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tomekkorbak

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[ "NEW HAVEN -- There was, with really no notable exception, an absence of discussion of the Afghanistan war during the course of the 2010 campaign. ", "But that may have been more a product of the electoral landscape (congressional races often don't lend themselves to foreign policy debates) and strategic timelines (the start date for withdrawal begins in July 2011) than anything else.", "\n\nAnd, indeed, during an interview Sunday morning, Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) provided some indication that Republicans would push U.S. permanency in Afghanistan in the years ahead, insisting that it would be \"enormously beneficial\" to show that type of force \"in perpetuity.\"", "\n\n\"I think it would be enormously beneficial to the region as well as Afghanistan,\" Graham said on NBC's \"Meet the Press.\" \"", "We have had air bases all over the world and a couple of air bases in Afghanistan would allow the Afghan security forces an edge against the Taliban in perpetuity. ", "It would be a signal to Pakistan that the Taliban are never going to come back. ", "In Afghanistan they could change their behavior. ", "It would be a signal to the whole region that Afghanistan is going to be a different place.", "\n\n\"And if the Afghan people want this relationship, they are going to have to earn it. ", "But I hope that they will seek a relationship with the United States so we can have an enduring relationship, economic and militarily and politically, and a couple of air bases in Afghanistan will give us an edge military, give the Afghan security forces an edge militarily to ensure that the country never goes back into the hands of the Taliban, which would be a stabilizing event throughout the whole region.\"", "\n\nWATCH:\n\nThe word choice here by Graham may be a bit more dramatic than the policy prescription. ", "The United States, as he noted, does have bases in Germany and Japan more than half-a-century after World War II ended.", "\n\nBut the notion that the U.S. imprint in Afghanistan will last as long as those two is something that America does not appear comfortable swallowing. ", "Even President Obama has avoided talking about troop presences in those terms, saying only that a NATO contingent would remain in Afghanistan \"long-term.\"", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBind Values to GridView\n\nI have a List with following values\n List<Calculations> calcs = new List<Calculations>();\n Calculations cal = new Calculations();\n cal.", "TotalTotalC2 = Convert.", "ToInt32(reader[\"TotalTotalC2\"].ToString());\n cal.", "TotalTotalC3 = Convert.", "ToInt32(reader[\"TotalTotalC3\"].ToString());\n cal.", "TotalC1C4IOM = Convert.", "ToInt32(reader[\"TotalC1C4IOM\"].ToString());\n cal.", "TotalC1C4MDR = Convert.", "ToInt32(reader[\"TotalC1C4MDR\"].ToString());\ncalcs.", "Add(cal);\n\ni need to Bind these Numeric values in the following table format.left hand side plain text and right hand side the bound values.", "\n\nCan some one plz tell me that how can i use GridView to bind in above format.", "\n\nA:\n\nI had to dynamically generate a DataTable and then bind it to GridView\n DataTable dt=new DataTable();\n dt.", "Columns.", "Add(\"Title\", typeof(string));\n dt.", "Columns.", "Add(\"Count\", typeof(int));\n\n foreach (Calculations item in calcs )\n {\n dt.", "Rows.", "Add(\"Total ...\", item.", "TotalTotalC2);\n dt.", "Rows.", "Add(\"Total ...\", item.", "TotalTotalC3);\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "THE AYATOLLAHS' DEMOCRACY\n\nAn Iranian Challenge\n\nIranian-born journalist Majd (The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The Paradox of Modern Iran, 2008) offers a nimble take on Iran’s fraught political landscape.", "\n\n“Massive fraud,” writes the author, accompanied the official announcement of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s “landslide re-election” against rival Mir Hossein Mousavi in June 2009, giving the lie to the so-called Green Movement of reform. ", "The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei, validated the results shortly thereafter by declaring a triumph of “religious democracy on display for the whole world to witness.” ", "People were stunned, yet the Islamic Republic has survived for 30 years and is “not a form of government to write off just yet.” ", "How to account for its resiliency and even public support? ", "Majd, an Iranian diplomat’s son who was largely educated in America, has impeccable connections and is able to infiltrate the official and nonofficial camps fluidly. ", "In somewhat erratically organized but readable essays, he is determined to get at the oghdeh, or complexes, that underscore the Iranian psyche. ", "When angry Iranians took to the street to protest the election results, the delighted Western media proclaimed the uprising “a rejection of the Islamic regime altogether,” thus playing into the hands of Ahmadinejad’s supporters, who depicted the movement as a foreign-inspired plot to overthrow the government. ", "First and foremost, the Iranians reject foreign influence and deeply revere democratic ideals. ", "Abrasive and irreverent, with humble provincial roots as the son of a blacksmith, Ahmadinejad has endeared himself to the masses by his muscling of the elite. ", "Majd looks at Iran’s grandiose aspirations abroad, as well its as pernicious support of Hezbollah; the evolving relationship with President Obama; the tenacity of Iranian Jews who insist on staying despite Ahmadinejad’s poisonous anti-Semitic statements; and the power of the mullahs." ]

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[ "Thyroid-specific T cells in the normal Wistar rat. ", "II. ", "T cell clones interact with cloned wistar rat thyroid cells and provide direct evidence for autoantigen presentation by thyroid epithelial cells.", "\nStrains of rat differ in their susceptibility to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). ", "We recently observed that the normal Wistar rat has lymph node (LN) T cells which recognize the newly available cloned Wistar thyroid cell line (WRT) and/or rat thyroglobulin (rTg). ", "We have now cloned thyroid-specific T cells and characterized their interaction with the WRT target cell. ", "Twenty-three T cell clones were tested for their reactivity to syngeneic thymocytes, WRT cells alone, or WRT cells with thymocytes. ", "All the clones were of the CD4+CD8- phenotype. ", "Seven of 23 T cell clones proliferated in the presence of WRT cells alone or with the combination of WRT cells and thymocytes, exhibiting stimulation indices of 1.5 to 5. ", "In all but one of the T cell clones responding to WRT cells alone was there no evidence that the additional presence of thymocytes supplied a stronger \"second\" proliferative signal than the WRT cells. ", "These WRT-reactive clones which were able to be more extensively characterized were MHC class II restricted, secreted rat interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to WRT cell exposure, and one clone showed cross-reactivity with rTg antigen. ", "Induction of WRT cell MHC class II antigen by prior treatment with IFN-gamma failed to further enhance the WRT cell-induced T cell proliferation. ", "These data provide the first evidence for direct antigen presentation by thyroid epithelial cells (TECs) in the absence of other antigen-presenting cells. ", "Furthermore, they provide evidence that TECs are able to provide the appropriate \"second\" signals required for T cell activation and successful autoantigen presentation." ]

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[ "I’m not all that thrilled with Carter’s statements myself, so I’m not going to go way out on a limb to defend them.", "\n\nBut I’ll go out a little way because I think there’s more similarity here than you’re giving credit for. ", "In the context of what Carter was doing, which was trying to defuse tensions in a post-presidential role, he has to tread softly and try to gain some credibility and trust with both sides. ", "If he flies into Korea and immediately makes a public statement about what a bad man Kim Il Sung is, he has no chance at all of defusing the situation.", "\n\nBloggers and pundits, of course, can say anything we want because nobody cares about us. ", "But diplomats who deal with situations face to face have to be more careful if they want to have any chance of getting results.", "\n\nI think the main question is whether Carter has been effective, and I’d argue that he has. ", "He did good work at Camp David, good work in Haiti, and good work in N. Korea (even the South Koreans praised his role there). ", "In the peacekeeping biz failure is the norm, so even two or three successes out of a dozen isn’t a bad score .", "\n\n(Of course, motivation is the key. ", "I think Carter is genuinely dedicated to peacemaking, whether you like his tactics or not. ", "But if you think that he’s merely trying to be a sycophant for some reason, then there’s not much to discuss.)", "\n\nI think it has been demonstrated pretty effectively that Carter only really seeks the appearance of peace as the bottom line. ", "I’m sure if he could snap his fingers and make everyone sincerely love each other, he would do so. ", "But I’m sure he’s intelligent enough to know that in many (if not most) cases, that kind of long-term resolution isn’t possible, and so he thinks it’s almost as good (or at least an acceptable alternative) to have lots of meetings and photo-ops with handshakes, thinking that is genuine progress.", "\n\nAnd his track record is not nearly as good as people make it out to be. ", "The Camp David accords were already agreed upon before Carter had anything to do with the situation. ", "He was just the one signing the cheques to give the financial backing required after the real diplomatic grunt work had been done.", "\n\nAlso, I mentioned before how Carter’s rhetoric is beyond the pale . ", "He could easily have met/cooperated with these leaders without treating them like they were genuinely good human beings. ", "Bush showed that in his comments on Musharraf, and made Carter’s behavior look just plain ugly.", "\n\nAnd I think this sort of behavior actually does betray a sense of him wishing to “suck up” to them. ", "I think there are several possibilities as to why he would do this:\n\n1) He has the Clinton disease. ", "He instantly wants to be liked by anyone and everyone, and will say and do anything in the moment to accomplish that, whoever the audience is. ", "I don’t think this is a very likely answer though, since he has never shown any kind of consideration for Israel, calling them the “Bull Conners” of the middle east, heaping scorn upon them that he wouldn’t dream of saying about any of his dear friends like Castro or Kim Il Sung, so I think there is a definite ideological component in choosing upon whom he bestows his effusive praise.", "\n\n2) He is, in some ways, reflexively anti-American. ", "I realize this sounds like a crazy, paranoid charge to make about a former president, but without fail, he has always sought out the nations that are most hostile and most opposed to the United States ideologically. ", "Perhaps he merely feels he is being balanced and trying to “engage” the other side in discussion. ", "Even if that is the case, he has gone about it in an extremely nauseating and just plain awful way, always offering apologies for the supposed “crimes” of his country and lauding the “progress” in the craptastic places he visits .", "\n\nI mean, for God’s sake, the man was genuinely disappointed that the Sandanistas didn’t win in a democratic election. ", "Had they won, he would have championed it as the will of the people, but he was definitively sour about the fact that the will of the people rejected the anti-US, socialist ticket.", "\n\nWhat diplomatic purpose did that attitude serve?", "\n\n3) He enjoys the spotlight offered to him by always “showing up” the current president, taking the posed role of the defiant maverick.", "\n\nNow, I’m not going to do some sort of psychological analysis on Carter to discern which of these is the true cause for his reprehensible behavior, but I would hazard a guess that it’s a combination of all three reasons, and I would certainly not discount that there could be others. ", "But what I cannot see for the life of me at this point, is any reason for his actions that wouldn’t stand out as foolish, morally bankrupt or selfish.", "\n\nlast update : 22-2-2018\n\nThis entry was posted\non Friday, March 17th, 2006 at 3:50 pm and is filed under general.", "\nYou can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.", "\nBoth comments and pings are currently closed." ]

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[ "Epactosaris\n\nEpactosaris is a genus of moths of the family Yponomeutidae.", "\n\nSpecies\nEpactosaris longipalpella - Rebel, 1907 \n\nCategory:Yponomeutidae" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to control of reproduction of data with an expiration time on a recording and reproducing device.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn JP-A-2003-22339, an invention is disclosed, which discloses a method of content management to preclude illegal use of data by changing time (paragraph 0009 of JP-A-2003-22339), and in this method, as information for limiting the use of content, there are provided information about a utilization date for specifying at least either an availability-start date and time or an availability-end date and time, and information about reference date and time, and it is arranged that the information about a reference date and time is updated (paragraph 0011)." ]

