True Path Party"], "facts": [["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "True Path Party", "January 1995", "January 2001"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "\u0130Y\u0130 Party", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "Nationalist Movement Party", "January 2001", "January 2016"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "position held", "Interior Minister of Turkey", "November 1996", "June 1997"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jo\u00eblle Elvinger educated after he/she studied at Lyc\u00e9e de gar\u00e7ons Luxembourg?", "adv_question": "Where was Jo\u00eblle Elvinger educated after he/she studied at Lyc\u00e9e de gar\u00e7ons Luxembourg?", "date": "January 01 1999", "text_answers": {"text": ["Paul C\u00e9zanne University"]}, "id": "L3_Q16439127_P69_P69_0", "fact_context": "Jo\u00eblle Elvinger studied at Queen Mary University of London from January 2003 to January 2004. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger held the position of mayor in Luxembourg from January 2016 to November 2017. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger held the position of deputy from October 2018 to December 2019. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger studied at Lyc\u00e9e de gar\u00e7ons Luxembourg from January 1992 to January 1999. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger studied at Paul C\u00e9zanne University from January 1999 to January 2003.", "adv_fact_context": "Jo\u00eblle Elvinger studied at Queen Mary University of London from 01/2003 to Jan 2004. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger studied at Paul C\u00e9zanne University from 01/1999 to Jan 2003. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger held the position of deputy from 10/2018 to December 2019. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger held the position of mayor in Luxembourg from Jan 2016 to November 2017. \n Jo\u00eblle Elvinger studied at Lyc\u00e9e de gar\u00e7ons Luxembourg from 01/1992 to January 1999.", "context": "Jo\u00eblle ElvingerJo\u00eblle Elvinger, (born January 6, 1980) is a lawyer and politician from Luxembourg. A member of the Democratic Party, she served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2019. .Jo\u00eblle Elvinger was born in Luxembourg City to Ren\u00e9 Elvinger, an industrialist and president of Cebi International. Today, Joelle sits on the board of directors for Cebi International. Politically, her father was involved with the Democratic Party's youth wing and her uncle sits on the Communal Council for Walferdange.Elvinger received her master's degree in business law from Paul C\u00e9zanne University in Marseille and a \"Master of Laws\" at Queen Mary University of London.Elvinger first ran in the 2005 communal elections and was elected to the Communal Council of Walferdange, where she became \u00e9chevin in 2011. On January 18, 2016, she was sworn in as mayor of the commune, a position she held until November 30, 2017.Following the 2013 Luxembourg general election and the appointment of Corinne Cahen to the Xavier Bettel government, Elvinger entered the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency as a member of the Democratic Party. Notably, she was a member of the Budget and Finance Committee, the Labor, Work and Social Security Committee and served as rapporteur for the 2018 Budget.In November 2019, Elvinger was elected to replace Henri Grethen in the European Court of Auditors, taking her seat on January 1, 2020. Her position in the Chamber of Deputies was filled by Claude Lamberty and her communal seat was filled by Gallinaro.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Lyc\u00e9e de gar\u00e7ons Luxembourg", "Queen Mary University of London"], "facts": [["Jo\u00eblle Elvinger", "position held", "deputy", "October 2018", "December 2019"], ["Jo\u00eblle Elvinger", "educated at", "Lyc\u00e9e de gar\u00e7ons Luxembourg", "January 1992", "January 1999"], ["Jo\u00eblle Elvinger", "educated at", "Queen Mary University of London", "January 2003", "January 2004"], ["Jo\u00eblle Elvinger", "position held", "mayor in Luxembourg", "January 2016", "November 2017"], ["Jo\u00eblle Elvinger", "educated at", "Paul C\u00e9zanne University", "January 1999", "January 2003"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Didier Motchane belong to after he/she was the member of Movement of Citizens?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Didier Motchane belong to after he/she was the member of Movement of Citizens?", "date": "January 01 2003", "text_answers": {"text": ["Citizen and Republican Movement"]}, "id": "L3_Q3027118_P102_P102_4", "fact_context": "Didier Motchane held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1979 to July 1984. \n Didier Motchane was married to Dominique Cabrera from January 2007 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Citizen and Republican Movement from January 2003 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Movement of Citizens from January 1993 to January 2003.", "adv_fact_context": "Didier Motchane was a member of the Citizen and Republican Movement from Jan 2003 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane was married to Dominique Cabrera from January 2007 to 01/2017. \n Didier Motchane held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1979 to 07/1984. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Movement of Citizens from Jan 1993 to Jan 2003.", "context": "Didier MotchaneDidier Motchane (17 September 1931 \u2013 29 October 2017) was a French politician who served as a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989.He was born in Paris on 17 September 1931 to mathematician L\u00e9on Motchane. Didier Motchane later married actress and film director Dominique Cabrera.Motchane cofounded the in 1965, and was active in the Socialist Party and the Union of the Left. He was credited with the fist and rose design used by socialist political organizations worldwide. Motchane was a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989, representing the Socialist Party. He left the party in 1993 after a disagreement with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, and helped establish the Citizen and Republican Movement.Motchane died of cancer at the age of 86 on 29 October 2017.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Movement of Citizens"], "facts": [["Didier Motchane", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 1979", "July 1984"], ["Didier Motchane", "spouse", "Dominique Cabrera", "January 2007", "January 2017"], ["Didier Motchane", "member of political party", "Movement of Citizens", "January 1993", "January 2003"], ["Didier Motchane", "member of political party", "Citizen and Republican Movement", "January 2003", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark after he/she studied at University of Tasmania?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark after he/she studied at University of Tasmania?", "date": "January 01 1994", "text_answers": {"text": ["Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark"]}, "id": "L3_Q208615_P26_P69_10", "fact_context": "Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at University of Tasmania from January 1990 to January 1994. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Hobart College from January 1988 to January 1989. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark held the position of princess consort from May 2004 to May 2023. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Taroona High School from January 1984 to January 1987. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark was married to Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark from May 2004 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Hobart College from Jan 1988 to 01/1989. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at University of Tasmania from 01/1990 to January 1994. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark held the position of princess consort from 05/2004 to May 2023. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Taroona High School from Jan 1984 to Jan 1987. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark was married to Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark from 05/2004 to May 2023.", "context": "Mary, Crown Princess of DenmarkMary, Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, (born Mary Elizabeth Donaldson 5 February 1972) is the wife of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. Frederik is the heir apparent to the throne, which means that should Frederik succeed, she will automatically become Queen consort of Denmark.The couple met at the Slip Inn, a pub in Sydney when the prince was visiting Australia during the 2000 Summer Olympics. Their official engagement in 2003 and their marriage the following year was the subject of extensive attention from Australian and European news media, which portrayed the marriage as a modern \"fairytale\" romance between a prince and a commoner.Mary Elizabeth Donaldson was born the youngest of four children to Scottish parents, Henrietta (n\u00e9e Horne), an executive assistant to the vice-chancellor of the University of Tasmania, and Prof. John Dalgleish Donaldson, an academic and mathematics professor. Her paternal grandfather was Captain Peter Donaldson (1911\u20131978). She was named after her grandmothers, Mary Dalgleish and Elizabeth Gibson Melrose, and was born and raised in Hobart, Australia. She has two older sisters, Jane Stephens and Patricia Bailey, and an older brother, John Stuart Donaldson. Her mother died from complications following heart surgery on 20 November 1997 when Mary was 25. In 2001, her father married the British author and novelist Susan Horwood.During her childhood she was involved in sports and other extracurricular activities both at school and elsewhere. She studied music, playing piano, flute, and clarinet, also playing basketball and hockey.In 1974, Donaldson started schooling in Clear Lake City Elementary School in Houston, Texas (where her father was working) and moved to Sandy Bay, Tasmania from 1975 to 1977. Her primary education, from 1978 to 1983, was at Waimea Heights with her secondary schooling (1984\u20131987) being at Taroona High School, and matriculation (1988\u20131989) at Hobart College. She studied at the University of Tasmania from 1990 to 1994, graduating with a combined Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Laws degree on 27 May 1995. Between 1994 and 1996, she attended a graduate program and qualified with certificates in advertising from the Advertising Federation of Australia (AFA) and direct marketing from the Australian Direct Marketing Association (ADMA).Her native language is English, and she studied French during her secondary education. In 2002, she briefly worked as an English tutor in Paris while dating Crown Prince Frederik. After moving to Denmark and prior to her marriage, Donaldson studied Danish as a foreign language at Studieskolen in Copenhagen in 2003.She worked for Australian and global advertising agencies after graduating in 1995. Upon graduation she moved to Melbourne to work in advertising. She became a trainee in marketing and communications with the Melbourne office of DDB Needham, taking a position of account executive. In 1996, she was employed by Mojo Partners as an account manager. In 1998, six months after her mother's death, she resigned and travelled to America and Europe. In Edinburgh, she worked for three months as an account manager with Rapp Collins Worldwide; then, in early 1999, she was appointed as an account director with the international advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Sydney.In June 2000, she moved to a smaller Australian agency, Love Branding, working for a short time as the company's first account director. However, in the (Australian) spring of 2000 until December 2001, she became sales director and a member of the management team of Belle Property, a real estate firm specialising in luxury property. In the first half of 2002 Donaldson taught English at a business school in Paris but, on moving to Denmark permanently, she was employed by Microsoft Business Solutions (5 September 2002 \u2013 24 September 2003) near Copenhagen as a project consultant for business development, communications and marketing.Donaldson met Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark at the Slip Inn on 16 September during the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Frederik was at the bar with his brother Prince Joachim, his cousin Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark as well as the then Prince of Asturias and Princess M\u00e4rtha Louise of Norway. The Prince of Asturias knew Mary's flatmate. Frederik was not identified by her friends as the Crown Prince of Denmark until after they met. They conducted a long-distance relationship and Frederik made a number of discreet visits to Australia. On 15 November 2001, the Danish weekly magazine \"Billed Bladet\" named Mary as Frederik's girlfriend. She then moved from Australia to Denmark in December 2001, while she was working as an English tutor in Paris.On 24 September 2003, the Danish court announced that Queen Margrethe II intended to give her consent to the marriage at the State Council meeting scheduled for 8 October 2003. Frederik had presented Mary with an engagement ring featuring an emerald-cut diamond and two emerald-cut ruby baguettes, which are similar to the colour of Denmark's flag. The couple became officially engaged on 8 October 2003.Donaldson and Frederik married on 14 May 2004 in Copenhagen Cathedral, in Copenhagen. The couple reportedly spent their honeymoon in Africa.The couple have four children:The Danish Folketing (parliament) passed a special law (Mary's Law) giving Donaldson Danish citizenship upon her marriage, a standard procedure for new foreign members of the royal family. She was previously a dual citizen of Australia and the United Kingdom. Formerly a Presbyterian, she converted to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark upon marriage.Mary and her family currently reside at Frederik VIII's Palace, one of the four palaces that make up the Amalienborg Palace complex. From May 2004, they have also resided at the Chancellery House, a building in the park at Fredensborg Palace, during the summer months.Among others, Mary is the godmother of Princess Estelle of Sweden, who was also given the secondary name Mary in her honour, as well as her nephew, Prince Henrik of Denmark.Following the wedding the couple embarked upon a summer working-tour of mainland Denmark aboard the royal yacht \"Dannebrog\", then travelled to Greenland and later to the 2004 Athens Olympics. In 2005, during the celebrations for the 200th anniversary of Hans Christian Andersen, the royal family was involved in related events throughout the year. Frederik and Mary marked the anniversary in London, New York and in Australia, where she was made Honorary Hans Christian Andersen Ambassador to Australia in the Utzon Room of the Sydney Opera House. In 2005 the royal family visited the Faroe Islands.Since becoming Crown Princess of Denmark she has made a number of international visits, and Frederik and Mary participated in the reburial ceremonies for Empress Maria Feodorovna in Denmark and Saint Petersburg. In November 2009 Mary made a surprise visit to Danish soldiers in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. One of Mary's stops was FOB Armadillo.In the context of immigrant issues in Denmark, Mary has visited the disadvantaged migrant areas of Vollsmose (2006), Gellerup (2007), and Viborg (2010), and has participated in integration projects including the teaching of the Danish language to refugees. As patron of the Danish Refugee Council, Mary visited Uganda (2008) and East Africa (2011) and supports fundraising for the region.Mary has played an active role in promoting an anti-bullying program based on an Australian model through the auspices of Denmark's Save the Children. She is also involved in a new campaign to raise awareness and safe practices among Danes about skin cancer through The Danish Cancer Society. In September 2007, she formally established the Mary Foundation, with capital from public and private donations, to advance cultural diversity and encourage a sense of the right to belong and contribute to society for those who are socially isolated or excluded.During a Council of State on 2 October 2019, the Queen's request to appoint Mary a \"rigsforstander\", a functioning regent when the monarch or the heir is out of the country, was approved by the government. After having sworn to respect the Danish constitution, she became the first person not born into the royal family to assume the position of rigsforstander since Queen Ingrid in 1972.Mary was voted Woman of the Year 2008 by a Danish magazine, \"Alt for damerne\", donating her cash reward to charity. She was interviewed by \"Parade Magazine\", (US) on television programs of Andrew Denton (Australia) and USA Today (USA).As a native English speaker, Mary's main priority from the time of her engagement was to become fluent in the Danish language, and acknowledged that this was a challenge for her in several interviews at the time of her engagement and marriage. However, after months of intensive lessons to learn Danish, Princess Mary succeeded very well in mastering the language.She would be the first Australian-born queen consort in Europe upon the ascension of her husband.Mary is an active patron of Denmark's third-highest-earning export industry, the fashion industry, and is Patron of the Copenhagen Fashion Summit.She has been named one of the world's most fashionable people in \"Vanity Fair\"'s annual International Best-Dressed List and has posed and given interviews for magazines including \"Vogue Australia\" (where she used pieces of foreign designers, such as Hugo Boss, Prada, Louis Vuitton or Gaultier, and Danish designers, as Malene Birger and Georg Jensen), \"Dansk\" (Danish Magazine, dedicated to Danish fashion), German Vogue (where she was photographed between pieces of Danish modern art in Amalienborg Palace). Mary also posed for other magazines during her life as a royal, such as Women's Weekly Australia magazine (to which she spoke on several occasions about her life as a royal and her family), and Parade Magazine.Her elegance was praised by designer Tommy Hilfiger.Since 2004, Mary has steadily worked to establish her relationships with various organisations, their issues, missions, programmes and staff. Her patronages range across areas of culture, the fashion industry, humanitarian aid, support for research and science, social and health patronages and sport. The organisations for which she is patron have reported positive outcomes through their relationship with her and there are various reports in the Danish media and on some of the websites of the organisations themselves about her being quite involved in her working relationship with them. She is currently involved in supporting anti-obesity programs through the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.Mary is also an Honorary Life Governor of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute based at the Garvan Institute/St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, a member of the International Committee of Women Leaders for Mental Health and a member of various sporting clubs (riding, golf and yachting). In June 2010, it was announced that Mary has become Patron of UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, \"to support the agency's work to promote maternal health and safer motherhood in more than 150 developing nations\". Mary lends her support to a number of other 'one-off' Danish causes, industry events and international conferences. In 2011, the Westmead Cancer Centre at Westmead Hospital in Sydney was renamed the Crown Princess Mary Cancer Care Centre Westmead.On 11 September 2007, Mary announced the establishment of the \"Mary Foundation\" at the inaugural meeting at Amalienborg Palace. The initial funds of DKK 1.1 million were collected in Denmark and Greenland and donated to Frederik and Mary as a wedding gift in 2004. Mary is the chairwoman of eight trusts. The Mary Foundation aims to improve lives compromised by environment, heredity, illness or other circumstances which can isolate or exclude people socially. In 2014, Mary received a Bambi Award for her work with the foundation.In 2016, on the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia, Mary gave a speech on LGBT rights at a forum in Copenhagen hosted by the Danish government. She called for an end to discrimination, oppression, and violence against people because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. In January 2018, Mary delivered her speech about LGBTQ+ equality at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. On 25 April 2018, Mary was invited to present the honorary award to LGBT Danmark at the Danish Rainbow Awards \u2013 AXGIL 2018. She thus became the first ever member of the royal family to attend the Danish Rainbow Awards. She also attended the awards ceremony in 2019 and 2020. In 2020, Mary spoke at Copenhagen Pride's virtual pride festival.In October 2019, it was announced that Mary will serve as the patron of WorldPride Copenhagen 2021, making her the first ever royal to serve as patron for a major LGBT event.Mary has been Crown Princess of Denmark since her marriage and also Countess of Monpezat by marriage since 29 April 2008, when Queen Margrethe II granted the title to her male-line descendants.With the marriage in 2004, Mary was honoured with the Order of the Elephant, and her father John Dalgleish Donaldson with the Order of the Dannebrog. In accordance with the statutes of the Danish Royal Orders, both Mary and her father were granted a personal coat of arms, this for display in the Chapel of the Royal Orders at Frederiksborg Castle. The main field of Mary's coat of arms is or tinctured and shows a gules MacDonald eagle and a Sable tinctured boat both symbolising her Scottish ancestry. The chief field is azure tinctured and shows two gold Commonwealth Stars from the Coat of arms of Australia, and a gold rose in between, depicted as her personal symbol. Above the shield is placed the heraldic crown of a Crown Prince of Denmark.The coat of arms of her father is almost identical to that of the Crown Princess, but a gold infinity symbol is depicted (symbolising his career as an Australian mathematician), instead of the gold Rose. Above his shield is instead placed a barred helmet topped with a gules rampant lion, which is turned outward. The lion is derived from the Scottish coat of arms and also from the arms of Tasmania and Hobart. Both coats of arms were approved in 2006 and placed in the Chapel of the Royal Orders in 2007.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "educated at", "Hobart College", "January 1988", "January 1989"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "educated at", "Taroona High School", "January 1984", "January 1987"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "educated at", "University of Tasmania", "January 1990", "January 1994"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "spouse", "Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark", "May 2004", "May 2023"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "position held", "princess consort", "May 2004", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Where was Lotte Wubben-Moy educated before he/she played for North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer?", "adv_question": "Where was Lotte Wubben-Moy educated before he/she played for North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer?", "date": "January 01 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form"]}, "id": "L3_Q36103087_P69_P54_7", "fact_context": "Lotte Wubben-Moy played for North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer from January 2017 to August 2020. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Anglo European School from January 2010 to January 2015. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form from January 2015 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Lotte Wubben-Moy played for North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer from Jan 2017 to 08/2020. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan 2017 to January 2020. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form from 01/2015 to 01/2017. \n Lotte Wubben-Moy studied at Anglo European School from January 2010 to January 2015.", "context": "Lotte Wubben-MoyCarlotte Mae Wubben-Moy (born 11 January 1999) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Arsenal in the FA Women's Super League. She previously played college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels in the United States and has represented England at multiple youth levels from under-15 up to under-21. Wubben-Moy received her first England Women's Senior camp call up in September 2020. She made her debut for the England Women\u2019s team in March 2021. Born in Bow, London, England, to Antonius Wubben, the Dutch owner of Kaizen Furniture Makers - and Claire Moy, English mother. Wubben-Moy attended Olga Primary school, and for secondary school attended Anglo European School where she was named victrix ludorum in 2015 - also attended Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form for her A-Levels. She played football and netball, as well as track and field.Having captained the Arsenal development team to one FA WSL Development Cup and two FA Youth Cup wins, Wubben-Moy made her senior debut, aged 16, on 26 July 2015 as a 90th minute substitute during a 2\u20131 WSL win over Notts County, one of two appearances she made during the 2015 FA WSL season as Arsenal did the cup double winning both the WSL Cup and FA Cup.Despite suffering an injury setback during pre-season ahead of the 2017 FA WSL Spring Series in 2017, Wubben-Moy ended up starting in all eight of Arsenal's Spring Series games as the team finished unbeaten.In autumn 2017, Wubben-Moy moved to the United States to play college soccer, joining ACC team North Carolina Tar Heels. She was a three-year starter at centre-back for UNC and was a second-team All-ACC selection in 2019. She scored her first collegiate goal on 8 September 2019 in an 8\u20130 win against UNLV Rebels, the first of six goals she scored in her junior year.In August 2020, Wubben-Moy announced she was forgoing her final year of college eligibility amid uncertainty around the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Following three seasons with UNC, Wubben-Moy returned to Arsenal, signing a professional contract on 11 September 2020.Wubben-Moy scored her first goal for Arsenal on 11 October 2020 against Brighton and Hove Albion after coming on as a substitute in a 5\u20130 victory.On 19 March 2021 Wubben-Moy would score her second goal for Arsenal against Manchester United in a game that would finish 2-0; she would go on to win player of the match. At the end of March she was named Barclays WSL Player of the Month.Wubben-Moy captained the England under-17 team during the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup as the team reached the quarter-finals. Later that year she also captained England at the 2016 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship, leading them to a third-place finish.On 23 February 2021 Wubben-Moy made her international debut against Northern Ireland, coming on as a second half substitution for fellow Arsenal player Leah Williamson in a match that would end 6-0 to England.On 27 May 2021 she was named as a reserve player for the Great Britain women's Olympic football team at the 2020 Summer Olympics.As of 23 February 2021.North Carolina Tar HeelsArsenal", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "Anglo European School"], "facts": [["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "educated at", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "educated at", "Anglo European School", "January 2010", "January 2015"], ["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "educated at", "Stoke Newington School and Sixth Form", "January 2015", "January 2017"], ["Lotte Wubben-Moy", "member of sports team", "North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer", "January 2017", "August 2020"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Rafael Artzy work for after he/she worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Rafael Artzy work for after he/she worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill?", "date": "January 01 1961", "text_answers": {"text": ["Rutgers University"]}, "id": "L3_Q7282028_P108_P108_36", "fact_context": "Rafael Artzy worked for University of Haifa from January 1973 to January 1995. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology from January 1958 to January 1960. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from January 1956 to January 1958. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University at Buffalo from January 1965 to January 1967. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Temple University from January 1967 to January 1973. \n Rafael Artzy studied at Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1933 to January 1934. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 1960 to January 1961. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Rutgers University from January 1961 to January 1965. \n Rafael Artzy studied at University of K\u00f6nigsberg from January 1930 to January 1933.", "adv_fact_context": "Rafael Artzy studied at Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 01/1933 to 01/1934. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 01/1960 to 01/1961. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University at Buffalo from Jan 1965 to 01/1967. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology from 01/1958 to January 1960. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Temple University from Jan 1967 to January 1973. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Haifa from 01/1973 to January 1995. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from Jan 1956 to Jan 1958. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Rutgers University from Jan 1961 to Jan 1965. \n Rafael Artzy studied at University of K\u00f6nigsberg from Jan 1930 to January 1933.", "context": "Rafael ArtzyRafael Artzy (23 July 1912 \u2013 22 August 2006) was an Israeli mathematician specializing in geometry.Artzy was born July 23, 1912, in K\u00f6nigsberg, Germany. His father was Edward I. Deutschlander and his mother Ida Freudenheim. Rafael studied at K\u00f6nigsberg University from 1930 to 1933. He transferred to Hebrew University and obtained a master\u2019s degree in 1934. He married Elly Iwiansky on October 12, 1934. Rafael continued his studies at Hebrew University under Theodore Motzkin, obtaining a Ph.D. in 1945. Elly and Rafael raised three children: Ehud, Michal, and Barak. Ehud and Barak died before their father. Michal Artzy is emeritus professor in Marine Civilization at the University of Haifa.Rafael served as both teacher and principal of Israel High School from 1934 to 1951. He was an instructor and assistant professor at the Israel Institute of Technology from 1951 to 1956.Rafael Artzy took up a position as research associate and lecturer at University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1956. That year he also made his first of many contributions to Mathematical Reviews. Artzy became associate professor at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1960. The following year Rutgers University made him a full professor. In 1964 he was a visitor at the Institute for Advanced Study. He wrote \"Linear Geometry\" (1965) which was favorably reviewed by H. S. M. Coxeter In 1965 Artzy was at State University of New York in Buffalo. In 1967 he joined Temple University where he was for five years.In 1972 Rafael Artzy returned to Israel and participated in mathematics at Technion in Haifa. He helped organize a quadrennial conference on geometry at Haifa. For instance, in March 1979 such a conference was held and the proceedings \"Geometry and Differential Geometry\" was edited by Artzy and I. Vaisman and published in Springer Lecture Notes as #792. In 1992 he published \"Geometry. An Algebraic Approach\" Artzy had made 224 contributions to \"Mathematical Reviews\" by his last submission in 1995.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University at Buffalo", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "Temple University", "University of Haifa"], "facts": [["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Temple University", "January 1967", "January 1973"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "January 1958", "January 1960"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of Haifa", "January 1973", "January 1995"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "January 1960", "January 1961"], ["Rafael Artzy", "educated at", "University of K\u00f6nigsberg", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison", "January 1956", "January 1958"], ["Rafael Artzy", "educated at", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "January 1933", "January 1934"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Rutgers University", "January 1961", "January 1965"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1965", "January 1967"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Jeannette Young hold when he/she was married to Graeme Nimmo?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Jeannette Young hold when he/she was married to Graeme Nimmo?", "date": "March 01 2000", "text_answers": {"text": ["Governor of Queensland"]}, "id": "L3M_Q102105618_P39_29", "fact_context": "Jeannette Young worked for Westmead Hospital from January 1986 to December 1994. \n Jeannette Young was married to Graeme Nimmo from March 2000 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young held the position of Governor of Queensland from November 2021 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane from January 1999 to January 2005. \n Jeannette Young studied at Macquarie University from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Jeannette Young worked for Rockhampton Base Hospital from December 1994 to January 1999. \n Jeannette Young worked for Queensland Health from August 2005 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Jeannette Young held the position of Governor of Queensland from November 2021 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Westmead Hospital from January 1986 to 12/1994. \n Jeannette Young studied at Macquarie University from January 1993 to 01/1994. \n Jeannette Young worked for Queensland Health from Aug 2005 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young was married to Graeme Nimmo from 03/2000 to May 2023. \n Jeannette Young worked for Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane from 01/1999 to 01/2005. \n Jeannette Young worked for Rockhampton Base Hospital from December 1994 to Jan 1999.", "context": "Jeannette YoungJeannette Rosita Young (born 1962/1963) is an Australian medical doctor and administrator who is currently Chief Health Officer of Queensland, and the Governor-designate of Queensland. She has served in the role since 2005, and is as of 2020 Australia's longest-serving current chief health officer.Raised in Sydney, New South Wales, Young attended secondary school at St Ives High School, graduating in 1980, before studying at the University of Sydney and graduating in 1986 with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. She started her career as a doctor at Westmead Hospital in Sydney in 1986 before moving into medical administration at the same hospital in July 1992.She relocated to Queensland upon her appointment as Director of Medical Services at Rockhampton Hospital in December 1994. In April 1995, she was awarded a Master of Business Administration by Macquarie University. She then moved into a position similar to her role in Rockhampton, as Executive Director of Medical Services at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane, in January 1999.On 17 August 2005, she was appointed to succeed Gerry FitzGerald as Chief Health Officer of Queensland. She gained prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, holding multiple press briefings regarding the disease. Her recommendation to the Palaszczuk Government to close the state's borders, which was implemented, proved controversial as she received numerous death threats and was placed under police protection in September 2020.On June 21 2021 the Premier of Queensland Annastacia Palaszczuk announced Young will become the 27th Governor of Queensland. The current Governor Paul de Jersey was due to retire in July 2021, but will extend his term until November to allow Young to focus on the COVID-19 vaccine rollout as Chief Health Officer.Young has been a fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators since November 2004. She has also received honorary doctorates from Griffith University, in 2015, and Queensland University of Technology, in 2017.In 2015, she was awarded the Public Service Medal for \"outstanding public service to Queensland Health\".", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Westmead Hospital", "January 1986", "December 1994"], ["Jeannette Young", "position held", "Governor of Queensland", "November 2021", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Rockhampton Base Hospital", "December 1994", "January 1999"], ["Jeannette Young", "spouse", "Graeme Nimmo", "March 2000", "May 2023"], ["Jeannette Young", "educated at", "Macquarie University", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane", "January 1999", "January 2005"], ["Jeannette Young", "employer", "Queensland Health", "August 2005", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Roy Jenkins hold when he/she was the member of Liberal Democrats?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Roy Jenkins hold when he/she was the member of Liberal Democrats?", "date": "March 03 1988", "text_answers": {"text": ["Chancellor of the University of Oxford", "Member of the House of Lords"]}, "id": "L3M_Q323488_P39_400", "fact_context": "Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from November 1967 to June 1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from April 1956 to January 1957. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the University of Oxford from March 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1955 to September 1959. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1966 to May 1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1974 to January 1977. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the House of Lords from November 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1964 to March 1966. \n Roy Jenkins was a member of the Liberal Democrats from March 1988 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1983 to May 1987. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 1970 to April 1972. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1951 to May 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Home Secretary from November 1973 to March 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from July 1955 to October 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1982 to May 1983. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of President of the European Commission from January 1977 to January 1981. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1950 to October 1951. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from April 1948 to February 1950. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to February 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to September 1964.", "adv_fact_context": "Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to Sep 1964. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 03/1982 to 05/1983. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of President of the European Commission from Jan 1977 to 01/1981. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from 05/1955 to Sep 1959. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 10/1974 to January 1977. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the University of Oxford from Mar 1987 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the House of Lords from 11/1987 to 01/2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Home Secretary from November 1973 to March 1974. \n Roy Jenkins was a member of the Liberal Democrats from Mar 1988 to January 2003. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1950 to Oct 1951. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from November 1967 to 06/1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Apr 1948 to 02/1950. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Apr 1956 to 01/1957. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1983 to May 1987. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Mar 1966 to May 1970. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 1970 to Apr 1972. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1964 to 03/1966. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1951 to May 1955. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to 02/1974. \n Roy Jenkins held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Jul 1955 to October 1955.", "context": "Roy JenkinsRoy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, (11 November 1920\u00a0\u2013 5 January 2003) was a British politician who served as President of the European Commission from 1977 to 1981. At various times a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Labour Party, Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Liberal Democrats, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary under the Wilson and Callaghan Governments.The son of Arthur Jenkins, a coal-miner and Labour MP, Jenkins was educated at the University of Oxford and served as an intelligence officer during the Second World War. Initially elected as MP for Southwark Central in 1948, he moved to become MP for Birmingham Stechford in 1950. On the election of Harold Wilson after the 1964 election, Jenkins was appointed Minister of Aviation. A year later, he was promoted to the Cabinet to become Home Secretary. In this role, Jenkins embarked on a major reform programme; he sought to build what he described as \"a civilised society\", overseeing measures such as the effective abolition in Britain of both capital punishment and theatre censorship, the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality, relaxing of divorce law, suspension of birching and the liberalisation of abortion law.After the devaluation crisis in November 1967, Jenkins replaced James Callaghan as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Throughout his time at the Treasury, Jenkins oversaw a tight fiscal policy in an attempt to control inflation, and oversaw a particularly tough Budget in 1968 which saw major tax rises. As a result of this, the Government's current account entered a surplus in 1969. After Labour unexpectedly lost the 1970 election, Jenkins was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in 1970. He resigned from the position in 1972 after the Labour Party decided to oppose Britain's entry to the European Communities, which he strongly supported. When Labour returned to power following the 1974 election, Wilson appointed Jenkins as Home Secretary for the second time. Two years later, when Wilson resigned as Prime Minister, Jenkins stood in the leadership election to succeed him, finishing third behind Michael Foot and the winner James Callaghan. He subsequently chose to resign from Parliament and leave British politics, to accept appointment as the first-ever British President of the European Commission, a role he took up in January 1977.After completing his term at the Commission in 1981, Jenkins announced a surprise return to British politics; dismayed with the Labour Party's move further left under the leadership of Michael Foot, he became one of the \"Gang of Four\", senior Labour figures who broke away from the party and founded the SDP. In 1982, Jenkins won a by-election to return to Parliament as MP for Glasgow Hillhead, taking the seat from the Conservatives in a famous result. He became leader of the SDP ahead of the 1983 election, during which he formed an electoral alliance with the Liberal Party. After his disappointment with the performance of the SDP in the election, he resigned as leader. He subsequently lost his seat in Parliament at the 1987 election, and accepted a life peerage shortly afterwards; he sat in the House of Lords as a Liberal Democrat.He was later elected to succeed former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as Chancellor of the University of Oxford following the latter's death; he would hold this position until his own death sixteen years later. In the late 1990s, he served as a close adviser to Prime Minister Tony Blair and chaired a major commission on electoral reform. In addition to his political career, he was also a noted historian, biographer and writer. His (1991) is regarded as one of the best autobiographies of the later twentieth century, which \"will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten\". Jenkins died in 2003, aged 82.Born in Abersychan, Monmouthshire, in southeastern Wales, as an only child, Roy Jenkins was the son of a National Union of Mineworkers official, Arthur Jenkins. His father was imprisoned during the 1926 General Strike for his alleged involvement in disturbances. Arthur Jenkins later became President of the South Wales Miners' Federation and Member of Parliament for Pontypool, Parliamentary Private Secretary to Clement Attlee, and briefly a minister in the 1945 Labour government. Roy Jenkins' mother, Hattie Harris, was the daughter of a steelworks foreman.Jenkins was educated at Pentwyn Primary School, Abersychan County Grammar School, University College, Cardiff, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was twice defeated for the Presidency of the Oxford Union but took First-Class Honours in Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE). His university colleagues included Tony Crosland, Denis Healey and Edward Heath, and he became friends with all three, although he was never particularly close to Healey.In John Campbell's biography \"A Well-Rounded Life\" a romantic relationship between Jenkins and Crosland was detailed. Other figures he met whilst at Oxford who would become notable in public life included Madron Seligman, Nicholas Henderson and Mark Bonham Carter.During the Second World War, Jenkins received his officer training at Alton Towers and was posted to the 55th West Somerset Yeomanry at West Lavington, Wiltshire. Through the influence of his father, in April 1944 Jenkins was sent to Bletchley Park to work as a codebreaker; whilst there he befriended the historian Asa Briggs.Having failed to win Solihull in 1945, after which he spent a brief period working for the Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation, he was elected to the House of Commons in a 1948 by-election as the Member of Parliament for Southwark Central, becoming the \"Baby of the House\". His constituency was abolished in boundary changes for the 1950 general election, when he stood instead in the new Birmingham Stechford constituency. He won the seat, and represented the constituency until 1977.In 1947 he edited a collection of Clement Attlee's speeches, published under the title \"Purpose and Policy\". Attlee then granted Jenkins access to his private papers so that he could write his biography, which appeared in 1948 (\"Mr Attlee: An Interim Biography\"). The reviews were generally favourable, including George Orwell's in \"Tribune\".In 1950, he advocated a large capital levy, abolition of public schools and introduction of a measure of industrial democracy to nationalised industries as key policy objectives for the Labour government. In 1951 \"Tribune\" published his pamphlet \"Fair Shares for the Rich\". Here, Jenkins advocated the abolition of large private incomes by taxing them, graduating from 50 per cent for incomes between \u00a320,000 and \u00a330,000 to 95 per cent for incomes over \u00a3100,000. He also proposed further nationalisations and said: \"Future nationalisations will be more concerned with equality than with planning, and this means that we can leave the monolithic public corporation behind us and look for more intimate forms of ownership and control\". He later described this \"almost Robespierrean\" pamphlet as \"the apogee of my excursion to the left\".Jenkins contributed an essay on 'Equality' to the 1952 collection \"New Fabian Essays\". In 1953 appeared \"Pursuit of Progress\", a work intended to counter Bevanism. Retreating from what he had demanded in \"Fair Shares for the Rich\", Jenkins now argued that the redistribution of wealth would occur over a generation and abandoned the goal of public school abolition. However, he still proposed further nationalisations: \"It is quite impossible to advocate both the abolition of great inequalities of wealth and the acceptance of a one-quarter public sector and three-quarters private sector arrangement. A mixed economy there will undoubtedly be, certainly for many decades and perhaps permanently, but it will need to be mixed in very different proportions from this\". He also opposed the Bevanites' neutralist foreign policy platform: \"Neutrality is essentially a conservative policy, a policy of defeat, of announcing to the world that we have nothing to say to which the world will listen. ... Neutrality could never be acceptable to anyone who believes that he has a universal faith to preach\". Jenkins argued that the Labour leadership needed to take on and defeat the neutralists and pacifists in the party; it would be better to risk a split in the party than face \"the destruction, by schism, perhaps for a generation, of the whole progressive movement in the country\".Between 1951 and 1956 he wrote a weekly column for the Indian newspaper \"The Current\". Here he advocated progressive reforms such as equal pay, the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the liberalisation of the obscenity laws and the abolition of capital punishment. \"Mr Balfour's Poodle\", a short account of the House of Lords crisis of 1911 that culminated in the Parliament Act 1911, was published in 1954. Favourable reviewers included A. J. P. Taylor, Harold Nicolson, Leonard Woolf and Violet Bonham Carter. After a suggestion by Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins then wrote a biography of the Victorian radical, Sir Charles Dilke, which was published in October 1958.During the 1956 Suez Crisis, Jenkins denounced Anthony Eden's \"squalid imperialist adventure\" at a Labour rally in Birmingham Town Hall. Three years later he claimed that \"Suez was a totally unsuccessful attempt to achieve unreasonable and undesirable objectives by methods which were at once reckless and immoral; and the consequences, as was well deserved, were humiliating and disastrous\".Jenkins praised Anthony Crosland's 1956 work \"The Future of Socialism\" as \"the most important book on socialist theory\" since Evan Durbin's \"The Politics of Democratic Socialism\" (1940). With much of the economy now nationalised, Jenkins argued, socialists should concentrate on eliminating the remaining pockets of poverty and on the removal of class barriers, as well as promoting libertarian social reforms. Jenkins was principal sponsor, in 1959, of the bill which became the liberalising Obscene Publications Act, responsible for establishing the \"liable to deprave and corrupt\" criterion as a basis for a prosecution of suspect material and for specifying literary merit as a possible defence.In July 1959 Penguin published Jenkins' \"The Labour Case\", timed to anticipate the upcoming election. Jenkins argued that Britain's chief danger was that of \"living sullenly in the past, of believing that the world has a duty to keep us in the station to which we are accustomed, and showing bitter resentment if it does not do so\". He added: \"Our neighbours in Europe are roughly our economic and military equals. We would do better to live gracefully with them than to waste our substance by trying unsuccessfully to keep up with the power giants of the modern world\". Jenkins claimed that the Attlee government concentrated \"too much towards the austerity of fair shares, and too little towards the incentives of free consumers' choice\". Although he still believed in the elimination of poverty and more equality, Jenkins now argued that these aims could be achieved by economic growth. In the final chapter ('Is Britain Civilised?') Jenkins set out a list of necessary progressive social reforms: the abolition of the death penalty, decriminalisation of homosexuality, abolition of the Lord Chamberlain's powers of theatre censorship, liberalisation of the licensing and betting laws, liberalisation of the divorce laws, legalisation of abortion, decriminalisation of suicide and more liberal immigration laws. Jenkins concluded:Let us be on the side of those who want people to be free to live their own lives, to make their own mistakes, and to decide, in an adult way and provided they do not infringe the rights of others, the code by which they wish to live; and on the side of experiment and brightness, of better buildings and better food, of better music (jazz as well as Bach) and better books, of fuller lives and greater freedom. In the long run these things will be more important than the most perfect of economic policies.In the aftermath of Labour's 1959 defeat, Jenkins appeared on \"Panorama\" and argued that Labour should abandon further nationalisation, question its connection with the trade unions and not dismiss a closer association with the Liberal Party. In November he delivered a Fabian Society lecture in which he blamed Labour's defeat on the unpopularity of nationalisation and he repeated this in an article for \"The Spectator\". His \"Spectator\" article also called for Britain to accept its diminished place in the world, to grant colonial freedom, to spend more on public services and to promote the right of individuals to live their own lives free from the constraints of popular prejudices and state interference. Jenkins later called it a \"good radical programme, although...not a socialist one\".In May 1960 Jenkins joined the Campaign for Democratic Socialism, a Gaitskellite pressure group designed to fight against left-wing domination of the Labour Party. In July 1960 Jenkins resigned from his frontbench role in order to be able to campaign freely for British membership of the Common Market. At the 1960 Labour Party conference in Scarborough, Jenkins advocated rewriting Clause IV of the party's constitution but he was booed. In November he wrote in \"The Spectator\" that \"unless the Labour Party is determined to abdicate its role as a mass party and become nothing more than a narrow sectarian society, its paramount task is to represent the whole of the Leftward-thinking half of the country\u2014and to offer the prospect of attracting enough marginal support to give that half some share of power\".During 1960\u201362 his main campaign was British membership of the Common Market, where he became Labour's leading advocate of entry. When Harold Macmillan initiated the first British application to join the Common Market in 1961, Jenkins became deputy chairman of the all-party Common Market Campaign and then chairman of the Labour Common Market Committee. At the 1961 Labour Party conference Jenkins spoke in favour of Britain's entry.Since 1959 Jenkins had been working on a biography of the Liberal Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith. For Jenkins, Asquith ranked with Attlee as the embodiment of the moderate, liberal intelligence in politics that he most admired. Through Asquith's grandson, Mark Bonham Carter, Jenkins had access to Asquith's letters to his mistress, Venetia Stanley. Kenneth Rose, Michael Foot, Asa Briggs and John Grigg all favourably reviewed the book when it was published in October 1964. However, Violet Bonham Carter wrote a defence of her father in \"The Times\" against the few criticisms of Asquith in the book, and Robert Rhodes James wrote in \"The Spectator\" that \"Asquith was surely a tougher, stronger, more acute man...than Mr. Jenkins would have us believe. The fascinating enigma of his complete decline is never really analysed, nor even understood. ... We required a Sutherland: but we have got an Annigoni\". John Campbell claims that \"for half a century it has remained unchallenged as the best biography and is rightly regarded as a classic\".Like Healey and Crosland, he had been a close friend of Hugh Gaitskell and for them Gaitskell's death and the elevation of Harold Wilson as Labour Party leader was a setback. For Jenkins, Gaitskell would remain his political hero. After the 1964 general election Jenkins was appointed Minister of Aviation and was sworn of the Privy Council. While at Aviation he oversaw the high-profile cancellations of the BAC TSR-2 and Concorde projects (although the latter was later reversed after strong opposition from the French Government). In January 1965 Patrick Gordon Walker resigned as Foreign Secretary and in the ensuing reshuffle Wilson offered Jenkins the Department for Education and Science; however, he declined it, preferring to stay at Aviation.In the summer of 1965 Jenkins eagerly accepted an offer to replace Frank Soskice as Home Secretary. However Wilson, dismayed by a sudden bout of press speculation about the potential move, delayed Jenkins' appointment until December. Once Jenkins took office \u2013 the youngest Home Secretary since Churchill \u2013 he immediately set about reforming the operation and organisation of the Home Office. The Principal Private Secretary, Head of the Press and Publicity Department and Permanent Under-Secretary were all replaced. He also redesigned his office, famously replacing the board on which condemned prisoners were listed with a fridge.After the 1966 general election, in which Labour won a comfortable majority, Jenkins pushed through a series of police reforms which reduced the number of separate forces from 117 to 49. \"The Times\" called it \"the greatest upheaval in policing since the time of Peel\". His visit to Chicago in September (to study their policing methods) convinced him of the need to introduce two-way radios to the police; whereas the Metropolitan Police possessed 25 radios in 1965, Jenkins increased this to 2,500, and provided similar numbers of radios to the rest of the country's police forces. Jenkins also provided the police with more car radios, which made the police more mobile but reduced the amount of time they spent patrolling the streets. His Criminal Justice Act 1967 introduced more stringent controls on the purchase of shotguns, outlawed last-minute alibis and introduced majority verdicts in juries in England and Wales. The Act was also designed to lower the prison population by the introduction of release under licence, easier bail, suspended sentences and earlier parole.Immigration was a divisive and provocative issue during the late 1960s and on 23 May 1966 Jenkins delivered a speech on race relations, which is widely considered to be one of his best. Addressing a London meeting of the National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants he notably defined Integration:Before going on to ask:And concluding that:By the end of 1966, Jenkins was the Cabinet's rising star; the \"Guardian\" called him the best Home Secretary of the century \"and quite possibly the best since Peel\", the \"Sunday Times\" called him Wilson's most likeliest successor and the \"New Statesman\" labelled him \"Labour's Crown Prince\".In a speech to the London Labour Conference in May 1967, Jenkins said his vision was of \"a more civilised, more free and less hidebound society\" and he further claimed that \"to enlarge the area of individual choice, socially, politically and economically, not just for a few but for the whole community, is very much what democratic socialism is about\". He gave strong personal support to David Steel's Private Member's Bill for the legalisation of abortion, which became the Abortion Act 1967, telling the Commons that \"the existing law on abortion is uncertain and...harsh and archaic\", adding that \"the law is consistently flouted by those who have the means to do so. It is, therefore, very much a question of one law for the rich and one law for the poor\". When the Bill looked likely to be dropped due to insufficient time, Jenkins helped ensure that it received enough parliamentary time to pass and he voted for it in every division.Jenkins also supported Leo Abse's bill for the decriminalisation of homosexuality, which became the Sexual Offences Act 1967. Jenkins told the Commons: \"It would be a mistake to think...that by what we are doing tonight we are giving a vote of confidence or congratulation to homosexuality. Those who suffer from this disability carry a great weight of loneliness, guilt and shame. The crucial question...is, should we add to those disadvantages the full rigour of the criminal law? By its overwhelming decisions, the House has given a fairly clear answer, and I hope that the Bill will now make rapid progress towards the Statute Book. It will be an important and civilising Measure\".Jenkins also abolished the use of flogging in prisons. In July 1967 Jenkins recommended to the Home Affairs Select Committee a bill to end the Lord Chamberlain's power to censor the theatre. This was passed as the Theatres Act 1968 under Jenkins' successor as Home Secretary, James Callaghan. Jenkins also announced that he would introduce legislation banning racial discrimination in employment, which was embodied in the Race Relations Act 1968 passed under Callaghan. In October 1967 Jenkins planned to introduce legislation that would enable him to keep out the 20,000 Kenyan Asians who held British passports (this was passed four months later under Callaghan as the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968, which was based on Jenkins' draft).Jenkins is often seen as responsible for the most wide-ranging social reforms of the late 1960s, with popular historian Andrew Marr claiming \"the greatest changes of the Labour years\" were thanks to Jenkins. These reforms would not have happened when they did, earlier than in most other European countries, if Jenkins had not supported them. In a speech in Abingdon in July 1969, Jenkins said that the \"permissive society\" had been allowed to become a dirty phrase: \"A better phrase is the 'civilized society', based on the belief that different individuals will wish to make different decisions about their patterns of behaviour and that, provided these do not restrict the freedom of others, they should be allowed to do so within a framework of understanding and tolerance\". Jenkins' words were immediately reported in the press as \"The permissive society is the civilised society\", which he later wrote \"was not all that far from my meaning\".For some conservatives, such as Peter Hitchens, Jenkins' reforms remain objectionable. In his book \"The Abolition of Britain\", Hitchens accuses him of being a \"cultural revolutionary\" who takes a large part of the responsibility for the decline of \"traditional values\" in Britain. During the 1980s Margaret Thatcher and Norman Tebbit would blame Jenkins for family breakdowns, the decline of respect for authority and the decline of social responsibility. Jenkins replied by pointing out that Thatcher, with her large parliamentary majorities, never attempted to reverse his reforms.From 1967 to 1970 Jenkins served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, replacing James Callaghan following the devaluation crisis of November 1967. Jenkins' ultimate goal as Chancellor was economic growth, which depended on restoring stability to sterling at its new value after devaluation. This could only be achieved by ensuring a surplus in the balance of payments, which had been in a deficit for the previous five years. Therefore, Jenkins pursued deflation, including cuts in public expenditure and increases in taxation, in order to ensure that resources went into exports rather than domestic consumption. Jenkins warned the House of Commons in January 1968 that there was \"two years of hard slog ahead\".He quickly gained a reputation as a particularly tough Chancellor with his 1968 budget increasing taxes by \u00a3923\u00a0million, more than twice the increase of any previous budget to date. Jenkins had warned the Cabinet that a second devaluation would occur in three months if his budget did not restore confidence in sterling. He restored prescription charges (which had been abolished when Labour returned to office in 1964) and postponed the raising of the school leaving age to 16 to 1973 instead of 1971. Housing and road building plans were also heavily cut, and he also accelerated Britain's withdrawal East of Suez. Jenkins ruled out increasing the income tax and so raised the taxes on: drinks and cigarettes (except on beer), purchase tax, petrol duty, road tax, a 50 per cent rise in Selective Employment Tax and a one-off Special Charge on personal incomes. He also paid for an increase in family allowances by cutting child tax allowances.Despite Edward Heath claiming it was a \"hard, cold budget, without any glimmer of warmth\" Jenkins' first budget broadly received a warm reception, with Harold Wilson remarking that \"it was widely acclaimed as a speech of surpassing quality and elegance\" and Barbara Castle that it \"took everyone's breath away\". Richard Crossman said it was \"genuinely based on socialist principles, fair in the fullest sense by really helping people at the bottom of the scale and by really taxing the wealthy\". In his budget broadcast on 19 March, Jenkins said that Britain had been living in a \"fool's paradise\" for years and that it was \"importing too much, exporting too little and paying ourselves too much\", with a lower standard of living than France or West Germany.Jenkins' supporters in the Parliamentary Labour Party became known as the \"Jenkinsites\". These were usually younger, middle-class and university-educated ex-Gaitskellites such as Bill Rodgers, David Owen, Roy Hattersley, Dick Taverne, John Mackintosh and David Marquand. In May\u2013July 1968 some of his supporters, led by Patrick Gordon Walker and Christopher Mayhew, plotted to replace Wilson with Jenkins as Labour leader but he declined to challenge Wilson. A year later his supporters again attempted to persuade Jenkins to challenge Wilson for the party leadership but he again declined. He later wrote in his memoirs that the 1968 plot was \"for me...the equivalent of the same season of 1953 for Rab Butler. Having faltered for want of single-minded ruthlessness when there was no alternative to himself, he then settled down to a career punctuated by increasingly wide misses of the premiership. People who effectively seize the prime ministership \u2013 Lloyd George, Macmillan, Mrs Thatcher \u2013 do not let such moments slip\".In April 1968, with Britain's reserves declining by approximately \u00a3500 million every quarter, Jenkins went to Washington to obtain a $1,400 million loan from the International Monetary Fund. Following a further sterling crisis in November 1968 Jenkins was forced to raise taxes by a further \u00a3250\u00a0million. After this the currency markets slowly began to settle and his 1969 budget represented more of the same with a \u00a3340\u00a0million increase in taxation to further limit consumption.By May 1969 Britain's current account position was in surplus, thanks to a growth in exports, a drop in overall consumption and, in part, the Inland Revenue correcting a previous underestimation in export figures. In July Jenkins was also able to announce that the size of Britain's foreign currency reserves had been increased by almost $1\u00a0billion since the beginning of the year. It was at this time that he presided over Britain's only excess of government revenue over expenditure in the period 1936\u20137 to 1987\u20138. Thanks in part to these successes there was a high expectation that the 1970 budget would be a more generous one. Jenkins, however, was cautious about the stability of Britain's recovery and decided to present a more muted and fiscally neutral budget. It is often argued that this, combined with a series of bad trade figures, contributed to the Conservative victory at the 1970 general election. Historians and economists have often praised Jenkins for presiding over the transformation in Britain's fiscal and current account positions towards the end of the 1960s. Andrew Marr, for example, described him as one of the 20th century's \"most successful chancellors\". Alec Cairncross considered Jenkins \"the ablest of the four Chancellors I served\".Public expenditure as a proportion of GDP rose from 44 per cent in 1964 to around 50 per cent in 1970. Despite Jenkins' warnings about inflation, wage settlements in 1969\u201370 increased on average by 13 per cent and contributed to the high inflation of the early 1970s and consequently negated most of Jenkins' efforts to obtain a balance of payments surplus.After Labour unexpectedly lost power in 1970 Jenkins was appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by Harold Wilson. Jenkins was also subsequently elected to the deputy leadership of the Labour Party in July 1970, defeating future Labour Leader Michael Foot and former Leader of the Commons Fred Peart at the first ballot. At this time he appeared the natural successor to Harold Wilson, and it appeared to many only a matter of time before he inherited the leadership of the party, and the opportunity to become Prime Minister.This changed completely, however, as Jenkins refused to accept the tide of anti-European feeling that became prevalent in the Labour Party in the early 1970s. After a special conference on the EEC was held by the Labour Party on 17 July 1971, but from which Jenkins was forbidden from addressing, he delivered one of the most powerful speeches of his career. Jenkins told a meeting of the Parliamentary Labour Party on 19 July: \"At conference the only alternative [to the EEC] we heard was 'socialism in one country'. That is always good for a cheer. Pull up the drawbridge and revolutionize the fortress. That's not a policy either: it's just a slogan, and it is one which becomes not merely unconvincing but hypocritical as well when it is dressed up as our best contribution to international socialism\". This reopened the old Bevanite\u2013Gaitskellite divide in the Party; Wilson told Tony Benn the day after Jenkins' speech that he was determined to smash the Campaign for Democratic Socialism.At the 1971 Labour Party conference in Brighton, the NEC's motion to reject the \"Tory terms\" of entry into the EEC was carried by a large majority. Jenkins told a fringe meeting that this would have no effect on his continued support for Britain's entry. Benn said Jenkins was \"the figure dominating this Conference; there is no question about it\". On 28 October 1971, he led 69 Labour MPs through the division lobby in support of the Heath government's motion to take Britain into the EEC. In so-doing they were defying a three-line whip and a five-to-one vote at the Labour Party annual conference. Jenkins later wrote: \"I was convinced that it was one of the decisive votes of the century, and had no intention of spending the rest of my life answering the question of what did I do in the great division by saying 'I abstained'. I saw it in the context of the first Reform Bill, the repeal of the Corn Laws, Gladstone's Home Rule Bills, the Lloyd George Budget and the Parliament Bill, the Munich Agreement and the May 1940 votes\".Jenkins' action gave the European cause a legitimacy that would have otherwise been absent had the issue been considered solely as a party political matter. However, he was now regarded by the left as a \"traitor\". James Margach wrote in the \"Sunday Times\": \"The unconcealed objective of the Left now is either to humiliate Roy Jenkins and his allies into submission \u2013 or drive them from the party\". At this stage, however, Jenkins would not fully abandon his position as a political insider, and chose to stand again for deputy leader, an act his colleague David Marquand claimed he later came to regret. Jenkins promised not to vote with the government again and he narrowly defeated Michael Foot on a second ballot.In accordance with the party whip, Jenkins voted against European Communities Bill 55 times. However, he resigned both the deputy leadership and his shadow cabinet position in April 1972, after the party committed itself to holding a referendum on Britain's membership of the EEC. This led to some former admirers, including Roy Hattersley, choosing to distance themselves from Jenkins. Hattersley later claimed that Jenkins' resignation was \"the moment when the old Labour coalition began to collapse and the eventual formation of a new centre party became inevitable\". In his resignation letter to Wilson, Jenkins said that if there were a referendum \"the Opposition would form a temporary coalition of those who, whatever their political views, were against the proposed action. By this means we would have forged a more powerful continuing weapon against progressive legislation than anything we have known in this country since the curbing of the absolute powers of the old House of Lords\".Jenkins' lavish lifestyle\u00a0\u2014 Wilson once described him as \"more a socialite than a socialist\"\u00a0\u2014 had already alienated much of the Labour Party from him. Wilson accused him of having an affair with socialite Ann Fleming - and it was true.In May 1972 he collected the Charlemagne Prize, which he had been awarded for promoting European unity. In September an ORC opinion poll found that there was considerable public support for an alliance between the 'moderate' wing of the Labour Party and the Liberals; 35 per cent said they would vote for a Labour\u2013Liberal alliance, 27 per cent for the Conservatives and 23.5 per cent for 'Socialist Labour'. \"The Times\" claimed that there were \"twelve million Jenkinsites\". During the spring and summer of 1972, Jenkins delivered a series of speeches designed to set out his leadership credentials. These were published in September under the title \"What Matters Now\", which sold well. In the book's postscript, Jenkins said that Labour should not be a narrow socialist party advocating unpopular left-wing policies but must aim to \"represent the hopes and aspirations of the whole leftward thinking half of the country\", adding that a \"broad-based, international, radical, generous-minded party could quickly seize the imagination of a disillusioned and uninspired British public\".After Dick Taverne's victory in the 1973 Lincoln by-election, where he stood as \"Democratic Labour\" in opposition to the official Labour candidate, Jenkins gave a speech to the Oxford University Labour Club denouncing the idea of a new centre party. Jenkins was elected to the shadow cabinet in November 1973 as Shadow Home Secretary. During the February 1974 election, Jenkins rallied to Labour and his campaign was described by David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh as sounding \"a note of civilised idealism\". Jenkins was disappointed that the Liberal candidate in his constituency won 6000 votes; he wrote in his memoirs that \"I already regarded myself as such a closet Liberal that I na\u00efvely thought they ought nearly all to have come to me\".Jenkins wrote a series of biographical essays that appeared in \"The Times\" during 1971\u201374 and which were published as \"Nine Men of Power\" in 1974. Jenkins chose Gaitskell, Ernest Bevin, Stafford Cripps, Adlai Stevenson II, Robert F. Kennedy, Joseph McCarthy, Lord Halifax, L\u00e9on Blum and John Maynard Keynes. In 1971 Jenkins delivered three lectures on foreign policy at Yale University, published a year later as \"Afternoon on the Potomac?\"When Labour returned to power in early 1974, Jenkins was appointed Home Secretary for the second time. Earlier, he had been promised the treasury; however, Wilson later decided to appoint Denis Healey as Chancellor instead. Upon hearing from Bernard Donoughue that Wilson had reneged on his promise, Jenkins reacted angrily. Despite being on a public staircase, he is reported to have shouted \"You tell Harold Wilson he must bloody well come to see me\u00a0...and if he doesn't watch out, I won't join his bloody government\u00a0... This is typical of the bloody awful way Harold Wilson does things!\" The Jenkinsites were dismayed by Jenkins' refusal to insist upon the Chancellorship and began to look elsewhere for leadership, thus ending the Jenkinsites as a united group.Jenkins served from 1974 to 1976. Whereas during his first period as Home Secretary in the 1960s the atmosphere had been optimistic and confident, the climate of the 1970s was much more fractious and disillusioned. After two Northern Irish sisters, Marian Price and Dolours Price, were imprisoned for 20 years for the 1973 Old Bailey bombing, they went on hunger strike in order to be transferred to a prison in Northern Ireland. In a television broadcast in June 1974, Jenkins announced that he would refuse to give in to their demands, although in March 1975 he discreetly transferred them to a Northern Irish prison.He undermined his previous liberal credentials to some extent by pushing through the controversial Prevention of Terrorism Act in the aftermath of the Birmingham pub bombings of November 1974, which, among other things, extended the length of time suspects could be held in custody and instituted exclusion orders. Jenkins also resisted calls for the death penalty to be restored for terrorist murderers. On 4 December he told the Cabinet committee on Northern Ireland that \"everything he heard made him more convinced that Northern Ireland had nothing to do with the rest of the UK\". When reviewing Garret FitzGerald's memoirs in 1991, Jenkins proclaimed: \"My natural prejudices, such as they are, are much more green than orange. I am a poor unionist, believing intuitively that even Paisley and Haughey are better at dealing with each other than the English are with either\".The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (which legislated for gender equality and set up the Equal Opportunities Commission) and the Race Relations Act 1976 (which extended to private clubs the outlawing of racial discrimination and founded the Commission for Racial Equality) were two notable achievements during his second time as Home Secretary.Jenkins opposed Michael Foot's attempts to grant pickets the right to stop lorries during strikes and he was dismayed by Anthony Crosland's decision to grant an amnesty to the 11 Labour councillors at Clay Cross who had been surcharged for refusing to increase council rents in accordance with the Conservatives' Housing Finance Act 1972. After two trade unionists, Ricky Tomlinson and Des Warren (known as the \"Shrewsbury Two\"), were imprisoned for intimidation and affray for their part in a strike, Jenkins refused to accede to demands from the labour movement that they should be released. This demonstrated Jenkins' increasing estrangement from much of the labour movement and for a time he was heckled in public by people chanting \"Free the Two\". Jenkins also unsuccessfully tried to persuade the Cabinet to adopt electoral reform in the form of proportional representation and to have the Official Secrets Act 1911 liberalised to facilitate more open government.Although becoming increasingly disillusioned during this time by what he considered the party's drift to the left, he was the leading Labour figure in the EEC referendum of June 1975 (and was also president of the 'Yes' campaign). In September 1974 he had followed Shirley Williams in stating that he \"could not stay in a Cabinet which had to carry out withdrawal\" from the EEC. During the referendum campaign, Tony Benn claimed that 500,000 jobs had been lost due to Britain's membership; Jenkins replied on 27 May that \"I find it increasingly difficult to take Mr Benn seriously as an economics minister\". He added that Britain outside the EEC would enter \"an old people's home for fading nations. ... I do not even think it would be a comfortable or agreeable old people's home. I do not much like the look of some of the prospective wardens\". The two men debated Britain's membership together on \"Panorama\", which was chaired by David Dimbleby. According to David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, \"they achieved a decidedly more lucid and intricate level of discussion than is commonly seen on political television\". Jenkins found it congenial to work with the centrists of all parties in the campaign and the 'Yes' campaign won by two to one.After the referendum, Wilson demoted Benn to Energy Secretary and attempted to balance the downgrading of Benn with the dismissal of the right-wing minister Reg Prentice from the Department of Education, despite already promising Jenkins that he had no intention of sacking Prentice. Jenkins threatened to resign if Prentice was sacked, telling Wilson that he was \"a squalid little man who was using squalid little arguments in order to explain why he was performing so much below the level of events\". Wilson quickly backed down. In September Jenkins delivered a speech in Prentice's constituency of Newham to demonstrate solidarity with him after he was threatened with deselection by left-wingers in the constituency party. Jenkins was heckled by both far-left and far-right demonstrators and he was hit in the chest by a flour bomb thrown by a member of the National Front. Jenkins warned that if Prentice was deselected \"it is not just the local party that is undermining its own foundations by ignoring the beliefs and feelings of ordinary people, the whole legitimate Labour Party, left as well as right, is crippled if extremists have their way\". He added that if \"tolerance is shattered formidable consequences will follow. Labour MPs will either have to become creatures of cowardice, concealing their views, trimming their sails, accepting orders, stilling their consciences, or they will all have to be men far far to the left of those whose votes they seek. Either would make a mockery of parliamentary democracy\".In January 1976 he further distanced himself from the left with a speech in Anglesey, where he repudiated ever-higher public spending: \"I do not think you can push public expenditure significantly above 60 per cent [of GNP] and maintain the values of a plural society with adequate freedom of choice. We are here close to one of the frontiers of social democracy\". A former supporter, Roy Hattersley, distanced himself from Jenkins after this speech.In May 1976 he told the Police Federation conference to \"be prepared first to look at the evidence and to recognize how little the widespread use of prison reduces our crime or deals effectively with many of the individuals concerned\". He also responded to the Federation's proposals on law and order: \"I respect your right to put them to me. You will no doubt respect my right to tell you that I do not think all the points in sum amount to a basis for a rational penal policy\".When Wilson suddenly resigned as Prime Minister in March 1976, Jenkins was one of six candidates for the leadership of the Labour Party but came third in the first ballot, behind Callaghan and Michael Foot. Realising that his vote was lower than expected, and sensing that the parliamentary party was in no mood to overlook his actions five years before, he immediately withdrew from the contest. On issues such as the EEC, trade union reform and economic policy he had proclaimed views opposite to those held by the majority of Labour Party activists, and his libertarian social views were at variance with the majority of Labour voters. A famous story alleged that when one of Jenkins' supporters canvassed a group of miners' MPs in the Commons' tea-room, he was told: \"Nay, lad, we're all Labour here\".Jenkins had wanted to become Foreign Secretary, but Foot warned Callaghan that the party would not accept the pro-European Jenkins as Foreign Secretary. Callaghan instead offered Jenkins the Treasury in six months' time (when it would be possible to move Denis Healey to the Foreign Office). Jenkins turned the offer down. Jenkins then accepted an appointment as President of the European Commission (succeeding Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Ortoli) after Callaghan appointed Anthony Crosland to the Foreign Office.In an interview with \"The Times\" in January 1977, Jenkins said that: \"My wish is to build an effective united Europe. ... I want to move towards a more effectively organized Europe politically and economically and as far as I am concerned I want to go faster, not slower\". The main development overseen by the Jenkins Commission was the development of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union from 1977, which began in 1979 as the European Monetary System, a forerunner of the Single Currency or Euro. His biographer calls Jenkins \"the godfather of the euro\" and claims that among his successors only Jacques Delors has made more impact.In speech in Florence in October 1977, Jenkins argued that monetary union would facilitate \"a more efficient and developed rationalisation of industry and commerce than is possible under a Customs Union alone\". He added that \"a major new international currency\" would form \"a joint and alternative pillar of the world monetary system\" which would lead to greater international stability. Monetary union would also combat inflation by controlling the money supply. Jenkins conceded that this would involve the diminution of national sovereignty but he pointed out that \"governments which do not discipline themselves already find themselves accepting very sharp surveillance\" from the IMF. Monetary union would also promote employment and diminish regional differences. Jenkins ended the speech by quoting Jean Monnet's statement that politics was \"not only the art of the possible, but...the art of making possible tomorrow what may seem impossible today\".President Jenkins was the first President to attend a G8 summit on behalf of the Community. He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) from the University of Bath in 1978.In October 1978 \"Tribune\" reported (falsely) that Jenkins and his wife had not paid their Labour Party subscription for several years. After this was repeated in the national press, Jenkins' drafted his wife's letter to \"The Times\" that refuted the allegation. Jenkins blamed the story on a \"malicious Trot in the North Kensington Labour Party\". Jenkins was disillusioned with the Labour Party and he was almost certain that he could not stand again as a Labour candidate; in January 1979 he told Shirley Williams that the \"big mistake we had made was not to go and support Dick Taverne in 1973; everything had got worse since then\".He did not vote in the 1979 election. After the Conservatives won the election Margaret Thatcher contemplated appointing Jenkins Chancellor of the Exchequer on the strength of his success at cutting public expenditure when he was Chancellor. However, his friend Woodrow Wyatt claimed that Jenkins \"had other and fresh fish to fry\".The Director-General of the BBC, Ian Trethowan, invited Jenkins to deliver the Richard Dimbleby Lecture for 1979, which he did on 22 November. The title Jenkins gave to his lecture, \"Home Thoughts from Abroad\", derived from a Robert Browning poem. He delivered it in the Royal Society of Arts and it was broadcast live on television. Jenkins analysed the decline of the two-party system since 1951 and criticised the excessive partisanship of British politics, which he claimed alienated the bulk of voters, who were more centrist. He advocated proportional representation and the acceptance of \"the broad line of division between the public and private sectors\", a middle way between Thatcherism and Bennism. Jenkins said that the private sector should be encouraged without too much interference to create as much wealth as possible \"but use the wealth so created both to give a return for enterprise and to spread the benefits throughout society in a way that avoids the disfigurements of poverty, gives a full priority to public education and health services, and encourages co-operation and not conflict in industry and throughout society\". He then reiterated his long-standing commitment to libertarianism:You also make sure that the state knows its place...in relation to the citizen. You are in favour of the right of dissent and the liberty of private conduct. You are against unnecessary centralization and bureaucracy. You want to devolve decision-making wherever you sensibly can. ... You want the nation to be self-confident and outward-looking, rather than insular, xenophobic and suspicious. You want the class system to fade without being replaced either by an aggressive and intolerant proletarianism or by the dominance of the brash and selfish values of a 'get rich quick' society. ... These are some of the objectives which I believe could be assisted by a strengthening of the radical centre.\"The Listener\" reprinted the text along with assessments by Enoch Powell, Paul Johnson, Jack Jones, J. A. G. Griffith, Bernard Crick, Neil Kinnock and Jo Grimond. They were all critical; Kinnock thought him misguided as Britain had already suffered from centrist rule for thirty years and Grimond complained that Jenkins' clarion call had come 20 years too late.Jenkins' last year as President of the European Commission was dominated by Margaret Thatcher's fight for a rebate on Britain's contribution to the EEC budget. He believed that the quarrel was unnecessary and regretted that it soured Britain's relationship with the Community for years. In November 1980 Jenkins delivered the Winston Churchill memorial lecture in Luxembourg, where he proposed a solution to the British budgetary question. The proportion of the Community's budget spent on agriculture should be reduced by extending Community spending into new areas where Britain would receive more benefit, such as regional spending. The size of the Community's budget would, in his scheme, be tripled by transferring from the nation states to the Community competence over social and industrial policy.After his Dimbleby Lecture, Jenkins increasingly favoured the formation of a new social democratic party. He publicly aired these views in a speech to the Parliamentary Press Gallery in June 1980, where he repeated his criticisms of the two-party system and attacked Labour's move to the left. At the previous month's Wembley conference, Labour had adopted a programme which included non-cooperation with the EEC and \"a near neutralist and unilateralist\" defence policy that would, Jenkins argued, render meaningless Britain's NATO membership. Labour's proposals for further nationalisation and anti-private enterprise policies, Jenkins claimed, were more extreme than in any other democratic country and it was not \"by any stretch of the imagination a social democratic programme\". He added that a new party could reshape politics and lead to the \"rapid revival of liberal social democratic Britain\".The Labour Party conference at Blackpool in September 1980 adopted a unilateralist defence policy, withdrawal from the EEC and further nationalisation, along with Tony Benn's demands for the mandatory reselection of MPs and an electoral college to elect the party leader. In November Labour MPs elected the left-winger Michael Foot over the right-wing Denis Healey and in January 1981 Labour's Wembley conference decided that the electoral college that would elect the leader would give the trade unions 40 per cent of the vote, with MPs and constituency parties 30 per cent each. Jenkins then joined David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams (known as the \"Gang of Four\") in issuing the Limehouse Declaration. This called for the \"realignment of British politics\". They then formed the Social Democratic Party (SDP) on 26 March.Jenkins delivered a series of speeches setting out the SDP's alternative to Thatcherism and Bennism and argued that the solution to Britain's economic troubles lay in the revenue from North Sea oil, which should be invested in public services. He attempted to re-enter Parliament at the Warrington by-election in July 1981 and campaigned on a six-point programme which he put forward as a Keynesian alternative to Thatcherism and Labour's \"siege economy\", but Labour retained the seat with a small majority. Despite it being a defeat, the by-election demonstrated that the SDP was a serious force. Jenkins said after the count that it was the first parliamentary election that he had lost in many years, but was \"by far the greatest victory in which I have ever participated\".At the SDP's first annual conference in October 1981, Jenkins called for \"an end to the futile frontier war between public and private sectors\" and proposed an \"inflation tax\" on excessive pay rises that would restrain spiralling wages and prices. After achieving this, an SDP government would be able to embark on economic expansion to reduce unemployment.In March 1982 he fought the Glasgow Hillhead by-election, in what had previously been a Conservative-held seat. Polls at the beginning of the campaign put Jenkins in third place but after a series of ten well-attended public meetings which Jenkins addressed, the tide began to turn in Jenkins' favour and he was elected with a majority of just over 2000 on a swing of 19 per cent. The evening after his victory in Hillhead Jenkins told a celebration dinner of 200 party members held at the North British Hotel in Edinburgh \"that the SDP had a great opportunity to become the majority party\". Jenkins' first intervention in the House of Commons following his election, on 31 March, was seen as a disappointment. The Conservative MP Alan Clark wrote in his diary:Jenkins, with excessive and almost unbearable gravitas, asked three very heavy statesman-like non-party-political questions of the PM. I suppose he is very formidable, but he was so portentous and long-winded that he started to lose the sympathy of the House about half way through and the barracking resumed. The Lady replied quite brightly and freshly, as if she did not particularly know who he was, or care.Whereas earlier in his career Jenkins had excelled in the traditional set-piece debates in which he spoke from the dispatch box, the focus of parliamentary reporting had now moved to the point-scoring of Prime Minister's Questions, which he struggled with. Seated in the traditional place for third parties in the Commons (the second or third row below the gangway), and without a dispatch box and the gravitas it could have conferred, Jenkins was situated near (and shared the same microphone with) Labour's \"awkward squad\" that included Dennis Skinner and Bob Cryer, who regularly heckled abuse (\"Roy, your flies are undone\").Seven days after Jenkins' by-election victory Argentina invaded the Falklands and the subsequent Falklands War transformed British politics, increased substantially the public's support for the Conservatives and ended any chance that Jenkins' election would reinvigorate the SDP's support. In the SDP leadership election, Jenkins was elected with 56.44 of the vote, with David Owen coming second. During the 1983 election campaign his position as the prime minister-designate for the SDP-Liberal Alliance was questioned by his close colleagues, as his campaign style was now regarded as ineffective; the Liberal leader David Steel was considered to have a greater rapport with the electorate. Jenkins held on to his seat in Hillhead, which was the subject of boundary changes. While on the old boundaries the Conservatives had held the seat prior to Jenkins' victory, it was estimated by the BBC and ITN that on the new boundaries Labour would have captured the seat with a majority of just over 2,000 votes in 1979. Jenkins was challenged by Neil Carmichael, the sitting Labour MP for the Glasgow Kelvingrove constituency which had been abolished and a ministerial colleague of Jenkins in the Wilson governments. Jenkins defeated Carmichael by 1,164 votes to retain his seat in the House of Commons. According to \"The Glasgow Herald\" Labour supporters at the election count in the Kelvin Hall booed and jeered when Jenkins' victory was announced, and he and his wife were \"dismayed as police pushed back jostling crowds.\"After the general election Owen succeeded him unopposed. Jenkins was disappointed with Owen's move to the right, and his acceptance and backing of some of Thatcher's policies. At heart, Jenkins remained an unrepentant Keynesian. In his July 1984 Tawney Lecture, Jenkins said that the \"whole spirit and outlook\" of the SDP \"must be profoundly opposed to Thatcherism. It could not go along with the fatalism of the Government's acceptance of massive unemployment\". He also delivered a series of speeches in the Commons attacking the Thatcherite policies of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson. Jenkins called for more government intervention to support industry and for North Sea oil revenues to be channelled into a major programme of rebuilding Britain's infrastructure and into educating a skilled workforce. He also attacked the Thatcher government for failing to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.In 1985 he wrote to \"The Times\" to advocate the closing down of the political surveillance role of MI5. During the controversy surrounding Peter Wright's \"Spycatcher\", in which he alleged that Harold Wilson had been a Soviet spy, Jenkins rubbished the allegation and reiterated his call for the end of MI5's powers of political survelliance.In 1986 he won \"The Spectator\"'s Parliamentarian of the Year award. He continued to serve as SDP Member of Parliament for Glasgow Hillhead until his defeat at the 1987 general election by the Labour candidate George Galloway, after boundary changes in 1983 had changed the character of the constituency. After his defeat was announced, \"The Glasgow Herald\" reported that he indicated he would not stand for parliament again in the future.In 1986 appeared his biography of Harry S. Truman and the following year his biography of Stanley Baldwin was published.From 1987, Jenkins remained in politics as a member of the House of Lords as a life peer with the title Baron Jenkins of Hillhead, of Pontypool in the County of Gwent. Also in 1987, Jenkins was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He was leader of the Liberal Democrats in the Lords from 1988 until 1997.In 1988 he fought and won an amendment to the Education Reform Act 1988, guaranteeing academic freedom of speech in further and higher education establishments. This affords and protects the right of students and academics to \"question and test received wisdom\" and has been incorporated into the statutes or articles and instruments of governance of all universities and colleges in Britain.In 1991 his memoirs, \"A Life at the Centre\", was published by Macmillan, who paid Jenkins an \u00a3130,000 advance. He was magnanimous to most of those colleagues with whom he had clashed in the past, except for David Owen, whom he blamed for destroying the idealism and cohesion of the SDP. In the last chapter ('Establishment Whig or Persistent Radical?') he reaffirmed his radicalism, placing himself \"somewhat to the left of James Callaghan, maybe Denis Healey and certainly of David Owen\". He also proclaimed his political credo:My broad position remains firmly libertarian, sceptical of official cover-ups and uncompromisingly internationalist, believing sovereignty to be an almost total illusion in the modern world, although both expecting and welcoming the continuance of strong differences in national traditions and behaviour. I distrust the deification of the enterprise culture. I think there are more limitations to the wisdom of the market than were dreamt of in Mrs Thatcher's philosophy. I believe that levels of taxation on the prosperous, having been too high for many years (including my own period at the Treasury), are now too low for the provision of decent public services. And I think the privatisation of near monopolies is about as irrelevant as (and sometimes worse than) were the Labour Party's proposals for further nationalisation in the 1970s and early 1980s.\"A Life at the Centre\" was generally favourably reviewed: in the \"Times Literary Supplement\" John Grigg said it was a \"marvellous account of high politics by a participant writing with honesty, irony and sustained narrative verve\". In \"The Spectator\" Anthony Quinton remarked that Jenkins was \"not afraid to praise himself and earns the right to do so by unfudged self-criticism\". However, there were critical voices: John Smith in \"The Scotsman\" charged that Jenkins never had any loyalty to the Labour Party and was an ambitious careerist intent only on furthering his career. John Campbell claims that \"A Life at the Centre\" is now generally recognised as one of the best political memoirs. David Cannadine ranked it alongside Duff Cooper's \"Old Men Forget\", R. A. Butler's \"The Art of the Possible\" and Denis Healey's \"The Time of My Life\" as one of the four best political memoirs of the post-war period.In 1993, he was appointed to the Order of Merit. Also that year, his \"Portraits and Miniatures\" was published. The main body of the book is a set of 6 biographical essays (Rab Butler, Aneurin Bevan, Iain Macleod, Dean Acheson, Konrad Adenauer, Charles de Gaulle), along with lectures, articles and book reviews.A television documentary about Jenkins was made by Michael Cockerell, titled \"Roy Jenkins: A Very Social Democrat\", and broadcast on 26 May 1996. Although an admiring portrait overall, Cockerell was frank about Jenkins' affairs and both Jenkins and his wife believed that Cockerell had betrayed their hospitality.Jenkins hailed Tony Blair's election as Labour Party leader in July 1994 as \"the most exciting Labour choice since the election of Hugh Gaitskell\". He argued that Blair should stick \"to a constructive line on Europe, in favour of sensible constitutional innovation...and in favour of friendly relations with the Liberal Democrats\". He added that he hoped Blair would not move Labour further to the right: \"Good work has been done in freeing it from nationalisation and other policies. But the market cannot solve everything and it would be a pity to embrace the stale dogmas of Thatcherism just when their limitations are becoming obvious\".Jenkins and Blair had been in touch since the latter's time as Shadow Home Secretary, when he admired Jenkins' reforming tenure at the Home Office. Jenkins told Paddy Ashdown in October 1995: \"I think Tony treats me as a sort of father figure in politics. He comes to me a lot for advice, particularly about how to construct a Government\". Jenkins tried to persuade Blair that the division in the centre-left vote between the Labour and Liberal parties had enabled the Conservatives to dominate the 20th century, whereas if the two left-wing parties entered into an electoral pact and adopted proportional representation, they could dominate the 21st century. Jenkins was an influence on the thinking of New Labour and both Peter Mandelson and Roger Liddle in their 1996 work \"The Blair Revolution\" and Philip Gould in his \"Unfinished Revolution\" recognised Jenkins' influence.Before the 1997 election, Blair had promised an enquiry into electoral reform. In December 1997, Jenkins was appointed chair of a Government-appointed Independent Commission on the Voting System, which became known as the \"Jenkins Commission\", to consider alternative voting systems for the UK. The Jenkins Commission reported in favour of a new uniquely British mixed-member proportional system called \"Alternative vote top-up\" or \"limited AMS\" in October 1998, although no action was taken on this recommendation. Blair told Ashdown that Jenkins' recommendations would not pass the Cabinet.British membership of the European single currency, Jenkins believed, was the supreme test of Blair's statesmanship. However, he was disappointed with Blair's timidity in taking on the Eurosceptic tabloid press. He told Blair in October 1997: \"You have to choose between leading Europe or having Murdoch on your side. You can have one but not both\". Jenkins was also critical of New Labour's authoritarianism, such as the watering down of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and their intention to ban fox hunting. By the end of his life Jenkins believed that Blair had wasted his enormous parliamentary majority and would not be recorded in history as a great Prime Minister; he ranked him between Harold Wilson and Stanley Baldwin.After Gordon Brown attacked Oxford University for indulging in \"old school tie\" prejudices because it rejected a state-educated pupil, Laura Spence, Jenkins told the House of Lords in June 2000 that \"Brown's diatribe was born of prejudice out of ignorance. Nearly every fact he adduced was false\". Jenkins voted for the equalisation of the homosexual age of consent and for repealing Section 28.Jenkins wrote 19 books, including a biography of Gladstone (1995), which won the 1995 Whitbread Award for Biography, and a much-acclaimed biography of Winston Churchill (2001). His then-designated official biographer, Andrew Adonis, was to have finished the Churchill biography had Jenkins not survived the heart surgery he underwent towards the end of its writing. The popular historian Paul Johnson called it the best one-volume biography on its subject.Jenkins underwent heart surgery in the form of a heart valve replacement on 12 October 2000 and postponed his 80th birthday celebrations whilst recovering, by having a celebratory party on 7 March 2001. He died on 5 January 2003, after suffering a heart attack at his home at East Hendred, in Oxfordshire. His last words, to his wife, were, \"Two eggs, please, lightly poached\". At the time of his death Jenkins was starting work on a biography of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.After his death, Blair paid tribute to \"one of the most remarkable people ever to grace British politics\", who had \"intellect, vision and an integrity that saw him hold firm to his beliefs of moderate social democracy, liberal reform and the cause of Europe throughout his life. He was a friend and support to me\". James Callaghan and Edward Heath also paid tribute and Tony Benn said that as \"a founder of the SDP he was probably the grandfather of New Labour\". However, he was strongly criticised by others including Denis Healey, who condemned the SDP split as a \"disaster\" for the Labour Party which prolonged their time in opposition and allowed the Tories to have an unbroken run of 18 years in government.The Professor of Government at Oxford University, Vernon Bogdanor, provided an assessment in \"The Guardian\":Roy Jenkins was both radical and contemporary; and this made him the most influential exponent of the progressive creed in politics in postwar Britain. Moreover, the political creed for which he stood belongs as much to the future as to the past. For Jenkins was the prime mover in the creation of a form of social democracy which, being internationalist, is peculiarly suited to the age of globalisation and, being liberal, will prove to have more staying power than the statism of Lionel Jospin or the corporatist socialism of Gerhard Schr\u00f6der. ... Roy Jenkins was the first leading politician to appreciate that a liberalised social democracy must be based on two tenets: what Peter Mandelson called an aspirational society (individuals must be allowed to regulate their personal lives without interference from the state); and that a post-imperial country like Britain could only be influential in the world as part of a wider grouping (the EU).His alma mater, Cardiff University, honoured the memory of Roy Jenkins by naming one of its halls of residence Roy Jenkins Hall.On 20 January 1945, Jenkins married Mary Jennifer (Jennifer) Morris (18 January 1921 \u2013 2 February 2017). They were married for almost 58 years until his death, although he had \"several affairs\", including one with Jackie Kennedy's sister Lee Radziwill. Among his long-term mistresses were Leslie Bonham Carter and Caroline Gilmour, wives of fellow MPs and close friends Mark Bonham Carter and Ian Gilmour. However, these extra-marital relationships were conditional on his lovers having a good relationship with his wife: he later stated that he \"could not imagine loving anyone who was not very fond of Jennifer\".She was made a DBE for services to ancient and historical buildings. They had two sons, Charles and Edward, and a daughter, Cynthia.Early in his life Jenkins had a relationship with Anthony Crosland. According to the Liberal Democrat Leader Vince Cable, Jenkins was bisexual.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Shadow Home Secretary", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "President of the European Commission", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"], "facts": [["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "April 1956", "January 1957"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "President of the European Commission", "January 1977", "January 1981"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1964", "March 1966"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1959", "September 1964"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1974", "January 1977"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1966", "May 1970"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1983", "May 1987"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Chancellor of the University of Oxford", "March 1987", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1951", "May 1955"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 38th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "April 1948", "February 1950"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "November 1967", "June 1970"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "June 1970", "April 1972"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1955", "September 1959"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "July 1955", "October 1955"], ["Roy Jenkins", "member of political party", "Liberal Democrats", "March 1988", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1982", "May 1983"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1970", "February 1974"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 39th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1950", "October 1951"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Shadow Home Secretary", "November 1973", "March 1974"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the House of Lords", "November 1987", "January 2003"], ["Roy Jenkins", "position held", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1974", "September 1974"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza belong to when he/she held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza belong to when he/she held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru?", "date": "July 26 2006", "text_answers": {"text": ["S\u00ed Cumple"]}, "id": "L3M_Q372590_P102_9", "fact_context": "Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza was a member of the S\u00ed Cumple from November 2004 to February 2010. \n Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza was a member of the We Are Peru Democratic Party from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza held the position of Minister of Women and Vulnerable Populations of Peru from January 1999 to November 2000. \n Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2016.", "adv_fact_context": "Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza was a member of the S\u00ed Cumple from 11/2004 to February 2010. \n Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza was a member of the We Are Peru Democratic Party from 01/1998 to January 1999. \n Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from Jul 2006 to Jul 2016. \n Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza held the position of Minister of Women and Vulnerable Populations of Peru from 01/1999 to 11/2000.", "context": "Luisa Mar\u00eda CuculizaLuisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza Torre (born 9 March 1942) is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician and a Congresswoman representing Lima for two terms between 2006 and 2016.From 1993 to 1999, she was mayor (alcalde) of Lima's San Borja District. She was the Minister of Women's Promotion and Social Development from 1999 to 2000, under President Alberto Fujimori. From 2004 to 2010, she was the secretary of the S\u00ed Cumple party, coordinating the party's local and regional governments, and was the candidate for First Vice President on the Fujimori-led S\u00ed Cumple ticket in the 2006 election, which was rejected due to a ban on the former president. Nevertheless, she was elected to Congress in the constituency of Lima on the Alliance for the Future list.In the 2011 elections, she was re-elected for another five-year term, this time on the Fuerza 2011 party.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["We Are Peru Democratic Party"], "facts": [["Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2016"], ["Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza", "member of political party", "S\u00ed Cumple", "November 2004", "February 2010"], ["Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza", "member of political party", "We Are Peru Democratic Party", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Luisa Mar\u00eda Cuculiza", "position held", "Minister of Women and Vulnerable Populations of Peru", "January 1999", "November 2000"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Marian Salzman hold when he/she was worked for Havas?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Marian Salzman hold when he/she was worked for Havas?", "date": "January 01 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief strategy officer"]}, "id": "L3M_Q6761974_P39_22", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief marketing officer", "executive vice president", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Marian Salzman work for when he/she held the position of chief strategy officer?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Marian Salzman work for when he/she held the position of chief strategy officer?", "date": "January 01 2001", "text_answers": {"text": ["Havas"]}, "id": "L3M_Q6761974_P108_30", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Young & Rubicam", "TBWA Worldwide", "Philip Morris International", "Porter Novelli", "J. Walter Thompson"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Marian Salzman hold when he/she was worked for J. Walter Thompson?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Marian Salzman hold when he/she was worked for J. Walter Thompson?", "date": "January 01 2005", "text_answers": {"text": ["executive vice president"]}, "id": "L3M_Q6761974_P39_43", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief strategy officer", "chief marketing officer", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Marian Salzman work for when he/she held the position of Senior vice-president?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Marian Salzman work for when he/she held the position of Senior vice-president?", "date": "January 01 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["Philip Morris International"]}, "id": "L3M_Q6761974_P108_100", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Young & Rubicam", "TBWA Worldwide", "Porter Novelli", "Havas", "J. Walter Thompson"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"]]}