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[ "\n322 F.Supp.2d 1009 (2004)\nStanley F. CERMAK, Sr., ", "and Raymond Cermak, Sr., ", "acting individually and under a power of attorney for Stanley F. Cermak, Sr., ", "Plaintiffs,\nv.\nGale NORTON, Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior, and her Agents, Assigns and Successors in office, and the United States of America, through its Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Defendants.", "\nNo. ", "CIV.98-1248DSDSRN.", "\nUnited States District Court, D. Minnesota.", "\nJune 22, 2004.", "\n*1010 *1011 Lawrence H. Crosby, Jay D. Olson, and Crosby and Associates, St. Paul, MN, counsel for plaintiffs.", "\nD. Gerald Wilhelm, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Minneapolis, MN, counsel for defendants.", "\n\nORDER\nDOTY, District Judge.", "\nThis matter is before the court upon defendants' motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary judgment. ", "Also before the court is plaintiff's cross-motion for summary judgment. ", "For the following reasons, defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted and plaintiff's motion is denied.", "\n\nBACKGROUND\nThe tortuous history of this case began in 1944, when the U.S. Department of the Interior issued Indian Land Certificates 64 and 65 to John Cermak, an Indian. ", "Each certificate represented twenty-five acres of land in Scott County, Minnesota. ", "The certificates indicate that \"the said John Cermak and his heirs are entitled to immediate possession of said land, which is to be held in trust, by the Secretary of the Interior, for the exclusive use and benefit of the said Indian, so long as said allottee or his heirs occupy and use said land.\" (", "Pls.' ", "Exs. ", "Supp. ", "Pls.' ", "Mot. ", "Summ. ", "J. Ex. ", "41.)", "\nIn 1980, Congress passed Pub.", "L. No. ", "96-559, placing all \"right, title, and interest\" in the lands represented by the certificates in trust for the benefit of the Shakopee Mdewankanton Sioux Community of Minnesota (the \"Community\"). ", "Pub.", "L. No. ", "96-559, 94 Stat. ", "3262. ", "Section 3 of the Act states that \"[n]othing in this Act shall (1) alter, or require the alteration, of any rights under any contract, lease, or assignment entered into or issued prior to enactment of this Act, or (2) restrict the authorities of the Secretary of the Interior under or with respect to any such contract, lease, or assignment.\" ", "Id. at § 3.", "\nJohn Cermak died in 1989. ", "In his will, he devised to his son, Edward Cermak, \"the interest that I may have in the real property granted to me by Indian Land Certificates number 64 and number 65.\" ", "As executor of the will, Edward Cermak requested that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (\"BIA\") begin probate proceedings relative to the testamentary conveyance. (", "Defs.' ", "Exhibits Supp. ", "Defs.' ", "Mot. ", "Dismiss at Ex. ", "9 (\"Cermak AR\"), § VIV[sic][1], Felix Letter of Jun. 19, 1989.) ", "The BIA refused, however, claiming that it lacked probate jurisdiction because the land assignments were held in trust for the Community, rather than for John Cermak and his heirs. (", "Cermak AR § VIII.) ", "The agency refused on the basis of its longstanding interpretation of the 1980 Act. (", "Id. at 1-2.) ", "The following year, the BIA cancelled the certificates at the request of the Community. (", "Cermak AR at §§ V & VI.)", "\nEdward Cermak died in 1992. ", "The conservator for the descendants of Edward Cermak sought possession of the land formerly covered by the certificates. ", "The BIA again refused, reiterating its view that the certificates had conveyed only a life interest to John Cermak. (", "Cermak AR § IV.) ", "That decision was appealed to the Indian Board of Interior Appeals (\"IBIA\") by certain of John Cermaks' descendants. ", "See Gitchel v. Minneapolis Area Director, 28 IBIA 46 (1995) (appended at Cermak AR § III). ", "However, the plaintiffs in the present action did not participate in the Gitchel action.", "\nIn 1996, plaintiff Raymond Cermak, Sr., (", "hereafter Raymond Cermak) son of Edward *1012 Cermak, requested that the area director of the BIA reissue the certificates and grant possession to him and other members of the Cermak family. (", "Cermak AR § III, Raymond Cermak Letter of Jun. 27, 1996.) ", "Larry Morrin, the Acting Area Director (\"AAD\") denied the request in a letter dated October 2, 1996. (", "Cermak AR, appended to TOC.) ", "Raymond Cermak appealed the AAD's decision to the IBIA. ", "See Cermak v. Acting Mpls. ", "Area Dir. ", "BIA, 32 IBIA 77, 78 (1998) (appended to Defs.' ", "Exs. ", "Supp. ", "Defs.' ", "Mot. ", "Dismiss, Ex. ", "10).[2] The IBIA dismissed the action, finding that Raymond Cermak lacked standing to bring the appeal. ", "See id. at 78. ", "The IBIA further found that the ultimate issue had already been decided in the Gitchel action, which held that John Cermak held only a life interest in the lands, which terminated upon his death. ", "See id. at 78 (citing Gitchel, 28 IBIA at 47.) ", "The IBIA held that the Gitchel decision was res judicata as to Raymond Cermak's claims. ", "See id. at 78-80. ", "For those reasons, the IBIA dismissed the appeal.", "\nPlaintiffs initiated the present litigation in 1998. ", "Their complaint alleged a deprivation or taking of an interest in land without just compensation and breach of trust. (", "Compl. ¶¶ ", "1, 20 & 23.) ", "Plaintiffs sought reconveyance of the land or damages equal to its value. (", "Id. at 21, 27.) ", "This court found that it lacked jurisdiction over the action, because equitable relief is not available in takings cases and claims for compensation in excess of $10,000 fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.[3] (Order of Jul. 12, 1999 at 3-4.) ", "Rather than dismissing the lawsuit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the court transferred the action to the Court of Federal Claims. (", "Id. at 5.)", "\nPlaintiffs appealed the court's transfer order. ", "The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit transferred plaintiffs' appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. ", "See Cermak v. Babbitt, No. ", "99-3135 (8th Cir. ", "Nov. 17, 1999). ", "In February 2001, that court affirmed this court's order transferring the action to the Court of Federal Claims. ", "See Cermak v. Babbitt, 234 F.3d 1356, 1363-64 (Fed.", "Cir.2000). ", "On September 9, 2002, Judge Hodges of the Court of Federal Claims issued a decision dismissing plaintiffs' Fifth Amendment takings claim as filed outside the statute of limitations. (", "Mem. ", "Op. ", "of Sept. 9, 2002 at 4-5.) ", "Judge Hodges dismissed plaintiffs' generalized takings claim on the basis of the findings of the BIA and IBIA that plaintiffs lacked any interest in the subject lands. (", "Id. at 6.) ", "Finally, he dismissed the breach of trust action because plaintiffs failed to cite authority to support their claim for money damages stemming from a breach of trust. (", "Id. at 6.)", "\nDespite dismissing all of plaintiffs' claims, Judge Hodges did not enter final judgment terminating the action. ", "Noting that the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals had commented on the possible existence of a cause of action under the Administrative Procedures Act (\"APA\"), 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq., ", "Judge Hodges instead transferred the case back to this court. (", "Id. at 7.)", "\nPlaintiffs filed an amended complaint on January 13, 2003. ", "Plaintiffs bring two causes of action in the amended complaint. ", "They again allege that defendants have *1013 breached certain trust and contract obligations. (", "Am.", "Compl.¶¶ 23-27.) ", "Plaintiffs pray for \"equitable redress in this Court so that [they] receive that land at issue or an equitable remedy equal to the value of the two Indian Land Assignments....\" (Id. ¶ 28.) ", "In the alternative, plaintiffs seek a declaration that defendants have acted arbitrarily, capriciously and contrary to law, and an order requiring defendants to convey the subject lands to them. (", "Id. ¶ 29.)", "\nPlaintiffs' second cause of action simply realleges their takings claims. (", "Id. ¶ 31.) ", "They again demand reconveyance of the lands, other equitable compensation, or transfer of the action back to the court of federal claims for an award of appropriate monetary damages. (", "Id. ¶¶ 33-36.)", "\nDefendants now move to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, for judgment as a matter of law, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment.", "\n\nDISCUSSION\n\nI. Applicable Standards\nPursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may move to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. ", "Moreover, the court is required to dismiss an action \"[w]henever it appears by suggestion of the parties or otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter.\" ", "Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 12(h)(3).", "\nFed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 56(c) provides that summary judgment is appropriate \"if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "In order for the moving party to prevail, it must demonstrate to the court that \"there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (quoting Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 56(c)). ", "A fact is material only when its resolution affects the outcome of the case. ", "Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). ", "A dispute is genuine if the evidence is such that it could cause a reasonable jury to return a verdict for either party. ", "See id. at 252, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505.", "\nOn a motion for summary judgment, all evidence and inferences are to be viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. ", "See id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505. ", "The nonmoving party, however, may not rest upon mere denials or allegations in the pleadings, but must set forth specific facts sufficient to raise a genuine issue for trial. ", "See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548. ", "Moreover, if a plaintiff cannot support each essential element of its claim, summary judgment must be granted because a complete failure of proof regarding an essential element necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. ", "See id. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548.", "\n\nII. ", "The Claims\nPlaintiffs' claims that defendants have breached a trust or contract duty, and that they have suffered a taking of an interest in land without just compensation, have already been decided and are beyond this court's subject matter jurisdiction. (", "See Mem. ", "Op. ", "of Sept. 9, 2002 at 4-6.) ", "This court has no authority to review the decisions of the Federal Court of Claims. ", "See 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3) (vesting exclusive appellate jurisdiction over final decisions of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit). ", "Thus, the only issue remaining is plaintiffs' assertion that the defendant agencies acted in an arbitrary and *1014 capricious manner. ", "Read broadly, that claim calls for judicial review of agency action pursuant to the APA.", "\n\nA. Judicial Review of the Decisions of the Agencies\nUnder the APA, \"[a] person suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to judicial review thereof.\" ", "5 U.S.C. § 702. ", "However, the scope of such review is limited. ", "The court may \"decide relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms of an agency action.\" ", "5 U.S.C. § 706. ", "The court's review is limited to the record before the agency. ", "See Sierra Club v. Davies, 955 F.2d 1188, 1192 (8th Cir.1992). ", "The court may \"hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be ... arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.\" ", "5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). ", "Under that standard of review the court \"must defer to any reasonable interpretation given to [a] statute by the agency charged with its administration.\" ", "Ark. Poultry Fed'n v. U.S. Envtl. ", "Protection Agency, 852 F.2d 324, 325 (8th Cir.1988). ", "An agency acts arbitrarily or capriciously when it fails to consider the relevant matters and there is a \"clear error of judgment.\" ", "Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416, 91 S.Ct. ", "814, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971). ", "The court's sole duty is to determine whether there is a rational connection between the facts and the agency's actions. ", "See First Nat'l Bank v. Smith, 508 F.2d 1371, 1376 (8th Cir.1974). ", "Generally, only final agency actions are reviewable under the APA. ", "See 5 U.S.C. § 704.", "\n\nB. The Agency Actions\n\n1. ", "Transfer and Termination of the Certificates\nPlaintiffs purport to challenge the decision of the BIA that the certificates granted John Cermak only a life interest in the property, the AAD's refusal to reissue certificates in their favor, and the IBIA's dismissal of Raymond Cermak's appeal of the AAD's decision. ", "Judicial review of administrative action is limited by the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies. ", "See United States v. Bisson, 839 F.2d 418, 420 (8th Cir.1988). ", "In most cases, the requirements of final agency action and exhaustion of remedies require persons aggrieved by an agency's actions to seek redress through the agency's procedures before initiating judicial action. ", "That allows the agency to apply its own expertise, correct its own errors and fully develop the administrative record prior to judicial review. ", "See United States v. Bisson, 646 F.Supp. ", "701, 706 (D.S.D.1986). ", "Although there are limited exceptions to the exhaustion requirement, their application lies within the discretion of the district court. ", "See Bisson, 839 F.2d at 419-20; Runs After v. United States, 766 F.2d 347, 352 (8th Cir.1985).", "\nPlaintiffs' APA action is barred as to the BIA's 1989 transfer of the beneficial interest to the Community and subsequent cancellation of the certificates. ", "Plaintiffs failed to directly appeal those decisions and the time for appeal has run, as has the applicable statute of limitations for judicial review. ", "28 U.S.C. § 2401(a). ", "Because plaintiffs failed to exhaust the available administrative remedies and the time for appeal has run, they cannot now challenge the agency's decision under the APA.", "\nRaymond Cermak did appeal the AAD's 1996 refusal to reissue certificates in plaintiffs' favor to the IBIA. ", "Defendants argue that the current APA action was *1015 filed more than six years after the AAD issued the October 2, 1996, letter and is outside the six-year statute of limitations. ", "Where administrative review is mandatory, participation in that process tolls the statute of limitations. ", "See Lipp v. United States, 301 F.2d 674, 675 (Cl.", "Ct.1962). ", "Conversely, where appeal to an administrative body is merely permissive, the statute of limitations is not tolled. ", "See id. at 675.", "\nIn this case, it is not clear that appeal to the IBIA was mandatory. ", "However, assuming that it was, a subsequent APA review by this court is limited to two issues. ", "First, the court must determine whether the AAD's denial of plaintiffs' request that he reissue certificates in their favor was arbitrary or capricious. ", "Second, the court must make the same determination regarding the IBIA's dismissal of Raymond Cermak's appeal.", "\nThe court's review is limited to the record before agency. ", "See Davies, 955 F.2d at 1192. ", "The court must consider the actions taken by the agency and the reasons given, and it may not contravene the agency's decision merely because the court might have decided the matter differently. ", "See Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, 401 U.S. at 416, 91 S.Ct. ", "814. ", "The court may reverse the agency only if its decision was \"not based on a consideration of the relevant factors\" or there was a \"clear error of judgment.\" ", "Downer v. United States by and Through U.S. Dep't of Agric. ", "and Soil Conservation, 97 F.3d 999, 1002 (8th Cir.1996).", "\n\n2. ", "The AAD's Refusal To Reissue the Certificates\nPlaintiffs have argued unsuccessfully throughout the lawsuit that the 1980 Act did not alter any rights existing prior to its passage. (", "Pls.' ", "Mem. ", "Supp. ", "Pls.' ", "Mot. ", "Summ. ", "J. at 3-4, 12, 16 & 21.) (", "citing Pub.", "L. 96-557, 94 Stat. ", "3262, § 3.) ", "They contend that John Cermak's possessory interest was both assignable and inheritable. (", "Pls.' ", "Resp. ", "Defs.' ", "Mot. ", "Dismiss at 2.) ", "Plaintiffs' argument overlooks that part of Section 3 which states that nothing included therein shall \"restrict the authorities of the Secretary of the Interior under or with respect to any such contract, lease, or assignment.\" ", "Pub.", "L. 96-557, 94 Stat. ", "3262 § 3.", "\nThe AAD based his decision not to reissue certificates in favor of plaintiffs on the agency's interpretation of the Act of 1863, whereby land was to be set aside for assignment or allotment to certain Indians, and its ruling in Gitchel. (", "Cermak AR Ex. ", "9, TOC.) ", "The agency has consistently asserted that certificate holders such as John Cermak did not receive allotments and were not beneficial owners of a possessory interest in allotted trust lands. ", "See Brewer v. Acting Deputy-Indian Affairs, 10 IBIA 110 (1982). ", "Rather, such lands were held in trust for the use of certain Indians. ", "See id. at 116. ", "The Secretary of the Interior did not grant any permanent interest in the lands, pending further legislation. ", "See id. at 117 (emphasis added). ", "The only \"further legislation\" was the Act of 1980, which transferred the beneficial interest to the Community. ", "See Pub.", "L. 96-557, 94 Stat. ", "3262. ", "The IBIA reached the same conclusion in Gitchel. ", "See Gitchel, 28 IBIA at 46-47. ", "Accordingly, the IBIA's position has consistently been that occupants of lands under such certificates hold only beneficial life interests.", "\nThe AAD considered the relevant factors and his conclusions were based on prior IBIA decisions which represent a reasonable interpretation of the Acts of 1863 and 1980. ", "Therefore, the AAD's refusal to reissue certificates in favor of plaintiffs was not arbitrary or capricious.[4]\n\n\n*1016 3. ", "The IBIA's Dismissal of the Appeal\nThe IBIA dismissed Raymond Cermak's appeal on two grounds. ", "First, the agency held that he lacked standing because he failed to present evidence that he was an heir of John Cermak. ", "See Cermak, 32 IBIA at 78. ", "Second, the IBIA held that the appeal was barred by the res judicata effect of the Gitchel decision. ", "See id. at 79-80. ", "Plaintiffs assert that there was no real controversy about Raymond Cermak's status as grandson and heir of John Cermak. ", "Second, plaintiffs contend that because they were not in privity with the Gitchel appellants, their claims are not barred by the doctrine of res judicata.[5]\nIt appears from the record that Raymond Cermak presented no evidence of his relationship to John Cermak in his appeal. ", "See id. at 78. ", "The IBIA cited agency precedent requiring that a tribal member asserting an interest in assigned land \"begin by showing that he/she is in fact the legally recognized assignee.\" ", "Id. at 78 (citing Candelaria v. Sacramento Area Dir., ", "27 IBIA 137, 142 (1995)). ", "Therefore, the IBIA's conclusion that Raymond Cermak lacked standing to bring the appeal was not arbitrary or capricious.", "\nThe same is true of the agency's application of the doctrine of claim preclusion. ", "Blood relatives of Raymond and Stanley Cermak, alleging to have the same interest in the land, based on the same theory of testamentary succession, had brought the same claims before the agency and failed. ", "See Cermak, 32 IBIA at 78-80 (citing Gitchel, 28 IBIA at 49). ", "Plaintiffs' contention that they are not in privity with the Gitchel litigants misses the mark because the agency is entitled to apply claim preclusion in any reasonable manner. ", "See First Nat'l Bank, 508 F.2d at 1376. ", "The IBIA offered a carefully reasoned analysis of the question of privity. ", "See Cermak, 32 IBIA at 79. ", "It reviewed the issue, relative to claim preclusion, as a matter of first impression. ", "See id. at 79. ", "The fact that this court might have reached a different conclusion is not a sufficient basis to reverse the agency. ", "See Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, 401 U.S. at 416, 91 S.Ct. ", "814. ", "Finally, as for the true underlying issue, the IBIA considered the relevant factors and decided, consistent with its decisions in Brewer and Gitchel, that there was simply no remaining interest in the land for plaintiffs to inherit after John Cermak's death.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\nAccordingly, based on the file, record, and proceedings in this matter, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:\n1. ", "Defendants' motion for summary judgment [Docket No. ", "39] is granted.", "\n2. ", "Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment [Docket No. ", "43] is denied.", "\nLET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The Table of Contents to Defendants' Exhibits shows this document at Ex. ", "9, § IX. ", "The tabbed exhibit submitted to the court is incorrectly marked Ex. ", "9, § VIV.", "\n[2] The IBIA noted that Raymond Cermak's reply brief claimed to be \"on behalf of Raymond Cermak, Sr. ", "and Stanley Cermak.\" ", "See Cermak, 32 IBIA 77, n. 1. ", "The IBIA determined that Stanley Cermak was not properly before the agency because he had not been identified in the earlier request to the AAD or in the initial appeal. ", "See id. at 77, n. 1.", "\n[3] The court also held that 28 U.S.C. § 1353 was not a basis for jurisdiction, because the certificates were not allotments within the meaning of that statute. (", "Id. at 5.)", "\n[4] Moreover, the AAD's decision was not arbitrary and capricious in light of the fact that the BIA and IBIA lacked authority to reissue Indian Land Certificates in any case.", "\n[5] Plaintiffs fail to respond to the IBIA's assertion that Stanley Cermak lacked standing because he had not been a party to the request to the AAD and had not been named in the appeal. ", "See Cermak, 32 IBIA at 77 n. 1.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes inclusion of significant quotations from literature make a novel harder to publish?", "\n\nI'm considering using quotations (a sentence to a paragraph) from various pieces of literature at the beginning of each chapter of my novel. ", "The quotations connect thematically to the events of the chapter. ", "However, I'm concerned that this might make a publisher less likely to take my work-- either because it's atypical or because there might be copyright issues. ", "Is a publisher likely to consider dealing with the need to get permission for quotes? ", "If I only use works in the public domain, are there still potential issues? ", "Thanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nCheck your contract (if you already have one). ", "In some cases, responsibility for securing permissions rests with the author. ", "If so, the publisher will not be concerned so long as you deliver the evidence that you have all the approvals.", "\nIf you believe that the extracts from other works are essential to your novel (and it was once a fairly common practice) but your publisher is wary of extra work, you could offer to take on the role of obtaining all the relevant releases to remove that potential \"barrier\".", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Thoughts About Leadership, Technology, and Life\n\nMenu\n\nDavid And Goliath – It’s Biblical!", "\n\nThe Arabs Countries far outnumber Israel with 64 times as many people, 760 times as much land, and 10 times as much GDP.", "\n\nOverall the world’s Muslim population is even so much larger with 50 majority-Muslim countries and 1.6 billion Muslims.", "\n\nSome moderate Muslim or Arab countries are friendlier and have peace treaties with Israel, such as Egypt and Jordan, and others like Saudi Arabia are cooperating with Israel against a common Iranian threat.", "\n\nHowever, it is no secret that many other Arab nations and especially Iran would like to see Israel wiped off the map with a total genocide of the Jewish people (just 70 years since the Holocaust).", "\n\nThis last week alone in Israel there were over 150 terrorist attacks (including shootings, stabbings, stonings, firebombs, and more)!", "\n\nTo the west, just last year in 2014, there were over 4,500 missiles fired by Hamas-controlled Gaza indiscriminately into Israel.", "\n\nTo the north, Hezbollah is estimated to have 100,000 rockets pointed at Israel.", "\n\nTo the northeast, ISIS is menacing Israel with possible chemical weapons and even nukes if they get their hands on them.", "\n\nTo the east, Iran is threatening Israel with ongoing development of nukes and ballistic missiles.", "\n\nMany Christians and Jews clearly see the Biblical underpinnings for the threats to Israel and want to protect the Holy Land.", "\n\nOne Central American, Christian lady told me today that she and all the people in her church love Israel and want it to be protected.", "\n\nShe said many, many people are dissatisfied with the current state of pullback from the Middle East and what was always the iron-clad support for Israel.", "\n\nFurther, the United Nations has been swayed by the numbers against Israel for decades–just last year alone, there were 20 resolutions singling out Israel versus 1 resolution against Syria, even though the war in Syria in the last 4 years has killed more than 10 times the number of those killed in the entire Israel-Palestinian conflict.", "\n\nWhile many extremists falsely try to portray themselves as the underdog in this fight against Israel, the facts speak for themselves, and the Bible is clear–in the end, David does beat Goliath. ", "😉" ]