{"question": "Who were the head coaches of New York Liberty when it was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports?", "adv_question": "Who were the head coaches of New York Liberty when it was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports?", "date": "January 01 2010", "text_answers": {"text": ["John Whisenant", "Bill Laimbeer"]}, "id": "L3M_Q974705_P286_10", "fact_context": "New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from January 2010 to January 2019. \n New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from January 2019 to May 2023. \n Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1997 to January 1998. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 1998 to January 2004. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2013 to January 2017. \n John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from January 2010 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "New York Liberty was owned by Madison Square Garden Sports from 01/2010 to January 2019. \n John Whisenant was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2010 to January 2012. \n New York Liberty was owned by Joseph Tsai from Jan 2019 to May 2023. \n Nancy Darsch was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1997 to 01/1998. \n Bill Laimbeer was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 2013 to 01/2017. \n Richie Adubato was the head coach of New York Liberty from Jan 1998 to Jan 2004.", "context": "New York LibertyThe New York Liberty is an American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn, New York City, which plays in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as part of the Eastern Conference. The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league. The team is owned by Joe Tsai, the majority owner of the Brooklyn Nets. The team's home games are played at Barclays Center.The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in fourteen of its twenty-four years. The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon, Rebecca Lobo, Becky Hammon, Leilani Mitchell, Essence Carson, Cappie Pondexter, Tina Charles, and the team's first-ever No.1 overall Draft pick Sabrina Ionescu. The Liberty have four conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals four times, falling to the Houston Comets in 1997, 1999, and 2000, and losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002. They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship.Prior to the team's first season, to avoid potential trademark infringement, the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association.When the WNBA opened in 1997, the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player, and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo (UConn) to a contract. Lobo was a starter for two seasons, but was injured in 1999. Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later. Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star, and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game, where the team lost to the Houston Comets. In 1999, they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals, where they again faced the Comets. In Game 2, Teresa Weatherspoon's halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece. However, the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time.In 2000, the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams. In 2001, Weatherspoon became the WNBA's all-time assist leader. Teamed with Robinson, Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks, who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game, Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002, but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks, respectively. The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001.The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoon's WNBA career winding down, fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player. The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the team's starting point guard.The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention. These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr. boxing match held in 1999.With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets, Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the team's starting center position in 2005. However, she was unfortunately injured midway through the season. The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs.The Liberty had a poor 2006 season, winning only 11 games, the fewest in franchise history.At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season, the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport, a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA Draft. They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting. The 2007 Liberty started out 5\u20130, then lost 7 straight games, then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games, beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record. In the Eastern Conference semifinals, the Liberty, as huge underdogs, faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series. The Liberty defeated the Shock by winning Game 1 in New York. In Games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit, 76\u201373 and 71\u201370 (OT) respectively.In 2008, the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins, and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason. Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team, the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008, to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action, and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals. Again, the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1, followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3. The 2008 season also featured the \"Liberty Outdoor Classic\", the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors, on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic.In the 2009 WNBA Draft, the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers. With a solid core group, the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again.In the 2009 season, however, they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle. To replace Coyle, the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis. Despite the coaching change, the franchise continued to struggle, finishing 13\u201321, their second worst record in franchise history.The New York Liberty fared better in 2010, during Donovan's first and only full season as head coach. Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter (formerly of the Phoenix Mercury) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell, the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost to the Atlanta Dream.The team had high hopes for 2011, after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant. Janel McCarville did not report to training camp, seeking time with her family, and as such, was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season. This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase. Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center.The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009. However, the renovation plans were delayed, and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010. The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey for their 2011, 2012, and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing.Pondexter and Plenette Pierson, along with improved play from Vaughn, allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season. The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference. In August, Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton. By maintaining a fairly even standard of play, the Liberty made their way into the WNBA Playoffs. However, the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.On May 5, 2015, the Liberty hired Thomas as Team President overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise. Under Thomas' leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach, the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season.On August 2, 2015, during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm, the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Liberty's Ring of Honor. Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden. Hammon, a former New York Liberty point guard, is currently an NBA assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs.After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA Playoffs, the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round.In November 2017, the Madison Square Garden Company and James L. Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise. After not immediately finding a buyer, MSG relocated most of the Liberty's 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains, New York, the home of MSG's NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks, while still continuing to pursue a sale.On January 23, 2019, the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai, co-founder of the Alibaba Group, a Chinese internet company, who then owned 49% of the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. During the 2019 season, the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets' home of the Barclays Center, with the rest still in White Plains. Later that year, Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center. For the 2020 season, Tsai relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis.The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft, entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round. Shortly before the draft, they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings. They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick, with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round. The team also introduced a new logo, featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding. The color black was also made one of the primary colors, echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad, the Brooklyn Nets.The Liberty began the 2020 season, held in a \"bubble\" in Bradenton, Florida due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with seven rookies on their opening-night roster. The team suffered a major blow in their third game, in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season. The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2\u201320 record.! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |APG! style=\"width:8%;\" |PPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |RPG! style=\"width:8%;\" |FG%Liberty games are broadcast on the YES Network, which is a regional sports network based in New York City. More often than not, NBA TV will pick up the feed from the local broadcast, which is shown nationally. Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Mike Crispino, Rosalyn Gold-Onwude and Julianne Viani.All games (excluding blackout games, which are available on ESPN3.com) are broadcast to the WNBA LiveAccess game feeds on the league website. Furthermore, some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC. The WNBA has reached an eight-year agreement with ESPN, which will pay right fees to the Liberty, as well as other teams in the league.On May 22, 2019, the YES Network announced that it would broadcast 16 Liberty games for the 2019 season, adding to the network's existing basketball coverage of the Brooklyn Nets. Previously, games had been broadcast on MSG Network.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Richie Adubato", "Nancy Darsch"], "facts": [["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Richie Adubato", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Madison Square Garden Sports", "January 2010", "January 2019"], ["New York Liberty", "owned by", "Joseph Tsai", "January 2019", "May 2023"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Nancy Darsch", "January 1997", "January 1998"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "John Whisenant", "January 2010", "January 2012"], ["New York Liberty", "head coach", "Bill Laimbeer", "January 2013", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Andres Ammas belong to when he/she held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Andres Ammas belong to when he/she held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu?", "date": "March 30 2015", "text_answers": {"text": ["Estonian Free Party"]}, "id": "L3M_Q20528366_P102_10", "fact_context": "Andres Ammas was a member of the Isamaa from November 1992 to February 2012. \n Andres Ammas worked for Haapsalu Basic School from January 1986 to January 1987. \n Andres Ammas held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from March 2015 to April 2018. \n Andres Ammas was a member of the Estonian Free Party from October 2014 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Andres Ammas was a member of the Isamaa from November 1992 to Feb 2012. \n Andres Ammas held the position of member of the Estonian Riigikogu from Mar 2015 to April 2018. \n Andres Ammas worked for Haapsalu Basic School from January 1986 to Jan 1987. \n Andres Ammas was a member of the Estonian Free Party from Oct 2014 to May 2023.", "context": "Andres AmmasAndres Ammas (25 February 1962, Tallinn \u2013 4 April 2018) was an Estonian politician, representing the Estonian Free Party in the Riigikogu. He was elected with 1,859 votes in the 2015 election.In 1990\u20131992, Ammas was a member of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia and voted for the Estonian restoration of Independence on 20 August 1991.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Isamaa"], "facts": [["Andres Ammas", "employer", "Haapsalu Basic School", "January 1986", "January 1987"], ["Andres Ammas", "member of political party", "Isamaa", "November 1992", "February 2012"], ["Andres Ammas", "position held", "member of the Estonian Riigikogu", "March 2015", "April 2018"], ["Andres Ammas", "member of political party", "Estonian Free Party", "October 2014", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Joseph Stalin hold when he/she was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Joseph Stalin hold when he/she was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva?", "date": "January 01 1918", "text_answers": {"text": ["General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"]}, "id": "L3M_Q855_P39_78", "fact_context": "Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from October 1901 to January 1903. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Gori school from January 1888 to June 1894. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union from June 1950 to March 1953. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik) from January 1903 to January 1912. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva from January 1918 to November 1932. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from April 1951 to March 1953. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Ekaterina Svanidze from July 1906 to December 1907. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice from January 1945 to January 2017. \n Joseph Stalin worked for Tbilisi Observatory from December 1899 to March 1901. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from April 1922 to October 1952. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary from September 1894 to May 1899. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Prague from January 1946 to January 1990. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Chrudim from July 1945 to January 2019.", "adv_fact_context": "Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik) from January 1903 to 01/1912. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from April 1922 to 10/1952. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Ekaterina Svanidze from Jul 1906 to 12/1907. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary from Sep 1894 to 05/1899. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union from 06/1950 to Mar 1953. \n Joseph Stalin worked for Tbilisi Observatory from Dec 1899 to 03/1901. \n Joseph Stalin studied at Gori school from Jan 1888 to June 1894. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Prague from 01/1946 to 01/1990. \n Joseph Stalin held the position of Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 04/1951 to Mar 1953. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice from January 1945 to 01/2017. \n Joseph Stalin was married to Nadezhda Alliluyeva from Jan 1918 to 11/1932. \n Joseph Stalin was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from Oct 1901 to January 1903. \n Joseph Stalin received Honorary citizen of Chrudim from Jul 1945 to January 2019.", "context": "Joseph StalinJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dz\u0435 Jughashvili; \u2013 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and political leader who ruled the Soviet Union from 1927 until his death in 1953. He served as both General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922\u20131952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941\u20131953). Despite initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he ultimately consolidated power to become the Soviet Union's dictator by the 1930s. A communist ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin formalised these ideas as Marxism\u2013Leninism while his own policies are known as Stalinism.Born to a poor family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before eventually joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He went on to edit the party's newspaper, \"Pravda\", and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles. After the Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the newly formed Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's dogma. As a result of the Five-Year Plans implemented under his leadership, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. This led to severe disruptions of food production that contributed to the famine of 1932\u201333. To eradicate accused \"enemies of the working class\", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government.Stalin promoted Marxism\u2013Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. Despite suffering enormous losses and numerous defeats in the early stages of the conflict, the Soviet Red Army ultimately repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, thereby ending World War II in Europe. In the process of defeating Germany and its allies, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and established Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe, China, and North Korea. By the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers. The ensuing deterioration of relations between the Soviet-backed Eastern Bloc and U.S.-backed Western Bloc gave rise to a sustained period of tensions known as the Cold War that lasted until 1989. In the final years of his leadership, Stalin presided over the post-war reconstruction of the Soviet Union as well as the development of a Soviet atomic bomb in 1949. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society.Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist\u2013Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. Conversely, his totalitarian regime has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions.Stalin's birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dz\u0435 Jughashvili. He was born in the Georgian town of Gori, then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. He was born on and baptised on 29 December. His parents, Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze, were ethnically Georgian, and Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language. He was their only child to survive past infancy and was nicknamed \"Soso\", a diminutive of \"Ioseb\".Besarion was a shoemaker who was employed in a workshop owned by another man; it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline, and the family found itself living in poverty. Besarion became an alcoholic and drunkenly beat his wife and son. Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. In 1886, they moved into the house of a family friend, Father Christopher Charkviani. Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Gori Church School, a place secured by Charkviani. Although he got into many fights, Stalin excelled academically, displaying talent in painting and drama classes, writing his own poetry, and singing as a choirboy. Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars; and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, likely the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm.In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there, and he achieved high grades. He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of \"Soselo\" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper \"Iveria\" (\"Georgia\"). According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became \"minor Georgian classics\" and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped, and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks.Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school; he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel \"What Is To Be Done?\" Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's \"The Patricide\", with Stalin adopting the nickname \"Koba\" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. He also read \"\", the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism, which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. At night, he attended secret workers' meetings and was introduced to Silibistro \"Silva\" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi (\"Third Group\"), a Georgian socialist group. Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned.In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900, at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding, living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898.That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batumi. His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an \"agent provocateur\" working for the government. He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral, before being arrested in April 1902. Held first in Batumi Prison and then Kutaisi Prison, in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia.Stalin left Batumi in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, \"Proletariatis Brdzola\" (\"Proletarian Struggle\"), with Philip Makharadze. He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's \"Bolsheviks\" and Julius Martov's \"Mensheviks\". Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura, Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene.In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. Georgia was particularly affected. Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. He publicly lambasted the \"pogroms against Jews and Armenians\" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to \"buttress his despicable throne\". Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops, raided government arsenals, and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds, co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia.In November 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg. On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. At the conference, the RSDLP \u2014 then led by its Menshevik majority \u2014 agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause.Stalin married Kato Svanidze in a church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. By that year \u2014 according to the historian Robert Service \u2014 Stalin had established himself as \"Georgia's leading Bolshevik\". He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held in London in May\u2013June 1907. After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Yerevan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive.After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. There, Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he took no notice of them.In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, \"Bakinsky Proletary\" and \"Gudok\" (\"Whistle\"). In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International \u2014 an international socialist organisation \u2014 in Stuttgart, Germany. In November 1907, his wife died of typhus, and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit, which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him.In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months, having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. He escaped to Saint Petersburg, where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda.In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg, tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, \"Zvezda\" (\"Star\") into a daily, \"Pravda\" (\"Truth\"). The new newspaper was launched in April 1912, although Stalin's role as editor was kept secret.In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym, where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg.During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group \u2014 although not Stalin \u2014 were apprehended by the authorities. Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for \"Pravda\".After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. In late 1912, Stalin twice crossed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Krak\u00f3w, eventually bowing to Lenin's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks. In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna, where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject, wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia.Stalin's article \"Marxism and the National Question\" was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal \"Prosveshcheniye\"; Lenin was pleased with it. According to Montefiore, this was \"Stalin's most famous work\". The article was published under the pseudonym \"K. Stalin\", a name he had used since 1912. Derived from the Russian word for steel (\"stal\"), this has been translated as \"Man of Steel\"; Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks.In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk, a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult. In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygia, who was thirteen at the time and thus a year under the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. In or about December 1914, Pereprygia gave birth to Stalin's child, although the infant soon died. She gave birth to another of his children, Alexander, circa April 1917.In Kureika, Stalin lived closely with the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak, and spent much of his time fishing.While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917, where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. Stalin was required to serve four more months on his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd \u2014 as Saint Petersburg had been renamed \u2014 and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown. The Russian Empire became a \"de facto\" republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. There, Stalin and a fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of \"Pravda\", and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential council of the city's workers. In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding \"Pravda\". During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing \"Pravda\" and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\". Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a \"coup\" at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October.On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik \"coup\" \u2014 the October Revolution \u2014 was directed. Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the \"Aurora\", opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin \"filled an important role [in the October Revolution]... as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper\"; the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been \"in the thick of events\" in the build-up to the coup.On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars (\"Sovnarkom\"). Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. Stalin became part of an informal foursome leading the government, alongside Lenin, Trotsky, and Sverdlov; of these, Sverdlov was regularly absent and died in March 1919. Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute, and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky, Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers, and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror.Having dropped his editorship of \"Pravda\", Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies.Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. Stalin thought it necessary because \u2014 unlike Lenin \u2014 he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party.After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. Eager to prove himself as a commander, once there he took control of regional military operations. He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial and \u2014 in contravention of government orders \u2014 purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of; for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program.In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919, before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. In September he was returned to the Southern Front. During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service.The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia; during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate; that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front.Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the Polish\u2013Soviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kyiv on 7 May. On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. The Red Army retook Kyiv on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski's Polish government. Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lviv; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw.In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behavior in the Polish\u2013Soviet war. Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of \"strategic mistakes\" in his handling of the war. Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga.The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia, while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression, facilitated through \"autonomous republics\" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state.Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow; Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921.After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralyzed. Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's \"Asiatic\" manner and told his sister Maria that Stalin was \"not intelligent\". Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov's view that doing so was impractical at that stage. Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one.They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the \"Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia\", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as \"autonomous republics\" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Lenin accused Stalin of \"Great Russian chauvinism\"; Stalin accused Lenin of \"national liberalism\". A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the \"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\" (USSR). The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow.Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with Lenin's Testament, a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin; Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity.Lenin died in January 1924. Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed \"Leningrad\" that year. To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the \"Foundations of Leninism\", later published in book form. During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, \"Lenin's Testament\" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position.As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. Favouring new Communist Party members, many from worker and peasant backgrounds, to the \"Old Bolsheviks\" who tended to be university educated, he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries, and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. Stalin also developed close relations with the trio at the heart of the secret police (first the Cheka and then its replacement, the State Political Directorate): Felix Dzerzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova; his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926.In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. Stalin saw Trotsky \u2014 whom he personally despised \u2014 as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. The Left Opposition believed the NEP conceded too much to capitalism; Stalin was called a \"rightist\" for his support of the policy. Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee, while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability.In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism \u2014 and thus instability \u2014 into the party. In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin; in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee; the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government.Stalin was now the party's supreme leader, although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. According to Montefiore, at this point \"Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator\". His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino, and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze.In 1926, Stalin published \"On Questions of Leninism\". Here, he argued for the concept of \"Socialism in One Country\", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries, and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach; they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as \"kulaks\" and small business owners or \"Nepmen\". At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the \"left\" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev.In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. Stalin announced that both kulaks and the \"middle peasants\" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. Large numbers died during the journey. By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was \"the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country.\"In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture, establishing both \"kolkhozy\" collective farms and \"sovkhoz\" state farms. Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. Many of the collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland, and productivity slumped. Famine broke out in many areas, with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions.Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials. Although he and Stalin had been close for many years, Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old \"war communism\" policy and believed that it would fail. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo.Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the \"irrationality\" and \"wastefulness\" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on \"ad hoc\" commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry; it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery.Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks; Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a \"new Soviet person\".In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. He warned of a \"danger from the right\", including in the Communist Party itself. The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class \"industrial specialists\" were convicted of sabotage. From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition: these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian, he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the \"Zhenotdel\" women's department.Stalin desired a \"cultural revolution\", entailing both creation of a culture for the \"masses\" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts, while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified, with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist clergy faced persecution. Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents identified as religious.Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world; initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called \"social fascists\"; Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky.Stalin faced problems in his family life. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself.Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder.Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offense. The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933.The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 1932\u201333; between five and seven million people died. Worst affected were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. Historians have long debated whether Stalin's government had intended the famine to occur or not; there are no known documents in which Stalin or his government explicitly called for starvation to be used against the population. The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. Government policies\u2014including the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotation\u2014exacerbated the problem; the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and sabotage within the peasantry; his government provided small amounts of food to famine-struck rural areas, although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation. The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritized for the urban workforce; for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine, the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers.In 1935\u201336, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. He declared that \"socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country\". In 1938, \"The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)\", colloquially known as the \"Short Course\", was released; Conquest later referred to it as the \"central text of Stalinism\". A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published, although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. During the later 1930s, Stalin placed \"a few limits on the worship of his own greatness\". By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death.Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, of which it had previously been excluded. Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe; in May 1935, the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia. At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in July\u2013August 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. In turn, the anti-communist governments of Germany, Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936.When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front.Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. State repression intensified after Kirov's death; Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas; in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD.Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937, and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin.There were mass expulsions from the party, with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements.Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of \"anti-Soviet elements\" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. He also initiated \"national operations\", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups\u2014among them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinese\u2014through internal or external exile. During these years, approximately 1.6\u00a0million people were arrested, 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture.During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad; in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government.Stalin initiated all key decisions during the Terror, personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in their implementation. His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians. His personal writings from the period were \u2014 according to Khlevniuk \u2014 \"unusually convoluted and incoherent\", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government, fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria, a man totally devoted to Stalin. Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among sympathetic leftists. As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself, blaming its \"excesses\" and \"violations of law\" on Yezhov. According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution.As a Marxist\u2013Leninist, Stalin expected an inevitable conflict between competing capitalist powers; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, Stalin recognised a war was looming. He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out.As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. In May 1939, Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. On 17 September, the Red Army entered eastern Poland, officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state. On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. A German\u2013Soviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany.The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August; they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed.The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. Although \"de facto\" head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as \"de jure\" head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union.In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. Although intelligence agencies had repeatedly warned him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander, as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka), with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. The German tactic of \"blitzkrieg\" was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory; soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege; and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow, and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions.Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them, also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. With Order No. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors; among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. Stalin issued Order No. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in \"penal battalions\" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions; the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort.The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States; although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment, while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of \"rootless cosmopolitanism\", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. Comintern was dissolved in 1943, and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist\u2013Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal.In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. This attack proved unsuccessful. That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war; in commemoration, Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union.By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5\u00a0million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault.In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday, and in 1942, \"Time\" magazine named him \"Man of the Year\". When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him \"Uncle Joe\" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the \"Big Three\". Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war, with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them.In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of K\u00f6nigsberg be declared Soviet territory. Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West.In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany, including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre. In 1944 the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the region\u2014the Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatars\u2014were accused of having collaborated with the Germans. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy.In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20\u00a0billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. Privately, Stalin sought to ensure that Poland would come fully under Soviet influence. The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal.In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. Stalin refused to punish the offenders. After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could \"react normally? And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors?\"With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan.Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in July\u2013August 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a \"Sovietization\" of Eastern Europe. Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. He also pushed for \"war booty\", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself\u2014located within the Soviet area\u2014also subdivided thusly.After the war, Stalin was\u2014according to Service\u2014at the \"apex of his career\". Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe.In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus, and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as \"the outstanding nation\" and \"leading force\" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. In 1946, the state published Stalin's \"Collected Works\". In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. He was quoted in \"Pravda\" on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes.Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through \"filtration\" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. The Gulag system of labour camps was expanded further. By January 1953, three percent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8\u00a0million in \"special settlements\" in isolated areas and another 2.5\u00a0million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons.The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the ruble and abolished the ration-book system. Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but reinstalled in 1950.Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945.He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. He demoted Molotov, and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950.In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities, and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine hit areas. Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5\u00a0million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. Much of this was constructed by prison labour.In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. Tensions among these former Allies grew, resulting in the Cold War. Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent, believing that several decades of peace was likely. He nevertheless secretly intensified Soviet research into nuclear weaponry, intent on creating an atom bomb. Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that \"atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world.\" He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9\u00a0million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8\u00a0million by 1953.The US began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony in eastern Europe. The US also offered financial assistance as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree.The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out.Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libya\u2014recently liberated from Italian occupation\u2014to become a Soviet protectorate. He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the \"most evil dictator alive\" and compared to Hitler.In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of \"Falsifiers of History\", published as a series of \"Pravda\" articles in February 1948 and then in book form. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming Western powers for the war. He erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war was not a result of Soviet military weakness, but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat. In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside Marxist\u2013Leninist leaders from across Europe and Asia.After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states.He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as \"dictatorships of the proletariat\" but as \"people's democracies\", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class.Churchill observed that an \"Iron Curtain\" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Por\u0119ba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist\u2013Leninist doctrine. At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia.Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. When the US and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party, and vote rigging was used to ensure that it secured office. The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc.In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war.At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. The U.S. went to the UN Security Council\u2014which the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's government\u2014and secured military support for the South Koreans. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North.The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948. When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S. After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. In November 1948, he abolished the JAC, and show trials took place for some of its members. The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and \"rootless cosmopolitanism\", with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same; he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a \"counter-revolutionary\" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S. There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia.In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months vacationing at his Abkhazian dacha. Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. In November, the Sl\u00e1nsk\u00fd trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations.From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. The amount of written material that he produced also declined. In 1950, Stalin issued the article \"Marxism and Problems of Linguistics\", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood.In 1952, Stalin's last book, \"Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR\", was published. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium.On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Volynskoe dacha. He had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and leeches were applied to him. Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, resulting in him being sent home. Stalin died on 5 March 1953. According to Svetlana, it had been \"a difficult and terrible death\". An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral hemorrhage and that he also suffered from severe damage to his cerebral arteries due to atherosclerosis. It is possible that Stalin was murdered. Beria has been suspected of murder, although no firm evidence has ever appeared.Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. The body was embalmed, and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. Crowds were such that a crush killed about 100 people. The funeral involved the body being laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square on 9 March; hundreds of thousands attended. That month featured a surge in arrests for \"anti-Soviet agitation\" as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death.Stalin left no anointed successor nor a framework within which a transfer of power could take place. The Central Committee met on the day of his death, with Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerging as the party's key figures. The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member attaining autocratic domination again. The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S., pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. A mass amnesty for those imprisoned for non-political crimes was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953.Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen, and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life; according to Kotkin, Stalin held \"zealous Marxist convictions\", while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a \"quasi-religious\" value for Stalin. Although he never became a Georgian nationalist, during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in \"a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals\". Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that \"there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. I stand on the ground of the latter\". Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his \"dogmatic turn of mind\", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's \"few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism\". Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment; Stalin would often turn to ideology \"post hoc\" to justify his decisions. Stalin referred to himself as a \"praktik\", meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician.As a Marxist and an extreme anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable \"class war\" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat, regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic \"enemies\" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes, and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. As a propaganda tool, the shaming of \"enemies\" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. According to Sandle, Stalin was \"committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced.\"Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. In his book, \"Foundations of Leninism\", he stated that \"Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution\". He claimed to be a loyal Leninist, although was\u2014according to Service\u2014\"not a blindly obedient Leninist\". Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically, and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled \u00e9migr\u00e9, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a \"strong bond\" over the years, while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was \"the single most important relationship in Stalin's life\". After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writings\u2014far more so than those of Marx and Engels\u2014to guide him in the affairs of state. Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary vanguard who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them. Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figure\u2014akin to a Tsar\u2014whom they could rally around. In his words, \"the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work\". He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the \"vozhd\", an equivalent to the Italian \"duce\" and German \"fuhrer\".Stalinism was a development of Leninism, and while Stalin avoided using the term \"Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism\", he allowed others to do so. Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of \"Socialism in One Country\". This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 1925\u201326. Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals, and served to discredit Trotsky\u2014who promoted the idea of \"permanent revolution\"\u2014by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism.Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community, and regarded all nations as inherently equal. In his work, he stated that \"the right of secession\" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a \"national character\" but were not a \"nation\" and were thus unassimilable. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism.Ethnically Georgian, Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language, and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. He remained proud of his Georgian identity, and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. According to Montefiore, despite Stalin's affinity for Russia and Russians, he remained profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality. Stalin's colleagues described him as \"Asiatic\", and he told a Japanese journalist that \"I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian\". Service also noted that Stalin \"would never be Russian\", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. Montefiore was of the view that \"after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship.\"Stalin had a soft voice, and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. In private he used coarse language, although avoided doing so in public. Described as a poor orator, according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was \"simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics\". He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including \"Koba\", \"Soselo\", and \"Ivanov\", adopting \"Stalin\" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for \"steel\" and has often been translated as \"Man of Steel\".In adulthood, Stalin measured tall. To appear taller, he wore stacked shoes, and stood on a small platform during parades. His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility, which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage.During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian \"chokha\" or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture; his interest was in power rather than wealth.As Soviet leader, Stalin typically awoke around 11am, with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm; he then worked late into the evening. He often dined with other Politburo members and their families. As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas; he disliked travel, and refused to travel by plane. His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years, although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35\u00a0km outside Moscow, although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9\u00a0km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. In 1935 he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon; in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov.Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity. This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. According to biographer Montefiore, \"it is clear from hostile and friendly witnesses alike that Stalin was always exceptional, even from childhood\". Stalin had a complex mind, great self-control, and an excellent memory. He was a hard worker, and displayed a keen desire to learn; when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. According to Volkogonov, \"Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same\"; he did not take days off from political activities.Stalin could play different roles to different audiences, and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. Several historians have seen it appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being \"several Stalins\" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. He was a good organiser, with a strategic mind, and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting, but he rarely raised his voice in anger; as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad tempered. Despite his tough-talking attitude, he could be very charming; when relaxed, he cracked jokes and mimicked others. Montefiore suggested that this charm was \"the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party\".Stalin was ruthless, temperamentally cruel, and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. He lacked compassion, something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile, although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. He was capable of self-righteous indignation, and was resentful, and vindictive, holding on to grudges for many years. By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. He never attended torture sessions or executions, although Service thought Stalin \"derived deep satisfaction\" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of \"unrelieved fear\". Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a \"natural extremist\"; Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international Marxist\u2013Leninist cause.Keenly interested in the arts, Stalin admired artistic talent. He protected several Soviet writers, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. He enjoyed music, owning around 2,700 records, and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental \"formalism\". He also favoured classical forms in the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism. He was a voracious reader, with a library of over 20,000 books. Little of this was fiction, although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. An autodidact, he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day, with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. He favoured the Western genre; his favourite film was the 1938 picture \"Volga Volga\".Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player, and collected watches. He also enjoyed practical jokes; he for instance would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. When at social events, he encouraged singing, as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers, and later in life he became a keen gardener. His Volynskoe suburb had a park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities.Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism, although he was repeatedly accused of it. People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harbored negative sentiments toward Jews, and anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fueled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that \"the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews.\" In 1946, Stalin allegedly said privately that \"every Jew is a potential spy.\" Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. Service cautioned that there was \"no irrefutable evidence\" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were \"undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews\"; he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian \"would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews\". According to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women.Friendship was important to Stalin, and he used it to gain and maintain power. Kotkin observed that Stalin \"generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background\". He gave nicknames to his favourites, for instance referring to Yezhov as \"my blackberry\". Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships \"meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy\". While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money.According to Montefiore, in his early life Stalin \"rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend\". He was sexually promiscuous, although rarely talked about his sex life. Montefiore noted that Stalin's favoured types were \"young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women\", who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. According to Service, Stalin \"regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort\". Stalin married twice and had several offspring.Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. According to Montefiore, theirs was \"a true love match\"; Volkogonov suggested that she was \"probably the one human being he had really loved\". When she died, Stalin said: \"This creature softened my heart of stone.\" They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide.Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often fought. They had two biological children\u2014a son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana\u2014and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. During his marriage to Nadezhda, Stalin had affairs with many other women, most of whom were fellow revolutionaries or their wives. Nadezdha suspected that this was the case, and committed suicide in 1932. Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood, and was also very fond of Artyom. In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Allilueva, and defected to the U.S.After Nadezdha's death, Stalin became increasingly close to her sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva; Montefiore believed that they were probably lovers. There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. Stalin had at least two illegitimate children, although he never recognised them as being his. One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met his father. The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygia; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father.The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps \"determined the course of the twentieth century\" more than any other individual. Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician; Montefiore labelled Stalin as \"that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer\", a man who was \"the ultimate politician\" and \"the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans\". According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from \"the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory.\" For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder.Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power, one which could \"claim impressive achievements\" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care as mortality rates also declined. Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, with it being argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 on may have only been a limiting factor.Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state, with Stalin its authoritarian leader. Various biographers have described him as a dictator, an autocrat, or accused him of practicing Caesarism. Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934, with Stalin only becoming \"absolute dictator\" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. According to Kotkin, Stalin \"built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship.\" In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an \"Oriental despot\". Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as \"one of the most powerful figures in human history.\" McDermott stated that Stalin had \"concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands.\" Service stated that Stalin \"had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history\" by the late 1930s.McDermott nevertheless cautioned against \"over-simplistic stereotypes\"\u2014promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakov\u2014that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an \"unimpeded despot\", noting that \"powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless\", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were \"periodic manifestations\" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure.A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. Since his death many more biographies have been written, although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians, at which point Stalin became \"one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda\" in the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light, and producing a flood of new research.Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged \"the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution\".With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labeled \"one of the most notorious figures in history.\" These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime.Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938, the years of the Great Purge. According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,000\u20131.2\u00a0million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953, the current historical consensus is that of the 18\u00a0million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7\u00a0million died as a result of their incarceration. Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3\u00a0million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. Wheatcroft and historian R. W. Davies estimate famine deaths at 5.5\u20136.5\u00a0million while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7\u00a0million. In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9\u00a0million deaths, with 6\u00a0million of these being deliberate killings. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20\u00a0million or above which were made before access to the archives.Historians continue to debate whether or not the 1932\u201333 Ukrainian famine, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor, should be called a genocide. Twenty six countries officially recognise it under the legal definition of genocide. In 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament declared it to be such, and in 2010 a Ukrainian court posthumously convicted Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich, Stanislav Kosior, and other Soviet leaders of genocide. Popular among some Ukrainian nationalists is the idea that Stalin consciously organised the famine to suppress national desires among the Ukrainian people. This interpretation has been disputed by more recent historical studies. These have articulated the view that while Stalin's policies contributed significantly to the high mortality rate, there is no evidence that Stalin or the Soviet government consciously engineered the famine. The idea that this was a targeted attack on the Ukrainians is complicated by the widespread suffering that also affected other Soviet peoples in the famine, including the Russians. Within Ukraine, ethnic Poles and Bulgarians died in similar proportions to ethnic Ukrainians. Despite any lack of clear intent on Stalin's part, the historian Norman Naimark noted that although there may not be sufficient \"evidence to convict him in an international court of justice as a genocidaire [...] that does not mean that the event itself cannot be judged as genocide.\"Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult, which was subsequently criticised in \"Pravda\". In 1956, Khrushchev gave his \"Secret Speech\", titled \"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences\", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis next to the Kremlin walls, the location marked only by a simple bust. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd.Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were defeated by critics within the Soviet and international Marxist\u2013Leninist movement. Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. His successor Vladimir Putin did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions. In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the \"terrible past\" would neither be \"justified by anything\" nor \"erased from the national memory.\"Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. In the 2008 \"Name of Russia\" television show, Stalin was voted as the third most notable personality in Russian history.Polling by the Levada Center suggest Stalin's popularity has grown since 2015, with 46% of Russians expressing a favourable view of him in 2017 and 51% in 2019. The Center, in 2019, reports that around 70% of Russians believe that Stalin played a positive role in their homeland and in May 2021, a survey finds that Stalin is the most important personality in Russian public opinion, followed by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Pushkin. At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat \"enemies of the people\" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge.The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitude has been very divided. A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history. A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing \"a positive attitude\" to him. A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev.Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country \"will always have need of a leader like Stalin.\" In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. In December 2010, unknown persons cut off its head and it was destroyed in an explosion in 2011. In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union", "Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"], "facts": [["Joseph Stalin", "employer", "Tbilisi Observatory", "December 1899", "March 1901"], ["Joseph Stalin", "educated at", "Tbilisi Theological Seminary", "September 1894", "May 1899"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizen of Chrudim", "July 1945", "January 2019"], ["Joseph Stalin", "spouse", "Nadezhda Alliluyeva", "January 1918", "November 1932"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizenship of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice", "January 1945", "January 2017"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "member of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union", "June 1950", "March 1953"], ["Joseph Stalin", "member of political party", "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolshevik)", "January 1903", "January 1912"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "April 1922", "October 1952"], ["Joseph Stalin", "educated at", "Gori school", "January 1888", "June 1894"], ["Joseph Stalin", "spouse", "Ekaterina Svanidze", "July 1906", "December 1907"], ["Joseph Stalin", "position held", "Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", "April 1951", "March 1953"], ["Joseph Stalin", "member of political party", "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party", "October 1901", "January 1903"], ["Joseph Stalin", "award received", "Honorary citizen of Prague", "January 1946", "January 1990"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did John von Neumann work for when he/she was married to Klara Dan von Neumann?", "adv_question": "Which employers did John von Neumann work for when he/she was married to Klara Dan von Neumann?", "date": "January 01 1938", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institute for Advanced Study", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "United States Atomic Energy Commission"]}, "id": "L3M_Q17455_P108_69", "fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1926 to January 1927. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from January 1911 to January 1921. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from January 1941 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from January 1938 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1933 to January 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from January 1930 to January 1933. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from January 1955 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to January 1941. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 1923 to January 1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from January 1943 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from January 1950 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from January 1929 to January 1930.", "adv_fact_context": "John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan 1933 to Jan 1957. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1926 to Jan 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from Jan 1929 to 01/1930. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 01/1950 to Jan 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 1923 to 01/1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from Jan 1930 to 01/1933. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from 01/1938 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from 01/1943 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from Jan 1941 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from Jan 1911 to 01/1921. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from Jan 1955 to 02/1957.", "context": "John von NeumannJohn von Neumann (; , ; December 28, 1903\u00a0\u2013 February\u00a08, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be \"the last representative of the great mathematicians\". He integrated pure and applied sciences.Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, representation theory, operator algebras, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.Von Neumann published over 150 papers in his life: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical ones. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was in the hospital, was later published in book form as \"The Computer and the Brain\".His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term \"kiloton\" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and consulted for organizations including the United States Air Force, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a Hungarian \u00e9migr\u00e9, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos to a wealthy, acculturated and non-observant Jewish family. In Hungarian the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mih\u00e1ly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907\u20131989) and Mikl\u00f3s (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911\u20132011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873\u20131928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation \"Margittai\", meaning \"of Margitta\" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann de Margitta), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, \"What are you calculating?\".When they were young, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages in addition to Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume \"Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen\". A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evang\u00e9likus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1914. Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend. This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, which included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (born 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as \"The Martians\".Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeg\u0151 posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.According to his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. in mathematics simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, \"Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort.\" He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected \"Privatdozent\" in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His powers of recall allowed him to quickly memorize the pages of telephone directories, and recite the names, addresses and numbers therein. In 1929, he briefly became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University.On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Marietta K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930. Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.In 1933, he was offered a lifetime professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he had announced his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California, Los Angeles. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: \"Oh, France won't matter.\"Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community. His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, \"Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?\" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did.Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving\u2014frequently while reading a book\u2014occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up. Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's \"Elements\", had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and in geometry, thanks to Hilbert's axioms. But at the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics, but did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the \"axiom of foundation\" and the notion of \"class.\"The axiom of foundation proposed that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel. If one set belongs to another, then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession. This excludes the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration called the \"method of inner models\", which became an essential instrument in set theory.The second approach to the problem of sets belonging to themselves took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class that belongs to other classes, while a \"proper class\" is defined as a class that does not belong to other classes. On the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets that do not belong to themselves. In contrast, on von Neumann's approach, the class of all sets that do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a \"proper class\", not a set.With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets avoided the contradictions of earlier systems and became usable as a foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth expressible in their language. Moreover, every consistent extension of these systems necessarily remains incomplete.Less than a month later, von Neumann, who had participated in the Conference, communicated to G\u00f6del an interesting consequence of his theorem: that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem, and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"Building on the work of Felix Hausdorff, in 1924 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski proved that given a solid ball in 3\u2011dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets that can be reassembled together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. Banach and Tarski proved that, using isometric transformations, the result of taking apart and reassembling a two-dimensional figure would necessarily have the same area as the original. This would make creating two unit squares out of one impossible. But in a 1929 paper, von Neumann proved that paradoxical decompositions could use a group of transformations that include as a subgroup a free group with two generators. The group of area-preserving transformations contains such subgroups, and this opens the possibility of performing paradoxical decompositions using these subgroups. The class of groups von Neumann isolated in his work on Banach\u2013Tarski decompositions was very important in many areas of mathematics, including von Neumann's own later work in measure theory (see below).In a series of papers published in 1932, von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure. Of the 1932 papers on ergodic theory, Paul Halmos wrote that even \"if von Neumann had never done anything else, they would have been sufficient to guarantee him mathematical immortality\". By then von Neumann had already written his articles on operator theory, and the application of this work was instrumental in the von Neumann mean ergodic theorem.Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as being equal to the bicommutant. Von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of F.J. Murray, on the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 \"rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century\". The direct integral was later introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann.In measure theory, the \"problem of measure\" for an -dimensional Euclidean space may be stated as: \"does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of ?\" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if or and a negative solution (because of the Banach\u2013Tarski paradox) in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character\": the existence of a measure could be determined by looking at the properties of the transformation group of the given space. The positive solution for spaces of dimension at most two, and the negative solution for higher dimensions, comes from the fact that the Euclidean group is a solvable group for dimension at most two, and is not solvable for higher dimensions. \"Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is a substitute of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., \"n\", it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Earlier, Menger and Birkhoff had axiomatized complex projective geometry in terms of the properties of its lattice of linear subspaces. Von Neumann, following his work on rings of operators, weakened those axioms to describe a broader class of lattices, the continuous geometries.While the dimensions of the subspaces of projective geometries are a discrete set (the non-negative integers), the dimensions of the elements of a continuous geometry can range continuously across the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.Between 1937 and 1939, von Neumann worked on lattice theory, the theory of partially ordered sets in which every two elements have a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices (properties that arise in the lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces): \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\"Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice having a \"basis\" of pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring . This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized in 1926 that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.The \"physics\" of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the \"mathematics\" of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the \"non-commutativity\" of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1935, Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. Hermann's work was largely ignored until after John S. Bell made essentially the same argument in 1966. In 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach.Von Neumann's proof inaugurated a line of research that ultimately led, through Bell's theorem and the experiments of Alain Aspect in 1982, to the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a \"notion of reality\" substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity.In a chapter of \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter. He argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective consciousness\" of the human observer. Although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance among the majority of physicists. The Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation has been summarized as follows:The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) \"minds\", which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.Though theories of quantum mechanics continue to evolve, there is a basic framework for the mathematical formalism of problems in quantum mechanics underlying most approaches that can be traced back to the mathematical formalisms and techniques first used by von Neumann. In other words, discussions about interpretation of the theory, and extensions to it, are now mostly conducted on the basis of shared assumptions about the mathematical foundations.Von Neumann entropy is extensively used in different forms (conditional entropy, relative entropy, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory. Entanglement measures are based upon some quantity directly related to the von Neumann entropy. Given a statistical ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix formula_1, it is given by formula_2 Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and conditional quantum entropy.Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics. Decades later, Shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von Neumann what to call it. Von Neumann said to call it Shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von Neumann entropy.The formalism of density operators and matrices was introduced by von Neumann in 1927 and independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively. The density matrix is an alternative way to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann led to the development of quantum decoherence theories.Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann and Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (\"e.g.\", horizontally and vertically), and therefore, \"a fortiori\", it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added \"between\" the other two, the photons will indeed pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the \"non-commutativity\" of conjunction formula_3. It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, formula_4 and formula_5, are not valid for quantum theory.The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is in turn attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case in quantum mechanics that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members is necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., \"x\" and \"y\") results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the \"x\" direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction \"y\" will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive or the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative\" must be true for \u0278.In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which \"formula_6\", while formula_7.As Hilary Putnam writes, von Neumann replaced classical logic with a logic constructed in orthomodular lattices (isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of the Hilbert space of a given physical system).Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. He proved his minimax theorem in 1928. It establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 \"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\", written with Oskar Morgenstern. Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that \"The New York Times\" ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analysis, especially convex sets and the topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.Independently, Leonid Kantorovich's functional analytic work on mathematical economics also focused attention on optimization theory, non-differentiability, and vector lattices. Von Neumann's functional-analytic techniques\u2014the use of duality pairings of real vector spaces to represent prices and quantities, the use of supporting and separating hyperplanes and convex sets, and fixed-point theory\u2014have been the primary tools of mathematical economics ever since.Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several influential publications. For his model of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil\u00a0\" A\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bbB\" with nonnegative matrices\u00a0A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors\u00a0\"p\" and\u00a0\"q\" and a positive number\u00a0\"\u03bb\" that would solve the complementarity equationalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector \"p\" represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \"\u03bb\" represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate.Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where his model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of his model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in German that was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began while he was lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929. He spent his summers back home in Budapest, as did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in the book and corrected them\u2013for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras's Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.Building on his results on matrix games and on his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann invented the theory of duality in linear programming when George Dantzig described his work in a few minutes, and an impatient von Neumann asked him to get to the point. Dantzig then listened dumbfounded while von Neumann provided an hourlong lecture on convex sets, fixed-point theory, and duality, conjecturing the equivalence between matrix games and linear programming.Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Paul Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.Subsequently, Denis Sargan and Alok Bhargava extended the results for testing if the errors on a regression model follow a Gaussian random walk (\"i.e.\", possess a unit root) against the alternative that they are a stationary first order autoregression.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in the field of fluid dynamics.Von Neumann's contributions to fluid dynamics included his discovery of the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery (independently of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Werner D\u00f6ring) of the ZND detonation model of explosives. During the 1930s, von Neumann became an authority on the mathematics of shaped charges.Later with Robert D. Richtmyer, von Neumann developed an algorithm defining \"artificial viscosity\" that improved the understanding of shock waves. When computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of \"artificial viscosity\" smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics.Von Neumann soon applied computer modelling to the field, developing software for his ballistics research. During WW2, he arrived one day at the office of R.H. Kent, the Director of the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, with a computer program he had created for calculating a one-dimensional model of 100 molecules to simulate a shock wave. Von Neumann then gave a seminar on his computer program to an audience which included his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. After von Neumann had finished, von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n said \"Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics.\" It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's M\u00e9canique analytique.Stan Ulam, who knew von Neumann well, described his mastery of mathematics this way: \"Most mathematicians know one method. For example, Norbert Wiener had mastered Fourier transforms. Some mathematicians have mastered two methods and might really impress someone who knows only one of them. John von Neumann had mastered three methods.\" He went on to explain that the three methods were:Edward Teller wrote that \"Nobody knows all science, not even von Neumann did. But as for mathematics, he contributed to every part of it except number theory and topology. That is, I think, something unique.\"Von Neumann was asked to write an essay for the layman describing what mathematics is, and produced a beautiful analysis. He explained that mathematics straddles the world between the empirical and logical, arguing that geometry was originally empirical, but Euclid constructed a logical, deductive theory. However, he argued, that there is always the danger of straying too far from the real world and becoming irrelevant sophistry.Beginning in the late 1930s, von Neumann developed an expertise in explosions\u2014phenomena that are difficult to model mathematically. During this period, von Neumann was the leading authority of the mathematics of shaped charges. This led him to a large number of military consultancies, primarily for the Navy, which in turn led to his involvement in the Manhattan Project. The involvement included frequent trips by train to the project's secret research facilities at the Los Alamos Laboratory in a remote part of New Mexico.Von Neumann made his principal contribution to the atomic bomb in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.In a visit to Los Alamos in September 1944, von Neumann showed that the pressure increase from explosion shock wave reflection from solid objects was greater than previously believed if the angle of incidence of the shock wave was between 90\u00b0 and some limiting angle. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of an atomic bomb would be enhanced with detonation some kilometers above the target, rather than at ground level.Von Neumann, four other scientists, and various military personnel were included in the target selection committee that was responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on to the Soviet Union by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"For his wartime services, von Neumann was awarded the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award in July 1946, and the Medal for Merit in October 1946.In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons. Over the following two years, he became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate-range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.Shortly before his death from cancer, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, which would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.Von Neumann is credited with developing the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Soviets considered that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons; they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:Von Neumann's assessment that the Soviets had a lead in missile technology, considered pessimistic at the time, was soon proven correct in the Sputnik crisis.Von Neumann entered government service primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the United States would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"On February 15, 1956, von Neumann was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His citation read:Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Von Neumann was the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged.Von Neumann wrote the 23 pages long sorting program for the EDVAC in ink. On the first page, traces of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased, can still be seen. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanis\u0142aw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. Von Neumann's algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\" Von Neumann also noted that when this method went awry it did so obviously, unlike other methods which could be subtly incorrect.While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is the basis of most modern computer designs, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture was based on the work of Eckert and Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.John von Neumann consulted for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, most notably on the ENIAC project, as a member of its Scientific Advisory Committee.The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved.The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed \"the defense computer\", include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953.However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s.Von Neumann's rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.Von Neumann created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.The detailed proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward in lectures von Neumann delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he first only proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicator due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop a more abstract model self-replicator based on his original concept of cellular automata.Subsequently, the concept of the Von Neumann universal constructor based on the von Neumann cellular automaton was fleshed out in his posthumously published lectures \"Theory of Self Reproducing Automata\". Ulam and von Neumann created a method for calculating liquid motion in the 1950s. The driving concept of the method was to consider a liquid as a group of discrete units and calculate the motion of each based on its neighbors' behaviors. Like Ulam's lattice network, von Neumann's cellular automata are two-dimensional, with his self-replicator implemented algorithmically. The result was a universal copier and constructor working within a cellular automaton with a small neighborhood (only those cells that touch are neighbors; for von Neumann's cellular automata, only orthogonal cells), and with 29 states per cell. Von Neumann gave an existence proof that a particular pattern would make infinite copies of itself within the given cellular universe by designing a 200,000 cell configuration that could do so.Von Neumann addressed the evolutionary growth of complexity amongst his self-replicating machines. His \"proof-of-principle\" designs showed how it is logically possible, by using a general purpose programmable (\"universal\") constructor, to exhibit an indefinitely large class of self-replicators, spanning a wide range of complexity, interconnected by a network of potential mutational pathways, including pathways from the most simple to the most complex. This is an important result, as prior to that it might have been conjectured that there is a fundamental logical barrier to the existence of such pathways; in which case, biological organisms, which do support such pathways, could not be \"machines\", as conventionally understood. Von Neumann considers the potential for conflict between his self-reproducing machines, stating that \"our models lead to such conflict situations\", indicating it as a field of further study.The cybernetics movement highlighted the question of what it takes for self-reproduction to occur autonomously, and in 1952, John von Neumann designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically make a copy of its initial configuration of cells. The von Neumann neighborhood, in which each cell in a two-dimensional grid has the four orthogonally adjacent grid cells as neighbors, continues to be used for other cellular automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth.Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming.Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.As part of his research into weather forecasting, von Neumann founded the \"Meteorological Program\" in Princeton in 1946, securing funding for his project from the US Navy. Von Neumann and his appointed assistant on this project, Jule Gregory Charney, wrote the world's first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann and his team published the results as \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Together they played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. Von Neumann proposed as the research program for climate modeling: \"The approach is to first try short-range forecasts, then long-range forecasts of those properties of the circulation that can perpetuate themselves over arbitrarily long periods of time, and only finally to attempt forecast for medium-long time periods which are too long to treat by simple hydrodynamic theory and too short to treat by the general principle of equilibrium theory.\"Von Neumann's research into weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo), thereby inducing global warming. Von Neumann proposed a theory of global warming as a result of the activity of humans, noting that the Earth was only colder during the last glacial period, he wrote in 1955: \"Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil - more than half of it during the last generation - may have changed the atmosphere's composition sufficiently to account for a general warming of the world by about one degree Fahrenheit.\" However, von Neumann urged a degree of caution in any program of intentional human weather manufacturing: \"What \"could\" be done, of course, is no index to what \"should\" be done... In fact, to evaluate the ultimate consequences of either a general cooling or a general heating would be a complex matter. Changes would affect the level of the seas, and hence the habitability of the continental coastal shelves; the evaporation of the seas, and hence general precipitation and glaciation levels; and so on... But there is little doubt that one \"could\" carry out the necessary analyses needed to predict the results, intervene on any desired scale, and ultimately achieve rather fantastic results.\"The first use of the concept of a in the technological context is attributed to von Neumann, who according to Ulam discussed the \"ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.\" This concept was fleshed out later in the book \"Future Shock\" by Alvin Toffler.Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe said \"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", and later Bethe wrote that \"[von Neumann's] brain indicated a new species, an evolution beyond man\". Seeing von Neumann's mind at work, Eugene Wigner wrote, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was\u00a0... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller admitted that he \"never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.\" Peter Lax wrote \"Von Neumann was addicted to thinking, and in particular to thinking about mathematics\".When George Dantzig brought von Neumann an unsolved problem in linear programming \"as I would to an ordinary mortal\", on which there had been no published literature, he was astonished when von Neumann said \"Oh, that!\", before offhandedly giving a lecture of over an hour, explaining how to solve the problem using the hitherto unconceived theory of duality.Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Eugene Wigner writes: \"'Jancsi,' I might say, 'Is angular momentum always an integer of \"h?\" ' He would return a day later with a decisive answer: 'Yes, if all particles are at rest.'... We were all in awe of Jancsi von Neumann\". Enrico Fermi told physicist Herbert L. Anderson: \"You know, Herb, Johnny can do calculations in his head ten times as fast as I can! And I can do them ten times as fast as you can, Herb, so you can see how impressive Johnny is!\"Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:Eugene Wigner told a similar story, only with a swallow instead of a fly, and says it was Max Born who posed the question to von Neumann in the 1920s.Von Neumann was also noted for his eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory). Herman Goldstine wrote:Von Neumann was reportedly able to memorize the pages of telephone directories. He entertained friends by asking them to randomly call out page numbers; he then recited the names, addresses and numbers therein.\"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"John von Neumann: Selected Letters\". James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 said that von Neumann \"may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\". In the foreword of Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei's \"Selected Letters\", Peter Lax wrote, \"To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics\".In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer after he was examined by physicians for a fall, whereupon they inspected a mass growing near his collarbone. The cancer was possibly caused by his radiation exposure during his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, \"So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,\" referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, \"There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Father Strittmatter administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic\". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.Von Neumann was on his deathbed when he entertained his brother by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's \"Faust\". On his deathbed, his mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish; at times Von Neumann even forgot the lines that his brother recited from Goethe's \"Faust\". He died at age 53 on February 8, 1957, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., under military security lest he reveal military secrets while heavily medicated. He was buried at Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey.PhD students BooksPopular periodicalsVideo", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Hamburg", "Princeton University"], "facts": [["John von Neumann", "employer", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "January 1955", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1933", "January 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "January 1950", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1923", "January 1925"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "January 1943", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium", "January 1911", "January 1921"], ["John von Neumann", "spouse", "Klara Dan von Neumann", "January 1938", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "January 1941", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "University of Hamburg", "January 1929", "January 1930"]]}
{"question": "Where were Jeroen van Wijngaarden educated when he/she held the position of municipal councillor of Amsterdam?", "adv_question": "Where were Jeroen van Wijngaarden educated when he/she held the position of municipal councillor of Amsterdam?", "date": "May 01 2007", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Amsterdam"]}, "id": "L3M_Q17428405_P69_9", "fact_context": "Jeroen van Wijngaarden studied at Hotelschool The Hague from January 1996 to January 2000. \n Jeroen van Wijngaarden studied at Cardiff University from January 2002 to January 2003. \n Jeroen van Wijngaarden held the position of municipal councillor of Amsterdam from May 2007 to April 2014. \n Jeroen van Wijngaarden studied at University of Amsterdam from January 2006 to January 2011.", "adv_fact_context": "Jeroen van Wijngaarden studied at Cardiff University from January 2002 to January 2003. \n Jeroen van Wijngaarden studied at Hotelschool The Hague from Jan 1996 to January 2000. \n Jeroen van Wijngaarden held the position of municipal councillor of Amsterdam from May 2007 to April 2014. \n Jeroen van Wijngaarden studied at University of Amsterdam from Jan 2006 to January 2011.", "context": "Jeroen van WijngaardenJeroen van Wijngaarden (born 29 March 1978) is a Dutch politician, he has been a member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy since 20 February 2019. He previously served between 1 July 2014 and 23 March 2017.Van Wijngaarden was born on 29 March 1978 in Amsterdam. He studied change and personnel management at the Hotelschool The Hague between 1996 and 2000. He studied journalism, media and culture for one year at Cardiff University between 2002 and 2003. This was followed up by a study of Dutch law at the University of Amsterdam from 2006 to 2011. Van Wijngaarden worked in communication and public affairs for several years, including as manager at PricewaterhouseCoopers between 2011 and 2014. He was member and party leader of the borough council of Amsterdam-Zuid from May 2007 until April 2014. On 1 July 2014 he became member of the House of Representatives when he replaced Cora van Nieuwenhuizen, who became member of the European Parliament. His term in the House ended on 23 March 2017. He was re-admitted as member on 20 February 2019 when he succeeded Foort van Oosten.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Cardiff University", "Hotelschool The Hague"], "facts": [["Jeroen van Wijngaarden", "position held", "municipal councillor of Amsterdam", "May 2007", "April 2014"], ["Jeroen van Wijngaarden", "educated at", "University of Amsterdam", "January 2006", "January 2011"], ["Jeroen van Wijngaarden", "educated at", "Hotelschool The Hague", "January 1996", "January 2000"], ["Jeroen van Wijngaarden", "educated at", "Cardiff University", "January 2002", "January 2003"]]}