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[ "Search A Catholic Life:\n\nBy 1750, the style of music produced by the world's greatest composers began to shift noticeably. ", "Prior to this time, the composer was typically employed by a member of a royal family or the Holy Church. ", "Composers produced beautiful and uplifting music that transcended even themselves.", "\n\nYet, by 1750 the composer was now being seen as a celebrity in his own right. ", "By this time it was not uncommon for the composer to be a traveling entertainer across Europe and even the greater civilized world. ", "And with the transformation in image and style, so too the music shifted from primarily religious to secular music.", "\n\nHowever, the secular music of the time still stands in stark contrast to the so-called \"music\" of the present era. ", "At least the music of the Classical composers could rightfully be said to still seek the Good, True, and Beautiful. ", "And many composers still found time to compose great musical treasures for the Church. ", "The Classical period lasted until approximately 1830.", "\n\nBelow is a summary of several key figures from the Classical period and with them, selections of music appropriate for a Catholic's ears.", "\n\nJC Bach and CPE Bach - Assorted Works\n\nThe father of both JC Bach and CPE Bach was none other than the famous Baroque composer JS Bach. ", "JS Bach had over 20 children, many of which became musicians and went on to compose pieces in the Classical Period (1750 - 1830) that would also become quite famous. ", "CPE Bach (b 1714 - d 1788) wrote over 50 orchestral pieces and over 100 chorale pieces.", "\n\nBelow is his Magnificat in D Minor.", "\n\nJoseph Haydn- Assorted Works\n\nWere it not for the following two composers, Joseph Haydn (b 1732 - d 1809) may have become the most renowned composer of the Classical period. ", "Over the course of his life, he composed 50 piano sonatas, 20 operas, and 104 symphonies. ", "Some of Haydn's most famous pieces include his Symphony #45 (Farewell Symphony), Symphony #94 (Surprise Symphony), Symphony #101 (Clock Symphony), and his 104th Symphony, one of the Lond Symphonies and his last one written.", "\n\nHe is often called the \"Father of the Symphony\" and \"Father of the String Quartet\" because of his important contributions to these musical forms.", "\n\nIt is inspiring to note that despite living in this Enlightenment period, Haydn was a devout Catholic who often turned to his rosary when he had trouble composing, a practice that he usually found to be effective. ", "He normally began the manuscript of each composition with \"in nomine Domini\" (\"in the name of the Lord\") and ended with \"Laus Deo\" (\"praise be to God\").", "\n\nBelow is his The Heavens are Telling from the the Oratorio The Creation as sung by King's College, Cambridge.", "\n\nMozart and Beethoven- Assorted Works\n\nWhat really could be said to add to the works of either Mozart or Beethoven? ", "Both are considered the two most well known composers in history. ", "Each has composed such a monumental number of pieces that to attempt a brief overview would do them both a great dishonor. ", "I simply wish to provide one video featuring Mozart's Coronation Mass and a second one featuring his Requiem Mass. Both are among the great gems he has left to the Church. ", "May they be played for the honor of God in the context of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass widely and often!", "\n\n2\ncomments:\n\nCPE Bach is definitely his father's son. ", "I am a JS Bachophile, Mozartophile, and remember singing \"The Heavens are Telling\" in high school choir. ", "You are right that the composers of the classical period were still seeking the Good, True and Beautiful. ", "Today it seems the raunchier the better for the pop culture. ", "The question is, whose music from the 20th century will still be played and appreciated 300 years from now?", "\n\nDisclosure of Material Connection: Some of the links on this blog are “affiliate links.” ", "This means if you click on the link and purchase the item, I will receive an affiliate commission. ", "Regardless, I only recommend products or services I use personally and/or believe will add value to my readers. ", "I am disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255: “Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising.”", "\n\nFollow Us On Social Media\n\nAbout Me\n\nMatthew is a Third Order Dominican living in Chicago. ", "Matthew's personal interests include seeking a preservation of traditional Catholicism as practiced before the Second Vatican Council. ", "He exclusively attends the Traditional Latin Mass.\n\nMatthew is a Certified Catechist and is a speaker at various conferences around the country. ", "He is also the author of several books including \"How to Create a Catholic Blog,\" \"Understanding the Precepts of the Church,\" and \"Eschatology: The Catholic Study of the Four Last Things.\" ", "Matthew spends his leisure time traveling, teaching, writing, and enjoying culture." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make elements fade after each other?", "\n\nI have a problem with my jQuery code. ", "I have this jQuery to make elements fade in with adding class. ", "Animated to each element: \n$(function(){\n var $elems = $('.animateblock');\n var winheight = $(window).height();\n var fullheight = $(document).height();\n $(window).scroll(function(){\n animate_elems();\n });\n function animate_elems() {\n wintop = $(window).scrollTop(); \n $elems.each(function(){\n $elm = $(this); \n if($elm.hasClass('animated')) { return true; } \n topcoords = $elm.offset().top; // element's distance from top of page in pixels\n if(wintop > (topcoords - (winheight*.75))) {\n $elm.each(function(index) {\n $(this).delay(300*index).addClass('animated');\n }); \n }\n });\n } \n}); \n\nHow I can make element fade after each other with delay?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt can be simply done by using the fadeIn function , and provide the required delay to this function.", "\n\nvar animated = $('.divs:first');\r\n/* Need the first Element to FadeIn*/\r\n\r\n/*I have stared the loop on document Ready*/\r\n$(document).ready(function(){\r\n fadeNext(animated); \r\n});\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction fadeNext(elem){\r\n var eachDelay= 200;\r\n /*check the necessary condition before you fadeIn the element*/\r\n $(elem).fadeIn(eachDelay,function(){\r\n $(elem).addClass('animated');\r\n var nextElem = $(elem).next('.divs');\r\n if(nextElem.length > 0){\r\n fadeNext(nextElem);\r\n }\r\n });\r\n }\n*{\r\n padding:0;\r\n margin:0;\r\n}\r\n.divs{\r\n width:cals(100% - 5px);\r\n height:40px;\r\n display:none;\r\n background-color:#008800;\r\n color:white;\r\n padding:10px 10px 0 10px;\r\n border-bottom:1px solid yellow;\r\n text-align:center;\r\n font-size:24px;\r\n}\r\n.animated{\r\n background:red;\r\n}\n<script src=\"http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.11.3.min.js\"></script>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">A</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">B</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">C</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">D</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">E</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">F</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">G</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">H</div>\r\n<div class=\"divs\">I</div>\n\nA:\n\nYou can do this with just CSS - jQuery is not necessary. ", "You can achieve this with something like stagger.css\nhttp://digitalfio.github.io/Stagger.css/\nApply the animation classes to each div then add a timing class to each div in the form of an underscore followed by an incrementing number - e.g.\n<div class=\"animated slideIn _1\"></div>\n<div class=\"animated slideIn _2\"></div>\n<div class=\"animated slideIn _3\"></div>\n<div class=\"animated slideIn _4\"></div>\n\nso you get something like this: http://output.jsbin.com/cusuz/4\n\n" ]

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[ "Use our guide to learn which trials are right for you!", "\n\nProspective, multicenter, case-cohort study.", "To identify potential risk factors associated\nwith the occurrence of erosion due to implantation of the AMPLATZER™ Septal Occluder (ASO.)", "\n\nThis study will enroll 8000 subjects. ", "The sub-cohort will consist of 160 (2%) subjects,\nrandomly selected from the full cohort. ", "The analysis population will consist of all subjects\nin the sub-cohort, combined with all subjects with erosion events who are not in the\nsub-cohort. ", "A detailed assessment of risk factors will be conducted on the subjects in this\nanalysis population.", "\n\nInclusion Criteria:\n\nTo participate in this clinical investigation, the patient must meet all of the following\ninclusion criteria:\n\n1. ", "Patient indicated for ASD closure who has echocardiographic evidence of ostium\nsecundum atrial septal defect and clinical evidence of right ventricular volume\noverload (such as, 1.5:1 degree of left-to-right shunt or RV enlargement) and is\nimplanted with the ASO device Note: This does not include the indication for closure\nof a fenestration following a fenestrated Fontan procedure\n\n2. ", "Patient is willing and able to complete the follow-up requirements of this study" ]

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[ "The first thing to know about the new Nintendo Switch home gaming system: it’s really fun to play. ", "With great graphics, loads of game titles and incredible performance, the Nintendo Switch will provide people with many hours of engaging and interactive gaming entertainment.", "\n\nBut creating a device so fun required some serious engineering. ", "The development encompassed 500 man-years of effort across every facet of creating a new gaming platform: algorithms, computer architecture, system design, system software, APIs, game engines and peripherals. ", "They all had to be rethought and redesigned for Nintendo to deliver the best experience for gamers, whether they’re in the living room or on the move.", "\n\nA Console Architecture for the Living Room and Beyond\n\nNintendo Switch is powered by the performance of the custom Tegra processor. ", "The high-efficiency scalable processor includes an NVIDIA GPU based on the same architecture as the world’s top-performing GeForce gaming graphics cards.", "\n\nThe Nintendo Switch’s gaming experience is also supported by fully custom software, including a revamped physics engine, new libraries, advanced game tools and libraries. ", "NVIDIA additionally created new gaming APIs to fully harness this performance. ", "The newest API, NVN, was built specifically to bring lightweight, fast gaming to the masses.", "\n\nGameplay is further enhanced by hardware-accelerated video playback and custom software for audio effects and rendering.", "\n\nWe’ve optimized the full suite of hardware and software for gaming and mobile use cases. ", "This includes custom operating system integration with the GPU to increase both performance and efficiency.", "\n\nNVIDIA gaming technology is integrated into all aspects of the new Nintendo Switch home gaming system, which promises to deliver a great experience to gamers.", "\n\nThe Nintendo Switch will be available in March 2017. ", "More information is available at https://www.nintendo.com/switch.", "\n\nNintendo Switch is a trademark of Nintendo.", "\n\nSubscribe to NVIDIA’s AI Podcast on iTunes or Google Play Music." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n3D : Given 2 points (P0, P1), find the third point (P2) where DotProduct(P0P2, P1P2) == 0\n\nSorry for my bad english.", "\nDo you know the best (in performance) algorithm to find the solution of the problem in the Title. ", "\nAs a reminder, the problem is :\nGiven 2 points (P0, P1), find the third point (P2) where DotProduct(P0P2, P1P2) == 0\n\nTo solve this problem I'll do the following :\n\nThe distance P0P1 (dist(P0, P1)) is known. ", "So i retrieve two equations with pythagore : dist(P0, P2)² + dist(P1, P2)² = dist(P0, P1)²\nI retrieve two other equations with dot product : DotProduct(P0P2, P1P2) = 0\nFinally, I solve the system with 4 equations and 3 variables\n\nBut I think there is a more efficient solution.", "\nCan you help me ?", "\nThank you :)\nPS : I am working in Space (3D)\nEdit : As ja72 said, I forgot to add constraints... So Here is the problem in its entirety :\n\nI have P0 and P0' which define the local X axis of an object (P0 is the center of the object).", "\nI also have P1 which I must use to find P2 so the line P0P2 defines the local Y axis of this object.", "\nP1 is orthogonal to P0P0'.", "\n\nA:\n\nAs I explained in the comments, there needs to be more constraints in order to define a single unique point. ", "In fact, you need 2 more constraints.", "\nThe problem is shown below:\n\nTake any plane which contains P0 and P1. ", "Draw a circle with P0 and P1 as diameter points. ", "Any point along the circle is going to have DOT(P0-P2,P0-P1)==0 by default. ", "See Thale's Theorem.", "\nEdit 1\nThe problem is defined now as decomposing the relative position of P1 to P0 along the x axis and finding the perpendicular y such that\nP1 = P0 + a*x + b*y\n\nwhere a and b are distances defined below. ", "Each P1, P0, x and y is a 3D vector with (x,y,z) values.", "\n\nDefine the relative vector r = P1-P0\nFind the distance a = Dot(r,x)/Dot(x,x)\nFind the point P2 = P1-a*x\nFind the distance b=Magnitude(P2-P0)\nFind the unit vector y=(P2-P0)/b\n\nDone!", "\n\nNOTE: x does not need to be a unit vector, but it helps in order for the value a to correpsond to the actual projected distance between P0 and P1.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "'''Q:'''&nbsp;I am keying a page of marriages listed by a church in Westerly. ", "One entry is a record of a marriage performed in Plainview, NJ. (", "The woman is from Iowa and the man is from New Hampshire. ", "I suppose they moved to Westerly after getting married in NJ.) ", "So the Event City is technically in NJ but we are only entering RI cities. ", "Do I enter \"Westerly\", \"Plainview, NJ\", or leave Event City blank?", "\n\n+\n\n'''Q:'''&nbsp;I am keying a page of marriages listed by a church in Westerly. ", "One entry is a record of a marriage performed in Plainfield, NJ. (", "The woman is from Iowa and the man is from New Hampshire. ", "I suppose they moved to Westerly after getting married in NJ.) ", "So the Event City is technically in NJ but we are only entering RI cities. ", "Do I enter \"Westerly\", \"Plainfield, NJ\", or leave Event City blank?", "\n\n[[Image:NJ Marriage.", "JPG]]\n\n[[Image:NJ Marriage.", "JPG]]\n\n-\n\n+\n\n:A: I would key Plainfield as it is only asking for city. -- [[", "User:Wiedwoman|Wiedwoman]] 15:33, 14 December 2012 (UTC)\n\n'''Q:'''&nbsp;The instructions say that the Event City can often be found at the top of the page.", "\n\n'''Q:'''&nbsp;The instructions say that the Event City can often be found at the top of the page.", "\n\nLine 52:\n\nLine 52:\n\nAdvice on which Event City to choose?", "\n\nAdvice on which Event City to choose?", "\n\n+\n\n+\n\n:A: On the pages that show Westerly at top of page, you would key Westerly. ", "On the pages that do not show Westerly at the top nor through the page, I would leave the city blank. ", "Also the Veal example does not show a city married in only where they were from. -- [[", "User:Wiedwoman|Wiedwoman]] 15:33, 14 December 2012 (UTC)\n\n== Suggestions/Additions ==\n\n== Suggestions/Additions ==\n\n<span style=\"color:orange\"> '''If you have a suggestion or would like to make an addition to the project page, click “EDIT” and post your suggestion here. (", "If you click on Rich Editor you won't have to worry about formatting your entry.) ", "Then click “WATCH” at the top right on this page and you will be notified via email when an update has been made.", "'''</span>'''<br><br>'''\n\n<span style=\"color:orange\"> '''If you have a suggestion or would like to make an addition to the project page, click “EDIT” and post your suggestion here. (", "If you click on Rich Editor you won't have to worry about formatting your entry.) ", "Then click “WATCH” at the top right on this page and you will be notified via email when an update has been made.", "'''</span>'''<br><br>'''\n\nRevision as of 15:33, 14 December 2012\n\nFeel free to add to or edit information in this discussion tab as necessary. ", "Please take time to become familiar with the General Keying Standards and be sure to read all instructions on the main project page. (", "Please note that in case of a discrepancy, project level instructions always trump general keying standards.)", "\n\nContents\n\nExtra Keying Helps\n\nCommon Keying Errors Found by Reviewers\n\nQuestions and Answers\n\nIf you have a keying question that is not answered on the project page or in any of the information above, click “EDIT” and ask it here. (", "If you click on Rich Editor you won't have to worry about formatting your entry.) ", "Then click “WATCH” at the top right on this page and you will be notified via email when an update has been made.", "\n\nQ: I have a birth records entry which reads GOULD THOMAS, OF THOMAS AND SARAH, MIDDLETOWN, JULY 11, 1728. ", "The next line reads JOHN, OCT. ", "29, 1736. ", "Am I to assume (and key) that John is also the son of Thomas & Sarah born in Middletown? ", "Or do I only key John's name and birthdate as seen?", "\n\nA: I am looking into this right now - if you could post a screen shot of the record that would help as I have not seen this in other records.", "Annafechter 23:36, 12 December 2012 (UTC)\n\nI have tried and tried. ", "Its not letting me take a screen shot. ", "I think the answer is to just key as seen (making no assumptions) as the dates aren't chronological and start skipping around. ", "Sorry for the trouble.", "\n\nThank you for trying. ", "If we determine that the children in between the names of the children with parents should belong to the same parents we can make these adjustments after the data has been entered.", "\n\nAnna, this looks to be the page in question. ", "Sorry, I don't know how to insert the image here but this is a link to the page:\n\nQ: I am keying a page of marriages listed by a church in Westerly. ", "One entry is a record of a marriage performed in Plainfield, NJ. (", "The woman is from Iowa and the man is from New Hampshire. ", "I suppose they moved to Westerly after getting married in NJ.) ", "So the Event City is technically in NJ but we are only entering RI cities. ", "Do I enter \"Westerly\", \"Plainfield, NJ\", or leave Event City blank?", "\n\nA: I would key Plainfield as it is only asking for city. -- ", "Wiedwoman 15:33, 14 December 2012 (UTC)\n\nQ: The instructions say that the Event City can often be found at the top of the page.", "\n\nSo the events in this case took place (with some exceptions as in the previous question) at that church in Westerly, RI.", "\n\nThen I realized that only half the pages have that header; the other half have the book title:\n\nSo the Event City is not provided on those pages. ", "We have been routinely told to not take data from other pages but I wonder whether this might be an exception?", "\n\nThis is complicated because each entry in these pages contains birth places and/or residence locations (though many not in RI, see example in the previous question) of the bride and groom. ", "Here is another example:\n\nAdvice on which Event City to choose?", "\n\nA: On the pages that show Westerly at top of page, you would key Westerly. ", "On the pages that do not show Westerly at the top nor through the page, I would leave the city blank. ", "Also the Veal example does not show a city married in only where they were from. -- ", "Wiedwoman 15:33, 14 December 2012 (UTC)\n\nSuggestions/Additions\n\nIf you have a suggestion or would like to make an addition to the project page, click “EDIT” and post your suggestion here. (", "If you click on Rich Editor you won't have to worry about formatting your entry.) ", "Then click “WATCH” at the top right on this page and you will be notified via email when an update has been made." ]