{"question": "Where were Keiko Fujimori educated when he/she held the position of First Lady of Peru?", "adv_question": "Where were Keiko Fujimori educated when he/she held the position of First Lady of Peru?", "date": "August 01 1994", "text_answers": {"text": ["Boston University"]}, "id": "L3M_Q235137_P69_12", "fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from January 1981 to January 1993. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from January 2004 to January 2008. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from January 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from August 1994 to November 2000. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from July 2006 to July 2011.", "adv_fact_context": "Keiko Fujimori studied at Boston University from January 1995 to January 1997. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Columbia Business School from Jan 2004 to 01/2008. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru from 07/2006 to Jul 2011. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Stony Brook University from 01/1993 to Jan 1994. \n Keiko Fujimori was a member of the Popular Force from Jan 2010 to May 2023. \n Keiko Fujimori held the position of First Lady of Peru from Aug 1994 to 11/2000. \n Keiko Fujimori studied at Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta from 01/1981 to January 1993.", "context": "Keiko FujimoriKeiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi ( or ; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian business administrator, politician, and perennial candidate for public office. Fujimori is the eldest daughter of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi, and formerly in role as the First Lady of Peru from 1994 to 2000. She has served as the leader of the Fujimorist political party Popular Force since 2010, and was a congresswoman representing the Lima Metropolitan Area from 2006 to 2011. Fujimori ran for president in the 2011, 2016, and 2021 elections but was defeated by a narrow margin in the second round all three times. She launched a third presidential campaign during the 2021 election and once again managed to qualify for the run-off, but was defeated by Pedro Castillo in the second round.Keiko Sof\u00eda Fujimori Higuchi was born on 25 May 1975 in the Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda district of Lima, the capital of Peru. Fujimori's parents are Japanese Peruvians; her father is former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori, who was elected in the 1990 Peruvian general election, and her mother is Susana Higuchi. In addition, Fujimori would come to have three siblings: Kenji Gerardo (born May 1980), Hiro Alberto (born December 1976) and Sachi Marcela (born March 1979). For primary and secondary education, Keiko Fujimori and her siblings attended Peruvian Catholic School (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts).In 1990, her father was elected president and later led a self-coup when he dissolved congress in 1992, violating the independence of the judiciary and the press, and began persecuting opponents. Subsequently, with the approval of a new constitution, the president could be re-elected in the following elections. Throughout her father's presidency, the government committed multiple human rights violations that included forced sterilizations and extrajudicial killings and its response to the internal conflict in Peru resulted in the deaths of at least 69,000 people. It was also alleged that Fujimori embezzled between US$600\u00a0million and US$2\u00a0billion through graft. Such allegations placed Fujimori seventh in the list of money embezzled by heads of government active within 1984\u20132004. Alberto Fujimori's revitalization of the economy of Peru and defeat of Shining Path, however, has resulted in continued support from some Peruvians, with the former president having a divisive legacy overall in the country.After her father's coup, Fujimori graduated from secondary school and travelled to the United States in 1993 to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Stony Brook University.In 1994, Fujimori's father stripped her mother of her title of First Lady of Peru with the intent of silencing her after she accused him publicly and in the Peruvian Judicial Branch of kidnapping, torture and corruption, this led to the two separating in the same year, taking with them the last vestiges of her mother's titles. On 23 August 1994, Keiko stopped her studies at Stony Brook and returned to Peru, where her father appointed her as First Lady of Peru, the youngest first lady in the Americas. On top of her symbolic functions, from April 1994 to November 2000, her father made her head of (Foundation for the Children of Peru), which is usually led by the first lady, and she created Fundaci\u00f3n Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology) for children with congenital heart diseases. In May 1997, Fujimori completed her studies in Business Administration at Boston University. Fujimori's parents formally divorced in 1996. In the years after their separation, Susana said that she was subjected to torture at least five-hundred times between 1992 and 2000 and told the press that Alberto had ordered his partner Vladimiro Montesinos to execute her, though Montesinos said he refused on the ground of being a devout Catholic.As first lady, she received three main accusations: that she diverted clothing donated through charity by Japanese-Peruvians, a controversy that even made it before Supreme Court of Peru; that she ordered the Government Palace's rooms painted pink; and the perceived betrayal, as it was seen by many opposition members, when she refused to defend her mother who had been denounced and persecuted by her father. Fujimori responded to the last criticism by alleging that the accusations of tortures made by her mother were a \"legend.\" She would later reconcile with her mother, who then assisted her with her presidential campaigns.In 1998, as her father intended to run for an unprecedented and at that point unconstitutional third term, Fujimori came out in a strong declaration against her father's plan, supporting a plan made by the opposition. She put out a statement: \"As a daughter, I would prefer that my father rest, but as a citizen, I believe he is what the country requires.\" Fujimori still helped her father despite her reservations in his reelection campaign in April 2000, as she had done in his 1995 campaign. In November 2000, her father fled to Japan and resigned from the presidency while visiting Brunei once news came of a massive corruption scandal. Shortly after the scandal broke, Fujimori had asked her father to not renounce anything and to return to Peru to defend himself before a court of law.Fujimori was forced to leave the Government Palace of Peru on 21 November 2000 after the Congress of Peru officially vacated her father Alberto's position as president of Peru. Her mother, now a member of congress, offered Fujimori to stay with her, though Fujimori refused and preferred to stay with her aunt Juana Fujimori beside her father's family.In August 2001, Fujimori visited Tokyo to meet with her father who still had dual citizenship, the main reason Japan was reluctant to reject his asylum and extradite him. She moved to the United States in 2002 to further pursue her business career, studying at Columbia University. While in New York, she met Mark Vito Villanella and married him in a wedding attended by many Fujimorist officials in the Miraflores district of Lima that was officiated by Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Archbishop of Lima and member of Opus Dei. The newlyweds returned to New York where Fujimori would continue her MBA studies.Fujimori's father arrived in Santiago de Chile in preparation of his return to Peru to run anew as a presidential candidate on 6 November 2005 and was arrested shortly after by Interpol. After her father's arrest in Chile, Fujimori's father was blocked from announcing his candidacy for President of Peru in the 2006 Peruvian general election, as was his political coalition Si Cumple.As a result of Alberto Fujimori's arrest, those sympathetic to the ex-president created the party Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) with the acronym AF recognizing their previous leader. With her father unable to preside over the new party, Keiko Fujimori was chosen as the party's leader and candidate, which resulted with her ending her residency in the United States. It was in this context that she finally returned to the country and ran for Congress in the general elections of 2006. On 6 January 2006, Keiko managed to get her new party included in the Peruvian Registry of Political Organizations. In that year's legislative elections, she topped the list of her party's candidates. The party's presidential candidate, Martha Chavez Cossio, running with vice presidential candidate Santiago Fujimori (Keiko's uncle), finished in fourth place, with 7.4% of the valid votes. Keiko received the most votes of any congressional candidate that year, with 602,869 votes, more than three times more than the runner up, Mercedes Cabanillas; breaking the national record for most votes receieved by a legislator up to that point. The Alliance received 1.4\u00a0million votes in total, or 13% of all valid votes cast, winning 13 congressional seats and becoming the fourth most powerful party in the Congress. In the night of the first vote, 9 April, Fujimori declared, \"I believe that much of the support is because I am the daughter of Alberto Fujimori, and it is obvious that I am really the recipient of the caring and gratefulness that the people have for my father.\" She would serve as a Member of the National Congress from 26 July 2006 \u2013 26 July 2011 for Lima.With the election of Alan Garcia to the presidency, Fujimori now became the part of the congressional opposition. Adopting a moderate tone concerning Garcia, who did not have a majority of parliament, Fujimori announced her willingness to cooperate on certain issues. During her term, she played the role of a discreet legislator who was yet a prominent spokesperson for fujimorismo until the role was handed to Carlos Raffo Arce in 2008. Of the only 20 legislative projects she proposed in five years, just 6 were approved. The majority of her proposals concerned reforms of the legal code. Fujimori and her parliamentary bloc supported various government policies, such as their fruitless reform of the Penal Code to reintroduce the death penalty for terrorists. Later, she attempted to reintroduce the death penalty for pedophilia and robbery. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the \"sincere confession\" provision. In September 2007, she organized demonstrations in support of her father, who was now being judged for his previous crimes. She told the press that she was confident of his acquittal because \"there is no hard evidence.\" Fujimori insisted that her father was unaware of the crimes committed by Montesinos and other public functionaries. In December, the ex-president received his first guilty verdict and was convicted of participating in acts of corruption, murder, human rights abuses, and other charges. His daughter considered the ruling an \"injustice\", the result of \"political and judicial persecution\", saying that the Peruvian judiciary \"inspires no confidence.\" The next year, she said that if she was elected president, she would \"not hesitate\" to use her presidential pardon power on her own father.On 13 January 2008, Fujimori announced the creation of a new political party, Fuerza 2011, that would nominate a candidate for 2011. It would nominate her if her father was blocked from running by the law. Other Fujimorista organizations, such as Cambio 90 and New Majority, decided to maintain their organizational independence.In April 2009, Alberto was convicted for another time, this time sentenced for 25 years of prison for crimes against humanity, specifically referring to various massacres, which left 25 people in total dead. Before the ruling, Fujimori had organized another demonstration that had managed to obtain the attendance of 10,000 people, where she challenged the existence of any evidence against her father. She attributed the ruling to \"vengeance\" against \"the best president that we have ever had in the country.\" In an opinion poll taken at the time, 70% of the population believed that the ex-president was guilty, while just 27% believed he was innocent. At the same time, when asked whether they would support him for president, between 19 to 21% said that they would if he were allowed to run.Fujimori was criticized for absent from 500 sessions of Congress, according to the publication \"La Rep\u00fablica\". During this time, she gave birth to two daughters and needed to take maternity leave. Furthermore, she was outside of the country for a total of 223 days between August 2006 and 2010, being her primary trip destinations Chile (5 times) and the United States (10 times), where she spent almost 100 days between January and May 2008 finishing her master's degree in Columbia University. According to the same publication, of the 42 sessions of the commission on the economy in which she was a member, she was only present for 7.During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures to create Fuerza 2011, her own political party. Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.On 9 March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. On 19 May, she officially launched this new political organization. On 17 December, she announced her candidacy during a campaign in a Lima neighborhood. Rafael Rey Rey, minister of defense, Peruvian representative to the Andean Parliament and member of the conservative party National Renewal, was the first vice-presidential candidate while Jaime Yoshiyama, her father's former minister during his presidency, was the second.Throughout the entire campaign, Fujimori fiercely defended her various proposals, among them to apply the death penalty to certain crimes, create jobs, fight poverty, control public accounts, sponsor free trade, counter crime, begin an \"offensive against corruption\", improve the education system via a reward initiative for excellent teachers, and an accompanying system for gauging teacher skills. Her campaign was fundamentally built upon a defense of her father's government. In her opinion, that government had been responsible for defeating terrorism and stabilizing the economy. However, she also found it necessary to distance herself from the scandals that ended up ending the presidency of her father, trying to blame Montesinos for the violations of human rights and corruption while also promising to not pardon her father, a constitutional power of the president. Fujimori also recognized \"errors\" and \"excesses\" committed during her father's terms and reminded the public of her opposition to her father's third term.During the campaign for the first ballot, Fujimori became embroiled in a new scandal as she admitted to having received donations from people allegedly involved in drug trafficking during her run for Congress in 2006. She admitted to having received 10,000 dollars from two convicted women who, according to Fujimori, were victims of persecution.Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011; she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010. In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes (3.4\u00a0million), second only to Ollanta Humala, a leftist nationalist candidate who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%, followed by Alejandro Toledo and Luis Casta\u00f1eda, ex-mayor of Lima. Kuczynski and Casta\u00f1eda subsequently declared their support for Fujimori while Toledo declared for Humala. With 37 representatives, Fuerza 2011 became the second most powerful party in congress. Fujimori's brother, Kenji Gerardo Fujimori, was elected representative for Lima, receiving the most votes of any national candidate.The second vote was polarized. Near election date, polls indicated effectively a tie due to the margin of error. The election was also marked by fearmongering by both sides of the aisle. According to Sinesio Lopez, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, \"Humala's candidacy fed into fears that his political program would kill small businesses. Keiko's candidacy, meanwhile, fed into fears of a return to corruption and violation of human rights that had occurred during her father's government.\" Humala was also branded by his opponents as a purportedly Chavista authoritarian. As a result, both were incredibly polarizing figures, with polls showing that both encountered stern rejection from about 50% of the population during the first round of voting. According to the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, eight million people, mostly centrists and members of the middle class, said they would be electing the \"lesser evil\" for the nation.In the 5 June runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% (7,937,704 votes) to 48.66% (7,490,647 votes). She had received the majority of her support from the business community, conservatives, the majority of the press, liberal professionals, small businesses, the church, and much of the Lima middle class. With 90% of polls closed, Fujimori admitted her defeat and personally congratulated Humala on his win.After her 2011 defeat, Fujimori began to work toward a renewed campaign for 2016. Her strategy began with a small change as on 29 June 2012, she announced a new name for her party: Fuerza Popular, a change that officially took effect 4 January 2013. According to her, she had chosen a new name for the party so that it \"would be able to last in the times.\" The logo for her party, orange with a big white \"K\" (for Keiko), stayed the same. Furthermore, she continued to serve as its president. The new party did not present any declaration of ideology for the electoral authorities, but she seemed to maintain the essence of fujimorismo, including the defense of neoliberal economics, financial stability, and strict security. Despite these continuities, she continued to slowly distance herself from the legacy of her father.In October 2012, Fujimori and her brothers requested a humanitarian pardon for their father, who, according to the defense, was having health problems. Fujimori herself declared \"we are submitting a letter to president Ollanta Humala in order to inform him of this request for freedom. It will be personal letter from four children to inform him of the commencement of this process.\" In June 2013, Humala denied the request for clemency, alleging that according to a medical professional, the ex-president did not suffer from any terminal illness nor any serious and incurable mental illnesses. In January 2015, her father was convicted for a third time, this time sentenced for eight years for having been guilty for misappropriation of public funds to buy off tabloids for his 2000 election.Between 2011 and 2016, Fujimori intended to strengthen her party, travelling across the country to mitigate the hesitancy many still had toward her because of her connection to Alberto Fujimori, a factor that had been decisive in her 2011 defeat. She dedicated herself to cutting the association, including by removing corrupt members of her party and reaching out to youth. Her electoral base continued to be in Lima and the center of the country. Although she did not serve out a single public function during this period that could have increased her visibility, Fujimori led all opinion polls throughout 2015, with more than 30% support. She also benefited from an ongoing political crisis and accusations of corruption against Humala that made his approval ratings drop to just 20%.On 4 December 2015, Fujimori officially announced her candidacy for president in the 2016 elections. Her running mates were ex-minister of agriculture and irrigation Jose Chilmper Ackerman for first vice president and Vladimiro Huaroc Portocarrero, ex-regional governor of Junin as the second vice president. Fujimori outlined six \"pillars\", among them defense of institutions of a higher law, independence of powers, protection of human rights, support for limiting the armed forces, a free market, tax cuts, incentives for small businesses, use of emergency state funds to kickstart the economy, increase in supply of government bonds, and expansion of electrical and internet infrastructure in rural areas.In January 2016, there were 19 presidential candidates, but by the first vote, nine had been expelled or dropped out. Cesar Acuna y Julio Guzman, two of the main competitors, had been excluded according to the National Jury of Elections. The candidacy of Acuna was interrupted because he gave money to the people during the campaign and Guzman was forced out of the race because of questions about whether his party functioned democratically. Fujimori was not free of accusations as the JNE also requested her removal from the election after it came to light that she had received donations larger than those allowed by the election laws. Fujimori countered that the accusations against her were \"irresponsible\" and alleged insufficient evidence. The JNE dismissed the claims as unfounded, declaring that \"The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.\" The outcome provoked suspicions that the original exclusionary rulings had been made in favor of Fujimori's candidacy, calling into question the clarity of the system for applying the election rules.As the first vote arrived, Fujimori maintained her lead over her competitors. With Acu\u00f1a and Guzm\u00e1n's disqualifications, her main opponents were now the center-right economist and former minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (PPK), the left-leaning psychologist and congresswoman Veronika Mendoza, and the former delegate Alfredo Barnechea. Also in the ring were Alan Garcia and Alejandro Toledo, ex-presidents whose prospects were dim because of investigations and revelations connecting them to Operation Car Wash.On the anniversary of the self-coup of 1992, more than 50,000 demonstrators, most of them called by the non-profit organization No a Keiko, protested Fujimori's candidacy with chants such as \"Fujimori never more\" in the Plaza San Martin. As she had done in the previous elections, she promised to not pardon her father, but promised also to continue the struggle in court for his release; she also affirmed that this was a decision taken by the whole family, not just herself. Fujimori maintained a high level of disapproval, approximately 45% according to Ipsos, deriving mainly from the negative legacy of her father who was again seeking freedom and appeals for his sentence. The appeals process intensified, bringing Keiko to distance herself from the controversial shadow of her father, vowing to not follow his path, to provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father, and to promise to not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise. She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency. She also supported the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, responsible for detailing the human rights violations committed between 1980 and 2000 by both the Shining Path Insurgency and the government, for the first time.Polls indicated that she placed first in the first round of voting on 10 April, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Ver\u00f3nika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%. Fuerza Popular obtained an absolute majority in the congress, garnering 73 of 130 available seats. After learning of the results, Fujimori said, \"The new political map that has been drawn clearly shows us that Peru wants reconciliation and does not want any more violence.\" However, as no candidate had obtained a majority of votes for president, a second vote would be scheduled for 5 June.In this next stage of the campaign, Fujimori traveled across the country, especially to where her father continued to maintain a steady level of popularity, while PPK talked about possible allies and intended to present himself as a centrist candidate capable of winning over the antifujimorista vote. Fujimori continued to be the favorite according to polls, but her campaign suffered a major setback: as the election approached, accusations surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaqu\u00edn Ram\u00edrez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular and one of Fujimori's principle aids. On 15 May 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisi\u00f3n that alleging that Ram\u00edrez was being investigated by the DEA for money laundering. According to the report, the DEA had a recording in which Ramirez told a commercial pilot, \"Do you know that \"China\" [referring to Keiko] gave me 15 million dollars during the last campaign in order to \"clean\" them for the 2011 campaign, and that I 'cleaned' them through a chain of faucets?\" The DEA denied that there was any investigation into Fujimori, who denied any involvement in the case or having in fact ever given any money to Ramirez. Her image continue to take a hit, primarily due to fears that the country would turn into a narco-state with her election, fears that were stoked by her rival PPK. At the same time, prosecutors announced they would be investigating suspicions of money laundering and other irregularities in Fujimori's campaign, which she dismissed as simply a smear campaign. In the final days before the vote, the leaders of the left, such as Mendoza, announced their support for PPK. At the beginning of June, another march organized by several left-leaning organizations against Fujimori garnered thousands of demonstraters in Lima, an event shared considerably via social media under the title \"it is not hate, it is love for Peru.\" According to analysts, this second march was decisive in those not yet decided showing support for the PPK.In a very contested election, Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski according to exit polls as ballots were counted late into the evening on 5 June 2016. The recount took up copious amounts of time after election day. Due to the narrow margin involved, the national (and international, to a lesser degree) press only began to consider PPK as the new \"virtual president\" on 9 June, four days after the original vote. At that point, PPK had obtained 50.12% of the vote, compared with 49.88% for Fujimori. On 10 June, Fujimori admitted her defeat, saying that her party had a \"vigilant\" opposition and wishing the new president elect well. On the other hand, Fujimori also claimed that the PPK had won with the help of \"promoters of hatred\" and \"the political, economic, and media power of the outgoing government.\" Kuczynski had won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on 28 July.After the 2016 elections, Fujimori continued to be the main leader of the opposition against PPK's government presiding over the parliamentary majority, while defending herself from accusations of having maintained a controversial relationship with the Odebrecht conglomerate. In December 2017, she supported the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, though he pardoned her father Alberto Fujimori on 24 December 2018 three days after the impeachment process failed.Her brother, Kenji Fujimori, declared his opposition to such a move, which worsened a growing rift between the siblings over their father's legacy and control of the opposition. In March 2018, PPK resigned having been accused of buying votes against his impeachment. At the time, Kenji was recorded negotiating for votes in favor of PPK's acquittal, dubbed his \"kenjivideos\", in return for a pardon for his father, a deal which PPK ended up following through with. When she found out about the videos, Keiko, accused of being partly responsible for the leak of the recordings, condemned her brother's actions. Upon his expulsion from Congress in June 2018, Kenji responded, \"Keiko, congratulations! Here you have my head on a platter.\" During the second round of elections in 2016, Kenji did not vote for his own sister because he refused to compromise on the freedom of their father or have a discourse on his errors. When he lost a challenge to become leader of Fuerza Popular, Kenji promised to run for president in 2021, something that his sister was also planning to do for the third time, this time in a new party that would split from Fuerza Popular along with other dissidents in the party.When PPK resigned on 23 March 2017, the presidency was passed to civil engineer Martin Vizcarra, with Fujimori welcoming him and wished for his \"success\" through a tweet the same day. Nevertheless, she heavily criticized Vizcarra's 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum since included on the ballot was whether citizens supported the re-election of congressmen and the return of a bicameral legislature. She claimed that the ballot items \"are evidence of centrist populism\", asked the president to \"stop seeing congress members as your enemies\", and was empowered to make as the parliamentary majority leader to attempt to defeat the measures through the referendum.On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was arrested and placed in provisional detention on charges of money laundering days after the Supreme Court of Peru nullified the pardon of her father, ordering him back to prison. The arrest came at the request of the Public Ministry, who accused her of illegally receiving money from Odebrecht during her campaign in 2011 as part of the Lava Jato corruption scandal. The arrest order stated that she led a \"criminal organization inside of Fuerza 2011 [today Fuerza Popular].\" In response, Fujimori wrote, \"this is what we call political persecution ... without evidence against me, I am deprived of liberty, but still with my head held high and my spirit intact.\" On 18 October, she was let go as her appeal was accepted by the National Audience. On 31 October, she was arrested again when she was again sentenced to 3 years of pretrial detention for money laundering and \"a high risk of escaping\", as per the decision by judge Richard Concepcion Carhuancho. Fujimori appealed yet again to be set free but the appeal was rejected by the Superior Court of Justice in January 2019. By August of that year, the Supreme Court, due to an impasse between its members, delayed their decision on her appeal. During the investigations, in September, the publication \"La Republica\" revealed that Fujimori had used a pseudonym together with the rest of her party's leadership in a Telegram group chat called \"Titanic Group\" where she made the most important party decisions under the name Ruth. By the beginning of December, Jose Camayo, a businessman investigated for the \"White Collar Port\" case involved with Fuerza Popular, declared before the Operation Car Wash Special Team that Se\u00f1ora K, a persona accused of corruption, was in fact Keiko Fujimori herself, something that was later denied by her, and yet still had a significant impact on the ongoing investigation. In January 2020, the tribunal decided, four votes to three, to grant her \"habeas corpus\" on the grounds that the preventative detention sentence was invalid for its violation of her liberty. Shortly afterward, her husband Mark Vito began a hunger strike in a camp installed in front of the prison where she was detained. On 28 January, the judge Victor Zuniga Urday re-imposed a preventive prison for 15 months on the charges of money laundering from the Odebrecht company. On 30 April 2020, a Peruvian appeals court overturned her 15-month detention order and granted her a conditional release from prison. She was finally released on bail on 5 May 2020.After a few months out of the spotlight despite still leading her party, on 25 September 2020, she announced her total return to politics. A month later, 30 November, still under investigation by the Operation Car Wash team, she tweeted that she was officially announcing her candidacy as the Fuerza Popular's presidential candidate with her ballot partners ex-congressional president Luis Galarreta as first vice president and the former lawyer and director of National Solidarity, Patricia Juarez as second vice president. Fujimori's party helped lead the controversial removal of Mart\u00edn Vizcarra and his replacement by Manuel Merino, which resulted with the peaceful 2020 Peruvian protests. The protests were violently put down, resulting in the deaths of Brian Pintado and Inti Sotelo. Shortly after their deaths, Fujimori lamented what had happened and also considered the current situation as \"unsustainable\", calling for Merino to step down or else he \"should be censured right here right now\", a move she believed a majority of Congress would support.On 9 December, she officially won the internal party elections to be come Fuerza Popular's candidate for the 2021 election. The campaign got off to a rocky start as on the same day as a victory, a poll by \"Peru21\" released a national Datum poll which revealed that 63% of Peruvians said they would \"never vote\" for her. Then, on 21 December, the National Jury of Elections declared that Fuerza Popular's presidential board was \"inadmissible\" and gave them two days to follow their instructions. In the end, the board was finally revised and admitted.She has said that she wanted to be a president with a \"heavy hand\" and \"authority\", proposing increased legal protection on law enforcement. She has called for the construction of more prisons to reduce overcrowding and to offer more instances of probation for small crime offenders. In a break with previous elections in which she promised not to pardon her father, Fujimori emphasized her closeness to his legacy during this election, stating that \"after conversations that I have had with my father, through letters and during the year he's recently had in freedom, we've been able to get much closer and understand things about each other\" as well as expressing that his presidency \"was not a dictatorship, despite some moments of authoritarianism\", and making clear a renewed promise to pardon her father if elected. She proposes a large stimulus to voters that would represent three percent of Peru's annual gross domestic product, possibly increasing the low national debt that exists in Peru. Throughout the presidential campaign, she was among the frontrunners in opinion polling. Following the first round election, Fujimori gave a speech in which she framed the runoff as a battle between \"markets and Marxism\", framing her second round opponent Pedro Castillo as a communist. Americas Society/Council of the Americas wrote that a Fujimori presidency would bring the appearance of maintaining the \"status quo\" in Peru, but it would make the nation \"far from stable.\" After Castillo took the lead during the ballot-counting process in the second round of elections, Fujimori disseminated unsubstantiated claims of electoral fraud. According to \"The Guardian\", various international observers countered Fujimori's claims, stating that the election process was conducted in accordance with international standards, with electoral observers from the Inter-American Union of Electoral Organizations, the Organization of American States, and the Progressive International denying any instances of widespread fraud while also praising the accuracy of the elections. Fujimori's statements about possibly overturning the election were described as being inspired by the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election by former U.S. president Donald Trump. \"The Guardian\" also reported that analysts and political observers criticized Fujimori's remarks, noting that it made her appear desperate after losing her third presidential run in a ten-year period. If elected into the presidency, criminal investigations against Fujimori would be suspended until July 2026, with Anne Applebaum writing in \"The Atlantic\" that \"the personal stakes are high. ... Fujimori previously spent a year in jail while awaiting trial for allegedly collecting illegal campaign contributions, and she could conceivably be sent back.\"Fujimori has continued to promote her father's ideology of Fujimorism within Peru and her political career was her father's idea. \"The New York Times\" wrote that her political movement was created \"to help whitewash\" her father Alberto's legacy. She has been described as having an authoritarian, centre-right, right-wing populist, and far-right political ideology. According to Fujimori, she believes in leading Peru with a \"heavy hand\" and that democracy \"cannot be weak ... must be supported by a solid principle of authority.\" If on one hand fujimoristas have the support of at least 10.9% of the population, on the other there also exists \"antifujimorismo\", a group of activists who strongly reject the legacy of her father and see in his daughter not only a threat but a complete reversal of democracy, and that is considered one of the most important political forces in Peru, despite her attempts to craft her image as a moderate.Defeated in the 1990 elections by Alberto Fujimori, writer and politician Mario Vargas Llosa has been one of the voices most critical of Keiko, although his opinion of her has evolved over time. During her candidacy in the 2011 Peruvian general election, Vargas Llosa said \"the worst option is that of Keiko Fujimori because it means the legitimation of one of the worst dictatorships that Peru has had in its history\", while during her candidacy for the 2016 Peruvian general election, he stated that \"Keiko is the daughter of a murderer and a thief who is imprisoned, tried by civil courts with international observers, sentenced to 25 years in prison for murderer and thief. I do not want her to win the elections.\" When Fujimori faced far-left candidate Pedro Castillo in 2021, Vargas Llosa endorsed her as the \"lesser of two evils\", a position criticized as being \"the neoliberal right ... allied with authoritarian Fujimori\" by Argentine newspaper \"P\u00e1gina/12\", who said the writer was \"betting on fear and resuscitating an anti-communist coalition.\"Michael Shifter, professor and president of Interamerican Dialogue, admitted that Fujimori has \"definite political skill\" and \"has constructed a base of support.\" However, he considers the holdover of many of her father's officials in her own team as something that \"generates resistance in parts of society that still have very bad memories from years defined by violation of human rights, corruption, and a polarized political climate.\"According to a poll taken by Ipsos in March 2016, 27% of voters \"definitely would not vote\" for her. Fujimori's Popular Force party, which held a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru until its dissolution in 2019, has little public support in Peru. In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%. By July 2018, her public approval had dropped to 14% and her disapproval had increased to more than 88%, with his drop in her approval rating being correlated with allegations that placed her in the midst of the Odebrecht scandal. Prior to first round presidential elections in 2021, Ipsos polls found that 66.3% of respondents definitely would not vote for her, 7.1% probably would not vote for her, 16.3% probably would vote for her, and 7% definitely would vote for her.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "Columbia Business School", "Stony Brook University"], "facts": [["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "First Lady of Peru", "August 1994", "November 2000"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "position held", "member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru", "July 2006", "July 2011"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Boston University", "January 1995", "January 1997"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "member of political party", "Popular Force", "January 2010", "May 2023"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta", "January 1981", "January 1993"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Columbia Business School", "January 2004", "January 2008"], ["Keiko Fujimori", "educated at", "Stony Brook University", "January 1993", "January 1994"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Silvia Pinal belong to when he/she was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Silvia Pinal belong to when he/she was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez?", "date": "January 01 1982", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institutional Revolutionary Party"]}, "id": "L3M_Q332485_P102_12", "fact_context": "Silvia Pinal was married to Rafael Banquells from January 1947 to January 1952. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico from September 1991 to August 1994. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of member of the Senate of Mexico from January 1998 to August 2000. \n Silvia Pinal was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party from January 1991 to January 2000. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Gustavo Alatriste from January 1961 to January 1967. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez from January 1982 to January 1995.", "adv_fact_context": "Silvia Pinal was married to Rafael Banquells from January 1947 to Jan 1952. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez from January 1982 to Jan 1995. \n Silvia Pinal was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party from Jan 1991 to 01/2000. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico from September 1991 to Aug 1994. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Gustavo Alatriste from Jan 1961 to 01/1967. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of member of the Senate of Mexico from Jan 1998 to August 2000.", "context": "Silvia PinalSilvia Ver\u00f3nica Pinal Hidalgo (born 12 September 1931) is a Mexican film, theater and television actress.Pinal began her career in the theater, venturing into cinema in 1949. Pinal reached popularity during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. Her film work and popularity in her native country led her to work in Europe (Spain and Italy). Pinal achieved international recognition by starring in a famous film trilogy by director Luis Bu\u00f1uel: \"Viridiana\" (1961), \"El \u00e1ngel exterminador\" (1962) and \"Sim\u00f3n del desierto\" (1965).In addition to her outstanding career in film, Pinal has also excelled in other areas. She was a pioneer of the Musical theatre in Mexico in addition to venturing into television, as an actress and producer. At one point in her life, Pinal also ventured into politics and held some public office in her native country.Silvia Pinal Hidalgo was born in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, on 12 September 1931. Her parents were Mar\u00eda Luisa Hidalgo Aguilar and Mois\u00e9s Pasquel. Pasquel was an orchestra conductor at the Mexican radio station XEW. Silvia's mother became pregnant with Pasquel when she was only 15 years old. Her father did not recognize her and Silvia did not know him until she was 11 years old. On the part of her biological father, Silvia had three more brothers: Eugenio, Mois\u00e9s and Virginia. however, Pinal never spent time with the Pasquel family. Pinal spent her first years behind the counter of a seafood restaurant located near the XEW where her mother worked. When Pinal was five years old, her mother married Luis G. Pinal, whom they called \"El Caballero Pinal\", a journalist, military man and politician twenty years older than her. Pinal recognized Silvia as his daughter. Mr. Pinal had three more daughters from a previous marriage: Mercedes, Beatriz and Eugenia. Her adoptive father held several public positions in Mexico. He was municipal president of Tequisquiapan, Quer\u00e9taro. The family lived in several cities of Mexico as Quer\u00e9taro, Acapulco, Monterrey, Chilpancingo, Cuernavaca and Puebla, finally settled in Mexico City.Pinal was fascinated by show business since she was a child. In addition to film and music, she liked to write and recite poems. She studied first at Pestalozzi College in Cuernavaca, and then at the Washington Institute in Mexico City. Despite her artistic aspirations, her father conditioned her to study \"something useful\" and therefore she learned typing. At age 14 she started working at Kodak as a secretary.Silvia wanted to study opera. She began to prepare taking classes with a private teacher and then with Professor Reyes Retana. Her first step towards fame occurred when she was invited to participate in a beauty pageant. In this contest Silvia obtained the title of Student Princess of Mexico. In her coronation she met the actors Rub\u00e9n Rojo and Manolo F\u00e1bregas, with whom she became close friends. While studying bel canto, Silvia went to work as a secretary in the pharmaceutical laboratories Carlos Stein. At the music academy, Silvia auditioned for a role in the opera La Traviata. However, this hearing was a failure. Then her teacher encouraged her to take acting courses in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. In that academy, she was a classmate of figures such as Carlos Pellicer, Salvador Novo and Xavier Villaurrutia. She debuted as an extra in a performance of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" by William Shakespeare.Silvia continued working in the pharmaceutical products firm, in her advertising department. Her boss, knowing that she was studying acting, gave her the opportunity to participate in the recording of some radio comedies in the XEQ. She debuted in the comedy \"Dos pesos la dejada\".At the radio station, she met some publicists, who invited her to be part of an experimental company. She made her debut in that company with a role in the play \"Los Caprichos de Goya\". The director of this work was the Mexican actor and director, of Cuban origin Rafael Banquells, with whom Silvia began an employment relationship and a close friendship that led to romance. Rafael Banquells got the master Carlos Laverne to allow them to use the Ideal Theater of Mexico City for their productions. Laverne chose Silvia to participate in a montage with the company of the Ideal Theater, directed by the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch. The work was called \"Nuestra Natacha\". Silvia acted in numerous works for this company. Her first star work was \"Un sue\u00f1o de cristal\".Just fifteen days after she debuted in the theater, Pinal made her debut in the cinema with a brief role in the film \"Bamba\" (1949), starring Carmen Montejo and directed by Miguel Contreras Torres. Contreras Torres had seen her work at the Ideal Theatre and invited her to take part in the project. Contreras Torres was a tough and strict director who made Pinal suffer for her inexperience. Eventually, in that same year, she performed in the film \"El pecado de Laura\", directed by Juli\u00e1n Soler and starring Meche Barba. In that film she worked for the first time in cinema with Rafael Banquells, who at that time was already her husband. Immediately she made another small role in the film \"Escuela para casadas\", by Miguel Zacar\u00edas. Silvia met and worked for the first time with the popular actor and singer Pedro Infante in the film \"La mujer que yo perd\u00ed\". The actor and comedian Cantinflas (her wedding godfather), chose Pinal as his co-star in the film \"The Doorman\" (1949), which was a very big step for the young and new actress. But her first solid step towards popularity was her participation in the comedy \"El rey del barrio\" (1949), where she formed a great comedic pair with Germ\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s \"Tin-T\u00e1n\", directed by Gilberto Mart\u00ednez Solares. Pinal and Tin T\u00e1n acted together in two more films: \"La marca del zorrillo\" (1950) and \"Me traes de un ala \" (1952).Pinal participated in small roles in several more films.Pinal received her first major recognition, her first Silver Ariel Award as a co-starring actress, for her performance in the film \"Un rinc\u00f3n cerca del cielo\" (1952), where she worked again with Pedro Infante. In 1952, she performed with Joaqu\u00edn Pardav\u00e9 in the comedies \"Do\u00f1a Mariquita de mi coraz\u00f3n]\" and \"El casto Susano\".In 1953, Pinal signed a contract with the FILMEX studios of Gregorio Walerstein, who gave her first stellar works in the films \"Reventa de esclavas\" (1953) and \"Yo soy muy macho\" (1953). In that same year, she made her first musical work with the film \"Mis tres viudas alegres\", where she shared credits with Lilia del Valle and the Cuban rumbera Amalia Aguilar. The success of the film led the three actresses to star, that same year, in the comedy \"Las cari\u00f1osas\". In that same year ,she acted with Libertad Lamarque in \"Si volvieras a m\u00ed\"Pinal achieved success and recognition in 1954, after participating in the film \"Un extra\u00f1o en la escalera\", directed by Tulio Demicheli, and starring opposite Arturo de C\u00f3rdova. De C\u00f3rdova wanted as his co-stars the Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida or the Cuban rumbera Rosa Carmina, because he distrusted Pinal due to her youth. With the support of the producer Gregorio Walerstein, Silvia made a change of image, highlighting her sex appeal, which helped her to be approved by De Cordova for the film. The film was filmed in Havana, Cuba and it was a remarkable blockbuster, which consecrates Pinal as the first figure in the cinema.Another director who knew how to make the most of Silvia's histrionic abilities was Alberto Gout. Under the baton of Gout, Silvia made the film \"La sospechosa\" (1954). Another outstanding movie in which Pinal participates is \"Historia de un abrigo de mink\" (1954),an episodic film that Pinal co-stars with the actresses Mar\u00eda Elena Marqu\u00e9s, Columba Dom\u00ednguez and Irasema Dili\u00e1n. With Tito Davison as director, Pinal also filmed the Mexican-Spanish-Chilean co-production \"Cabo de Hornos\" (1955), along with the actor Jorge Mistral. Pinal worked again with Pedro Infante, this time as his co-star in the famous comedy \"El inocente\" (1955).Pinal starred in several films by Tulio Demicheli. Among the most outstanding is \"Locura pasional\" (1955), which would bring her first Silver Ariel award as best actress. The second was thanks to her role in the film \"La dulce enemiga\" (1957), directed by Tito Davison.In 1956, Pinal starred in the film \"Una cita de amor\" (1956), where she worked for the first and only time under the direction of the director Emilio Fern\u00e1ndez.The popularity and success of Pinal in Mexico opened the doors for her to work in Europe following the advice of Tulio Demicheli. Her first work in the Old Continent is in the Spanish-Mexican co-production \"Las locuras de B\u00e1rbara\" (1958), directed by Demicheli. From the hand of Demicheli Silvia starred in Spain the musical film \"Charleston\".Given the success of her films in Europe, Silvia was invited to work in Italy, where she also served as producer of the film \"Men and Noblemen\" (1959), which she starred next to Vittorio de Sica and Elke Sommer.Under the direction of Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Forqu\u00e9, Silvia starred in Spain in the film \"Maribel y la extra\u00f1a familia\" (1960). In 1961 she filmed the Spanish musical film \"Adi\u00f3s, Mim\u00ed Pompom\", next to Fernando Fern\u00e1n G\u00f3mez.Pinal achieved international acclaim through a trilogy of films that marked the end of the Mexican era of the Spanish filmmaker Luis Bu\u00f1uel. Pinal had her first contact with Bu\u00f1uel through Mexican actor Ernesto Alonso, with the firm intention of starring in the film version of the novel \"Tristana\". However, the little commercial success of Bu\u00f1uel's films prevented the producers from financing the project, which ended up collapsing (Bu\u00f1uel filmed the film years later in Spain with Catherine Deneuve).Years later, Pinal, with the help of her second husband, producer Gustavo Alatriste, looked for Bu\u00f1uel in Spain and convinced him to film \"Viridiana\" (1961). This, without a doubt, is her most famous film. She was co-starred by Francisco Rabal and Fernando Rey, and was the winner of the Palme d'Or at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Despite the success and prestige enjoyed by the film, it was at the time, rejected by the Spanish censorship and the Vatican, accusing it of blasphemy. The Spanish government ordered its destruction. Through the intervention of Pinal, who fled with a copy to Mexico, the film was saved. In Mexico, Vatican censorship had also resonated. However, with the help of Salvador Novo, the film premiered in some rooms.Her second film with Bu\u00f1uel was \"El \u00e1ngel exterminador\" (1962), which Pinal starred in with a choral cast. The film also received critical acclaim worldwide. In 2004, the \"New York Times\" recognized it among the best films of all time.Her third and last project with Bu\u00f1uel was \"Sim\u00f3n del desierto\" (1964). The film, misrepresented as a medium-length film, was originally conceived to be an episodic film. Pinal and Gustavo Alatriste looked for Federico Fellini to direct a second episode, but Fellini accepted with the condition that his wife, Giulietta Masina, starred in it. Jules Dassin was then sought, who likewise accepted on the condition that it was starred by his wife Melina Mercouri. Pinal also rejected this request. The idea was that Pinal starred in all the episodes of the film, so the project ended up filming only with Bu\u00f1uel. In the film Pinal also made the first nude appearance of her career, something still rare in Mexican cinema and also the first naked scenes of Bu\u00f1uel's cinema.Pinal was also on the verge of starring with Bu\u00f1uel in the film \"Diary of a Chambermaid\", in France. Pinal learned French and was willing to charge nothing for her participation. However, the French producer Serge Silberman ended up choosing Jeanne Moreau. Even so, Silvia Pinal (along with Lilia Prado), who is the actress with whom Bu\u00f1uel worked with the most, made a total of three classic films. Pinal was also going to shoot with Bu\u00f1uel in Spain on \"Divinas palabras\", but there were problems with copyrights. Years later, Pinal was finally able to do it in Mexico with another director.After her work with Bu\u00f1uel, Pinal returned to the cinema with the comedy \"Buenas noches, A\u00f1o Nuevo\" (1965), where she alternated with Ricardo Montalb\u00e1n. In 1966 she made the mythical film \"La soldadera\", directed by Jos\u00e9 Bola\u00f1os and inspired by the events of the Mexican Revolution. In that same year she participated in the Mexican-Brazilian co-production \"Juego peligroso\", directed by Luis Alcoriza and based on a script by Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez. She also appeared in the Franco-Italian-Mexican co-production \"La bataille de san sebastian\", along with Anthony Quinn and Charles Bronson. In 1967 Pinal films \"Shark!\", together Burt Reynolds and directed by Samuel Fuller. This is the only Hollywood production in which Pinal has appeared.Pinal achieved a huge blockbuster with the film \"Mar\u00eda Isabel\" (1968), based on a popular cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulch\u00e9.Between the late 1960s and early 1970s, Pinal mainly made comic films directed by the filmmaker Ren\u00e9 Cardona Jr.. In 1976, Pinal starred in \"Las mariposas disecadas\", a thriller of psychological suspense. In 1977 she finally starred in the controversial film \"Divinas palabras\" (1977), directed by Juan Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, a film where she made an integral nude scene.At the end of the seventies and the beginning of the eighties, Silvia filmed some films in Spain, Italy and Argentina as part of a project by Televisa to unify the Spanish and Latin American markets.After ten years of absence in the cinema, Silvia returned in 1992 with the tape \"Modelo antiguo\", directed by Ra\u00fal Araiza. The decline of Mexican cinema and the activity of Silvia on television and other media (such as politics), made her practically withdraw from the big screen. In recent years, her film appearances are limited to films \"Ya no los hacen como antes\" (2002), and a brief special appearance on the movie \"Tercera llamada\" ( 2013).Pinal made her debut at the theater in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Eventually she did experimental plays, to then work at the Ideal Theater in Mexico City, in the company of the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch, where she was directed in numerous productions by Rafael Banquells.Outside of this company, in 1950 participates in the play\"Celos del aire\", with Manolo F\u00e1bregas and Carmen Montejo. In that same year she represented \"Do\u00f1a In\u00e9s\" in \"Don Juan Tenorio\", next to Jorge Mistral. Of her most outstanding plays from the beginning of her career stand out \"The Madwoman of Chaillot\", next to Prudencia Griffel and \"El cuadrante de la soledad\", by Jos\u00e9 Revueltas, with sets by the artist Diego Rivera. In 1954, Pinal participates in the play \"La Sed\", with Ernesto Alonso and the Argentinean actor Pedro L\u00f3pez Lagar. In 1955 she obtained the recognition in the theater scene in the assembly \"Anna Christie\", along with Wolf Ruvinskis. In 1957 Silvia staged the play \"Desn\u00fadate, Lucrecia\", in Chile, next to Jorge Mistral, who eventually starred in the cinema in Mexico.In 1958, Pinal was responsible for producing in Mexico the first Musical comedy \"Bells Are Ringing\", directed by Luis de Llano Palmer. For this work, Pinal had an offer to work on Broadway with the manager of Judy Holliday, but Pinal refused to cut her career in Mexico.In 1964 she made the Mexican version of the musical \"Irma La Douce\", alongside Julio Alem\u00e1n and directed by Enrique Rambal. Jos\u00e9 Luis Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez will end up becoming her head theater director. Under the baton of Iba\u00f1ez, Pinal starred in the work \"Vidas privadas\". One of her most memorable works in musical comedy, was the Mexican version of \"Mame\", successful Broadway musical, which thanks to her success, Pinal rode three times (1972, 1985 and 1989). In 1976 he also starred in the musical \"Annie Get Your Gun\".In 1977, to commemorate her twenty-five year career, Pinal set up her own cabaret show entitled \"\u00a1Felicidades Silvia!\". The show was presented with great success, first at the nightclub El Patio, and then at the Teatro de la Ciudad in Mexico City.In 1978, she starred in the musical \"Plaza Suite\". The death of her daughter Viridiana, truncated the theatrical project \"Agnes of God\", which starred together in 1982. In 1983, Pinal starred in and produced the Mexican montage of the work \"La se\u00f1orita de Tacna\", based on the work of Mario Vargas Llosa. In 1985, while serving as First Lady of the state of Tlaxcala, Pinal remodeled the Xicoht\u00e9ncatl Theater, which reopened with the assembly \"The memories of the Divine Sarah\". In 1986, Pinal starred in the work \"Anna Karenina\", which despite the success obtained, was not to the liking of the actress, and the assembly only reached 100 performances.In 1988, in association with Margarita L\u00f3pez Portillo, Pinal acquired the Cine Estadio, located in Colonia Roma in Mexico City, transforming it into its own theatrical venue, the Silvia Pinal Theater, a space dedicated mainly to musical comedy. which Pinal was free to set up her own productions. The Silvia Pinal Theater was inaugurated in 1989 with the third representation of the musical \"Mame\", with Pinal at the head of the cast.In 1992, Pinal acquired the former Cine Versalles, located in Colonia Ju\u00e1rez in Mexico City and turned it into his second theater, the Diego Rivera Theater. The Diego Rivera Theater was inaugurated in 1991 with the assembly \"Lettice and Lovage\".In 1996, Silvia returned to the musical theater with the second Mexican version of \"Hello, Dolly!\", opposite Ignacio L\u00f3pez Tarso. The last work that Pinal starred in her previous theater was \"Gypsy\" (1998), starring alongside her daughter, the singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n.As a producer, she was responsible for making the Mexican versions of the musicals \"A Chorus Line\" (1989), \"Cats\" (1991) and \"La Cage aux Folles\" (1992). Unfortunately, several problems caused Pinal to close the Silvia Pinal Theater, which stopped functioning in 2000 to become a religious temple.Pinal returned to the theater in 2002 with the play \"Debiera haber obispas\". In recent dates she has also participated in productions such as \"Adorables enemigas\" (2008) and \"Amor, dolor y lo que puesto\" (2012). In 2014, the Diego Rivera Theater changed its name to become the new Silvia Pinal Theatre.Pinal dabbled in television since its appearance in Mexico in the early 1950s. In 1952, she participated in her television show titled \"Con los brazos abiertos\". Eventually she participates in numerous telecasts, produced by Luis de Llano Palmer. That's where Pinal first introduced the use of playback on Mexican television.In the mid-sixties, Silvia staged her own comic-musical show on Televisa entitled \"Los especiales de Silvia Pinal\". When Silvia married the actor and singer Enrique Guzm\u00e1n, both produced and starred in the variety show \"Silvia y Enrique\" (a comedy-musical program in the style of \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\"), which presented during four years (1968\u20131972) with a great success. Once separated from Guzm\u00e1n, Silvia continued with her variety show titled \"\u00a1Ahora Silvia!!.In 1985, she became a producer and presenter of the TV show \"Mujer, casos de la vida real\". Initially, the show was created to respond to cases and needs of the public focused on locating victims of the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City. With the passage of time, the show evolved to present current issues and daily life that included from domestic violence to legal issues and public health. This production was a success and lasted more than 20 years transmitting in Mexico, Spain, Italy and several countries in Latin America. The program was canceled in 2007.In 2009 Silvia also participated in a chapter of the series \"Mujeres asesinas\".In 1968, Pinal makes his debut in telenovelas with the historical telenovela \"Los caudillos\", inspired by the events of the War of Independence of Mexico. The telenovela was produced by Ernesto Alonso. Her second foray into the genre was with the telenovela \"\u00bfQui\u00e9n?\" (1973), produced by Guillermo Diazayas and based on a cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulch\u00e9.Eventually, Silvia decided to produce her own telenovelas, her first hit being \"Ma\u00f1ana es primavera\" (1982), the last acting work of her daughter Viridiana, before dying. In 1985 he also produced and starred in \"Eclipse\".Her last works in television have been in special participations in various telenovelas and television series. The most relevant ones are \"Carita de \u00e1ngel\" (2000), in which she went on to replace the actress Libertad Lamarque, who at the time of her death left her character unfinished in this childhood melodrama), \"Fuego en la sangre\" (2008), \"Soy tu due\u00f1a\" (2010) and \"Mi marido tiene familia\" (2017).In addition to the aforementioned telenovelas that she starred, Pinal also produced the melodramas \"Cuando los hijos van\" (1983) and \"Tiempo de amar\" (1987).Pinal dabbled in the world of politics as a result of her fourth marriage, with the politician Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez, who was governor of the State of Tlaxcala. Between 1981 and 1987, Pinal was the First Lady of that state. Eventually she became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party and was elected to federal deputy in 1991. Later, she became a senator and member of the Asamblea de Representantes del Federal District.In these positions, Pinal had some achievements. Among the most outstanding are to achieve that the Cinematographic Law contemplate the right of interpreter, worked on the Law of Condominiums and the Law of Tourism, did tasks in favor of ecology, promoted the dissemination of theater books and fought for the Ministry of Finance to lower taxes on the theater.Since the fifties, Pinal actively participated in trade union movements of the actors of his country. She was part of the group \"Rosa Mexicano\" , founded by Dolores del R\u00edo. Between 1988 and 1995, Pinal became a leader of the National Association of Interpreters (A.N.D.I.) of Mexico.Pinal had problems with justice in the year 2000 due to problems in her management as leader of the Association of Theater Producers (Protea) in the early 1990s. For this reason the actress lived some time in Miami, United States. After eleven months, the actress was declared innocent and returned to her country.Between 2010 and 2014, Pinal also served as General Secretary of the Screen Actors Guild of M\u00e9xico (ANDA) of Mexico.In an attempt to protect the mature actors, she became the founder of the \"Asociaci\u00f3n Rafael Banquells\", in charge of providing non-profit help to the interpreters. As president of the association, Pinal is in charge of the delivery of the Bravo Awards to the highlights in music, film, theater, radio, television, dubbing and commercial realization during the year. The awards are given annually since 1991.Pinal has been married four times. Her first marriage was with the actor and director Rafael Banquells, who was her first formal boyfriend. Pinal married Banquells in 1947. Pinal acknowledges that her marriage at such an early age was partly due to escape from her father's repression: \"\"I changed my father for a softer one that stimulated me in my career.\"\" The couple divorced in 1952, a year after the birth of their daughter, Sylvia Pasquel, who later consolidated an outstanding career as an actress.Her second marriage was with the businessman and film producer Gustavo Alatriste. Pinal has revealed on numerous occasions that Alatriste was the love of her life, a husband with whom she could have stayed forever. Silvia met Alatriste at a meeting at Ernesto Alonso's house when he was about to divorce the actress Ariadne Welter. It was thanks to Alatriste that Pinal was able to make her film projects with Luis Bu\u00f1uel. The marriage ended in 1967 due to Alatriste's infidelities and business problems between the couple. Of her relationship with Alatriste was born a daughter, also actress Viridiana Alatriste (born in 1963). Unfortunately, Viridiana died tragically in a car accident in Mexico City in 1982, only 19 years old.Her third marriage was with the popular singer and idol of Rock and roll Enrique Guzm\u00e1n. Pinal and Guzm\u00e1n met when he came as a guest on the Pinal's television show \"\u00a1Ahora Silvia!\". Pinal and Guzm\u00e1n were married in 1967 despite some resistance from Pinal being 11 years older than her husband. Their marriage lasted nine years. They worked together and procreated two children: the popular singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n (born in 1968) and the musician and composer Luis Enrique Guzm\u00e1n (born in 1970).Her last marriage was with the politician, and then governor of the state of Tlaxcala, Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez. The couple married in 1982. It was through Hern\u00e1ndez that Pinal entered the world of politics. Pinal and Hernandez divorced in 1995.In addition to her marriages, at various times in her life, Pinal held various romances. In 1954, when filming \"Un extra\u00f1o en la escalera\", Pinal fell in love with her co-star, the actor Arturo de C\u00f3rdova. Others of her romances were with the Mexican businessman Emilio Azc\u00e1rraga Milmo, the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif and with the American businessman Conrad Nicholson Hilton, Jr..With the passage of time, Silvia Pinal has become the head of one of the most famous artistic dynasties in Latin America. Her daughters Sylvia and Viridiana followed in her footsteps as an actress. The youngest of her daughters, Alejandra, is one of the most popular singers in Mexico. Alejandra's daughter Frida Sofia is also a model, currently living in Miami Fl. In addition, her granddaughter Stephanie Salas (daughter of Sylvia) has also forged a career as an actress and singer. Stephanie's daughters, Michelle Salas and Camila Valero, are both models and actresses.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Gustavo Alatriste", "January 1961", "January 1967"], ["Silvia Pinal", "position held", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico", "September 1991", "August 1994"], ["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Rafael Banquells", "January 1947", "January 1952"], ["Silvia Pinal", "position held", "member of the Senate of Mexico", "January 1998", "August 2000"], ["Silvia Pinal", "member of political party", "Institutional Revolutionary Party", "January 1991", "January 2000"], ["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez", "January 1982", "January 1995"]]}
{"question": "Where were \u00c5ke Pleijel educated when he/she was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel?", "adv_question": "Where were \u00c5ke Pleijel educated when he/she was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel?", "date": "November 27 1937", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stockholm University"]}, "id": "L3M_Q6051696_P69_6", "fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1952. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to January 1979. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from January 1932 to January 1940. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from November 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to January 1941. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965.", "adv_fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from Jan 1932 to 01/1940. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from 01/1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from Nov 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1952. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to 01/1979.", "context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel\u00c5ke Pleijel (10 August 1913 \u2013 24 September 1989) was a Swedish mathematician.He completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at Stockholm University in 1940 (with Torsten Carleman as supervisor), and later became Professor of Mathematics at Uppsala University.\u00c5ke Pleijel published the paper in which the Minakshisundaram\u2013Pleijel zeta function was introduced.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Royal Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1952"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "educated at", "Stockholm University", "January 1932", "January 1940"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "spouse", "Sonja Berg Pleijel", "November 1937", "January 1967"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Stockholm University", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1947", "January 1948"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Uppsala University", "January 1967", "January 1979"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Lund University", "January 1952", "January 1965"]]}
{"question": "Which positions did Hilde Benjamin hold when he/she was the member of Socialist Unity Party of Germany?", "adv_question": "Which positions did Hilde Benjamin hold when he/she was the member of Socialist Unity Party of Germany?", "date": "January 01 1946", "text_answers": {"text": ["member of the Volkskammer"]}, "id": "L3M_Q276069_P39_8", "fact_context": "Hilde Benjamin held the position of member of the Volkskammer from January 1949 to January 1967. \n Hilde Benjamin was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany from January 1946 to January 1989. \n Hilde Benjamin studied at Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1921 to January 1924. \n Hilde Benjamin was married to Georg Benjamin from January 1926 to August 1942.", "adv_fact_context": "Hilde Benjamin was married to Georg Benjamin from 01/1926 to 08/1942. \n Hilde Benjamin held the position of member of the Volkskammer from January 1949 to Jan 1967. \n Hilde Benjamin studied at Humboldt University of Berlin from January 1921 to 01/1924. \n Hilde Benjamin was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany from Jan 1946 to Jan 1989.", "context": "Hilde BenjaminHilde Benjamin (n\u00e9e Lange, 5 February 1902 \u2013 18 April 1989) was an East German judge and Minister of Justice. She is best known for presiding over a series of political trials in the 1950s. She is particularly known as responsible for the politically motivated prosecution of Erna Dorn and Ernst Jennrich. In his 1994 inauguration speech German President Roman Herzog mentioned Benjamin's status as a symbol of injustice, noting that her name was incompatible with the German constitution and the rule of law.Hilde Lange was born in Bernburg, Anhalt, and grew up in Berlin, in to a middle class and liberal minded family, the daughter of the engineer Heinz Lange and his wife, Adele. Growing up in the culturally inclined liberal ambience of a middle-class family awakened in her an early interest in classical music and literature: this would stay with her throughout her life. In 1921 she successfully completed her school career at the in Steglitz on the south side of Berlin.She was among the first women to study law in Germany, which she did at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Hamburg from 1921 to 1924.Afterwards, she worked as a practicing attorney in Berlin-Wedding for the Rote Hilfe, a Communist aid organization. In 1926 she married the medical doctor, Georg Benjamin, the brother of writer Walter Benjamin and of her friend, the academic . Georg and Hilde's son, was born at the end of 1932.In 1926 she quit the moderate left-wing SPD and in 1927 joined her husband in the Communist Party. Because of her political convictions, she was forbidden to practice law after 1933. Briefly jobless, with her husband removed to a concentration camp (from which, on this occasion, he was released later in the year) directly after the Reichstag fire, she returned for a time to live with her parents along with her small son: she then obtained a position providing legal advice for the Soviet trade association in Berlin. During World War II, she was forced to work in a factory from 1939-45. Her Jewish husband was killed at the KZ Mauthausen in 1942.After the war, she joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1946 and was vice president of the Supreme Court of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1949 to 1953. In that capacity, she assisted with the Waldheim Trials and presided over a series of show trials against those identified as political undesirables, such as Johann Burianek and Wolfgang Kaiser, as well as against Jehovah's Witnesses. Her two death sentences earned her the popular sobriquets \"The Red Guillotine\" and \"Bloody Hilde\" in Western media.From 1949 to 1967 she was a member of the Volkskammer and from 1954 to 1989, a member of the Central Committee of the SED. In 1953, she succeeded Max Fechner as Minister of Justice. GDR leader Walter Ulbricht asked her to resign in 1967, ostensibly for health reasons.Benjamin was instrumental in authoring the penal code and the code of penal procedure of the GDR and played a decisive role in the reorganization of the country's legal system. From 1967 to her death, she held the chair for the history of the judiciary at the \"Deutsche Akademie f\u00fcr Staats- und Rechtswissenschaft\" in Potsdam-Babelsberg. She died in East Berlin in April 1989.Benjamin received several awards in the GDR: in 1962 the Patriotic Order of Merit, in 1977 and 1987 the Order of Karl Marx, in 1979 the title of Meritorious Jurist of the GDR (\"Verdiente Juristin der DDR\"), and in 1982 the Star of People's Friendship.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Hilde Benjamin", "spouse", "Georg Benjamin", "January 1926", "August 1942"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "educated at", "Humboldt University of Berlin", "January 1921", "January 1924"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "position held", "member of the Volkskammer", "January 1949", "January 1967"], ["Hilde Benjamin", "member of political party", "Socialist Unity Party of Germany", "January 1946", "January 1989"]]}
{"question": "Where were Gary Payton II educated when he/she was playing for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball?", "adv_question": "Where were Gary Payton II educated when he/she was playing for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball?", "date": "January 01 2014", "text_answers": {"text": ["Oregon State University"]}, "id": "L3M_Q19979256_P69_6", "fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from January 2012 to January 2014. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from January 2011 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from 01/2012 to 01/2014. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from Jan 2011 to 01/2012. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from 01/2014 to January 2016.", "context": "Gary Payton IIGary Dwayne Payton II (born December 1, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a junior and senior playing college basketball for the Oregon State Beavers, Payton was named first-team All-Pac-12 as well as Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. He is the son of NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton. His nickname is \"The Mitten\", a reference to his father's nickname \"The Glove\".Payton was born in Seattle, Washington to Monique and Gary Payton, while his father was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics. He attended Spring Valley High School where he lettered two years in basketball and one year in swimming before graduating in 2011. He then enrolled at Westwind Preparatory Academy for the 2011\u201312 season.Payton played two seasons at Salt Lake Community College in Salt Lake City, Utah. He averaged 9.4 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 1.9 steals per game as a freshman (2012\u201313) and led the Bruins to a 29\u20135 overall record and 14\u20131 mark in the Scenic West Athletic Conference (SWAC), where they won the Region 18 Championship and outright SWAC title in 2013. Payton was named First Team All-SWAC and made Region 18 All-Tournament Team as a freshman. In his sophomore year, he averaged 14.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.9 steals per game earning him Second Team NJCAA Division I All-American and was voted 2014 Region 18 Co-Player of the Year and Region 18 Tournament Most Valuable Player. The Bruins finished with a 27\u20137 overall record and won their second consecutive Region 18 Championship.During Payton's sophomore season at Salt Lake CC he signed a letter of intent to play for his father's alma mater Oregon State under men's head basketball coach Craig Robinson. Robinson was fired before the start of the 2014\u201315 basketball season and was replaced by University of Montana head coach Wayne Tinkle. Having lost their top five scorers from the previous season, Pac-12 coaches picked Oregon State to finish 12th in the 2014\u201315 season. Instead, the up-tempo Beavers finished 7th with a 4\u20131 record against the conference's top three teams, Arizona, Oregon and Utah. In their game against Grambling State Payton recorded 10 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists, becoming only the second Beaver ever with a triple-double in a game. His father, Hall of Famer Gary Payton, is the other Beaver with a triple-double when he had 20 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against the University of Portland in 1988. Following a home sweep of the Los Angeles schools Payton was named the January 26, 2015 Pac-12 Conference Player of the Week. During his first season at Oregon State Payton led his team in multiple categories: scoring, rebounds, and steals. On March 9, 2015 Pac-12 coaches voted Payton to the All-Pac-12 First Team, All-Pac-12 Defensive Team and named him the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award for top point guard of the year. He was named to the 35-man mid-season watchlist for the Naismith Player of the Year on February 11.After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Payton II joined the Houston Rockets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 23, 2016, he signed with the Rockets, but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in six preseason games. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Rockets. On December 3, 2016, he scored 51 points on 20-of-29 shooting to go with 11 rebounds in a 140\u2013125 win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.On April 2, 2017, Payton II signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He made his debut for the Bucks that night, scoring five points in nine minutes off the bench in a 109\u2013105 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. Payton II was waived on October 14 as one of the team's final 2017\u201318 preseason roster cuts. On October 17, 2017, Payton II was given a two-way contract with the Bucks via their NBA G League affiliate the Wisconsin Herd, meaning he'd officially return to Milwaukee for the start of the season. Payton II would have his first start in the NBA on November 22, 2017, against the Phoenix Suns, playing as the starting small forward for the Bucks that night due to team injuries. While he would end the night early due to an injury of his own, the Bucks would win that night in overtime. On December 13, Payton II was waived from the Bucks in favor of Sean Kilpatrick.On January 15, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers signed Payton II to a two-way contract. Throughout the rest of the season, he split his playing time between the Los Angeles Lakers and their NBA G League affiliate, the South Bay Lakers. On the final game of the season, Payton scored a career-high 25 points and also posted a career-high 12 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.On September 4, 2018, Payton signed a training camp contract with the Portland Trail Blazers. On October 13, 2018, Payton was waived by the Trail Blazers.On December 12, 2018, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League announced via Twitter that they had re-acquired Payton.On January 21, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards on a 10-day contract, and Payton made his debut for the Wizards on January 22 in a 101\u201387 win over the Detroit Pistons, but was not offered for a second 10-day contract.On February 2, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers announced that they had reacquired Payton.On October 24, 2019, the Canton Charge acquired the returning right from Rio Grande Valley Vipers for Payton in exchange for Jaron Blossomgame. Two days later on October 26, 2019, Payton was traded to the South Bay Lakers for Sheldon Mac and Robert Heyer. Two days later on October 28, 2019, Payton was added to the training camp roster of the South Bay Lakers. On November 4, 2019, Payton was included in the opening night roster of the South Bay Lakers.On December 23, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards. On July 9, 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19.On January 11, 2021, Payton was selected 15th overall by the Raptors 905 in the first 2021 NBA G League draft, where he averaged 10.8 points on 55.5 percent shooting from the field, 5.6 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 2.54 steals in 21.9 minutes per game. At the end of the shortened single-site season in Orlando, he was named the 2021 Defensive Player of the Year.On April 8, 2021, Payton signed a 10-day contract with the Golden State Warriors. On April 19, he signed a second 10-day contract and on May 16, he was signed for the rest of the season.| style=\"text-align:left;\"| ", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Salt Lake Community College", "Westwind Preparatory Academy"], "facts": [["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Westwind Preparatory Academy", "January 2011", "January 2012"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Oregon State University", "January 2014", "January 2016"], ["Gary Payton II", "member of sports team", "Oregon State Beavers men's basketball", "January 2014", "January 2016"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Salt Lake Community College", "January 2012", "January 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which teams did Gary Payton II play for when he/she was studying at Oregon State University?", "adv_question": "Which teams did Gary Payton II play for when he/she was studying at Oregon State University?", "date": "January 01 2014", "text_answers": {"text": ["Oregon State Beavers men's basketball"]}, "id": "L3M_Q19979256_P54_11", "fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from January 2012 to January 2014. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from January 2011 to January 2012.", "adv_fact_context": "Gary Payton II studied at Salt Lake Community College from 01/2012 to 01/2014. \n Gary Payton II played for Oregon State Beavers men's basketball from January 2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Oregon State University from 01/2014 to January 2016. \n Gary Payton II studied at Westwind Preparatory Academy from Jan 2011 to 01/2012.", "context": "Gary Payton IIGary Dwayne Payton II (born December 1, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a junior and senior playing college basketball for the Oregon State Beavers, Payton was named first-team All-Pac-12 as well as Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. He is the son of NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton. His nickname is \"The Mitten\", a reference to his father's nickname \"The Glove\".Payton was born in Seattle, Washington to Monique and Gary Payton, while his father was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics. He attended Spring Valley High School where he lettered two years in basketball and one year in swimming before graduating in 2011. He then enrolled at Westwind Preparatory Academy for the 2011\u201312 season.Payton played two seasons at Salt Lake Community College in Salt Lake City, Utah. He averaged 9.4 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 1.9 steals per game as a freshman (2012\u201313) and led the Bruins to a 29\u20135 overall record and 14\u20131 mark in the Scenic West Athletic Conference (SWAC), where they won the Region 18 Championship and outright SWAC title in 2013. Payton was named First Team All-SWAC and made Region 18 All-Tournament Team as a freshman. In his sophomore year, he averaged 14.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.9 steals per game earning him Second Team NJCAA Division I All-American and was voted 2014 Region 18 Co-Player of the Year and Region 18 Tournament Most Valuable Player. The Bruins finished with a 27\u20137 overall record and won their second consecutive Region 18 Championship.During Payton's sophomore season at Salt Lake CC he signed a letter of intent to play for his father's alma mater Oregon State under men's head basketball coach Craig Robinson. Robinson was fired before the start of the 2014\u201315 basketball season and was replaced by University of Montana head coach Wayne Tinkle. Having lost their top five scorers from the previous season, Pac-12 coaches picked Oregon State to finish 12th in the 2014\u201315 season. Instead, the up-tempo Beavers finished 7th with a 4\u20131 record against the conference's top three teams, Arizona, Oregon and Utah. In their game against Grambling State Payton recorded 10 points, 12 rebounds and 10 assists, becoming only the second Beaver ever with a triple-double in a game. His father, Hall of Famer Gary Payton, is the other Beaver with a triple-double when he had 20 points, 14 rebounds and 11 assists against the University of Portland in 1988. Following a home sweep of the Los Angeles schools Payton was named the January 26, 2015 Pac-12 Conference Player of the Week. During his first season at Oregon State Payton led his team in multiple categories: scoring, rebounds, and steals. On March 9, 2015 Pac-12 coaches voted Payton to the All-Pac-12 First Team, All-Pac-12 Defensive Team and named him the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.On February 1, 2016, he was named one of 10 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award for top point guard of the year. He was named to the 35-man mid-season watchlist for the Naismith Player of the Year on February 11.After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA draft, Payton II joined the Houston Rockets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 23, 2016, he signed with the Rockets, but was later waived on October 24 after appearing in six preseason games. On October 31, 2016, he was acquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Rockets. On December 3, 2016, he scored 51 points on 20-of-29 shooting to go with 11 rebounds in a 140\u2013125 win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.On April 2, 2017, Payton II signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He made his debut for the Bucks that night, scoring five points in nine minutes off the bench in a 109\u2013105 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. Payton II was waived on October 14 as one of the team's final 2017\u201318 preseason roster cuts. On October 17, 2017, Payton II was given a two-way contract with the Bucks via their NBA G League affiliate the Wisconsin Herd, meaning he'd officially return to Milwaukee for the start of the season. Payton II would have his first start in the NBA on November 22, 2017, against the Phoenix Suns, playing as the starting small forward for the Bucks that night due to team injuries. While he would end the night early due to an injury of his own, the Bucks would win that night in overtime. On December 13, Payton II was waived from the Bucks in favor of Sean Kilpatrick.On January 15, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers signed Payton II to a two-way contract. Throughout the rest of the season, he split his playing time between the Los Angeles Lakers and their NBA G League affiliate, the South Bay Lakers. On the final game of the season, Payton scored a career-high 25 points and also posted a career-high 12 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.On September 4, 2018, Payton signed a training camp contract with the Portland Trail Blazers. On October 13, 2018, Payton was waived by the Trail Blazers.On December 12, 2018, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League announced via Twitter that they had re-acquired Payton.On January 21, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards on a 10-day contract, and Payton made his debut for the Wizards on January 22 in a 101\u201387 win over the Detroit Pistons, but was not offered for a second 10-day contract.On February 2, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers announced that they had reacquired Payton.On October 24, 2019, the Canton Charge acquired the returning right from Rio Grande Valley Vipers for Payton in exchange for Jaron Blossomgame. Two days later on October 26, 2019, Payton was traded to the South Bay Lakers for Sheldon Mac and Robert Heyer. Two days later on October 28, 2019, Payton was added to the training camp roster of the South Bay Lakers. On November 4, 2019, Payton was included in the opening night roster of the South Bay Lakers.On December 23, 2019, Payton signed with the Washington Wizards. On July 9, 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19.On January 11, 2021, Payton was selected 15th overall by the Raptors 905 in the first 2021 NBA G League draft, where he averaged 10.8 points on 55.5 percent shooting from the field, 5.6 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 2.54 steals in 21.9 minutes per game. At the end of the shortened single-site season in Orlando, he was named the 2021 Defensive Player of the Year.On April 8, 2021, Payton signed a 10-day contract with the Golden State Warriors. On April 19, he signed a second 10-day contract and on May 16, he was signed for the rest of the season.| style=\"text-align:left;\"| ", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Salt Lake Community College", "January 2012", "January 2014"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Oregon State University", "January 2014", "January 2016"], ["Gary Payton II", "member of sports team", "Oregon State Beavers men's basketball", "January 2014", "January 2016"], ["Gary Payton II", "educated at", "Westwind Preparatory Academy", "January 2011", "January 2012"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s belong to when he/she held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s belong to when he/she held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary?", "date": "June 18 1998", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hungarian Socialist Party"]}, "id": "L3M_Q461944_P102_56", "fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from January 2003 to January 2005. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from January 1989 to January 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to January 1978. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from January 1978 to January 1982. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from January 1951 to January 1956. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from June 1998 to May 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to January 1959.", "adv_fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from Jan 1978 to Jan 1982. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to 01/1959. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to Jan 1978. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from Jan 2003 to Jan 2005. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from Jan 1951 to January 1956. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from Jan 1989 to 01/2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from 06/1998 to May 2002.", "context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6sM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s (; born 11 September 1933 in P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny) is a Hungarian politician. He served as provisional President of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990. His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government.Sz\u0171r\u00f6s served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990. In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character. The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved. Under the Constitution, Sz\u0171r\u00f6s became provisional president until the election. Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the \"People's Republic\" from its constitutional name and was now the \"Republic of Hungary.\"He remained in parliament until 2002 as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party, often voting against the party consensus. He quit the party in 2002, joined the newly established New Left Party and ran as their prime minister candidate at the parliamentary elections, but the party only got 0.1% of the popular votes. In 2003 he joined the Social Democratic Party and was later elected as the chairman of the party. He resigned his position in 2005.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hungarian Working People's Party", "Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party", "Hungarian Social Democratic Party"], "facts": [["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Party", "January 1989", "January 2002"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "President of Hungary", "October 1989", "May 1990"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "June 1998", "May 2002"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "educated at", "Moscow State Institute of International Relations", "January 1953", "January 1959"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Social Democratic Party", "January 2003", "January 2005"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union", "January 1978", "January 1982"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "ambassador of Hungary to East Germany", "January 1975", "January 1978"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Working People's Party", "January 1951", "January 1956"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party", "January 1956", "January 1989"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Elon Musk work for when he/she held the position of director general?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Elon Musk work for when he/she held the position of director general?", "date": "January 01 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["SpaceX", "Tesla, Inc.", "OpenAI", "Neuralink", "The Boring Company"]}, "id": "L3M_Q317521_P108_70", "fact_context": "Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from July 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from January 2013 to January 2016. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from January 2008 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from January 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from April 2004 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from January 1992 to January 1995. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from June 2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from December 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to January 2019. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from January 2000 to January 2008. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from 01/2000 to 01/2008. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from Jan 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from Jan 2013 to 01/2016. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from Jan 2008 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to Jan 2019. \n Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from Jul 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from Dec 2016 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from 01/1992 to Jan 1995. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from 06/2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from 04/2004 to 05/2023.", "context": "Elon MuskElon Reeve Musk ( ; born June 28, 1971) is an entrepreneur and business magnate. He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX; early stage investor, CEO, and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; and co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI. A centibillionaire, Musk is one of the richest people in the world.Musk was born to a Canadian mother and South African father and raised in Pretoria, South Africa. He briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada aged 17 to attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University but decided instead to pursue a business career, co-founding the web software company Zip2 with brother Kimbal. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. In 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as chairman and product architect, becoming its CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain\u2013computer interfaces, and founded The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has proposed the Hyperloop, a high-speed vactrain transportation system.Musk has been the subject of criticism due to unorthodox or unscientific stances and highly publicized controversies. In 2018, he was sued for defamation by a diver who advised in the Tham Luang cave rescue; a California jury ruled in favor of Musk. In the same year, he was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. He settled with the SEC, temporarily stepping down from his chairmanship and accepting limitations on his Twitter usage. Musk has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and has received criticism from experts for his other views on such matters as artificial intelligence and public transport.Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. His mother is Maye Musk (), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, but raised in South Africa. His father is Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer. Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal (born 1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974). His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian, and Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk mostly lived with his father in Pretoria and elsewhere, a choice he made two years after the divorce and subsequently regretted. Musk has become estranged from his father, whom he describes as \"a terrible human being... Almost every evil thing you could possibly think of, he has done.\" He has a half-sister and a half-brother on his father's side.Around age 10, Musk developed an interest in computing and video games and acquired a Commodore VIC-20. He learned computer programming using a manual and, by age 12, sold the code of a BASIC-based video game he created called \"Blastar\" to \"PC and Office Technology\" magazine for approximately $500. An awkward and introverted child, Musk was bullied throughout his childhood and was once hospitalized after a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. He attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School and Bryanston High School before graduating from Pretoria Boys High School.Aware it would be easier to enter the United States from Canada, Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother. While awaiting the documentation, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months; this allowed Musk to avoid mandatory service in the South African military. Arriving in Canada in June 1989, Musk failed to locate a great-uncle in Montreal and instead stayed at a youth hostel. He then traveled west to live with a second-cousin in Saskatchewan. He stayed there for a year, working odd jobs at a farm and lumber-mill. In 1990, Musk entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania; he graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics.In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley during the summer: at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which researched electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and at the Palo Alto-based startup Rocket Science Games. In 1995, Musk was accepted to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program in materials science at Stanford University in California. Musk attempted to get a job at Netscape but never received a response to his inquiries. He dropped out of Stanford after two days, deciding instead to join the Internet boom and launch an Internet startup.In 1995, Musk, Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded web software company Zip2 with funds from angel investors. They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto. The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages. Musk says that before the company became successful, he could not afford an apartment and instead rented an office and slept on the couch and showered at the YMCA, and shared one computer with his brother. According to Musk, \"The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time.\" The Musk brothers obtained contracts with \"The New York Times\" and the \"Chicago Tribune,\" and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with CitySearch. Musk's attempts to become CEO, a position held by its Chairman Rich Sorkin, were thwarted by the board. Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999. Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company. The startup was one of the first online banks to be federally insured, and, within its initial months, over 200,000 customers joined the service. The company's investors saw Musk as inexperienced and had him replaced with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year. The following year, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to prevent unnecessary competition. Founded by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel, Confinity had its own money-transfer service, PayPal, which was more popular than X.com's service. Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for Microsoft software over Linux created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign. Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000. Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk\u2014the largest shareholder with 11.7%\u2014received over $100 million.In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, explaining it has sentimental value.In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society. He was inspired by plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars and discussed funding the project himself. In October 2001, Musk traveled to Moscow to buy refurbished Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice and was even spat on by one of the Russian chief designers. The group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. Musk instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets. With $100 million of his early fortune, Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies Corp., traded as SpaceX, in May 2002. As of 2021, he remains the company's CEO and also holds the title of Chief Engineer.After three failed launches, SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 in 2008. It was the first private liquid-fuel rocket to reach Earth orbit. Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services program contract for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement. In 2012, the Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, a first for a private enterprise. Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9. Landings were later achieved on an autonomous spaceport drone ship, an ocean-based recovery platform. In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried a Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload. In 2017, SpaceX unveiled its next-generation launch vehicle and spacecraft system, Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), which would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities. In 2018, SpaceX announced a planned 2023 lunar circumnavigation mission, a private flight called \"dearMoon project\". In 2020, SpaceX launched its first manned flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place a person into orbit and dock a crewed space-craft with the ISS.SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low Earth orbit satellites in 2015 to provide satellite Internet access, with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched. The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.Tesla, Inc.\u2014originally Tesla Motors\u2014was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement. Musk led the Series A round of investment in 2004, joining Tesla's board of directors as chairman. Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations. Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the 2008 financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted from the firm. Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008. A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model\u00a0S sedan in 2012; a cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015. A mass market sedan, the Model 3 was released in 2017. , it is the world's best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered. A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020. The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019. Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle subassembly factories, such as Gigafactory 1 in Nevada and Gigafactory 3 in China.Since its initial public offering in 2010, Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020. It entered the S&P 500 later that year.In September 2018, Musk was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a tweet claiming funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private. The lawsuit claimed that discussions Musk held with foreign investors in July 2018 did not confirm key deal terms and thus characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies. Musk called the allegations unjustified and claimed he had never compromised his integrity. Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.Musk has stated in interviews he does not regret the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation. On February 19, 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars in 2019. The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, initially asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet, which was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details. The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about. In May 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price (\"too high \") violated the agreement. FOIA released records showed that the SEC itself concluded that Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding \"Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price\".Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive co-founded in 2006. By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Construction on the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020 when Panasonic departed.Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery energy storage products division to create Tesla Energy. The announcement of the deal resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues; however, Tesla shareholders were not informed. Consequently, multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders. During a June 2019 court deposition, Musk acknowledged that the company reallocated every possible employee from the solar division to work on the Model 3, and, according to Musk, \"as a result, solar suffered.\" This had not previously been disclosed to shareholders. Court documents unsealed in 2019 have confirmed that Musk was also aware of the company's liquidity issues. Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with AI. Neuralink's purpose is to create devices that are embedded in the human brain to facilitate the merging of the brain with machines. The devices will also reconcile with the latest improvements in artificial intelligence to stay updated. Such improvements could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software more effectively.At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described one of their early devices as \"a Fitbit in your skull\" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims; \"MIT Technology Review\" described them as \"highly speculative\" and \"neuroscience theater\".In 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels. In early 2017, they began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a wide, long, and deep \"test trench\" on the premises of SpaceX's offices as it required no permits. A tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021. Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.As a merchandising and publicity stunt, The Boring Company sold 2,000 novelty flamethrowers in 2018. The idea was allegedly inspired by the Mel Brooks-directed film \"Spaceballs\" (1987).Musk's managerial style and treatment of his employees has been heavily criticized. One person who worked closely with Musk said he exhibits \"a high level of degenerate behavior\" such as paranoia and bullying. Another described him as exhibiting \"total and complete pathological sociopathy\". \"Business Insider\" reported that Tesla employees were told not to walk past Musk's desk because of his \"wild firing rampages\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as \"self-driving\", he faced criticism from his engineers, some of whom resigned in response, with one stating that Musk's \"reckless decision making... ha[d] potentially put customer lives at risk\".In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain, assigning a dozen engineers from Tesla and SpaceX to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs. On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the Hyperloop. The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs. The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area at an estimated total cost of $6 billion. The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.In June 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track in a 2015\u20132017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project with Hawthorne airport as its destination. In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received \"verbal government approval\" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., stopping in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.In December 2015, Musk announced the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity. A particular focus of the company is to \"counteract large corporations [and governments] who may gain too much power by owning super-intelligence systems\". In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as Tesla increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a small rescue pod to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand. Named \"Wild Boar\" after the children's soccer team, its design was a -long, -wide sealed tube weighing about propelled manually by divers in the front and back with segmented compartments to place diver weights to adjust buoyancy, intended to solve the problem of safely extracting the children. Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. However, by this time, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia and Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.Vernon Unsworth, a recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the rescue, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, and that Musk \"had no conception of what the cave passage was like\" and \"can stick his submarine where it hurts\". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as \"pedo guy\". He subsequently deleted the tweets, along with an earlier tweet in which he told another critic of the device, \"Stay tuned jackass.\" On July 16, Unsworth stated that he was considering legal action.Two days later, Musk issued an apology for his remarks. Then, on August 28, 2018, in response to criticism from a writer on Twitter, Musk tweeted, \"You don't think it's strange he hasn't sued me?\" The following day, a letter dated August 6 from L.\u00a0Lin Wood, the rescuer's attorney, emerged, showing that he had been making preparations for a libel lawsuit.Around this time, James Howard-Higgins emailed Musk claiming to be a private investigator and with an offer to \"dig deep\" into Unsworth's past, which Musk accepted; Higgins was later revealed to be a convicted felon with multiple counts of fraud. On August 30, using details produced during the alleged investigation, Musk sent a \"BuzzFeed News\" reporter who had written about the controversy an email prefaced with \"off the record\", telling the reporter to \"stop defending child rapists, you fucking asshole\" and claiming that Unsworth is a \"single white guy from England who's been traveling to or living in Thailand for 30 to 40 years... until moving to Chiang Rai for a child bride who was about 12 years old at the time.\" On September 5, the reporter tweeted a screenshot of the email, saying that \"Off the record is a two-party agreement,\" which he \"did not agree to.\"In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court. In his defense, Musk argued that in slang usage \"'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor.\" The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages. During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.On September 6, 2018, Musk appeared on \"The Joe Rogan Experience\" podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. One of the highest-profile and controversial aspects of the program was Musk's sampling a single puff from a cigar consisting, Joe Rogan claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. \"The Washington Post\" observed that, \"In the media's hands, it became a story about Musk's growing instability.\"Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day. \"Fortune\" wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told \"The Verge\" that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still processing the situation. In a \"60 Minutes\" interview, Musk said of the incident: \"I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.\"On March 30, 2019, Musk released a rap track, \"RIP Harambe\", on SoundCloud as Emo G Records. The track, which is an allusion to the killing of Harambe and the subsequent \"tasteless\" Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop. On January 30, 2020, Musk released an EDM track, \"Don't Doubt Ur Vibe\", featuring his own lyrics and vocals. While \"Guardian\" critic Alexi Petridis described it as \"indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud\", TechCrunch said it was \"not a bad representation of the genre\".Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which states its purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas as well as other goals. Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 contributions. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and Kimball's Big Green. \"Vox\" described the foundation as \"entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque\", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text. The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated. From 2002 to 2018, it gave out $25 million directly to non-profits, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI, which was at the time a non-profit organization.Musk is also a trustee of the X Prize Foundation. In January 2021, he promised to donate $100 million as a prize to whomever developed the best carbon capture technology.Musk made $165 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002. He was first listed on the \"Forbes\" Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion. Throughout that year, his net worth increased by $150 billion, largely driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock. During this, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in the history of the \"Bloomberg Billionaires Index\". In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest. In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world. Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.Around three-quarters of Musk's wealth derives from Tesla. Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed in 2018 to a compensation plan with the board that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue. The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values. It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and board. In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million TSLA shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.Musk has repeatedly described himself as \"cash poor\", and has \"professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth\". In 2012, Musk signed The Giving Pledge and, in May 2020, Musk pledged to \"sell almost all physical possessions\". In 2021, Musk defended his wealth by saying he is \"accumulating resources to help make life multiplanetary [and] extend the light of consciousness to the stars\". He owns a private jet. The jet's heavy use of fossil fuels\u2014it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018\u2014has received criticism. According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.In an interview with \"The Washington Post\", Musk stated he was a \"significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats,\" but that he also gives heavily to Republicans. Musk further stated that political contributions are a requirement to have a voice in the United States government. Musk has criticized Donald Trump and after joining Trump's two business advisory councils, Musk resigned from both in June 2017 in protest against Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. In the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income; he endorsed Kanye West's independent campaign in the general election. Musk has stated that he thinks a theoretical government on Mars should be direct democracy.In July 2020, Musk tweeted \"Pronouns suck\" to significant backlash on Twitter, including from his partner Grimes. The tweet has been perceived by some as transphobic and an attack on non-binary identities. In a series of December 2020 tweets, Musk again mocked the use of pronouns. The Human Rights Campaign, which had previously given Tesla the number one ranking on its Corporate Equality Index, criticized his tweets and called for him to apologize.Musk has stated that he does not believe the US government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior. Musk says that the free market would achieve the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences. His stance has been called hypocritical as his businesses have received billions of dollars in subsidies.Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal. Musk's opposition to short-selling has been speculated to stem from how short-sellers often organize and publish opposition research about the companies that they believe currently overvalued. In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze. Musk has also regularly promoted cryptocurrencies, stating that he supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies. Given the volatile effects that his tweets about them have, his statements around cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulations by critics such as Nouriel Roubini.Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic. He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting chloroquine and claiming that death statistics were manipulated. He claimed that \"Kids are essentially immune\" to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and called \"the coronavirus panic...dumb\". Musk repeatedly criticized lockdowns and violated local orders by re-opening the Tesla Fremont factory. In March 2020, Musk predicted there would be \"close to zero new cases in US too by end of April\". \"Politico\" later labeled this statement one of \"the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]\". In November 2020, the phrase \"Space Karen\" trended on Twitter in connection with Musk after he tweeted misinformation about the effectiveness of COVID-19 testing. In April 2021, he tweeted a modified version of a Ben Garrison cartoon with a caricature of Bill Gates and an anti-vaxxer message.Also in March 2020, Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party. Multiple hospitals noted that the devices eventually donated were BiPAP and CPAP machines, not the sought-after ventilators, but the machines could still be used to free up ventilators for the sickest patients. In 2021, findings of an antibody-testing program that Musk and a SpaceX medical executive worked with doctors and academic researchers to create were published in \"Nature Communications\" with Musk listed as a co-author.Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence (AI), repeatedly calling it the greatest threat to humanity. Musk's opinions about AI have provoked controversy. Consequently, according to CNBC, Musk is \"not always looked upon favorably\" by the AI research community. Musk and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg have clashed on the issue, with Zuckerberg calling his warnings \"pretty irresponsible\". Musk's claims that humans live in a computer simulation have also been criticized.Despite his companies dealing in various areas of transportation, Musk has criticized public transportation, a stance that has been called elitist. His comments have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts.Musk met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University. They married in 2000 and separated in 2008. Their first child, son Nevada Alexander Musk, died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at the age of 10 weeks. They share custody of their five surviving children.In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010, the couple married. In 2012, Musk announced a divorce from Riley. In 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley; however, the action was withdrawn. A second divorce was finalized in 2016. Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017; he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012. Musk was later accused of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Johnny Depp.In May 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating. Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020. According to Musk and Grimes, his name was ; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet, and was then changed to . This drew more confusion, as \u00c6 is not a letter in the modern English alphabet. The child was eventually named , with \"X\" as a first name and as a middle name.From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded and where their headquarters are still located. In 2020, Musk moved to Texas, stating that California had become \"complacent\" with its economic success.While hosting \"Saturday Night Live\" in May 2021, Musk remarked that he has Asperger syndrome.Musk has had multiple cameos and appearances in films such as \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"Why Him?\" (2016), and \"\" (2019). Television series on which he has appeared include \"The Simpsons\" (2015), \"The Big Bang Theory\" (2015), \"South Park\" (2016), \"Rick and Morty\" (2019), and \"Saturday Night Live\" (2021). He has contributed interviews to the documentaries \"Racing Extinction\" (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed \"Lo and Behold\" (2016).Musk was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2018 and was listed among \"Time\" magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010, 2013, and 2018. He has received various other awards, such as the Order of the Direkgunabhorn given for his contributions to the Tham Luang cave rescue.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Talulah Riley", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "Smith School of Business", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "The Boring Company", "December 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "director general", "January 2008", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "SpaceX", "June 2002", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "April 2004", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Neuralink", "July 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Justine Musk", "January 2000", "January 2008"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "OpenAI", "December 2015", "January 2019"], ["Elon Musk", "residence", "Boca Chica (Texas)", "June 2021", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "The Wharton School", "January 1992", "January 1995"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2002", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employers did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for when he/she held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral?", "adv_question": "Which employers did Gilles P\u00e9lisson work for when he/she held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral?", "date": "February 01 2009", "text_answers": {"text": ["Accor"]}, "id": "L3M_Q3106470_P108_43", "fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to November 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from January 1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from January 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from January 2006 to January 2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from January 1976 to January 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from January 2006 to February 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of director general from 01/2006 to 02/2009. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson held the position of pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral from February 2009 to 11/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Euro Disney S.C.A. from 01/1995 to January 2000. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Accor from Jan 2006 to 01/2010. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson studied at ESSEC Business School from Jan 1976 to Jan 1979. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for TF1 Group from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Bouygues Telecom from Jan 2001 to January 2005. \n Gilles P\u00e9lisson worked for Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR from January 1981 to January 1983.", "context": "Gilles P\u00e9lissonGilles P\u00e9lisson (born 26 May 1957) is a French business executive. Gilles P\u00e9lisson was born on May 26, 1957. His uncle, G\u00e9rard Pelisson, is the founder of the Accor hotel group.He graduated from the ESSEC Business School in Paris. He went on to receive an MBA from the Harvard Business School.P\u00e9lisson started his career for Accor in Los Angeles, California. He served as the Chief Executive Officer of the French restaurant chain Courtepaille from 1988 to 1993. He then served as the Joint Chairman of the Novotel hotel chain. He then served as the Vice-Chief Executive Officer of Euro Disney from 1993 to 1997, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 1997 to 2000.P\u00e9lisson served as the Chairman of the Suez-Telef\u00f3nica ST3G consortium & Chairman of NOOS, a top French cable network operator, from 2000 to 2001. He served as the Chief Operating Officer of Bouygues T\u00e9l\u00e9com from 2001 to 2004, and as its Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2006. He served as the CEO of Accor from 2006 to 2010, and as its Chairman from 2009 to 2011.He serves on the Board of Directors of Accenture.P\u00e9lisson formerly served on the Board of Trustees of the MEDEF.He serves as a co-founder and the President of the Fondation ESSEC, the fundraising organisation of his alma mater, ESSEC.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "TF1 Group", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "Bouygues Telecom"], "facts": [["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "educated at", "ESSEC Business School", "January 1976", "January 1979"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "director general", "January 2006", "February 2009"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Bouygues Telecom", "January 2001", "January 2005"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Am\u00e9ricaine Arm\u00e9es Militaire Nationale Force FAR", "January 1981", "January 1983"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "position held", "pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral", "February 2009", "November 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Accor", "January 2006", "January 2010"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "Euro Disney S.C.A.", "January 1995", "January 2000"], ["Gilles P\u00e9lisson", "employer", "TF1 Group", "January 2016", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Renato Brunetta belong to when he/she held the position of member of the European Parliament?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Renato Brunetta belong to when he/she held the position of member of the European Parliament?", "date": "July 20 1999", "text_answers": {"text": ["Forza Italia"]}, "id": "L3M_Q2573947_P102_4", "fact_context": "Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1999 to July 2004. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the The People of Freedom from March 2009 to November 2013. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia from January 1994 to March 2009. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia (2013) from November 2013 to May 2023. \n Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from March 2018 to March 2018.", "adv_fact_context": "Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from March 2018 to March 2018. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia (2013) from 11/2013 to May 2023. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the The People of Freedom from March 2009 to Nov 2013. \n Renato Brunetta was a member of the Forza Italia from Jan 1994 to Mar 2009. \n Renato Brunetta held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1999 to 07/2004.", "context": "Renato BrunettaRenato Brunetta (born 15 May 1950 in Venice) is an Italian economist and politician who was minister for public administration and innovation from May 2008 to November 2011 in the Berlusconi government. He is currently the head of Forza Italia's group of deputies in the Chamber of Deputies. He is currently serving as minister of Public Administration in the Draghi government.Son of a street vendor and the youngest of three brothers, Renato Brunetta grew up in Venice. He says that as a boy he studied classics on his own with excellent results, despite the social gap between him and his fellow students at the Liceo Foscarini.He is a former member of the Italian Socialist Party, Member of the European Parliament for the North-East from 2004 to 2009 with the Forza Italia, part of the European People's Party, and vice-chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["The People of Freedom", "Forza Italia (2013)"], "facts": [["Renato Brunetta", "member of political party", "The People of Freedom", "March 2009", "November 2013"], ["Renato Brunetta", "member of political party", "Forza Italia (2013)", "November 2013", "May 2023"], ["Renato Brunetta", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 1999", "July 2004"], ["Renato Brunetta", "member of political party", "Forza Italia (1994)", "January 1994", "March 2009"], ["Renato Brunetta", "position held", "member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic", "March 2018", "March 2018"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Jozo Rado\u0161 belong to when he/she held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Jozo Rado\u0161 belong to when he/she held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe?", "date": "January 26 1998", "text_answers": {"text": ["Croatian Social Liberal Party"]}, "id": "L3M_Q3441723_P102_5", "fact_context": "Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Party of Liberal Democrats from January 2002 to January 2005. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats from January 2005 to June 2017. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2014 to July 2019. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party from January 1990 to January 2002. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament from December 2011 to July 2014. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from January 1998 to April 2000.", "adv_fact_context": "Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party from 01/1990 to January 2002. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament from December 2011 to 07/2014. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from January 1998 to April 2000. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats from 01/2005 to Jun 2017. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Party of Liberal Democrats from Jan 2002 to January 2005. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul 2014 to 07/2019.", "context": "Jozo Rado\u0161Jozo Rado\u0161 (; born 3 November 1956) is a Croatian liberal politician currently serving as one out of 11 Croatian members of the European Parliament. He previously served as a Minister of Defence, member of the Croatian Parliament and as an observer in the European Parliament for Croatia.Native Bosnian Croat, Rado\u0161 was born in Seonica village in Duvno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He attended elementary school in \u0110akovo and gymnasium in Zagreb.In 1983 he graduated from Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing of University of Zagreb. From 1983 until 1986 he worked as a professor of history and electrical engineering in Osijek and \u0110akovo. From 1986 until 1990 he worked as designer of the development of system of power electronics in KON\u010cAR Group. In 1990 he joined Croatian Social Liberal Party where he served as party's vice president until 1998. From 1990 until 1992 he worked as technologist of electronics in bulbs factory in Zagreb. In 1992 he became member of parliament. In 1993 he graduated philosophy and history at Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of University of Zagreb. During the war years he was member of reserve in Croatian police. At the time of Zagreb crisis in 1995 he was elected Mayor of Zagreb, but was not confirmed by President Franjo Tu\u0111man. As such, he wasn't formally prepared for mayor duties and had to resign. From 1998 until 2000 he was general secretary of the Croatian Social Liberal Party. In 2011 he graduated at Faculty of Political Science of University of Zagreb.The HSLS entered an alliance with SDP for the 2000 parliament elections which they won. Following this, Rado\u0161 became Croatian Minister of Defence in the government led by Ivica Ra\u010dan.During his mandate as minister, the military budget was severely cut as part of a late post-war demilitarization. Mandatory military service was also cut from 12 to 6 months. During his entire mandate, personnel cuts to the army were planned, but never implemented.Following HSLS's leader Dra\u017een Budi\u0161a's exit from the government, HSLS split into two factions, Rado\u0161 being a member of the dissident pro-government faction which would go on to create a party called \"Libra\" which Rado\u0161 became a president of. Despite his support for the government, Rado\u0161 previously resigned his post and was succeeded by SDP's \u017deljka Antunovi\u0107 as minister.Libra, along with Rado\u0161, merged with the Croatian People's Party in 2005, since known as the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats.Since 2014, Rado\u0161 has been a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he is a member of the parliament\u2019s delegation for relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and the delegation to the EU-Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Party of Liberal Democrats", "Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats"], "facts": [["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Party of Liberal Democrats", "January 2002", "January 2005"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "January 1998", "April 2000"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2014", "July 2019"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats", "January 2005", "June 2017"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Croatian Social Liberal Party", "January 1990", "January 2002"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "representative in the Croatian Parliament", "December 2011", "July 2014"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Jozo Rado\u0161 belong to when he/she held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Jozo Rado\u0161 belong to when he/she held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament?", "date": "December 22 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats"]}, "id": "L3M_Q3441723_P102_20", "fact_context": "Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party from January 1990 to January 2002. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats from January 2005 to June 2017. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2014 to July 2019. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from January 1998 to April 2000. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Party of Liberal Democrats from January 2002 to January 2005. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament from December 2011 to July 2014.", "adv_fact_context": "Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from January 1998 to April 2000. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian Social Liberal Party from 01/1990 to January 2002. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Party of Liberal Democrats from Jan 2002 to January 2005. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul 2014 to 07/2019. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 held the position of representative in the Croatian Parliament from December 2011 to 07/2014. \n Jozo Rado\u0161 was a member of the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats from 01/2005 to Jun 2017.", "context": "Jozo Rado\u0161Jozo Rado\u0161 (; born 3 November 1956) is a Croatian liberal politician currently serving as one out of 11 Croatian members of the European Parliament. He previously served as a Minister of Defence, member of the Croatian Parliament and as an observer in the European Parliament for Croatia.Native Bosnian Croat, Rado\u0161 was born in Seonica village in Duvno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He attended elementary school in \u0110akovo and gymnasium in Zagreb.In 1983 he graduated from Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing of University of Zagreb. From 1983 until 1986 he worked as a professor of history and electrical engineering in Osijek and \u0110akovo. From 1986 until 1990 he worked as designer of the development of system of power electronics in KON\u010cAR Group. In 1990 he joined Croatian Social Liberal Party where he served as party's vice president until 1998. From 1990 until 1992 he worked as technologist of electronics in bulbs factory in Zagreb. In 1992 he became member of parliament. In 1993 he graduated philosophy and history at Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of University of Zagreb. During the war years he was member of reserve in Croatian police. At the time of Zagreb crisis in 1995 he was elected Mayor of Zagreb, but was not confirmed by President Franjo Tu\u0111man. As such, he wasn't formally prepared for mayor duties and had to resign. From 1998 until 2000 he was general secretary of the Croatian Social Liberal Party. In 2011 he graduated at Faculty of Political Science of University of Zagreb.The HSLS entered an alliance with SDP for the 2000 parliament elections which they won. Following this, Rado\u0161 became Croatian Minister of Defence in the government led by Ivica Ra\u010dan.During his mandate as minister, the military budget was severely cut as part of a late post-war demilitarization. Mandatory military service was also cut from 12 to 6 months. During his entire mandate, personnel cuts to the army were planned, but never implemented.Following HSLS's leader Dra\u017een Budi\u0161a's exit from the government, HSLS split into two factions, Rado\u0161 being a member of the dissident pro-government faction which would go on to create a party called \"Libra\" which Rado\u0161 became a president of. Despite his support for the government, Rado\u0161 previously resigned his post and was succeeded by SDP's \u017deljka Antunovi\u0107 as minister.Libra, along with Rado\u0161, merged with the Croatian People's Party in 2005, since known as the Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats.Since 2014, Rado\u0161 has been a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he is a member of the parliament\u2019s delegation for relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and the delegation to the EU-Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Party of Liberal Democrats", "Croatian Social Liberal Party"], "facts": [["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "representative in the Croatian Parliament", "December 2011", "July 2014"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Party of Liberal Democrats", "January 2002", "January 2005"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Croatian Social Liberal Party", "January 1990", "January 2002"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2014", "July 2019"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "member of political party", "Croatian People's Party \u2013 Liberal Democrats", "January 2005", "June 2017"], ["Jozo Rado\u0161", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "January 1998", "April 2000"]]}