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[ "If you review the thousands of forgotten “NBA preview” articles now buried beneath five months of newer content, it’s hard to find many kind words about the Phoenix Suns. ", "Most writers agreed they were supposed to suck. ", "On purpose. ", "Back then, the Suns narrative was formed around intentional failure, dumping veteran salary, accruing draft picks, and “rebuilding” — whatever that means. ", "Phoenix was supposed to be very bad this season, but its wheeling and dealing just might help it construct a winning roster down the road.", "\n\nA funny thing happened on the way to the 2014 NBA lottery: 60 games into the season, the Suns are 10 games over .500 and just 1.5 games behind Golden State for sixth place in the mighty Western Conference. ", "Night in and night out, the Suns’ roster of relatively anonymous players is tormenting guys with bloated Q scores and giant shoe contracts. ", "In a sense, they are the breakthrough indie act of the NBA. (", "Hi, Axl! ", "Where’s Axl?)", "\n\nPhoenix’s best player is Goran Dragic, a 27-year-old point guard from Ljubljana, Slovenia. ", "He’s a six-year veteran who has spent his career bouncing back and forth between Phoenix and Houston. ", "He didn’t exactly impress NBA analysts during his first few years in the league; in fact, John Hollinger once claimed Dragic was “arguably the worst player in the NBA.”", "\n\nNobody will ever say that again. ", "Dragic’s ascendance hasn’t been rapid, but it has been remarkable. ", "Since his rookie season, his game has evolved steadily. ", "Looking at his shot locations over time shows how far he’s come in his five-plus years in the league.", "\n\nI spoke to Dragic this week about his development as a player and what’s working now that hasn’t really clicked in the past.", "\n\n“When I came to the league, I was kind of the lost kid from Europe. ", "I had come from a different culture and a different kind of basketball, so it took some time to adjust,” Dragic said. “", "Now, I know how the league works and I’m just more comfortable. ", "I worked hard to develop my game, and it’s easier for me.”", "\n\nThis season Dragic has become one of the most effective guards in the league. ", "It’s ridiculous that he wasn’t an All-Star. ", "Of the 20 NBA players scoring 20 or more points per game, only five are making half of their shots: Kevin Durant, LeBron James, Blake Griffin, Anthony Davis, and Dragic.", "\n\nDragic has become freakishly effective near the hoop. ", "He is making 62 percent of his shots inside eight feet. ", "Of 85 players who have attempted at least 250 shots from that distance this season, Dragic ranks 12th in efficiency.", "\n\nThat’s especially impressive considering he is only 6-foot-3 and 190 pounds.", "\n\nHow is Dragic so effective near the hoop? ", "He gets easy buckets in transition, and he’s become a master attacker off picks in half-court sets. ", "One of the Suns’ key strategies is to let their duo of speedy point guards simply outrace the opponent down the floor in transition, and between Dragic and Eric Bledsoe, they are really good at executing that. ", "As a result, they lead the NBA in fast-break points.", "\n\nThis isn’t just Seven Seconds or Less basketball. ", "The Suns have also quickly become one of the best pick-and-roll acts in the game. ", "Recent player-tracking data analytics suggest that the Dragic–Channing Frye pairing is the most efficient pick-and-roll tandem in the league. ", "According to the data, the Suns are averaging a ridiculous 1.3 points per possession on the 392 Dragic-Frye pick-and-rolls this season.", "\n\nPeople around the league have noticed:\n\nPacers head coach Frank Vogel called the Dragic/Frye pick and roll \"maybe the hardest to cover in the game.\" #", "SunsAtPacers — Phoenix Suns TV (@SunsTV) January 30, 2014\n\nDragic is quick to point out that the return of Frye — the team’s most vital spacing agent — has been central to Phoenix’s dramatic offensive improvements. “", "Last year he had some heart problems and couldn’t play with us, so when I played pick-and-roll I didn’t have that space guy,” he says. “", "This year, when we play pick-and-roll, Channing stretches the floor so I have room to operate; I can get inside the paint and make other plays for him and everybody else. ", "He just gives us that spacing, and especially for me and Eric he makes things much easier because nobody can rotate from him.”", "\n\nNobody can rotate away from Frye; there are very few bigs in the league who can shoot from distance as well as he can.", "\n\nFrye says the keys to their pick-and-roll success are quick recognition and smart decisions to create defensive stresses.", "\n\n“Goran is an extremely prolific scorer and for me it’s about establishing that I’m going to set a good screen every single time and try to get my guy to get off Goran’s body,” Frye said. “", "If Goran’s guy goes under, it’s Goran’s job to be able to shoot that shot and my job to give him the space to shoot it in. ", "If my guy stays on Goran, it’s my job to create space for myself to get an open shot. ", "You know, I’ve got to assess this within milliseconds, but we’ve been good at it. ", "Goran’s been aggressive and smart, while I’ve been pretty good at hitting the shots that I’ve been given and trying to make the right decisions.”", "\n\nFrye takes more 3s than 2s, and his ability to drain those 3s is worth far more than just the handful of points that directly result from those baskets. ", "It’s a constant threat that demands defensive attention and changes the defensive tactics in a way that opens up the interior for his attacking teammates. ", "Frye’s proficient above-the-break shot is arguably the most important in the whole offense, and it obviously wasn’t there last year.", "\n\nBut this season, the Suns run a terrifying pick-and-pop that results in Frye threatening near the top of the arc and, as he says, puts the defense in a horrible predicament:\n\n“If you have penetrators like Goran there’s no way the defense can stop the ball and get back to the shooter in time, especially with me because I’m almost 7 feet tall and have a pretty quick release,” Frye said. “", "It’s just a matter of who is doing what on the defense, and our offense making the decision from there.”", "\n\nFrye has a gravitational pull that forces bigs away from the rim, creating attacking corridors for Dragic, who excels at “turning the corner,” attacking the basket, and making plays. ", "In turn, Dragic’s attacking abilities create wide-open looks for Frye or other perimeter shooters. ", "This symbiosis is the heart of the Suns’ offensive ecosystem, and it is by no means an accident.", "\n\nBefore the season, it was clear that Jeff Hornacek and the coaching staff really examined the roster and engineered schemes accordingly. ", "Instead of being paralyzed by a “redundancy” at point guard, they created ways to make that a unique strength. ", "Relative to the celebrity power of other teams, this team is less impressive, yet somehow the on-court cohesion far exceeds the sum of the parts. ", "Now they feel like they can beat anybody in the league." ]

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[ "Characterization of allelic V kappa-1 region genes in inbred strains of mice.", "\nGerm line genes encoding mouse Ig kappa-chains belonging to the V kappa-1 group have been isolated from BALB/c, NZB, and CE, three inbred strains of differing kappa haplotype. ", "The V kappa-1A and V kappa-1C germ line genes isolated from BALB/c (Ig kappa c) were identical to those previously described. ", "These are the two major V kappa-1 germ line genes in BALB/c and together account for 40 of the 53 expressed V kappa-1 sequences that have been reported to date. ", "Allelic differences in a single germ line variable region gene (V kappa-1A) in different strains of mice explain the differences in L chain IEF patterns previously associated with the Ig kappa-Ef2 locus. ", "The rearranged kappa-gene expressed in the BALB/c myeloma MOPC-460 has been isolated and found to represent a V kappa-1A somatic variant differing by three nucleotides from the germ line V kappa-1A gene. ", "Germ line genes isolated from NZB (Ig kappa b) and CE (Ig kappa f) show greater than 95% identity with the BALB/c genes over the 1700 nucleotides compared. ", "Comparison by region indicated the greatest conservation of sequence occurs in and around the leader exon followed by the V-region exon. ", "The NZB gene encodes the amino acid sequence found in the myeloma PC-2205, previously designated V kappa-1B. The V kappa-1 gene isolated from CE is likely an allele of the BALB/c V kappa-1C gene as the two share greater than 96% identity over 1700 nucleotides. ", "The CE gene has been designated V kappa-1Cf. ", "Ancient remnants of LINE-1 repetitive elements were detected approximately 400 bp downstream of all of the V kappa-1 genes. ", "These possess greater homology with repetitive elements found near other kappa genes than they do with the native L1Md sequence." ]

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[ "/**\n * Do not edit this file. ", " Any changes will be overwritten by the gamedata\n * updater or by upgrading your AMX Mod X install.", "\n *\n * To override data in this file, create a subdirectory named \"custom\" and\n * place your own gamedata file(s) inside of it. ", " Such files will be parsed\n * after AMXX's own.", "\n *\n * For more information, see http://wiki.alliedmods.net/Gamedata_Updating_(AMX_Mod_X)\n */\n\n\"Games\"\n{\n\t\"#default\"\n\t{\n\t\t\"Classes\"\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"CController\"\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\"Offsets\"\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_flNextFlinch\" // float\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"float\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"976\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"996\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"996\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_flShootTime\" // float\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"float\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"980\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1000\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1000\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_flShootEnd\" // float\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"float\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"984\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1004\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1004\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_pBall\" // CSprite*[2]\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"classptr\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"size\" \"2\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"988\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1008\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1008\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_iBall\" // int[2]\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"integer\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"size\" \"2\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"996\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1016\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1016\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_iBallTime\" // float[2]\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"float\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"size\" \"2\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"1004\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1024\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1024\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_iBallCurrent\" // int[2]\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"integer\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"size\" \"2\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"1012\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1032\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1032\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_vecEstVelocity\" // Vector\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"vector\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"1020\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1040\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1040\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_velocity\" // Vector\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"vector\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"1032\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1052\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1052\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\"m_fInCombat\" // int\n\t\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"type\" \"integer\"\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"windows\" \"1044\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"linux\" \"1064\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"mac\" \"1064\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}\n\n\n/**\n * Class Hierarchy\n * -\n * CBaseEntity\n * CBaseDelay\n * CBaseAnimating\n * CBaseToggle\n * CBaseMonster\n * CSquadMonster\n * CController\n */\n" ]

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[ "Impact of sinusitis in cystic fibrosis.", "\nThe cause of cystic fibrosis has been determined to be faulty ionic transport of chloride across the apical membrane of epithelial cells lining exocrine glands. ", "The subnormal ionic transport leads to dehydration of extra cellular fluids and the development of thickened inspissated mucous secretions. ", "The vast majority of patients with cystic fibrosis develop sinus disease with panopacification of the sinuses present in 90% to 100% of patients older than 8 months of age. ", "Indications for surgical management of sinusitis in children with cystic fibrosis include (1) chronic nasal obstruction with mouth breathing, (2) chronic purulent draining nasal secretions unresponsive to medical treatment, and (3) persistent headaches thought to be related to sinusitis. ", "Operative therapy is based on computerized tomographic scan findings and can be performed endoscopically. ", "Postoperative management is critical for ensuring successful surgical results. ", "Antibiotics, topical steroids, and cleansing of the surgical fields must be performed on a regular basis to ensure adequate healing. ", "The impact of sinusitis on the cystic fibrosis population is significant. ", "Approximately 20% of patients will eventually require surgical treatment of their sinuses. ", "Chronic sinusitis may cause deformities of the external nasal skeleton, a loss of the sense of smell, and headaches." ]