{"question": "Which political parties did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to when he/she held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey?", "adv_question": "Which political parties did Meral Ak\u015fener belong to when he/she held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey?", "date": "November 08 1996", "text_answers": {"text": ["True Path Party"]}, "id": "L3M_Q434923_P102_3", "fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from January 1995 to January 2001. \n Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from November 1996 to June 1997. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from January 2001 to January 2016.", "adv_fact_context": "Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the True Path Party from Jan 1995 to January 2001. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the \u0130Y\u0130 Party from Jan 2017 to May 2023. \n Meral Ak\u015fener held the position of Interior Minister of Turkey from Nov 1996 to Jun 1997. \n Meral Ak\u015fener was a member of the Nationalist Movement Party from Jan 2001 to 01/2016.", "context": "Meral Ak\u015fenerMeral Ak\u015fener (n\u00e9e G\u00fcrer; born 18 July 1956) is a Turkish politician, teacher, historian and academic. She served as Minister of the Interior and was a vice-speaker of the Grand National Assembly. She also founded and is chairman of \u0130Y\u0130 Party (Good Party), and was its candidate in the 2018 Turkish presidential elections.Ak\u015fener first entered parliament as a deputy of the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 general elections, and served as the interior minister in the coalition government established by Necmettin Erbakan between 1996 and 1997. Ak\u015fener entered the parliament as a deputy of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) in the Turkish general elections in 2007, 2011 and June 2015. After tensions between her and the MHP's leader Devlet Bah\u00e7eli, she was not nominated as an MP for the November 2015 general elections. In 2016, she led a group of opposition within the MHP against Bah\u00e7eli. On 25 October 2017, she separated from the MHP and founded the \u0130Y\u0130 Party, of which she is the leader.Ak\u015fener is a key opposition figure in Turkey, and has been informally dubbed as an \"iron lady\" by international observers.Meral Ak\u015fener was born on 18 July 1956, in the G\u00fcndo\u011fdu neighborhood of \u0130zmit, Kocaeli. Her father Tahir \u00d6mer and her mother S\u0131dd\u0131ka are Balkan Turks from the historical regions of Macedonia and Thrace. Her parents were among hundreds of thousands who left Greece to resettle in Turkey in 1923.She studied history at Istanbul University and she completed her post-graduate studies at the Social Sciences Institute of Marmara University, earning a Ph.D. in history. She then worked as a lecturer at Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University, Kocaeli University and Marmara University before entering politics.Ak\u015fener has been described as a devout Muslim who prays regularly. She is known to her supporters as \"Asena\", after the mythical she-wolf.Ak\u015fener quit her post as a university department chair in 1994 and entered politics with the general elections in 1995 as deputy of Istanbul Province with the True Path Party (DYP). She was Minister of the Interior between 8 November 1996 and 30 June 1997, replacing Mehmet A\u011far, who resigned as a result of his involvement in the Susurluk scandal. She was later forced out of office after the 1997 military memorandum.In the 1999 general election she was re-elected to parliament as a deputy of Kocaeli Province. Later, she was re-elected in the general elections of 2007 and 2011 representing Istanbul Province as a member of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).She was elected vice-speaker of the parliament alongside G\u00fcldal Mumcu, another female politician, serving at this post after Nermin Neft\u00e7i, who was elected in 1968 to be Turkey's first female vice-speaker.She split with the MHP leadership in 2016 over Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan's bid to transform Turkey\u2019s constitution, and promised to start her own political party. Ak\u015fener was a 2018 presidential candidate. She received 7.3% of the votes.She announced the foundation of the Good Party on 25 October 2017 and revealed its logo and aims. \u201cI call it the movement of the brave,\u201d she said. In her first address to her followers, Ak\u015fener stated she believed that Turkish democracy is \"under threat\" and the Good Party wants a free society and to fix the problems of the Turkish judiciary system. Ak\u015fener further stated the \"media should not be under pressure. Democratic participation, a strong parliament and the national will are irreplaceable. We will democratize the law on political parties in the of contemporary democratic principles and the criteria of the Venice Commission.\" Aksener said that many who are joining her movement are young Turkish citizens who are \"chafing under the restrictions\" imposed by the government on public gatherings, freedom of expression, and constraints placed on the media.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Nationalist Movement Party", "\u0130Y\u0130 Party"], "facts": [["Meral Ak\u015fener", "position held", "Interior Minister of Turkey", "November 1996", "June 1997"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "\u0130Y\u0130 Party", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "True Path Party", "January 1995", "January 2001"], ["Meral Ak\u015fener", "member of political party", "Nationalist Movement Party", "January 2001", "January 2016"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for 8 years and 10 months after he/she studied at Leiden University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for 8 years and 10 months after he/she studied at Leiden University?", "date": "November 15 1924", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Copenhagen"]}, "id": "L3H_Q451225_P108_P69_1", "fact_context": "Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to January 1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from January 1934 to January 1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from January 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1920 to January 1926. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from 01/1934 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from Jan 1920 to 01/1926. \n Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from Jan 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to 01/1952.", "context": "Hans KramersHendrik Anthony \"Hans\" Kramers (2 February 1894 \u2013 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in G\u00f6ttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5 BKS theory. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers\u2013Heisenberg dispersion formula. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers\u2013Kronig relations with  Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes.On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Delft University of Technology", "Leiden University", "Utrecht University", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij"], "facts": [["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Delft University of Technology", "January 1931", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1934", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1926", "January 1934"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1920", "January 1926"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1916", "January 1919"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "January 1941", "January 1945"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for 3 years and 3 months after he/she worked for Utrecht University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Hans Kramers work for 3 years and 3 months after he/she worked for Utrecht University?", "date": "April 29 1937", "text_answers": {"text": ["Delft University of Technology", "Leiden University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q451225_P108_P108_22", "fact_context": "Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from January 1920 to January 1926. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934. \n Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to January 1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from January 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from January 1934 to January 1952.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Kramers worked for Delft University of Technology from January 1931 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers worked for University of Copenhagen from Jan 1920 to 01/1926. \n Hans Kramers worked for Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij from Jan 1941 to January 1945. \n Hans Kramers studied at University of Copenhagen from January 1916 to January 1919. \n Hans Kramers worked for Leiden University from 01/1934 to 01/1952. \n Hans Kramers studied at Leiden University from January 1912 to January 1916. \n Hans Kramers worked for Utrecht University from January 1926 to January 1934.", "context": "Hans KramersHendrik Anthony \"Hans\" Kramers (2 February 1894 \u2013 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.Hans Kramers was born in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman. In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in G\u00f6ttingen, was not reachable because of the first world war. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.Kramers greatly enjoyed music and could play the cello and the piano.He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5 BKS theory. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans. In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers\u2013Heisenberg dispersion formula. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers\u2013Kronig relations with  Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes.On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Copenhagen", "Utrecht University", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij"], "facts": [["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij", "January 1941", "January 1945"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Delft University of Technology", "January 1931", "January 1952"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Utrecht University", "January 1926", "January 1934"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1916", "January 1919"], ["Hans Kramers", "educated at", "Leiden University", "January 1912", "January 1916"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "University of Copenhagen", "January 1920", "January 1926"], ["Hans Kramers", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1934", "January 1952"]]}
{"question": "Where was Shahidul Jahir educated 25 years and 6 months before he/she worked for BPATC?", "adv_question": "Where was Shahidul Jahir educated 25 years and 6 months before he/she worked for BPATC?", "date": "March 29 1969", "text_answers": {"text": ["Dhaka College"]}, "id": "L3H_Q7461746_P69_P108_44", "fact_context": "Shahidul Jahir worked for BPATC from September 1994 to December 1995. \n Shahidul Jahir worked for Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges from January 1981 to January 1984. \n Shahidul Jahir studied at Fulbaria High School from January 1964 to January 1965. \n Shahidul Jahir worked for Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives from July 1992 to September 1994. \n Shahidul Jahir studied at Dhaka College from January 1969 to January 1972. \n Shahidul Jahir studied at University of Dhaka from January 1975 to January 1977. \n Shahidul Jahir worked for Economic Relations Division Bangladesh from September 2006 to February 2007. \n Shahidul Jahir studied at Satkania Model High School from January 1966 to January 1968.", "adv_fact_context": "Shahidul Jahir studied at Fulbaria High School from 01/1964 to January 1965. \n Shahidul Jahir studied at Satkania Model High School from January 1966 to 01/1968. \n Shahidul Jahir studied at Dhaka College from Jan 1969 to January 1972. \n Shahidul Jahir worked for Economic Relations Division Bangladesh from Sep 2006 to February 2007. \n Shahidul Jahir worked for Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives from 07/1992 to 09/1994. \n Shahidul Jahir worked for Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges from 01/1981 to Jan 1984. \n Shahidul Jahir studied at University of Dhaka from 01/1975 to 01/1977. \n Shahidul Jahir worked for BPATC from September 1994 to 12/1995.", "context": "Shahidul ZahirShahidul Zahir (; born as Mohammad Shaheedul Haque, 11 September 1953 \u2013 23 March 2008) was a Bangladeshi novelist, short story writer and government bureaucrat. He is known for his unique practice of magical realism in modern Bengali literature. His novels and short stories are highly acclaimed for their originality of language and narrative technique. He contributed to Bengali fiction a distinct style, known as the \"Shahidul Zahiriya\".He has published four novels and three story collections. \"Abu Ibrahimer Mirtu\" (\"Abu Ibrahim's Death\", 2009) is one of his notable novels, which won the Prothom Alo Book of the Year 1415 award in 2010. Also, the novels \"Jibon O Rajnaitik Bastobota\" (\"Life and Political Reality\", 1988), \"Se Ratey Purnima Chilo\" (\"That Night was the full Moon\", 1995) and \"Mukher Dike Dekhi\" (\"Looking to the Face\", 2006) is considered to his major contributions to Bengali literature. He has added a new dimension to Bengali short stories. His notable collections of stories are \"Parapar\" (\"Crossing\", 1985), \"Dumur-kheko Manush O Annanya Galpo\" (\"Fig-Eating People and Other Stories\" 1999), and \"Dolu Nadir Hawa O Annanya Galpo\" (\"The Wind of the Dolu River and Other Stories\", 2004). His most notable stories are \"Valobasha\" (\"Love\" 1974), \"Parapar\" (\"Crossing\", 1985), \"Agargaon Colonyte Nayantara Phool Keno Nei\" (\"Why there are no Nayantara in Agargaon Colony\" 1991), \"Kathure O Dardakak\" (\"Woodpecker and Raven\", 1992), \"Kanta\" (\"Thorn\", 1995), \"Choturtha Matra\" (\"The Fourth Dimension\", 1996), \"Kothaye Pab Tare\" (1999), \"Dolu Nadir Hawa\" (\"The Wind of the Dolu River\", 2003).Zahir received the Alaol Literary Award and the Kagoz Literary Award in 2004 for his contribution to literature during his lifetime. The subject of his literary pursuits has been widely discussed. Many films, television and plays have been made from his stories and novels.Mohammad Shaheedul Haque was born on 11 September 1953 at 36 Bhuter Goli (Bhojo Hari Shaha Street) of Narinda in the old part of Dhaka city. His father A.K Nural Haque was a govt. officer and his mother Jahanara Begum a housewife. His paternal home was in the village Hashil of Raigonj Upazilla of Sirajgonj district. His grandfather Jahiruddin (it seems Shaheed took the name Jahir from his grandfather's name) was a teacher of the local Normal School (during the British Period) and his grandmother was Jinnatun Nesa. They both had died long before when his father was a child. His maternal grandparents were Azimuddin Ahmad and Hamida Begum of Amlapara, Sirajgonj Town, where he used to visit frequently on the occasion of summer holidays or Eids during his childhood along with his family members. These places, together with Fulbaria an Satkania, where he grew up, left a deep impression in his mind and in the later years featured in many of his short stories and novels. Fictionist Shaheedul Jahir started his school at Silverdale KG School at the then 36 Rankin Street, Dhaka. Later he went to schools of Dhaka, Fulbaria, Mymensingh and Satkania Upazila, Chittagong. From Satkania Model High School he passed his SSC Examination. Later he went to the Dhaka College for his pre-university course (HSC). He studied Political Science at the Dhaka University for his bachelor's and master's degrees. He also went to the American University in Washington DC and Birmingham University. He joined the Bangladesh Civil Service in 1981 as an Assistant Secretary. He was serving as Secretary-in-charge of the Ministry for Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs until his death in 2008.Shaheedul Jahir distinguished himself with his surrealist approach to fiction. He wrote both short stories and novels. He started to write in the late-1970s. His first published story \"Bhalobasah\" (tr. \"Love\"), clearly reflected the influence of the Bengali novelist Syed Waliullah. His first book of short stories, published in 1985, \"Parapar\", bore his tendency to portray the human character in an intricate language in the perspective of a thin storyline. He has been said to be a magic-realist in line with Latin American writers and Zahir has been termed the new Marquez of Bangladesh. However, he admitted the influence of two contemporary novelist, namely Syed Shamsul Haque and Akhtaruzzaman Elias, in addition to Syed Waliullah. Thematically, the storylines of a number of stories bear the influence of Marxist paradigm. Also, in many novels and stories, he has chosen the perspective of 1971, the year of the liberation war of Bangladesh. He also translated a few stories from English.Sometimes he wrote poetry but never published any. Also, he translated Bengali poems into English when he had leisure. Two lines from his flings at poetry is quoted below:\"... Yet we congregate once againAnd a bud blooms into a flower through our timeA silvery \"Rupchanda\" floats in salty water...\"Shaheedul Jahir was a confirmed bachelor and was often questioned on this. In an interview with Kamruzzaman Jahangir, the editor of the literary magazine \"Katha\", he told he was unable to explain this phenomenon: 'I can tell nothing about this. This has just happened.' He was less talkative and introverted. It was hard to befriend him but he was very friendly. He left behind a family which consisted of 4 brothers and 4 sisters. His father died in 1990 and his mother lives with his younger brothers and sisters at his paternal home at Noyatola, Boro Moghbazar, Dhaka, where he used to reside before moving to govt. quarter after joining the Civil Service. He spoke little and appeared to be introvert. It was difficult to make friends with him although he was known to be a very amiable person.He died from acute myocardial infarction (massive heart attack) on 23 March 2008 at the LabAid Cardiac Hospital in Dhaka. His premature death brought an end to a literary personality who was fully competent and capable and was posied to enrich Bengali literature with his unique prose style. His death was mourned by the president and prime minister of the country, in addition to the literary circle. He was buried at the Martyred Intellectuals Graveyard at Mirpur, Dhaka. He left a huge number of literary fans who were impressed by his unique literary approach.Jahir only published six books during his lifetime. There are some published stories and novels that remain to be published in book form, in addition to some unpublished works. His last published story is titled \"The Miracle of Life\" which remains to be anthologised. One novel published in a magazine titled \"Abu Ibrahim-er Mrityu\" (tr. Death of Abu Ibrahim), which was published in the magazine Nipun earlier, has already been published as a book by Mowla Brothers in February 2009 Ekushey Book Fair.Two volumes have been published compiling selected short stories and novels of Shaheedul Jahir. These are:\"Phulkumar\" is a film which was based on a story by Zahir. \"Phulkumar\", was made in 2000 by Ashique Mostafa, is adapted from his short story \"Ei Shomoy\". His short story \"Choturtha Matra\" was the basis of an award-winning video film by Nurul Alam Atique. Nurul Alam Atique also made a television drama named \"Kothay Pabo Tarey\" from the story titled also as \"Kotay Pabo Tarey\" in 2009.\"Jonome jonmantor\" Theatre production by Desh Natok from his well-known short story \"Kathurey o darkak\"", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Dhaka", "Fulbaria High School", "Satkania Model High School"], "facts": [["Shahidul Jahir", "employer", "Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives", "July 1992", "September 1994"], ["Shahidul Jahir", "educated at", "Fulbaria High School", "January 1964", "January 1965"], ["Shahidul Jahir", "educated at", "Satkania Model High School", "January 1966", "January 1968"], ["Shahidul Jahir", "employer", "Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges", "January 1981", "January 1984"], ["Shahidul Jahir", "educated at", "University of Dhaka", "January 1975", "January 1977"], ["Shahidul Jahir", "employer", "BPATC", "September 1994", "December 1995"], ["Shahidul Jahir", "employer", "Economic Relations Division Bangladesh", "September 2006", "February 2007"], ["Shahidul Jahir", "educated at", "Dhaka College", "January 1969", "January 1972"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did J\u00f6rg Widmann work for 7 years and 10 months after he/she studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen?", "adv_question": "Which employer did J\u00f6rg Widmann work for 7 years and 10 months after he/she studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen?", "date": "November 04 2004", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg"]}, "id": "L3H_Q462746_P108_P69_2", "fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from January 2017 to May 2023. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from January 1997 to January 1999. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from January 1986 to January 1997.", "adv_fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from 01/2017 to May 2023. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from 01/1997 to January 1999. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from 01/1986 to Jan 1997.", "context": "J\u00f6rg WidmannJ\u00f6rg Widmann (born 19 June 1973) is a German composer, conductor and clarinetist. In 2018, Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer. Formerly a clarinet and composition professor at the University of Music Freiburg, he is composition professor at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie.His most important compositions are the two operas \"Babylon\" and \"Das Gesicht im Spiegel\", an oratorio \"Arche\", his string quartets and the concert overture \"Con brio\". Widmann wrote musical tributes to Classical and Romantic composers. He was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art in 2018.Widmann was born on 19 June 1973 in Munich as the son of a physicist and a teacher and first took clarinet lessons in 1980. Four years later he became a composition student of Kay Westermann. He later studied composition with Hans Werner Henze, Wilfried Hiller, Heiner Goebbels and Wolfgang Rihm. He studied as a clarinetist at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen with Gerhard Starke (1986\u20131997, Meisterklassendiplom 1997) and at the Juilliard School in New York City with Charles Neidich (1994\u20131995, Advanced Certificate 1995). After graduating with a Master's from Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Munich in 1997, he furthered his studies at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe (1997\u20131999). From 2001 to 2015 he taught clarinet as a professor at the University of Music Freiburg. From 2009 to 2016 Widmann was a part-time Professor of Composition, succeeding Mathias Spahlinger, at the Institute for New Music at the University of Music Freiburg. In 2017, Widmann became Principal Conductor and Artistic Partner (2011\u20132017: Principal Guest Conductor) of the Irish Chamber Orchestra. Since 2017, Widmann holds the Edward-Said-Chair as Professor of Composition at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie Berlin.He lives in Berlin and Munich.Widmann has achieved success both as a clarinetist and as a composer.As a soloist, he has performed with major orchestras in Germany and abroad, including the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, under conductors such as Valery Gergiev, Christoph von Dohn\u00e1nyi, Sylvain Cambreling and Kent Nagano. Widmann has premiered several clarinet concerti dedicated to him: in 1999 through \"musica viva\", he played \"Music for Clarinet and Orchestra\" by Wolfgang Rihm; in 2006 with the WDR Symphony Orchestra, \"Cantus\" by Aribert Reimann; and in 2015 \"\"\u00fcber\"\" by Mark Andre at the Donaueschingen Festival. Widmann's core repertoire as clarinetist includes Boulez Dialogue de l'ombre double, which he performed on Pierre Boulez's 85th birthday in Paris.Widmann's compositions draw on different musical genres. For example, he has written a Trilogy for orchestra examining the projection of vocal forms of instrumental ensembles. The Trilogy consists of \"Lied\" (premiered in 2003 and recorded on CD by the Bamberg Symphony with Jonathan Nott), \"Chor\" (premiered in 2004 by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin with Kent Nagano) and \"Messe\" (premiered in June 2005 by the Munich Philharmonic under Christian Thielemann). In 2007, Pierre Boulez and the Vienna Philharmonic premiered his orchestral work \"Armonica\".His early string quartets are of particular note among his chamber music: the First Quartet was written in 1997, followed by the \"Chorale Quartet\" and the \"Hunting Quartet\", the latter premiered in 2003 by the Arditti Quartet. 2005 saw the first performances of the Fourth Quartet and \"Experiment on a Fugue\" (Fifth Quartet, with soprano), with Juliane Banse and the Artemis Quartet. These five one-movement quartets form a cycle.Widmann was Composer in Residence at the Salzburg Festival in 2004. \"Am Anfang\" by Anselm Kiefer and Widmann was premiered in July 2009 as part of the 20th anniversary of the Op\u00e9ra Bastille, in which Widmann acted as composer, clarinetist and made his debut as conductor. He was Composer in Residence at the Lucerne Festival in 2009, where on 13 August 2009, Heinz Holliger performed Widmann's oboe concerto, commissioned by the festival. On 5 September Widmann premiered Holliger's \"Rechant\" for solo clarinet. Widmann's \"Free Pieces for Ensemble: Number X\" is used in Sophie Fiennes's documentary \"Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow\" (2010), about the postwar German artist Anselm Kiefer. His sister Carolin Widmann premiered his \"\u00e9tudes IV-VI\" for violin (20042010) at the Wittener Tage f\u00fcr neue Kammermusik on 23 April 2010. From 2009 to 2011 he was the Daniel R. Lewis Young Composer Fellow at the Cleveland Orchestra. He performed his \"Fantasie for Solo Clarinet\" (1993) to celebrate Walter Fink's 80th birthday at the Rheingau Musik Festival on 16 August 2010 and in 2014 was the festival's Composer & Artist in Residence. Widmann was the Tonhalle Orchester Z\u00fcrich's Creative Chair in the 2015\u201316 season.On 9 September 2015, the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced they were commissioning a work from Widmann as part of a planned collaboration by the two organizations beginning in the fall of 2017. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced Widmann's appointment as its first-ever \"Gewandhauskomponist\" (Gewandhaus composer) for the 2017\u201318 season.Widmann's oratorio \"ARCHE\" had its world premiere on 13 January 2017 on the occasion of the opening festivities of the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. It was performed by the Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano. The Pierre Boulez Saal was opened on 4 March 2017 with a concert by Widmann, Daniel Barenboim, and Anna Prohaska.On 27 January 2018 Widmann and the Hagen Quartet performed his Clarinet Quintet, as part of a European tour, at Amsterdam's Muziekgebouw aan het IJ. Partita, five reminiscences for large orchestra, commissioned by the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was premiered in Leipzig on 8 March 2018 with Andris Nelsons conducting.After the world premiere in 2012 at the Bavarian State Opera, in 2019 a new Berlin version of his opera \"Babylon\" was performed at the Berlin State Opera Unter den Linden under the musical direction of Christopher Ward.Anne-Sophie Mutter is the dedicatee of String Quartet No. 6 (\"Study on Beethoven\", 2019). With this piece, Widmann began a new series of works in the genre.Widmann held the 2019\u201320 Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's Chair at Carnegie Hall. During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, he contributed to the online Festival of New Music with his composition \"empty space\". Barenboim and Emanuel Pahud curated the festival in the empty Pierre Boulez Saal.Sounds, not tones, are the focus of Widmann's thinking. Widmann's music integrates serialism and the use of noise, electronics, and unusual timbres with more traditional resources. He often pushes familiar gestures to extremes or explores the borders between organized sound and noise. In most of his compositions, Widmann is in musical \"dialogue\" with Classical-Romantic composers such as Schumann, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Brahms. He wrote musical tributes to these composers. Widmann has written pieces without pitches and also purely tonal pieces. The scores show extremely precise, well-considered structures and instructions. He uses extended techniques in many compositions such as \"Con brio\". He finds inspiration in literature, poems, paintings and sculptures and frequently uses literary sources for his compositions, such as Matthias Claudius, Klabund, Heinrich Heine, Peter Sloterdijk, Clemens Brentano and Friedrich Schiller.According to \"Bachtrack\", in 2018 Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer, behind Arvo P\u00e4rt and John Williams.Widmann's works are published by Schott Music.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie"], "facts": [["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen", "January 1986", "January 1997"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg", "January 2001", "January 2016"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe", "January 1997", "January 1999"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Juilliard School", "January 1994", "January 1995"]]}
{"question": "Where was J\u00f6rg Widmann educated 18 years and 3 months before he/she worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie?", "adv_question": "Where was J\u00f6rg Widmann educated 18 years and three months before he/she worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie?", "date": "October 04 1998", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe"]}, "id": "L3H_Q462746_P69_P108_18", "fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from January 1986 to January 1997. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from January 2017 to May 2023. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from January 1997 to January 1999.", "adv_fact_context": "J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe from 01/1997 to January 1999. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie from 01/2017 to May 2023. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann worked for Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg from January 2001 to January 2016. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Juilliard School from January 1994 to January 1995. \n J\u00f6rg Widmann studied at Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen from 01/1986 to Jan 1997.", "context": "J\u00f6rg WidmannJ\u00f6rg Widmann (born 19 June 1973) is a German composer, conductor and clarinetist. In 2018, Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer. Formerly a clarinet and composition professor at the University of Music Freiburg, he is composition professor at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie.His most important compositions are the two operas \"Babylon\" and \"Das Gesicht im Spiegel\", an oratorio \"Arche\", his string quartets and the concert overture \"Con brio\". Widmann wrote musical tributes to Classical and Romantic composers. He was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art in 2018.Widmann was born on 19 June 1973 in Munich as the son of a physicist and a teacher and first took clarinet lessons in 1980. Four years later he became a composition student of Kay Westermann. He later studied composition with Hans Werner Henze, Wilfried Hiller, Heiner Goebbels and Wolfgang Rihm. He studied as a clarinetist at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen with Gerhard Starke (1986\u20131997, Meisterklassendiplom 1997) and at the Juilliard School in New York City with Charles Neidich (1994\u20131995, Advanced Certificate 1995). After graduating with a Master's from Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Munich in 1997, he furthered his studies at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe (1997\u20131999). From 2001 to 2015 he taught clarinet as a professor at the University of Music Freiburg. From 2009 to 2016 Widmann was a part-time Professor of Composition, succeeding Mathias Spahlinger, at the Institute for New Music at the University of Music Freiburg. In 2017, Widmann became Principal Conductor and Artistic Partner (2011\u20132017: Principal Guest Conductor) of the Irish Chamber Orchestra. Since 2017, Widmann holds the Edward-Said-Chair as Professor of Composition at the Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie Berlin.He lives in Berlin and Munich.Widmann has achieved success both as a clarinetist and as a composer.As a soloist, he has performed with major orchestras in Germany and abroad, including the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, under conductors such as Valery Gergiev, Christoph von Dohn\u00e1nyi, Sylvain Cambreling and Kent Nagano. Widmann has premiered several clarinet concerti dedicated to him: in 1999 through \"musica viva\", he played \"Music for Clarinet and Orchestra\" by Wolfgang Rihm; in 2006 with the WDR Symphony Orchestra, \"Cantus\" by Aribert Reimann; and in 2015 \"\"\u00fcber\"\" by Mark Andre at the Donaueschingen Festival. Widmann's core repertoire as clarinetist includes Boulez Dialogue de l'ombre double, which he performed on Pierre Boulez's 85th birthday in Paris.Widmann's compositions draw on different musical genres. For example, he has written a Trilogy for orchestra examining the projection of vocal forms of instrumental ensembles. The Trilogy consists of \"Lied\" (premiered in 2003 and recorded on CD by the Bamberg Symphony with Jonathan Nott), \"Chor\" (premiered in 2004 by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin with Kent Nagano) and \"Messe\" (premiered in June 2005 by the Munich Philharmonic under Christian Thielemann). In 2007, Pierre Boulez and the Vienna Philharmonic premiered his orchestral work \"Armonica\".His early string quartets are of particular note among his chamber music: the First Quartet was written in 1997, followed by the \"Chorale Quartet\" and the \"Hunting Quartet\", the latter premiered in 2003 by the Arditti Quartet. 2005 saw the first performances of the Fourth Quartet and \"Experiment on a Fugue\" (Fifth Quartet, with soprano), with Juliane Banse and the Artemis Quartet. These five one-movement quartets form a cycle.Widmann was Composer in Residence at the Salzburg Festival in 2004. \"Am Anfang\" by Anselm Kiefer and Widmann was premiered in July 2009 as part of the 20th anniversary of the Op\u00e9ra Bastille, in which Widmann acted as composer, clarinetist and made his debut as conductor. He was Composer in Residence at the Lucerne Festival in 2009, where on 13 August 2009, Heinz Holliger performed Widmann's oboe concerto, commissioned by the festival. On 5 September Widmann premiered Holliger's \"Rechant\" for solo clarinet. Widmann's \"Free Pieces for Ensemble: Number X\" is used in Sophie Fiennes's documentary \"Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow\" (2010), about the postwar German artist Anselm Kiefer. His sister Carolin Widmann premiered his \"\u00e9tudes IV-VI\" for violin (20042010) at the Wittener Tage f\u00fcr neue Kammermusik on 23 April 2010. From 2009 to 2011 he was the Daniel R. Lewis Young Composer Fellow at the Cleveland Orchestra. He performed his \"Fantasie for Solo Clarinet\" (1993) to celebrate Walter Fink's 80th birthday at the Rheingau Musik Festival on 16 August 2010 and in 2014 was the festival's Composer & Artist in Residence. Widmann was the Tonhalle Orchester Z\u00fcrich's Creative Chair in the 2015\u201316 season.On 9 September 2015, the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced they were commissioning a work from Widmann as part of a planned collaboration by the two organizations beginning in the fall of 2017. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra announced Widmann's appointment as its first-ever \"Gewandhauskomponist\" (Gewandhaus composer) for the 2017\u201318 season.Widmann's oratorio \"ARCHE\" had its world premiere on 13 January 2017 on the occasion of the opening festivities of the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. It was performed by the Hamburg Philharmonic State Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano. The Pierre Boulez Saal was opened on 4 March 2017 with a concert by Widmann, Daniel Barenboim, and Anna Prohaska.On 27 January 2018 Widmann and the Hagen Quartet performed his Clarinet Quintet, as part of a European tour, at Amsterdam's Muziekgebouw aan het IJ. Partita, five reminiscences for large orchestra, commissioned by the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was premiered in Leipzig on 8 March 2018 with Andris Nelsons conducting.After the world premiere in 2012 at the Bavarian State Opera, in 2019 a new Berlin version of his opera \"Babylon\" was performed at the Berlin State Opera Unter den Linden under the musical direction of Christopher Ward.Anne-Sophie Mutter is the dedicatee of String Quartet No. 6 (\"Study on Beethoven\", 2019). With this piece, Widmann began a new series of works in the genre.Widmann held the 2019\u201320 Richard and Barbara Debs Composer's Chair at Carnegie Hall. During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, he contributed to the online Festival of New Music with his composition \"empty space\". Barenboim and Emanuel Pahud curated the festival in the empty Pierre Boulez Saal.Sounds, not tones, are the focus of Widmann's thinking. Widmann's music integrates serialism and the use of noise, electronics, and unusual timbres with more traditional resources. He often pushes familiar gestures to extremes or explores the borders between organized sound and noise. In most of his compositions, Widmann is in musical \"dialogue\" with Classical-Romantic composers such as Schumann, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Brahms. He wrote musical tributes to these composers. Widmann has written pieces without pitches and also purely tonal pieces. The scores show extremely precise, well-considered structures and instructions. He uses extended techniques in many compositions such as \"Con brio\". He finds inspiration in literature, poems, paintings and sculptures and frequently uses literary sources for his compositions, such as Matthias Claudius, Klabund, Heinrich Heine, Peter Sloterdijk, Clemens Brentano and Friedrich Schiller.According to \"Bachtrack\", in 2018 Widmann was the third most performed contemporary composer, behind Arvo P\u00e4rt and John Williams.Widmann's works are published by Schott Music.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Juilliard School", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen"], "facts": [["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Freiburg", "January 2001", "January 2016"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Karlsruhe", "January 1997", "January 1999"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "employer", "Barenboim\u2013Said Akademie", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater M\u00fcnchen", "January 1986", "January 1997"], ["J\u00f6rg Widmann", "educated at", "Juilliard School", "January 1994", "January 1995"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Reinhold Baer work for 2 years before he/she worked for University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Reinhold Baer work for 2 years before he/she worked for University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign?", "date": "January 30 1936", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institute for Advanced Study"]}, "id": "L3H_Q78085_P108_P108_78", "fact_context": "Reinhold Baer worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 1937 to January 1938. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from January 1929 to January 1933. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Victoria University of Manchester from January 1933 to January 1935. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign from January 1938 to January 1956. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Freiburg from January 1926 to January 1928. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1935 to January 1937. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1956 to January 1967. \n Reinhold Baer studied at Leibniz University Hannover from January 1920 to January 1921. \n Reinhold Baer studied at University of Freiburg from January 1921 to January 1922. \n Reinhold Baer studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to January 1925.", "adv_fact_context": "Reinhold Baer studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to 01/1925. \n Reinhold Baer studied at Leibniz University Hannover from Jan 1920 to Jan 1921. \n Reinhold Baer studied at University of Freiburg from Jan 1921 to Jan 1922. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Victoria University of Manchester from 01/1933 to Jan 1935. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign from Jan 1938 to Jan 1956. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1956 to January 1967. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Halle-Wittenberg from Jan 1929 to Jan 1933. \n Reinhold Baer worked for Institute for Advanced Study from 01/1935 to 01/1937. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from Jan 1937 to 01/1938. \n Reinhold Baer worked for University of Freiburg from 01/1926 to Jan 1928.", "context": "Reinhold BaerReinhold Baer (22 July 1902 \u2013 22 October 1979) was a German mathematician, known for his work in algebra. He introduced injective modules in 1940. He is the eponym of Baer rings and Baer groups.Baer studied mechanical engineering for a year at Leibniz University Hannover. He then went to study philosophy at Freiburg in 1921. While he was at G\u00f6ttingen in 1922 he was influenced by Emmy Noether and Hellmuth Kneser. In 1924 he won a scholarship for specially gifted students. Baer wrote up his doctoral dissertation and it was published in Crelle's Journal in 1927.Baer accepted a post at Halle in 1928. There, he published Ernst Steinitz's \"Algebraische Theorie der K\u00f6rper\" with Helmut Hasse, first published in Crelle's Journal in 1910.While Baer was with his wife in Austria, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came into power. Both of Baer's parents were Jewish, and he was for this reason informed that his services at Halle were no longer required. Louis Mordell invited him to go to Manchester and Baer accepted.Baer stayed at Princeton University and was a visiting scholar at the nearby Institute for Advanced Study from 1935 to 1937. For a short while he lived in North Carolina. From 1938 to 1956 he worked at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He returned to Germany in 1956.According to biographer K. W. Gruenberg,He died of heart failure on October 22nd in 1979.In 2016 the Reinhold Baer Prize for the best Ph.D. thesis in group theory was set up in his honour.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Halle-Wittenberg", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "Victoria University of Manchester", "University of Freiburg", "University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign", "Goethe University Frankfurt"], "facts": [["Reinhold Baer", "educated at", "University of Freiburg", "January 1921", "January 1922"], ["Reinhold Baer", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1922", "January 1925"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign", "January 1938", "January 1956"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "January 1937", "January 1938"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of Halle-Wittenberg", "January 1929", "January 1933"], ["Reinhold Baer", "educated at", "Leibniz University Hannover", "January 1920", "January 1921"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "Goethe University Frankfurt", "January 1956", "January 1967"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "University of Freiburg", "January 1926", "January 1928"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "Victoria University of Manchester", "January 1933", "January 1935"], ["Reinhold Baer", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1935", "January 1937"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 3 years and 11 months after he/she worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 3 years and 11 months after he/she worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles?", "date": "December 29 1972", "text_answers": {"text": ["Autonomous University of Madrid"]}, "id": "L3H_Q5993097_P108_P108_15", "fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from January 1965 to January 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from January 1959 to November 1968. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from January 1964 to January 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from January 1971 to January 1980. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to January 1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from January 1979 to January 1993.", "adv_fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from 01/1979 to 01/1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan 1971 to Jan 1980. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan 1964 to Jan 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to 01/1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from Jan 1965 to Jan 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from 01/1959 to Nov 1968. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011.", "context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda VelardeManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almer\u00eda, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energ\u00eda Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married Mar\u00eda del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his \"alma mater\", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, Garc\u00eda Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Complutense University of Madrid", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "University of Texas at Austin", "National University of Distance Education", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles"], "facts": [["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "January 1964", "January 1965"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "National University of Distance Education", "January 1979", "January 1993"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "University of Texas at Austin", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Autonomous University of Madrid", "January 1971", "January 1980"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Complutense University of Madrid", "December 1992", "January 2011"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles", "January 1965", "January 1969"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "educated at", "Complutense University of Madrid", "January 1959", "November 1968"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 22 years and 4 months after he/she worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 22 years and four months after he/she worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles?", "date": "May 29 1991", "text_answers": {"text": ["National University of Distance Education"]}, "id": "L3H_Q5993097_P108_P108_16", "fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from January 1979 to January 1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to January 1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from January 1971 to January 1980. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from January 1959 to November 1968. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from January 1965 to January 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from January 1964 to January 1965.", "adv_fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from 01/1959 to Nov 1968. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan 1964 to Jan 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from Jan 1965 to Jan 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to 01/1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from 01/1979 to 01/1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan 1971 to Jan 1980.", "context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda VelardeManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almer\u00eda, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energ\u00eda Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married Mar\u00eda del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his \"alma mater\", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, Garc\u00eda Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Autonomous University of Madrid", "Complutense University of Madrid", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "University of Texas at Austin", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles"], "facts": [["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Autonomous University of Madrid", "January 1971", "January 1980"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "January 1964", "January 1965"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Complutense University of Madrid", "December 1992", "January 2011"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "National University of Distance Education", "January 1979", "January 1993"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "educated at", "Complutense University of Madrid", "January 1959", "November 1968"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles", "January 1965", "January 1969"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "University of Texas at Austin", "January 1969", "January 1971"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 8 years and 5 months after he/she worked for University of Texas at Austin?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde work for 8 years and 5 months after he/she worked for University of Texas at Austin?", "date": "June 10 1979", "text_answers": {"text": ["Autonomous University of Madrid", "National University of Distance Education"]}, "id": "L3H_Q5993097_P108_P108_22", "fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from January 1964 to January 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to January 1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from January 1959 to November 1968. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from January 1979 to January 1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from January 1965 to January 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from January 1971 to January 1980.", "adv_fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan 1971 to Jan 1980. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan 1964 to Jan 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from 01/1959 to Nov 1968. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from 01/1979 to 01/1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from Jan 1965 to Jan 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to 01/1971.", "context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda VelardeManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almer\u00eda, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energ\u00eda Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married Mar\u00eda del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his \"alma mater\", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, Garc\u00eda Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Texas at Austin", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "Complutense University of Madrid"], "facts": [["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "educated at", "Complutense University of Madrid", "January 1959", "November 1968"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "University of Texas at Austin", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles", "January 1965", "January 1969"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Autonomous University of Madrid", "January 1971", "January 1980"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "National University of Distance Education", "January 1979", "January 1993"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Complutense University of Madrid", "December 1992", "January 2011"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "January 1964", "January 1965"]]}
{"question": "Where was Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde educated 5 years and 1 months before he/she worked for Autonomous University of Madrid?", "adv_question": "Where was Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde educated five years and one months before he/she worked for Autonomous University of Madrid?", "date": "December 31 1965", "text_answers": {"text": ["Complutense University of Madrid"]}, "id": "L3H_Q5993097_P69_P108_24", "fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from January 1979 to January 1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from January 1964 to January 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to January 1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from January 1965 to January 1969. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from January 1971 to January 1980. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from January 1959 to November 1968.", "adv_fact_context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde studied at Complutense University of Madrid from 01/1959 to Nov 1968. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid from Jan 1964 to Jan 1965. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for University of Texas at Austin from January 1969 to 01/1971. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Complutense University of Madrid from December 1992 to January 2011. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Autonomous University of Madrid from Jan 1971 to Jan 1980. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for National University of Distance Education from 01/1979 to 01/1993. \n Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde worked for Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles from Jan 1965 to Jan 1969.", "context": "Manuel Garc\u00eda VelardeManuel Garc\u00eda Velarde (; born 14 September 1941) is a Spanish physicist and university professor, currently a member of the Academia Europaea, the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain and the European Academy of Sciences. Velarde has worked in American and European universities and research organizations, focusing on fluid dynamics and other non-linear problems, including the kinetic and thermodynamic theories, hydrodynamic and interfacial instabilities, anharmonic lattices and electronics.Because of his research achievements and international cooperation, he received the insignia of Officer of the National Order of Merit of France, belongs to the Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques, and holds the Blaise Pascal Medal and the Medal of the Royal Spanish Society of Physics.Velarde was born in Almer\u00eda, Spain, on 14 September 1941. In 1963 he graduated in physics at the Complutense University of Madrid and, thanks to a scholarship, started to work at the Junta de Energ\u00eda Nuclear (JEN), precursor of the Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas (CIEMAT).In 1965 he left the JEN, married Mar\u00eda del Pilar Ibarz Gil and decided to work for a PhD degree. Influenced by Ilya Prigogine, he ended up getting two PhD degrees, one in 1968 at the Complutense University of Madrid and another in 1970 at the Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, which allowed him to work both in the Spanish academic world and abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the University of Texas at Austin, where Prigogine led a research institute.Back in Spain, in 1971 Velarde started to teach and research at the Autonomous University of Madrid, where he created the Department of Fluid Physics. In 1979 he started to work at the National University of Distance Education, where he created the Department of Physics, and in 1993 he returned to his \"alma mater\", the Complutense University of Madrid, where he worked as a full professor and co-founded the Instituto Pluridisciplinar.From 1995 to 1997 he was vice-president and, from 1997 to 1999, president of the European Low Gravity Research Association.Throughout his career, Garc\u00eda Velarde has held visiting or invited positions at the universities of Paris-Sud, Pierre and Marie Curie, London, Aix-Marseille, Grenoble, Huazhong, Sofia, Stanford, Cambridge, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, Libre de Bruxelles, Norwegian of Science and Technology and East China Normal, apart from institutions such as Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre and the International Center for Mechanical Sciences, of which he was rector from 2002 to 2004.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "National University of Distance Education", "January 1979", "January 1993"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles", "January 1965", "January 1969"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "educated at", "Complutense University of Madrid", "January 1959", "November 1968"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "University of Texas at Austin", "January 1969", "January 1971"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Complutense University of Madrid", "December 1992", "January 2011"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid", "January 1964", "January 1965"], ["Manuel Garc\u00eda Velarde", "employer", "Autonomous University of Madrid", "January 1971", "January 1980"]]}
{"question": "Where was Damian Boeselager educated 7 years and 3 months before he/she studied at Hertie School?", "adv_question": "Where was Damian Boeselager educated seven years and 3 months before he/she studied at Hertie School?", "date": "October 12 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Bayreuth"]}, "id": "L3H_Q63532607_P69_P69_8", "fact_context": "Damian Boeselager was a member of the Volt Europa from March 2017 to May 2023. \n Damian Boeselager studied at University of Bayreuth from January 2008 to January 2011. \n Damian Boeselager held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2019 to May 2023. \n Damian Boeselager worked for McKinsey & Company from January 2013 to January 2016. \n Damian Boeselager studied at Hertie School from January 2016 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Damian Boeselager worked for McKinsey & Company from 01/2013 to Jan 2016. \n Damian Boeselager studied at University of Bayreuth from 01/2008 to 01/2011. \n Damian Boeselager held the position of member of the European Parliament from 07/2019 to May 2023. \n Damian Boeselager studied at Hertie School from January 2016 to January 2017. \n Damian Boeselager was a member of the Volt Europa from March 2017 to May 2023.", "context": "Damian BoeselagerDamian Hieronymus Johannes Freiherr von Boeselager (born 8 March 1988) is a German business consultant, journalist and Volt Europa politician who has sat in the European Parliament since being elected in 2019.Damian Boeselager is descended from the Boeselager family. His grandfather Philipp von Boeselager was a resistance fighter during National Socialism. His father is the banker Georg Freiherr von Boeselager and his mother Huberta, n\u00e9e Thiel. Damian Freiherr von Boeselager is Catholic and the youngest of four children, born in Frankfurt. He graduated from high school at the Aloisiuskolleg in Bad Godesberg. From 2008 to 2011, he studied Philosophy and Economics at the University of Bayreuth and Public Administration at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin from 2016 to 2017. He completed a semester abroad at Columbia University in New York City. In 2017 he graduated with a Master's degree.In 2017, Boeselager together with Andrea Venzon from Italy and Colombe Cahen-Salvador from France founded Volt Europa as a \"pan-European\", \"pragmatic\" and \"progressive\" party. Damian Boeselager is Vice President of Volt and together with Marie-Isabelle Heiss was the German lead candidate for Volt in the 2019 European elections. During the European election campaign Boeselager did not pursue any income activity and was financially supported by his family. He is the main interview partner for Volt in press reports as well as radio and television broadcasts due to his party activities. Ranking first in the German list of Volt Europa, which reached 0.7%, he was elected to the European Parliament in 2019.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hertie School"], "facts": [["Damian Boeselager", "member of political party", "Volt Europa", "March 2017", "May 2023"], ["Damian Boeselager", "educated at", "Hertie School", "January 2016", "January 2017"], ["Damian Boeselager", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2019", "May 2023"], ["Damian Boeselager", "employer", "McKinsey & Company", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Damian Boeselager", "educated at", "University of Bayreuth", "January 2008", "January 2011"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Jacqui Lambie work for 19 years and 7 months before he/she was the member of Jacqui Lambie Network?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Jacqui Lambie work for 19 years and 7 months before he/she was the member of Jacqui Lambie Network?", "date": "October 05 1995", "text_answers": {"text": ["Australian Defence Force"]}, "id": "L3H_Q16731201_P108_P102_9", "fact_context": "Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Clive Palmer's United Australia Party from January 2013 to November 2014. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia from November 2011 to January 2012. \n Jacqui Lambie worked for Australian Defence Force from January 1989 to January 2000. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Jacqui Lambie Network from May 2015 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia from November 2011 to January 2012. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Jacqui Lambie Network from May 2015 to 05/2023. \n Jacqui Lambie worked for Australian Defence Force from Jan 1989 to 01/2000. \n Jacqui Lambie was a member of the Clive Palmer's United Australia Party from Jan 2013 to Nov 2014.", "context": "Jacqui LambieJacquiline Louise Lambie (born 26 February 1971) is an Australian politician who is the leader and founder of the Jacqui Lambie Network (JLN). She was a Senator for Tasmania from 2014 to 2017, and was re-elected in 2019.First elected as a member of the Palmer United Party (PUP), she received national prominence for her intense grassroots campaign and subsequently her display of aggressive and vociferous parliamentary behaviour, championing issues concerning foreign affairs, veterans' affairs, youth unemployment and the criticism of Islam. After persistent internal divisions, Lambie resigned from the PUP and sat as an independent before forming her own political party.Attempting to seek Liberal preselection after joining the party in 2011, and previously working as a staff member of Labor senator Nick Sherry, Lambie joined the Palmer United Party (PUP), led by Australian billionaire Clive Palmer. She was elected to the Senate at the 2013 federal election. Her term began in July 2014. In November 2014, Lambie resigned from the Palmer United Party to sit in the Senate as an independent.In May 2015, Lambie formed the Jacqui Lambie Network political party with herself leader. She was elected to a six-year term in her own right at the 2016 federal election (a double dissolution). In November 2017, she was revealed to hold Australian-British dual citizenship, having inherited the British one from her Scottish-born father. As part of the parliamentary eligibility crisis, she announced her resignation on 14 November 2017. After a recount, she was expected to be replaced by Devonport Mayor Steve Martin, who had been second on the JLN ticket in the 2016 federal election. He survived a challenge to his own eligibility, on a different constitutional ground, but refused to step down so as to create a casual Senate vacancy to which Lambie could be appointed. She expelled him from the party for disloyalty.Lambie was born in the town of Ulverstone in north-western Tasmania. Her parents separated when she was 13, and she was raised in a public housing estate in Devonport, attending Devonport High School until she left at Year 11. Lambie enlisted in the Australian Army in 1989. She completed her recruit training while unknowingly pregnant with her first child, a fact the army took four months to recognise.After basic training, she was assigned to the Royal Australian Corps of Transport in 1990. She remained with the Transport Corps for five years before being transferred to the Royal Australian Corps of Military Police, where she worked for another five years, achieving the rank of Corporal. During a field exercise in July 1997, Lambie sustained a back injury resulting in long-term detriments to her spine. After physiotherapy and medical interventions, she was unable to regain operational fitness and was discharged on medical grounds (thoracic pain) in 2000. This prompted her to pursue a claim for a military pension from the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA). She has since been an advocate for veterans with the Returned and Services League of Australia and involved in fundraising with the Burnie Chamber of Commerce, the Country Women's Association and Rotary.The Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) initially rejected her application for compensation, but subsequently approved it and put her on a military disability pension. She later applied for compensation for depression related to her back pain, which was also initially rejected. The DVA hired a private investigation firm to conduct five hours of surveillance on her activities within her home. On the basis of this surveillance, the department concluded that she was a malingerer, cancelling her military pension and coverage of her medical care.Lambie fought the department's conclusion for five years, during which time she was accepted for a Centrelink disability pension. In 2006, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal was about to rule on whether the video evidence was admissible in her case when DVA abandoned its use of the video and accepted that Lambie was entitled to compensation. The tribunal's Deputy President, Justice Christopher Wright, concluded that \"it is likely that even greater improvement would have been achieved a long time ago if her medical treatments, which were initially funded by the respondent, had not been terminated in 2001\".Lambie's political involvement began in 2008 when she began working for Tasmanian Labor senator Nick Sherry.In November 2011, she joined the Liberal Party of Australia and later decided to run for preselection for the Division of Braddon. However she subsequently left the Liberal Party, saying that the Liberals are a \"boys' club\", and she joined to \"infiltrate\" them to see what she could learn about politics.In 2012, Lambie sold her house to help fund her run as an independent, before turning to the newly formed Palmer United Party founded by billionaire Clive Palmer as she said \"I just didn't have the money like the big players did for advertising.\"In the 2013 federal election, Lambie won Tasmania's sixth Senate seat as a candidate for the Palmer United Party, receiving 6.58% of first preference votes. She has credited the final result of her win to \"the big man upstairs\" \u2013 referring not to Palmer, but to God: \"Once it gets to that point, it's up to God upstairs. There's not much else I can do about it.\"On 24 November 2014, Lambie resigned from the Palmer United Party, announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent. Lambie's resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with party leader Clive Palmer.In April 2015, Lambie applied to register a political party called the Jacqui Lambie Network. In May 2015, the party was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission, with Lambie as its leader. She was re-elected to the Senate in the 2016 Australian federal election under the banner of her own party, the Jacqui Lambie Network.On 14 November 2017, Lambie announced her resignation from the Senate, after revealing she held both British and Australian nationality, prohibited under Section 44 of the Australian Constitution. She stated in her resignation that she wished to return to federal politics, and that if Justine Keay was forced to resign from her seat of Braddon over her citizenship status, that she would consider running, but did not nominate for the 2018 Braddon by-election.In 2018, the High Court ruled that Devonport Mayor Steve Martin would replace Lambie as Senator of Tasmania. Lambie expected Martin to immediately resign, which would have cleared the way for her to be appointed to fill the resulting casual vacancy and return to the Senate. She claimed that \"personal morality\" and loyalty dictated that Martin stand down. A party spokesman contended that Tasmanians intended for Lambie to hold the seat, and there was \"an opportunity for that vote to be restored\" if Martin resigned. When Martin refused to do so, Lambie expelled him from the party. In a letter to Martin, Lambie accused him of failing to uphold the JLN's values of \"mateship, respect and integrity\".She was re-elected to the Senate in the 2019 Australian federal election. In the midst of the debate of the government bill \"Ensuring Integrity Bill\" in Parliament, Lambie threatened to vote for the bill if John Setka, the secretary of the Victorian branch of Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU), did not resign as head of the branch. She even invited Setka over to her Tasmanian home for Sunday roast, in a bid to convince Setka to resign. She eventually voted against the bill after her amendments were rejected by the government.In 2020, Lambie opposed the Liberal Party's university reform bill due to her belief it would harm the mental health and economic opportunities of low-income students. She made her position clear in when addressing the Senate, saying she would \"refuse to be the vote that tells poor kids out there \u2026 no matter how gifted, no matter how determined you are, you might as well dream a little cheaper, because you're never going to make it, because you can't afford it\".In August 2014, Lambie expressed her belief that China could invade Australia: \"If anybody thinks that we should have a national security and defence policy which ignores the threat of a Chinese Communist invasion \u2013 you're delusional and got rocks in your head ... The Communist Chinese military capacity and level of threat to the western world democracies is at an unprecedented and historical high.\" Her comments incurred a rebuke from the Premier of Tasmania Will Hodgman. She later added Indonesia as a potential military threat. Lambie has made comments suggesting her support for potential reintroduction of national service, stating \"It's time to teach [our youth] some respect, loyalty and honour.\"In October 2015 she declared her opposition to the China\u2013Australia Free Trade Agreement, saying she considers the Chinese government to be \"push[ing] totalitarian ideologies\", \"anti-democratic\" and \"a bully, thief, liar and international human rights abuser\".In October 2014, Lambie stated in a radio interview with ABC Radio National that she liked Vladimir Putin, saying: \"I think he has very strong leadership. He has great values. He's certainly doing his bit to stamp out terrorism and I guess you've got to pay the man for that.\" In February 2015, Lambie called for the reintroduction of the death penalty for Australian citizens who leave the country to become foreign fighters.In October 2016, she called for a pre-emptive pardon for any defence personnel accused of war crimes against the Taliban or Islamic State, on the grounds that Taliban and Islamic State fighters were not entitled to the protection of the rules of war or international human rights because of their \"subhuman behaviour and vile, disgusting culture and ideology\".In September 2014, Lambie announced plans to introduce a private member's bill aimed at banning the burqa in Australia. However, constitutional expert Professor George Williams described the law as \"unworkable, it would frankly be a bit silly\". She also attacked supporters of Islamic sharia law, describing them as \"maniacs and depraved humans\" who will not stop committing \"cold-blooded butchery and rapes until every woman in Australia wears a burka\". However, when asked to explain her understanding of sharia law in an interview, she was unable to and instead said \"it obviously involves terrorism\". According to ABC political reporter Andrew Greene, some commentators described the interview as a \"train wreck\". In February 2017, she introduced a private member's bill which would amend the Criminal Code Act 1995 to make it illegal to wear full face coverings in public places when a terrorism threat declaration is in force, unless it was necessary for certain purposes.In January 2017, she said that Australia should follow Donald Trump's lead in his order to restrict entry of citizens of certain Muslim-majority countries to the USA. She called for deporting from Australia all Muslims who supported Sharia law, as well as deporting everyone on the ASIO terror watch list, or at least charging them with treason or sedition.In an interview with \"ABC News\" in 2018 Lambie distanced herself from her previous views on Sharia law, stating they were \"divisive\" and influenced by \"a previous advisor that was really driving that in\". Following her involvement in the TV show \"Go Back to Where You Came From\" in 2018 where she was placed in a Syrian warzone, Lambie shifted towards a pro-refugee stance, stating that \"the discussion [about accepting more refugees] needs to be on the political table\".In October 2013 she criticised the Australian Greens, accusing them of having \"destroyed all hope in Tasmania\" and saying that the party should be subject to a Senate inquiry over the state's high unemployment rate. In July 2015 she likened The Greens to Islamic State in that \"both those groups would like us to go back and live in the dark ages ... They'd like us to go live back in caves with candles and eat tofu.\"In 2020, Lambie worked alongside the Greens in criticising a bill that would 'weaken' political donation laws.In February 2016, Lambie raised the matter of former soldiers who claim to have suffered abuse, calling for an inquiry into cover-ups and Lieutenant General David Morrison's involvement.In response to a Change.org petition organised by Julie-Ann Finney, whose son David Finney took his own life after a crippling battle with Post-Traumatic Stress injury, Lambie called for a Royal Commission into Veteran Suicide. the petition had over 400,000 signatures. On 5 February 2020, the Morrison Government announced their intention to appoint a National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention to inquire into the deaths by suicide of serving and former ADF members.Lambie criticised the Government's plan in a Dissenting Report, noting that \"The families of veterans who have taken their own lives support a Royal Commission. The institutions who are being blamed for those suicides support a National Commissioner.\" Two bills related to the Commissioner were introduced into Parliament by the Attorney-General on 27\u00a0August 2020, the \"National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention Bill 2020\", and the \"National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention (Consequential Amendments) Bill 2020\". Magistrate Bernadette Boss was appointed as the first (interim) National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention on 1 October 2020.On 22 March 2021 both chambers of Parliament passed motions in support of the royal commission. On 19 April 2021 a Royal Commission into Defence and Veterans Suicide in Australia was established.Jacqui Lambie introduced a Bill to the Australian Senate in February 2020 that proposes to tighten political donations laws. The bill seeks to amend current laws that permit political donations under $14,300 to not be disclosed. Lambie has proposed lowering this threshold to $2,500.The bill also proposes to introduce electoral expenditure accounts for organisations that run political campaigns. This will compel parties and others to disclose the source of any money they spend on their electoral campaigns.In early 2020, Lambie started a campaign to support Australian manufacturing with concerns about Australia's reliance on foreign imported products, she believes these concerns are a threat to Australia's economic sovereignty; magnified with the advent of COVID19.Lambie has said on her website \"It\u2019s about time that the people in Parliament woke up to China\u2019s attempts to infiltrate our economy and our democracy.\" Her concerns are echoed by Duncan Lewis, formerly the Director-General of Security at ASIO. There is ongoing debate over whether Liberal MP Gladys Liu's ties to the Chinese Communist Party are appropriate, with the Labor party arguing she may not be 'fit and proper' to sit as an MP.Lambie is single, with two children. She gave birth to her first son Brentyn at age 18 in 1989, the product of her relationship with a high school boyfriend, after her enlistment for the Army. She met John Milverton while working in the Royal Australian Corps of Transport. They began a de facto marriage, where Milverton formally adopted Brentyn, and also went on to have another son, Dylan, born in 1992. Milverton and Lambie separated shortly before her discharge from the Army in 2000. In August 2015, she went public with her 21-year-old son's battle with methamphetamine addiction. She has also stated that she was addicted to pain medication and attempted suicide once.Lambie lives in the city of Burnie, on the North Coast of Tasmania. She has jokingly described her perfect man as having \"heaps of cash\" and \"a package between their legs\". Her comments were met with much ire, and she later declared it to be her most embarrassing moment.In 2014, Lambie described herself as \"Catholic; I'm religious\" \u2014 citing it as a reason for rejecting an invitation to visit a Sydney mosque.In her first speech to Parliament in 2014, Lambie stated that, through her mother's family, she shares \"blood, culture, and history\" with Aboriginal Australians, as a descendant of Mannalargenna, an Aboriginal Tasmanian leader. She later provided a family tree to \"Australian Story\" claiming descent from Margaret Briggs, a granddaughter of Mannalargenna who married into the Hite family. In 2002, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal had ruled that descent from Margaret Briggs was sufficient to meet the Aboriginal ancestry requirements for ATSIC elections. However, Lambie's claims of Indigenous descent have been questioned by several sources including \"Australian Story\", the Tasmanian Pioneer Index, and members of the Aboriginal community in Tasmania. Clyde Mansell, chairman of the Aboriginal Land Council of Tasmania, stated they were \"absolutely outrageous and scandalous\". Another Tasmanian elder, Roy Maynard, said that \"she's identified as Aboriginal, she\u2019s got that right as far as I\u2019m concerned\", and criticised Mansell for doubting her claims. The Parliamentary Library of Australia includes Lambie on its list of Indigenous parliamentarians.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Jacqui Lambie", "employer", "Australian Defence Force", "January 1989", "January 2000"], ["Jacqui Lambie", "member of political party", "Jacqui Lambie Network", "May 2015", "May 2023"], ["Jacqui Lambie", "member of political party", "Liberal Party of Australia", "November 2011", "January 2012"], ["Jacqui Lambie", "member of political party", "Clive Palmer's United Australia Party", "January 2013", "November 2014"]]}
{"question": "What was the residence of L. L. Zamenhof 21 years and 9 months before he/she received Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association?", "adv_question": "What was the residence of L. L. Zamenhof 21 years and nine months before he/she received Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association?", "date": "April 21 1885", "text_answers": {"text": ["Veisiejai"]}, "id": "L3H_Q11758_P551_P166_9", "fact_context": "L. L. Zamenhof received Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association from January 1907 to January 1917. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Veisiejai from February 1885 to May 1885. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Kherson from November 1889 to May 1890. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in P\u0142ock from December 1885 to May 1886.", "adv_fact_context": "L. L. Zamenhof received Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association from Jan 1907 to 01/1917. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in P\u0142ock from Dec 1885 to May 1886. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Kherson from November 1889 to 05/1890. \n L. L. Zamenhof lived in Veisiejai from Feb 1885 to 05/1885.", "context": "L. L. ZamenhofL. L. Zamenhof (15 December 185914 April 1917) was an ophthalmologist who lived for most of his life in Warsaw. He is best known as the creator of Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language.Zamenhof first developed the language in 1873 while still in school. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war. He believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language. The language would be a tool to gather people together through neutral, fair, equitable communication. He successfully formed a community that continues today despite the World Wars of the 20th century. Also, it has developed like other languages, through the interaction and creativity of its users.In light of his achievements, and his support of intercultural dialogue, UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death.Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the son of Mark Zamenhof and (), in the multi-ethnic city of Belostok in the Russian Empire (now Bia\u0142ystok in Poland). At that time the city was in the Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire as a result of the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit. His parents were of Litvak Jewish descent. This group inhabited the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He appears to have been natively bilingual in Yiddish and Russian. His father was a teacher of German and French. From him, Zamenhof learned German, French and Hebrew. He also spoke some major languages of Bia\u0142ystok: Polish, Yiddish, Belarusian, and German. Polish became the native language of his children in Warsaw. In school he studied the classical languages Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic. He later learned some English, though in his own words not very well. He had an interest in Lithuanian and Italian and learned Volap\u00fck when it came out in 1880. By that point his international language project was already well developed.In addition to the Yiddish-speaking Jewish majority, the population of Bia\u0142ystok included Roman Catholic Poles and Eastern Orthodox Russians (mainly government officials), with smaller groups of Belarusians, Germans and other ethnic groups. Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups. He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in the mutual misunderstanding caused by the lack of a common language. If such a language existed, Zamenhof postulated, it could play the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.As a student at secondary school in Warsaw, Zamenhof attempted to create an international language with a grammar that was rich, but complex. When he later studied English, he decided that the international language must have a simpler grammar. Apart from his parents' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his projects were also aided by his mastery of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.By 1878, his project \"Lingwe uniwersala\" was finished. However, Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work. Soon after graduation he began to study medicine, first in Moscow, and later in Warsaw. In 1885, Zamenhof graduated from university and began his practice as a doctor in Veisiejai. After 1886 he worked as an ophthalmologist in P\u0142ock and Vienna. While healing people there, he continued to work on his project of an international language.For two years he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language, until he received the financial help from his future wife's father. In 1887, the book titled \"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u044a\" (International language: Introduction and complete textbook) was published in Russian under the pseudonym \"Doktoro Esperanto\" (Doctor Hoper, or literally \"Doctor One Who Hopes\".). Zamenhof initially called his language \"Lingvo internacia\" (international language), but those who learned it began to call it \"Esperanto\" after his pseudonym, and this soon became the official name for the language. For Zamenhof, this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way to promote peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures.In 1879 Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of Yiddish. It was partly published years later in the Yiddish magazine \"Lebn un visnshaft\". The complete original Russian text of this manuscript was only published in 1982, with parallel Esperanto translation by Adolf Holzhaus, in \"L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo\" [An attempt at a grammar of neo-Jewish language], Helsinki, pp.\u00a09\u201336. In this work, not only does he provide a review of Yiddish grammar, but also proposes its transition to the Latin script and other orthographic innovations. In the same period Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish, including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics (see p.\u00a050 in the above-cited book).In 1882 a wave of pogroms within the Russian Empire, including Congress Poland, motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement, the Hibbat Zion. He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title \"Hillelism\", in which he argued that the Zionist project could not solve the problems of the Jewish people.In 1914 he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish Esperantists, the TEHA. In his letter to the organizers, he said, \"I am profoundly convinced that every nationalism offers humanity only the greatest unhappiness\u00a0... It is true that the nationalism of oppressed peoples \u2013 as a natural self-defensive reaction \u2013 is much more excusable than the nationalism of peoples who oppress; but, if the nationalism of the strong is ignoble, the nationalism of the weak is imprudent; both give birth to and support each other\u00a0...\" The Hebrew Bible is among the many works that Zamenhof translated into Esperanto.Zamenhof died in Warsaw on 14 April 1917, possibly of a heart attack, and was buried at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery. The farewell speech was delivered by the chief rabbi and preacher of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw, Samuel Abraham Pozna\u0144ski, who said: \"There will be a time where the Polish soil and nation will understand what fame gave this great son of God to his homeland.\"Zamenhof and his wife Klara Silbernik raised three children, a son, Adam, and two daughters, Zofia and Lidia. All three were murdered in the Holocaust.Lidia Zamenhof in particular took a keen interest in Esperanto, and as an adult became a teacher of the language, traveling through Europe and to America to teach classes in it. Through her friendship with Martha Root, Lidia accepted Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h and became a member of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith. As one of its social principles, the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world's nations.Zamenhof's grandson, Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof (Adam's son), lived in France from the 1960s until his death in 2019. As of 2020 Louis-Christophe's daughter, Margaret Zaleski-Zamenhof, is active in the Esperanto movement.Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called \"Homaranismo\" (the term in Esperanto, usually rendered as \"humanitism\" in English, sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder. He said of Homaranismo: \"It is indeed the object of my whole life. I would give up everything for it.\"Zamenhof came from and lived a very-much multilingual life. His name is/was variously transliterated, depending on the language:Born into an Ashkenazi family, at his birth Zamenhof was given the common Hebrew name \"Eliezer\" by his parents, the equivalent of the English Lazarus. However as the area was a part of the Russian empire at the time, his name was recorded on his birth certificate as \"Leyzer Zamengov\", using the Yiddish form of the forename and a russified version of his surname; many later Russian language documents also include the patronymic \"Markovich\" \u00ab son of Mark \u00bb (in reference to his father, Markus), as is the custom in the language. His family name is of German origin and was originally written \"Samenhof\"; this was later transcribed into Yiddish as , then re-romanized back as \"Zamenhof\". The change of the initial letter from \u00ab S \u00bb to \u00ab Z \u00bb is not unusual, as in German an initial \u00ab s \u00bb is pronounced .In his adolescence he used both the Yiddish \"Leyzer\" and the Russian \"Lazar\" when writing his first name. While at university, Zamenhof began using the Russian name \"Lyudovik\" (also transcribed \"Ludovic\" or translated as \"Ludwig\") in place of \"Lazar\", possibly in honor of Francis Lodwick, who in 1652 had published an early conlang proposal. When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name \"Dr L. Zamenhof\", Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name \"Lazar\" and from 1901 signed his name \"Dr L. L. Zamenhof\" to avoid confusion with his brother. The two L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order \"Ludwik Lejzer\" is a modern convention.In 1905 Zamenhof received the L\u00e9gion d'honneur for creating Esperanto. In 1910, Zamenhof was first nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British Members of Parliament (including James O'Grady and Philip Snowden) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole. (The Prize was instead awarded to the International Peace Bureau.) Ultimately Zamenhof was nominated 12 times for the Nobel Peace Prize.On the occasion of the 5th Universala Kongreso de Esperanto in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Alfonso XIII of Spain.A monument or place linked to Zamenhof or Esperanto is known as a Zamenhof-Esperanto object (or ZEO).The minor planet 1462 Zamenhof is named in his honour. It was discovered on 6 February 1938 by Yrj\u00f6 V\u00e4is\u00e4l\u00e4. There is also a minor planet named in honour of Esperanto (1421 Esperanto).Hundreds of city streets, parks, and bridges worldwide have also been named after Zamenhof. In Lithuania, the best-known Zamenhof Street is in Kaunas, where he lived and owned a house for some time. There are others in Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Spain (mostly in Catalonia), Italy, Israel, Belgium and Brazil. There are Zamenhof Hills in Hungary and Brazil, and a Zamenhof Island in the Danube.In some Israeli cities, street signs identify Esperanto's creator and give his birth and death dates, but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer (a variant of which, El'azar, is the origin of Lazarus). Zamenhof is honoured as a deity by the Japanese religion Oomoto, which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers. Also, a genus of lichen has been named \"Zamenhofia\" in his honour.Russian writer Nikolai Afrikanovich Borovko, who lived in Odessa, together with Vladimir Gernet, founded a branch of the first official Esperanto society Esrero in Russia. In the years 1896-97 N.A. Borovko became its chairman. A monument to L. Zamenhof was installed in Odessa in an ordinary residential courtyard. Esperantist sculptor Nikolai Vasilyevich Blazhkov lived in this house, who in the early 1960s brought a sculptural portrait into the courtyard, because the customs authorities did not allow the sculpture to be sent to the Esperanto Congress in Vienna.In Gothenburg, Sweden a public square is named Esperantoplatsen.In Italy, a few streets are named after Esperanto, including Largo Esperanto in Pisa.In 1959, UNESCO honoured Zamenhof in the occasion of his centenary. In 2015 it decided to support the celebration of the 100th anniversary of his death.His birthday, 15 December, is celebrated annually as Zamenhof Day by users of Esperanto. On 15 December 2009, Esperanto's green-starred flag flew on the Google homepage to commemorate Zamenhof's 150th birthday.The house of the Zamenhof family and a monument to Zamenhof are sites on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Bia\u0142ystok, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at The University of Bia\u0142ystok Foundation. Bia\u0142ystok is also home to the Ludwik Zamenhof Centre.In 1960, Esperanto summer schools were established in Stoke-on-Trent in the United Kingdom by the Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB), which began to provide lessons and promote the language locally. There is a road named after Zamenhof in the city: Zamenhof Grove.As Dr. Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the Esperanto Society of New York gathers every December to celebrate Zamenhofa Tago (Zamenhof Day in Esperanto).In Michael Chabon's alternate history novel \"The Yiddish Policemen's Union\", the main character lives in the Hotel Zamenhof, which uses Esperanto signage.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["P\u0142ock", "Kherson"], "facts": [["L. L. Zamenhof", "residence", "P\u0142ock", "December 1885", "May 1886"], ["L. L. Zamenhof", "residence", "Kherson", "November 1889", "May 1890"], ["L. L. Zamenhof", "residence", "Veisiejai", "February 1885", "May 1885"], ["L. L. Zamenhof", "award received", "Honorary President of the World Esperanto Association", "January 1907", "January 1917"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 6 years and 7 months after he/she worked for TBWA Worldwide?", "adv_question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold six years and 7 months after he/she worked for TBWA Worldwide?", "date": "August 20 2003", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief strategy officer"]}, "id": "L3H_Q6761974_P39_P108_2", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief marketing officer", "executive vice president", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 9 years and 10 months before he/she worked for Philip Morris International?", "adv_question": "Which position did Marian Salzman hold 9 years and 10 months before he/she worked for Philip Morris International?", "date": "March 26 2008", "text_answers": {"text": ["chief marketing officer"]}, "id": "L3H_Q6761974_P39_P108_97", "fact_context": "Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from January 1994 to January 1997. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from January 2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from January 1997 to January 2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to January 2018. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from January 2005 to January 2008. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from January 2008 to January 2009.", "adv_fact_context": "Marian Salzman held the position of chief marketing officer from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Philip Morris International from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman worked for J. Walter Thompson from Jan 2005 to 01/2008. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief strategy officer from 01/2001 to 01/2004. \n Marian Salzman worked for TBWA Worldwide from Jan 1994 to Jan 1997. \n Marian Salzman worked for Porter Novelli from Jan 2008 to Jan 2009. \n Marian Salzman worked for Young & Rubicam from Jan 1997 to 01/2000. \n Marian Salzman held the position of Senior vice-president from Jan 2018 to May 2023. \n Marian Salzman held the position of chief executive officer from January 2011 to 01/2018. \n Marian Salzman worked for Havas from 01/2001 to January 2004. \n Marian Salzman held the position of executive vice president from Jan 2005 to January 2008.", "context": "Marian SalzmanMarian Salzman (born February 15, 1959) is an American advertising and public relations executive. She is Senior Vice President, Global Communications for Philip Morris International, a tobacco company. She was formerly CEO of Havas PR North America and chaired the Global Collective, the organizing collaborative of all of the PR assets of Havas. She rejoined Euro RSCG in August 2009, having previously worked for the holding company as executive vice president, chief strategic officer, from January 2001 to October 2004.Salzman is a graduate of Brown University. She began her career working on the development of new research methodologies, from slumber parties for tweenagers, a project for Levi Strauss & Co. in 1991, to the creation of Cyberdialogue in 1992, to leverage instant messaging and AOL chat rooms for social research.In 1998 in an interview with Fast Company magazine, Salzman drew attention to \u201cexperience collections,\u201d the idea that people are placing less value on material goods and more on personal and professional experiences and skills.The New York Times published a Sunday feature, \u201cMetrosexuals Come Out,\u201d which quoted Salzman regarding metrosexuals. In 2003 the UK Observer apologized for incorrectly attributing the first use of the term to Salzman, and gave credit to Mark Simpson (journalist) for the term.In 2007, she talked about how \u201csleep is the new sex\u201d for The Economist\u2019s annual predictions and stated that lowering home values would drive consumers away from recreational shopping and toward a \u201cless is more\u201d mindset.In 2015, Salzman signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively.Salzman relocated to Lausanne, Switzerland for the job with Philip Morris. She is married to Jim Diamond and formerly lived in Stamford, Connecticut.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["chief executive officer", "chief strategy officer", "executive vice president", "Senior vice-president"], "facts": [["Marian Salzman", "employer", "TBWA Worldwide", "January 1994", "January 1997"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Young & Rubicam", "January 1997", "January 2000"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief marketing officer", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "executive vice president", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2011", "January 2018"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "Senior vice-president", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "J. Walter Thompson", "January 2005", "January 2008"], ["Marian Salzman", "position held", "chief strategy officer", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Philip Morris International", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Havas", "January 2001", "January 2004"], ["Marian Salzman", "employer", "Porter Novelli", "January 2008", "January 2009"]]}