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[ "Synchronous carotid stenting and cardiac surgery: an initial single-center experience.", "\nConcurrent severe carotid and cardiac disease is a challenging situation where staged surgery is probably the most common strategy, although it is still controversial. ", "We report in-hospital and midterm outcome of 30 patients who received carotid stenting and synchronous cardiac surgery. ", "All received carotid stenting under aspirin and regular unfractioned heparin (UFH) and were immediately transferred to the operating room for coronary and/or cardiac valve surgery. ", "All patients received aspirin and clopidogrel once bleeding was ruled out, after surgery. ", "In-hospital complications were: three surgical related deaths, one TIA, and no patient suffered stroke or myocardial infarction. ", "Hospital stay was 14 +/- 11.8 days. ", "Survivors were followed for 18.4 +/- 14 months. ", "There were two non-related deaths, but no stroke nor cardiac or carotid reinterventions. ", "In conclusion, this small series showed that synchronous carotid stenting and cardiac surgery was feasible with an acceptable complication rate in a high-surgical-risk population which could not undergo staged procedures." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFacebook Account-Kit + React.js + Spring boot\n\nI'm starting a new project with Spring boot as backend and React.js as frontent.", "\nRight now I'm struggling with Login/Authentication issue. ", "I would like to provide Account-Kit from facebook but have few queries.", "\nOne of them is from where should I create a request to FB sdk for access token? ", "Should it be server (spring), or react which then posts that data to server? ", "Is it possible to call Accout-Kit from java?", "\nI'm quite new to the topic and would be grateful for any answer.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should call AccountKit from your client side js. ", "For additional security, you can use code flow (instead of token flow) and pass the code to your server side. ", "From there you can make a REST call to the Graph API and exchange that code + app secret for a token from server side. ", "There is an example on the documentation that shows this flow using node.js, you should be able to make some server side changes to make it run on your setup.", "\nAlso, have you tried using react-account-kit-web?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Chuck Swindoll\n\nCharles Rozell \"Chuck\" Swindoll (born October 18, 1934) is an evangelical Christian pastor, author, educator, and radio preacher. ", "He founded Insight for Living, headquartered in Frisco, Texas, which airs a radio program of the same name on more than 2,000 stations around the world in 15 languages. ", "He is currently senior pastor at Stonebriar Community Church, in Frisco, Texas.", "\n\nEarly life\nCharles Rozell Swindoll was born on October 18, 1934, in El Campo in Wharton County, Texas, the third of three children born to Earl and Lovell Swindoll. ", "He attended Charles H. Milby High School in Houston. ", "He credits his drama teacher, Dick Nieme, for helping him overcome severe stuttering. ", "As a member of the school marching band and orchestra, he learned to play all of the instruments in the woodwind section, although the saxophone remained his primary instrument. ", "After graduating from high school, he studied mechanical engineering while working for Reed Roller Bit Company in Houston, Texas. ", "Swindoll then fulfilled his military service obligation with the United States Marine Corps, first in San Francisco, then on the Japanese island of Okinawa. ", "After his honorable discharge in 1959, he attended Dallas Theological Seminary, where he graduated magna cum laude four years later.", "\n\nCareer\nSwindoll was ordained into the ministry in 1963 and served in Dallas, under J. Dwight Pentecost, for two years. ", "He has since held senior pastorates in Waltham, Massachusetts (1965–67), Irving, Texas (1967–71), and Fullerton, California (1971–94). ", "He started his current senior pastorate in Frisco, Texas in 1998.", "\n\nSwindoll is the founder of Insight for Living, which produces a radio program of the same name on Christian and non-Christian radio stations around the world. ", "The program is heard on more than 2000 stations, as well as being webcast, and is translated into several languages. ", "Its roots go back to the summer of 1977, when Swindoll's sermons from the First Evangelical Free Church in Fullerton were broadcast on radio. ", "In 1979 the Insight for Living radio ministry began; its offices are now located in Frisco.", "\n\nIn July 1994, Swindoll became the president of Dallas Theological Seminary and now serves as its chancellor. ", "He is the author of more than 70 books, most of which are based on his research and preparation for sermons preached each Sunday. ", "In celebration of its 50th anniversary, Christianity Today produced an article naming Swindoll as one of the top 25 most influential preachers of the past 50 years (1956–2006).", "\n\nIn 1998 Swindoll founded Stonebriar Community Church in Frisco. ", "Many of the pastors at Stonebriar are graduates of Dallas Theological Seminary. ", "The church first held services at Collin County Community College (now Collin College), then moved to its permanent home on Legendary Drive. ", "The congregation grew rapidly from a few hundred members to several thousand in the first few years, and this growth has necessitated major expansion of the current facility. ", "Construction for the additions began in 2005. ", "The church is known for its missionary work in India and in other countries. ", "Though Swindoll is still widely regarded as an Evangelical Free Church of America preacher, the Stonebriar Community Church is not affiliated with any particular denomination.", "\n\nPersonal life\nOn June 18, 1955, Swindoll married Cynthia Ann Parker, who used to be the pianist at a Baptist Church in Galena Park, Texas. ", "Together, the couple has four children, ten grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.", "\n\nSelected publications\n Hand Me Another Brick, Thomas Nelson (1978)\n You And Your Child, Thomas Nelson (1977)\n Three Steps Forward, Two Steps Back: Persevering Through Pressure, Thomas Nelson (1980)\n Strike The Original Match, Multnomah (1980)\n Improving Your Serve: The Art Of Unselfish Living, Word (1981)\n Strengthening Your Grip: Essentials In An Aimless World, Word (1982)\n Growing Strong in the Seasons of Life, Multnomah (1983)\n Dropping Your Guard: The Value Of Open Relationships, Word (1983)\n Come Before Winter – And Share My Hope, Multnomah (1985)\n Living on the Ragged Edge: Coming To Terms With Reality, Word (1985)\n Growing Deep In The Christian Life: Returning To Our Roots, Multnomah (1986)\n The Quest For Character, Multnomah (1987)\n Living Above The Level of Mediocrity : A Commitment To Excellence, Word (1987)\n Growing Wise in Family Life, Multnomah (1988)\n Living Beyond The Daily Grind: Reflections On The Songs And Sayings In Scripture, Word (1988)\n Rise & Shine: A Wake-Up Call, Multnomah (1989)\n The Grace Awakening, Word (1990)\n Sanctity Of Life: The Inescapable Issue, Word (1990)\n Stress Fractures, Multnomah (1990)\n Simple Faith, Word (1991)\n Laugh Again, Word (1992)\n Flying Closer to the Flame, Word (1993)\n The Finishing Touch, Word (1994)\n Paw Paw Chuck's Big Ideas in the Bible, Word (1995)\n Hope Again, Word (1996)\n The Road To Armageddon (with John F Walvoord; J Dwight Pentecost), Word (1999)\n Start Where You Are: Catch A Fresh Vision For Your Life, Word (1999)\n The Mystery Of God's Will: What Does He Want For Me?, ", "Word (1999)\n Intimacy With The Almighty, Word Publishing (1996)\n Perfect Trust: Ears To Hear, Hearts To Trust, And Minds To Rest In Him, J. Countryman (2000)\n The Darkness And The Dawn : Empowered By The Tragedy And Triumph Of The Cross, Word (2001)\n Why, God?: ", "Calming Words For Chaotic Times, Word (2001)\n Wisdom For The Way: Wise Words For Busy People, J. Countryman (2001)\n Understanding Christian Theology (with Roy B. Zuck), Thomas Nelson (2003)\n Behold—The Man!: ", "The Pathway Of His Passion, Word (2004)\n So, You Want To Be Like Christ?: ", "Eight Essentials To Get You There, Word (2005)\n When God Is Silent (Choosing To Trust In Life's Trials), J. Countryman (2005)\n Great Attitudes For Graduates!: ", "10 Choices For Success In Life (with Terri A. Gibbs), J. Countryman (2006)\n Encouragement For Life: Words Of Hope And Inspiration, J. Countryman (2006) \n The Strength Of Character: 7 Essential Traits Of A Remarkable Life (with Terri A. Gibbs), J. Countryman (2007) \n A Bethlehem Christmas: Celebrating The Joyful Season, Thomas Nelson (2007) \n The Owner's Manual for Christians: The Essential Guide for a God-Honoring Life, Thomas Nelson (2009) \n The Church Awakening: An Urgent Call for Renewal, FaithWords (2010) \n Living the Psalms, Worthy Publishing (2012) \n Living the Proverbs, Worthy Publishing (2012) \n Hear Me When I Call: Learning to Connect with a God Who Cares, Worthy Publishing (2013) \n Embraced By The Spirit: The Untold Blessings of Intimacy With God, Worthy Publishing (2013) \n The Swindoll Study Bible, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. (2017)\n\nSwindoll's New Testament Insights Commentary Series\n Insights on Romans, Zondervan (2010) \n Insights on John, Zondervan (2010) \n Insights on James and 1 & 2 Peter, Zondervan (2010) \n Insights on 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus, Zondervan (2011) \n Insights on Revelation, Zondervan (2012)\n Insights on Luke, Zondervan (2012)\n\nProfiles in Character series\n David: A Man Of Passion & Destiny, Word (1997) \n Esther: A Woman Of Strength & Dignity, Word (1997) \n Joseph: A Man Of Integrity And Forgiveness, Word (1998) \n Moses: A Man Of Selfless Dedication, Word (1999) \n Elijah: A Man Of Heroism And Humility, Word (2000) \n Paul: A Man Of Grace And Grit, Word (2002) \n Job: A Man Of Heroic Endurance, Word (2004) \n Fascinating Stories of Forgotten Lives : Rediscovering Some Old Testament Characters, Word (2005) \n Jesus: The Greatest Life Of All, Thomas Nelson (2008) \n Abraham: One Nomad's Amazing Journey of Faith, Tyndale House (2014)\n\nHonors and awards\n Harry A. Ironside Award for Expository Preaching – Dallas Theological Seminary, 1963\n Christian Education Award – Dallas Theological Seminary, 1963\n Faculty Award – Dallas Theological Seminary, 1963\n Doctor of Divinity – Talbot School of Theology, 1977\n Doctor of Human Letters – Taylor University, 1986\n Clergyman of the Year – Religious Heritage of America, 1988\n Doctor of Laws – Pepperdine University, 1990\n Doctor of Literature – Dallas Baptist University, 1998\n Lifetime Achievement Award – Catalyst Conference, 2009\n\nSee also\n Paws and Tales\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Insight for Living – Official Web Site\n Stonebriar Community Church – Official Web Site\n\nCategory:1934 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Christian writers\nCategory:American Christian religious leaders\nCategory:American sermon writers\nCategory:American evangelicals\nCategory:American radio personalities\nCategory:People from El Campo, Texas\nCategory:People from Irving, Texas\nCategory:People from Plano, Texas\nCategory:Dallas Theological Seminary alumni\nCategory:Members of the Evangelical Free Church of America\nCategory:20th-century American non-fiction writers\nCategory:21st-century American non-fiction writers\nCategory:Nondenominational Christianity\nCategory:Christians from Texas\nCategory:United States Marines" ]

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[ "Effect of thrombolytic therapy on pulmonary-capillary blood volume in patients with pulmonary embolism.", "\nTo compare the effects of heparin thrombolytic agents in pulmonary thromboembolic disease, we randomly assigned 40 patients with pulmonary emboli but without other clinical cardiopulmonary disease either to heparin followed by oral anticoagulants (21 patients) or to urokinse or streptokinase followed by heparin and then by oral anticoagulants (19 patients). ", "The effects on pulmonary-capillary blood volume and diffusing capacity were compared at two weeks and at one year. ", "The pulmonary-capillary blood volume (in milliliters per square meter of body-surface area) was abnormally low (30 +/- 2.4) [+/- S.E.]; normal, 47 +/- 1.5) in the heparin-treated group at two weeks and remained unchanged at one year. ", "In contrast, it was normal (45 +/- 2.5) in the group receiving thrombolytic agents, both at two weeks and at one year (P < 0.001). ", "The pulmonary diffusing capacity was reduced to 69% of the predicted value in the heparin group at two weeks and 72% at one year, whereas it was 85% of the predicted value in the thrombolytic group at two weeks and 93% at one year (P < 0.001). ", "These results indicate that thrombolytic agents allow more complete resolution of thromboemboli than do heparin and anticoagulants and that they improve capillary perfusion and diffusion." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do header and implementation files work in C++?", "\n\nI have a question about the relationship between header and implementation files in C++.", "\nI have received two empty header files and one empty implementation file. ", "When I say \"empty\" I mean that the files only contain method declarations; I have to implement the code inside each method. (", "I thought that posting the code for the three files would be redundant, since they only contain declarations..)\nThe three files are:\n\ninterface_complexmutex.h\ncomplexmutex.h\ncomplexmutex.cpp\n\ninterface_complexmutex.h has virtual methods for complexmutex. ", "Also, the complexmutex class inherits from interface_complexmutex.", "\nThese files have basic mutex functions that I have to implement. ", "I have 2 questions:\n\nWhy do I need interface_complexmutex.h? ", "It does not really have a .cpp file, and the entire implementation will be in complexmutex files, right?", "\nHow should I include these files and use complexmutex class in a program? (", "if I have the init() method in complexmutex.cpp, for example)\nShould main.cpp look like this?", "\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include \"interface_complexmutex.h\"\n#include \"complexmutex.h\"\nusing namespace std;\nint main(){\n\n complexmutex a;\n\n /* do something with mutex to test */\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nI made my own Makefile, and the code above seems to run fine so far. ", "\n\nA:\n\n1) You need an interface only if it is likely that the implementation will change later on. ", "That will leave you free to make all the changes you want to the internals of your code without impacting the people using it to create software. ", "That means that the users should only see the interface class and never the implementation.", "\nTo do that you'll need to implement what is called a factory pattern. ", "This is a function that will create an instance of the implementation class and return it as a pointer (or reference) to the interface class. ", "You probably can write that function as a static method of your interface class.", "\n2) In a program you should image you are the user of your code. ", "The user doesn't care how you implement your feature, so it should not use the implementation at all. ", "If possible it should only include the interface header and call the factory method like this:\n #include \"interface_complexmutex.h\"\n using namespace std;\n\n int main(...) {\n interface_complemutex* mutex = interface_complexmutex::create_new(...);\n // do something interesting with the mutex\n }\n\nIn this example, create_new is your factory method. ", "You can have parameters for it (usually an enumeration) if you have different implementations.", "\nWhen using interfaces (actually abstract classes in C++), you need to use pointers or references. ", "You can't create values for abstract classes. ", "Of course, if you write test code, it's a bit different because test code is not meant to be seen/used by the users of your library.", "\nNotes:\nLet me point out that the naming is quite bad. ", "The interface should be named complexmutex and the implementation complexmutex_impl since users should use the interface more, its name should be shorter (and you can replace the \"impl\" by something relevant such as \"pthread\" if you use pthreads to implement your mutex class.", "\nAs a PS note, in C++0x there is a thread library including mutex available. ", "It is supported by some compilers already.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention pertains to a musical instrument with an acoustic transducer, which transforms an excitation signal generated by at least one resonator into an acoustic signal, and in which the acoustic transducer is provided with an adjustable oscillation profile, in which at least one profile parameter is defined by a reference profile of a reference instrument.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nThe production of sound by a musical instrument usually occurs through the interaction of three individual components. ", "First, an excitation occurs, by means of which an excitation energy is introduced into the instrument. ", "This can be the bow of a violin, for example, or the hammer of a piano or the mouthpiece and reed of a saxophone. ", "Another component involves the presence of one or more resonators, which determine the fundamental frequency of the individual tones. ", "The resonators can have constant or variable properties.", "\nResonators are, for example, the strings of a violin or guitar or the variable air column of a saxophone. ", "Together, the excitation energy introduced into the resonator, the exciting element, and the resonator lead to the production of sound.", "\nThe third component participating in the production of sound is a sound transducer or resonance body, which transforms the oscillatory energy provided by the instrument into sound levels of the surrounding air and as a result transports the oscillatory energy into the air with the greatest possible efficiency. ", "These resonance bodies are, for example, the body of a violin, the bell of a saxophone, the pickup of an electric guitar, or the loudspeaker of a guitar amplifier.", "\nThe sound transducer or resonance body is usually an acoustic or electroacoustic impedance transducer and is typically designed so that the instrument will produce a high perceptible volume. ", "In addition, the sound transducer or resonance body has the task of forming the frequency spectrum of the instrument, so that, in this way, the instrument will produce a beautiful and characteristic sound.", "\nThe character of the sound influenced by the resonance body is the essential factor in determining the perceived quality of a musical instrument and thus also the quality of a musical performance. ", "The acoustic properties of the sound transducer are determined both by its geometry and by the selected materials.", "\nFrom an acoustic standpoint, the individual sound character of an instrument is determined by the so-called “formants”. ", "These formants are narrow-band peaks in the frequency spectrum and are usually independent of the pitch being played. ", "The human ear reacts with great sensitivity to these formants by a process of pattern recognition, so that even musically untrained people are easily able to differentiate the sound of a violin from the sound of a viola, even though the instruments differ essentially only through the size of their sound bodies.", "\nBecause of the large number of physical parameters which determine the sound impression of a certain sound transducer or of the resonance body, it usually turns out also to be an extremely complicated matter to provide a resonance body with a precisely predetermined sound profile. ", "Another essential problem is encountered when a relatively large number of resonance bodies are to be produced with essentially the same predetermined sound impressions.", "\nIt is known from DE 103 92 940 T5 that an acoustic signal generated by a sound transducer of a musical instrument can be modified. ", "The sound transducer is provided with an adjustable oscillation profile. ", "The oscillation signal is modified by the use of a signal processor.", "\nUS 2005/0045027 A1 describes a variable memory for frequency responses to be determined in order to adapt the sound of a musical instrument to other specified instruments. ", "Corresponding stored frequency responses are called up and processed within the framework of a control process.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,740,805 B2 describes a process for radiating a previously recorded and stored spatial sound event. ", "The sound event is recorded in a first step by the use of several microphones distributed in space, and then the recording is played back without the participation of any other musical instrument.", "\nDE 20 2004 008 347 U1 describes a method for the algorithmic production of melodies under consideration of external factors.", "\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,578,548 A, a processing method is described for combining a frequency response of a sound body of a musical instrument with the frequency response of an excitation of the resonator. ", "As a result of this combination, the required processor power and the memory capacity can be reduced.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,392,135 B1 describes a virtual musical instrument which can play back stored sound material in an adaptable manner." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDevise with roles\n\nI am using devise for authentication, Now in registration steps i want to add extra parameter, so I use devise_parameter_sanitizer like following\ndef configure_permitted_parameters\n devise_parameter_sanitizer.permit(:sign_up, keys: [:first_name, :last_name, :email, :subdomain, :phone, :company, role_ids: []])\nend\n\nIf I pass role_ids rails will automatically add roles for user, but I want to pass role_names instead of role_ids but its give me error \nActiveModel::UnknownAttributeError (unknown attribute 'roles_name' for User.)", "\n\nEdited:\nmodels/user.rb\nhas_many :roles_user, dependent: :destroy\nhas_many :roles, through: :roles_user\n\nA:\n\nI fix the issue using foloowing way\ndef configure_permitted_parameters\n devise_parameter_sanitizer.permit(:sign_up, keys: [:first_name, :last_name, :email, :subdomain, :phone, :company, role_names: []])\nend\n\nAdd role_names in devise_parameter_sanitizer\nAnd create new method with name role_names= in models/user.rb\ndef role_names=(role)\n roles = Role.where(\"name IN (?)\", ", "role)\n self.roles << roles\nend\n\n" ]