{"question": "Where was Nathan Rourke educated 9 months before he/she played for Ohio Bobcats football?", "adv_question": "Where was Nathan Rourke educated 9 months before he/she played for Ohio Bobcats football?", "date": "April 14 2016", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fort Scott Community College"]}, "id": "L3H_Q89005562_P69_P54_10", "fact_context": "Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from January 2017 to January 2019. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from January 2015 to January 2016. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from January 2016 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Nathan Rourke studied at Fort Scott Community College from 01/2016 to 01/2017. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Edgewood Academy from 01/2015 to Jan 2016. \n Nathan Rourke played for Ohio Bobcats football from Jan 2017 to Jan 2019. \n Nathan Rourke studied at Ohio University from Jan 2017 to January 2020.", "context": "Nathan RourkeNathan Rourke (born May 24, 1998) is a Canadian professional football quarterback for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Ohio Bobcats.Rourke attended high school for three years at Holy Trinity Catholic Secondary School in Oakville, Ontario, before transferring to Edgewood Academy in Elmore, Alabama for his senior season of high school football. He committed to play college football at Fort Scott Community College in Fort Scott, Kansas.Rourke spent one season at Fort Scott, where he was named first-team All-KJCCC. He then transferred to Ohio University, where he started at quarterback for three years for the Bobcats. Rourke led Ohio to a 25\u201314 overall record as a starting quarterback for the Bobcats, while leading the team to three consecutive bowl victories in the 2017 Bahamas Bowl, 2018 Frisco Bowl, and the 2020 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (January).He was the first winner of the Jon Cornish Trophy as the top Canadian football player in the NCAA for 2017, and repeated as winner in 2018. He is the only two-time winner of the award. Rourke was ranked as the seventh-overall prospect entering the 2020 CFL Draft; after being ranked third overall in both September 2019 and December 2019. He was eventually drafted in the second round with the 15th overall pick by the BC Lions. Rourke was the highest drafted Canadian quarterback since Jesse Palmer in the 2001 CFL Draft. On May 19, 2021, Rourke signed a three-year contract with the Lions.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Edgewood Academy", "Ohio University"], "facts": [["Nathan Rourke", "member of sports team", "Ohio Bobcats football", "January 2017", "January 2019"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Edgewood Academy", "January 2015", "January 2016"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Ohio University", "January 2017", "January 2020"], ["Nathan Rourke", "educated at", "Fort Scott Community College", "January 2016", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for 5 years and 9 months before he/she was married to Klara Dan von Neumann?", "adv_question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for five years and nine months before he/she was married to Klara Dan von Neumann?", "date": "April 06 1932", "text_answers": {"text": ["Princeton University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q17455_P108_P26_70", "fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 1923 to January 1925. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from January 1929 to January 1930. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1933 to January 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from January 1955 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from January 1930 to January 1933. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from January 1938 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from January 1943 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from January 1950 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1926 to January 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to January 1941. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from January 1911 to January 1921. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from January 1941 to January 1955.", "adv_fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from Jan 1911 to 01/1921. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from Jan 1941 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from Jan 1930 to 01/1933. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1926 to Jan 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from Jan 1955 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from 01/1943 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from Jan 1929 to 01/1930. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from 01/1938 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 01/1950 to Jan 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 1923 to 01/1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan 1933 to Jan 1957.", "context": "John von NeumannJohn von Neumann (; , ; December 28, 1903\u00a0\u2013 February\u00a08, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be \"the last representative of the great mathematicians\". He integrated pure and applied sciences.Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, representation theory, operator algebras, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.Von Neumann published over 150 papers in his life: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical ones. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was in the hospital, was later published in book form as \"The Computer and the Brain\".His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term \"kiloton\" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and consulted for organizations including the United States Air Force, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a Hungarian \u00e9migr\u00e9, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos to a wealthy, acculturated and non-observant Jewish family. In Hungarian the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mih\u00e1ly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907\u20131989) and Mikl\u00f3s (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911\u20132011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873\u20131928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation \"Margittai\", meaning \"of Margitta\" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann de Margitta), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, \"What are you calculating?\".When they were young, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages in addition to Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume \"Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen\". A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evang\u00e9likus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1914. Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend. This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, which included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (born 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as \"The Martians\".Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeg\u0151 posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.According to his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. in mathematics simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, \"Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort.\" He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected \"Privatdozent\" in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His powers of recall allowed him to quickly memorize the pages of telephone directories, and recite the names, addresses and numbers therein. In 1929, he briefly became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University.On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Marietta K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930. Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.In 1933, he was offered a lifetime professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he had announced his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California, Los Angeles. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: \"Oh, France won't matter.\"Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community. His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, \"Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?\" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did.Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving\u2014frequently while reading a book\u2014occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up. Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's \"Elements\", had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and in geometry, thanks to Hilbert's axioms. But at the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics, but did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the \"axiom of foundation\" and the notion of \"class.\"The axiom of foundation proposed that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel. If one set belongs to another, then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession. This excludes the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration called the \"method of inner models\", which became an essential instrument in set theory.The second approach to the problem of sets belonging to themselves took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class that belongs to other classes, while a \"proper class\" is defined as a class that does not belong to other classes. On the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets that do not belong to themselves. In contrast, on von Neumann's approach, the class of all sets that do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a \"proper class\", not a set.With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets avoided the contradictions of earlier systems and became usable as a foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth expressible in their language. Moreover, every consistent extension of these systems necessarily remains incomplete.Less than a month later, von Neumann, who had participated in the Conference, communicated to G\u00f6del an interesting consequence of his theorem: that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem, and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"Building on the work of Felix Hausdorff, in 1924 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski proved that given a solid ball in 3\u2011dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets that can be reassembled together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. Banach and Tarski proved that, using isometric transformations, the result of taking apart and reassembling a two-dimensional figure would necessarily have the same area as the original. This would make creating two unit squares out of one impossible. But in a 1929 paper, von Neumann proved that paradoxical decompositions could use a group of transformations that include as a subgroup a free group with two generators. The group of area-preserving transformations contains such subgroups, and this opens the possibility of performing paradoxical decompositions using these subgroups. The class of groups von Neumann isolated in his work on Banach\u2013Tarski decompositions was very important in many areas of mathematics, including von Neumann's own later work in measure theory (see below).In a series of papers published in 1932, von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure. Of the 1932 papers on ergodic theory, Paul Halmos wrote that even \"if von Neumann had never done anything else, they would have been sufficient to guarantee him mathematical immortality\". By then von Neumann had already written his articles on operator theory, and the application of this work was instrumental in the von Neumann mean ergodic theorem.Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as being equal to the bicommutant. Von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of F.J. Murray, on the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 \"rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century\". The direct integral was later introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann.In measure theory, the \"problem of measure\" for an -dimensional Euclidean space may be stated as: \"does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of ?\" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if or and a negative solution (because of the Banach\u2013Tarski paradox) in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character\": the existence of a measure could be determined by looking at the properties of the transformation group of the given space. The positive solution for spaces of dimension at most two, and the negative solution for higher dimensions, comes from the fact that the Euclidean group is a solvable group for dimension at most two, and is not solvable for higher dimensions. \"Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is a substitute of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., \"n\", it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Earlier, Menger and Birkhoff had axiomatized complex projective geometry in terms of the properties of its lattice of linear subspaces. Von Neumann, following his work on rings of operators, weakened those axioms to describe a broader class of lattices, the continuous geometries.While the dimensions of the subspaces of projective geometries are a discrete set (the non-negative integers), the dimensions of the elements of a continuous geometry can range continuously across the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.Between 1937 and 1939, von Neumann worked on lattice theory, the theory of partially ordered sets in which every two elements have a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices (properties that arise in the lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces): \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\"Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice having a \"basis\" of pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring . This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized in 1926 that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.The \"physics\" of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the \"mathematics\" of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the \"non-commutativity\" of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1935, Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. Hermann's work was largely ignored until after John S. Bell made essentially the same argument in 1966. In 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach.Von Neumann's proof inaugurated a line of research that ultimately led, through Bell's theorem and the experiments of Alain Aspect in 1982, to the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a \"notion of reality\" substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity.In a chapter of \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter. He argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective consciousness\" of the human observer. Although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance among the majority of physicists. The Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation has been summarized as follows:The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) \"minds\", which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.Though theories of quantum mechanics continue to evolve, there is a basic framework for the mathematical formalism of problems in quantum mechanics underlying most approaches that can be traced back to the mathematical formalisms and techniques first used by von Neumann. In other words, discussions about interpretation of the theory, and extensions to it, are now mostly conducted on the basis of shared assumptions about the mathematical foundations.Von Neumann entropy is extensively used in different forms (conditional entropy, relative entropy, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory. Entanglement measures are based upon some quantity directly related to the von Neumann entropy. Given a statistical ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix formula_1, it is given by formula_2 Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and conditional quantum entropy.Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics. Decades later, Shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von Neumann what to call it. Von Neumann said to call it Shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von Neumann entropy.The formalism of density operators and matrices was introduced by von Neumann in 1927 and independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively. The density matrix is an alternative way to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann led to the development of quantum decoherence theories.Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann and Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (\"e.g.\", horizontally and vertically), and therefore, \"a fortiori\", it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added \"between\" the other two, the photons will indeed pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the \"non-commutativity\" of conjunction formula_3. It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, formula_4 and formula_5, are not valid for quantum theory.The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is in turn attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case in quantum mechanics that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members is necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., \"x\" and \"y\") results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the \"x\" direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction \"y\" will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive or the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative\" must be true for \u0278.In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which \"formula_6\", while formula_7.As Hilary Putnam writes, von Neumann replaced classical logic with a logic constructed in orthomodular lattices (isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of the Hilbert space of a given physical system).Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. He proved his minimax theorem in 1928. It establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 \"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\", written with Oskar Morgenstern. Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that \"The New York Times\" ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analysis, especially convex sets and the topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.Independently, Leonid Kantorovich's functional analytic work on mathematical economics also focused attention on optimization theory, non-differentiability, and vector lattices. Von Neumann's functional-analytic techniques\u2014the use of duality pairings of real vector spaces to represent prices and quantities, the use of supporting and separating hyperplanes and convex sets, and fixed-point theory\u2014have been the primary tools of mathematical economics ever since.Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several influential publications. For his model of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil\u00a0\" A\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bbB\" with nonnegative matrices\u00a0A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors\u00a0\"p\" and\u00a0\"q\" and a positive number\u00a0\"\u03bb\" that would solve the complementarity equationalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector \"p\" represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \"\u03bb\" represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate.Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where his model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of his model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in German that was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began while he was lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929. He spent his summers back home in Budapest, as did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in the book and corrected them\u2013for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras's Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.Building on his results on matrix games and on his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann invented the theory of duality in linear programming when George Dantzig described his work in a few minutes, and an impatient von Neumann asked him to get to the point. Dantzig then listened dumbfounded while von Neumann provided an hourlong lecture on convex sets, fixed-point theory, and duality, conjecturing the equivalence between matrix games and linear programming.Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Paul Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.Subsequently, Denis Sargan and Alok Bhargava extended the results for testing if the errors on a regression model follow a Gaussian random walk (\"i.e.\", possess a unit root) against the alternative that they are a stationary first order autoregression.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in the field of fluid dynamics.Von Neumann's contributions to fluid dynamics included his discovery of the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery (independently of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Werner D\u00f6ring) of the ZND detonation model of explosives. During the 1930s, von Neumann became an authority on the mathematics of shaped charges.Later with Robert D. Richtmyer, von Neumann developed an algorithm defining \"artificial viscosity\" that improved the understanding of shock waves. When computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of \"artificial viscosity\" smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics.Von Neumann soon applied computer modelling to the field, developing software for his ballistics research. During WW2, he arrived one day at the office of R.H. Kent, the Director of the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, with a computer program he had created for calculating a one-dimensional model of 100 molecules to simulate a shock wave. Von Neumann then gave a seminar on his computer program to an audience which included his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. After von Neumann had finished, von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n said \"Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics.\" It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's M\u00e9canique analytique.Stan Ulam, who knew von Neumann well, described his mastery of mathematics this way: \"Most mathematicians know one method. For example, Norbert Wiener had mastered Fourier transforms. Some mathematicians have mastered two methods and might really impress someone who knows only one of them. John von Neumann had mastered three methods.\" He went on to explain that the three methods were:Edward Teller wrote that \"Nobody knows all science, not even von Neumann did. But as for mathematics, he contributed to every part of it except number theory and topology. That is, I think, something unique.\"Von Neumann was asked to write an essay for the layman describing what mathematics is, and produced a beautiful analysis. He explained that mathematics straddles the world between the empirical and logical, arguing that geometry was originally empirical, but Euclid constructed a logical, deductive theory. However, he argued, that there is always the danger of straying too far from the real world and becoming irrelevant sophistry.Beginning in the late 1930s, von Neumann developed an expertise in explosions\u2014phenomena that are difficult to model mathematically. During this period, von Neumann was the leading authority of the mathematics of shaped charges. This led him to a large number of military consultancies, primarily for the Navy, which in turn led to his involvement in the Manhattan Project. The involvement included frequent trips by train to the project's secret research facilities at the Los Alamos Laboratory in a remote part of New Mexico.Von Neumann made his principal contribution to the atomic bomb in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.In a visit to Los Alamos in September 1944, von Neumann showed that the pressure increase from explosion shock wave reflection from solid objects was greater than previously believed if the angle of incidence of the shock wave was between 90\u00b0 and some limiting angle. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of an atomic bomb would be enhanced with detonation some kilometers above the target, rather than at ground level.Von Neumann, four other scientists, and various military personnel were included in the target selection committee that was responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on to the Soviet Union by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"For his wartime services, von Neumann was awarded the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award in July 1946, and the Medal for Merit in October 1946.In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons. Over the following two years, he became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate-range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.Shortly before his death from cancer, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, which would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.Von Neumann is credited with developing the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Soviets considered that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons; they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:Von Neumann's assessment that the Soviets had a lead in missile technology, considered pessimistic at the time, was soon proven correct in the Sputnik crisis.Von Neumann entered government service primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the United States would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"On February 15, 1956, von Neumann was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His citation read:Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Von Neumann was the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged.Von Neumann wrote the 23 pages long sorting program for the EDVAC in ink. On the first page, traces of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased, can still be seen. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanis\u0142aw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. Von Neumann's algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\" Von Neumann also noted that when this method went awry it did so obviously, unlike other methods which could be subtly incorrect.While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is the basis of most modern computer designs, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture was based on the work of Eckert and Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.John von Neumann consulted for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, most notably on the ENIAC project, as a member of its Scientific Advisory Committee.The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved.The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed \"the defense computer\", include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953.However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s.Von Neumann's rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.Von Neumann created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.The detailed proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward in lectures von Neumann delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he first only proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicator due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop a more abstract model self-replicator based on his original concept of cellular automata.Subsequently, the concept of the Von Neumann universal constructor based on the von Neumann cellular automaton was fleshed out in his posthumously published lectures \"Theory of Self Reproducing Automata\". Ulam and von Neumann created a method for calculating liquid motion in the 1950s. The driving concept of the method was to consider a liquid as a group of discrete units and calculate the motion of each based on its neighbors' behaviors. Like Ulam's lattice network, von Neumann's cellular automata are two-dimensional, with his self-replicator implemented algorithmically. The result was a universal copier and constructor working within a cellular automaton with a small neighborhood (only those cells that touch are neighbors; for von Neumann's cellular automata, only orthogonal cells), and with 29 states per cell. Von Neumann gave an existence proof that a particular pattern would make infinite copies of itself within the given cellular universe by designing a 200,000 cell configuration that could do so.Von Neumann addressed the evolutionary growth of complexity amongst his self-replicating machines. His \"proof-of-principle\" designs showed how it is logically possible, by using a general purpose programmable (\"universal\") constructor, to exhibit an indefinitely large class of self-replicators, spanning a wide range of complexity, interconnected by a network of potential mutational pathways, including pathways from the most simple to the most complex. This is an important result, as prior to that it might have been conjectured that there is a fundamental logical barrier to the existence of such pathways; in which case, biological organisms, which do support such pathways, could not be \"machines\", as conventionally understood. Von Neumann considers the potential for conflict between his self-reproducing machines, stating that \"our models lead to such conflict situations\", indicating it as a field of further study.The cybernetics movement highlighted the question of what it takes for self-reproduction to occur autonomously, and in 1952, John von Neumann designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically make a copy of its initial configuration of cells. The von Neumann neighborhood, in which each cell in a two-dimensional grid has the four orthogonally adjacent grid cells as neighbors, continues to be used for other cellular automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth.Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming.Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.As part of his research into weather forecasting, von Neumann founded the \"Meteorological Program\" in Princeton in 1946, securing funding for his project from the US Navy. Von Neumann and his appointed assistant on this project, Jule Gregory Charney, wrote the world's first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann and his team published the results as \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Together they played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. Von Neumann proposed as the research program for climate modeling: \"The approach is to first try short-range forecasts, then long-range forecasts of those properties of the circulation that can perpetuate themselves over arbitrarily long periods of time, and only finally to attempt forecast for medium-long time periods which are too long to treat by simple hydrodynamic theory and too short to treat by the general principle of equilibrium theory.\"Von Neumann's research into weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo), thereby inducing global warming. Von Neumann proposed a theory of global warming as a result of the activity of humans, noting that the Earth was only colder during the last glacial period, he wrote in 1955: \"Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil - more than half of it during the last generation - may have changed the atmosphere's composition sufficiently to account for a general warming of the world by about one degree Fahrenheit.\" However, von Neumann urged a degree of caution in any program of intentional human weather manufacturing: \"What \"could\" be done, of course, is no index to what \"should\" be done... In fact, to evaluate the ultimate consequences of either a general cooling or a general heating would be a complex matter. Changes would affect the level of the seas, and hence the habitability of the continental coastal shelves; the evaporation of the seas, and hence general precipitation and glaciation levels; and so on... But there is little doubt that one \"could\" carry out the necessary analyses needed to predict the results, intervene on any desired scale, and ultimately achieve rather fantastic results.\"The first use of the concept of a in the technological context is attributed to von Neumann, who according to Ulam discussed the \"ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.\" This concept was fleshed out later in the book \"Future Shock\" by Alvin Toffler.Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe said \"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", and later Bethe wrote that \"[von Neumann's] brain indicated a new species, an evolution beyond man\". Seeing von Neumann's mind at work, Eugene Wigner wrote, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was\u00a0... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller admitted that he \"never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.\" Peter Lax wrote \"Von Neumann was addicted to thinking, and in particular to thinking about mathematics\".When George Dantzig brought von Neumann an unsolved problem in linear programming \"as I would to an ordinary mortal\", on which there had been no published literature, he was astonished when von Neumann said \"Oh, that!\", before offhandedly giving a lecture of over an hour, explaining how to solve the problem using the hitherto unconceived theory of duality.Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Eugene Wigner writes: \"'Jancsi,' I might say, 'Is angular momentum always an integer of \"h?\" ' He would return a day later with a decisive answer: 'Yes, if all particles are at rest.'... We were all in awe of Jancsi von Neumann\". Enrico Fermi told physicist Herbert L. Anderson: \"You know, Herb, Johnny can do calculations in his head ten times as fast as I can! And I can do them ten times as fast as you can, Herb, so you can see how impressive Johnny is!\"Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:Eugene Wigner told a similar story, only with a swallow instead of a fly, and says it was Max Born who posed the question to von Neumann in the 1920s.Von Neumann was also noted for his eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory). Herman Goldstine wrote:Von Neumann was reportedly able to memorize the pages of telephone directories. He entertained friends by asking them to randomly call out page numbers; he then recited the names, addresses and numbers therein.\"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"John von Neumann: Selected Letters\". James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 said that von Neumann \"may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\". In the foreword of Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei's \"Selected Letters\", Peter Lax wrote, \"To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics\".In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer after he was examined by physicians for a fall, whereupon they inspected a mass growing near his collarbone. The cancer was possibly caused by his radiation exposure during his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, \"So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,\" referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, \"There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Father Strittmatter administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic\". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.Von Neumann was on his deathbed when he entertained his brother by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's \"Faust\". On his deathbed, his mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish; at times Von Neumann even forgot the lines that his brother recited from Goethe's \"Faust\". He died at age 53 on February 8, 1957, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., under military security lest he reveal military secrets while heavily medicated. He was buried at Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey.PhD students BooksPopular periodicalsVideo", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "University of Hamburg", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "Institute for Advanced Study", "Ballistic Research Laboratory"], "facts": [["John von Neumann", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "January 1950", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "January 1941", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium", "January 1911", "January 1921"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1933", "January 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "January 1943", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "January 1955", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "University of Hamburg", "January 1929", "January 1930"], ["John von Neumann", "spouse", "Klara Dan von Neumann", "January 1938", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1923", "January 1925"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for 14 years and 5 months before he/she worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission?", "adv_question": "Which employer did John von Neumann work for 14 years and 5 months before he/she worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission?", "date": "August 05 1940", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institute for Advanced Study", "Ballistic Research Laboratory"]}, "id": "L3H_Q17455_P108_P108_128", "fact_context": "John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from January 1923 to January 1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1933 to January 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from January 1950 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1926 to January 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from January 1943 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from January 1941 to January 1955. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from January 1938 to February 1957. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from January 1911 to January 1921. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from January 1929 to January 1930. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from January 1930 to January 1933. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to January 1941. \n John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from January 1955 to February 1957.", "adv_fact_context": "John von Neumann worked for United States Atomic Energy Commission from Jan 1955 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1926 to Jan 1927. \n John von Neumann worked for University of Hamburg from Jan 1929 to 01/1930. \n John von Neumann worked for Institute for Advanced Study from Jan 1933 to Jan 1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Naval Ordnance Laboratory from Jan 1941 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Los Alamos National Laboratory from 01/1943 to 01/1955. \n John von Neumann worked for Ballistic Research Laboratory from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n John von Neumann studied at Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium from Jan 1911 to 01/1921. \n John von Neumann was married to Klara Dan von Neumann from 01/1938 to 02/1957. \n John von Neumann worked for Princeton University from Jan 1930 to 01/1933. \n John von Neumann studied at ETH Z\u00fcrich from Jan 1923 to 01/1925. \n John von Neumann worked for Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 01/1950 to Jan 1955.", "context": "John von NeumannJohn von Neumann (; , ; December 28, 1903\u00a0\u2013 February\u00a08, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be \"the last representative of the great mathematicians\". He integrated pure and applied sciences.Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, representation theory, operator algebras, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.Von Neumann published over 150 papers in his life: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical ones. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was in the hospital, was later published in book form as \"The Computer and the Brain\".His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term \"kiloton\" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and consulted for organizations including the United States Air Force, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As a Hungarian \u00e9migr\u00e9, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos to a wealthy, acculturated and non-observant Jewish family. In Hungarian the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mih\u00e1ly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907\u20131989) and Mikl\u00f3s (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911\u20132011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873\u20131928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation \"Margittai\", meaning \"of Margitta\" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann de Margitta), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, \"What are you calculating?\".When they were young, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages in addition to Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume \"Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen\". A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evang\u00e9likus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1914. Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend. This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, which included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (born 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as \"The Martians\".Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeg\u0151 posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.According to his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. in mathematics simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, \"Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort.\" He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected \"Privatdozent\" in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His powers of recall allowed him to quickly memorize the pages of telephone directories, and recite the names, addresses and numbers therein. In 1929, he briefly became a \"Privatdozent\" at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University.On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Marietta K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930. Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.In 1933, he was offered a lifetime professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he had announced his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California, Los Angeles. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: \"Oh, France won't matter.\"Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community. His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, \"Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?\" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did.Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving\u2014frequently while reading a book\u2014occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up. Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's \"Elements\", had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and in geometry, thanks to Hilbert's axioms. But at the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics, but did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the \"axiom of foundation\" and the notion of \"class.\"The axiom of foundation proposed that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel. If one set belongs to another, then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession. This excludes the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration called the \"method of inner models\", which became an essential instrument in set theory.The second approach to the problem of sets belonging to themselves took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class that belongs to other classes, while a \"proper class\" is defined as a class that does not belong to other classes. On the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets that do not belong to themselves. In contrast, on von Neumann's approach, the class of all sets that do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a \"proper class\", not a set.With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets avoided the contradictions of earlier systems and became usable as a foundation for mathematics, despite the lack of a proof of its consistency. The next question was whether it provided definitive answers to all mathematical questions that could be posed in it, or whether it might be improved by adding stronger axioms that could be used to prove a broader class of theorems. A strongly negative answer to whether it was definitive arrived in September 1930 at the historic Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth expressible in their language. Moreover, every consistent extension of these systems necessarily remains incomplete.Less than a month later, von Neumann, who had participated in the Conference, communicated to G\u00f6del an interesting consequence of his theorem: that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem, and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"Building on the work of Felix Hausdorff, in 1924 Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski proved that given a solid ball in 3\u2011dimensional space, there exists a decomposition of the ball into a finite number of disjoint subsets that can be reassembled together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. Banach and Tarski proved that, using isometric transformations, the result of taking apart and reassembling a two-dimensional figure would necessarily have the same area as the original. This would make creating two unit squares out of one impossible. But in a 1929 paper, von Neumann proved that paradoxical decompositions could use a group of transformations that include as a subgroup a free group with two generators. The group of area-preserving transformations contains such subgroups, and this opens the possibility of performing paradoxical decompositions using these subgroups. The class of groups von Neumann isolated in his work on Banach\u2013Tarski decompositions was very important in many areas of mathematics, including von Neumann's own later work in measure theory (see below).In a series of papers published in 1932, von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure. Of the 1932 papers on ergodic theory, Paul Halmos wrote that even \"if von Neumann had never done anything else, they would have been sufficient to guarantee him mathematical immortality\". By then von Neumann had already written his articles on operator theory, and the application of this work was instrumental in the von Neumann mean ergodic theorem.Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as being equal to the bicommutant. Von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of F.J. Murray, on the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 \"rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century\". The direct integral was later introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann.In measure theory, the \"problem of measure\" for an -dimensional Euclidean space may be stated as: \"does there exist a positive, normalized, invariant, and additive set function on the class of all subsets of ?\" The work of Felix Hausdorff and Stefan Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if or and a negative solution (because of the Banach\u2013Tarski paradox) in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character\": the existence of a measure could be determined by looking at the properties of the transformation group of the given space. The positive solution for spaces of dimension at most two, and the negative solution for higher dimensions, comes from the fact that the Euclidean group is a solvable group for dimension at most two, and is not solvable for higher dimensions. \"Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is a substitute of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., \"n\", it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Earlier, Menger and Birkhoff had axiomatized complex projective geometry in terms of the properties of its lattice of linear subspaces. Von Neumann, following his work on rings of operators, weakened those axioms to describe a broader class of lattices, the continuous geometries.While the dimensions of the subspaces of projective geometries are a discrete set (the non-negative integers), the dimensions of the elements of a continuous geometry can range continuously across the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.Between 1937 and 1939, von Neumann worked on lattice theory, the theory of partially ordered sets in which every two elements have a greatest lower bound and a least upper bound. Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices (properties that arise in the lattices of subspaces of inner product spaces): \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\"Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice having a \"basis\" of pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring . This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, in his 1932 work \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\". After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized in 1926 that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.The \"physics\" of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the \"mathematics\" of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the \"non-commutativity\" of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1935, Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. Hermann's work was largely ignored until after John S. Bell made essentially the same argument in 1966. In 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation and did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. In any case, Gleason's theorem of 1957 fills the gaps in von Neumann's approach.Von Neumann's proof inaugurated a line of research that ultimately led, through Bell's theorem and the experiments of Alain Aspect in 1982, to the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a \"notion of reality\" substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity.In a chapter of \"The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter. He argued that the mathematics of quantum mechanics allows the collapse of the wave function to be placed at any position in the causal chain from the measurement device to the \"subjective consciousness\" of the human observer. Although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance among the majority of physicists. The Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation has been summarized as follows:The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) \"minds\", which perform measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse.Though theories of quantum mechanics continue to evolve, there is a basic framework for the mathematical formalism of problems in quantum mechanics underlying most approaches that can be traced back to the mathematical formalisms and techniques first used by von Neumann. In other words, discussions about interpretation of the theory, and extensions to it, are now mostly conducted on the basis of shared assumptions about the mathematical foundations.Von Neumann entropy is extensively used in different forms (conditional entropy, relative entropy, etc.) in the framework of quantum information theory. Entanglement measures are based upon some quantity directly related to the von Neumann entropy. Given a statistical ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix formula_1, it is given by formula_2 Many of the same entropy measures in classical information theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as Holevo entropy and conditional quantum entropy.Quantum information theory is largely concerned with the interpretation and uses of von Neumann entropy. The von Neumann entropy is the cornerstone in the development of quantum information theory, while the Shannon entropy applies to classical information theory. This is considered a historical anomaly, as Shannon entropy might have been expected to be discovered before Von Neumann entropy, given the latter's more widespread application to quantum information theory. But Von Neumann discovered von Neumann entropy first, and applied it to questions of statistical physics. Decades later, Shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von Neumann what to call it. Von Neumann said to call it Shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von Neumann entropy.The formalism of density operators and matrices was introduced by von Neumann in 1927 and independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively. The density matrix is an alternative way to represent the state of a quantum system, which could otherwise be represented using the wavefunction. The density matrix allows the solution of certain time-dependent problems in quantum mechanics.The von Neumann measurement scheme, the ancestor of quantum decoherence theory, represents measurements projectively by taking into account the measuring apparatus which is also treated as a quantum object. The 'projective measurement' scheme introduced by von Neumann led to the development of quantum decoherence theories.Von Neumann first proposed a quantum logic in his 1932 treatise \"Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\", where he noted that projections on a Hilbert space can be viewed as propositions about physical observables. The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von Neumann and Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (\"e.g.\", horizontally and vertically), and therefore, \"a fortiori\", it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added \"between\" the other two, the photons will indeed pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the \"non-commutativity\" of conjunction formula_3. It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, formula_4 and formula_5, are not valid for quantum theory.The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is in turn attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case in quantum mechanics that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members is necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., \"x\" and \"y\") results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the \"x\" direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction \"y\" will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of \"y\" is positive or the spin in the direction of \"y\" is negative\" must be true for \u0278.In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which \"formula_6\", while formula_7.As Hilary Putnam writes, von Neumann replaced classical logic with a logic constructed in orthomodular lattices (isomorphic to the lattice of subspaces of the Hilbert space of a given physical system).Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. He proved his minimax theorem in 1928. It establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 \"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior\", written with Oskar Morgenstern. Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that \"The New York Times\" ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analysis, especially convex sets and the topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.Independently, Leonid Kantorovich's functional analytic work on mathematical economics also focused attention on optimization theory, non-differentiability, and vector lattices. Von Neumann's functional-analytic techniques\u2014the use of duality pairings of real vector spaces to represent prices and quantities, the use of supporting and separating hyperplanes and convex sets, and fixed-point theory\u2014have been the primary tools of mathematical economics ever since.Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several influential publications. For his model of an expanding economy, he proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil\u00a0\" A\u00a0\u2212\u00a0\u03bbB\" with nonnegative matrices\u00a0A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors\u00a0\"p\" and\u00a0\"q\" and a positive number\u00a0\"\u03bb\" that would solve the complementarity equationalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector \"p\" represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \"\u03bb\" represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate.Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where his model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of his model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in German that was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began while he was lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929. He spent his summers back home in Budapest, as did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in the book and corrected them\u2013for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras's Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.Building on his results on matrix games and on his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann invented the theory of duality in linear programming when George Dantzig described his work in a few minutes, and an impatient von Neumann asked him to get to the point. Dantzig then listened dumbfounded while von Neumann provided an hourlong lecture on convex sets, fixed-point theory, and duality, conjecturing the equivalence between matrix games and linear programming.Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Paul Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.Subsequently, Denis Sargan and Alok Bhargava extended the results for testing if the errors on a regression model follow a Gaussian random walk (\"i.e.\", possess a unit root) against the alternative that they are a stationary first order autoregression.Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in the field of fluid dynamics.Von Neumann's contributions to fluid dynamics included his discovery of the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery (independently of Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Werner D\u00f6ring) of the ZND detonation model of explosives. During the 1930s, von Neumann became an authority on the mathematics of shaped charges.Later with Robert D. Richtmyer, von Neumann developed an algorithm defining \"artificial viscosity\" that improved the understanding of shock waves. When computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of \"artificial viscosity\" smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics.Von Neumann soon applied computer modelling to the field, developing software for his ballistics research. During WW2, he arrived one day at the office of R.H. Kent, the Director of the US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, with a computer program he had created for calculating a one-dimensional model of 100 molecules to simulate a shock wave. Von Neumann then gave a seminar on his computer program to an audience which included his friend Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n. After von Neumann had finished, von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n said \"Well, Johnny, that's very interesting. Of course you realize Lagrange also used digital models to simulate continuum mechanics.\" It was evident from von Neumann's face, that he had been unaware of Lagrange's M\u00e9canique analytique.Stan Ulam, who knew von Neumann well, described his mastery of mathematics this way: \"Most mathematicians know one method. For example, Norbert Wiener had mastered Fourier transforms. Some mathematicians have mastered two methods and might really impress someone who knows only one of them. John von Neumann had mastered three methods.\" He went on to explain that the three methods were:Edward Teller wrote that \"Nobody knows all science, not even von Neumann did. But as for mathematics, he contributed to every part of it except number theory and topology. That is, I think, something unique.\"Von Neumann was asked to write an essay for the layman describing what mathematics is, and produced a beautiful analysis. He explained that mathematics straddles the world between the empirical and logical, arguing that geometry was originally empirical, but Euclid constructed a logical, deductive theory. However, he argued, that there is always the danger of straying too far from the real world and becoming irrelevant sophistry.Beginning in the late 1930s, von Neumann developed an expertise in explosions\u2014phenomena that are difficult to model mathematically. During this period, von Neumann was the leading authority of the mathematics of shaped charges. This led him to a large number of military consultancies, primarily for the Navy, which in turn led to his involvement in the Manhattan Project. The involvement included frequent trips by train to the project's secret research facilities at the Los Alamos Laboratory in a remote part of New Mexico.Von Neumann made his principal contribution to the atomic bomb in the concept and design of the explosive lenses that were needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.In a visit to Los Alamos in September 1944, von Neumann showed that the pressure increase from explosion shock wave reflection from solid objects was greater than previously believed if the angle of incidence of the shock wave was between 90\u00b0 and some limiting angle. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of an atomic bomb would be enhanced with detonation some kilometers above the target, rather than at ground level.Von Neumann, four other scientists, and various military personnel were included in the target selection committee that was responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.On July 16, 1945, von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity. The event was conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on to the Soviet Union by Fuchs as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"For his wartime services, von Neumann was awarded the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award in July 1946, and the Medal for Merit in October 1946.In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons. Over the following two years, he became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate-range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.Shortly before his death from cancer, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, which would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.Von Neumann is credited with developing the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Soviets considered that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons; they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:Von Neumann's assessment that the Soviets had a lead in missile technology, considered pessimistic at the time, was soon proven correct in the Sputnik crisis.Von Neumann entered government service primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the United States would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"On February 15, 1956, von Neumann was presented with the Medal of Freedom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His citation read:Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Von Neumann was the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged.Von Neumann wrote the 23 pages long sorting program for the EDVAC in ink. On the first page, traces of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased, can still be seen. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanis\u0142aw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. Von Neumann's algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, writing that \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\" Von Neumann also noted that when this method went awry it did so obviously, unlike other methods which could be subtly incorrect.While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete \"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC\". The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is the basis of most modern computer designs, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture was based on the work of Eckert and Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.John von Neumann consulted for the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, most notably on the ENIAC project, as a member of its Scientific Advisory Committee.The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved.The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed \"the defense computer\", include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953.However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s.Von Neumann's rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.Von Neumann created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper.The detailed proposal for a physical non-biological self-replicating system was first put forward in lectures von Neumann delivered in 1948 and 1949, when he first only proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton. While qualitatively sound, von Neumann was evidently dissatisfied with this model of a self-replicator due to the difficulty of analyzing it with mathematical rigor. He went on to instead develop a more abstract model self-replicator based on his original concept of cellular automata.Subsequently, the concept of the Von Neumann universal constructor based on the von Neumann cellular automaton was fleshed out in his posthumously published lectures \"Theory of Self Reproducing Automata\". Ulam and von Neumann created a method for calculating liquid motion in the 1950s. The driving concept of the method was to consider a liquid as a group of discrete units and calculate the motion of each based on its neighbors' behaviors. Like Ulam's lattice network, von Neumann's cellular automata are two-dimensional, with his self-replicator implemented algorithmically. The result was a universal copier and constructor working within a cellular automaton with a small neighborhood (only those cells that touch are neighbors; for von Neumann's cellular automata, only orthogonal cells), and with 29 states per cell. Von Neumann gave an existence proof that a particular pattern would make infinite copies of itself within the given cellular universe by designing a 200,000 cell configuration that could do so.Von Neumann addressed the evolutionary growth of complexity amongst his self-replicating machines. His \"proof-of-principle\" designs showed how it is logically possible, by using a general purpose programmable (\"universal\") constructor, to exhibit an indefinitely large class of self-replicators, spanning a wide range of complexity, interconnected by a network of potential mutational pathways, including pathways from the most simple to the most complex. This is an important result, as prior to that it might have been conjectured that there is a fundamental logical barrier to the existence of such pathways; in which case, biological organisms, which do support such pathways, could not be \"machines\", as conventionally understood. Von Neumann considers the potential for conflict between his self-reproducing machines, stating that \"our models lead to such conflict situations\", indicating it as a field of further study.The cybernetics movement highlighted the question of what it takes for self-reproduction to occur autonomously, and in 1952, John von Neumann designed an elaborate 2D cellular automaton that would automatically make a copy of its initial configuration of cells. The von Neumann neighborhood, in which each cell in a two-dimensional grid has the four orthogonally adjacent grid cells as neighbors, continues to be used for other cellular automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth.Von Neumann investigated the question of whether modelling evolution on a digital computer could solve the complexity problem in programming.Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.As part of his research into weather forecasting, von Neumann founded the \"Meteorological Program\" in Princeton in 1946, securing funding for his project from the US Navy. Von Neumann and his appointed assistant on this project, Jule Gregory Charney, wrote the world's first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann and his team published the results as \"Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation\" in 1950. Together they played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. Von Neumann proposed as the research program for climate modeling: \"The approach is to first try short-range forecasts, then long-range forecasts of those properties of the circulation that can perpetuate themselves over arbitrarily long periods of time, and only finally to attempt forecast for medium-long time periods which are too long to treat by simple hydrodynamic theory and too short to treat by the general principle of equilibrium theory.\"Von Neumann's research into weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo), thereby inducing global warming. Von Neumann proposed a theory of global warming as a result of the activity of humans, noting that the Earth was only colder during the last glacial period, he wrote in 1955: \"Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil - more than half of it during the last generation - may have changed the atmosphere's composition sufficiently to account for a general warming of the world by about one degree Fahrenheit.\" However, von Neumann urged a degree of caution in any program of intentional human weather manufacturing: \"What \"could\" be done, of course, is no index to what \"should\" be done... In fact, to evaluate the ultimate consequences of either a general cooling or a general heating would be a complex matter. Changes would affect the level of the seas, and hence the habitability of the continental coastal shelves; the evaporation of the seas, and hence general precipitation and glaciation levels; and so on... But there is little doubt that one \"could\" carry out the necessary analyses needed to predict the results, intervene on any desired scale, and ultimately achieve rather fantastic results.\"The first use of the concept of a in the technological context is attributed to von Neumann, who according to Ulam discussed the \"ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.\" This concept was fleshed out later in the book \"Future Shock\" by Alvin Toffler.Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe said \"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", and later Bethe wrote that \"[von Neumann's] brain indicated a new species, an evolution beyond man\". Seeing von Neumann's mind at work, Eugene Wigner wrote, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was\u00a0... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller admitted that he \"never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us.\" Peter Lax wrote \"Von Neumann was addicted to thinking, and in particular to thinking about mathematics\".When George Dantzig brought von Neumann an unsolved problem in linear programming \"as I would to an ordinary mortal\", on which there had been no published literature, he was astonished when von Neumann said \"Oh, that!\", before offhandedly giving a lecture of over an hour, explaining how to solve the problem using the hitherto unconceived theory of duality.Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Eugene Wigner writes: \"'Jancsi,' I might say, 'Is angular momentum always an integer of \"h?\" ' He would return a day later with a decisive answer: 'Yes, if all particles are at rest.'... We were all in awe of Jancsi von Neumann\". Enrico Fermi told physicist Herbert L. Anderson: \"You know, Herb, Johnny can do calculations in his head ten times as fast as I can! And I can do them ten times as fast as you can, Herb, so you can see how impressive Johnny is!\"Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:Eugene Wigner told a similar story, only with a swallow instead of a fly, and says it was Max Born who posed the question to von Neumann in the 1920s.Von Neumann was also noted for his eidetic memory (sometimes called photographic memory). Herman Goldstine wrote:Von Neumann was reportedly able to memorize the pages of telephone directories. He entertained friends by asking them to randomly call out page numbers; he then recited the names, addresses and numbers therein.\"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"John von Neumann: Selected Letters\". James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 said that von Neumann \"may have been the last representative of a once-flourishing and numerous group, the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics and who throughout their careers maintained a steady production in both directions\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\". In the foreword of Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei's \"Selected Letters\", Peter Lax wrote, \"To gain a measure of von Neumann's achievements, consider that had he lived a normal span of years, he would certainly have been a recipient of a Nobel Prize in economics. And if there were Nobel Prizes in computer science and mathematics, he would have been honored by these, too. So the writer of these letters should be thought of as a triple Nobel laureate or, possibly, a -fold winner, for his work in physics, in particular, quantum mechanics\".In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone, pancreatic or prostate cancer after he was examined by physicians for a fall, whereupon they inspected a mass growing near his collarbone. The cancer was possibly caused by his radiation exposure during his time in Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was not able to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, \"So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,\" referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, \"There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Father Strittmatter administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic\". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.Von Neumann was on his deathbed when he entertained his brother by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's \"Faust\". On his deathbed, his mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish; at times Von Neumann even forgot the lines that his brother recited from Goethe's \"Faust\". He died at age 53 on February 8, 1957, at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., under military security lest he reveal military secrets while heavily medicated. He was buried at Princeton Cemetery in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey.PhD students BooksPopular periodicalsVideo", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "University of Hamburg", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "Princeton University"], "facts": [["John von Neumann", "employer", "United States Atomic Energy Commission", "January 1955", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Los Alamos National Laboratory", "January 1943", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project", "January 1950", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1933", "January 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium", "January 1911", "January 1921"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Ballistic Research Laboratory", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "ETH Z\u00fcrich", "January 1923", "January 1925"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Naval Ordnance Laboratory", "January 1941", "January 1955"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "University of Hamburg", "January 1929", "January 1930"], ["John von Neumann", "spouse", "Klara Dan von Neumann", "January 1938", "February 1957"], ["John von Neumann", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["John von Neumann", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1930", "January 1933"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Joseph Leonard Walsh work for 30 years and 9 months after he/she studied at Columbia University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Joseph Leonard Walsh work for 30 years and 9 months after he/she studied at Columbia University?", "date": "October 26 1943", "text_answers": {"text": ["United States Navy"]}, "id": "L3H_Q1336492_P108_P69_7", "fact_context": "Joseph Leonard Walsh studied at University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from January 1916 to January 1917. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh worked for United States Army from January 1917 to January 1919. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh worked for United States Navy from January 1942 to January 1946. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh studied at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute from January 1908 to January 1912. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh studied at Columbia University from January 1912 to January 1913.", "adv_fact_context": "Joseph Leonard Walsh studied at Columbia University from 01/1912 to January 1913. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh worked for United States Navy from 01/1942 to January 1946. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh worked for United States Army from Jan 1917 to January 1919. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh studied at University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from January 1916 to Jan 1917. \n Joseph Leonard Walsh studied at Baltimore Polytechnic Institute from January 1908 to 01/1912.", "context": "Joseph L. WalshJoseph Leonard Walsh (September 21, 1895 \u2013 December 6, 1973) was an American mathematician who worked mainly in the field of analysis. The Walsh function and the Walsh\u2013Hadamard code are named after him. The Grace\u2013Walsh\u2013Szeg\u0151 coincidence theorem is important in the study of the location of the zeros of multivariate polynomials.He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1936 and served 1949\u201351 as president of the American Mathematical Society. Altogether he published 279 articles (research and others) and seven books, and advised 31 PhD students.For most of his professional career he studied and worked at Harvard University. He received a B.S. in 1916 and a PhD in 1920. The Advisor of his PhD was Maxime B\u00f4cher. Walsh started to work as lecturer in Harvard afterwards and became a full professor in 1935. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 at Strasbourg. With two different scholarships he was able to study in Paris under Paul Montel (1920\u201321) and in Munich under Constantin Carath\u00e9odory (1925\u201326). From 1937 to 1942 he served as chairman of his department at Harvard. During World War II he served as an officer in the US navy and was promoted to captain right after end of the war. After his retirement from Harvard in 1966 he accepted a position at the University of Maryland where he continued to work up to a few months before his death.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["United States Army"], "facts": [["Joseph Leonard Walsh", "employer", "United States Army", "January 1917", "January 1919"], ["Joseph Leonard Walsh", "educated at", "Columbia University", "January 1912", "January 1913"], ["Joseph Leonard Walsh", "educated at", "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison", "January 1916", "January 1917"], ["Joseph Leonard Walsh", "educated at", "Baltimore Polytechnic Institute", "January 1908", "January 1912"], ["Joseph Leonard Walsh", "employer", "United States Navy", "January 1942", "January 1946"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Johnnetta B. Cole work for 18 years and 4 months after he/she studied at Fisk University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Johnnetta B. Cole work for 18 years and four months after he/she studied at Fisk University?", "date": "May 15 1971", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Massachusetts Amherst"]}, "id": "L3H_Q15503036_P108_P69_1", "fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to January 1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from January 1998 to January 2001. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to January 1953. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from January 1970 to January 1983. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from January 1987 to January 1997. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from January 2009 to January 2017.", "adv_fact_context": "Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Bennett College from 01/2002 to Jan 2007. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for National Museum of African Art from Jan 2009 to Jan 2017. \n Johnnetta B. Cole studied at Fisk University from January 1952 to Jan 1953. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Washington State University from January 1969 to 01/1970. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Emory University from Jan 1998 to January 2001. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for Spelman College from 01/1987 to 01/1997. \n Johnnetta B. Cole worked for University of Massachusetts Amherst from Jan 1970 to January 1983.", "context": "Johnnetta ColeJohnnetta Betsch Cole (born October 19, 1936) is an American anthropologist, educator, museum director, and college president. Cole was the first female African-American president of Spelman College, a historically black college, serving from 1987 to 1997. She was president of Bennett College from 2002 to 2007. During 2009\u20132017 she was Director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art.Johnnetta Betsch was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on October 19, 1936. Her family belonged to the African-American upper class; She was a granddaughter of Abraham Lincoln Lewis, Florida's first black millionaire, entrepreneur and cofounder of the Afro-American Industrial and Benefit Association, and Mary Kingsley Sammis. Sammis' great-grandparents were Zephaniah Kingsley, a slave trader and slave owner, and his wife and former slave Anna Madgigine Jai, a Wolof princess who was originally from present-day Senegal. Her Fort George Island home is protected as Kingsley Plantation, a National Historic Landmark.Cole enrolled at the age of 15 in Fisk University, a historically black college. She transferred to Oberlin College in Ohio, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1957. She attended graduate school at Northwestern University, earning her Master of Arts (1959) and Doctor of Philosophy (1967) degrees in anthropology. She did her dissertation field research in Liberia, West Africa, in 1960\u20131961 through Northwestern University as part of their economic survey of the country.Cole served as a professor at Washington State University from 1962 to 1970, where she cofounded one of the US's first black studies programs. In 1970 Cole began working in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she served until 1982. While at the University of Massachusetts, she played a pivotal role in the development of the university's W.E.B. Du Bois Department of African-American Studies. Cole then moved to Hunter College in 1982, and became director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies program. From 1998 to 2001 Cole was a professor of Anthropology, Women's Studies, and African American Studies at Emory University in Atlanta.In 1987, Cole was selected as the first black female president of Spelman College, a prestigious historically black college for women. She served until 1997, building up their endowment through a $113 million capital campaign, attracting significantly higher enrollment as students increased, and, overall, the ranking of the school among the best liberal arts schools went up. Bill and Camille Cosby contributed $20 million to the capital campaign.After teaching at Emory University, she was recruited as president of Bennett College for Women, also a historically black college for women. There she led another successful capital campaign. In addition, she founded an art gallery to contribute to the college's culture. Cole is currently the Chair of the Johnnetta B. Cole Global Diversity & Inclusion Institute founded at Bennett College for Women. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.She was Director of the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, during 2009\u20132017. During her directorship the controversial exhibit, \"Conversations: African and African-American Artworks in Dialogue,\" featuring dozens of pieces from Bill and Camille Cosby's private art collection was held in 2015, coinciding with accusations of sexual assault against the comedian.Cole has also served in major corporations and foundations. Cole served for many years as board member at the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation. She has been a director of Merck & Co. since 1994. From 2004 to 2006, Cole was the Chair of the Board of Trustees of United Way of America and is on the Board of Directors of the United Way of Greater Greensboro. Since 2013, Cole has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.President-elect Bill Clinton appointed Cole to his transition team for education, labor, the arts, and humanities in 1992. He also considered her for the cabinet post of Secretary of Education. However, when \"The Jewish Daily Forward\" reported that she had been a member of the national committee of the Venceremos Brigades, which the Federal Bureau of Investigation had tied to Cuban intelligence forces, Clinton did not advance her nomination.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Emory University", "Bennett College", "Washington State University", "Spelman College", "National Museum of African Art"], "facts": [["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Bennett College", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Spelman College", "January 1987", "January 1997"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "National Museum of African Art", "January 2009", "January 2017"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "educated at", "Fisk University", "January 1952", "January 1953"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Emory University", "January 1998", "January 2001"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "University of Massachusetts Amherst", "January 1970", "January 1983"], ["Johnnetta B. Cole", "employer", "Washington State University", "January 1969", "January 1970"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of El Potro \u00c1lvarez 10 years after he/she was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of El Potro \u00c1lvarez 10 years after he/she was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera?", "date": "January 16 2015", "text_answers": {"text": ["Dayana Colmenares"]}, "id": "L3H_Q701423_P26_P26_1", "fact_context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz from January 2006 to January 2008. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Dayana Colmenares from January 2013 to May 2023. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera from January 2002 to January 2005. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez held the position of minister from January 2014 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarez held the position of minister from January 2014 to January 2015. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera from 01/2002 to 01/2005. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Dayana Colmenares from January 2013 to May 2023. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz from 01/2006 to January 2008.", "context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarezAntonio Enrique \u00c1lvarez Cisneros (; born 9 May 1979) is a Venezuelan politician and a former professional baseball player.Born in Caracas, he played professionally under the name Tony \u00c1lvarez. Furthermore, he is commonly known as El Potro \u00c1lvarez, a moniker that he has been using since starting his baseball career at a young age.\u00c1lvarez was a highly touted as a five-tool outfielder prospect. In addition to his playing in the 2002 All-Star Futures Game and the 2006 World Baseball Classic, he usually smashed hard line drives into the infield or deep into the outfield, played aggressive baserunning, and crashed the walls in pursuit of a fly ball, delighting baseball fans for most of a decade. \"People come out to the ballpark and pay money to watch the game\", \u00c1lvarez explained in an interview. \"I'm an aggressive player and it's hard for me to change. If I lose my aggressiveness, I won't be the same player\", he added.Additionally, during the same period \u00c1lvarez found time to develop a successful but not remarkable musical career, ventured in politics and even married three times, each one of his wives being former beauty queens, which led him to achieve celebrity status in his country.At age 25, \u00c1lvarez was ranked by \"Baseball America\" as one of the top ten prospects in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, but was never able to fulfill the potential that he showed in the Minor Leagues.Listed at 6' 1\" , 200 lb. , \u00c1lvarez batted and threw right-handed. He was signed by Pittsburgh at the age of 16 while attending high school in Venezuela. After graduating, he joined the Gulf Coast League Pirates rookie level in 1998 and gained five promotions in the next three years.\u00c1lvarez collected a .474 batting average in the 2002 spring training and impressed the Pittsburgh organization as much with his enthusiasm and magnetic personality. \"He's a high-energy guy\", Pirates farm director Brian Graham said. \"He plays the game hard and has the kind of attitude you want to see in a young player.\" His breakout season came this year, when he slashed a line of .318/.361/.483 with 15 home runs, 59 RBI and 29 stolen bases in 125 games for Double-A Altoona Curve, emerging as a leadoff hitter and playing for the World team in the Futures Game.\u00c1lvarez succeeded despite suffering personal adversity, missing the last month of the 2002 season at Altoona to return home to Venezuela to be with his father, who was battling leukemia. Once his father showed signs of recovery, \u00c1lvarez got the call to join the big club in late October. He played at the three outfield positions in eight games with the Pirates, including seven starts, and was used in pinch-hit roles seven times. He hit an average of .308 (8-for-26) with one home run and a .500 slugging percentage, driving in two runs and scoring six times, while stealing one base.In 2003, \u00c1lvarez batted .298/.361/.470 with nine homers and 53 RBI, while stealing 22 bases in 106 games for Triple-A Nashville Sounds, significant numbers as he spent two stints on the disabled list. He opened 2004 at Nashville, batting .290/.365/.457 with 14 homers, 59 runs, 48 RBI, 19 steals in 99 games.\u00c1lvarez was recalled by Pittsburgh during the 2004 midseason, but was used sparingly in 24 games. He hit a paltry .211 average with one homer and eight RBI but did not steal one base. He was released at the end of the season. Overall, he hit .250 and slugged 406 in 38 games for the Pirates, including 11 runs, 10 RBI and one stolen base.He then was signed by the Chicago White Sox as a free agent before the 2005 season, but failed to make the big club. After that, he played in the Baltimore Orioles minor league system in 2006, as well as for the Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in 2007.Over his nine-season Minor League career, \u00c1lvarez posted a .295 average and slugged .452 in 746 games appearances, batting 13 home runs with 387 RBI, while scoring 420 runs and stealing 217 stolen bases.In between, \u00c1lvarez played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas, Navegantes del Magallanes, Tiburones de La Guaira, Caribes de Anzo\u00e1tegui, \u00c1guilas del Zulia and Tigres de Aragua clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in a 15-season career spanning 1996\u20132014. He compiled a slash line of .282/.318/.463 with 46 home runs and 192 RBI in 466 games, scoring 228 runs scored and 46 stolen bases. Additionally, he served as a playoff reinforcement for the Pastora de Los Llanos and Cardenales de Lara, making him one of few players to wear all uniforms in the eight-team league.Starting 2009, \u00c1lvarez engaged on a musical career as a reggaeton artist. Usually using the stage name \"El Potro Alvarez\", he collaborated with various artists in a bunch of music videos taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style. These music videos were usually directed by Venezuelan Daniel Dur\u00e1n and Dominican Marlon Pe\u00f1a (aka Marlon P).Starting his political career in 2013, \u00c1lvarez ran as a United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV in Spanish) candidate for mayor of the Sucre Municipality, but was defeated by Carlos Ocariz.Then, in September 2014 Venezuelan President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro announced a reshuffle of his Cabinet and appointed \u00c1lvarez as the new Minister of Youth and Sports. The minister, during his statements, explained that sport in Venezuela had been deepened as a state policy during the last 15 years of revolution.In April 2015, President Maduro announced that \u00c1lvarez had been relieved of his ministerial duties. \u00c1lvarez was released from office due to his bid for the PSUV primary elections ahead of parliamentary elections.From 2002 to May 2005, \u00c1lvarez was married to Miss World Venezuela 1984 and Miss World 1984 Astrid Carolina Herrera. After they divorced, he married in December 2005 to Miss Venezuela 2002 winner and actress Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz, with whom he had a daughter named Mari\u00e1ngel Victoria. \u00c1lvarez and Ruiz divorced in 2008. Then in 2013 he married to Dayana Colmenares, a model and winner of Miss Venezuela International 2007, and this couple have a daughter, Mia Dayana, who was born in 2014.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Astrid Carolina Herrera", "Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz"], "facts": [["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "position held", "minister", "January 2014", "January 2015"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Dayana Colmenares", "January 2013", "May 2023"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Astrid Carolina Herrera", "January 2002", "January 2005"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz", "January 2006", "January 2008"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of El Potro \u00c1lvarez 8 years and 8 months before he/she was married to Dayana Colmenares?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of El Potro \u00c1lvarez eight years and eight months before he/she was married to Dayana Colmenares?", "date": "May 16 2004", "text_answers": {"text": ["Astrid Carolina Herrera"]}, "id": "L3H_Q701423_P26_P26_6", "fact_context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Dayana Colmenares from January 2013 to May 2023. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera from January 2002 to January 2005. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez held the position of minister from January 2014 to January 2015. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz from January 2006 to January 2008.", "adv_fact_context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarez held the position of minister from January 2014 to January 2015. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz from 01/2006 to January 2008. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Astrid Carolina Herrera from 01/2002 to 01/2005. \n El Potro \u00c1lvarez was married to Dayana Colmenares from January 2013 to May 2023.", "context": "El Potro \u00c1lvarezAntonio Enrique \u00c1lvarez Cisneros (; born 9 May 1979) is a Venezuelan politician and a former professional baseball player.Born in Caracas, he played professionally under the name Tony \u00c1lvarez. Furthermore, he is commonly known as El Potro \u00c1lvarez, a moniker that he has been using since starting his baseball career at a young age.\u00c1lvarez was a highly touted as a five-tool outfielder prospect. In addition to his playing in the 2002 All-Star Futures Game and the 2006 World Baseball Classic, he usually smashed hard line drives into the infield or deep into the outfield, played aggressive baserunning, and crashed the walls in pursuit of a fly ball, delighting baseball fans for most of a decade. \"People come out to the ballpark and pay money to watch the game\", \u00c1lvarez explained in an interview. \"I'm an aggressive player and it's hard for me to change. If I lose my aggressiveness, I won't be the same player\", he added.Additionally, during the same period \u00c1lvarez found time to develop a successful but not remarkable musical career, ventured in politics and even married three times, each one of his wives being former beauty queens, which led him to achieve celebrity status in his country.At age 25, \u00c1lvarez was ranked by \"Baseball America\" as one of the top ten prospects in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, but was never able to fulfill the potential that he showed in the Minor Leagues.Listed at 6' 1\" , 200 lb. , \u00c1lvarez batted and threw right-handed. He was signed by Pittsburgh at the age of 16 while attending high school in Venezuela. After graduating, he joined the Gulf Coast League Pirates rookie level in 1998 and gained five promotions in the next three years.\u00c1lvarez collected a .474 batting average in the 2002 spring training and impressed the Pittsburgh organization as much with his enthusiasm and magnetic personality. \"He's a high-energy guy\", Pirates farm director Brian Graham said. \"He plays the game hard and has the kind of attitude you want to see in a young player.\" His breakout season came this year, when he slashed a line of .318/.361/.483 with 15 home runs, 59 RBI and 29 stolen bases in 125 games for Double-A Altoona Curve, emerging as a leadoff hitter and playing for the World team in the Futures Game.\u00c1lvarez succeeded despite suffering personal adversity, missing the last month of the 2002 season at Altoona to return home to Venezuela to be with his father, who was battling leukemia. Once his father showed signs of recovery, \u00c1lvarez got the call to join the big club in late October. He played at the three outfield positions in eight games with the Pirates, including seven starts, and was used in pinch-hit roles seven times. He hit an average of .308 (8-for-26) with one home run and a .500 slugging percentage, driving in two runs and scoring six times, while stealing one base.In 2003, \u00c1lvarez batted .298/.361/.470 with nine homers and 53 RBI, while stealing 22 bases in 106 games for Triple-A Nashville Sounds, significant numbers as he spent two stints on the disabled list. He opened 2004 at Nashville, batting .290/.365/.457 with 14 homers, 59 runs, 48 RBI, 19 steals in 99 games.\u00c1lvarez was recalled by Pittsburgh during the 2004 midseason, but was used sparingly in 24 games. He hit a paltry .211 average with one homer and eight RBI but did not steal one base. He was released at the end of the season. Overall, he hit .250 and slugged 406 in 38 games for the Pirates, including 11 runs, 10 RBI and one stolen base.He then was signed by the Chicago White Sox as a free agent before the 2005 season, but failed to make the big club. After that, he played in the Baltimore Orioles minor league system in 2006, as well as for the Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in 2007.Over his nine-season Minor League career, \u00c1lvarez posted a .295 average and slugged .452 in 746 games appearances, batting 13 home runs with 387 RBI, while scoring 420 runs and stealing 217 stolen bases.In between, \u00c1lvarez played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas, Navegantes del Magallanes, Tiburones de La Guaira, Caribes de Anzo\u00e1tegui, \u00c1guilas del Zulia and Tigres de Aragua clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in a 15-season career spanning 1996\u20132014. He compiled a slash line of .282/.318/.463 with 46 home runs and 192 RBI in 466 games, scoring 228 runs scored and 46 stolen bases. Additionally, he served as a playoff reinforcement for the Pastora de Los Llanos and Cardenales de Lara, making him one of few players to wear all uniforms in the eight-team league.Starting 2009, \u00c1lvarez engaged on a musical career as a reggaeton artist. Usually using the stage name \"El Potro Alvarez\", he collaborated with various artists in a bunch of music videos taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style. These music videos were usually directed by Venezuelan Daniel Dur\u00e1n and Dominican Marlon Pe\u00f1a (aka Marlon P).Starting his political career in 2013, \u00c1lvarez ran as a United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV in Spanish) candidate for mayor of the Sucre Municipality, but was defeated by Carlos Ocariz.Then, in September 2014 Venezuelan President Nicol\u00e1s Maduro announced a reshuffle of his Cabinet and appointed \u00c1lvarez as the new Minister of Youth and Sports. The minister, during his statements, explained that sport in Venezuela had been deepened as a state policy during the last 15 years of revolution.In April 2015, President Maduro announced that \u00c1lvarez had been relieved of his ministerial duties. \u00c1lvarez was released from office due to his bid for the PSUV primary elections ahead of parliamentary elections.From 2002 to May 2005, \u00c1lvarez was married to Miss World Venezuela 1984 and Miss World 1984 Astrid Carolina Herrera. After they divorced, he married in December 2005 to Miss Venezuela 2002 winner and actress Mari\u00e1ngel Ruiz, with whom he had a daughter named Mari\u00e1ngel Victoria. \u00c1lvarez and Ruiz divorced in 2008. Then in 2013 he married to Dayana Colmenares, a model and winner of Miss Venezuela International 2007, and this couple have a daughter, Mia Dayana, who was born in 2014.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Dayana Colmenares", "Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz"], "facts": [["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "position held", "minister", "January 2014", "January 2015"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Dayana Colmenares", "January 2013", "May 2023"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Astrid Carolina Herrera", "January 2002", "January 2005"], ["El Potro \u00c1lvarez", "spouse", "Mari\u00e1ngel  Carolina Ruiz Diaz", "January 2006", "January 2008"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Denis Healey hold 3 years and 1 months after he/she held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom?", "adv_question": "Which position did Denis Healey hold three years and 1 months after he/she held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom?", "date": "October 11 1977", "text_answers": {"text": ["Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom"]}, "id": "L3H_Q332360_P39_P39_191", "fact_context": "Denis Healey held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from September 1963 to September 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1979 to May 1983. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to September 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from May 1979 to December 1980. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from April 1964 to October 1964. \n Denis Healey was married to Edna Healey from December 1945 to July 2010. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1974 to April 1979. \n Denis Healey held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from March 1974 to May 1979. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from December 1980 to June 1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1983 to May 1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1987 to March 1992. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to February 1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1964 to March 1966. \n Denis Healey held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May 1952 to May 1953. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1955 to September 1959. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1952 to May 1955. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1966 to May 1970. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the House of Lords from June 1992 to October 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1955 to September 1959. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun 1983 to 05/1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun 1992 to Oct 2015. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun 1987 to Mar 1992. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from May 1979 to December 1980. \n Denis Healey held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep 1963 to Sep 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1964 to March 1966. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from 10/1959 to Sep 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 02/1974 to September 1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1966 to 05/1970. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1974 to 04/1979. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1970 to 02/1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1952 to 05/1955. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from Apr 1964 to Oct 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 05/1952 to May 1953. \n Denis Healey held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from March 1974 to 05/1979. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from December 1980 to June 1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 05/1979 to May 1983. \n Denis Healey was married to Edna Healey from December 1945 to July 2010.", "context": "Denis HealeyDenis Winston Healey, Baron Healey (30 August 1917 \u2013 3 October 2015) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date. He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992, and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983. To the public at large, Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows, his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase.Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War. He was later an agent for the Information Research Department, a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communist propaganda during the early Cold War. Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East. He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election, which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election.After Labour's victory at the 1964 election, he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary; he held this role until Labour's defeat at the 1970 election, making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date. When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election, Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer. He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976, but lost to James Callaghan; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government. During his time as Chancellor, Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the British economy, which imposed external conditions on public spending.Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980, but narrowly lost to Michael Foot. Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader, but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections, Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981, and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1%. Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labour's landslide defeat at the 1983 election, Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987, and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992. Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98, having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords, and the last surviving member of Harold Wilson's first government formed in 1964.Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham, Kent, but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five. His parents were Winifred Mary (n\u00e9e Powell; 1889\u20131988) and William Healey (1886\u20131977). His middle name honoured Winston Churchill.Healey had one brother, Terence Blair Healey (1920\u20131998), known as Terry. His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins, studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school. His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland.Healey's family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth.Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School. In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford, to read Greats. He there became involved in Labour politics, although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society. Also while at Oxford, Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge, but left in 1940 after the Fall of France.At Oxford, Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath (then known as \"Teddy\"), whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room, and who became a lifelong friend and political rival.Healey achieved a double first degree, awarded in 1940. He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College, Oxford in 1940.After graduation, Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941. Serving with the Royal Engineers, he saw action in the North African campaign, the Allied invasion of Sicily (1943) and the Italian campaign (1943\u20131945) and was the military landing officer (\"beach master\") for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944.Healey became an MBE in 1945.He left the service with the rank of Major. He declined an offer to remain in the army, with the rank of Lieutenant colonel, as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt. He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol, which would have led to an academic career.Healey joined the Labour Party. Still in uniform, he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945, declaring, \"the upper classes in every country are selfish, depraved, dissolute and decadent\" shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley, doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes.He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party, becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe. He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally. From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961. He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961. Healey used his position as the Labour Party's International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists, used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions, and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts.Healey was one of the leading players in the K\u00f6nigswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War. Healey met Hans von Herwarth, the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker and other leading German decision makers. The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day.Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952, with a majority of 7,000 votes. Following constituency boundary changes, he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election, holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992.He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s. He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell. He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt, resulting in the Suez Crisis. When Gaitskell died in 1963, he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskell's volatile deputy, George Brown, leading Labour, saying \"He was like immortal Jemima; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid\". He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second. Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election. He didn't think Brown was capable of doing either. He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964.Following Labour's victory in the 1964 general election, Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson. He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women, and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe. He was best known for his economising, liquidating most of Britain's military role outside of Europe, and cancelling expensive projects. The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO. He cut defence expenditure, scrapping the carrier HMS \"Centaur\" and the reconstructed HMS \"Victorious\" in 1967, cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and, just before Labour's defeat in 1970, downgrading HMS \"Hermes\" to a commando carrier. He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine. He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and, more controversially, both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu.Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers, Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just \"floating slums\" and \"too vulnerable\". He continued postwar Conservative governments' reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy, RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad, including to regimes such as those in Iran, Libya, Chile and apartheid South Africa, to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order. This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson, who had, initially, also supported the policy. Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa.In January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS \"Ark Royal\" and HMS \"Eagle\" would be scrapped in 1972. They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia, \"East of Aden\", primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives. The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy, and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976. Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia. Following Labour's defeat in the 1970 general election, he became Shadow Defence Secretary.Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community (Common Market). At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973, he said, \"I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings\". In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974, Healey went further, promising he would \"squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak.\" He alleged that Lord Carrington, the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy, had made \u00a310m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land. When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labour's chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals, Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labour's policy of the redistribution of income and wealth; \"That is what our policy is, the party must face the realities of it\".Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government. His tenure is sometimes divided into \"Healey Mark I\" and \"Healey Mark II\". The divide is marked by his decision, taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan, to seek an International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision. The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976, and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976. Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I (which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax) to Healey Mark II (associated with government-specified wage control) was regarded as a betrayal. Healey's policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over \u00a34,000 per year would be taxed more heavily. His first budget saw increases in food subsidies, pensions and other benefits.When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader. On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates. However, he also contested the second round, coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat.Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives, led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979, following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes. On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour. Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and \"The Glasgow Herald\" suggested that this showed that he was the \"strongest contender\" to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader.When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980, Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election, decided by Labour MPs. In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader, 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher. However, he lost to Michael Foot. He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted; in one notable incident, Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had \"nowhere else to go\". When Mike Thomas, the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party (SDP), he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found \"somewhere else to go\". Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader, thus helping their newly established party.Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot, but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system, one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament. The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party, and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benn's 49.6%. The narrowness of Healey's majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU) delegation to the Labour Party conference. Ignoring its members, who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey, it cast the union's block vote (the largest in the union section) for Benn. A significant factor in Benn's narrow loss, however, was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group, which split as a result. Healey attracted just enough support from other unions, constituency parties and Labour MPs to win.Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s, a job he coveted. He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982. He accused Thatcher of \"glorying in slaughter\", and had to withdraw the remark (he later claimed he had meant to say \"conflict\"). Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock, who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election, when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades.Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader.His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party. After the 1987 general election, he retired from the Shadow Cabinet, and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP. In that year he received a life peerage as \"Baron Healey, of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire\". Healey was regarded by some \u2013 especially in the Labour Party \u2013 as \"the best Prime Minister we never had\". He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group. He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book \".\"During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4, Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994, following the death of John Smith. Healey later became critical of Blair. He publicly opposed Blair's decision to use military force in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. In the spring of 2004, and again in 2005, he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown. In July 2006 he argued, \"Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War\", and, \"I don't think we need nuclear weapons any longer\".In March 2013 during an interview with the \"New Statesman\", Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU, he would vote to leave. In May, he further said: \"I wouldn't object strongly to leaving the EU. The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious. The disadvantages are very obvious. I can see the case for leaving \u2013 the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in\".Following the death of Alan Campbell, Baron Campbell of Alloway, in June 2013, Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords. Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014, Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election, and the second-oldest surviving former MP, after Ronald Atkins.Healey's notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public. When the media were not present, his humour was equally caustic but more risqu\u00e9. The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase \"Silly Billy\", and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed \"Healey-ism\". Healey had never said it until that point, but he adopted it and used it frequently. Healey's direct speech made enemies. \"At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being 'out of his tiny Chinese mind' \u2013 a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold, with which I thought everyone was familiar. On the contrary, when it leaked to the press, the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the People's Republic.\" The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilson's resignation.His long-serving deputy at the Treasury, Joel Barnett, in response to a remark by a third party that \"Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother\", quipped, \"No, he would get me to do it for him\". On 14 June 1978, Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being \"savaged by a dead sheep\". Nevertheless, Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on \"This Is Your Life\" in 1989. The two remained friends for many years, and Howe died only six days after Healey.Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945, the two having met at Oxford University before the war. The couple had three children, one of whom is the broadcaster, writer and record producer Tim Healey. Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010, aged 92. They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston, East Sussex. In 1987, Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital \u2013 this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healey's pro-NHS beliefs. Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am, Healey became critical and ended the interview. He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton.Healey was an amateur photographer for many years, also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction. He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events. In a May 2012 interview for \"The Daily Telegraph\", Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool. Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston, Sussex, on 3 October 2015, at the age of 98. He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrew's Church, Alfriston. In 2017, his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library.In 2004, Healey became the recipient of the first Veteran's Badge.Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healey's First law of holes. This is a minor adaptation of a saying often attributed to Will Rogers.Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC One's \"Morecambe and Wise Show\". In 1986 he appeared in series one of \"Saturday Live\". He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis's \"The Falklands Play\". He appeared on \"The Dame Edna Experience\" in the song and dance number \"Style\" alongside actor Roger Moore.Healey was satirised in the ITV series \"Spitting Image\", his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows, with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programme's first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that year's European elections. The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial \"The Sun Makers\" from the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\", in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey.In 1994, Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards. This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal, subsequently revealed to be a fabrication, involving Norman Lamont's personal life. Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsbury's in the previous year.During Led Zeppelin's 1975 and 1977 concert tours, Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song \"In My Time of Dying\" to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing. During Yes's recording of what was to become the album \"Tormato\" (1978), there was an outtake called \"Money\", on which the Yes keyboardist at the time, Rick Wakeman, provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey.Healey's publications include: \"Healey's Eye\" (photography, 1980), \"The Time of My Life\" (his autobiography, 1989), \"When Shrimps Learn to Whistle\" (1990), \"My Secret Planet\" (an anthology, 1992), \"Denis Healey's Yorkshire Dales\" (1995) and \"Healey's World\" (2002).", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Shadow Foreign Secretary", "Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Shadow Secretary of State for Defence", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"], "facts": [["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1983", "May 1987"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1955", "September 1959"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1966", "May 1970"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "September 1963", "September 1964"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1974", "September 1974"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Shadow Secretary of State for Defence", "April 1964", "October 1964"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the House of Lords", "June 1992", "October 2015"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1952", "May 1955"], ["Denis Healey", "spouse", "Edna Healey", "December 1945", "July 2010"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1970", "February 1974"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "March 1974", "May 1979"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1964", "March 1966"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1974", "April 1979"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Shadow Foreign Secretary", "December 1980", "June 1987"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1979", "May 1983"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1987", "March 1992"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "May 1952", "May 1953"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "May 1979", "December 1980"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1959", "September 1964"]]}