[ 0.0036101083032490976, 0.008264462809917356, 0 ]

[ "[Preoperative arterial embolization of intralobar lung sequestration].", "\nA case of a 43-year-old patient with recurrent pulmonary infections due to pulmonary sequestration is presented. ", "MR-angiography revealed an aberrant artery originating from the abdominal aorta feeding the intralobar pulmonary sequestration. ", "Platinum coil embolization of the aberrant artery was performed preoperatively to allow safe surgical resection on the following day. ", "To our knowledge this is the first case in the literature in which elective coil embolization has been performed before resection of lung sequestration." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1836-1922 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. ", "Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. ", "Learn more\n\nDownload & Play\n\nQuestions\n\nNewspaper Page Text\n\nTHE AEGUa MONDAY, MAT 18, 1891.", "\n31'XEKXY THE ISSUE\nNub of the Trouble on the\nNorthwestern Road.", "\nDECISION OF THE SUFREME COUKCIL\nLack or l'Jkiit.ity Or feats the Switch\nmen. ", "Although They Had the Most\nVolet Negotiation He t ween the Com\npany and the Trainmen, the Latter ol\nWhom Made a Fight Tor MeNerny\nLeaders ' of the- fcwftebmea Uenoonce\nthe Proceedings Views or the Other\nfide Will Take Their Medicine.", "\nCHICAGO, May 18. ", "After a session\nwhich-\" lasted .from 11 . ", "o'clock Saturday\nmorning tantil 1j o'clock at nijjtit the su\npreme council of the United Order ot\nRailway Employes decided to disapprove\nthe grievance ot the Switchmen's Mutual\nAid association against the Chicago and\nNorthwestern Riilroad company. ", "The\nmembers of the council present were:\nFiremen F. P. Sargent, Eugene Debt;\nswitchmen Frank Sweeney, J. M.\nDowney, Mties W. Barret; conductors\nG. W. Howard. ", "J. W. Martin. ", "D. J. Carr;\ntrainmen S. E Wilkinson, V. A. Shea\nhan and I. W. R er. ", "F. P. Sargent was\npresident and W. A. Sheahan secretary of\nthe council During the session the full\nhistory of the difficulties between the\ncompany and the switchmen was gone\ninto, especially that part relating to the\ntrouble arising out of the appointment of\nMcXerny as y,irdmater. ", "Froai the out\nset it was apparent that there was a bit\nter fight between the representatives of\nthe switchmen and the trainmen, the con\nductors leaning towards the switchmen,\nwhile the firemen, in the person of the\npresident, seemed to favor the trainmen.", "\nA Conspiracy Against the Switchmen.", "\nIt was jrought out during the discus\nsion that the Brotherhood ot Trainmen\nhad determined to support McXerny,\nwho was a ineinler of their organization,\nand it was shown that meetings had been\nhld between the officials of the Brother\nhoods of Trainmen and Firemen and the\nofficers of tl-e railway company to con\ncoct niea-tiivs to get rid ot the switch\nmen. ", "It was pointed out that at these\nmeeting the trainmen, and firemen's\nbrotbert.oi. ", "1 had tieclared that it would\nbe irupooible for them to take the places\nof any of the switchmen if they struck.", "\nIt whs also shown that various ways of\ngetting over the difficulty had been con\nsidered At last a s-chenie was devised\nand ncreed to by the chief officials of the\nfiremen ftud ttaiomen that the Chicago\nand Northwestern Railroad company\nshould discharge all the switchmen on\nacconnt ot some grievance, and that then\nthe trainmen and firemen could take\ntheir places temporarily.", "\nHoled Oat All the Charge.", "\n\"This agreement was made in writing,\nand signed by representatives of tbe two\norgan:ZHtions with the fnil connivance of\nthe chief executives of these organiza\ntions. ", "These charges made by the switch\nmen were, however, unheeded, and it was\nruled that the trainmen were not on trial\nbefore the council; bat that what they\nbad met to discuss was a grievance of the\nswitchmen.\" ", "A vote was eventually or\ndered to be taken on the question of ap\nproving or disapproving of the switch\nmen's grievance. ", "The firemen only having\ntwo repreentatives present were not en\ntitled to vote, and this left the settlement\nof the question to the conductors, switch\nmen and trainmen. ", "By the rules of the\ncouncil a grievance to be approved must\nhave the unanimous vote of the organiza\ntions, and if one vote is cast against it tbe\ngrievance is disapproved.", "\nItefused I'oint Blank to Obey.", "\nThe conductors and switchmen, or a to\ntal of six, voted in favor of approving the\ngrievance and the trainmen. ", "three in num\nber, voted to disapprove. ", "In consequence\nthe switchmen lost their case, and the ac\ntion of the road was sustained. ", "A reso\nlution was then introduced that all the\ntrainmen now in the service of the north\nwestern road and filling the switchmen's\nplaces should withdraw and make way\nfor those t-witchmen who had been dis\ncharged. ", "This was carried by a vote of 6\nto 3, and then Grand Master Wilkinson.", "\nof the trainmen, got up and refused to\nabide by the order, defying the council to\nmake him do so. ", "W. A. Sheahau, the\nsecretary ot the trainmen, also refused\nto send out any such order to bis men.", "\nItebs Makes a Warm Speech.", "\nEugene Debs, of the firemen, then made\na pretty warm speech, in which he scored\nthe action of Wilkinson and Sheahan in\ndefying the unc:L He said that it was\nnot tbe flr-t time they had done it, and if\nmatters were to be run in that way it\nwould be better to smash the federation\naltogether. ", "The resolution was with\ndrawn, and another resolution was offered\nwhich allowed McXerny to be retained in\nhis present position, but providing for tbe\nreturn f the discharged switchmen to\ntheir old places. ", "This was also opposed\nmost vehemently by the trainmen, and\nultimately it was withdrawn. ", "A resolu\ntion censuring the conspiring officials was\noffered, but it also was withdrawn.", "\nOne Cranio of Comfort for the Switchmen\nThe council suggested that Grand Mas\nter Sweeney, on behalf of the switchmen,\nshould wait on the officials of the Xorth\nweptern road and request that all the\nswitchmen wtio had been discharged, ex\ncept those guilty of inciting to illegal\nacts, should be reinstated. ", "Grand Muster\nWilkinson was advised to see that as\nmany of the trainmen as possible should\nreturn to their former business and leave\nplaces open for the switchmen. ", "The\ncouncil theu adjourned till their regular\nmeeting in June.", "\nTHE FIGHT WAS ON M'NERNY.", "\nRemark on the Kesttlt from Men on Both\n8ides of the Oiietli,n.\nThe contest centered from first to last\non McXerny. ", "This was evident from the\nutterances of the trainmen. ", "Grandmas\nter Wilkinson said: \"The uction of tbe\nswitchmen ou the Northwestern road was\nunjustifiable. ", "The decision of the coun\ncil was against them. ", "Tuey are arrogant.", "\nTbey kicked ou the discharge of Lindsay,\ntheu Ingalls, now McXerny. ", "We cannot\nbe douiinaUd by them any loliger.\"", "\n\"We came - in berg 'to sustain Me\nNerny,\" said a trainman, \"because he is a\nmember in good standing in pur organiza\ntion. ", "He was one of the first members ot\ntbe organization, and has always lived up\nto its rules and tbe railroad company's\norders. ", "There are some men in .the\nswitch men's 'order who want to run all\nthe other organizations and the railroad\ntoo.", "\nThe Rights of the Railway.", "\n\"While the men do tbe work we have\ngot to recognize tbe right of tberailrosl\nto run it own property. ", "Yet these switch\nmen have time and again disobeyed\norders, and have violated tbe rules t f\ntheir organization. ", "Twice they bare goce\non a strike without cause and against tte\nrnles of their organization and of this\nfederation. ", "They went after McNerny's\nscalp, we stood by our member, and thei\ntbey had him removed temporarily an I\ndeclared that he would be driven out of\nChicago. ", "He has cot been driven out of\nChicago; he is at work for the North\nwestern railroad, and he has been sus\ntained by this council.", "\nThe Discharged Switchmen.", "\n\"The large majority of those switchmen\nare all right, and they will have but little\ndifficulty in getting back on the road. ", "I\nam confident that all of the out-of-towt\nmen will be put on when they make ap\nplication, and that many of tbe Chicago\nmen will be reinstated. ", "The disorderly\nelement has been disposed of for good.", "\nTbe Brotherhood of Trainmen will take\nmeasures to have many of these men re\ninstated. ", "But they cannot take our mem\nbers' places.\"", "\nDeclares the Action Infamous.", "\nGrand Master Frank Sweeney, of the\nswitchmen, said: \"The action ot the\ncouncil was the most infamous that ever\ntook place in labor circles. ", "It was a con\ntpiracy between tbe Northwestern Railway\ncompany and Sargent and Wilkinson to\n'do up' the switchmen. ", "It was an out\nrage. ", "The conductors voted with us, the\ntrainmen against us, and the firemen hav\ning no quorum present lost their vote.", "\nThis is tbe third time Sargent has played\nthe racket ot not having a q-uoruTU pres\nent of firemen when important questions\nwere to be acted on. ", "I brand tue action\nof this council to-day as a dama.tbld out\nrage, an imposition on as honorable class\ncf workingmen as ever lived, as a con\nspiracy between the railroad company\nand Sargent to down a labor union.", "\nKnifed in the House of Their Friend.", "\nWe have nothing to ask of that coun\nciL We have helped all those men when\nthey needed our help. ", "We will now help\nourselves. ", "ilkinson, of the trainmen's\nbrotherhood, was told to go and see the\ncompany in the interest ot our boys. ", "Tbe\ncouncil will do what it can for them. ", "But\nw hat's the use talking. ", "Here is a fi-lit\nbeing made on the life of our organiza\ntioa. ", "A lellow-orgam.rttion is knifing\nus. ", "Will we fightf l):d you ever know a\nt.me when a switchman would not tight?", "\n1 wi,l tell you nothing of our plans. ", "Our\ngrand lodge will meet to-morrow.\"", "\nDEC;DED UPON SUBMISSION.", "\nSwitchmen Conclude 'ot to Make a Bad\nMatter Worse.", "\nJudging from present indications there\nwill be no further trouble between the\nClucago an l Xorthwesteru railway and\nthe discharged switchmen, nor is there\nany likelihood of any disturbance\noccurring on other ro.t'is. ", "Th&\ngrand lode of the Switchmen's Ma\ntual Aid association met yesterJay and\nand discussed the action of the supreme\ncouncil Saturday. ", "The course pursued by\nthe representatives of the trainmen and\nPresident Sargeantwas unanimously con\ndemned, aud at oue time it looked very\nmuch as it tbe switchmen would with\ndraw from the Federation. ", "After some\ndiscussion, however, it was decided not\nto do so. ", "but for the present at least to al\nlow matters to remain as to they were,\nt xpect Some Official Scalps.", "\nGrand Master Sweeney, in reply to a\nquestion as to whether tbe association\nwould withdraw from the federation,\nsaid: \"I do not quite see what power we\nhave to do so. ", "We do not hold the rank\nand file of the Brotherhood of Trainmen\nresponsible for the base action of their\nofficers. ", "Grund Master Wilkiuson and\nGrand Scretary Sheahan, and we do not\nbelieve that the brotherhood will sustain\nthem. ", "There are dissensions in the\nBrotherhood of Trainmen at this present\nmoment that will result in the over\nthrow of those officials at the next meet\ning. ", "We do not hold the Northwestern\nrailway really responsible for the recent\ndifficulty, but we believe that Wilkinson\nand Sheahan and a certain section of the\nBrotherhood of Trainmen were responsi\nble for the whole difficulty.\"", "\nGrand Master Sweeney's Advice.", "\n\"What will be tbe action of the switch\nmen in the future?'' ", "was asked.", "\nMf they take my advice, and I think\nthey will, they will go back quietly to\nwork. ", "We have no Wish to cripple the\nNorthwestern or any other road, nor to\ninconvenience the public, and I think we\nshall be able to show the people that we\nhave good discipline in the Switchmen's\nassociation, and that switchmen are not\nsuch bn 1 characters as some people would\nlike to paint them.