{"question": "Which position did Denis Healey hold 3 years and 6 months before he/she held the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary?", "adv_question": "Which position did Denis Healey hold three years and six months before he/she held the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary?", "date": "June 18 1977", "text_answers": {"text": ["Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom"]}, "id": "L3H_Q332360_P39_P39_282", "fact_context": "Denis Healey held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from May 1952 to May 1953. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1974 to April 1979. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from December 1980 to June 1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the House of Lords from June 1992 to October 2015. \n Denis Healey held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from September 1963 to September 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1979 to May 1983. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1955 to September 1959. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1974 to September 1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to February 1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1952 to May 1955. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1964 to March 1966. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from May 1979 to December 1980. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1966 to May 1970. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from October 1959 to September 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from March 1974 to May 1979. \n Denis Healey was married to Edna Healey from December 1945 to July 2010. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1987 to March 1992. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from June 1983 to May 1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from April 1964 to October 1964.", "adv_fact_context": "Denis Healey held the position of Member of the House of Lords from Jun 1992 to Oct 2015. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 06/1970 to 02/1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun 1983 to 05/1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer from March 1974 to 05/1979. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 02/1974 to September 1974. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom from 05/1979 to May 1983. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1974 to 04/1979. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom from Oct 1964 to March 1966. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom from May 1955 to September 1959. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from May 1979 to December 1980. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom from February 1952 to 05/1955. \n Denis Healey held the position of Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from Sep 1963 to Sep 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Foreign Secretary from December 1980 to June 1987. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom from 10/1959 to Sep 1964. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom from March 1966 to 05/1970. \n Denis Healey held the position of Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 05/1952 to May 1953. \n Denis Healey held the position of Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from Apr 1964 to Oct 1964. \n Denis Healey was married to Edna Healey from December 1945 to July 2010. \n Denis Healey held the position of Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom from Jun 1987 to Mar 1992.", "context": "Denis HealeyDenis Winston Healey, Baron Healey (30 August 1917 \u2013 3 October 2015) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date. He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992, and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983. To the public at large, Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows, his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase.Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War. He was later an agent for the Information Research Department, a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communist propaganda during the early Cold War. Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East. He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election, which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election.After Labour's victory at the 1964 election, he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary; he held this role until Labour's defeat at the 1970 election, making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date. When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election, Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer. He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976, but lost to James Callaghan; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government. During his time as Chancellor, Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the British economy, which imposed external conditions on public spending.Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980, but narrowly lost to Michael Foot. Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader, but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections, Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981, and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1%. Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labour's landslide defeat at the 1983 election, Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987, and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992. Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98, having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords, and the last surviving member of Harold Wilson's first government formed in 1964.Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham, Kent, but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five. His parents were Winifred Mary (n\u00e9e Powell; 1889\u20131988) and William Healey (1886\u20131977). His middle name honoured Winston Churchill.Healey had one brother, Terence Blair Healey (1920\u20131998), known as Terry. His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins, studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school. His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland.Healey's family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth.Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School. In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford, to read Greats. He there became involved in Labour politics, although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society. Also while at Oxford, Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge, but left in 1940 after the Fall of France.At Oxford, Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath (then known as \"Teddy\"), whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room, and who became a lifelong friend and political rival.Healey achieved a double first degree, awarded in 1940. He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College, Oxford in 1940.After graduation, Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941. Serving with the Royal Engineers, he saw action in the North African campaign, the Allied invasion of Sicily (1943) and the Italian campaign (1943\u20131945) and was the military landing officer (\"beach master\") for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944.Healey became an MBE in 1945.He left the service with the rank of Major. He declined an offer to remain in the army, with the rank of Lieutenant colonel, as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt. He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol, which would have led to an academic career.Healey joined the Labour Party. Still in uniform, he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945, declaring, \"the upper classes in every country are selfish, depraved, dissolute and decadent\" shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley, doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes.He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party, becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe. He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally. From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961. He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961. Healey used his position as the Labour Party's International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists, used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions, and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts.Healey was one of the leading players in the K\u00f6nigswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War. Healey met Hans von Herwarth, the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker and other leading German decision makers. The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day.Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952, with a majority of 7,000 votes. Following constituency boundary changes, he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election, holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992.He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s. He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell. He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt, resulting in the Suez Crisis. When Gaitskell died in 1963, he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskell's volatile deputy, George Brown, leading Labour, saying \"He was like immortal Jemima; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid\". He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second. Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election. He didn't think Brown was capable of doing either. He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964.Following Labour's victory in the 1964 general election, Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson. He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women, and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe. He was best known for his economising, liquidating most of Britain's military role outside of Europe, and cancelling expensive projects. The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO. He cut defence expenditure, scrapping the carrier HMS \"Centaur\" and the reconstructed HMS \"Victorious\" in 1967, cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and, just before Labour's defeat in 1970, downgrading HMS \"Hermes\" to a commando carrier. He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine. He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and, more controversially, both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu.Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers, Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just \"floating slums\" and \"too vulnerable\". He continued postwar Conservative governments' reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy, RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad, including to regimes such as those in Iran, Libya, Chile and apartheid South Africa, to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order. This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson, who had, initially, also supported the policy. Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa.In January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS \"Ark Royal\" and HMS \"Eagle\" would be scrapped in 1972. They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia, \"East of Aden\", primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives. The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy, and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976. Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia. Following Labour's defeat in the 1970 general election, he became Shadow Defence Secretary.Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community (Common Market). At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973, he said, \"I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings\". In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974, Healey went further, promising he would \"squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak.\" He alleged that Lord Carrington, the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy, had made \u00a310m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land. When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labour's chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals, Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labour's policy of the redistribution of income and wealth; \"That is what our policy is, the party must face the realities of it\".Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government. His tenure is sometimes divided into \"Healey Mark I\" and \"Healey Mark II\". The divide is marked by his decision, taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan, to seek an International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision. The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976, and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976. Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I (which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax) to Healey Mark II (associated with government-specified wage control) was regarded as a betrayal. Healey's policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over \u00a34,000 per year would be taxed more heavily. His first budget saw increases in food subsidies, pensions and other benefits.When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader. On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates. However, he also contested the second round, coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat.Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives, led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979, following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes. On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour. Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and \"The Glasgow Herald\" suggested that this showed that he was the \"strongest contender\" to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader.When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980, Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election, decided by Labour MPs. In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader, 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher. However, he lost to Michael Foot. He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted; in one notable incident, Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had \"nowhere else to go\". When Mike Thomas, the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party (SDP), he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found \"somewhere else to go\". Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader, thus helping their newly established party.Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot, but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system, one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament. The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party, and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benn's 49.6%. The narrowness of Healey's majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU) delegation to the Labour Party conference. Ignoring its members, who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey, it cast the union's block vote (the largest in the union section) for Benn. A significant factor in Benn's narrow loss, however, was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group, which split as a result. Healey attracted just enough support from other unions, constituency parties and Labour MPs to win.Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s, a job he coveted. He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982. He accused Thatcher of \"glorying in slaughter\", and had to withdraw the remark (he later claimed he had meant to say \"conflict\"). Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock, who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election, when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades.Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader.His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party. After the 1987 general election, he retired from the Shadow Cabinet, and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP. In that year he received a life peerage as \"Baron Healey, of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire\". Healey was regarded by some \u2013 especially in the Labour Party \u2013 as \"the best Prime Minister we never had\". He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group. He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book \".\"During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4, Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994, following the death of John Smith. Healey later became critical of Blair. He publicly opposed Blair's decision to use military force in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. In the spring of 2004, and again in 2005, he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown. In July 2006 he argued, \"Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War\", and, \"I don't think we need nuclear weapons any longer\".In March 2013 during an interview with the \"New Statesman\", Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU, he would vote to leave. In May, he further said: \"I wouldn't object strongly to leaving the EU. The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious. The disadvantages are very obvious. I can see the case for leaving \u2013 the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in\".Following the death of Alan Campbell, Baron Campbell of Alloway, in June 2013, Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords. Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014, Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election, and the second-oldest surviving former MP, after Ronald Atkins.Healey's notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public. When the media were not present, his humour was equally caustic but more risqu\u00e9. The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase \"Silly Billy\", and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed \"Healey-ism\". Healey had never said it until that point, but he adopted it and used it frequently. Healey's direct speech made enemies. \"At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being 'out of his tiny Chinese mind' \u2013 a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold, with which I thought everyone was familiar. On the contrary, when it leaked to the press, the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the People's Republic.\" The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilson's resignation.His long-serving deputy at the Treasury, Joel Barnett, in response to a remark by a third party that \"Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother\", quipped, \"No, he would get me to do it for him\". On 14 June 1978, Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being \"savaged by a dead sheep\". Nevertheless, Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on \"This Is Your Life\" in 1989. The two remained friends for many years, and Howe died only six days after Healey.Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945, the two having met at Oxford University before the war. The couple had three children, one of whom is the broadcaster, writer and record producer Tim Healey. Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010, aged 92. They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston, East Sussex. In 1987, Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital \u2013 this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healey's pro-NHS beliefs. Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am, Healey became critical and ended the interview. He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton.Healey was an amateur photographer for many years, also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction. He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events. In a May 2012 interview for \"The Daily Telegraph\", Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool. Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliament's oral history project.After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston, Sussex, on 3 October 2015, at the age of 98. He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrew's Church, Alfriston. In 2017, his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library.In 2004, Healey became the recipient of the first Veteran's Badge.Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healey's First law of holes. This is a minor adaptation of a saying often attributed to Will Rogers.Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC One's \"Morecambe and Wise Show\". In 1986 he appeared in series one of \"Saturday Live\". He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis's \"The Falklands Play\". He appeared on \"The Dame Edna Experience\" in the song and dance number \"Style\" alongside actor Roger Moore.Healey was satirised in the ITV series \"Spitting Image\", his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows, with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programme's first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that year's European elections. The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial \"The Sun Makers\" from the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\", in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey.In 1994, Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards. This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal, subsequently revealed to be a fabrication, involving Norman Lamont's personal life. Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsbury's in the previous year.During Led Zeppelin's 1975 and 1977 concert tours, Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song \"In My Time of Dying\" to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing. During Yes's recording of what was to become the album \"Tormato\" (1978), there was an outtake called \"Money\", on which the Yes keyboardist at the time, Rick Wakeman, provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey.Healey's publications include: \"Healey's Eye\" (photography, 1980), \"The Time of My Life\" (his autobiography, 1989), \"When Shrimps Learn to Whistle\" (1990), \"My Secret Planet\" (an anthology, 1992), \"Denis Healey's Yorkshire Dales\" (1995) and \"Healey's World\" (2002).", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "Shadow Foreign Secretary", "Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the House of Lords", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "Shadow Secretary of State for Defence", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"], "facts": [["Denis Healey", "position held", "Shadow Secretary of State for Defence", "April 1964", "October 1964"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Shadow Foreign Secretary", "December 1980", "June 1987"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Substitute member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "May 1952", "May 1953"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Chancellor of the Exchequer", "March 1974", "May 1979"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 46th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1974", "September 1974"], ["Denis Healey", "spouse", "Edna Healey", "December 1945", "July 2010"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 40th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "February 1952", "May 1955"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 47th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1974", "April 1979"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 45th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1970", "February 1974"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer", "May 1979", "December 1980"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Representative of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe", "September 1963", "September 1964"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 48th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1979", "May 1983"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 49th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1983", "May 1987"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 50th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "June 1987", "March 1992"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 42nd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1959", "September 1964"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 43rd Parliament of the United Kingdom", "October 1964", "March 1966"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 41st Parliament of the United Kingdom", "May 1955", "September 1959"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the House of Lords", "June 1992", "October 2015"], ["Denis Healey", "position held", "Member of the 44th Parliament of the United Kingdom", "March 1966", "May 1970"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Fabrizio Cicchitto belong to 5 years before he/she was the member of Popular Alternative?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Fabrizio Cicchitto belong to 5 years before he/she was the member of Popular Alternative?", "date": "January 31 2012", "text_answers": {"text": ["The People of Freedom"]}, "id": "L3H_Q3737980_P102_P102_39", "fact_context": "Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Reform Socialist Party from January 1994 to January 1996. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the The People of Freedom from March 2009 to November 2013. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Forza Italia from January 1999 to March 2009. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the New Centre-Right from November 2013 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Popular Alternative from January 2017 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from March 2013 to March 2018. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Italian Senate from April 1992 to April 1994.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Italian Senate from Apr 1992 to April 1994. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the New Centre-Right from November 2013 to May 2023. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the The People of Freedom from Mar 2009 to November 2013. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto held the position of member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic from Mar 2013 to March 2018. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Forza Italia from 01/1999 to Mar 2009. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Reform Socialist Party from 01/1994 to 01/1996. \n Fabrizio Cicchitto was a member of the Popular Alternative from January 2017 to May 2023.", "context": "Fabrizio CicchittoFabrizio Cicchitto (born 26 October 1940 in Rome) is an Italian politician.Fabrizio Cicchitto entered politics during the earlier 1960s, supporting the Marxist left wing of Riccardo Lombardi in the Italian Socialist Party and then becoming secretary of the party's youth organization (\"Federazione Giovanile Socialista Italiana\", Italian Young Socialist Federation). Cicchitto also became sympathetic to Eurocommunism and the \"Historic Compromise\" path taken by the Italian Communist Party (PCI), while being highly critical of Christian Democracy (DC) itself, as well as of the American CIA and the Italian Servizio Informazioni Difesa. According to him, DC would have taken profit from the Red Brigades' activities and the Aldo Moro case to cut off relations with the PCI.In 1981, he confessed being a member of the masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2). Shortly after this move, Cicchitto was excluded from the Socialist Party. Readmitted toward the end of the Eighties, he followed the policies of Bettino Craxi and held minor posts throughout the \"Mani pulite\"-\"Tangentopoli\" scandals that saw the disestablishment of most Italian political parties. Cicchitto joined Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right party Forza Italia, leading its social-democratic wing We Blue Reformers. He had been a Socialist member of either the Italian Chamber of Deputies or the Italian Senate for three successive terms. He is currently the vice-president of Forza Italia's group in the Chamber, and national deputy-coordinator of the party from 2003.He has contributed to steps taken by Italy in its adoption of the European Monetary System and the Maastricht Treaty, and has taken part in debates over privatization in the country. Since 1998, Cicchitto contributes editorials to \"Il Giornale\", and is currently a member of the editorial staff for \"Avanti!\".In November 2009 he founded \"Reformism and Freedom\" (\"REL\"), a \"reformist\" and mainly social-democratic think tank within The People of Freedom (PdL). After the split of PdL, Cicchitto joined the New Centre-Right party.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Popular Alternative", "Forza Italia (1994)", "Reform Socialist Party", "New Centre-Right"], "facts": [["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "position held", "member of the Italian Senate", "April 1992", "April 1994"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "position held", "member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Republic", "March 2013", "March 2018"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Forza Italia (1994)", "January 1999", "March 2009"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "The People of Freedom", "March 2009", "November 2013"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Reform Socialist Party", "January 1994", "January 1996"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "Popular Alternative", "January 2017", "May 2023"], ["Fabrizio Cicchitto", "member of political party", "New Centre-Right", "November 2013", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Hans Bethe work for 27 years and 2 months after he/she studied at Sapienza University of Rome?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Hans Bethe work for 27 years and two months after he/she studied at Sapienza University of Rome?", "date": "March 04 1958", "text_answers": {"text": ["Cornell University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q155794_P108_P69_11", "fact_context": "Hans Bethe worked for University of T\u00fcbingen from January 1931 to January 1933. \n Hans Bethe studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1930 to January 1931. \n Hans Bethe worked for Cornell University from January 1933 to January 1975. \n Hans Bethe studied at Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1924 to January 1926. \n Hans Bethe studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from January 1926 to January 1928.", "adv_fact_context": "Hans Bethe worked for University of T\u00fcbingen from 01/1931 to January 1933. \n Hans Bethe studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 01/1926 to 01/1928. \n Hans Bethe worked for Cornell University from January 1933 to 01/1975. \n Hans Bethe studied at Goethe University Frankfurt from January 1924 to Jan 1926. \n Hans Bethe studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1930 to January 1931.", "context": "Hans BetheHans Albrecht Bethe (; July 2, 1906 \u2013 March 6, 2005) was a German-American nuclear physicist who made important contributions to astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory that developed the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons and developing the theory behind the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the \"Fat Man\" weapon dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945.After the war, Bethe also played an important role in the development of the hydrogen bomb, although he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made. Bethe later campaigned with Albert Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race. He helped persuade the Kennedy and Nixon administrations to sign, respectively, the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (SALT I).His scientific research never ceased and he was publishing papers well into his nineties, making him one of the few scientists to have published at least one major paper in his field during every decade of his career, which in Bethe's case spanned nearly seventy years. Freeman Dyson, once his doctoral student, called him the \"supreme problem-solver of the 20th century\".Bethe was born in Strasbourg, which was then part of Germany, on July 2, 1906, the only child of Anna (n\u00e9e Kuhn) and Albrecht Bethe, a \"privatdozent\" of physiology at the University of Strasbourg. Although his mother, the daughter of a professor at the University of Strasbourg, had a Jewish background, Bethe was raised Protestant like his father and he became an atheist later in life.His father accepted a position as professor and director of the Institute of Physiology at the University of Kiel in 1912, and the family moved into the director's apartment at the Institute. Initially, he was schooled privately by a professional teacher as part of a group of eight girls and boys. The family moved again in 1915 when his father became the head of the new Institute of Physiology at the University of Frankfurt am Main.Bethe attended the Goethe-Gymnasium in Frankfurt, Germany. His education was interrupted in 1916, when he contracted tuberculosis, and he was sent to Bad Kreuznach to recuperate. By 1917, he had recovered sufficiently to attend the local \"realschule\" and the following year, he was sent to the \"Odenwaldschule\", a private, coeducational boarding school. He attended the \"Goethe-Gymnasium\" again for his final three years of secondary schooling, from 1922 to 1924.Having passed his \"abitur\", Bethe entered the University of Frankfurt in 1924. He decided to major in chemistry. The instruction in physics was poor, and while there were distinguished mathematicians in Frankfurt such as Carl Ludwig Siegel and Otto Sz\u00e1sz, Bethe disliked their approaches, which presented mathematics without reference to the other sciences. Bethe found that he was a poor experimentalist who destroyed his lab coat by spilling sulfuric acid on it, but he found the advanced physics taught by the associate professor, Walter Gerlach, more interesting. Gerlach left in 1925 and was replaced by Karl Meissner, who advised Bethe that he should go to a university with a better school of theoretical physics, specifically the University of Munich, where he could study under Arnold Sommerfeld.Bethe entered the University of Munich in April 1926, where Sommerfeld took him on as a student on Meissner's recommendation. Sommerfeld taught an advanced course on differential equations in physics, which Bethe enjoyed. Because he was such a renowned scholar, Sommerfeld frequently received advance copies of scientific papers, which he put up for discussion at weekly evening seminars. When Bethe arrived, Sommerfeld had just received Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger's papers on wave mechanics.For his PhD thesis, Sommerfeld suggested that Bethe examine electron diffraction in crystals. As a starting point, Sommerfeld suggested Paul Ewald's 1914 paper on X-ray diffraction in crystals. Bethe later recalled that he became too ambitious, and, in pursuit of greater accuracy, his calculations became unnecessarily complicated. When he met Wolfgang Pauli for the first time, Pauli told him: \"After Sommerfeld's tales about you, I had expected much better from you than your thesis.\" \"I guess from Pauli,\" Bethe later recalled, \"that was a compliment.\"After Bethe received his doctorate, Erwin Madelung offered him an assistantship in Frankfurt, and in September 1928 Bethe moved in with his father, who had recently divorced his mother. His father had met Vera Congehl earlier that year and married her in 1929. They had two children, Doris, born in 1933, and Klaus, born in 1934.Bethe did not find the work in Frankfurt very stimulating, and in 1929 he accepted an offer from Ewald at the \"Technische Hochschule\" in Stuttgart. While there, he wrote what he considered to be his greatest paper, \"Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie\" (\"The Theory of the Passage of Fast Corpuscular Rays Through Matter\"). Starting from Max Born's interpretation of the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, Bethe produced a simplified formula for collision problems using a Fourier transform, which is known today as the Bethe formula. He submitted this paper for his \"habilitation\" in 1930.Sommerfeld recommended Bethe for a Rockefeller Foundation Travelling Scholarship in 1929. This provided $150 a month (about $,000 in 2020 dollars) to study abroad. In 1930, Bethe chose to do postdoctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in England, where he worked under the supervision of Ralph Fowler. At the request of Patrick Blackett, who was working with cloud chambers, Bethe created a relativistic version of the Bethe formula.Bethe was known for his sense of humor, and with Guido Beck and Wolfgang Riezler, two other postdoctoral research fellows, created a hoax paper \"On the Quantum Theory of the Temperature of Absolute Zero\" where he calculated the fine structure constant from the absolute zero temperature in Celsius units. The paper poked fun at a certain class of papers in theoretical physics of the day, which were purely speculative and based on spurious numerical arguments, such as Arthur Eddington's attempts to explain the value of the fine structure constant from fundamental quantities in an earlier paper. They were forced to issue an apology.For the second half of his scholarship, Bethe chose to go to Enrico Fermi's laboratory in Rome in February 1931. He was greatly impressed by Fermi and regretted that he had not gone to Rome first. Bethe developed the Bethe ansatz, a method for finding the exact solutions for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of certain one-dimensional quantum many-body models. He was influenced by Fermi's simplicity and Sommerfeld's rigor in approaching problems and these qualities influenced his own later research.The Rockefeller Foundation offered an extension of Bethe's fellowship, allowing him to return to Italy in 1932. In the meantime, Bethe worked for Sommerfeld in Munich as a \"privatdozent\". Since Bethe was fluent in English, Sommerfeld had Bethe supervise all his English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, including Lloyd P. Smith from Cornell University. Bethe accepted a request from Karl Scheel to write an article for the \"Handbuch der Physik\" on the quantum mechanics of hydrogen and helium. Reviewing the article decades later, Robert Bacher and Victor Weisskopf noted that it was unusual in the depth and breadth of its treatment of the subject that required very little updating for the 1959 edition. Bethe was then asked by Sommerfeld to help him with the \"handbuch\" article on electrons in metals. The article covered the basis of what is now called solid state physics. Bethe took a very new field and provided a clear, coherent, and complete coverage of it. His work on the \"handbuch\" articles occupied most of his time in Rome, but he also co-wrote a paper with Fermi on another new field, quantum electrodynamics, describing the relativistic interactions of charged particles.In 1932, Bethe accepted an appointment as an assistant professor at the University of T\u00fcbingen, where Hans Geiger was the professor of experimental physics. One of the first laws passed by the new National Socialist government was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. Due to his Jewish background, Bethe was dismissed from his job at the University, which was a government post. Geiger refused to help, but Sommerfeld immediately gave Bethe back his fellowship at Munich. Sommerfeld spent much of the summer term of 1933 finding places for Jewish students and colleagues.Bethe left Germany in 1933, moving to England after receiving an offer for a position as lecturer at the University of Manchester for a year through Sommerfeld's connection to William Lawrence Bragg. He moved in with his friend Rudolf Peierls and Peierls' wife Genia. Peierls was a fellow German physicist who had also been barred from academic positions in Germany because he was Jewish. This meant that Bethe had someone to speak to in German and he did not have to eat English food. Their relationship was professional as well as personal. Peierls aroused Bethe's interest in nuclear physics. After James Chadwick and Maurice Goldhaber discovered the photodisintegration of deuterium, Chadwick challenged Bethe and Peierls to come up with a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. This they did on the four-hour train ride from Cambridge back to Manchester. Bethe would investigate further in the years ahead.In 1933, the physics department at Cornell was looking for a new theoretical physicist, and Lloyd Smith strongly recommended Bethe. This was supported by Bragg, who was visiting Cornell at the time. In August 1934, Cornell offered Bethe a position as an acting assistant professor. Bethe had already accepted a fellowship for a year to work with Nevill Mott at the University of Bristol for a semester, but Cornell agreed to let him start in the spring of 1935. Before leaving for the United States, he visited the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen in September 1934, where he proposed to Hilde Levi, who accepted. The match was opposed by Bethe's mother, who despite having a Jewish background, did not want him to marry a Jewish woman. A few days before their wedding date in December, Bethe broke off their engagement. Niels Bohr and James Franck were so shocked by this action by Bethe that he was not invited to the Institute again until after World War II.Bethe arrived in the United States in February 1935, and joined the faculty at Cornell University on a salary of $3,000. Bethe's appointment was part of a deliberate effort on the part of the new head of its physics department, Roswell Clifton Gibbs, to move into nuclear physics. Gibbs had hired Stanley Livingston, who had worked with Ernest Lawrence, to build a cyclotron at Cornell. To complete the team, Cornell needed an experimentalist, and, on the advice of Bethe and Livingston, recruited Robert Bacher. Bethe received requests to visit Columbia University from Isidor Isaac Rabi, Princeton University from Edward Condon, University of Rochester from Lee DuBridge, Purdue University from Karl Lark-Horovitz, the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign from Francis Wheeler Loomis, and Harvard University from John Hasbrouck Van Vleck. Gibbs moved to prevent Bethe from being poached by having him appointed as a regular assistant professor in 1936, with an assurance that promotion to professor would soon follow.Together with Bacher and Livingston, Bethe published a series of three articles, which summarized most of what was known on the subject of nuclear physics until that time, an account that became known informally as \"Bethe's Bible\". It remained the standard work on the subject for many years. In this account, he also continued where others left off, filling in gaps in the older literature. Loomis offered Bethe a full professorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign, but Cornell matched the position offered, and the salary of $6,000. He wrote to his mother:On March 17, 1938, Bethe attended the Carnegie Institute and George Washington University's fourth annual Washington Conference of Theoretical Physics. There were only 34 invited attendees, but they included Gregory Breit, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, George Gamow, Donald Menzel, John von Neumann, Bengt Str\u00f6mgren, Edward Teller, and Merle Tuve. Bethe initially declined the invitation to attend, because the conference's topic, stellar energy generation, did not interest him, but Teller persuaded him to go. At the conference, Str\u00f6mgren detailed what was known about the temperature, density, and chemical composition of the Sun, and challenged the physicists to come up with an explanation. Gamow and Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker had proposed in a 1937 paper that the Sun's energy was the result of a proton\u2013proton chain reaction:But this did not account for the observation of elements heavier than helium. By the end of the conference, Bethe, working in collaboration with Charles Critchfield, had come up with a series of subsequent nuclear reactions that explained how the Sun shines:That this did not explain the processes in heavier stars was not overlooked. At the time there were doubts about whether the proton\u2013proton cycle described the processes in the Sun, but more recent measurements of the Sun's core temperature and luminosity show that it does. When he returned to Cornell, Bethe studied the relevant nuclear reactions and reaction cross sections, leading to his discovery of the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle (CNO cycle):The two papers, one on the proton\u2013proton cycle, co-authored with Critchfield, and the other on the carbon-oxygen-nitrogen (CNO) cycle, were sent to the \"Physical Review\" for publication.After \"Kristallnacht\", Bethe's mother had become afraid to remain in Germany. Taking advantage of her Strasbourg origin, she was able to emigrate to the United States in June 1939 on the French quota, rather than the German one, which was full. Bethe's graduate student Robert Marshak noted that the New York Academy of Sciences was offering a $500 prize for the best unpublished paper on the topic of solar and stellar energy. So Bethe, in need of $250 to release his mother's furniture, withdrew the CNO cycle paper and sent it in to the New York Academy of Sciences. It won the prize, and Bethe gave Marshak $50 finder's fee and used $250 to release his mother's furniture. The paper was subsequently published in the \"Physical Review\" in March. It was a breakthrough in the understanding of the stars, and would win Bethe the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. In 2002, at age 96, Bethe sent a handwritten note to John N. Bahcall congratulating him on the use of solar neutrino observations to show that the CNO cycle accounts for approximately 7% of the Sun's energy; the neutrino observations had started with Raymond Davis Jr., whose experiment was based on Bahcall's calculations and encouragement, and the note led to Davis's receiving a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize.Bethe married Rose Ewald, the daughter of Paul Ewald, on September 13, 1939, in a simple civil ceremony. She had emigrated to the United States and was a student at Duke University and they met while Bethe was lecturing there in 1937. They had two children, Henry and Monica. (Henry was a contract bridge expert and former husband of Kitty Munson Cooper.)Bethe became a naturalized citizen of the United States in March 1941. Writing to Sommerfeld in 1947, Bethe confided that \"I am much more at home in America than I ever was in Germany. As if I was born in Germany only by mistake, and only came to my true homeland at 28.\"When the Second World War began, Bethe wanted to contribute to the war effort, but was unable to work on classified projects until he became a citizen. Following the advice of the Caltech aerodynamicist Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, Bethe collaborated with his friend Edward Teller on a theory of shock waves that are generated by the passage of a projectile through a gas. Bethe considered it one of their most influential papers. He also worked on a theory of armor penetration, which was immediately classified by the army, thus making it impossible for Bethe (who was not an American citizen at the time) to access further research on the theory.After receiving security clearance in December 1941, Bethe joined the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where he invented the Bethe-hole directional coupler, which is used in microwave waveguides such as those used in radar sets. In Chicago in June 1942, and then in July at the University of California, Berkeley, he participated in a series of meetings at the invitation of Robert Oppenheimer, which discussed the first designs for the atomic bomb. They went over the preliminary calculations by Robert Serber, Stan Frankel, and others, and discussed the possibilities of using uranium-235 and plutonium. (Teller then raised the prospect of a thermonuclear device, Teller's \"Super\" bomb. At one point Teller asked if the nitrogen in the atmosphere could be set alight. It fell to Bethe and Emil Konopinski to perform the calculations demonstrating the virtual impossibility of such an occurrence.) \"The fission bomb had to be done,\" he later recalled, \"because the Germans were presumably doing it.\"When Oppenheimer was put in charge of forming a secret weapons design laboratory, Los Alamos, he appointed Bethe director of the T (Theoretical) Division, the laboratory's smallest, but most prestigious division. This move irked the equally qualified, but more difficult to manage Teller and Felix Bloch, who had coveted the job. A series of disagreements between Bethe and Teller between February and June 1944 over the relative priority of Super research led to Teller's group being removed from T Division and placed directly under Oppenheimer. In September it became part of Fermi's new F Division.Bethe's work at Los Alamos included calculating the critical mass and efficiency of uranium-235 and the multiplication of nuclear fission in an exploding atomic bomb. Along with Richard Feynman, he developed a formula for calculating the bomb's explosive yield. After August 1944, when the laboratory was reorganized and reoriented to solve the problem of the implosion of the plutonium bomb, Bethe spent much of his time studying the hydrodynamic aspects of implosion, a job that he continued into 1944. In 1945, he worked on the neutron initiator, and later, on radiation propagation from an exploding atomic bomb. The Trinity nuclear test validated the accuracy of T Division's results. When it was detonated in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, Bethe's immediate concern was for its efficient operation, and not its moral implications. He is reported to have commented: \"I am not a philosopher.\"After the war, Bethe argued that a crash project for the hydrogen bomb should not be attempted, although after President Harry Truman announced the beginning of such a project and the outbreak of the Korean War, Bethe signed up and played a key role in the weapon's development. Although he would see the project through to its end, Bethe hoped that it would be impossible to create the hydrogen bomb. He would later remark in 1968 on the apparent contradiction in his stance, having first opposed the development of the weapon and later helping to create it:As for his own role in the project and its relation to the dispute over who was responsible for the design, Bethe later said that:In 1954, Bethe testified on behalf of J. Robert Oppenheimer during the Oppenheimer security hearing. Specifically, Bethe argued that Oppenheimer's stances against developing the hydrogen bomb in the late 1940s had not hindered its development, a topic which was seen as a key motivating factor behind the hearing. Bethe contended that the developments that led to the successful Teller\u2013Ulam design were a matter of serendipity and not a question of manpower or logical development of previously existing ideas. During the hearing, Bethe and his wife also tried hard to persuade Edward Teller against testifying. However, Teller did not agree, and his testimony played a major role in the revocation of Oppenheimer's security clearance. While Bethe and Teller had been on very good terms during the prewar years, the conflict between them during the Manhattan Project, and especially during the Oppenheimer episode, permanently marred their relationship.After the war ended, Bethe returned to Cornell. In June 1947, he participated in the Shelter Island Conference. Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and held at the Ram's Head Inn on Shelter Island, New York, the conference on the \"Foundations of Quantum Mechanics\" was the first major physics conference held after the war. It was a chance for American physicists to come together, pick up where they had left off before the war, and establish the direction of post-war research.A major talking point at the conference was the discovery by Willis Lamb and his graduate student, Robert Retherford, shortly before the conference began that one of the two possible quantum states of hydrogen atoms had slightly more energy than that predicted by the theory of Paul Dirac; this became known as the Lamb shift. Oppenheimer and Weisskopf suggested that this was a result of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, which gave the electron more energy. According to pre-war quantum electrodynamics (QED), the energy of the electron consisted of the bare energy it had when uncoupled from an electromagnetic field, and the self-energy resulting from the electromagnetic coupling, but both were unobservable, since the electromagnetic field cannot be switched off. QED gave infinite values for the self-energies; but the Lamb shift showed that they were both real and finite. Hans Kramers proposed renormalization as a solution, but no one knew how to do the calculation.Bethe managed to perform the calculation on the train from New York to Schenectady, where he was working for General Electric. He did so by realising that it was a non-relativistic process, which greatly simplified the calculation. The bare energy was easily removed as it was already included in the observed mass of the electron. The self energy term now increased logarithmically instead of linearly, making it mathematically convergent. Bethe arrived at a value for the Lamb shift of 1040\u00a0MHz, extremely close to that obtained experimentally by Lamb and Retherford. His paper, published in the \"Physical Review\" in August 1947, was only three pages long and contained just twelve mathematical equations, but was enormously influential. It had been presumed that the infinities indicated that QED was fundamentally flawed, and that a new, radical theory was required; Bethe demonstrated that this was not necessary.One of Bethe's most famous papers is one he never wrote: the 1948 Alpher\u2013Bethe\u2013Gamow paper. George Gamow added Bethe's name (in absentia) without consulting him, knowing that Bethe would not mind, and against Ralph Alpher's wishes. This was apparently a reflection of Gamow's sense of humor, wanting to have a paper title that would sound like the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. As one of the \"Physical Review\"s reviewers, Bethe saw the manuscript and struck out the words \"in absentia\".Bethe believed that the atomic nucleus was like a quantum liquid drop. He investigated the nuclear matter problem by considering the work conducted by Keith Brueckner on perturbation theory. Working with Jeffrey Goldstone, he produced a solution for the case where there was an infinite hard-core potential. Then, working with Baird Brandow and Albert Petschek, he came up with an approximation that converted the scattering equation into an easily solved differential equation. This then led him to the Bethe-Faddeev equation, a generalisation of Ludvig Faddeev's approach to three-body scattering. He then used these techniques to examine the neutron stars, which have densities similar to those of nuclei.Bethe continued to do research on supernovae, neutron stars, black holes, and other problems in theoretical astrophysics into his late nineties. In doing this, he collaborated with Gerald E. Brown of Stony Brook University. In 1978, Brown proposed that they collaborate on supernovae. These were reasonably well understood by this time, but the calculations were still a problem. Using techniques honed from decades of working with nuclear physics, and some experience with calculations involving nuclear explosions, Bethe tackled the problems involved in stellar gravitational collapse, and the way in which various factors affected a supernova explosion. Once again, he was able to reduce the problem to a set of differential equations, and to solve them.At age 85, Bethe wrote an important article about the solar neutrino problem, in which he helped establish the conversion mechanism for electron neutrinos into muon neutrinos proposed by Stanislav Mikheyev, Alexei Smirnov, and Lincoln Wolfenstein to explain a vexing discrepancy between theory and experiment. Bethe argued that physics beyond the Standard Model was required to understand the solar neutrino problem, because it presumed that neutrinos have no mass, and therefore, cannot metamorphosize into each other; whereas the MSW effect required this to occur. Bethe hoped that corroborating evidence would be found by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Ontario by his 90th birthday, but he did not get the call from SNO until June 2001, when he was nearly 95.In 1996, Kip Thorne approached Bethe and Brown about LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory designed to detect the gravitational waves from merging neutron stars and black holes. Since Bethe and Brown were good at calculating things that could not be seen, could they look at the mergers? The 90-year-old Bethe quickly became enthused and soon began the required calculations. The result was a 1998 paper on the \"Evolution of Binary Compact Objects Which Merge\", which Brown regarded as the best that the two produced together.In 1968, Bethe, along with IBM physicist Richard Garwin, published an article criticising in detail the anti-ICBM defense system proposed by the Department of Defense. The two physicists described in the article that nearly any measure taken by the USA would be easily thwarted with the deployment of relatively simple decoys. Bethe was one of the primary voices in the scientific community behind the signing of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty prohibiting further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.During the 1980s and 1990s, Bethe campaigned for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. After the Chernobyl disaster, Bethe was part of a committee of experts who analysed the incident. They concluded that the reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and also, that human error had contributed significantly to the accident. \"My colleagues and I established,\" he explained \"that the Chernobyl disaster tells us about the deficiencies of the Soviet political and administrative system rather than about problems with nuclear power.\" Throughout his life Bethe remained a strong advocate for electricity from nuclear energy, which he described in 1977 as \"a necessity, not merely an option.\"In the 1980s he and other physicists opposed the Strategic Defense Initiative missile system conceived by the Ronald Reagan administration. In 1995, at the age of 88, Bethe wrote an open letter calling on all scientists to \"cease and desist\" from working on any aspect of nuclear weapons development and manufacture. In 2004, he joined 47 other Nobel laureates in signing a letter endorsing John Kerry for President of the United States as someone who would \"restore science to its appropriate place in government\".Historian Gregg Herken wrote:Bethe's hobbies included a passion for stamp-collecting. He loved the outdoors and was an enthusiastic hiker all his life, exploring the Alps and the Rockies. He died in his home in Ithaca, New York on March 6, 2005 of congestive heart failure. He was survived by his wife, Rose Ewald Bethe, and their two children. At the time of his death, he was the John Wendell Anderson Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Cornell University.Bethe received numerous honors and awards in his lifetime and afterward. He became a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947, and that year, he also received the National Academy of Sciences's Henry Draper Medal. He was awarded the Max Planck Medal in 1955, the Franklin Medal in 1959, the Royal Astronomical Society Eddington Medal and the United States Atomic Energy Commission Enrico Fermi Award in 1961, the Rumford Prize in 1963, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967, the National Medal of Science in 1975, the Oersted Medal in 1993, the Bruce Medal in 2001, and posthumously in 2005, the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences by the American Philosophical Society.Bethe was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1957, and he gave the 1993 Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society on the Mechanism of Supernovae.In 1978 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.Cornell named the third of five new residential colleges, each of which is named after a distinguished former member of the Cornell faculty, as the Hans Bethe House after him. Similarly named after him is the Hans Bethe Center, 322 Fourth Street NE, Washington, D.C., home to the Council for a Livable World, where Bethe was a longtime board member, as well as the Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics at University of Bonn in Germany. An asteroid, 30828 Bethe, that was discovered in 1990 was named after him. The American Physical Society Hans Bethe Prize was named after him as well.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of T\u00fcbingen"], "facts": [["Hans Bethe", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1930", "January 1931"], ["Hans Bethe", "employer", "University of T\u00fcbingen", "January 1931", "January 1933"], ["Hans Bethe", "educated at", "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich", "January 1926", "January 1928"], ["Hans Bethe", "employer", "Cornell University", "January 1933", "January 1975"], ["Hans Bethe", "educated at", "Goethe University Frankfurt", "January 1924", "January 1926"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Karl Menger work for 14 years and 5 months after he/she studied at University of Vienna?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Karl Menger work for 14 years and five months after he/she studied at University of Vienna?", "date": "June 23 1938", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Notre Dame"]}, "id": "L3H_Q93690_P108_P69_10", "fact_context": "Karl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1971. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from January 1925 to January 1927. \n Karl Menger studied at University of Vienna from January 1920 to January 1924. \n Karl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from January 1913 to January 1920. \n Karl Menger worked for Rice University from January 1930 to January 1931. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Vienna from January 1927 to January 1937. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to January 1948.", "adv_fact_context": "Karl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from Jan 1925 to January 1927. \n Karl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1971. \n Karl Menger worked for Rice University from 01/1930 to 01/1931. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Vienna from 01/1927 to Jan 1937. \n Karl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from 01/1913 to 01/1920. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to 01/1948. \n Karl Menger studied at University of Vienna from Jan 1920 to January 1924.", "context": "Karl MengerKarl Menger (January 13, 1902 \u2013 October 5, 1985) was an Austrian-American mathematician. He was the son of the economist Carl Menger. He is credited with Menger's theorem. He worked on mathematics of algebras, algebra of geometries, curve and dimension theory, etc. Moreover, he contributed to game theory and social sciences.Karl Menger was a student of Hans Hahn and received his PhD from the University of Vienna in 1924. L. E. J. Brouwer invited Menger in 1925 to teach at the University of Amsterdam. In 1927, he returned to Vienna to accept a professorship there. In 1930 and 1931 he was visiting lecturer at Harvard University and The Rice Institute. From 1937 to 1946 he was a professor at the University of Notre Dame. From 1946 to 1971, he was a professor at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. In 1983, IIT awarded Menger a Doctor of Humane Letters and Sciences degree.His most famous popular contribution was the Menger sponge (mistakenly known as Sierpinski's sponge), a three-dimensional version of Sierpinski's carpet. It is also related to the Cantor set.With Arthur Cayley, Menger is considered one of the founders of distance geometry; especially by having formalized definitions to the notions of \"angle\" and of \"curvature\" in terms of directly measurable physical quantities, namely ratios of \"distance\" values. The characteristic mathematical expressions appearing in those definitions are Cayley\u2013Menger determinants.He was an active participant of the Vienna Circle which had discussions in the 1920s on social science and philosophy. During that time, he published an influential result on the St. Petersburg paradox with applications to the utility theory in economics; this result has since been criticised as fundamentally misleading. Later he contributed to the development of game theory with Oskar Morgenstern.Menger's longest and last academic post was at the Illinois Institute of Technology, which hosts an annual IIT Karl Menger Lecture and offers the IIT Karl Menger Student Award to an exceptional student for scholarship each year.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Illinois Institute of Technology", "Rice University", "University of Amsterdam", "University of Vienna"], "facts": [["Karl Menger", "educated at", "Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Amsterdam", "January 1925", "January 1927"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "Rice University", "January 1930", "January 1931"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Vienna", "January 1927", "January 1937"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "Illinois Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1971"], ["Karl Menger", "educated at", "University of Vienna", "January 1920", "January 1924"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Notre Dame", "January 1937", "January 1948"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Karl Menger work for 10 years and 10 months after he/she worked for University of Amsterdam?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Karl Menger work for ten years and 10 months after he/she worked for University of Amsterdam?", "date": "November 29 1937", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Notre Dame"]}, "id": "L3H_Q93690_P108_P108_16", "fact_context": "Karl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1971. \n Karl Menger worked for Rice University from January 1930 to January 1931. \n Karl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from January 1913 to January 1920. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Vienna from January 1927 to January 1937. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from January 1925 to January 1927. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to January 1948. \n Karl Menger studied at University of Vienna from January 1920 to January 1924.", "adv_fact_context": "Karl Menger worked for Illinois Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1971. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Vienna from 01/1927 to Jan 1937. \n Karl Menger studied at University of Vienna from Jan 1920 to January 1924. \n Karl Menger studied at Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling from 01/1913 to 01/1920. \n Karl Menger worked for Rice University from 01/1930 to 01/1931. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Notre Dame from January 1937 to 01/1948. \n Karl Menger worked for University of Amsterdam from Jan 1925 to January 1927.", "context": "Karl MengerKarl Menger (January 13, 1902 \u2013 October 5, 1985) was an Austrian-American mathematician. He was the son of the economist Carl Menger. He is credited with Menger's theorem. He worked on mathematics of algebras, algebra of geometries, curve and dimension theory, etc. Moreover, he contributed to game theory and social sciences.Karl Menger was a student of Hans Hahn and received his PhD from the University of Vienna in 1924. L. E. J. Brouwer invited Menger in 1925 to teach at the University of Amsterdam. In 1927, he returned to Vienna to accept a professorship there. In 1930 and 1931 he was visiting lecturer at Harvard University and The Rice Institute. From 1937 to 1946 he was a professor at the University of Notre Dame. From 1946 to 1971, he was a professor at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. In 1983, IIT awarded Menger a Doctor of Humane Letters and Sciences degree.His most famous popular contribution was the Menger sponge (mistakenly known as Sierpinski's sponge), a three-dimensional version of Sierpinski's carpet. It is also related to the Cantor set.With Arthur Cayley, Menger is considered one of the founders of distance geometry; especially by having formalized definitions to the notions of \"angle\" and of \"curvature\" in terms of directly measurable physical quantities, namely ratios of \"distance\" values. The characteristic mathematical expressions appearing in those definitions are Cayley\u2013Menger determinants.He was an active participant of the Vienna Circle which had discussions in the 1920s on social science and philosophy. During that time, he published an influential result on the St. Petersburg paradox with applications to the utility theory in economics; this result has since been criticised as fundamentally misleading. Later he contributed to the development of game theory with Oskar Morgenstern.Menger's longest and last academic post was at the Illinois Institute of Technology, which hosts an annual IIT Karl Menger Lecture and offers the IIT Karl Menger Student Award to an exceptional student for scholarship each year.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Illinois Institute of Technology", "Rice University", "University of Amsterdam", "University of Vienna"], "facts": [["Karl Menger", "employer", "Rice University", "January 1930", "January 1931"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "Illinois Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1971"], ["Karl Menger", "educated at", "Bundesgymnasium D\u00f6bling", "January 1913", "January 1920"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Notre Dame", "January 1937", "January 1948"], ["Karl Menger", "educated at", "University of Vienna", "January 1920", "January 1924"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Vienna", "January 1927", "January 1937"], ["Karl Menger", "employer", "University of Amsterdam", "January 1925", "January 1927"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Silvia Pinal belong to 44 years and 2 months after he/she was married to Rafael Banquells?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Silvia Pinal belong to 44 years and two months after he/she was married to Rafael Banquells?", "date": "March 27 1996", "text_answers": {"text": ["Institutional Revolutionary Party"]}, "id": "L3H_Q332485_P102_P26_2", "fact_context": "Silvia Pinal held the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico from September 1991 to August 1994. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Rafael Banquells from January 1947 to January 1952. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez from January 1982 to January 1995. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of member of the Senate of Mexico from January 1998 to August 2000. \n Silvia Pinal was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party from January 1991 to January 2000. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Gustavo Alatriste from January 1961 to January 1967.", "adv_fact_context": "Silvia Pinal held the position of Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico from September 1991 to Aug 1994. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Rafael Banquells from January 1947 to Jan 1952. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Gustavo Alatriste from Jan 1961 to 01/1967. \n Silvia Pinal was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party from Jan 1991 to 01/2000. \n Silvia Pinal held the position of member of the Senate of Mexico from Jan 1998 to August 2000. \n Silvia Pinal was married to Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez from January 1982 to Jan 1995.", "context": "Silvia PinalSilvia Ver\u00f3nica Pinal Hidalgo (born 12 September 1931) is a Mexican film, theater and television actress.Pinal began her career in the theater, venturing into cinema in 1949. Pinal reached popularity during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. Her film work and popularity in her native country led her to work in Europe (Spain and Italy). Pinal achieved international recognition by starring in a famous film trilogy by director Luis Bu\u00f1uel: \"Viridiana\" (1961), \"El \u00e1ngel exterminador\" (1962) and \"Sim\u00f3n del desierto\" (1965).In addition to her outstanding career in film, Pinal has also excelled in other areas. She was a pioneer of the Musical theatre in Mexico in addition to venturing into television, as an actress and producer. At one point in her life, Pinal also ventured into politics and held some public office in her native country.Silvia Pinal Hidalgo was born in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, on 12 September 1931. Her parents were Mar\u00eda Luisa Hidalgo Aguilar and Mois\u00e9s Pasquel. Pasquel was an orchestra conductor at the Mexican radio station XEW. Silvia's mother became pregnant with Pasquel when she was only 15 years old. Her father did not recognize her and Silvia did not know him until she was 11 years old. On the part of her biological father, Silvia had three more brothers: Eugenio, Mois\u00e9s and Virginia. however, Pinal never spent time with the Pasquel family. Pinal spent her first years behind the counter of a seafood restaurant located near the XEW where her mother worked. When Pinal was five years old, her mother married Luis G. Pinal, whom they called \"El Caballero Pinal\", a journalist, military man and politician twenty years older than her. Pinal recognized Silvia as his daughter. Mr. Pinal had three more daughters from a previous marriage: Mercedes, Beatriz and Eugenia. Her adoptive father held several public positions in Mexico. He was municipal president of Tequisquiapan, Quer\u00e9taro. The family lived in several cities of Mexico as Quer\u00e9taro, Acapulco, Monterrey, Chilpancingo, Cuernavaca and Puebla, finally settled in Mexico City.Pinal was fascinated by show business since she was a child. In addition to film and music, she liked to write and recite poems. She studied first at Pestalozzi College in Cuernavaca, and then at the Washington Institute in Mexico City. Despite her artistic aspirations, her father conditioned her to study \"something useful\" and therefore she learned typing. At age 14 she started working at Kodak as a secretary.Silvia wanted to study opera. She began to prepare taking classes with a private teacher and then with Professor Reyes Retana. Her first step towards fame occurred when she was invited to participate in a beauty pageant. In this contest Silvia obtained the title of Student Princess of Mexico. In her coronation she met the actors Rub\u00e9n Rojo and Manolo F\u00e1bregas, with whom she became close friends. While studying bel canto, Silvia went to work as a secretary in the pharmaceutical laboratories Carlos Stein. At the music academy, Silvia auditioned for a role in the opera La Traviata. However, this hearing was a failure. Then her teacher encouraged her to take acting courses in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. In that academy, she was a classmate of figures such as Carlos Pellicer, Salvador Novo and Xavier Villaurrutia. She debuted as an extra in a performance of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" by William Shakespeare.Silvia continued working in the pharmaceutical products firm, in her advertising department. Her boss, knowing that she was studying acting, gave her the opportunity to participate in the recording of some radio comedies in the XEQ. She debuted in the comedy \"Dos pesos la dejada\".At the radio station, she met some publicists, who invited her to be part of an experimental company. She made her debut in that company with a role in the play \"Los Caprichos de Goya\". The director of this work was the Mexican actor and director, of Cuban origin Rafael Banquells, with whom Silvia began an employment relationship and a close friendship that led to romance. Rafael Banquells got the master Carlos Laverne to allow them to use the Ideal Theater of Mexico City for their productions. Laverne chose Silvia to participate in a montage with the company of the Ideal Theater, directed by the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch. The work was called \"Nuestra Natacha\". Silvia acted in numerous works for this company. Her first star work was \"Un sue\u00f1o de cristal\".Just fifteen days after she debuted in the theater, Pinal made her debut in the cinema with a brief role in the film \"Bamba\" (1949), starring Carmen Montejo and directed by Miguel Contreras Torres. Contreras Torres had seen her work at the Ideal Theatre and invited her to take part in the project. Contreras Torres was a tough and strict director who made Pinal suffer for her inexperience. Eventually, in that same year, she performed in the film \"El pecado de Laura\", directed by Juli\u00e1n Soler and starring Meche Barba. In that film she worked for the first time in cinema with Rafael Banquells, who at that time was already her husband. Immediately she made another small role in the film \"Escuela para casadas\", by Miguel Zacar\u00edas. Silvia met and worked for the first time with the popular actor and singer Pedro Infante in the film \"La mujer que yo perd\u00ed\". The actor and comedian Cantinflas (her wedding godfather), chose Pinal as his co-star in the film \"The Doorman\" (1949), which was a very big step for the young and new actress. But her first solid step towards popularity was her participation in the comedy \"El rey del barrio\" (1949), where she formed a great comedic pair with Germ\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s \"Tin-T\u00e1n\", directed by Gilberto Mart\u00ednez Solares. Pinal and Tin T\u00e1n acted together in two more films: \"La marca del zorrillo\" (1950) and \"Me traes de un ala \" (1952).Pinal participated in small roles in several more films.Pinal received her first major recognition, her first Silver Ariel Award as a co-starring actress, for her performance in the film \"Un rinc\u00f3n cerca del cielo\" (1952), where she worked again with Pedro Infante. In 1952, she performed with Joaqu\u00edn Pardav\u00e9 in the comedies \"Do\u00f1a Mariquita de mi coraz\u00f3n]\" and \"El casto Susano\".In 1953, Pinal signed a contract with the FILMEX studios of Gregorio Walerstein, who gave her first stellar works in the films \"Reventa de esclavas\" (1953) and \"Yo soy muy macho\" (1953). In that same year, she made her first musical work with the film \"Mis tres viudas alegres\", where she shared credits with Lilia del Valle and the Cuban rumbera Amalia Aguilar. The success of the film led the three actresses to star, that same year, in the comedy \"Las cari\u00f1osas\". In that same year ,she acted with Libertad Lamarque in \"Si volvieras a m\u00ed\"Pinal achieved success and recognition in 1954, after participating in the film \"Un extra\u00f1o en la escalera\", directed by Tulio Demicheli, and starring opposite Arturo de C\u00f3rdova. De C\u00f3rdova wanted as his co-stars the Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida or the Cuban rumbera Rosa Carmina, because he distrusted Pinal due to her youth. With the support of the producer Gregorio Walerstein, Silvia made a change of image, highlighting her sex appeal, which helped her to be approved by De Cordova for the film. The film was filmed in Havana, Cuba and it was a remarkable blockbuster, which consecrates Pinal as the first figure in the cinema.Another director who knew how to make the most of Silvia's histrionic abilities was Alberto Gout. Under the baton of Gout, Silvia made the film \"La sospechosa\" (1954). Another outstanding movie in which Pinal participates is \"Historia de un abrigo de mink\" (1954),an episodic film that Pinal co-stars with the actresses Mar\u00eda Elena Marqu\u00e9s, Columba Dom\u00ednguez and Irasema Dili\u00e1n. With Tito Davison as director, Pinal also filmed the Mexican-Spanish-Chilean co-production \"Cabo de Hornos\" (1955), along with the actor Jorge Mistral. Pinal worked again with Pedro Infante, this time as his co-star in the famous comedy \"El inocente\" (1955).Pinal starred in several films by Tulio Demicheli. Among the most outstanding is \"Locura pasional\" (1955), which would bring her first Silver Ariel award as best actress. The second was thanks to her role in the film \"La dulce enemiga\" (1957), directed by Tito Davison.In 1956, Pinal starred in the film \"Una cita de amor\" (1956), where she worked for the first and only time under the direction of the director Emilio Fern\u00e1ndez.The popularity and success of Pinal in Mexico opened the doors for her to work in Europe following the advice of Tulio Demicheli. Her first work in the Old Continent is in the Spanish-Mexican co-production \"Las locuras de B\u00e1rbara\" (1958), directed by Demicheli. From the hand of Demicheli Silvia starred in Spain the musical film \"Charleston\".Given the success of her films in Europe, Silvia was invited to work in Italy, where she also served as producer of the film \"Men and Noblemen\" (1959), which she starred next to Vittorio de Sica and Elke Sommer.Under the direction of Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Forqu\u00e9, Silvia starred in Spain in the film \"Maribel y la extra\u00f1a familia\" (1960). In 1961 she filmed the Spanish musical film \"Adi\u00f3s, Mim\u00ed Pompom\", next to Fernando Fern\u00e1n G\u00f3mez.Pinal achieved international acclaim through a trilogy of films that marked the end of the Mexican era of the Spanish filmmaker Luis Bu\u00f1uel. Pinal had her first contact with Bu\u00f1uel through Mexican actor Ernesto Alonso, with the firm intention of starring in the film version of the novel \"Tristana\". However, the little commercial success of Bu\u00f1uel's films prevented the producers from financing the project, which ended up collapsing (Bu\u00f1uel filmed the film years later in Spain with Catherine Deneuve).Years later, Pinal, with the help of her second husband, producer Gustavo Alatriste, looked for Bu\u00f1uel in Spain and convinced him to film \"Viridiana\" (1961). This, without a doubt, is her most famous film. She was co-starred by Francisco Rabal and Fernando Rey, and was the winner of the Palme d'Or at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Despite the success and prestige enjoyed by the film, it was at the time, rejected by the Spanish censorship and the Vatican, accusing it of blasphemy. The Spanish government ordered its destruction. Through the intervention of Pinal, who fled with a copy to Mexico, the film was saved. In Mexico, Vatican censorship had also resonated. However, with the help of Salvador Novo, the film premiered in some rooms.Her second film with Bu\u00f1uel was \"El \u00e1ngel exterminador\" (1962), which Pinal starred in with a choral cast. The film also received critical acclaim worldwide. In 2004, the \"New York Times\" recognized it among the best films of all time.Her third and last project with Bu\u00f1uel was \"Sim\u00f3n del desierto\" (1964). The film, misrepresented as a medium-length film, was originally conceived to be an episodic film. Pinal and Gustavo Alatriste looked for Federico Fellini to direct a second episode, but Fellini accepted with the condition that his wife, Giulietta Masina, starred in it. Jules Dassin was then sought, who likewise accepted on the condition that it was starred by his wife Melina Mercouri. Pinal also rejected this request. The idea was that Pinal starred in all the episodes of the film, so the project ended up filming only with Bu\u00f1uel. In the film Pinal also made the first nude appearance of her career, something still rare in Mexican cinema and also the first naked scenes of Bu\u00f1uel's cinema.Pinal was also on the verge of starring with Bu\u00f1uel in the film \"Diary of a Chambermaid\", in France. Pinal learned French and was willing to charge nothing for her participation. However, the French producer Serge Silberman ended up choosing Jeanne Moreau. Even so, Silvia Pinal (along with Lilia Prado), who is the actress with whom Bu\u00f1uel worked with the most, made a total of three classic films. Pinal was also going to shoot with Bu\u00f1uel in Spain on \"Divinas palabras\", but there were problems with copyrights. Years later, Pinal was finally able to do it in Mexico with another director.After her work with Bu\u00f1uel, Pinal returned to the cinema with the comedy \"Buenas noches, A\u00f1o Nuevo\" (1965), where she alternated with Ricardo Montalb\u00e1n. In 1966 she made the mythical film \"La soldadera\", directed by Jos\u00e9 Bola\u00f1os and inspired by the events of the Mexican Revolution. In that same year she participated in the Mexican-Brazilian co-production \"Juego peligroso\", directed by Luis Alcoriza and based on a script by Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez. She also appeared in the Franco-Italian-Mexican co-production \"La bataille de san sebastian\", along with Anthony Quinn and Charles Bronson. In 1967 Pinal films \"Shark!\", together Burt Reynolds and directed by Samuel Fuller. This is the only Hollywood production in which Pinal has appeared.Pinal achieved a huge blockbuster with the film \"Mar\u00eda Isabel\" (1968), based on a popular cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulch\u00e9.Between the late 1960s and early 1970s, Pinal mainly made comic films directed by the filmmaker Ren\u00e9 Cardona Jr.. In 1976, Pinal starred in \"Las mariposas disecadas\", a thriller of psychological suspense. In 1977 she finally starred in the controversial film \"Divinas palabras\" (1977), directed by Juan Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, a film where she made an integral nude scene.At the end of the seventies and the beginning of the eighties, Silvia filmed some films in Spain, Italy and Argentina as part of a project by Televisa to unify the Spanish and Latin American markets.After ten years of absence in the cinema, Silvia returned in 1992 with the tape \"Modelo antiguo\", directed by Ra\u00fal Araiza. The decline of Mexican cinema and the activity of Silvia on television and other media (such as politics), made her practically withdraw from the big screen. In recent years, her film appearances are limited to films \"Ya no los hacen como antes\" (2002), and a brief special appearance on the movie \"Tercera llamada\" ( 2013).Pinal made her debut at the theater in the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Eventually she did experimental plays, to then work at the Ideal Theater in Mexico City, in the company of the Spanish actress Isabelita Blanch, where she was directed in numerous productions by Rafael Banquells.Outside of this company, in 1950 participates in the play\"Celos del aire\", with Manolo F\u00e1bregas and Carmen Montejo. In that same year she represented \"Do\u00f1a In\u00e9s\" in \"Don Juan Tenorio\", next to Jorge Mistral. Of her most outstanding plays from the beginning of her career stand out \"The Madwoman of Chaillot\", next to Prudencia Griffel and \"El cuadrante de la soledad\", by Jos\u00e9 Revueltas, with sets by the artist Diego Rivera. In 1954, Pinal participates in the play \"La Sed\", with Ernesto Alonso and the Argentinean actor Pedro L\u00f3pez Lagar. In 1955 she obtained the recognition in the theater scene in the assembly \"Anna Christie\", along with Wolf Ruvinskis. In 1957 Silvia staged the play \"Desn\u00fadate, Lucrecia\", in Chile, next to Jorge Mistral, who eventually starred in the cinema in Mexico.In 1958, Pinal was responsible for producing in Mexico the first Musical comedy \"Bells Are Ringing\", directed by Luis de Llano Palmer. For this work, Pinal had an offer to work on Broadway with the manager of Judy Holliday, but Pinal refused to cut her career in Mexico.In 1964 she made the Mexican version of the musical \"Irma La Douce\", alongside Julio Alem\u00e1n and directed by Enrique Rambal. Jos\u00e9 Luis Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez will end up becoming her head theater director. Under the baton of Iba\u00f1ez, Pinal starred in the work \"Vidas privadas\". One of her most memorable works in musical comedy, was the Mexican version of \"Mame\", successful Broadway musical, which thanks to her success, Pinal rode three times (1972, 1985 and 1989). In 1976 he also starred in the musical \"Annie Get Your Gun\".In 1977, to commemorate her twenty-five year career, Pinal set up her own cabaret show entitled \"\u00a1Felicidades Silvia!\". The show was presented with great success, first at the nightclub El Patio, and then at the Teatro de la Ciudad in Mexico City.In 1978, she starred in the musical \"Plaza Suite\". The death of her daughter Viridiana, truncated the theatrical project \"Agnes of God\", which starred together in 1982. In 1983, Pinal starred in and produced the Mexican montage of the work \"La se\u00f1orita de Tacna\", based on the work of Mario Vargas Llosa. In 1985, while serving as First Lady of the state of Tlaxcala, Pinal remodeled the Xicoht\u00e9ncatl Theater, which reopened with the assembly \"The memories of the Divine Sarah\". In 1986, Pinal starred in the work \"Anna Karenina\", which despite the success obtained, was not to the liking of the actress, and the assembly only reached 100 performances.In 1988, in association with Margarita L\u00f3pez Portillo, Pinal acquired the Cine Estadio, located in Colonia Roma in Mexico City, transforming it into its own theatrical venue, the Silvia Pinal Theater, a space dedicated mainly to musical comedy. which Pinal was free to set up her own productions. The Silvia Pinal Theater was inaugurated in 1989 with the third representation of the musical \"Mame\", with Pinal at the head of the cast.In 1992, Pinal acquired the former Cine Versalles, located in Colonia Ju\u00e1rez in Mexico City and turned it into his second theater, the Diego Rivera Theater. The Diego Rivera Theater was inaugurated in 1991 with the assembly \"Lettice and Lovage\".In 1996, Silvia returned to the musical theater with the second Mexican version of \"Hello, Dolly!\", opposite Ignacio L\u00f3pez Tarso. The last work that Pinal starred in her previous theater was \"Gypsy\" (1998), starring alongside her daughter, the singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n.As a producer, she was responsible for making the Mexican versions of the musicals \"A Chorus Line\" (1989), \"Cats\" (1991) and \"La Cage aux Folles\" (1992). Unfortunately, several problems caused Pinal to close the Silvia Pinal Theater, which stopped functioning in 2000 to become a religious temple.Pinal returned to the theater in 2002 with the play \"Debiera haber obispas\". In recent dates she has also participated in productions such as \"Adorables enemigas\" (2008) and \"Amor, dolor y lo que puesto\" (2012). In 2014, the Diego Rivera Theater changed its name to become the new Silvia Pinal Theatre.Pinal dabbled in television since its appearance in Mexico in the early 1950s. In 1952, she participated in her television show titled \"Con los brazos abiertos\". Eventually she participates in numerous telecasts, produced by Luis de Llano Palmer. That's where Pinal first introduced the use of playback on Mexican television.In the mid-sixties, Silvia staged her own comic-musical show on Televisa entitled \"Los especiales de Silvia Pinal\". When Silvia married the actor and singer Enrique Guzm\u00e1n, both produced and starred in the variety show \"Silvia y Enrique\" (a comedy-musical program in the style of \"The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour\"), which presented during four years (1968\u20131972) with a great success. Once separated from Guzm\u00e1n, Silvia continued with her variety show titled \"\u00a1Ahora Silvia!!.In 1985, she became a producer and presenter of the TV show \"Mujer, casos de la vida real\". Initially, the show was created to respond to cases and needs of the public focused on locating victims of the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City. With the passage of time, the show evolved to present current issues and daily life that included from domestic violence to legal issues and public health. This production was a success and lasted more than 20 years transmitting in Mexico, Spain, Italy and several countries in Latin America. The program was canceled in 2007.In 2009 Silvia also participated in a chapter of the series \"Mujeres asesinas\".In 1968, Pinal makes his debut in telenovelas with the historical telenovela \"Los caudillos\", inspired by the events of the War of Independence of Mexico. The telenovela was produced by Ernesto Alonso. Her second foray into the genre was with the telenovela \"\u00bfQui\u00e9n?\" (1973), produced by Guillermo Diazayas and based on a cartoon by Yolanda Vargas Dulch\u00e9.Eventually, Silvia decided to produce her own telenovelas, her first hit being \"Ma\u00f1ana es primavera\" (1982), the last acting work of her daughter Viridiana, before dying. In 1985 he also produced and starred in \"Eclipse\".Her last works in television have been in special participations in various telenovelas and television series. The most relevant ones are \"Carita de \u00e1ngel\" (2000), in which she went on to replace the actress Libertad Lamarque, who at the time of her death left her character unfinished in this childhood melodrama), \"Fuego en la sangre\" (2008), \"Soy tu due\u00f1a\" (2010) and \"Mi marido tiene familia\" (2017).In addition to the aforementioned telenovelas that she starred, Pinal also produced the melodramas \"Cuando los hijos van\" (1983) and \"Tiempo de amar\" (1987).Pinal dabbled in the world of politics as a result of her fourth marriage, with the politician Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez, who was governor of the State of Tlaxcala. Between 1981 and 1987, Pinal was the First Lady of that state. Eventually she became a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party and was elected to federal deputy in 1991. Later, she became a senator and member of the Asamblea de Representantes del Federal District.In these positions, Pinal had some achievements. Among the most outstanding are to achieve that the Cinematographic Law contemplate the right of interpreter, worked on the Law of Condominiums and the Law of Tourism, did tasks in favor of ecology, promoted the dissemination of theater books and fought for the Ministry of Finance to lower taxes on the theater.Since the fifties, Pinal actively participated in trade union movements of the actors of his country. She was part of the group \"Rosa Mexicano\" , founded by Dolores del R\u00edo. Between 1988 and 1995, Pinal became a leader of the National Association of Interpreters (A.N.D.I.) of Mexico.Pinal had problems with justice in the year 2000 due to problems in her management as leader of the Association of Theater Producers (Protea) in the early 1990s. For this reason the actress lived some time in Miami, United States. After eleven months, the actress was declared innocent and returned to her country.Between 2010 and 2014, Pinal also served as General Secretary of the Screen Actors Guild of M\u00e9xico (ANDA) of Mexico.In an attempt to protect the mature actors, she became the founder of the \"Asociaci\u00f3n Rafael Banquells\", in charge of providing non-profit help to the interpreters. As president of the association, Pinal is in charge of the delivery of the Bravo Awards to the highlights in music, film, theater, radio, television, dubbing and commercial realization during the year. The awards are given annually since 1991.Pinal has been married four times. Her first marriage was with the actor and director Rafael Banquells, who was her first formal boyfriend. Pinal married Banquells in 1947. Pinal acknowledges that her marriage at such an early age was partly due to escape from her father's repression: \"\"I changed my father for a softer one that stimulated me in my career.\"\" The couple divorced in 1952, a year after the birth of their daughter, Sylvia Pasquel, who later consolidated an outstanding career as an actress.Her second marriage was with the businessman and film producer Gustavo Alatriste. Pinal has revealed on numerous occasions that Alatriste was the love of her life, a husband with whom she could have stayed forever. Silvia met Alatriste at a meeting at Ernesto Alonso's house when he was about to divorce the actress Ariadne Welter. It was thanks to Alatriste that Pinal was able to make her film projects with Luis Bu\u00f1uel. The marriage ended in 1967 due to Alatriste's infidelities and business problems between the couple. Of her relationship with Alatriste was born a daughter, also actress Viridiana Alatriste (born in 1963). Unfortunately, Viridiana died tragically in a car accident in Mexico City in 1982, only 19 years old.Her third marriage was with the popular singer and idol of Rock and roll Enrique Guzm\u00e1n. Pinal and Guzm\u00e1n met when he came as a guest on the Pinal's television show \"\u00a1Ahora Silvia!\". Pinal and Guzm\u00e1n were married in 1967 despite some resistance from Pinal being 11 years older than her husband. Their marriage lasted nine years. They worked together and procreated two children: the popular singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n (born in 1968) and the musician and composer Luis Enrique Guzm\u00e1n (born in 1970).Her last marriage was with the politician, and then governor of the state of Tlaxcala, Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez. The couple married in 1982. It was through Hern\u00e1ndez that Pinal entered the world of politics. Pinal and Hernandez divorced in 1995.In addition to her marriages, at various times in her life, Pinal held various romances. In 1954, when filming \"Un extra\u00f1o en la escalera\", Pinal fell in love with her co-star, the actor Arturo de C\u00f3rdova. Others of her romances were with the Mexican businessman Emilio Azc\u00e1rraga Milmo, the Egyptian actor Omar Sharif and with the American businessman Conrad Nicholson Hilton, Jr..With the passage of time, Silvia Pinal has become the head of one of the most famous artistic dynasties in Latin America. Her daughters Sylvia and Viridiana followed in her footsteps as an actress. The youngest of her daughters, Alejandra, is one of the most popular singers in Mexico. Alejandra's daughter Frida Sofia is also a model, currently living in Miami Fl. In addition, her granddaughter Stephanie Salas (daughter of Sylvia) has also forged a career as an actress and singer. Stephanie's daughters, Michelle Salas and Camila Valero, are both models and actresses.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Gustavo Alatriste", "January 1961", "January 1967"], ["Silvia Pinal", "position held", "member of the Senate of Mexico", "January 1998", "August 2000"], ["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Rafael Banquells", "January 1947", "January 1952"], ["Silvia Pinal", "member of political party", "Institutional Revolutionary Party", "January 1991", "January 2000"], ["Silvia Pinal", "spouse", "Tulio Hern\u00e1ndez G\u00f3mez", "January 1982", "January 1995"], ["Silvia Pinal", "position held", "Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico", "September 1991", "August 1994"]]}
{"question": "Where was \u00c5ke Pleijel educated 11 years and 7 months before he/she worked for Institute for Advanced Study?", "adv_question": "Where was \u00c5ke Pleijel educated 11 years and 7 months before he/she worked for Institute for Advanced Study?", "date": "June 20 1935", "text_answers": {"text": ["Stockholm University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q6051696_P69_P108_18", "fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from January 1932 to January 1940. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from January 1948 to January 1952. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from November 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to January 1941. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to January 1979. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from January 1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965.", "adv_fact_context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel was married to Sonja Berg Pleijel from Nov 1937 to January 1967. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel studied at Stockholm University from Jan 1932 to 01/1940. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Stockholm University from January 1940 to Jan 1941. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Uppsala University from January 1967 to 01/1979. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Royal Institute of Technology from Jan 1948 to Jan 1952. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Institute for Advanced Study from 01/1947 to January 1948. \n \u00c5ke Pleijel worked for Lund University from January 1952 to January 1965.", "context": "\u00c5ke Pleijel\u00c5ke Pleijel (10 August 1913 \u2013 24 September 1989) was a Swedish mathematician.He completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at Stockholm University in 1940 (with Torsten Carleman as supervisor), and later became Professor of Mathematics at Uppsala University.\u00c5ke Pleijel published the paper in which the Minakshisundaram\u2013Pleijel zeta function was introduced.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Stockholm University", "January 1940", "January 1941"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Uppsala University", "January 1967", "January 1979"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Lund University", "January 1952", "January 1965"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Institute for Advanced Study", "January 1947", "January 1948"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "employer", "Royal Institute of Technology", "January 1948", "January 1952"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "spouse", "Sonja Berg Pleijel", "November 1937", "January 1967"], ["\u00c5ke Pleijel", "educated at", "Stockholm University", "January 1932", "January 1940"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for 21 years before he/she held the position of New York City Police Commissioner?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Lee Patrick Brown work for 21 years before he/she held the position of New York City Police Commissioner?", "date": "January 30 1969", "text_answers": {"text": ["Portland State University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q866128_P108_P39_41", "fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from January 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to January 1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from January 1972 to January 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to January 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from January 1998 to January 2004.", "adv_fact_context": "Lee Patrick Brown held the position of Mayor of Houston from Jan 1998 to 01/2004. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of chief of police from Jan 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for San Jose Police Department from January 1960 to January 1968. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Portland State University from Jan 1968 to January 1972. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Howard University from Jan 1972 to Jan 1975. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Houston Police Department from January 1982 to 01/1990. \n Lee Patrick Brown held the position of New York City Police Commissioner from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for Office of National Drug Control Policy from January 1993 to Jan 1996. \n Lee Patrick Brown worked for New York City Police Department from January 1990 to 01/1992.", "context": "Lee P. BrownLee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is an American politician, criminologist and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African-American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was re-elected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades. With practical experience and a doctorate from University of California, Berkeley, he has combined research and operations in his career. After serving as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, he was appointed in 1982 as the first African-American police chief in Houston, Texas, where he implemented techniques in community policing to reduce crime.His parents, Andrew and Zelma Brown were sharecroppers in Oklahoma, and Lee Brown was born in Wewoka. His family, including five brothers and one sister, moved to California in the second wave of the Great Migration and his parents continued as farmers. A high school athlete, Brown earned a football scholarship to Fresno State University, where he earned a B.S. in criminology in 1960. That year he started as a police officer in San Jose, California, where he served for eight years. Brown was elected as the president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association (union) and served from 1965\u20131966.Brown went on to earn a master's degree in sociology from San Jos\u00e9 State University in 1964, and became an assistant professor there in 1968. He also earned a second master's degree in criminology from University of California, Berkeley in 1968. In the same year, he moved to Portland, Oregon, where he established and served as chairman of the Department of Administration of Justice at Portland State University.In 1972, Brown was appointed associate director of the Institute of Urban Affairs and Research and professor of Public Administration and director of Criminal Justice programs at Howard University. In 1974, Brown was named Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon and in 1976 became director of the Department of Justice Services.In 1978 he was appointed Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, serving to 1982. Brown and his staff oversaw investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders case and increased efforts to provide safety in black areas of the city during the period when murders were committed. A critical element of reform during Brown's tenure was increasing diversity of the police force. By the time Brown resigned to accept the top police job in Houston, Atlanta's police force was 20 percent black.In 1982 Brown was the first African American to be appointed as Police Chief to the City of Houston, serving until 1990. He was first appointed by Mayor Kathy Whitmire. The Houston Police Department seemed to be in constant turmoil and badly needed reform. According to one of Brown's colleagues at Atlanta, ... \"Everybody knows Lee likes challenges and anyone who knows about the Houston Police Department knows it's one helluva challenge.\" After coming to Houston, Brown quickly began to implement methods of community policing, building relationships with the city's diverse communities.The Houston Police Officers Union (HPOU) recently published a history describing in more detail how Brown's reforms were implemented and how it became accepted by the officers as well as the communities they served over a period of years. Initially, the officers were unimpressed by what Brown termed Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP). Old-time officers saw it as simply reverting to a long-discredited policy of \"walking a beat,\" and claimed the acronym meant \"never on patrol.\"Brown and his staff divided the city into 23 identifiable \"neighborhoods.\" Each neighborhood had a small informal office, located in a storefront, where people from the neighborhood were invited to come in and discuss their concerns or problems with one of the officers that served there. Brown emphasized through his officer training sessions that getting feedback from the public was as important as writing up tickets or doing paperwork chores. The neighborhood officers soon recognized the hot spots and the neighborhood \"movers and shakers\" who could be helpful in preventing problems.Brown was credited with getting more police officers into the neighborhoods during his tenure. Relations between the residents and the police were far better than ever before, with residents becoming willing to work with the police implementing various activities. He was quoted as saying that sixty percent of all cities in the U.S. had adopted some form of NOP by the time he stepped down as Houston's chief.In December 1989 Brown was named by Mayor David Dinkins as Police Commissioner of New York City, the first non-New Yorker appointed in a quarter of a century as head of the nation's largest police force. In January 1990, he took over a police force that was seven times the size of Houston's, with \"a complex organization of more than 26,000 officers\" and a 346-member executive corps of officers at the rank of captain and above. At the time, the force was 75% white; there were issues of perception of police justice and sensitivity in a city with a population estimated to be half minorities: black, Hispanic and Asian.Brown implemented community policing citywide, which reportedly quadrupled the number of police officers on foot patrol and had a goal of creating a partnership between the police and citizens. The fact that reported crimes were 6.7 percent lower for the first four months of 1992, compared to the previous year, indicated that Brown's program was having a positive effect, according to the Treadwell article.On the other hand, according to Treadwell, the police department was being criticized for the alleged ineffectiveness of its internal affairs division in the wake of allegations of drug dealing and bribery by some officers. Dinkins had appointed a five-member panel to investigate the corruption allegations, and had asked the City Council to establish an all-civilian review board to look at charges of police brutality. Brown was already on record as opposing both actions. Both Brown and Dinkins took great pains to assure reporters that the policy disagreement played no role in Brown's decision to leave.Brown submitted his resignation from the New York City position effective September 1, 1992. He and Mayor Dinkins held a joint news conference to explain the reason for his sudden departure. Brown stated that he was leaving to care for his wife, who was ill, and to rejoin the rest of his family, who were still in Houston. He added that he had accepted a college teaching position in Houston.In 1993 Brown was appointed by President Bill Clinton as his Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, or \"Drug Czar\"), and moved to Washington, DC. The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment.In the late 1990s, Brown returned to Houston and entered politics directly, running for mayor. In 1997, Brown became the first African American elected as mayor of Houston. During Brown's administration, the city invested extensively in infrastructure: it started the first 7.5-mile leg of its light-rail system and obtained voter approval for an extension, along with increases in bus service, park and ride facilities and HOV lanes. It opened three new professional sports facilities, attracting visitors to the city. It revitalized the downtown area: constructing the City's first convention center hotel, doubling the size of the convention center; and constructing the Hobby Center of the Performing Arts. In addition, it built and renovated new libraries, police and fire stations. Brown initiated a $2.9\u00a0billion development program at the city's airport, which consisted of new terminals and runways; and a consolidated rental car facility; in addition to renovating other terminals and runways, he built a new water treatment plant.Brown also advanced the city's affirmative action program; installed programs in city libraries to provide access to the Internet; built the state-of-the-art Houston Emergency Communications Center; implemented e-government, and opened new parks. Brown led trade missions for the business community to other countries and promoted international trade. He increased the number of foreign consulates.Brown undertook a massive program to reconstruct the downtown street system and replace the aging underground utility system. The accompanying traffic problems was made a campaign issue by his opponent, three-term city councilman Orlando Sanchez in the 2001 election campaign. In 2001 Brown narrowly survived the reelection challenge and runoff against Sanchez, a Cuban-born man who grew up in Houston. The election characterized by especially high voter turnout in both black and Hispanic districts.Sanchez' supporters highlighted poor street conditions, campaigning that the \"P stands for Pothole,\" referring to Brown's middle initial. Sanchez drove a Hummer as his campaign vehicle during this period, which was adorned with the banner, \"With Brown in Town it's the only way to get around.\"Following the death of Houston Fire Captain Jay Janhke in the line of duty, Sanchez gained endorsements from the fire/emergency medical services sector. Brown changed Fire Department policy on staffing as a result of the captain's death.The Brown-Sanchez election attracted involvement from several national political figures, who contributed to its rhetoric. Brown was endorsed by former Democratic president Bill Clinton while Sanchez was endorsed by then-President George W. Bush, former President George H.W. Bush and his wife, former First Lady Barbara Bush; Rudy Giuliani and a host of other Republicans. Some members of the President's cabinet campaigned for Sanchez in Houston.The contest had ethnic undertones as Sanchez, a Cuban American, was vying to become the first Hispanic mayor of Houston; he challenged Brown, who was the city's first African-American mayor. According to the U.S. Census 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White (including Hispanic or Latino), 25.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 37% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.Voting split along racial and political party lines, with a majority of African Americans and Asians (largely Democrats) supporting Brown, and a majority of Hispanic and Anglo voters (largely Republicans) supporting Sanchez. Brown had 43% in the first round of voting, and Sanchez 40%, which resulted in their competing in a run-off. Chris Bell received 16% of the ballots cast in the first round. Brown narrowly won reelection by a margin of three percentage points following heavy voter turnout in predominantly Black precincts, compared to relatively light turnout in Hispanic precincts, although Hispanic voting in the runoff election was much higher than previously.Brown's 2001 reelection was one of the last major political campaigns supported by the Houston-based Enron Corporation, which collapsed in a financial scandal days after the election.Brown was married twice. His first wife, Yvonne Brown, died of cancer after they had four children together. He is married to Frances Young, a teacher in the Houston Independent School District.Brown is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha collegiate fraternity and Sigma Pi Phi, an African-American fraternity for those who have achieved distinction in their chosen profession.While in Houston, Dr. Brown was a Professor at Texas Southern University and Director of the university's Black Male Initiative Program.Brown is a co-founder of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE). Brown is chairman and CEO of Brown Group International, which is a business solutions organization.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["San Jose Police Department", "Howard University", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "Houston Police Department", "New York City Police Department"], "facts": [["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "chief of police", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Houston Police Department", "January 1982", "January 1990"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "New York City Police Department", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Portland State University", "January 1968", "January 1972"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Howard University", "January 1972", "January 1975"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "San Jose Police Department", "January 1960", "January 1968"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "Mayor of Houston", "January 1998", "January 2004"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "employer", "Office of National Drug Control Policy", "January 1993", "January 1996"], ["Lee Patrick Brown", "position held", "New York City Police Commissioner", "January 1990", "January 1992"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s belong to 38 years and 11 months after he/she studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations?", "adv_question": "Which political party did M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s belong to 38 years and 11 months after he/she studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations?", "date": "December 18 1997", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hungarian Socialist Party"]}, "id": "L3H_Q461944_P102_P69_12", "fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from January 2003 to January 2005. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to January 1978. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from January 1951 to January 1956. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from January 1978 to January 1982. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from January 1989 to January 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from June 1998 to May 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to January 1959.", "adv_fact_context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union from Jan 1978 to Jan 1982. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from January 1956 to January 1989. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Working People's Party from Jan 1951 to January 1956. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party from Jan 1989 to 01/2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from 06/1998 to May 2002. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of ambassador of Hungary to East Germany from January 1975 to Jan 1978. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s was a member of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party from Jan 2003 to Jan 2005. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s studied at Moscow State Institute of International Relations from January 1953 to 01/1959. \n M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s held the position of President of Hungary from October 1989 to May 1990.", "context": "M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6sM\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s (; born 11 September 1933 in P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny) is a Hungarian politician. He served as provisional President of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990. His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government.Sz\u0171r\u00f6s served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990. In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character. The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved. Under the Constitution, Sz\u0171r\u00f6s became provisional president until the election. Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the \"People's Republic\" from its constitutional name and was now the \"Republic of Hungary.\"He remained in parliament until 2002 as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party, often voting against the party consensus. He quit the party in 2002, joined the newly established New Left Party and ran as their prime minister candidate at the parliamentary elections, but the party only got 0.1% of the popular votes. In 2003 he joined the Social Democratic Party and was later elected as the chairman of the party. He resigned his position in 2005.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Hungarian Working People's Party", "Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party", "Hungarian Social Democratic Party"], "facts": [["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Working People's Party", "January 1951", "January 1956"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "President of Hungary", "October 1989", "May 1990"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Social Democratic Party", "January 2003", "January 2005"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "Hungarian ambassador to the  Soviet Union", "January 1978", "January 1982"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "ambassador of Hungary to East Germany", "January 1975", "January 1978"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "educated at", "Moscow State Institute of International Relations", "January 1953", "January 1959"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "June 1998", "May 2002"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party", "January 1956", "January 1989"], ["M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s", "member of political party", "Hungarian Socialist Party", "January 1989", "January 2002"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Vladimir Milov belong to 8 years and 1 months after he/she worked for Federal Tariff Service?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Vladimir Milov belong to eight years and 1 months after he/she worked for Federal Tariff Service?", "date": "February 03 2009", "text_answers": {"text": ["Solidarnost"]}, "id": "L3H_Q3739496_P102_P108_2", "fact_context": "Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from January 2001 to January 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from December 2010 to September 2011. \n Vladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to January 2001. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from January 2018 to May 2023. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from December 2008 to January 2010. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to October 2002.", "adv_fact_context": "Vladimir Milov was a member of the People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\" from Dec 2010 to Sep 2011. \n Vladimir Milov worked for Federal Tariff Service from January 1997 to Jan 2001. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of Deputy Minister from May 2002 to Oct 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Solidarnost from Dec 2008 to Jan 2010. \n Vladimir Milov held the position of consultant from 01/2001 to January 2002. \n Vladimir Milov was a member of the Russia of the Future from 01/2018 to May 2023.", "context": "Vladimir MilovVladimir Stanislavovich Milov (, born 18 June 1972 in Kemerovo) is a Russian politician and the former chairman of the Russian political party Democratic Choice (May 2012 to December 2015). From May to October 2002, he served as Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation. He was a member of the Federal Political Council of the democratic movement Solidarnost (2008-2010) and one of the founders of the coalition \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\". He was also the president of the Institute for Energy Policy, a Moscow-based independent think tank until 2013. Vladimir Milov graduated from Moscow State Mining University in 1994. In 1997\u20132001, he worked for the natural monopoly regulator of Russia, the Federal Energy Commission of Russia, serving in 1999\u20132001 as the head of its economic analysis department. In 2001 he headed an expert team within the Center for Strategic Research, a government-linked think tank.In December 2001, Milov was appointed adviser to the Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation and in May 2002, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Energy of Russia in Kasyanov's government. He resigned in October 2002.In November 2002, Milov founded and became the head of the research fund Institute for Strategic Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex (in 2003, it was renamed to Institute for Energy Policy). From September 2005 to August 2006, the institute was one of the ten most mentioned economic expert centers in the country and the first on energy issues. By 2010, the institute had ceased to engage in real activities, and the legal entity was liquidated in December 2013.Milov authored numerous analytical materials, concept papers and publications on energy policy and infrastructure development in Russia. He collaborated on state programs for reforming the country's gas industry, electric power industry, and railway transport, and proposed a reform project for Gazprom, which was rejected by Vladimir Putin. In 2002, he headed an interdepartmental working group on the development of the energy strategy for Russia for the period up to 2020. He took part in the development of Russian legislation on the electric power industry, regulation and taxation of the energy sector.In December 2008, Milov co-founded the opposition movement \"Solidarnost\". He was one of the leaders of the organization until May 2010. In 2009, Milow ran for the Moscow City Duma as an independent candidate, but was not admitted to register. In February 2010, Milov was elected a leader of the social movement \"Democratic Choice\". He resigned on December 20, 2015 after a series of internal disagreements. Since 2016, Milov has been actively participating in Alexei Navalny's presidential campaign. Milov was mentioned as one of the co-authors of Navalny's platform that was published on December 13, 2017.Since October 19, 2019, Milov has been broadcasting a weekly program about international politics, Hugs With Dictators, on his YouTube channel.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Russia of the Future", "People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\""], "facts": [["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "People's Freedom Party \"For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption\"", "December 2010", "September 2011"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "consultant", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Russia of the Future", "January 2018", "May 2023"], ["Vladimir Milov", "position held", "Deputy Minister", "May 2002", "October 2002"], ["Vladimir Milov", "member of political party", "Solidarnost", "December 2008", "January 2010"], ["Vladimir Milov", "employer", "Federal Tariff Service", "January 1997", "January 2001"]]}
{"question": "Which award did Michael Batty receive 27 years and 1 months after he/she worked for Cardiff University?", "adv_question": "Which award did Michael Batty receive 27 years and one months after he/she worked for Cardiff University?", "date": "February 05 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["Fellow of the British Academy", "Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences", "Fellow of the Royal Society"]}, "id": "L3H_Q6845991_P166_P108_27", "fact_context": "Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from January 1990 to January 1995. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from January 1966 to January 1969. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to January 1990. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from January 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from January 2009 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to January 1979.", "adv_fact_context": "Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to Jan 1979. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from 01/1990 to 01/1995. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from Jan 2009 to 05/2023. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to 01/1990. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from Jan 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from Jan 1966 to 01/1969.", "context": "Michael BattyMichael Batty CBE, FBA, FRS, FAcSS (born 11 January 1945) is a British urban planner, geographer and spatial data scientist, and Bartlett Professor of Planning in The Bartlett at University College London . He has been Director\u2014now Chairman\u2014of the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, set up when he was appointed to UCL in 1995. His research and the work of CASA is focused on computer models of city systems. He was awarded the William Alonso Prize of the Regional Science Association in 2011 for his book Cities and Complexity, the same prize a second time for his book The New Science of Cities in 2017-2018, the University Consortium GIS Research Award in 2012, and the Laur\u00e9at Prix International de G\u00e9ographie Vautrin Lud, the so-called 'Nobel for geography', in 2013. In 2015, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and in 2016, the Gold Medal of the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI). He also received the Senior Scholar Award of the Complex Systems Society in September 2016.Michael Batty was born in Liverpool and educated at Northway County Primary School from 1950 to 1956 and then at Quarry Bank High School for Boys from 1956 to 1962. He went to the University of Manchester (1962-1966) where he studied Town and Country Planning gaining the BA degree with First Class Honours in 1966. His PhD is from the University of Wales, Institute of Science and Technology in 1984. The thesis on Pseudo Dynamic Urban Models was made available online in 2012.He began his academic career in the University of Manchester in 1966 where he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Town and Country Planning. He then spent 10 years at the University of Reading as Research Assistant, Lecturer and Reader in Geography. During this time he spent one year as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Transport Planning in the Department of Civil Engineering in the University of Waterloo, Ontario. He moved to the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (now the University of Cardiff) in 1979, where he was Professor of town planning. During this time, he acted as Head of Department, and Dean of the Faculty of Environmental Design. In 1990, he moved to direct the US National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) where he was a Professor of geography.He has held several visiting appointments in computing, engineering, planning, and geography at the following Universities: University of Illinois; University of Melbourne; University of Hong Kong; University of Bristol; University of Michigan; and he currently has visiting appointments at Cardiff University and Arizona State University.His research has focussed on the development of analytical methods and computer models for simulating the structure of cities and regions. Early work involved aggregate land use transport models which are summarised in his first book \"Urban Modelling\". After this early work, he focused on more visual representations of cities and their models and some of these were represented in his second book \"Microcomputer Graphics\". With Paul Longley, he published \"Fractal Cities\". This work established the idea that cities might be regarded as the outcome of self-similar fractal processes generating structure from the bottom up. His work on complexity theory in urban analysis and planning is the focus of his book \"Cities and Complexity\", a summary of which is available on his ComplexCity web site. His book \"The New Science of Cities\". ties many of the ideas together, developing the notion that it is flows rather than locations that are key to an understanding not only of cities but also the processes for their design and planning. His most recent book \"Inventing Future Cities\" was published by MIT Press in 2018 and focuses on the idea that we can invent the future with respect to cities but can never predict them.He has edited several volumes, most recently \"Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems\" and \"Virtual Geographic Environments\".Details of his publications are available from his curriculum vitaand on his personal web pages.Learned Societies: He has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009, a Fellow of the British Academy in 2001, a Fellow of Academy of Social Sciences in 2001 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1982.Professional Institutes: He has been a Member and now Fellow of the Royal Town Planning Institute since 1971, and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport since 1984. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society since 1972.He has recently acted as: Member of the Advisory Panel on Public Sector Information - APPSI, Chair of the ESRC Census Advisory Committee, and a Member of the UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) 2004-2009 Geography Panel.At Cardiff, he was a Member of the Computer Board for British Universities and Research Councils, now JISC (1988\u20131990), a Member of the SERC (Science and Engineering Research Council) Transport Committee (1982\u20131985), Chair (1980\u20131982), then Vice-Chair (1982\u20131984) of the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Environment and Planning Committee, and Chair of the Conference of Heads Of Planning Schools (CHOPS) 1986-1980.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Manchester", "January 1966", "January 1969"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Royal Society", "January 2009", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Reading", "January 1969", "January 1979"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the British Academy", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "educated at", "University of Manchester", "January 1962", "January 1966"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1990", "January 1995"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "Cardiff University", "January 1979", "January 1990"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Michael Batty work for 19 years and 9 months before he/she received Fellow of the British Academy?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Michael Batty work for 19 years and 9 months before he/she received Fellow of the British Academy?", "date": "April 02 1981", "text_answers": {"text": ["Cardiff University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q6845991_P108_P166_38", "fact_context": "Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from January 2009 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to January 1990. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from January 1990 to January 1995. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to January 1979. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from January 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from January 1966 to January 1969. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Michael Batty received Fellow of the Royal Society from Jan 2009 to 05/2023. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the British Academy from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Manchester from Jan 1966 to 01/1969. \n Michael Batty worked for Cardiff University from January 1979 to 01/1990. \n Michael Batty received Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences from January 2001 to May 2023. \n Michael Batty studied at University of Manchester from Jan 1962 to January 1966. \n Michael Batty worked for University at Buffalo from 01/1990 to 01/1995. \n Michael Batty worked for University of Reading from January 1969 to Jan 1979.", "context": "Michael BattyMichael Batty CBE, FBA, FRS, FAcSS (born 11 January 1945) is a British urban planner, geographer and spatial data scientist, and Bartlett Professor of Planning in The Bartlett at University College London . He has been Director\u2014now Chairman\u2014of the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, set up when he was appointed to UCL in 1995. His research and the work of CASA is focused on computer models of city systems. He was awarded the William Alonso Prize of the Regional Science Association in 2011 for his book Cities and Complexity, the same prize a second time for his book The New Science of Cities in 2017-2018, the University Consortium GIS Research Award in 2012, and the Laur\u00e9at Prix International de G\u00e9ographie Vautrin Lud, the so-called 'Nobel for geography', in 2013. In 2015, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and in 2016, the Gold Medal of the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI). He also received the Senior Scholar Award of the Complex Systems Society in September 2016.Michael Batty was born in Liverpool and educated at Northway County Primary School from 1950 to 1956 and then at Quarry Bank High School for Boys from 1956 to 1962. He went to the University of Manchester (1962-1966) where he studied Town and Country Planning gaining the BA degree with First Class Honours in 1966. His PhD is from the University of Wales, Institute of Science and Technology in 1984. The thesis on Pseudo Dynamic Urban Models was made available online in 2012.He began his academic career in the University of Manchester in 1966 where he was appointed an Assistant Lecturer in Town and Country Planning. He then spent 10 years at the University of Reading as Research Assistant, Lecturer and Reader in Geography. During this time he spent one year as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Transport Planning in the Department of Civil Engineering in the University of Waterloo, Ontario. He moved to the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (now the University of Cardiff) in 1979, where he was Professor of town planning. During this time, he acted as Head of Department, and Dean of the Faculty of Environmental Design. In 1990, he moved to direct the US National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo) where he was a Professor of geography.He has held several visiting appointments in computing, engineering, planning, and geography at the following Universities: University of Illinois; University of Melbourne; University of Hong Kong; University of Bristol; University of Michigan; and he currently has visiting appointments at Cardiff University and Arizona State University.His research has focussed on the development of analytical methods and computer models for simulating the structure of cities and regions. Early work involved aggregate land use transport models which are summarised in his first book \"Urban Modelling\". After this early work, he focused on more visual representations of cities and their models and some of these were represented in his second book \"Microcomputer Graphics\". With Paul Longley, he published \"Fractal Cities\". This work established the idea that cities might be regarded as the outcome of self-similar fractal processes generating structure from the bottom up. His work on complexity theory in urban analysis and planning is the focus of his book \"Cities and Complexity\", a summary of which is available on his ComplexCity web site. His book \"The New Science of Cities\". ties many of the ideas together, developing the notion that it is flows rather than locations that are key to an understanding not only of cities but also the processes for their design and planning. His most recent book \"Inventing Future Cities\" was published by MIT Press in 2018 and focuses on the idea that we can invent the future with respect to cities but can never predict them.He has edited several volumes, most recently \"Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems\" and \"Virtual Geographic Environments\".Details of his publications are available from his curriculum vitaand on his personal web pages.Learned Societies: He has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2009, a Fellow of the British Academy in 2001, a Fellow of Academy of Social Sciences in 2001 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1982.Professional Institutes: He has been a Member and now Fellow of the Royal Town Planning Institute since 1971, and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport since 1984. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society since 1972.He has recently acted as: Member of the Advisory Panel on Public Sector Information - APPSI, Chair of the ESRC Census Advisory Committee, and a Member of the UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) 2004-2009 Geography Panel.At Cardiff, he was a Member of the Computer Board for British Universities and Research Councils, now JISC (1988\u20131990), a Member of the SERC (Science and Engineering Research Council) Transport Committee (1982\u20131985), Chair (1980\u20131982), then Vice-Chair (1982\u20131984) of the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) Environment and Planning Committee, and Chair of the Conference of Heads Of Planning Schools (CHOPS) 1986-1980.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Reading", "University at Buffalo", "University of Manchester"], "facts": [["Michael Batty", "employer", "Cardiff University", "January 1979", "January 1990"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1990", "January 1995"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Royal Society", "January 2009", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "educated at", "University of Manchester", "January 1962", "January 1966"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Reading", "January 1969", "January 1979"], ["Michael Batty", "award received", "Fellow of the British Academy", "January 2001", "May 2023"], ["Michael Batty", "employer", "University of Manchester", "January 1966", "January 1969"]]}
{"question": "Where was Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi educated 13 years and 1 months before he/she worked for University of Groningen?", "adv_question": "Where was Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi educated 13 years and 1 months before he/she worked for University of Groningen?", "date": "December 01 1911", "text_answers": {"text": ["Semmelweis University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q180468_P69_P108_14", "fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from April 1945 to November 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from January 1926 to January 1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from January 1925 to January 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to January 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from January 1920 to January 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from January 1939 to January 1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from November 1945 to January 1947.", "adv_fact_context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Provisional National Assembly from 04/1945 to Nov 1945. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Leiden University from Jan 1920 to Jan 1922. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for Fitzwilliam College from Jan 1926 to 01/1930. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi studied at Semmelweis University from January 1911 to Jan 1917. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the Hungarian upper chamber from 01/1939 to 01/1943. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi held the position of member of the National Assembly of Hungary from Nov 1945 to Jan 1947. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Groningen from 01/1925 to Jan 1926. \n Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi worked for University of Szeged from January 1931 to January 1945.", "context": "Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyiAlbert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi de Nagyr\u00e1polt (September 16, 1893\u00a0\u2013 October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He is credited with first isolating vitamin C and discovering the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle. He was also active in the Hungarian Resistance during World War II and entered Hungarian politics after the war.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1893. His father, Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was a landowner, born in Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely, Transylvania (today T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f, Romania), a Calvinist, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when S\u00e1muel, a Calvinist predicant, was ennobled. At the time of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available. (Mikl\u00f3s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and M\u00e1ria Csiky). His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of J\u00f3zsef Lenhoss\u00e9k and Anna Boss\u00e1nyi. Jozefina was a sister of Mih\u00e1ly Lenhoss\u00e9k; both of these men were Professors of Anatomy at the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University. His family included three generations of scientists. Music was important in the Lenhoss\u00e9k family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the Budapest Opera. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother P\u00e1l became a professional violinist.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his studies at the Semmelweis University in 1911, and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi shot himself in the arm, claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917. He married Korn\u00e9lia Dem\u00e9ny, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began his research career in Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the University of Groningen, where his work focused on the chemistry of cellular respiration. This work landed him a position as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at the University of Cambridge. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1929 where he was a student at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called \"hexuronic acid\", from adrenal gland tissue.He accepted a position at the University of Szeged in 1930. There Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that \"hexuronic acid\" was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C. After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid. In some experiments they used paprika as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what would become known as the Krebs cycle. In Szeged he also met Zolt\u00e1n Bay, physicist, who became his personal friend and partner in research on matters of bio-physics.In 1937 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid\". Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to Finland in 1940. (The Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War travelled to fight for the Finns after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939.)In 1938 he began work on the biophysics of muscle movement. He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.In 1947 Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts with financial support from Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi still faced funding difficulties for several years, due to his foreign status and former association with the government of a Communist nation. In 1948, he received a research position with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the Armour Meat Company and the American Heart Association allowed him to establish the Institute for Muscle Research.During the 1950s Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began using electron microscopes to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the Lasker Award in 1954. In 1955, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1956.In the late 1950s, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi developed a research interest in cancer and developed ideas on applying the theories of quantum mechanics to the biochemistry (quantum biology) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi in a financial mess. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi refused to submit government grants which required him to provide minute details on exactly how he intended to spend the research dollars and what he expected to find. After Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury contacted him and later helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the National Foundation for Cancer Research. Late in life, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi began to pursue free radicals as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term \"syntropy\" replace the term \"negentropy\". Ralph Moss, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of his in the years he performed his cancer research, wrote a biography entitled \"Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.\" Aspects of this work are an important precursor to what is now dubbed redox signaling.Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, who realized that \"a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge,\" divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored \"the fringes of knowledge,\" Dionysians. He wrote, \"In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian.\"As the government of Gyula G\u00f6mb\u00f6s and the associated Hungarian National Defence Association gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi helped his Jewish friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian resistance movement. Although Hungary was allied with the Axis Powers, the Hungarian prime minister Mikl\u00f3s K\u00e1llay sent Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the Allies. The Germans learned of this plot and Adolf Hitler himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the Gestapo.After the war, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi established a laboratory at the University of Budapest and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the Communist rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.In 1967, Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.He married Cornelia Dem\u00e9ny, daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917. Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, was born in 1918. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of Woods Hole biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975. They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi.Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a Google Doodle September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth. In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi oral history collection.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Leiden University", "January 1920", "January 1922"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "educated at", "Semmelweis University", "January 1911", "January 1917"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Hungarian upper chamber", "January 1939", "January 1943"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "Fitzwilliam College", "January 1926", "January 1930"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the National Assembly of Hungary", "November 1945", "January 1947"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1931", "January 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "position held", "member of the Provisional National Assembly", "April 1945", "November 1945"], ["Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi", "employer", "University of Groningen", "January 1925", "January 1926"]]}
{"question": "Who was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 2 years and 11 months before Enzo Maresca was the headcoach?", "adv_question": "Who was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 2 years and 11 months before Enzo Maresca was the headcoach?", "date": "June 19 2018", "text_answers": {"text": ["Jiang Lizhang"]}, "id": "L3H_Q2693_P488_P286_67", "fact_context": "Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1996 to June 1998. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2021 to May 2021. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from January 2017 to January 2020. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2006 to February 2007. \n Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from May 2021 to November 2021. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from August 2020 to January 2021. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from July 1985 to June 1987. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from June 2022 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Enzo Maresca was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 05/2021 to November 2021. \n Carlo Ancelotti was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 07/1996 to 06/1998. \n Giuseppe Iachini was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from November 2021 to May 2022. \n Claudio Ranieri was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from February 2007 to June 2007. \n Roberto D'Aversa was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2021 to May 2021. \n Fabio Pecchia was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from 06/2022 to May 2023. \n Stefano Pioli was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jun 2006 to 02/2007. \n Arrigo Sacchi was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Jul 1985 to 06/1987. \n Jiang Lizhang was the chair of Parma Calcio 1913 from 01/2017 to Jan 2020. \n Fabio Liverani was the head coach of Parma Calcio 1913 from Aug 2020 to January 2021.", "context": "Parma Calcio 1913Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian professional football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently competes in the Serie B, the 2nd tier of Italian football.Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913, the club plays its home matches in the 27,906-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini, often referred to as simply \"Il Tardini\", from 1923.Financed by Calisto Tanzi, the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish, as runners-up in the 1996\u201397 season. The club has won three Coppa Italia, one Supercoppa Italiana, two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007. The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018.The club was founded in July 1913 as Verdi Foot Ball Club in honour of the centenary of famous opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, who was born in the province of Parma. It adopted yellow and blue as its colours.In December of the same year, Parma Foot Ball Club was formed from many of the original club's players and began wearing white shirts emblazoned with a black cross. Parma began playing league football during the 1919\u201320 season after the end of World War I. Construction of a stadium, the Stadio Ennio Tardini, began two years later. Parma became a founder member of Serie B after finishing as runners-up in the Prima Divisione in the 1928\u201329 season. The club would remain in Serie B for three years before being relegated and changing its name to Associazione Sportiva Parma in 1931. In the 1935\u201336 season, Parma became a founding member of Serie C, where the club stayed until winning promotion back to Serie B in 1943. Italian football was then brought to a halt as the Second World War intensified, although the team did make an appearance in the Campianto Alta Italia in 1944.Following the restart of organised football, Parma spent three years in Serie B, then split into two regional divisions, before again being relegated in 1948\u201349 to Serie C. The side would spend another five seasons in Serie C before an eleven-year spell in Serie B that included the achievement of ninth position in 1954\u201355, a club record at that time. This was an era in which the club's players generally held down other jobs or were still in education and when the town's amateur rugby union and volleyball sides, Rugby Parma F.C. 1931 and Ferrovieri Parma, proved more popular among the more privileged. Parma made its debut in European competition during the 1960\u201361 season, defeating Swiss side AC Bellinzona in the Coppa delle Alpi, but relegation to Serie C followed in 1964\u201365 season. Parma spent just one season in Serie C before a second successive relegation, this time to Serie D, in 1966.The club was in turmoil and was ordered into liquidation by the Court of Parma in 1968, changing its name to Parma Football Club that year. In 1969, another local team, Associazione Calcio Parmense, won promotion to Serie D. On 1 January 1970, A.C. Parmense adopted the sporting licence of the liquidated club which had been formed in 1913. This meant that it had the right to use the \"Crociata\" shirts, the badge and the city's name. This brought about a change of luck in both financial and sporting terms, as the side was crowned Serie D champions and spent three years in Serie C before promotion to Serie B; however, it was a short stay. The team was relegated back to Serie C in its second season in the division. A return to Serie B did not materialise until the end of the 1970s and the club again lasted only one season in the second division of Italian football.Under the management of Cesare Maldini, Parma once again returned to Serie B after winning its division in 1984 with victory on the final day over Sanremo; Juventus-bound Stefano Pioli scored the only goal of the game. The Ducali again only spent a year in Serie B, finishing third from bottom and succumbing to relegation as a consequence. Arrigo Sacchi did, however, manage to return the club to Serie B in 1986 after a single season in the third tier. The side enjoyed good success that season in missing out on promotion to Italy's top tier by just three points and eliminating A.C. Milan from the Coppa Italia, a result that convinced owner Silvio Berlusconi to hire Sacchi as the new manager of the \"Rossoneri\". Sacchi's replacement, Zden\u011bk Zeman, was fired after just seven matches and replaced by Giampieri Vitali, who secured two consecutive mid-table finishes.Nevio Scala was appointed as head coach in 1989. Scala's Parma secured a historic promotion in 1990 to Serie A with a 2\u20130 Derby dell'Enza win over Reggiana. Investment from parent company Parmalat helped to improve the team's fortunes and the club made its debut in UEFA competition in 1991. Scala led the club to its first four major honours. The first of these was the Coppa Italia in 1991\u201392, beating Juventus 2\u20131 over two legs. The following year came the first international triumph in a 3\u20131 victory in the Cup Winners' Cup over Belgian side Antwerp at Wembley. The next season, the side was successful in the European Super Cup, overcoming Milan 2\u20131 on aggregate, but lost the Cup Winners' Cup final 1\u20130 to Arsenal. Scala's final success with Parma was in another two-legged final against Juventus: Dino Baggio scored twice to give Parma a 2\u20131 aggregate win, but Juventus exacted revenge in the Coppa Italia final. Replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, Scala departed in 1996 and was a popular coach for the trophies he won and because the team played attractive football in the tradition of the club.Ancelotti overhauled the team and guided it to a record second place in 1997. Parma consequently made its debut in the UEFA Champions League the following year. Alberto Malesani was installed as coach in 1998 and the club completed a rare cup double in his first season, winning the Coppa Italia final against Fiorentina on the away goals rule and the UEFA Cup against Marseille at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow with a 3\u20130 victory before 1999 Supercoppa Italiana victory over league champions Milan followed in August 1999. In 2000, Hern\u00e1n Crespo was sold to Lazio for a world record transfer fee and Malesani departed.Under replacement Renzo Ulivieri, the club lost the Coppa Italia final to Fiorentina. Under Pietro Carmignani in 2002, Parma won the third Coppa Italia trophy against Juventus (but would slip to defeat in the 2002 Supercoppa Italiana) and finished outside the top six for the first time since promotion in 1990. This success earned it a tag as one of the \"Seven Sisters\". In April 2004, the club was declared insolvent following the financial meltdown of Parmalat and the club remained in special administration for three years.The club re-formed as Parma Football Club SpA in June 2004 (as a subsidiary of being liquidated Parma AC SpA) and the 2004\u201305 season saw Parma plummet to its lowest finish in Serie A\u00a0\u2013 despite a second consecutive 23-goal haul from Gilardino, who was then sold for \u20ac25\u00a0million\u00a0\u2013 as managers came and went. Parma ended the following season, its first without European competition since 1991, in tenth, but returned in 2006 after the \"Calciopoli\" scandal.On 24 January 2007, Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club out of administration and became the owner and president of the club. Manager Claudio Ranieri helped the team avoid relegation to Serie B on the final day of the 2006\u201307 season following his February appointment. However, under a succession of managers, Parma's battle with relegation the following year was not successful, consigning the club to Serie B after 18 years in the top flight.Francesco Guidolin won promotion back to Serie A at the first attempt with a second-place finish and led the side to eighth on its return to Serie A in 2009\u201310, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League before leaving for Udinese. In May 2010, Guidolin swapped jobs with Pasquale Marino, who was sacked by Ghirardi in April 2011 when Parma was caught in another relegation dogfight. Under Marino's replacement, Franco Colomba, Parma escaped the threat of relegation with two games to spare. In January 2012, Colomba was replaced by Roberto Donadoni following a winless run that culminated in a 5\u20130 loss to Inter Milan and the new coach led the team to eighth position in a Serie A club record seven-match winning run.In 2014, Donadoni guided Parma to sixth in Serie A and a third consecutive top ten finish, but a return to Europe in the Europa League for the first time since 2007 was barred due to the late payment of income tax on salaries, not qualifying for a UEFA license, for which the club would also be docked points during the 2014\u201315 Serie A season. Financial troubles precipitated a succession of ownership changes and the club's eventual bankruptcy in March 2015 with total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million, including \u20ac63m unpaid salaries. The club was allowed to finish the season but finished bottom of the league in 20th place. Administrators Angelo Anedda and Alberto Guiotto were forced to put some trophies to sell in an auction in a desperate attempt to raise money to cover the debt. These included: three Coppa Italia won in 1992, 1999 and 2002, the UEFA Cup Winners\u2019 Cup from 1993, the 1994 UEFA Super Cup, two UEFA Cup of 1995 and 1999 and the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana.The re-founded club, S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913, was formed in July 2015, taking its name from the year of foundation of the predecessor club and securing a place in the 2015\u201316 Serie D under article 52 of N.O.I.F. as the representative of Parma. Ex-head coach Nevio Scala was appointed as president and former player Luigi Apolloni was chosen as head coach. In the club's first season, it sold over 9,000 season tickets, more than doubling the Serie D record. Parma achieved promotion from Serie D into professional football league Lega Pro with three games to spare following a 2\u20131 win against Delta Rovigo, ending the season in first place with 94 points from 38 games, and an unbeaten run of 28 victories and 10 draws.Parma ended the 2016\u201317 Lega Pro season in second place of Group B, but were promoted to Serie B after a 2\u20130 win over Alessandria in the promotion play-off final. On 18 May 2018, Parma achieved a third promotion in three seasons, becoming the first Italian football club to achieve this, having finished the 2017\u201318 Serie B season second behind champions Empoli and level on points with Frosinone, but achieving automatic promotion due to a better head-to-head record, thus making a comeback to the top flight for the next season in 2018\u201319 Serie A just three seasons after their bankruptcy relegation to Serie D. On 23 July 2018, Parma were handed a 5 point deduction for the 2018\u201319 Serie A season, following text messages from Parma player Emanuele Calaio \"eliciting a reduced effort\" from two players of Spezia (Filippo De Col and Claudio Terzi) during the 2017\u201318 season, a match Parma won 2\u20130 to secure promotion. On 9 August, Parma had the 5-point deduction expunged.In the club's first season back in Serie A, they managed to achieve a 14th placed finish on the table, three points above the relegation zone.Originally, the club wore yellow and blue chequered shirts in honour of the city's traditional colours, which date back to 1545 when the Duchy of Parma was established, but white shirts with a black cross on the chest were introduced after the First World War, drawing inspiration from Juventus' colours, following a name change. White continued to be worn as the main colour of the home kits for much of the remainder of the century, although often complemented with yellow, blue or both, rather than black. The club did, however, experiment in the 1950s with blue shirts and blue and yellow striped shirts. The cross shirts were restored and worn until bankruptcy in 1968, when white shirts with off-centre blue and yellow vertical bands were worn, but the cross returned from 1970 until 1983 when a yellow and blue-sleeved white shirt was introduced and used for 8 years.After decades in the lower divisions, Parma was promoted to Serie A in 1990, where the side immediately became a major force in the battle for major trophies, on many notable occasions in direct opposition to Juventus, who would become fierce rivals of Parma's. This rivalry and the influence of Parmalat led to the demotion of the white shirts to the away kit, so the side wore yellow and blue hooped shirts at home for six seasons between 1998 and 2004, and navy blue shirts often worn as third choice in this period. This was a time of great success for the club, thus the shirts became synonymous with Parma, often still called the \"Giallobl\u00f9\" (Yellow and Blues) today, despite a recent reversion to the traditional white shirts emblazoned with a cross caused by parent company Parmalat's collapse and the clubs subsequent re-foundation as Parma Football Club. Yellow and blue were Parma's traditional change colours, used in various combinations from 2004 to 2015, such as vertical stripes, hoops, crosses or as solid colour designs.Parma's logo changed in 2005 to reflect the name change from Parma A.C. to Parma F.C., but the logo otherwise remained the same, encompassing the city colours of yellow and blue and the club's traditional black cross set on a white background, and has not changed much in years, although it was dramatically overhauled to feature a prancing bull for one season in 2000\u201301 before it was criticised and discontinued in favour of the old badge. A new badge with broadly similar features was introduced for the 2014\u201315 season following the use of a commemorative centenary badge for the 2013\u201314 campaign. The newly formed club in 2015 adopted a new logo before acquiring the rights to a number of legacy items for \u20ac250,000 a year later.Parma initially had no permanent home and used the \"Piazza d'Armi\", where two wooden posts constituted the frame of each goal. In December 1914, the club began to use land between the Via Emilia, the Eridania refinery and the Ferraguti factory, but it was sold, so the club returned to the \"Piazza d'Armi\" before transferring to the \"Tre Pioppi\", the first fenced-off pitch in the city. Parma moved into the Stadio Ennio Tardini in 1923 and remains there today, although the stadium saw drastic change from the vision of Ennio Tardini, under whose auspices the stadium was to be built, but who died before completion of the venue. Much of the renovation took place after the club's first promotion to Serie A at the start of the 1990s.Since 1996, the first team has trained and played friendly matches at the Centro Sportivo di Collecchio in Collecchio, which is located 15 kilometres to the south-west of the stadium. Parma's youth teams also play their home matches in the same complex. Until 2015, younger youth teams trained at Campi Stuard but now train at Collechio. In 2018, the refounded Parma Calcio 1913 acquired the centre from the administrator of Eventi\u00a0Sportivi\u00a0S.p.A., the parent company of Parma F.C., and the former owner of the centre, for about \u20ac3\u00a0million.The supporters of Parma are seen as placid fans. Traditionally, they have been seen as fans who enjoy the spectacle of football and are less partisan, although they have been more characterised by impatience of late. The supporters were praised for their loyalty after the club sold more season tickets in 2015 when playing in Serie D than the previous year in Serie A following bankruptcy. In Northeast Italy, the team is the fifth best supported, behind Inter Milan, Juventus, Milan and Bologna, the first three of which are not based in that region. They are represented by three main groups: \"il Centro di Coordinamento dei Parma Club\" (which represents most of the fanbase), \"l'Associazione Petitot\" and the club's ultras, \"Boys Parma\", which was established on 3 August 1977 by young fans wanting to split from the Centro di Coordinamento and to encourage meetings with opposition fans. The Boys Parma occupy the northern end of the home stadium, \"La Curva Nord\", directly opposite to where the away fans sit in the south stand. In 2008, the Curva Nord was renamed in honour of Boys Parma 1977 member Matteo Bagnaresi, who died when he was run over on the way to the Tardini by a coach which was carrying the opposition Juventus fans. In a not uncommon practice, the number 12 shirt has been reserved for the Parma fans, meaning no player is registered to play with that number on his kit for the club. The implication is that the supporters, particularly those of the famous Curva Nord, are the twelfth man. The last player to be registered with the number was Gabriele Giroli for the 2002\u201303 season. Parma's club anthem is \"Il grido di battaglia\", which means \"The Battle Cry\".Parma maintains rivalries with regional and national clubs; some of these are keenly fought local derbies. \"Derby dell'Enza\" opponents Reggiana are the club's bitterest rivals. The ill-feeling with Reggiana comes from a traditional city rivalry between Parma and Reggio Emilia. Parma contests the \"Derby dell'Emilia\" with Bologna. Bologna and Parma are Emilia-Romagna's two most decorated clubs, winning the region's only domestic titles: 7 Serie A titles and 5 Coppe Italia. Two other local derbies are the \"Derby dei Ducati\", which is contested with neighbours Modena, and the \"Derby del Ducato\", which is played against Piacenza. Despite their relative obscurity, Lombardian side Cremonese and Tuscan outfit Carrarese, to Parma's north and south, respectively, are both seen as rivals too.Juventus is considered a great rival of Parma largely due to their recent duels, which include Parma's 1995 UEFA Cup victory, its first and third Coppa Italia triumphs, Supercoppa Italiana defeats in 1995 and 2002, and its 1995 domestic cup final defeat to \"The Old Lady\". These six matches comprise nearly half of the fourteen major finals Parma has participated in. Ironically, Parma's colours have their origins in those Juventus wears, and the switch from white and black to a yellow and blue home kit in the late 1990s took place in order to distance and distinguish Parma from Juventus. Parma maintain keenly fought rivalries with Vicenza and Genoa.In Italy, it is common for clubs to be twinned in an arrangement called \"gemellaggi\". This is a practice uncommon elsewhere. Parma enjoy amicable relations with Empoli in an arrangement that dates back to a game played in foggy conditions in 1984 that ended in the Parma fans congratulating those of Empoli on its win when the full-time whistle was blown without the \"Azzurri\" fans' knowledge. Perhaps a more current bond is felt towards the fans of Sampdoria.In 1991, the club was bought by multinational Italian dairy and food corporation Parmalat. This was the platform for success on the pitch but the club eventually succumbed to administration in 2004 due to Parmalat's massive bankruptcy with debts of $20\u00a0billion and fraudulent activity at Parmalat worth over \u20ac10\u00a0billion and a \u20ac167\u00a0million net loss by the club in 2003. On 24 January 2007, engineering entrepreneur Tommaso Ghirardi bought the club after three years of administration for $39\u00a0million and incorporated Eventi Sportivi as a holding company owning 100% of the club's shares of \u20ac20\u00a0million nominal value. Eventi Sportivi Srl (later S.p.A.), at first had a share capital of just \u20ac3\u00a0million, with Banca Monte Parma, owned 10% of the shares as minority. By 21 January 2009, Ghirardi's ownership of Eventi Sportivi was 75% with Banca Monte Parma holding 10% and Marco Ferrari, former vice-president Diego Penocchio and Penocchio's company Brixia Incipit each owning 5%. In July 2011, Ghirardi sold to both Alberto Rossi and Alberto Volpi 5% each of Eventi Sportivi. On 29 February 2014, Energy T.I. Group bought 10% of the shares in the club from Eventi Sportivi.On 19 December 2014 and as a result of a ruling which barred the club from a first European campaign under Tommaso Ghirardi, Ghirardi sold his 66.55% controlling stake in Eventi Sportivi to Dastraso Holding Ltd, a company based in Cyprus and controlled by Rezart Ta\u00e7i for \u20ac1, at which point the club was $200\u00a0million in debt. The club became the third Serie A club to become foreign-owned as a result and Albanian Emir Kodra was installed as president.In February 2015, Taci sold his stake to Giampietro Manenti for the price he bought it, \u20ac1, less than two months after buying it, at which point salaries at the financially stricken club had not been paid since the previous summer. With Parma bottom of Serie A, Manenti was arrested in March 2015 on allegations of money laundering and his involvement in a credit card fraud ring, imperilling the already precarious situation as the club was plunged further into debt.On 19 March 2015, the club was declared bankrupt with a total liabilities of \u20ac218\u00a0million (including unpaid wages of \u20ac63\u00a0million). On 22 April 2015, the intermediate holding company of Parma, Eventi Sportivi SpA, was also declared bankruptcy by the Tribunal of Parma. The club was then declared legally bankrupt on 22 June 2015 after no new investors willing to refurbish \u20ac22.6\u00a0million debt in order to trigger Comma 3 of Article 52 of N.O.I.F. to allow the club to remain in Serie B. Other debts of the club were either waived by the footballers or settled by the administrator. New investor was not required to repay the subordinated debt and bank debt of the old company. The medals of Parma, which was owned by the company, as well as Centro Sportivo di Collecchio which was owned by its holding company Eventi Sportivi, were under auction after the bankruptcy.The phoenix club S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 S.r.L. was incorporated in 2015 under the ownership of Nuovo Inizio SrL with share capital of \u20ac250,000. Nuovo Inizio was owned by a number of backers including representatives of Parmalat and local businessmen Guido Barilla (co-owner of Barilla Group), Paolo Pizzarotti (president of Impresa Pizzarotti), Mauro Del Rio and Gian Paolo Dallara. The new owners sought to overhaul the core philosophy of Italian club ownership and formed Parma Partecipazioni Calcistiche SrL to act as a vehicle for fan ownership, so issued a further \u20ac89,286 of shares to that company. Fans therefore own approximately 25% of the club at a cost of \u20ac500 per share.In June 2017, Chinese businessman Jiang Lizhang's Desports group acquired a 60% majority stake in the club. The seven local businessman who launched the club in 2015 retained 30% of the club, while the remaining 10% remained in the hands of fans through Parma Partecipazione Calcistiche. At the end of October 2018 the local Nuovo Inizio group regained control of the club reacquiring 60% of the shares, with the Chinese partners forced to downsize to 30% in light of alleged lack of diligence in meeting their obligations, while 10% remained unchanged in the public company Partecipazioni Calcistiche. On 9 November Parma Calcio held a shareholders\u2019 Meeting to appoint a new Board of Directors, at the end of which Pietro Pizzarotti, at the time vice-president, was appointed the new president of the club.In 2020, Parma were purchased by the Krause Group, owners of American-based convenience store chain Kum & Go.Since 2013 the main sponsor is Cetilar by Pharmanutra.  6\u00a0\u2013 The club announced the retirement of the shirt number worn by club's captain Alessandro Lucarelli after his retirement announcement. Lucarelli holds the record for league appearances for the club and stayed with the club from its 2015 relegation from Serie A to Serie D following bankruptcy and through its three straight promotions back to Serie A between 2015 and 2018.12\u00a0\u2013 From the 2002\u201303 season until the present (with the exception of the 2015\u201316 season in Serie D, where league rules required that the number be assigned to a substitute), Curva Nord of the Stadio Ennio Tardini, as a sign of recognition towards the fans who sit in the Curva Nord, considered the 12th man on the pitch.\"For information on Parma's youth teams, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 youth teams.\"Below the first team, the club runs six teams at youth level, as well as a ladies' team.\"For details of former players, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players and .\"\"For a list of club captains, see List of S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 players#Club captains.\"\"For player records, including player awards, see S.S.D. Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records.Parma has had numerous chairmen over the course of its history; here is a complete list of them:Below is a list of Parma managers since the end of the First World War until the present day.Parma has won eight major titles in its history, all coming in a period of ten years between 1992 and 2002. These honours make it the eleventh most successful team in Italian football history in terms of the number of major trophies won, the fourth most successful team in European competition (after A.C. Milan, Juventus and Inter Milan), and one of thirteen Italian clubs to have won multiple major titles.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Roberto D'Aversa", "January 2021", "May 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Pecchia", "June 2022", "May 2023"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Giuseppe Iachini", "November 2021", "May 2022"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Enzo Maresca", "May 2021", "November 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Carlo Ancelotti", "July 1996", "June 1998"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Claudio Ranieri", "February 2007", "June 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Fabio Liverani", "August 2020", "January 2021"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Stefano Pioli", "June 2006", "February 2007"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "head coach", "Arrigo Sacchi", "July 1985", "June 1987"], ["Parma Calcio 1913", "chairperson", "Jiang Lizhang", "January 2017", "January 2020"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Marcel Dassault belong to 36 years and 9 months after he/she held the position of president?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Marcel Dassault belong to 36 years and 9 months after he/she held the position of president?", "date": "October 19 1983", "text_answers": {"text": ["Rally for the Republic"]}, "id": "L3H_Q160802_P102_P39_2", "fact_context": "Marcel Dassault was a member of the Rally of the French People from January 1951 to January 1955. \n Marcel Dassault held the position of president from January 1945 to January 1947. \n Marcel Dassault held the position of member of the French National Assembly from April 1986 to April 1986. \n Marcel Dassault was a member of the Union of Democrats for the Republic from January 1968 to January 1978. \n Marcel Dassault was a member of the Rally for the Republic from January 1978 to January 1986.", "adv_fact_context": "Marcel Dassault was a member of the Rally for the Republic from 01/1978 to January 1986. \n Marcel Dassault was a member of the Union of Democrats for the Republic from 01/1968 to Jan 1978. \n Marcel Dassault held the position of president from January 1945 to 01/1947. \n Marcel Dassault held the position of member of the French National Assembly from 04/1986 to Apr 1986. \n Marcel Dassault was a member of the Rally of the French People from January 1951 to 01/1955.", "context": "Marcel DassaultMarcel Dassault (born Marcel Ferdinand Bloch; 22 January 1892 \u2013 17 April 1986) was a French engineer and industrialist who spent his career in aircraft manufacturing.Born on 22 January 1892 in Paris, he was the youngest of the four children of Adolphe Bloch, a doctor, and his wife No\u00e9mie Allatini. His parents were Jewish.He was educated at Lyc\u00e9e Condorcet in Paris. After studies in electrical engineering, he graduated from the Breguet School and Supa\u00e9ro. At the latter school, Bloch was classmates with a Russian student named Mikhail Gurevich, who would later be instrumental in the creation of the MiG aircraft series.Bloch worked at the French Aeronautics Research Laboratory at Chalais-Meudon during World War I and invented a type of aircraft propeller subsequently used by the French army during the conflict. In 1916, with Henry Potez and Louis Coroller, he formed a company, the \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'\u00c9tudes A\u00e9ronautiques\", to produce the SEA series of fighters.In 1928, Bloch founded the aircraft company \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Avions Marcel Bloch\", which produced its first aircraft in 1930. In 1935, Bloch and Henry Potez entered into an agreement to buy \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 A\u00e9rienne Bordelaise\" (SAB). In 1936, the company was nationalized as the \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\u00e9ronautiques du Sud Ouest\" (SNCASO). Bloch agreed to become the delegated administrator of the Minister for Air.During the occupation of France by Nazi Germany during World War II, France's aviation industry was virtually disbanded, other than the compulsory manufacturing, assembly and servicing of German designs. In October 1940, Bloch refused to collaborate with the German occupiers at Bordeaux-A\u00e9ronautique and was imprisoned by the Vichy government.In 1944, the Nazis deported Bloch to the Buchenwald concentration camp, as punishment for refusing to co-operate with their regime. He was tortured, beaten and held in solitary confinement. In the meantime, his wife was interned near Paris. Bloch was detained at Buchenwald until it was liberated on 11 April 1945. By the time of his return to Paris, he was crippled to such an extent that he could barely walk. He was advised by his doctors to settle his affairs, as they did not expect him to recover his health. After the war, he changed his name from Bloch to Bloch-Dassault and in 1949 to Dassault. This name was the \"nom de guerre\" used by his brother, General Darius Paul Bloch, when he served in the French resistance, and is derived from \"char d'assaut\", French for \"tank\". In 1971, Dassault acquired Breguet, forming \"Avions Marcel Dassault\u2013Breguet Aviation\" (AMD\u2013BA).In 1919, Bloch married Madeleine Minckes, the daughter of a wealthy Jewish family of furniture dealers. They had two sons, Claude and Serge. After changing his name to Dassault (nom de guerre from his brother General Paul Bloch was Chardasso and derived from char d\u2019assaut for tank in French), he converted to Roman Catholicism in 1950.In July 1952, Dassault acquired the Paris landmark buildings now known as H\u00f4tel Marcel Dassault, dating from 1844,at nos. 7 and 9 rond-point des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es (at the corner of the avenue des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es and avenue Montaigne), from the Sabatier d'Espeyran family. The building at no. 7 has been used since 2002 by the auction house Artcurial, which had further alterations made under the direction of architect Jean-Michel Wilmotte. While no. 7 has been sold, no. 9 is still used by the \"Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault\".In 1973, Dassault was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.Dassault died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1986 and was buried at the Passy Cemetery in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.Serge Dassault, Marcel's younger son, became CEO of \"Avions Marcel Dassault\", which was restructured as \"Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault\", reflecting its broader interests. In 1990, the aviation division was renamed Dassault Aviation.In 1991, the \"rond-point des Champs-Elys\u00e9es\" in Paris was renamed the \"rond-point des Champs-Elys\u00e9es-Marcel-Dassault\" in his honor.In \"The Adventures of Tintin\" book \"Flight 714 to Sydney\", Dassault is parodied as the aircraft construction tycoon Laszlo Carreidas \u2013 \"the millionaire who never laughs\" \u2013 who offers Tintin, Captain Haddock and Professor Calculus his personal jet, the Carreidas 160, to travel to Sydney.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Union of Democrats for the Republic", "Rally of the French People"], "facts": [["Marcel Dassault", "member of political party", "Union of Democrats for the Republic", "January 1968", "January 1978"], ["Marcel Dassault", "member of political party", "Rally of the French People", "January 1951", "January 1955"], ["Marcel Dassault", "position held", "president", "January 1945", "January 1947"], ["Marcel Dassault", "position held", "member of the French National Assembly", "April 1986", "April 1986"], ["Marcel Dassault", "member of political party", "Rally for the Republic", "January 1978", "January 1986"]]}
{"question": "Where was Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu educated 6 years and 3 months before he/she worked for Chernivtsi University?", "adv_question": "Where was Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu educated 6 years and 3 months before he/she worked for Chernivtsi University?", "date": "October 25 1922", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of G\u00f6ttingen"]}, "id": "L3H_Q247545_P69_P108_21", "fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from January 1929 to January 1939. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from January 1923 to January 1924. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1922 to January 1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1919 to January 1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from January 1939 to January 1970.", "adv_fact_context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Sapienza University of Rome from 01/1923 to 01/1924. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from Jan 1919 to 01/1922. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Alexandru Ioan Cuza University from January 1926 to January 1927. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from Jan 1922 to 01/1923. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for Chernivtsi University from 01/1929 to Jan 1939. \n Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu worked for University of Bucharest from Jan 1939 to Jan 1970.", "context": "Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanuGheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu (June 30, 1900 \u2013 April 27, 1979) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and topology. He was titular member of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.He was born in 1900 in Valea Hogei, then a village in Vaslui County, now a component of Lipova commune, in Bac\u0103u County. He was the eldest of five children in his family. After attending primary school in his village and high school in Vaslui, he went to study mathematics at the University of Ia\u0219i in 1919. There, he took courses with , Vera Myller, , Victor V\u00e2lcovici, and Simion Stoilow. After graduating in 1922, he went in 1923 to the University of G\u00f6ttingen, where he studied under David Hilbert. Thereafter, he went to the University of Rome, where he studied under Tullio Levi-Civita, obtaining his doctorate on November 5, 1924 with thesis \"Sopra una teorema di Weierstrass e le sue applicazioni alla stabilita\". The thesis defense committee was composed of 11 faculty, and was headed by Vito Volterra.Vr\u0103nceanu returned to Ia\u0219i, where he was appointed a lecturer at the University. In 1927\u20131928, he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in France and the United States, where he was in a contact with \u00c9lie Cartan and Oswald Veblen. In 1929, he returned to Romania, and was appointed professor at the University of Cern\u0103u\u021bi. In 1939, he moved to the University of Bucharest, where he was appointed Head of the Geometry and Topology department in 1948, a position he held until his retirement in 1970. His doctoral students include Henri Moscovici and .Vr\u0103nceanu was elected to the Romanian Academy as a corresponding member in 1946, then as a full member in 1955. From 1964 he was president of the Mathematics Section of the Romanian Academy. Also from 1964, he was an editor of the journal \"Revue Roumaine de math\u00e9matiques pures et appliqu\u00e9es\", founded that year. At the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, Canada in 1974, he was elected Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union, a position he held from 1975 to 1978. He died in Bucharest in 1979 of an intestinal obstruction and was buried at the city's Bellu Cemetery.A high school in Bac\u0103u (Colegiul Na\u021bional \"Gheorghe Vr\u00e2nceanu\") is named after him, and so is a school in Lipova.During his career, Vr\u0103nceanu published over 300 articles in journals throughout the world. His work covers a whole range of modern geometry, from the classical theory of surfaces, to the notion of non-holonomic spaces, which he discovered.In 1928 he gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, titled \"Parallelisme et courbure dans une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 non holonome\". In it, he introduced the notion of \"non-holonomic manifolds,\" which are smooth manifolds provided with a smooth distribution that is generally not integrable.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Sapienza University of Rome", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University"], "facts": [["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1922", "January 1923"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1926", "January 1927"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Sapienza University of Rome", "January 1923", "January 1924"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "Chernivtsi University", "January 1929", "January 1939"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "employer", "University of Bucharest", "January 1939", "January 1970"], ["Gheorghe Vr\u0103nceanu", "educated at", "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University", "January 1919", "January 1922"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Thomas Pesquet work for 2 years and 6 months after he/she studied at Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Thomas Pesquet work for 2 years and 6 months after he/she studied at Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace?", "date": "July 01 2003", "text_answers": {"text": ["CNES"]}, "id": "L3H_Q512266_P108_P69_2", "fact_context": "Thomas Pesquet worked for European Space Agency from September 2009 to May 2023. \n Thomas Pesquet studied at Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al from January 2000 to January 2001. \n Thomas Pesquet studied at Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace from January 1998 to January 2001. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for GMV Innovating Solutions from October 2001 to February 2002. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for CNES from February 2002 to February 2004. \n Thomas Pesquet held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from October 2021 to November 2021.", "adv_fact_context": "Thomas Pesquet studied at Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace from Jan 1998 to January 2001. \n Thomas Pesquet held the position of ISS Expedition Commander from 10/2021 to 11/2021. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for GMV Innovating Solutions from Oct 2001 to 02/2002. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for European Space Agency from 09/2009 to 05/2023. \n Thomas Pesquet studied at Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al from Jan 2000 to Jan 2001. \n Thomas Pesquet worked for CNES from 02/2002 to February 2004.", "context": "Thomas PesquetThomas Gautier Pesquet (; born 26 February 1978 in Rouen) is a French aerospace engineer, pilot, and European Space Agency astronaut. Pesquet was selected by ESA as a candidate in May 2009, and he successfully completed his basic training in November 2010. From November 2016 to June 2017, Pesquet was part of Expedition 50 and Expedition 51 as a flight engineer. Pesquet returned to space in April 2021 on board the SpaceX Crew Dragon for a second six-month stay on the ISS.Pesquet was born in Rouen, France and considers Dieppe his hometown. He is the younger of two brothers. Pesquet is a black belt in judo and lists basketball, jogging, swimming and squash as his favourite sports. He is an outdoor and adventure activities enthusiast, and enjoys mountain biking, kite surfing, sailing, skiing and mountaineering. He also has extensive experience with, and holds advanced licenses in, both scuba diving and parachuting. His other interests include travelling, playing the saxophone and reading. He is a supporter of the France national football team. Anne Mottet is his partner.Pesquet graduated from the \"Lyc\u00e9e Pierre Corneille\" in Rouen, France, in 1996.In 2001, he received a master's degree from the \"\u00c9cole nationale sup\u00e9rieure de l'a\u00e9ronautique et de l'espace\" in Toulouse, France, majoring in space systems and space vehicle mechanics. He spent his final year before graduation at the \"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al\", Canada, as an exchange student on the Aeronautics and Space Master.Pesquet graduated from the Air France flight school in 2006. This led to an Airline Transport Pilot License-Instrument Rating (ATPL-IR).He speaks French, English, Spanish, Chinese, German and Russian, and is a member of the French Aeronautics and Astronautics Association (3AF), and of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).From October 2001, Pesquet worked as a spacecraft dynamics engineer on remote sensing missions for GMV, S.A. in Madrid, Spain.Between 2002 and 2004, Pesquet worked at the French space agency, CNES, as a research engineer on space missions autonomy. He also carried out various studies on future European ground segment design and European space technology harmonization. From late 2002, he was a representative of CNES at CCSDS, the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, working on the topic of cross-support between international space agencies.A private pilot, he was selected in 2004 for Air France's flight training programme. He went on to become a commercial pilot for the French airline, where he started flying the Airbus A320 in 2006. He has logged more than 2000 hours flying time on various commercial airliners, and has qualified as a type-rating flight instructor on the A320, and as a Crew Resource Management instructor.In 2018, Pesquet gained his Airbus A310 type rating and is qualified as a Zero-G aircraft pilot.Pesquet was selected as a European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut in May 2009. He joined ESA in September 2009 and successfully completed Astronaut Basic Training in November 2010.Pesquet is the youngest member of the European Astronaut Corps, and the last of the ESA astronaut class of 2009 to arrive in space.On 10 June 2014, NASA announced that Pesquet would serve as an aquanaut aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory during the undersea exploration mission, which began on 21 July 2014 and lasted nine days. He has also taken part in ESA's CAVES underground course in 2011 and NASA's SEATEST II mission in 2013, furthering his experience in exploration.In 2014, Thomas was chosen by ESA for a six-month mission to the International Space Station starting in November 2016. Thomas was also the backup to ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen who flew to the International Space Station on a 10-day flight in September 2015.Pesquet launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome onboard Soyuz MS-03 on November 17, 2016. He spent six months on the International Space Station as part of Expedition 50/51. Arriving at the ISS on November 19, 2016, he was the first French astronaut since L\u00e9opold Eyharts helped install the \"Columbus\" European laboratory module during Expedition 16. His arrival marked the beginning of the European Proxima mission.The Proxima mission included 50 science experiments for ESA and CNES. The mission was named after Proxima Centauri, continuing the French astronauts' tradition of naming the missions after stars and constellations. The X inside the logo symbolizes that Pesquet is the tenth French astronaut as well as the unknown. The Proxima mission name was chosen in a competition, with the winning name given by 13-year-old Samuel Planas from Toulouse, France. The mission logo was designed by Thomas Pesquet and Karen Oldenburg.Pesquet performed his first EVA with astronaut Shane Kimbrough on January 13, 2017. During the EVA, they prepared the infrastructure to replace the ISS batteries. The EVA lasted for 5 hours and 58 minutes.On March 23, 2017, Pesquet performed his second career EVA with Shane Kimbrough. The main objective was to prepare the Pressurized Mating Adapter-3 (PMA-3) for installation of the second International Docking Adapter (IDA), which will accommodate future commercial crew vehicle dockings. The PMA-3 provides the pressurized interface between the station modules and the docking adapter. Expedition 50 Commander Kimbrough and Pesquet disconnected cables and electrical connections on PMA-3 to prepare for its robotic move on March 26, 2017. PMA-3 will be moved from the port side of the \"Tranquility\" module to the space-facing side of the Harmony module, where it will become home for the docking adapter, which will be delivered on a future flight of a SpaceX Dragon cargo ship. The spacewalkers also installed on the starboard zero truss (ITS) a new computer relay box equipped with advanced software for the adapter.The two spacewalkers lubricated the latching end effector on the Canadarm2 robotic arm, inspected a radiator valve suspected of a small ammonia leak and replaced cameras on the Japanese segment of the outpost. Radiators are used to shed excess heat that builds up through normal space station operation. The EVA lasted for 6 hours and 34 minutes.On June 2, 2017, MS-03 undocked from the ISS, carrying Pesquet and Novitskiy back to Earth, concluding a 196-day mission in space. Peggy Whitson remained on the ISS and returned on Soyuz MS-04. MS-03 touched down just over 3 hours after undocking, concluding Pesquet's first spaceflight. Pesquet has spent 196 days,17 hours and 49 minutes in space.On 11 March 2020, ESA announced in a blog post that Pesquet would return to the ISS in the second half of 2021 for a second six-month stay, in which he would become the first European astronaut to launch on board an American Commercial Crew Vehicle.He was scheduled to travel to the Johnson Space Center in Texas to begin training for his flight by the end of March 2020, although in mid-March 2020 he stated on his Instagram story that due to the COVID-19 pandemic he would delay his trip to Houston. He arrived in Houston, alongside German ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer and Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Ryzhikov, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov, Oleg Novitsky and Pyotr Dubrov on 12 May 2020.On 29 April 2020, ESA announced a competition to name Pesquet's mission; the winner will be announced in summer 2020 and will receive a signed mission patch flown to the ISS by Pesquet.On July 28, 2020, Pesquet was officially assigned to the SpaceX Crew-2 mission, which launched on 23 April 2021. He is travelling to the International Space Station alongside NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough, who is commanding the Crew Dragon, Megan McArthur, as the pilot, and JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide. Once on board the station, they will join ISS Expedition 65.A few hours before the announcement, Pesquet revealed his second mission name as Alpha, after Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to the Sun, following the French mission naming tradition.On 12 April 2021, Thomas Pesquet was nominated Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["European Space Agency", "GMV Innovating Solutions"], "facts": [["Thomas Pesquet", "employer", "GMV Innovating Solutions", "October 2001", "February 2002"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "employer", "European Space Agency", "September 2009", "May 2023"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "position held", "ISS Expedition Commander", "October 2021", "November 2021"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "educated at", "Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "educated at", "Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace", "January 1998", "January 2001"], ["Thomas Pesquet", "employer", "CNES", "February 2002", "February 2004"]]}
{"question": "Which team did Fabio Bazzani play for 2 years and 5 months after he/she played for Delfino Pescara 1936?", "adv_question": "Which team did Fabio Bazzani play for 2 years and 5 months after he/she played for Delfino Pescara 1936?", "date": "June 01 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["A.S.D. Mezzolara"]}, "id": "L3H_Q924087_P54_P54_131", "fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from January 2001 to January 2002. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from January 2007 to January 2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from January 2000 to January 2001. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from January 2010 to January 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to January 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from January 2005 to May 2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to January 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from January 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from January 1998 to January 1999.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to Jan 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan 2008 to 01/2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from 01/2001 to Jan 2002. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from 01/2000 to 01/2001. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from 01/2005 to 05/2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to Jan 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from Jan 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from 01/2007 to 01/2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from 01/1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from Jan 2010 to Jan 2015.", "context": "Fabio BazzaniFabio Bazzani (; born 20 October 1976) is a former Italian footballer who lastly played for A.S.D. Mezzolara as a striker. He was known in particular for his heading ability, as well his shooting accuracy and physical strength.After two seasons with amateur side Boca San Lazzaro, Bazzani moved to Serie C2 club Sandon\u00e0. In 1997, he was in Serie B team Venezia, but played only twice in the season. He moved to Varese and then Arezzo, where he made an impression scoring 20 goals in 31 matches under the management of Serse Cosmi. In 2000, he returned to Venezia, but scored only five goals in 36 matches. In 2001, he rejoined his former coach Cosmi when he signed with Serie A side Perugia, where he scored ten goals.In 2002, he moved to Sampdoria, where he scored 16 goals in his first season with the \"blucerchiati\" in Serie B and 13 goals in his second campaign with Sampdoria, when in Serie A. During his second season with Sampdoria, he was capped three times in the Italian team. He was loaned to Lazio in exchange for Simone Inzaghi in January 2005, but failed to impress with the \"biancazzurri\" and returned to Sampdoria at the end of the season.On 14 June 2007, he was signed by Brescia Calcio on a free transfer. He had originally signed for Livorno but the move subsequently cancelled, following protests by the \"amaranto\" supporters which did not want the player in their team.On 26 July 2009, he signed a one-year contract with SPAL. He played his first game for the club on 3 August, a 2\u20131 won to Calcio Como at Coppa Italia. He also played the next two Coppa Italia matches, scored nil.On 1 July 2010, he moved to Mezzolara, in Serie D.Bazzani made his senior international debut for Italy on 12 November 2003, under Giovanni Trapattoni, in a 3\u20131 friendly defeat against Poland in Warsaw; he made two more appearances for Italy, with his final appearance coming in a 2\u20130 friendly loss to Iceland in Reykjav\u00edk, on 18 August 2004, under Marcello Lippi.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "Varese Calcio", "Brescia Calcio", "Italy national association football team", "Venezia F.C.", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "U.C. Sampdoria", "U.S. Arezzo", "Delfino Pescara 1936"], "facts": [["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "January 1996", "January 1997"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.S. Arezzo", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Varese Calcio", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Brescia Calcio", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "January 2010", "January 2015"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.C. Sampdoria", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Italy national association football team", "January 2003", "January 2004"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Venezia F.C.", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "January 1994", "January 1996"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Delfino Pescara 1936", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "January 2009", "January 2010"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "spouse", "Alessia Merz", "January 2005", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which team did Fabio Bazzani play for 2 years and 10 months before he/she played for A.S.D. Mezzolara?", "adv_question": "Which team did Fabio Bazzani play for 2 years and 10 months before he/she played for A.S.D. Mezzolara?", "date": "March 05 2007", "text_answers": {"text": ["Brescia Calcio"]}, "id": "L3H_Q924087_P54_P54_153", "fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from January 2001 to January 2002. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from January 1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to January 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from January 2007 to January 2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to January 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from January 2005 to May 2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to January 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from January 2008 to January 2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from January 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from January 2010 to January 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from January 2000 to January 2001.", "adv_fact_context": "Fabio Bazzani played for U.S. Arezzo from January 1999 to Jan 2000. \n Fabio Bazzani was married to Alessia Merz from 01/2005 to 05/2023. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Varese Calcio from 01/1998 to January 1999. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Delfino Pescara 1936 from Jan 2008 to 01/2009. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Venezia F.C. from 01/2000 to 01/2001. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Italy national association football team from January 2003 to Jan 2004. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio from January 1996 to January 1997. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Mezzolara from Jan 2010 to Jan 2015. \n Fabio Bazzani played for U.C. Sampdoria from January 2002 to January 2007. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor from Jan 2009 to January 2010. \n Fabio Bazzani played for Brescia Calcio from 01/2007 to 01/2008. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.S.D. Boca Pietri from January 1994 to Jan 1996. \n Fabio Bazzani played for A.C. Perugia Calcio from 01/2001 to Jan 2002.", "context": "Fabio BazzaniFabio Bazzani (; born 20 October 1976) is a former Italian footballer who lastly played for A.S.D. Mezzolara as a striker. He was known in particular for his heading ability, as well his shooting accuracy and physical strength.After two seasons with amateur side Boca San Lazzaro, Bazzani moved to Serie C2 club Sandon\u00e0. In 1997, he was in Serie B team Venezia, but played only twice in the season. He moved to Varese and then Arezzo, where he made an impression scoring 20 goals in 31 matches under the management of Serse Cosmi. In 2000, he returned to Venezia, but scored only five goals in 36 matches. In 2001, he rejoined his former coach Cosmi when he signed with Serie A side Perugia, where he scored ten goals.In 2002, he moved to Sampdoria, where he scored 16 goals in his first season with the \"blucerchiati\" in Serie B and 13 goals in his second campaign with Sampdoria, when in Serie A. During his second season with Sampdoria, he was capped three times in the Italian team. He was loaned to Lazio in exchange for Simone Inzaghi in January 2005, but failed to impress with the \"biancazzurri\" and returned to Sampdoria at the end of the season.On 14 June 2007, he was signed by Brescia Calcio on a free transfer. He had originally signed for Livorno but the move subsequently cancelled, following protests by the \"amaranto\" supporters which did not want the player in their team.On 26 July 2009, he signed a one-year contract with SPAL. He played his first game for the club on 3 August, a 2\u20131 won to Calcio Como at Coppa Italia. He also played the next two Coppa Italia matches, scored nil.On 1 July 2010, he moved to Mezzolara, in Serie D.Bazzani made his senior international debut for Italy on 12 November 2003, under Giovanni Trapattoni, in a 3\u20131 friendly defeat against Poland in Warsaw; he made two more appearances for Italy, with his final appearance coming in a 2\u20130 friendly loss to Iceland in Reykjav\u00edk, on 18 August 2004, under Marcello Lippi.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "Varese Calcio", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "Italy national association football team", "Venezia F.C.", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "U.C. Sampdoria", "U.S. Arezzo", "Delfino Pescara 1936"], "facts": [["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Societ\u00e0 Polisportiva Ars et Labor", "January 2009", "January 2010"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Delfino Pescara 1936", "January 2008", "January 2009"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Mezzolara", "January 2010", "January 2015"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Brescia Calcio", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Italy national association football team", "January 2003", "January 2004"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.C. Perugia Calcio", "January 2001", "January 2002"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "spouse", "Alessia Merz", "January 2005", "May 2023"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Sandon\u00e0JesoloCalcio", "January 1996", "January 1997"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.C. Sampdoria", "January 2002", "January 2007"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Varese Calcio", "January 1998", "January 1999"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "U.S. Arezzo", "January 1999", "January 2000"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "Venezia F.C.", "January 2000", "January 2001"], ["Fabio Bazzani", "member of sports team", "A.S.D. Boca Pietri", "January 1994", "January 1996"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Elon Musk work for 23 years and 2 months after he/she studied at Smith School of Business?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Elon Musk work for 23 years and 2 months after he/she studied at Smith School of Business?", "date": "March 10 2015", "text_answers": {"text": ["SpaceX", "Tesla, Inc."]}, "id": "L3H_Q317521_P108_P69_3", "fact_context": "Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from January 2000 to January 2008. \n Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from July 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from December 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from January 2013 to January 2016. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to January 2019. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from January 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from June 2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from January 2008 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from January 1992 to January 1995. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from April 2004 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from 01/1992 to Jan 1995. \n Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from Jul 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from Jan 2008 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from Jan 2013 to 01/2016. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from Dec 2016 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from 06/2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from 01/2000 to 01/2008. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from 04/2004 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from Jan 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to Jan 2019.", "context": "Elon MuskElon Reeve Musk ( ; born June 28, 1971) is an entrepreneur and business magnate. He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX; early stage investor, CEO, and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; and co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI. A centibillionaire, Musk is one of the richest people in the world.Musk was born to a Canadian mother and South African father and raised in Pretoria, South Africa. He briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada aged 17 to attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University but decided instead to pursue a business career, co-founding the web software company Zip2 with brother Kimbal. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. In 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as chairman and product architect, becoming its CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain\u2013computer interfaces, and founded The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has proposed the Hyperloop, a high-speed vactrain transportation system.Musk has been the subject of criticism due to unorthodox or unscientific stances and highly publicized controversies. In 2018, he was sued for defamation by a diver who advised in the Tham Luang cave rescue; a California jury ruled in favor of Musk. In the same year, he was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. He settled with the SEC, temporarily stepping down from his chairmanship and accepting limitations on his Twitter usage. Musk has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and has received criticism from experts for his other views on such matters as artificial intelligence and public transport.Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. His mother is Maye Musk (), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, but raised in South Africa. His father is Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer. Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal (born 1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974). His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian, and Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk mostly lived with his father in Pretoria and elsewhere, a choice he made two years after the divorce and subsequently regretted. Musk has become estranged from his father, whom he describes as \"a terrible human being... Almost every evil thing you could possibly think of, he has done.\" He has a half-sister and a half-brother on his father's side.Around age 10, Musk developed an interest in computing and video games and acquired a Commodore VIC-20. He learned computer programming using a manual and, by age 12, sold the code of a BASIC-based video game he created called \"Blastar\" to \"PC and Office Technology\" magazine for approximately $500. An awkward and introverted child, Musk was bullied throughout his childhood and was once hospitalized after a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. He attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School and Bryanston High School before graduating from Pretoria Boys High School.Aware it would be easier to enter the United States from Canada, Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother. While awaiting the documentation, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months; this allowed Musk to avoid mandatory service in the South African military. Arriving in Canada in June 1989, Musk failed to locate a great-uncle in Montreal and instead stayed at a youth hostel. He then traveled west to live with a second-cousin in Saskatchewan. He stayed there for a year, working odd jobs at a farm and lumber-mill. In 1990, Musk entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania; he graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics.In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley during the summer: at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which researched electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and at the Palo Alto-based startup Rocket Science Games. In 1995, Musk was accepted to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program in materials science at Stanford University in California. Musk attempted to get a job at Netscape but never received a response to his inquiries. He dropped out of Stanford after two days, deciding instead to join the Internet boom and launch an Internet startup.In 1995, Musk, Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded web software company Zip2 with funds from angel investors. They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto. The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages. Musk says that before the company became successful, he could not afford an apartment and instead rented an office and slept on the couch and showered at the YMCA, and shared one computer with his brother. According to Musk, \"The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time.\" The Musk brothers obtained contracts with \"The New York Times\" and the \"Chicago Tribune,\" and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with CitySearch. Musk's attempts to become CEO, a position held by its Chairman Rich Sorkin, were thwarted by the board. Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999. Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company. The startup was one of the first online banks to be federally insured, and, within its initial months, over 200,000 customers joined the service. The company's investors saw Musk as inexperienced and had him replaced with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year. The following year, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to prevent unnecessary competition. Founded by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel, Confinity had its own money-transfer service, PayPal, which was more popular than X.com's service. Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for Microsoft software over Linux created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign. Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000. Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk\u2014the largest shareholder with 11.7%\u2014received over $100 million.In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, explaining it has sentimental value.In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society. He was inspired by plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars and discussed funding the project himself. In October 2001, Musk traveled to Moscow to buy refurbished Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice and was even spat on by one of the Russian chief designers. The group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. Musk instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets. With $100 million of his early fortune, Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies Corp., traded as SpaceX, in May 2002. As of 2021, he remains the company's CEO and also holds the title of Chief Engineer.After three failed launches, SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 in 2008. It was the first private liquid-fuel rocket to reach Earth orbit. Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services program contract for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement. In 2012, the Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, a first for a private enterprise. Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9. Landings were later achieved on an autonomous spaceport drone ship, an ocean-based recovery platform. In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried a Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload. In 2017, SpaceX unveiled its next-generation launch vehicle and spacecraft system, Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), which would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities. In 2018, SpaceX announced a planned 2023 lunar circumnavigation mission, a private flight called \"dearMoon project\". In 2020, SpaceX launched its first manned flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place a person into orbit and dock a crewed space-craft with the ISS.SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low Earth orbit satellites in 2015 to provide satellite Internet access, with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched. The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.Tesla, Inc.\u2014originally Tesla Motors\u2014was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement. Musk led the Series A round of investment in 2004, joining Tesla's board of directors as chairman. Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations. Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the 2008 financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted from the firm. Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008. A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model\u00a0S sedan in 2012; a cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015. A mass market sedan, the Model 3 was released in 2017. , it is the world's best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered. A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020. The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019. Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle subassembly factories, such as Gigafactory 1 in Nevada and Gigafactory 3 in China.Since its initial public offering in 2010, Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020. It entered the S&P 500 later that year.In September 2018, Musk was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a tweet claiming funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private. The lawsuit claimed that discussions Musk held with foreign investors in July 2018 did not confirm key deal terms and thus characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies. Musk called the allegations unjustified and claimed he had never compromised his integrity. Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.Musk has stated in interviews he does not regret the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation. On February 19, 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars in 2019. The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, initially asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet, which was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details. The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about. In May 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price (\"too high \") violated the agreement. FOIA released records showed that the SEC itself concluded that Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding \"Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price\".Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive co-founded in 2006. By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Construction on the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020 when Panasonic departed.Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery energy storage products division to create Tesla Energy. The announcement of the deal resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues; however, Tesla shareholders were not informed. Consequently, multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders. During a June 2019 court deposition, Musk acknowledged that the company reallocated every possible employee from the solar division to work on the Model 3, and, according to Musk, \"as a result, solar suffered.\" This had not previously been disclosed to shareholders. Court documents unsealed in 2019 have confirmed that Musk was also aware of the company's liquidity issues. Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with AI. Neuralink's purpose is to create devices that are embedded in the human brain to facilitate the merging of the brain with machines. The devices will also reconcile with the latest improvements in artificial intelligence to stay updated. Such improvements could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software more effectively.At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described one of their early devices as \"a Fitbit in your skull\" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims; \"MIT Technology Review\" described them as \"highly speculative\" and \"neuroscience theater\".In 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels. In early 2017, they began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a wide, long, and deep \"test trench\" on the premises of SpaceX's offices as it required no permits. A tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021. Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.As a merchandising and publicity stunt, The Boring Company sold 2,000 novelty flamethrowers in 2018. The idea was allegedly inspired by the Mel Brooks-directed film \"Spaceballs\" (1987).Musk's managerial style and treatment of his employees has been heavily criticized. One person who worked closely with Musk said he exhibits \"a high level of degenerate behavior\" such as paranoia and bullying. Another described him as exhibiting \"total and complete pathological sociopathy\". \"Business Insider\" reported that Tesla employees were told not to walk past Musk's desk because of his \"wild firing rampages\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as \"self-driving\", he faced criticism from his engineers, some of whom resigned in response, with one stating that Musk's \"reckless decision making... ha[d] potentially put customer lives at risk\".In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain, assigning a dozen engineers from Tesla and SpaceX to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs. On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the Hyperloop. The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs. The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area at an estimated total cost of $6 billion. The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.In June 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track in a 2015\u20132017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project with Hawthorne airport as its destination. In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received \"verbal government approval\" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., stopping in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.In December 2015, Musk announced the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity. A particular focus of the company is to \"counteract large corporations [and governments] who may gain too much power by owning super-intelligence systems\". In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as Tesla increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a small rescue pod to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand. Named \"Wild Boar\" after the children's soccer team, its design was a -long, -wide sealed tube weighing about propelled manually by divers in the front and back with segmented compartments to place diver weights to adjust buoyancy, intended to solve the problem of safely extracting the children. Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. However, by this time, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia and Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.Vernon Unsworth, a recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the rescue, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, and that Musk \"had no conception of what the cave passage was like\" and \"can stick his submarine where it hurts\". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as \"pedo guy\". He subsequently deleted the tweets, along with an earlier tweet in which he told another critic of the device, \"Stay tuned jackass.\" On July 16, Unsworth stated that he was considering legal action.Two days later, Musk issued an apology for his remarks. Then, on August 28, 2018, in response to criticism from a writer on Twitter, Musk tweeted, \"You don't think it's strange he hasn't sued me?\" The following day, a letter dated August 6 from L.\u00a0Lin Wood, the rescuer's attorney, emerged, showing that he had been making preparations for a libel lawsuit.Around this time, James Howard-Higgins emailed Musk claiming to be a private investigator and with an offer to \"dig deep\" into Unsworth's past, which Musk accepted; Higgins was later revealed to be a convicted felon with multiple counts of fraud. On August 30, using details produced during the alleged investigation, Musk sent a \"BuzzFeed News\" reporter who had written about the controversy an email prefaced with \"off the record\", telling the reporter to \"stop defending child rapists, you fucking asshole\" and claiming that Unsworth is a \"single white guy from England who's been traveling to or living in Thailand for 30 to 40 years... until moving to Chiang Rai for a child bride who was about 12 years old at the time.\" On September 5, the reporter tweeted a screenshot of the email, saying that \"Off the record is a two-party agreement,\" which he \"did not agree to.\"In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court. In his defense, Musk argued that in slang usage \"'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor.\" The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages. During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.On September 6, 2018, Musk appeared on \"The Joe Rogan Experience\" podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. One of the highest-profile and controversial aspects of the program was Musk's sampling a single puff from a cigar consisting, Joe Rogan claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. \"The Washington Post\" observed that, \"In the media's hands, it became a story about Musk's growing instability.\"Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day. \"Fortune\" wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told \"The Verge\" that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still processing the situation. In a \"60 Minutes\" interview, Musk said of the incident: \"I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.\"On March 30, 2019, Musk released a rap track, \"RIP Harambe\", on SoundCloud as Emo G Records. The track, which is an allusion to the killing of Harambe and the subsequent \"tasteless\" Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop. On January 30, 2020, Musk released an EDM track, \"Don't Doubt Ur Vibe\", featuring his own lyrics and vocals. While \"Guardian\" critic Alexi Petridis described it as \"indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud\", TechCrunch said it was \"not a bad representation of the genre\".Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which states its purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas as well as other goals. Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 contributions. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and Kimball's Big Green. \"Vox\" described the foundation as \"entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque\", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text. The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated. From 2002 to 2018, it gave out $25 million directly to non-profits, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI, which was at the time a non-profit organization.Musk is also a trustee of the X Prize Foundation. In January 2021, he promised to donate $100 million as a prize to whomever developed the best carbon capture technology.Musk made $165 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002. He was first listed on the \"Forbes\" Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion. Throughout that year, his net worth increased by $150 billion, largely driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock. During this, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in the history of the \"Bloomberg Billionaires Index\". In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest. In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world. Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.Around three-quarters of Musk's wealth derives from Tesla. Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed in 2018 to a compensation plan with the board that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue. The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values. It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and board. In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million TSLA shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.Musk has repeatedly described himself as \"cash poor\", and has \"professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth\". In 2012, Musk signed The Giving Pledge and, in May 2020, Musk pledged to \"sell almost all physical possessions\". In 2021, Musk defended his wealth by saying he is \"accumulating resources to help make life multiplanetary [and] extend the light of consciousness to the stars\". He owns a private jet. The jet's heavy use of fossil fuels\u2014it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018\u2014has received criticism. According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.In an interview with \"The Washington Post\", Musk stated he was a \"significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats,\" but that he also gives heavily to Republicans. Musk further stated that political contributions are a requirement to have a voice in the United States government. Musk has criticized Donald Trump and after joining Trump's two business advisory councils, Musk resigned from both in June 2017 in protest against Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. In the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income; he endorsed Kanye West's independent campaign in the general election. Musk has stated that he thinks a theoretical government on Mars should be direct democracy.In July 2020, Musk tweeted \"Pronouns suck\" to significant backlash on Twitter, including from his partner Grimes. The tweet has been perceived by some as transphobic and an attack on non-binary identities. In a series of December 2020 tweets, Musk again mocked the use of pronouns. The Human Rights Campaign, which had previously given Tesla the number one ranking on its Corporate Equality Index, criticized his tweets and called for him to apologize.Musk has stated that he does not believe the US government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior. Musk says that the free market would achieve the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences. His stance has been called hypocritical as his businesses have received billions of dollars in subsidies.Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal. Musk's opposition to short-selling has been speculated to stem from how short-sellers often organize and publish opposition research about the companies that they believe currently overvalued. In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze. Musk has also regularly promoted cryptocurrencies, stating that he supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies. Given the volatile effects that his tweets about them have, his statements around cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulations by critics such as Nouriel Roubini.Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic. He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting chloroquine and claiming that death statistics were manipulated. He claimed that \"Kids are essentially immune\" to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and called \"the coronavirus panic...dumb\". Musk repeatedly criticized lockdowns and violated local orders by re-opening the Tesla Fremont factory. In March 2020, Musk predicted there would be \"close to zero new cases in US too by end of April\". \"Politico\" later labeled this statement one of \"the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]\". In November 2020, the phrase \"Space Karen\" trended on Twitter in connection with Musk after he tweeted misinformation about the effectiveness of COVID-19 testing. In April 2021, he tweeted a modified version of a Ben Garrison cartoon with a caricature of Bill Gates and an anti-vaxxer message.Also in March 2020, Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party. Multiple hospitals noted that the devices eventually donated were BiPAP and CPAP machines, not the sought-after ventilators, but the machines could still be used to free up ventilators for the sickest patients. In 2021, findings of an antibody-testing program that Musk and a SpaceX medical executive worked with doctors and academic researchers to create were published in \"Nature Communications\" with Musk listed as a co-author.Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence (AI), repeatedly calling it the greatest threat to humanity. Musk's opinions about AI have provoked controversy. Consequently, according to CNBC, Musk is \"not always looked upon favorably\" by the AI research community. Musk and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg have clashed on the issue, with Zuckerberg calling his warnings \"pretty irresponsible\". Musk's claims that humans live in a computer simulation have also been criticized.Despite his companies dealing in various areas of transportation, Musk has criticized public transportation, a stance that has been called elitist. His comments have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts.Musk met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University. They married in 2000 and separated in 2008. Their first child, son Nevada Alexander Musk, died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at the age of 10 weeks. They share custody of their five surviving children.In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010, the couple married. In 2012, Musk announced a divorce from Riley. In 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley; however, the action was withdrawn. A second divorce was finalized in 2016. Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017; he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012. Musk was later accused of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Johnny Depp.In May 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating. Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020. According to Musk and Grimes, his name was ; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet, and was then changed to . This drew more confusion, as \u00c6 is not a letter in the modern English alphabet. The child was eventually named , with \"X\" as a first name and as a middle name.From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded and where their headquarters are still located. In 2020, Musk moved to Texas, stating that California had become \"complacent\" with its economic success.While hosting \"Saturday Night Live\" in May 2021, Musk remarked that he has Asperger syndrome.Musk has had multiple cameos and appearances in films such as \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"Why Him?\" (2016), and \"\" (2019). Television series on which he has appeared include \"The Simpsons\" (2015), \"The Big Bang Theory\" (2015), \"South Park\" (2016), \"Rick and Morty\" (2019), and \"Saturday Night Live\" (2021). He has contributed interviews to the documentaries \"Racing Extinction\" (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed \"Lo and Behold\" (2016).Musk was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2018 and was listed among \"Time\" magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010, 2013, and 2018. He has received various other awards, such as the Order of the Direkgunabhorn given for his contributions to the Tham Luang cave rescue.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Neuralink", "OpenAI", "The Boring Company"], "facts": [["Elon Musk", "educated at", "Smith School of Business", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "director general", "January 2008", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "OpenAI", "December 2015", "January 2019"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Justine Musk", "January 2000", "January 2008"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "April 2004", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Neuralink", "July 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "The Wharton School", "January 1992", "January 1995"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "The Boring Company", "December 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "residence", "Boca Chica (Texas)", "June 2021", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "SpaceX", "June 2002", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Talulah Riley", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2002", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Elon Musk 2 years and 7 months before he/she worked for Neuralink?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Elon Musk two years and 7 months before he/she worked for Neuralink?", "date": "December 01 2013", "text_answers": {"text": ["Talulah Riley"]}, "id": "L3H_Q317521_P26_P108_106", "fact_context": "Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from April 2004 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to January 2019. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from June 2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from January 2008 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from January 1992 to January 1995. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from January 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from December 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from January 2000 to January 2008. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from January 2013 to January 2016. \n Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from July 2016 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to Jan 2019. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from Jan 2008 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from Jan 2013 to 01/2016. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from 06/2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from Jul 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from 01/1992 to Jan 1995. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from Dec 2016 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from Jan 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from 04/2004 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from 01/2000 to 01/2008.", "context": "Elon MuskElon Reeve Musk ( ; born June 28, 1971) is an entrepreneur and business magnate. He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX; early stage investor, CEO, and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; and co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI. A centibillionaire, Musk is one of the richest people in the world.Musk was born to a Canadian mother and South African father and raised in Pretoria, South Africa. He briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada aged 17 to attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University but decided instead to pursue a business career, co-founding the web software company Zip2 with brother Kimbal. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. In 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as chairman and product architect, becoming its CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain\u2013computer interfaces, and founded The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has proposed the Hyperloop, a high-speed vactrain transportation system.Musk has been the subject of criticism due to unorthodox or unscientific stances and highly publicized controversies. In 2018, he was sued for defamation by a diver who advised in the Tham Luang cave rescue; a California jury ruled in favor of Musk. In the same year, he was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. He settled with the SEC, temporarily stepping down from his chairmanship and accepting limitations on his Twitter usage. Musk has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and has received criticism from experts for his other views on such matters as artificial intelligence and public transport.Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. His mother is Maye Musk (), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, but raised in South Africa. His father is Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer. Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal (born 1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974). His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian, and Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk mostly lived with his father in Pretoria and elsewhere, a choice he made two years after the divorce and subsequently regretted. Musk has become estranged from his father, whom he describes as \"a terrible human being... Almost every evil thing you could possibly think of, he has done.\" He has a half-sister and a half-brother on his father's side.Around age 10, Musk developed an interest in computing and video games and acquired a Commodore VIC-20. He learned computer programming using a manual and, by age 12, sold the code of a BASIC-based video game he created called \"Blastar\" to \"PC and Office Technology\" magazine for approximately $500. An awkward and introverted child, Musk was bullied throughout his childhood and was once hospitalized after a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. He attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School and Bryanston High School before graduating from Pretoria Boys High School.Aware it would be easier to enter the United States from Canada, Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother. While awaiting the documentation, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months; this allowed Musk to avoid mandatory service in the South African military. Arriving in Canada in June 1989, Musk failed to locate a great-uncle in Montreal and instead stayed at a youth hostel. He then traveled west to live with a second-cousin in Saskatchewan. He stayed there for a year, working odd jobs at a farm and lumber-mill. In 1990, Musk entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania; he graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics.In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley during the summer: at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which researched electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and at the Palo Alto-based startup Rocket Science Games. In 1995, Musk was accepted to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program in materials science at Stanford University in California. Musk attempted to get a job at Netscape but never received a response to his inquiries. He dropped out of Stanford after two days, deciding instead to join the Internet boom and launch an Internet startup.In 1995, Musk, Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded web software company Zip2 with funds from angel investors. They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto. The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages. Musk says that before the company became successful, he could not afford an apartment and instead rented an office and slept on the couch and showered at the YMCA, and shared one computer with his brother. According to Musk, \"The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time.\" The Musk brothers obtained contracts with \"The New York Times\" and the \"Chicago Tribune,\" and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with CitySearch. Musk's attempts to become CEO, a position held by its Chairman Rich Sorkin, were thwarted by the board. Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999. Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company. The startup was one of the first online banks to be federally insured, and, within its initial months, over 200,000 customers joined the service. The company's investors saw Musk as inexperienced and had him replaced with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year. The following year, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to prevent unnecessary competition. Founded by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel, Confinity had its own money-transfer service, PayPal, which was more popular than X.com's service. Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for Microsoft software over Linux created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign. Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000. Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk\u2014the largest shareholder with 11.7%\u2014received over $100 million.In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, explaining it has sentimental value.In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society. He was inspired by plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars and discussed funding the project himself. In October 2001, Musk traveled to Moscow to buy refurbished Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice and was even spat on by one of the Russian chief designers. The group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. Musk instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets. With $100 million of his early fortune, Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies Corp., traded as SpaceX, in May 2002. As of 2021, he remains the company's CEO and also holds the title of Chief Engineer.After three failed launches, SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 in 2008. It was the first private liquid-fuel rocket to reach Earth orbit. Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services program contract for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement. In 2012, the Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, a first for a private enterprise. Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9. Landings were later achieved on an autonomous spaceport drone ship, an ocean-based recovery platform. In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried a Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload. In 2017, SpaceX unveiled its next-generation launch vehicle and spacecraft system, Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), which would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities. In 2018, SpaceX announced a planned 2023 lunar circumnavigation mission, a private flight called \"dearMoon project\". In 2020, SpaceX launched its first manned flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place a person into orbit and dock a crewed space-craft with the ISS.SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low Earth orbit satellites in 2015 to provide satellite Internet access, with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched. The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.Tesla, Inc.\u2014originally Tesla Motors\u2014was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement. Musk led the Series A round of investment in 2004, joining Tesla's board of directors as chairman. Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations. Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the 2008 financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted from the firm. Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008. A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model\u00a0S sedan in 2012; a cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015. A mass market sedan, the Model 3 was released in 2017. , it is the world's best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered. A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020. The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019. Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle subassembly factories, such as Gigafactory 1 in Nevada and Gigafactory 3 in China.Since its initial public offering in 2010, Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020. It entered the S&P 500 later that year.In September 2018, Musk was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a tweet claiming funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private. The lawsuit claimed that discussions Musk held with foreign investors in July 2018 did not confirm key deal terms and thus characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies. Musk called the allegations unjustified and claimed he had never compromised his integrity. Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.Musk has stated in interviews he does not regret the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation. On February 19, 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars in 2019. The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, initially asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet, which was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details. The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about. In May 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price (\"too high \") violated the agreement. FOIA released records showed that the SEC itself concluded that Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding \"Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price\".Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive co-founded in 2006. By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Construction on the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020 when Panasonic departed.Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery energy storage products division to create Tesla Energy. The announcement of the deal resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues; however, Tesla shareholders were not informed. Consequently, multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders. During a June 2019 court deposition, Musk acknowledged that the company reallocated every possible employee from the solar division to work on the Model 3, and, according to Musk, \"as a result, solar suffered.\" This had not previously been disclosed to shareholders. Court documents unsealed in 2019 have confirmed that Musk was also aware of the company's liquidity issues. Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with AI. Neuralink's purpose is to create devices that are embedded in the human brain to facilitate the merging of the brain with machines. The devices will also reconcile with the latest improvements in artificial intelligence to stay updated. Such improvements could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software more effectively.At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described one of their early devices as \"a Fitbit in your skull\" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims; \"MIT Technology Review\" described them as \"highly speculative\" and \"neuroscience theater\".In 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels. In early 2017, they began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a wide, long, and deep \"test trench\" on the premises of SpaceX's offices as it required no permits. A tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021. Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.As a merchandising and publicity stunt, The Boring Company sold 2,000 novelty flamethrowers in 2018. The idea was allegedly inspired by the Mel Brooks-directed film \"Spaceballs\" (1987).Musk's managerial style and treatment of his employees has been heavily criticized. One person who worked closely with Musk said he exhibits \"a high level of degenerate behavior\" such as paranoia and bullying. Another described him as exhibiting \"total and complete pathological sociopathy\". \"Business Insider\" reported that Tesla employees were told not to walk past Musk's desk because of his \"wild firing rampages\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as \"self-driving\", he faced criticism from his engineers, some of whom resigned in response, with one stating that Musk's \"reckless decision making... ha[d] potentially put customer lives at risk\".In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain, assigning a dozen engineers from Tesla and SpaceX to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs. On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the Hyperloop. The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs. The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area at an estimated total cost of $6 billion. The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.In June 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track in a 2015\u20132017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project with Hawthorne airport as its destination. In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received \"verbal government approval\" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., stopping in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.In December 2015, Musk announced the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity. A particular focus of the company is to \"counteract large corporations [and governments] who may gain too much power by owning super-intelligence systems\". In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as Tesla increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a small rescue pod to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand. Named \"Wild Boar\" after the children's soccer team, its design was a -long, -wide sealed tube weighing about propelled manually by divers in the front and back with segmented compartments to place diver weights to adjust buoyancy, intended to solve the problem of safely extracting the children. Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. However, by this time, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia and Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.Vernon Unsworth, a recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the rescue, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, and that Musk \"had no conception of what the cave passage was like\" and \"can stick his submarine where it hurts\". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as \"pedo guy\". He subsequently deleted the tweets, along with an earlier tweet in which he told another critic of the device, \"Stay tuned jackass.\" On July 16, Unsworth stated that he was considering legal action.Two days later, Musk issued an apology for his remarks. Then, on August 28, 2018, in response to criticism from a writer on Twitter, Musk tweeted, \"You don't think it's strange he hasn't sued me?\" The following day, a letter dated August 6 from L.\u00a0Lin Wood, the rescuer's attorney, emerged, showing that he had been making preparations for a libel lawsuit.Around this time, James Howard-Higgins emailed Musk claiming to be a private investigator and with an offer to \"dig deep\" into Unsworth's past, which Musk accepted; Higgins was later revealed to be a convicted felon with multiple counts of fraud. On August 30, using details produced during the alleged investigation, Musk sent a \"BuzzFeed News\" reporter who had written about the controversy an email prefaced with \"off the record\", telling the reporter to \"stop defending child rapists, you fucking asshole\" and claiming that Unsworth is a \"single white guy from England who's been traveling to or living in Thailand for 30 to 40 years... until moving to Chiang Rai for a child bride who was about 12 years old at the time.\" On September 5, the reporter tweeted a screenshot of the email, saying that \"Off the record is a two-party agreement,\" which he \"did not agree to.\"In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court. In his defense, Musk argued that in slang usage \"'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor.\" The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages. During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.On September 6, 2018, Musk appeared on \"The Joe Rogan Experience\" podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. One of the highest-profile and controversial aspects of the program was Musk's sampling a single puff from a cigar consisting, Joe Rogan claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. \"The Washington Post\" observed that, \"In the media's hands, it became a story about Musk's growing instability.\"Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day. \"Fortune\" wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told \"The Verge\" that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still processing the situation. In a \"60 Minutes\" interview, Musk said of the incident: \"I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.\"On March 30, 2019, Musk released a rap track, \"RIP Harambe\", on SoundCloud as Emo G Records. The track, which is an allusion to the killing of Harambe and the subsequent \"tasteless\" Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop. On January 30, 2020, Musk released an EDM track, \"Don't Doubt Ur Vibe\", featuring his own lyrics and vocals. While \"Guardian\" critic Alexi Petridis described it as \"indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud\", TechCrunch said it was \"not a bad representation of the genre\".Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which states its purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas as well as other goals. Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 contributions. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and Kimball's Big Green. \"Vox\" described the foundation as \"entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque\", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text. The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated. From 2002 to 2018, it gave out $25 million directly to non-profits, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI, which was at the time a non-profit organization.Musk is also a trustee of the X Prize Foundation. In January 2021, he promised to donate $100 million as a prize to whomever developed the best carbon capture technology.Musk made $165 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002. He was first listed on the \"Forbes\" Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion. Throughout that year, his net worth increased by $150 billion, largely driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock. During this, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in the history of the \"Bloomberg Billionaires Index\". In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest. In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world. Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.Around three-quarters of Musk's wealth derives from Tesla. Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed in 2018 to a compensation plan with the board that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue. The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values. It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and board. In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million TSLA shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.Musk has repeatedly described himself as \"cash poor\", and has \"professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth\". In 2012, Musk signed The Giving Pledge and, in May 2020, Musk pledged to \"sell almost all physical possessions\". In 2021, Musk defended his wealth by saying he is \"accumulating resources to help make life multiplanetary [and] extend the light of consciousness to the stars\". He owns a private jet. The jet's heavy use of fossil fuels\u2014it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018\u2014has received criticism. According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.In an interview with \"The Washington Post\", Musk stated he was a \"significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats,\" but that he also gives heavily to Republicans. Musk further stated that political contributions are a requirement to have a voice in the United States government. Musk has criticized Donald Trump and after joining Trump's two business advisory councils, Musk resigned from both in June 2017 in protest against Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. In the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income; he endorsed Kanye West's independent campaign in the general election. Musk has stated that he thinks a theoretical government on Mars should be direct democracy.In July 2020, Musk tweeted \"Pronouns suck\" to significant backlash on Twitter, including from his partner Grimes. The tweet has been perceived by some as transphobic and an attack on non-binary identities. In a series of December 2020 tweets, Musk again mocked the use of pronouns. The Human Rights Campaign, which had previously given Tesla the number one ranking on its Corporate Equality Index, criticized his tweets and called for him to apologize.Musk has stated that he does not believe the US government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior. Musk says that the free market would achieve the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences. His stance has been called hypocritical as his businesses have received billions of dollars in subsidies.Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal. Musk's opposition to short-selling has been speculated to stem from how short-sellers often organize and publish opposition research about the companies that they believe currently overvalued. In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze. Musk has also regularly promoted cryptocurrencies, stating that he supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies. Given the volatile effects that his tweets about them have, his statements around cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulations by critics such as Nouriel Roubini.Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic. He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting chloroquine and claiming that death statistics were manipulated. He claimed that \"Kids are essentially immune\" to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and called \"the coronavirus panic...dumb\". Musk repeatedly criticized lockdowns and violated local orders by re-opening the Tesla Fremont factory. In March 2020, Musk predicted there would be \"close to zero new cases in US too by end of April\". \"Politico\" later labeled this statement one of \"the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]\". In November 2020, the phrase \"Space Karen\" trended on Twitter in connection with Musk after he tweeted misinformation about the effectiveness of COVID-19 testing. In April 2021, he tweeted a modified version of a Ben Garrison cartoon with a caricature of Bill Gates and an anti-vaxxer message.Also in March 2020, Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party. Multiple hospitals noted that the devices eventually donated were BiPAP and CPAP machines, not the sought-after ventilators, but the machines could still be used to free up ventilators for the sickest patients. In 2021, findings of an antibody-testing program that Musk and a SpaceX medical executive worked with doctors and academic researchers to create were published in \"Nature Communications\" with Musk listed as a co-author.Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence (AI), repeatedly calling it the greatest threat to humanity. Musk's opinions about AI have provoked controversy. Consequently, according to CNBC, Musk is \"not always looked upon favorably\" by the AI research community. Musk and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg have clashed on the issue, with Zuckerberg calling his warnings \"pretty irresponsible\". Musk's claims that humans live in a computer simulation have also been criticized.Despite his companies dealing in various areas of transportation, Musk has criticized public transportation, a stance that has been called elitist. His comments have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts.Musk met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University. They married in 2000 and separated in 2008. Their first child, son Nevada Alexander Musk, died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at the age of 10 weeks. They share custody of their five surviving children.In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010, the couple married. In 2012, Musk announced a divorce from Riley. In 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley; however, the action was withdrawn. A second divorce was finalized in 2016. Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017; he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012. Musk was later accused of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Johnny Depp.In May 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating. Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020. According to Musk and Grimes, his name was ; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet, and was then changed to . This drew more confusion, as \u00c6 is not a letter in the modern English alphabet. The child was eventually named , with \"X\" as a first name and as a middle name.From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded and where their headquarters are still located. In 2020, Musk moved to Texas, stating that California had become \"complacent\" with its economic success.While hosting \"Saturday Night Live\" in May 2021, Musk remarked that he has Asperger syndrome.Musk has had multiple cameos and appearances in films such as \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"Why Him?\" (2016), and \"\" (2019). Television series on which he has appeared include \"The Simpsons\" (2015), \"The Big Bang Theory\" (2015), \"South Park\" (2016), \"Rick and Morty\" (2019), and \"Saturday Night Live\" (2021). He has contributed interviews to the documentaries \"Racing Extinction\" (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed \"Lo and Behold\" (2016).Musk was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2018 and was listed among \"Time\" magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010, 2013, and 2018. He has received various other awards, such as the Order of the Direkgunabhorn given for his contributions to the Tham Luang cave rescue.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Justine Musk"], "facts": [["Elon Musk", "position held", "director general", "January 2008", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Talulah Riley", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "OpenAI", "December 2015", "January 2019"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "The Wharton School", "January 1992", "January 1995"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Neuralink", "July 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "The Boring Company", "December 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "residence", "Boca Chica (Texas)", "June 2021", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "Smith School of Business", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "April 2004", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Justine Musk", "January 2000", "January 2008"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "SpaceX", "June 2002", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2002", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Elon Musk work for 3 years and 6 months before he/she was living in Boca Chica (Texas)?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Elon Musk work for 3 years and six months before he/she was living in Boca Chica (Texas)?", "date": "December 15 2017", "text_answers": {"text": ["SpaceX", "Tesla, Inc.", "OpenAI", "Neuralink", "The Boring Company"]}, "id": "L3H_Q317521_P108_P551_129", "fact_context": "Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from June 2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from December 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from January 1990 to January 1992. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from January 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from January 2000 to January 2008. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from April 2004 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to January 2019. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from January 2013 to January 2016. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from January 1992 to January 1995. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from January 2008 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from July 2016 to May 2023.", "adv_fact_context": "Elon Musk worked for Neuralink from Jul 2016 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk held the position of chief executive officer from Jan 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk worked for SpaceX from June 2002 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk studied at Smith School of Business from Jan 1990 to 01/1992. \n Elon Musk worked for OpenAI from December 2015 to Jan 2019. \n Elon Musk held the position of director general from Jan 2008 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk worked for Tesla, Inc. from 04/2004 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk worked for The Boring Company from Dec 2016 to 05/2023. \n Elon Musk lived in Boca Chica (Texas) from 06/2021 to May 2023. \n Elon Musk was married to Talulah Riley from Jan 2013 to 01/2016. \n Elon Musk studied at The Wharton School from 01/1992 to Jan 1995. \n Elon Musk was married to Justine Musk from 01/2000 to 01/2008.", "context": "Elon MuskElon Reeve Musk ( ; born June 28, 1971) is an entrepreneur and business magnate. He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX; early stage investor, CEO, and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; and co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI. A centibillionaire, Musk is one of the richest people in the world.Musk was born to a Canadian mother and South African father and raised in Pretoria, South Africa. He briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada aged 17 to attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received bachelor's degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University but decided instead to pursue a business career, co-founding the web software company Zip2 with brother Kimbal. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. In 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as chairman and product architect, becoming its CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain\u2013computer interfaces, and founded The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has proposed the Hyperloop, a high-speed vactrain transportation system.Musk has been the subject of criticism due to unorthodox or unscientific stances and highly publicized controversies. In 2018, he was sued for defamation by a diver who advised in the Tham Luang cave rescue; a California jury ruled in favor of Musk. In the same year, he was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. He settled with the SEC, temporarily stepping down from his chairmanship and accepting limitations on his Twitter usage. Musk has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and has received criticism from experts for his other views on such matters as artificial intelligence and public transport.Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. His mother is Maye Musk (), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, but raised in South Africa. His father is Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer. Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal (born 1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974). His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an American-born Canadian, and Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry. After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk mostly lived with his father in Pretoria and elsewhere, a choice he made two years after the divorce and subsequently regretted. Musk has become estranged from his father, whom he describes as \"a terrible human being... Almost every evil thing you could possibly think of, he has done.\" He has a half-sister and a half-brother on his father's side.Around age 10, Musk developed an interest in computing and video games and acquired a Commodore VIC-20. He learned computer programming using a manual and, by age 12, sold the code of a BASIC-based video game he created called \"Blastar\" to \"PC and Office Technology\" magazine for approximately $500. An awkward and introverted child, Musk was bullied throughout his childhood and was once hospitalized after a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. He attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School and Bryanston High School before graduating from Pretoria Boys High School.Aware it would be easier to enter the United States from Canada, Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother. While awaiting the documentation, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months; this allowed Musk to avoid mandatory service in the South African military. Arriving in Canada in June 1989, Musk failed to locate a great-uncle in Montreal and instead stayed at a youth hostel. He then traveled west to live with a second-cousin in Saskatchewan. He stayed there for a year, working odd jobs at a farm and lumber-mill. In 1990, Musk entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania; he graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics.In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley during the summer: at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which researched electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and at the Palo Alto-based startup Rocket Science Games. In 1995, Musk was accepted to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) program in materials science at Stanford University in California. Musk attempted to get a job at Netscape but never received a response to his inquiries. He dropped out of Stanford after two days, deciding instead to join the Internet boom and launch an Internet startup.In 1995, Musk, Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded web software company Zip2 with funds from angel investors. They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto. The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages. Musk says that before the company became successful, he could not afford an apartment and instead rented an office and slept on the couch and showered at the YMCA, and shared one computer with his brother. According to Musk, \"The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time.\" The Musk brothers obtained contracts with \"The New York Times\" and the \"Chicago Tribune,\" and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with CitySearch. Musk's attempts to become CEO, a position held by its Chairman Rich Sorkin, were thwarted by the board. Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999. Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company. The startup was one of the first online banks to be federally insured, and, within its initial months, over 200,000 customers joined the service. The company's investors saw Musk as inexperienced and had him replaced with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year. The following year, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to prevent unnecessary competition. Founded by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel, Confinity had its own money-transfer service, PayPal, which was more popular than X.com's service. Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for Microsoft software over Linux created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign. Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000. Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk\u2014the largest shareholder with 11.7%\u2014received over $100 million.In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, explaining it has sentimental value.In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society. He was inspired by plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars and discussed funding the project himself. In October 2001, Musk traveled to Moscow to buy refurbished Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice and was even spat on by one of the Russian chief designers. The group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. Musk instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets. With $100 million of his early fortune, Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies Corp., traded as SpaceX, in May 2002. As of 2021, he remains the company's CEO and also holds the title of Chief Engineer.After three failed launches, SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 in 2008. It was the first private liquid-fuel rocket to reach Earth orbit. Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services program contract for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement. In 2012, the Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, a first for a private enterprise. Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9. Landings were later achieved on an autonomous spaceport drone ship, an ocean-based recovery platform. In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried a Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload. In 2017, SpaceX unveiled its next-generation launch vehicle and spacecraft system, Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), which would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities. In 2018, SpaceX announced a planned 2023 lunar circumnavigation mission, a private flight called \"dearMoon project\". In 2020, SpaceX launched its first manned flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place a person into orbit and dock a crewed space-craft with the ISS.SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low Earth orbit satellites in 2015 to provide satellite Internet access, with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched. The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.Tesla, Inc.\u2014originally Tesla Motors\u2014was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement. Musk led the Series A round of investment in 2004, joining Tesla's board of directors as chairman. Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations. Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the 2008 financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted from the firm. Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008. A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model\u00a0S sedan in 2012; a cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015. A mass market sedan, the Model 3 was released in 2017. , it is the world's best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered. A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020. The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019. Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle subassembly factories, such as Gigafactory 1 in Nevada and Gigafactory 3 in China.Since its initial public offering in 2010, Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020. It entered the S&P 500 later that year.In September 2018, Musk was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a tweet claiming funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private. The lawsuit claimed that discussions Musk held with foreign investors in July 2018 did not confirm key deal terms and thus characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies. Musk called the allegations unjustified and claimed he had never compromised his integrity. Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.Musk has stated in interviews he does not regret the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation. On February 19, 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars in 2019. The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in court, initially asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet, which was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details. The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about. In May 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price (\"too high \") violated the agreement. FOIA released records showed that the SEC itself concluded that Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding \"Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price\".Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive co-founded in 2006. By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Construction on the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020 when Panasonic departed.Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery energy storage products division to create Tesla Energy. The announcement of the deal resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues; however, Tesla shareholders were not informed. Consequently, multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders. During a June 2019 court deposition, Musk acknowledged that the company reallocated every possible employee from the solar division to work on the Model 3, and, according to Musk, \"as a result, solar suffered.\" This had not previously been disclosed to shareholders. Court documents unsealed in 2019 have confirmed that Musk was also aware of the company's liquidity issues. Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with AI. Neuralink's purpose is to create devices that are embedded in the human brain to facilitate the merging of the brain with machines. The devices will also reconcile with the latest improvements in artificial intelligence to stay updated. Such improvements could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software more effectively.At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described one of their early devices as \"a Fitbit in your skull\" that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims; \"MIT Technology Review\" described them as \"highly speculative\" and \"neuroscience theater\".In 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company to construct tunnels. In early 2017, they began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a wide, long, and deep \"test trench\" on the premises of SpaceX's offices as it required no permits. A tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021. Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.As a merchandising and publicity stunt, The Boring Company sold 2,000 novelty flamethrowers in 2018. The idea was allegedly inspired by the Mel Brooks-directed film \"Spaceballs\" (1987).Musk's managerial style and treatment of his employees has been heavily criticized. One person who worked closely with Musk said he exhibits \"a high level of degenerate behavior\" such as paranoia and bullying. Another described him as exhibiting \"total and complete pathological sociopathy\". \"Business Insider\" reported that Tesla employees were told not to walk past Musk's desk because of his \"wild firing rampages\". \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as \"self-driving\", he faced criticism from his engineers, some of whom resigned in response, with one stating that Musk's \"reckless decision making... ha[d] potentially put customer lives at risk\".In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain, assigning a dozen engineers from Tesla and SpaceX to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs. On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the Hyperloop. The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs. The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area at an estimated total cost of $6 billion. The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.In June 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track in a 2015\u20132017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project with Hawthorne airport as its destination. In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received \"verbal government approval\" to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., stopping in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.In December 2015, Musk announced the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity. A particular focus of the company is to \"counteract large corporations [and governments] who may gain too much power by owning super-intelligence systems\". In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as Tesla increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a small rescue pod to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand. Named \"Wild Boar\" after the children's soccer team, its design was a -long, -wide sealed tube weighing about propelled manually by divers in the front and back with segmented compartments to place diver weights to adjust buoyancy, intended to solve the problem of safely extracting the children. Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. However, by this time, eight of the 12 children had already been rescued using full face masks and oxygen under anesthesia and Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.Vernon Unsworth, a recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the rescue, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, and that Musk \"had no conception of what the cave passage was like\" and \"can stick his submarine where it hurts\". Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as \"pedo guy\". He subsequently deleted the tweets, along with an earlier tweet in which he told another critic of the device, \"Stay tuned jackass.\" On July 16, Unsworth stated that he was considering legal action.Two days later, Musk issued an apology for his remarks. Then, on August 28, 2018, in response to criticism from a writer on Twitter, Musk tweeted, \"You don't think it's strange he hasn't sued me?\" The following day, a letter dated August 6 from L.\u00a0Lin Wood, the rescuer's attorney, emerged, showing that he had been making preparations for a libel lawsuit.Around this time, James Howard-Higgins emailed Musk claiming to be a private investigator and with an offer to \"dig deep\" into Unsworth's past, which Musk accepted; Higgins was later revealed to be a convicted felon with multiple counts of fraud. On August 30, using details produced during the alleged investigation, Musk sent a \"BuzzFeed News\" reporter who had written about the controversy an email prefaced with \"off the record\", telling the reporter to \"stop defending child rapists, you fucking asshole\" and claiming that Unsworth is a \"single white guy from England who's been traveling to or living in Thailand for 30 to 40 years... until moving to Chiang Rai for a child bride who was about 12 years old at the time.\" On September 5, the reporter tweeted a screenshot of the email, saying that \"Off the record is a two-party agreement,\" which he \"did not agree to.\"In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court. In his defense, Musk argued that in slang usage \"'pedo guy' was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up... synonymous with 'creepy old man' and is used to insult a person's appearance and demeanor.\" The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages. During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.On September 6, 2018, Musk appeared on \"The Joe Rogan Experience\" podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. One of the highest-profile and controversial aspects of the program was Musk's sampling a single puff from a cigar consisting, Joe Rogan claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. \"The Washington Post\" observed that, \"In the media's hands, it became a story about Musk's growing instability.\"Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla's vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day. \"Fortune\" wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told \"The Verge\" that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still processing the situation. In a \"60 Minutes\" interview, Musk said of the incident: \"I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.\"On March 30, 2019, Musk released a rap track, \"RIP Harambe\", on SoundCloud as Emo G Records. The track, which is an allusion to the killing of Harambe and the subsequent \"tasteless\" Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop. On January 30, 2020, Musk released an EDM track, \"Don't Doubt Ur Vibe\", featuring his own lyrics and vocals. While \"Guardian\" critic Alexi Petridis described it as \"indistinguishable... from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud\", TechCrunch said it was \"not a bad representation of the genre\".Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which states its purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas as well as other goals. Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 contributions. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and Kimball's Big Green. \"Vox\" described the foundation as \"entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque\", noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text. The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated. From 2002 to 2018, it gave out $25 million directly to non-profits, nearly half of which went to Musk's OpenAI, which was at the time a non-profit organization.Musk is also a trustee of the X Prize Foundation. In January 2021, he promised to donate $100 million as a prize to whomever developed the best carbon capture technology.Musk made $165 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002. He was first listed on the \"Forbes\" Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion. Throughout that year, his net worth increased by $150 billion, largely driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock. During this, Musk's net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in the history of the \"Bloomberg Billionaires Index\". In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest. In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world. Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.Around three-quarters of Musk's wealth derives from Tesla. Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed in 2018 to a compensation plan with the board that ties his personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and revenue. The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values. It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and board. In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million TSLA shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.Musk has repeatedly described himself as \"cash poor\", and has \"professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth\". In 2012, Musk signed The Giving Pledge and, in May 2020, Musk pledged to \"sell almost all physical possessions\". In 2021, Musk defended his wealth by saying he is \"accumulating resources to help make life multiplanetary [and] extend the light of consciousness to the stars\". He owns a private jet. The jet's heavy use of fossil fuels\u2014it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018\u2014has received criticism. According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.In an interview with \"The Washington Post\", Musk stated he was a \"significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats,\" but that he also gives heavily to Republicans. Musk further stated that political contributions are a requirement to have a voice in the United States government. Musk has criticized Donald Trump and after joining Trump's two business advisory councils, Musk resigned from both in June 2017 in protest against Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. In the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income; he endorsed Kanye West's independent campaign in the general election. Musk has stated that he thinks a theoretical government on Mars should be direct democracy.In July 2020, Musk tweeted \"Pronouns suck\" to significant backlash on Twitter, including from his partner Grimes. The tweet has been perceived by some as transphobic and an attack on non-binary identities. In a series of December 2020 tweets, Musk again mocked the use of pronouns. The Human Rights Campaign, which had previously given Tesla the number one ranking on its Corporate Equality Index, criticized his tweets and called for him to apologize.Musk has stated that he does not believe the US government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior. Musk says that the free market would achieve the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences. His stance has been called hypocritical as his businesses have received billions of dollars in subsidies.Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal. Musk's opposition to short-selling has been speculated to stem from how short-sellers often organize and publish opposition research about the companies that they believe currently overvalued. In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze. Musk has also regularly promoted cryptocurrencies, stating that he supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies. Given the volatile effects that his tweets about them have, his statements around cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulations by critics such as Nouriel Roubini.Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic. He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting chloroquine and claiming that death statistics were manipulated. He claimed that \"Kids are essentially immune\" to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, and called \"the coronavirus panic...dumb\". Musk repeatedly criticized lockdowns and violated local orders by re-opening the Tesla Fremont factory. In March 2020, Musk predicted there would be \"close to zero new cases in US too by end of April\". \"Politico\" later labeled this statement one of \"the most audacious, confident and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]\". In November 2020, the phrase \"Space Karen\" trended on Twitter in connection with Musk after he tweeted misinformation about the effectiveness of COVID-19 testing. In April 2021, he tweeted a modified version of a Ben Garrison cartoon with a caricature of Bill Gates and an anti-vaxxer message.Also in March 2020, Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party. Multiple hospitals noted that the devices eventually donated were BiPAP and CPAP machines, not the sought-after ventilators, but the machines could still be used to free up ventilators for the sickest patients. In 2021, findings of an antibody-testing program that Musk and a SpaceX medical executive worked with doctors and academic researchers to create were published in \"Nature Communications\" with Musk listed as a co-author.Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence (AI), repeatedly calling it the greatest threat to humanity. Musk's opinions about AI have provoked controversy. Consequently, according to CNBC, Musk is \"not always looked upon favorably\" by the AI research community. Musk and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg have clashed on the issue, with Zuckerberg calling his warnings \"pretty irresponsible\". Musk's claims that humans live in a computer simulation have also been criticized.Despite his companies dealing in various areas of transportation, Musk has criticized public transportation, a stance that has been called elitist. His comments have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts.Musk met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, while attending Queen's University. They married in 2000 and separated in 2008. Their first child, son Nevada Alexander Musk, died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at the age of 10 weeks. They share custody of their five surviving children.In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010, the couple married. In 2012, Musk announced a divorce from Riley. In 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley; however, the action was withdrawn. A second divorce was finalized in 2016. Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017; he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012. Musk was later accused of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Johnny Depp.In May 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating. Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020. According to Musk and Grimes, his name was ; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet, and was then changed to . This drew more confusion, as \u00c6 is not a letter in the modern English alphabet. The child was eventually named , with \"X\" as a first name and as a middle name.From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded and where their headquarters are still located. In 2020, Musk moved to Texas, stating that California had become \"complacent\" with its economic success.While hosting \"Saturday Night Live\" in May 2021, Musk remarked that he has Asperger syndrome.Musk has had multiple cameos and appearances in films such as \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"Why Him?\" (2016), and \"\" (2019). Television series on which he has appeared include \"The Simpsons\" (2015), \"The Big Bang Theory\" (2015), \"South Park\" (2016), \"Rick and Morty\" (2019), and \"Saturday Night Live\" (2021). He has contributed interviews to the documentaries \"Racing Extinction\" (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed \"Lo and Behold\" (2016).Musk was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2018 and was listed among \"Time\" magazine's 100 Most Influential People in 2010, 2013, and 2018. He has received various other awards, such as the Order of the Direkgunabhorn given for his contributions to the Tham Luang cave rescue.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Talulah Riley", "January 2013", "January 2016"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Neuralink", "July 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "Smith School of Business", "January 1990", "January 1992"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "chief executive officer", "January 2002", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "Tesla, Inc.", "April 2004", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "The Boring Company", "December 2016", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "position held", "director general", "January 2008", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "residence", "Boca Chica (Texas)", "June 2021", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "educated at", "The Wharton School", "January 1992", "January 1995"], ["Elon Musk", "spouse", "Justine Musk", "January 2000", "January 2008"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "SpaceX", "June 2002", "May 2023"], ["Elon Musk", "employer", "OpenAI", "December 2015", "January 2019"]]}
{"question": "Where was Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek educated 6 years and 10 months after he/she studied at University of Pretoria?", "adv_question": "Where was Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek educated 6 years and ten months after he/she studied at University of Pretoria?", "date": "November 16 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Princeton University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q54318944_P69_P69_1", "fact_context": "Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek worked for Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics from January 2016 to May 2023. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Pretoria from January 2003 to January 2005. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Cape Town from January 2007 to January 2008. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at Princeton University from January 2011 to January 2015.", "adv_fact_context": "Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek worked for Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics from Jan 2016 to May 2023. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Pretoria from Jan 2003 to January 2005. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at University of Cape Town from Jan 2007 to 01/2008. \n Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek studied at Princeton University from Jan 2011 to 01/2015.", "context": "Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eekRen\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek (born 15 November 1983) is a South African cosmologist, Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Toronto, and an Azrieli Global Scholar within the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. She studies the cosmic microwave background, Type Ia supernova and baryon acoustic oscillations. She is a Senior TED Fellow and was made a Sloan Research Fellow in 2020.Hlo\u017eek studied Mathematics at the University of Pretoria and the University of Cape Town graduating in 2008. During her undergraduate studies she worked with on dark energy. She completed her PhD at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 2011. Her thesis, \"Probing the early universe and Dark Energy with multi-epoch cosmological data\", used the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Her doctoral advisor was Jo Dunkley. During her time at Oxford, she appeared on Chris Lintott's Pub Astronomy podcast and 365 Days of Astronomy.After her PhD Hlo\u017eek joined Princeton University as a Lyman Spitzer Jr. Postdoctoral Research Fellow. At Princeton University she prepared for the polarisation-sensitive Atacama Cosmology Telescope. In 2012 she was appointed a Spitzer-Cotsen Fellow at Princeton University. At Princeton she took part in a prison teaching initiative, and formed the Hope-Princeton exchange to bring young black women into Princeton's astronomy departments. She took part in the Story Collider. In 2013 she took part in the \"Science Train\" started by Lucianne Walkowicz at Princeton, where she took to the New York City Subway to talk to the public about astronomy.She joined the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics in 2016. She continues to work with the polarisation instrument on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, alongside data from Planck and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and BICEP and Keck Array. She looks to classify radio transient signals using the Algonquin 46m radio telescope. She has worked with the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. In 2017 she took part in the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Untangling the Cosmos event. In 2020 she was awarded a Sloan Research Fellow.Hlo\u017eek was named a TED Fellow in 2012 and a Senior Fellow in 2014. Her contribution to TEDed \"The death of the universe\" has been viewed 1.1 Million times. She has spoken at several TED events, including the 2014 TED conference in Vancouver. She takes part in several activities to improve gender balance in science.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Cape Town", "University of Pretoria"], "facts": [["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "educated at", "University of Cape Town", "January 2007", "January 2008"], ["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "educated at", "University of Pretoria", "January 2003", "January 2005"], ["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "employer", "Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics", "January 2016", "May 2023"], ["Ren\u00e9e Hlo\u017eek", "educated at", "Princeton University", "January 2011", "January 2015"]]}
{"question": "Where was Jessica Stegrud educated 29 years before he/she held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag?", "adv_question": "Where was Jessica Stegrud educated 29 years before he/she held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag?", "date": "September 07 1993", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Angers"]}, "id": "L3H_Q63975366_P69_P39_18", "fact_context": "Jessica Stegrud studied at University of Angers from January 1993 to January 1994. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from September 2022 to May 2023. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 2019 to September 2022. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at Karlstad University from January 1989 to January 1991. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at G\u00e4vle University College from January 1991 to January 1993.", "adv_fact_context": "Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the Swedish Riksdag from 09/2022 to May 2023. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at University of Angers from January 1993 to Jan 1994. \n Jessica Stegrud held the position of member of the European Parliament from Jul 2019 to 09/2022. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at G\u00e4vle University College from Jan 1991 to 01/1993. \n Jessica Stegrud studied at Karlstad University from January 1989 to 01/1991.", "context": "Jessica StegrudJessica Margareta Stegrud (born 27 September 1970) is a Swedish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Sweden since 2019. She is a member of the Sweden Democrats, part of European Conservatives and Reformists.Stegrud studied economics at the Karlstad University from 1989 to 1991 and at the G\u00e4vle University College from 1991 to 1993. She was employed as at Sydkraft/EON Sverige AB from 2001 until her election to the European Parliament in 2019. She had not been a member of the Sweden Democrats before her candidacy in the 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Karlstad University", "G\u00e4vle University College"], "facts": [["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "Karlstad University", "January 1989", "January 1991"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 2019", "September 2022"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "G\u00e4vle University College", "January 1991", "January 1993"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "educated at", "University of Angers", "January 1993", "January 1994"], ["Jessica Stegrud", "position held", "member of the Swedish Riksdag", "September 2022", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Selig Brodetsky work for 50 years and 3 months after he/she studied at JFS?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Selig Brodetsky work for 50 years and three months after he/she studied at JFS?", "date": "April 28 1950", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hebrew University of Jerusalem"]}, "id": "L3H_Q1541237_P108_P69_2", "fact_context": "Selig Brodetsky studied at JFS from January 1894 to January 1900. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at Leipzig University from January 1910 to January 1913. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at Central Foundation Boys' School from January 1900 to January 1905. \n Selig Brodetsky worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1948 to January 1952.", "adv_fact_context": "Selig Brodetsky studied at JFS from 01/1894 to January 1900. \n Selig Brodetsky worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1948 to Jan 1952. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at Leipzig University from Jan 1910 to January 1913. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan 1900 to Jan 1905.", "context": "Selig BrodetskySelig Brodetsky, \u05d6\u05dc\u05d9\u05d2 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d3\u05e6\u05e7 (10 February 1888 \u2013 18 May 1954) was a Russian-born English mathematician, a member of the World Zionist Executive, the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, and the second president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Brodetsky was born in Olviopol (now Pervomaisk) in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) , the second of 13 children born to Akiva Brodetsky (the beadle of the local synagogue) and Adel (Prober). As a child, he witnessed the murder of his uncle in a pogrom. In 1894, the family followed Akiva to the East End of London, to where he had migrated a year earlier. Brodetsky attended the Jews' Free School, where he excelled at his studies. He was awarded a scholarship, which enabled him to attend the Central Foundation Boys' School of London and subsequently, in 1905, Trinity College, Cambridge.In 1908, he completed his studies with highest honours being Senior Wrangler, to the distress of the conservative press, which was forced to recognise that a son of immigrants surpassed all the local students. The Newton scholarship enabled him to study at Leipzig University where he was awarded a doctorate in 1913. His dissertation dealt with the gravitational field.In 1919, he married Manya Berenblum, whose family had recently emigrated from Belgium, where her father had been a diamond merchant in Antwerp. She bore him two children, Paul and Adele, in 1924 and 1927.In 1914, Brodetsky was appointed a Lecturer in Applied Mathematics at the University of Bristol. During the First World War he was employed as an advisor to the British company developing periscopes for submarines.In 1919, Brodetsky became a Lecturer at the University of Leeds. Five years later he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics at Leeds where he remained until 1948. Much of his work concerned aeronautics and mechanics of aeroplanes. He was the head of the mathematics department of the University of Leeds from 1946-1948. He was active in the Association of University Teachers, serving as president in 1935\u20131936.Brodetsky became the second president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1949, preceded by Sir Leon Simon, serving until 1952, and followed by Benjamin Mazar (1953 to 1961), at a time when the University was going through a rocky period, eventually having to abandon its campus on Mount Scopus. He attempted to overhaul the structure of the University but he soon became embroiled in bitter struggles with the University Senate, which interfered in his academic and bureaucratic work. Apparently, Brodetsky thought that he was going to take up a position similar to that of Vice-Chancellor of an English university but many in Jerusalem saw the position as essentially an honorary one, like the Chancellor of an English university. This struggle affected his health and in 1952 he decided to resign his post and return to England.He was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, Royal Aeronautical Society and Institute of Physics.His sister Rachel married Rabbi Solomon Mestel; their son is astronomer and astrophysicist Leon Mestel.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Selig Brodetsky", "educated at", "Central Foundation Boys' School", "January 1900", "January 1905"], ["Selig Brodetsky", "educated at", "Leipzig University", "January 1910", "January 1913"], ["Selig Brodetsky", "educated at", "JFS", "January 1894", "January 1900"], ["Selig Brodetsky", "employer", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "January 1948", "January 1952"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Selig Brodetsky work for 44 years and 6 months after he/she studied at Central Foundation Boys' School?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Selig Brodetsky work for 44 years and 6 months after he/she studied at Central Foundation Boys' School?", "date": "July 11 1949", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hebrew University of Jerusalem"]}, "id": "L3H_Q1541237_P108_P69_5", "fact_context": "Selig Brodetsky studied at Leipzig University from January 1910 to January 1913. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at JFS from January 1894 to January 1900. \n Selig Brodetsky worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1948 to January 1952. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at Central Foundation Boys' School from January 1900 to January 1905.", "adv_fact_context": "Selig Brodetsky studied at JFS from 01/1894 to January 1900. \n Selig Brodetsky worked for Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1948 to Jan 1952. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at Leipzig University from Jan 1910 to January 1913. \n Selig Brodetsky studied at Central Foundation Boys' School from Jan 1900 to Jan 1905.", "context": "Selig BrodetskySelig Brodetsky, \u05d6\u05dc\u05d9\u05d2 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d3\u05e6\u05e7 (10 February 1888 \u2013 18 May 1954) was a Russian-born English mathematician, a member of the World Zionist Executive, the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, and the second president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Brodetsky was born in Olviopol (now Pervomaisk) in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) , the second of 13 children born to Akiva Brodetsky (the beadle of the local synagogue) and Adel (Prober). As a child, he witnessed the murder of his uncle in a pogrom. In 1894, the family followed Akiva to the East End of London, to where he had migrated a year earlier. Brodetsky attended the Jews' Free School, where he excelled at his studies. He was awarded a scholarship, which enabled him to attend the Central Foundation Boys' School of London and subsequently, in 1905, Trinity College, Cambridge.In 1908, he completed his studies with highest honours being Senior Wrangler, to the distress of the conservative press, which was forced to recognise that a son of immigrants surpassed all the local students. The Newton scholarship enabled him to study at Leipzig University where he was awarded a doctorate in 1913. His dissertation dealt with the gravitational field.In 1919, he married Manya Berenblum, whose family had recently emigrated from Belgium, where her father had been a diamond merchant in Antwerp. She bore him two children, Paul and Adele, in 1924 and 1927.In 1914, Brodetsky was appointed a Lecturer in Applied Mathematics at the University of Bristol. During the First World War he was employed as an advisor to the British company developing periscopes for submarines.In 1919, Brodetsky became a Lecturer at the University of Leeds. Five years later he was appointed Professor of Applied Mathematics at Leeds where he remained until 1948. Much of his work concerned aeronautics and mechanics of aeroplanes. He was the head of the mathematics department of the University of Leeds from 1946-1948. He was active in the Association of University Teachers, serving as president in 1935\u20131936.Brodetsky became the second president of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1949, preceded by Sir Leon Simon, serving until 1952, and followed by Benjamin Mazar (1953 to 1961), at a time when the University was going through a rocky period, eventually having to abandon its campus on Mount Scopus. He attempted to overhaul the structure of the University but he soon became embroiled in bitter struggles with the University Senate, which interfered in his academic and bureaucratic work. Apparently, Brodetsky thought that he was going to take up a position similar to that of Vice-Chancellor of an English university but many in Jerusalem saw the position as essentially an honorary one, like the Chancellor of an English university. This struggle affected his health and in 1952 he decided to resign his post and return to England.He was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, Royal Aeronautical Society and Institute of Physics.His sister Rachel married Rabbi Solomon Mestel; their son is astronomer and astrophysicist Leon Mestel.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Selig Brodetsky", "educated at", "JFS", "January 1894", "January 1900"], ["Selig Brodetsky", "educated at", "Leipzig University", "January 1910", "January 1913"], ["Selig Brodetsky", "employer", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "January 1948", "January 1952"], ["Selig Brodetsky", "educated at", "Central Foundation Boys' School", "January 1900", "January 1905"]]}
{"question": "Which political party did Khairuddin Razali belong to 7 years and 2 months before he/she was the member of independent politician?", "adv_question": "Which political party did Khairuddin Razali belong to seven years and two months before he/she was the member of independent politician?", "date": "January 01 2015", "text_answers": {"text": ["Malaysian Islamic Party"]}, "id": "L3H_Q95947458_P102_P102_9", "fact_context": "Khairuddin Razali was a member of the independent politician from March 2022 to May 2023. \n Khairuddin Razali held the position of Member of the Dewan Rakyat from May 2013 to May 2018. \n Khairuddin Razali held the position of Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities from March 2020 to August 2021. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the Malaysian Islamic Party from January 1989 to March 2022.", "adv_fact_context": "Khairuddin Razali held the position of Member of the Dewan Rakyat from May 2013 to 05/2018. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the independent politician from March 2022 to May 2023. \n Khairuddin Razali was a member of the Malaysian Islamic Party from Jan 1989 to 03/2022. \n Khairuddin Razali held the position of Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities from 03/2020 to 08/2021.", "context": "Khairuddin RazaliMohd Khairuddin bin Aman Razali (Jawi \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a; born 9 December 1973) is a Malaysian politician from the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), a component party of the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition who has served as the Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities in the PN administration under Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin since March 2020 and Member of Parliament (MP) for Kuala Nerus since May 2013.Mohd Khairuddin was born in Kampung Baru, Seberang Takir, Kuala Terengganu on 9 December 1973. He is the eldest of 16 siblings.Early secondary education at the Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious Secondary School, Ladang, Kuala Terengganu in 1986. After achieving outstanding results in SRP in 1988, he was offered an offer at Klang Islamic College. But the heart is bound to enter the flow of Thanawi which is fully Arabic in Sultan Zainal Abidin Religious Secondary School in Kuala Terengganu.However, his education in the Thanawi stream could not be completed because after obtaining a successful SPM which he took privately in 1990, he was more than willing to go abroad to seek knowledge. As a result, an offer to further his studies in 1992 to the University of Jordan was accepted.Succeeded with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Arabic Language & Literature at the University of Jordan in 1996. His undergraduate degree continued and earned a Bachelor of Arabic Language and Literature at Aal al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan in 2000. Master's thesis title he was \" \"Significant and Genetic Participatory Particles on the Syntax\" (Signifikan Partikel Setara dan Genetif di sisi Sarjana Sintaksis) and \"Scholar of Fiqh Proposals and their Influence on Syariah Text Understanding\" (Sarjana Usul Fiqh serta pengaruhnya terhadap Kefahaman Teks Syarak) \"He then obtained a PhD in Islamic Studies (2011) at the Department of Arabic & Islamic Civilization, FPI, UKM with the thesis entitled: \" \"Waw Particle Rhetoric in the Qur'an and Its Influence on Translating the Meaning of the Qur'an into Malay (Retorik Partikel Waw Dalam al-Qur'an Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Penterjemahan Makna al-Qur'an ke Dalam Bahasa Melayu) . \"\"Started lecturing on radio and TV since returning to Malaysia in 1999. Has been working on Arabic language programming 2000 on RTM Radio Nasional at 6.15pm for 3 years. Spoken at various slots on RTM Radio Nasional and IKIM Radio. Also on TV1, TV2, TV3 and more. Likewise active in lectures, discussions, seminars throughout the country in mosques, suraus and government departments and ministries. In 2004 founded Darul Fuqaha education and welfare center in Sg. Merab Bangi, Selangor and Tahfiz Intellectual Islam in 2007. He is active as a Speaker (in mosques, TV and radio), Author (books, articles and papers), Publisher (Islamic books, Social Workers and Islamic Medical Practitioners).1. Founder and Chairman of Maahad Tahfiz Orphan Darul Fuqaha (2004\u2013present)2. Founder and Chairman of the Smart Islamic Primary School Tahfiz Fuqaha (2008\u2013present)3. Chairman of Smart Islamic Primary School, Kuala Terengganu (2008\u2013present)1. Member of Political Cluster, Islamic Consultative Council (2016\u20132018)2. Founder and President of Nadwah Muslim Scientist (2007\u20132013)3. Founder and Chairman of the Malaysian Ummah Concerned Association (2013\u20132018)4. Founder of Malaysian Islamic Book Publishers and Distributors (2008\u20132013)5. Member of Working Committee of Malaysian Scholars Association (2007\u20132011)He first became active in PAS after leaving his educational career. He is active in the PAS Legislative Council and has served in several capacities. He served as Treasurer of the Central PAS Clerks in the 2009\u20132011 term, Secretary of the Central PAS Clerk of the House (2011\u20132013) and Head of Information of the Central PAS Clerks (2013\u20132017). In addition, he has been a Member of the Central PAS Working Committee since 2013 to date. As the PAS Central AJK, he has held portfolios as Chairman of the PAS Central Economic Development, Property and Entrepreneur Development (2013\u2013present), PAS Central Vice-Chair of International Poverty Law (2015\u20132017) and Director of the Central PAS Strategic Institute (2013\u2013present). He has also been elected to the PAS Syura Syura Council since 2013.He is a member of parliament of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu who has been contesting on PAS tickets since 2013. In 2013, he defeated the incumbent Mohd Nasir Ibrahim Fikri with slim majority by 610 votes.He retained the seat in 2018 after defeating a well-known Motivator Tengku Asmadi Tengku Mohamad from Barisan Nasional and Abdullah Mohamed from Pakatan Harapan with a wider majority by 8,447 votes.Immediately following the end of the Malaysian General Elections 2018, the State of Terengganu is ruled by the PAS. He has been appointed by Terengganu State Government to be the chairman of the board of 4 state-owned companies beginning 2018, namely the Terengganu Strategic & Integrity Institute (TSIS), Darul Iman Training Center (DITC), Paya Bunga Hotel, and Duyong Marina & Resort. Earlier, he was appointed by Kelantan State Government as the Kelantan Government Economic Advisory Panel since 2014.He has been appointed Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities Malaysia in the new cabinet by Prime Minister, Muhyiddin Yassin.He has been active in several international organizations including being a board member and Assistant Secretary of the International Conference of Islamic members of parliament (IIFP) from 2018 to the present. He is also the Treasurer of the Youth Wing, International Conference on Asian Political Parties (ICAPP) from 2019 to the present.He is renown for his fellow Member of Parliament's claim that he brought in RM82\u00a0billion worth of investments for Malaysia while on a semi-personal trip to Turkey, and subsequently violated legally-mandated COVID quarantine procedures when he returned to Malaysia. In 2019, Malaysia's FDI was recorded at RM32\u00a0billion (US$8\u00a0billion). For that achievement, he was compared to the hudhud bird mentioned in the Quran. The Prophet Mohamad prohibited the killing of hud-hud bird due to its sagacity. Upon investigation, he was fined RM1,000 (US$250) for violating quarantine, despite commoners being fined up to RM8,000 (US$2,000) and a day's jail. Popular speculations on his hudhud-like political survivability point to the fact that the sitting Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin has a narrow, 2-seat majority in Parliament and any fines above RM2,000 (US$500) would have disqualified Dato' Dr. Mohd Khairuddin of his position in the Parliament, thus further weakening the Prime Minister's majority and achieving the intention of Muhyiddin Yassin of not wanting to be the Prime Minister in the first place.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["independent politician"], "facts": [["Khairuddin Razali", "member of political party", "Malaysian Islamic Party", "January 1989", "March 2022"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "position held", "Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities", "March 2020", "August 2021"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "member of political party", "independent politician", "March 2022", "May 2023"], ["Khairuddin Razali", "position held", "Member of the Dewan Rakyat", "May 2013", "May 2018"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Solomon Lefschetz work for 4 years and 2 months before he/she studied at Clark University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Solomon Lefschetz work for four years and 2 months before he/she studied at Clark University?", "date": "November 28 1905", "text_answers": {"text": ["Baldwin Locomotive Works"]}, "id": "L3H_Q371942_P108_P69_25", "fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from January 1913 to January 1924. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from January 1902 to January 1905. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to January 1913. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to January 1906. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from January 1924 to January 1953. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from January 1910 to January 1911. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from January 1907 to January 1910. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from January 1944 to January 1966.", "adv_fact_context": "Solomon Lefschetz worked for Research Institute for Advanced Studies from January 1957 to January 1964. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln from January 1911 to 01/1913. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for University of Kansas from 01/1913 to 01/1924. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Baldwin Locomotive Works from January 1905 to 01/1906. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for National Autonomous University of Mexico from Jan 1944 to 01/1966. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at Clark University from Jan 1910 to January 1911. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Princeton University from 01/1924 to 01/1953. \n Solomon Lefschetz worked for Westinghouse Electric from Jan 1907 to 01/1910. \n Solomon Lefschetz studied at \u00c9cole Centrale Paris from 01/1902 to 01/1905.", "context": "Solomon LefschetzSolomon Lefschetz (; 3 September 1884 \u2013 5 October 1972) was an American mathematician who did fundamental work on algebraic topology, its applications to algebraic geometry, and the theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations.He was born in Moscow, the son of Alexander Lefschetz and his wife Sarah or Vera Lifschitz, Jewish traders who used to travel around Europe and the Middle East (they held Ottoman passports). Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Paris. He was educated there in engineering at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris, but emigrated to the US in 1905.He was badly injured in an industrial accident in 1907, losing both hands. He moved towards mathematics, receiving a Ph.D. in algebraic geometry from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1911. He then took positions in University of Nebraska and University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University in 1924, where he was soon given a permanent position. He remained there until 1953.In the application of topology to algebraic geometry, he followed the work of Charles \u00c9mile Picard, whom he had heard lecture in Paris at the \u00c9cole Centrale Paris. He proved theorems on the topology of hyperplane sections of algebraic varieties, which provide a basic inductive tool (these are now seen as allied to Morse theory, though a Lefschetz pencil of hyperplane sections is a more subtle system than a Morse function because hyperplanes intersect each other). The Picard\u2013Lefschetz formula in the theory of vanishing cycles is a basic tool relating the degeneration of families of varieties with 'loss' of topology, to monodromy. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg. His book \"L'analysis situs et la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie alg\u00e9brique\" from 1924, though opaque foundationally given the current technical state of homology theory, was in the long term very influential (one could say that it was one of the sources for the eventual proof of the Weil conjectures, through SGA 7 also for the study of Picard groups of Zariski surface). In 1924 he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in mathematical analysis.The Lefschetz fixed point theorem, now a basic result of topology, was developed by him in papers from 1923 to 1927, initially for manifolds. Later, with the rise of cohomology theory in the 1930s, he contributed to the intersection number approach (that is, in cohomological terms, the ring structure) via the cup product and duality on manifolds. His work on topology was summed up in his monograph \"Algebraic Topology\" (1942). From 1944 he worked on differential equations.He was editor of the \"Annals of Mathematics\" from 1928 to 1958. During this time, the \"Annals\" became an increasingly well-known and respected journal, and Lefschetz played an important role in this.In 1945 he travelled to Mexico for the first time, where he joined the Institute of Mathematics at the National University of Mexico as a visiting professor. He visited frequently for long periods, and during 1953\u20131966 he spent most of his winters in Mexico City. He played an important role in the foundation of mathematics in Mexico, and sent several students back to Princeton. His students included Emilio Lluis, Jos\u00e9 Adem, Samuel Gitler, Santiago L\u00f3pez de Medrano, Francisco Javier Gonz\u00e1lez-Acu\u00f1a and Alberto Verjovsky.Lefschetz came out of retirement in 1958, because of the launch of Sputnik, to augment the mathematical component of Glenn L. Martin Company's Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS) in Baltimore, Maryland. His team became the world's largest group of mathematicians devoted to research in nonlinear differential equations. The RIAS mathematics group stimulated the growth of nonlinear differential equations through conferences and publications. He left RIAS in 1964 to form the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["Research Institute for Advanced Studies", "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln", "Princeton University", "University of Kansas", "Westinghouse Electric"], "facts": [["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Baldwin Locomotive Works", "January 1905", "January 1906"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln", "January 1911", "January 1913"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "January 1944", "January 1966"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "Clark University", "January 1910", "January 1911"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "educated at", "\u00c9cole Centrale Paris", "January 1902", "January 1905"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Princeton University", "January 1924", "January 1953"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "University of Kansas", "January 1913", "January 1924"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Westinghouse Electric", "January 1907", "January 1910"], ["Solomon Lefschetz", "employer", "Research Institute for Advanced Studies", "January 1957", "January 1964"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Frigyes Riesz work for 24 years and 1 months after he/she studied at E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Frigyes Riesz work for 24 years and one months after he/she studied at E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University?", "date": "February 25 1925", "text_answers": {"text": ["University of Szeged"]}, "id": "L3H_Q380366_P108_P69_5", "fact_context": "Frigyes Riesz worked for University of Szeged from January 1920 to January 1945. \n Frigyes Riesz studied at University of Zurich from January 1897 to January 1899. \n Frigyes Riesz studied at E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University from January 1899 to January 1901. \n Frigyes Riesz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1901 to January 1902.", "adv_fact_context": "Frigyes Riesz studied at University of G\u00f6ttingen from January 1901 to 01/1902. \n Frigyes Riesz worked for University of Szeged from 01/1920 to 01/1945. \n Frigyes Riesz studied at E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University from January 1899 to Jan 1901. \n Frigyes Riesz studied at University of Zurich from 01/1897 to January 1899.", "context": "Frigyes RieszFrigyes Riesz (, , sometimes spelled as Frederic; 22 January 1880 \u2013 28 February 1956) was a Hungarian mathematician who made fundamental contributions to functional analysis, as did his younger brother Marcel Riesz.He was born into a Jewish family in Gy\u0151r, Austria-Hungary and died in Budapest, Hungary. Between 1911 and 1919 he was a professor at the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsv\u00e1r, Austria-Hungary. The post-WW1 Treaty of Trianon transferred former Austro-Hungarian territory including Kolozsv\u00e1r to the Kingdom of Romania, whereupon Kolozsv\u00e1r's name changed to Cluj and the University of Kolozsv\u00e1r moved to Szeged, Hungary, becoming the University of Szeged. Then, Riesz was the rector and a professor at the University of Szeged, as well as a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. and the Polish Academy of Learning. He was the older brother of the mathematician Marcel Riesz.Riesz did some of the fundamental work in developing functional analysis and his work has had a number of important applications in physics. He established the spectral theory for bounded symmetric operators in a form very much like that now regarded as standard. He also made many contributions to other areas including ergodic theory, topology and he gave an elementary proof of the mean ergodic theorem.Riesz founded the Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum journal together with Alfr\u00e9d Haar.He had an uncommon method of giving lectures: he entered the lecture hall with an assistant and a docent. The docent then began reading the proper passages from Riesz's handbook and the assistant wrote the appropriate equations on the blackboard\u2014while Riesz himself stood aside, nodding occasionally.The Swiss-American mathematician Edgar Lorch spent 1934 in Szeged working under Riesz and wrote a reminiscence about his time there, including his collaboration with Riesz.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Frigyes Riesz", "educated at", "E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University", "January 1899", "January 1901"], ["Frigyes Riesz", "educated at", "University of Zurich", "January 1897", "January 1899"], ["Frigyes Riesz", "educated at", "University of G\u00f6ttingen", "January 1901", "January 1902"], ["Frigyes Riesz", "employer", "University of Szeged", "January 1920", "January 1945"]]}
{"question": "Who was the spouse of Didier Motchane 26 years and 11 months after he/she held the position of member of the European Parliament?", "adv_question": "Who was the spouse of Didier Motchane 26 years and 11 months after he/she held the position of member of the European Parliament?", "date": "June 23 2011", "text_answers": {"text": ["Dominique Cabrera"]}, "id": "L3H_Q3027118_P26_P39_2", "fact_context": "Didier Motchane was married to Dominique Cabrera from January 2007 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Movement of Citizens from January 1993 to January 2003. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Citizen and Republican Movement from January 2003 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1979 to July 1984.", "adv_fact_context": "Didier Motchane was a member of the Citizen and Republican Movement from Jan 2003 to January 2017. \n Didier Motchane held the position of member of the European Parliament from July 1979 to 07/1984. \n Didier Motchane was married to Dominique Cabrera from January 2007 to 01/2017. \n Didier Motchane was a member of the Movement of Citizens from Jan 1993 to Jan 2003.", "context": "Didier MotchaneDidier Motchane (17 September 1931 \u2013 29 October 2017) was a French politician who served as a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989.He was born in Paris on 17 September 1931 to mathematician L\u00e9on Motchane. Didier Motchane later married actress and film director Dominique Cabrera.Motchane cofounded the in 1965, and was active in the Socialist Party and the Union of the Left. He was credited with the fist and rose design used by socialist political organizations worldwide. Motchane was a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989, representing the Socialist Party. He left the party in 1993 after a disagreement with Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, and helped establish the Citizen and Republican Movement.Motchane died of cancer at the age of 86 on 29 October 2017.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": [], "facts": [["Didier Motchane", "member of political party", "Movement of Citizens", "January 1993", "January 2003"], ["Didier Motchane", "position held", "member of the European Parliament", "July 1979", "July 1984"], ["Didier Motchane", "spouse", "Dominique Cabrera", "January 2007", "January 2017"], ["Didier Motchane", "member of political party", "Citizen and Republican Movement", "January 2003", "January 2017"]]}
{"question": "Where was Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark educated 15 years and 6 months before he/she was married to Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark?", "adv_question": "Where was Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark educated 15 years and six months before he/she was married to Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark?", "date": "November 08 1988", "text_answers": {"text": ["Hobart College"]}, "id": "L3H_Q208615_P69_P26_13", "fact_context": "Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark was married to Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark from May 2004 to May 2023. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Taroona High School from January 1984 to January 1987. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at University of Tasmania from January 1990 to January 1994. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark held the position of princess consort from May 2004 to May 2023. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Hobart College from January 1988 to January 1989.", "adv_fact_context": "Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at University of Tasmania from 01/1990 to January 1994. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark held the position of princess consort from 05/2004 to May 2023. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Taroona High School from Jan 1984 to Jan 1987. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark was married to Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark from 05/2004 to May 2023. \n Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark studied at Hobart College from Jan 1988 to 01/1989.", "context": "Mary, Crown Princess of DenmarkMary, Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, (born Mary Elizabeth Donaldson 5 February 1972) is the wife of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. Frederik is the heir apparent to the throne, which means that should Frederik succeed, she will automatically become Queen consort of Denmark.The couple met at the Slip Inn, a pub in Sydney when the prince was visiting Australia during the 2000 Summer Olympics. Their official engagement in 2003 and their marriage the following year was the subject of extensive attention from Australian and European news media, which portrayed the marriage as a modern \"fairytale\" romance between a prince and a commoner.Mary Elizabeth Donaldson was born the youngest of four children to Scottish parents, Henrietta (n\u00e9e Horne), an executive assistant to the vice-chancellor of the University of Tasmania, and Prof. John Dalgleish Donaldson, an academic and mathematics professor. Her paternal grandfather was Captain Peter Donaldson (1911\u20131978). She was named after her grandmothers, Mary Dalgleish and Elizabeth Gibson Melrose, and was born and raised in Hobart, Australia. She has two older sisters, Jane Stephens and Patricia Bailey, and an older brother, John Stuart Donaldson. Her mother died from complications following heart surgery on 20 November 1997 when Mary was 25. In 2001, her father married the British author and novelist Susan Horwood.During her childhood she was involved in sports and other extracurricular activities both at school and elsewhere. She studied music, playing piano, flute, and clarinet, also playing basketball and hockey.In 1974, Donaldson started schooling in Clear Lake City Elementary School in Houston, Texas (where her father was working) and moved to Sandy Bay, Tasmania from 1975 to 1977. Her primary education, from 1978 to 1983, was at Waimea Heights with her secondary schooling (1984\u20131987) being at Taroona High School, and matriculation (1988\u20131989) at Hobart College. She studied at the University of Tasmania from 1990 to 1994, graduating with a combined Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Laws degree on 27 May 1995. Between 1994 and 1996, she attended a graduate program and qualified with certificates in advertising from the Advertising Federation of Australia (AFA) and direct marketing from the Australian Direct Marketing Association (ADMA).Her native language is English, and she studied French during her secondary education. In 2002, she briefly worked as an English tutor in Paris while dating Crown Prince Frederik. After moving to Denmark and prior to her marriage, Donaldson studied Danish as a foreign language at Studieskolen in Copenhagen in 2003.She worked for Australian and global advertising agencies after graduating in 1995. Upon graduation she moved to Melbourne to work in advertising. She became a trainee in marketing and communications with the Melbourne office of DDB Needham, taking a position of account executive. In 1996, she was employed by Mojo Partners as an account manager. In 1998, six months after her mother's death, she resigned and travelled to America and Europe. In Edinburgh, she worked for three months as an account manager with Rapp Collins Worldwide; then, in early 1999, she was appointed as an account director with the international advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Sydney.In June 2000, she moved to a smaller Australian agency, Love Branding, working for a short time as the company's first account director. However, in the (Australian) spring of 2000 until December 2001, she became sales director and a member of the management team of Belle Property, a real estate firm specialising in luxury property. In the first half of 2002 Donaldson taught English at a business school in Paris but, on moving to Denmark permanently, she was employed by Microsoft Business Solutions (5 September 2002 \u2013 24 September 2003) near Copenhagen as a project consultant for business development, communications and marketing.Donaldson met Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark at the Slip Inn on 16 September during the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Frederik was at the bar with his brother Prince Joachim, his cousin Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark as well as the then Prince of Asturias and Princess M\u00e4rtha Louise of Norway. The Prince of Asturias knew Mary's flatmate. Frederik was not identified by her friends as the Crown Prince of Denmark until after they met. They conducted a long-distance relationship and Frederik made a number of discreet visits to Australia. On 15 November 2001, the Danish weekly magazine \"Billed Bladet\" named Mary as Frederik's girlfriend. She then moved from Australia to Denmark in December 2001, while she was working as an English tutor in Paris.On 24 September 2003, the Danish court announced that Queen Margrethe II intended to give her consent to the marriage at the State Council meeting scheduled for 8 October 2003. Frederik had presented Mary with an engagement ring featuring an emerald-cut diamond and two emerald-cut ruby baguettes, which are similar to the colour of Denmark's flag. The couple became officially engaged on 8 October 2003.Donaldson and Frederik married on 14 May 2004 in Copenhagen Cathedral, in Copenhagen. The couple reportedly spent their honeymoon in Africa.The couple have four children:The Danish Folketing (parliament) passed a special law (Mary's Law) giving Donaldson Danish citizenship upon her marriage, a standard procedure for new foreign members of the royal family. She was previously a dual citizen of Australia and the United Kingdom. Formerly a Presbyterian, she converted to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark upon marriage.Mary and her family currently reside at Frederik VIII's Palace, one of the four palaces that make up the Amalienborg Palace complex. From May 2004, they have also resided at the Chancellery House, a building in the park at Fredensborg Palace, during the summer months.Among others, Mary is the godmother of Princess Estelle of Sweden, who was also given the secondary name Mary in her honour, as well as her nephew, Prince Henrik of Denmark.Following the wedding the couple embarked upon a summer working-tour of mainland Denmark aboard the royal yacht \"Dannebrog\", then travelled to Greenland and later to the 2004 Athens Olympics. In 2005, during the celebrations for the 200th anniversary of Hans Christian Andersen, the royal family was involved in related events throughout the year. Frederik and Mary marked the anniversary in London, New York and in Australia, where she was made Honorary Hans Christian Andersen Ambassador to Australia in the Utzon Room of the Sydney Opera House. In 2005 the royal family visited the Faroe Islands.Since becoming Crown Princess of Denmark she has made a number of international visits, and Frederik and Mary participated in the reburial ceremonies for Empress Maria Feodorovna in Denmark and Saint Petersburg. In November 2009 Mary made a surprise visit to Danish soldiers in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. One of Mary's stops was FOB Armadillo.In the context of immigrant issues in Denmark, Mary has visited the disadvantaged migrant areas of Vollsmose (2006), Gellerup (2007), and Viborg (2010), and has participated in integration projects including the teaching of the Danish language to refugees. As patron of the Danish Refugee Council, Mary visited Uganda (2008) and East Africa (2011) and supports fundraising for the region.Mary has played an active role in promoting an anti-bullying program based on an Australian model through the auspices of Denmark's Save the Children. She is also involved in a new campaign to raise awareness and safe practices among Danes about skin cancer through The Danish Cancer Society. In September 2007, she formally established the Mary Foundation, with capital from public and private donations, to advance cultural diversity and encourage a sense of the right to belong and contribute to society for those who are socially isolated or excluded.During a Council of State on 2 October 2019, the Queen's request to appoint Mary a \"rigsforstander\", a functioning regent when the monarch or the heir is out of the country, was approved by the government. After having sworn to respect the Danish constitution, she became the first person not born into the royal family to assume the position of rigsforstander since Queen Ingrid in 1972.Mary was voted Woman of the Year 2008 by a Danish magazine, \"Alt for damerne\", donating her cash reward to charity. She was interviewed by \"Parade Magazine\", (US) on television programs of Andrew Denton (Australia) and USA Today (USA).As a native English speaker, Mary's main priority from the time of her engagement was to become fluent in the Danish language, and acknowledged that this was a challenge for her in several interviews at the time of her engagement and marriage. However, after months of intensive lessons to learn Danish, Princess Mary succeeded very well in mastering the language.She would be the first Australian-born queen consort in Europe upon the ascension of her husband.Mary is an active patron of Denmark's third-highest-earning export industry, the fashion industry, and is Patron of the Copenhagen Fashion Summit.She has been named one of the world's most fashionable people in \"Vanity Fair\"'s annual International Best-Dressed List and has posed and given interviews for magazines including \"Vogue Australia\" (where she used pieces of foreign designers, such as Hugo Boss, Prada, Louis Vuitton or Gaultier, and Danish designers, as Malene Birger and Georg Jensen), \"Dansk\" (Danish Magazine, dedicated to Danish fashion), German Vogue (where she was photographed between pieces of Danish modern art in Amalienborg Palace). Mary also posed for other magazines during her life as a royal, such as Women's Weekly Australia magazine (to which she spoke on several occasions about her life as a royal and her family), and Parade Magazine.Her elegance was praised by designer Tommy Hilfiger.Since 2004, Mary has steadily worked to establish her relationships with various organisations, their issues, missions, programmes and staff. Her patronages range across areas of culture, the fashion industry, humanitarian aid, support for research and science, social and health patronages and sport. The organisations for which she is patron have reported positive outcomes through their relationship with her and there are various reports in the Danish media and on some of the websites of the organisations themselves about her being quite involved in her working relationship with them. She is currently involved in supporting anti-obesity programs through the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.Mary is also an Honorary Life Governor of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute based at the Garvan Institute/St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, a member of the International Committee of Women Leaders for Mental Health and a member of various sporting clubs (riding, golf and yachting). In June 2010, it was announced that Mary has become Patron of UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, \"to support the agency's work to promote maternal health and safer motherhood in more than 150 developing nations\". Mary lends her support to a number of other 'one-off' Danish causes, industry events and international conferences. In 2011, the Westmead Cancer Centre at Westmead Hospital in Sydney was renamed the Crown Princess Mary Cancer Care Centre Westmead.On 11 September 2007, Mary announced the establishment of the \"Mary Foundation\" at the inaugural meeting at Amalienborg Palace. The initial funds of DKK 1.1 million were collected in Denmark and Greenland and donated to Frederik and Mary as a wedding gift in 2004. Mary is the chairwoman of eight trusts. The Mary Foundation aims to improve lives compromised by environment, heredity, illness or other circumstances which can isolate or exclude people socially. In 2014, Mary received a Bambi Award for her work with the foundation.In 2016, on the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia, Mary gave a speech on LGBT rights at a forum in Copenhagen hosted by the Danish government. She called for an end to discrimination, oppression, and violence against people because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. In January 2018, Mary delivered her speech about LGBTQ+ equality at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. On 25 April 2018, Mary was invited to present the honorary award to LGBT Danmark at the Danish Rainbow Awards \u2013 AXGIL 2018. She thus became the first ever member of the royal family to attend the Danish Rainbow Awards. She also attended the awards ceremony in 2019 and 2020. In 2020, Mary spoke at Copenhagen Pride's virtual pride festival.In October 2019, it was announced that Mary will serve as the patron of WorldPride Copenhagen 2021, making her the first ever royal to serve as patron for a major LGBT event.Mary has been Crown Princess of Denmark since her marriage and also Countess of Monpezat by marriage since 29 April 2008, when Queen Margrethe II granted the title to her male-line descendants.With the marriage in 2004, Mary was honoured with the Order of the Elephant, and her father John Dalgleish Donaldson with the Order of the Dannebrog. In accordance with the statutes of the Danish Royal Orders, both Mary and her father were granted a personal coat of arms, this for display in the Chapel of the Royal Orders at Frederiksborg Castle. The main field of Mary's coat of arms is or tinctured and shows a gules MacDonald eagle and a Sable tinctured boat both symbolising her Scottish ancestry. The chief field is azure tinctured and shows two gold Commonwealth Stars from the Coat of arms of Australia, and a gold rose in between, depicted as her personal symbol. Above the shield is placed the heraldic crown of a Crown Prince of Denmark.The coat of arms of her father is almost identical to that of the Crown Princess, but a gold infinity symbol is depicted (symbolising his career as an Australian mathematician), instead of the gold Rose. Above his shield is instead placed a barred helmet topped with a gules rampant lion, which is turned outward. The lion is derived from the Scottish coat of arms and also from the arms of Tasmania and Hobart. Both coats of arms were approved in 2006 and placed in the Chapel of the Royal Orders in 2007.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University of Tasmania", "Taroona High School"], "facts": [["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "educated at", "University of Tasmania", "January 1990", "January 1994"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "educated at", "Hobart College", "January 1988", "January 1989"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "position held", "princess consort", "May 2004", "May 2023"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "educated at", "Taroona High School", "January 1984", "January 1987"], ["Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark", "spouse", "Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark", "May 2004", "May 2023"]]}
{"question": "Which employer did Rafael Artzy work for 11 years and 3 months before he/she worked for University of Haifa?", "adv_question": "Which employer did Rafael Artzy work for 11 years and 3 months before he/she worked for University of Haifa?", "date": "October 04 1961", "text_answers": {"text": ["Rutgers University"]}, "id": "L3H_Q7282028_P108_P108_69", "fact_context": "Rafael Artzy worked for Temple University from January 1967 to January 1973. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from January 1956 to January 1958. \n Rafael Artzy studied at University of K\u00f6nigsberg from January 1930 to January 1933. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology from January 1958 to January 1960. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from January 1960 to January 1961. \n Rafael Artzy studied at Hebrew University of Jerusalem from January 1933 to January 1934. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Rutgers University from January 1961 to January 1965. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University at Buffalo from January 1965 to January 1967. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Haifa from January 1973 to January 1995.", "adv_fact_context": "Rafael Artzy worked for Rutgers University from Jan 1961 to Jan 1965. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 01/1960 to 01/1961. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison from Jan 1956 to Jan 1958. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Temple University from Jan 1967 to January 1973. \n Rafael Artzy studied at University of K\u00f6nigsberg from Jan 1930 to January 1933. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University at Buffalo from Jan 1965 to 01/1967. \n Rafael Artzy worked for Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology from 01/1958 to January 1960. \n Rafael Artzy worked for University of Haifa from 01/1973 to January 1995. \n Rafael Artzy studied at Hebrew University of Jerusalem from 01/1933 to 01/1934.", "context": "Rafael ArtzyRafael Artzy (23 July 1912 \u2013 22 August 2006) was an Israeli mathematician specializing in geometry.Artzy was born July 23, 1912, in K\u00f6nigsberg, Germany. His father was Edward I. Deutschlander and his mother Ida Freudenheim. Rafael studied at K\u00f6nigsberg University from 1930 to 1933. He transferred to Hebrew University and obtained a master\u2019s degree in 1934. He married Elly Iwiansky on October 12, 1934. Rafael continued his studies at Hebrew University under Theodore Motzkin, obtaining a Ph.D. in 1945. Elly and Rafael raised three children: Ehud, Michal, and Barak. Ehud and Barak died before their father. Michal Artzy is emeritus professor in Marine Civilization at the University of Haifa.Rafael served as both teacher and principal of Israel High School from 1934 to 1951. He was an instructor and assistant professor at the Israel Institute of Technology from 1951 to 1956.Rafael Artzy took up a position as research associate and lecturer at University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1956. That year he also made his first of many contributions to Mathematical Reviews. Artzy became associate professor at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1960. The following year Rutgers University made him a full professor. In 1964 he was a visitor at the Institute for Advanced Study. He wrote \"Linear Geometry\" (1965) which was favorably reviewed by H. S. M. Coxeter In 1965 Artzy was at State University of New York in Buffalo. In 1967 he joined Temple University where he was for five years.In 1972 Rafael Artzy returned to Israel and participated in mathematics at Technion in Haifa. He helped organize a quadrennial conference on geometry at Haifa. For instance, in March 1979 such a conference was held and the proceedings \"Geometry and Differential Geometry\" was edited by Artzy and I. Vaisman and published in Springer Lecture Notes as #792. In 1992 he published \"Geometry. An Algebraic Approach\" Artzy had made 224 contributions to \"Mathematical Reviews\" by his last submission in 1995.", "none_context": "", "neg_answers": ["University at Buffalo", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "Temple University", "University of Haifa"], "facts": [["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Rutgers University", "January 1961", "January 1965"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University at Buffalo", "January 1965", "January 1967"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill", "January 1960", "January 1961"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Temple University", "January 1967", "January 1973"], ["Rafael Artzy", "educated at", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "January 1933", "January 1934"], ["Rafael Artzy", "educated at", "University of K\u00f6nigsberg", "January 1930", "January 1933"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of Haifa", "January 1973", "January 1995"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison", "January 1956", "January 1958"], ["Rafael Artzy", "employer", "Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology", "January 1958", "January 1960"]]}