\"", "\nMeeting nf the Discharged Men.", "\nBrick layers' hall was fikled with switch\nnin from all parts of the city last night\nto hear the report of Grand Master Swee\nney ou the\"proceedings of the supreme\ncouncil. ", "Vice Grand Master Downey\nspoke briefly, denouncing tbe action of\nthe trainmen who have taken the places\nof discharged switchmen. ", "Grand Master\nSweeney spoke at considerable length,\ncondemning the representatives of the\ntrainmen and firemen in the supreme\ncouncil. ", "All he could do was to advise\nthose switchmen who conld get employ\nment to do so. ", "He could do nothing until\nhe was told they would be supported by\nkindred organizations. ", "The meeting\nwound up harmoniously, Mr. Sweeney\nbeing loudly cheered.", "\nHEEER NEWTON'S HETERODOXY.", "\nBishop Butter Forced to Take Action\nill the Mutter.", "\nNew Yoiik, May 18. ", "The charges\nbrought by Father Ignatius against the\northodoxy of the Rav. ", "R. Ueber Newton,\nD. D., rector of All Soul's parish of this\ncity, have resulted in bringing out a\npetition to Bishop Potter, of New York,\nrequesting that an inquiry be instituted\nto ascertain the truth of the rumors re\nspecting the teaching of the reverend\ngentleman. ", "The two points in Dr. New\nton's teaching that are to be submitted\nto the bishop are bis alleged denial of tbe\nmiraculous conception of Christ, and of\nthe resurrection of the human body of\nJesus. ", "The petition is signed by nearly\nall the high dignitaries of tbe Protestant\nEpiscopal church in the diocese, and\nforces the bishop into a course iu which\nsilence can no longer to maintained.", "\nThroe Ileum to Decide.", "\nBonisviLLE, Ky., May 18 It took three\nheats to decide the mile race at Churchill\nDowns Saturday, comedy aud Ed. ", "Leon\nine 1 coming iu even twice, in 1:45;. ", "Beou\nard won the third heat iu the same time.", "\nOther races: Sir Abuer, 1 mile 100 yards,\n1:411; Huron, mile, 1:03; Hannah Mo-\"\nberly, mile, 0:5 Glockner, 1 1-16\nmiles, 1:52.", "\nFIRST ARRIVALS. !", "\nI\nDelegates to the Cincinnati Na\ntional Conference.", "\nTHE TALK AMONG THE KEFOEMEES.", "\nCalamity\" Weller, Speaker Elder, Gea.", "\nWeaver, C. C. Post, and Other Leaders\non Hand The Important Question\nThat Will Have To Be First Settled\nShall a w Tarty Be Organized?", "\nJw the Delegates Feel on the Subject.", "\nCurciKKATi, O.\" May 18.-The advance\nguard of delegates to the National Union\nconvention, which opens to-morrow, was\nstraggliug in all yesterday, and about 200\nof tbe 3,0(i0 or' more that it is expected\nwill participate in the deliberations of the\ngathering were on the ground by night.", "\nMany ot them are men whose rough at\ntire, bronzed faces and horny hands be\ntoken long acquaintanceship with the\nplow and harrow. ", "Others bear names\nthat are prominently identified with eco\nnomic and radical movements.", "\nSome of tbe Leader on Hand.", "\nAmong these are ex-Congressman Wel\nler, of Iowa, more familiarly known as\n\"Calamity Weller\"; General Secretary\nHayes, of the Knights of Labor; W. G.\nCrum, of New York, editor of The Wall\nStreet Farmer and president of the re\ncently formed Natioual Union league; G.\nI. Washburne, of Boston, president of the\nNortheastern Industrial Alliance; Mason\nA. Greene, of the Boston Nationalist club;\nCol. ", "S. F. Norton, of Chicago; W. f.\nWakefield, of the Lyun, Mass., Nationalist\nclub; John H. Crouch, of Fort Scott,\nKans., brother of the deceased Oklahoma\nboomer, and C. C. Post, Georgia, the Al\nliance leader of that state.", "\nThe Lion of the Hour.", "\nThe temporary lion of the hour is\nFarmer H. B Brian, of Winn county.", "\nLa., w hose acceptance of a delegate's mis\nsion necessitated his riding fifty miles on\na plantation pony to the nearest railway\nstation. ", "His credentials bear tbe signa\ntures of 1. ", "00 grangers oxx of a total vot\ning strength of 1,700 in the couuty. ", "Strag\nglers were also here from Maine, Ken\ntucky, Texas, Tennessee, Minnesota and\nother states, but the full delegations did\nuot begin to arrive until to-day. ", "The\nKansas contingent, which came in on\na special train of U'n cars, was met this\nmorning by the reception committee, all\ntiie delegates in town, and a couple, of\nbrass bauds and escorted to hea.iquarters\nin triumph.", "\nControl of the (lathering.", "\nDe-p.te the fact that it is styled a con\nvention, however, it is apparent thus\neaily that the forthcoming gathering will\nbe nothing more than a big mass meeting.", "\nThere has been no idea of conforming to a\nbasis cf representation. ", "While it is\nanticipated that two-thirds of the states\nwill te represented, yet two of them,\nKansas with her 500, and Ohio with\nnearly as niimy u.ore, will control at least\na third of the total votes that will be\ncast on every proposition. ", "Hamilton\nalone furnishes credentials for nearly 100\nparticipants, representingsuch heterogen\neous elements as the Knights of Labor,\nCity Alliance, litilway Employes' asso\nciation. ", "Municipal Congress, the United\nLabor Party (composed of adherents of\nHenry George), and the Nationalists or\nBellamyites.", "\nsonthern Delegates Kicking.", "\nA good many of tbe southern grangers\ntre kicking over tbis condition of affairs,\ntjnteudiug that it is unjust that after\ntraveling long distances iu order to repre\nsent the views of their respective organi\nsations t heir votes anil consequent influ\nence in shaping tne ends of the gathering\nlould be 8 .vamped by packed delegations\nf.'om near-by points. ", "An effort (is\nbeing made to bring about a feeling in\nfivorof the adaption of the unite rule,\naad unless some such solution of the diffi\nculty is found ther-j will be trouble just\nas soon as the body gets down to busi\nu .-ss.", "\nKesnlts Are Mighty Ousartin'.", "\nAs to the outcome of the conference\ntl ere was not a delegate in town last\nn.ght who was willing to express himself\nw ith auy degree of confidence or certain\nty. ", "There are two elements with widely\ndivergent intentions. ", "One is desirous\ntlat the conference shall bring a new\nprty into existence, give it a name and\ner;ct it upon a platform of declarations\natd principles. ", "These are mostly from\ntbe north and the west. ", "The southerners,\nDC the other hand, deprecate hasty action,\nand urge that it would lie more politic to\nlimply reaffirm the views enunciated in\nth-j St. Louis and Ocala platforms, ap\npoint an executive committee to continue\nt Le propaganda, and assemble again next\nspring to determine whether a third par\nty shall be brought into existence , and if\nso to christen it aud place its candidates\nin the field for the next presidential elec\n;u u.\nT he Knights Fighting for Time.", "\nMen like I 'oik, of Georgia, and O'Brien,\nof Louisiana, say that the Alliance men\nof their respective states, who have hith\nerto been allied withthe Democracy\nnot yet prepared to change their political\ncoats and go into a third party movement.", "\nOn the other hand such delegates as\nWeller, of Iowa, and Greene, of Boston, are\nworking bard to bring about the formal\nini uguration of a third party, nod are\nasking: u What else are we here forr\" It\nis an open secret that the Kuights of\nLabor men, who will be reinforced by\nGei.eral Master Workman Powderly,\nL-.-tttirer Ralph Beaumont, and John\nUe lin, of the executive board, are here\nto 1 ght for time, with the View of putting\noff dehnite actiou uutil after the meeting\nof the Farmers' Alliance in February\nnext.", "\nThe Fight To Ite Promptly Begun.", "\nVie contest will be iuaugaarated on tbe\nthreshold of the conference. ", "CoL S. F.\nNorton and Lester C. Hubbard (publisher\nof '1 he Farmers' Voice) will voice the de\nnial d for a new party, a name and a plat\nford, to deal simply with finance, trans\nportation aud tue laud question. ", "The\nsouthern elemeut, with its Knight of La\nbor allies, will be willing to build a plat\nform out of every plank and \"ism\" that\nmay be handed iu if the permanent or\nganization is deferred.", "\nnearer \"Piping Off\" the Land.", "\nSp.-ak Elder, of the Kansas assembly, is\nthe unanimous choice of the delegates on\nthe ground for temporary chairman.", "\nEith'-r Cou'tressman Simpson, or Sena\ntorl'efTer will be the permanent officer.", "\nSimpson and Gen. James B. Weaver, of\nIowj., ", "were among tue late arrival last\nnight. ", "The former is against a third\nparty inauguration at this juncture, while\nthe l itter is waiting to see how the land\nlays.", "\nA lirst-class milch cow tor sale at the\npssttre on Seventeenth street. ", "Rock Isl\nand. ", "J. DTajlor.", "\nTUESDAY, A. 1. ", "9 O'CLOCK.", "\nThe Greatest Bargains in PINE MILLINERY we\nhave ever shown. ", "The like not seen in\nRock Island before.", "\n123 dozen (1476 Hats and Bonnets )\n42 dozen Misses' White Straw Hats, fancy loop braid, at 25c each.", "\n23 dozen Ladies' Straw Bats and Bonnets, elegant shapes, new goods, drabs, browns stn\nelates, navy and blacks. ", "The greatest drive of the year. ", "Yonr choice for 7c. ' '", "\n28 dozen Misses' White Leghorn Shade Hats in five leadiDg shapes, all will go at 25c a\nYou have never before seen these goods sold for less than 75c to $1.50. '", "\n30 dozen different kitds of hats all shapee, every color and style for the season, bought at\na fraction of real.value and will be sold as an advertisement, far below anything you have v\nbefore heard quoted for high class millinery. .", "\ne piaceu on saie .aionciay morning dozen uape May Shade llats at only 5c each. ", "Th\nwill be continued as long as they last. .", "\nTrimmed Sailor Hats for boys and girls, only 8c a piece.", "\nA lot of white and colored wreaths go at 7c.", "\nOne case (50 pieces) 12c Dress Satines at 7c a yard. ", "Not a large lot, govern vour-lv\naccordingly. ", "J -\nA Shower of Roses for THURSDAY -\nREMEiMBER, WE SAY THURSDAY.", "\n5000 fine Roses and Poppies will be sold on Thursday at lc each, worth from five to tw-ntv\ntimes the price named. \" \"", "\nSpecial bargains in Flowers, Ribbons, and Trimmius. ", "First come, first served, as we can\nnot be expected to trim all hats on same day order is given, but we have a large force of h-lr\nand will do the veiy best we can.", "\nMcOABE BROS.", "\n1712, 1714, 1716, 171S, 1720, 172, Second Avenue.", "\nThis space is reserved for a plat of\nSCHNELL'S ADDITION TO THE CITY OF\nROCK ISLAND,\nwhich is opened for the sale of lots. ", "It is loca\nted south of Ninth avenue between Twen\ntieth and Twenty-fourth streets.", "\nThe Plat will be ready in a few days.", "\npring Goods\nARRIVING NOW.", "\nW are opening tne most complete line of Hardware specialties Ter aSarad ta Bck\nIsland beside onr regular s oc of staple and builders Hardww\nand Mechanics tools.", "\nPoeket, Table as Kitchen Cutlery,\nNails, Steel Goods, Tijiware, Stoves, Etc.", "\nFXCIALTIXS Climax Cooks and Ranees, \"Florida\" and Wllbe, Hot W.t tt.", "\ntwbb steam uousrs, Fsstenr Germ Proof Filters, Economy Faraaecs, Tta\na4 Efcest Xroa work. ", "Plumbing, Copperemlthlng and Steam Fitting.", "\nBAKER & HOUSMAN,\n1823 Second aventieRock Island." ]

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[ "Physics of the liquid-liquid critical point.", "\nWithin the inherent structure thermodynamic formalism introduced by Stillinger and Weber [Phys. ", "Rev. A 25, 978 (1982)]], we address the basic question of the physics of the liquid-liquid transition and of density maxima observed in some complex liquids such as water by identifying, for the first time, the statistical properties of the potential energy landscape responsible for these anomalies. ", "We also provide evidence of the connection between density anomalies and the liquid-liquid critical point. ", "Within the simple (and physically transparent) model discussed, density anomalies do imply the existence of a liquid-liquid transition." ]

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[ "Sam Burgess has rubbished Anthony Seibold's claim the Rabbitohs' attack had not changed much since he was in charge as ''bizarre''.", "\n\nAnd Burgess said there was nothing he could do if the coach who walked out on Souths before Christmas to take over the Broncos still wanted to run an ''agenda''.", "\n\nFriday night's blockbuster at Suncorp Stadium was already guaranteed to be a belter because of the toxic coaching swap between Seibold and Wayne Bennett, and the return of Souths recruits James Roberts and Jaydn Su'a to the Queensland capital for the first time since they were torpedoed by Seibold before June 30.", "\n\nSeibold's post-match comments last Friday night that Souths' attack had not changed struck a nerve with several senior players at Redfern including Burgess, who has been named to start in the front row but is battling a quad strain." ]

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[ "Up Against the Wall: Ozomatli is unafraid to challenge the powers that be.", "\n\nBeats for Peace\n\nIs Ozomatli the most dangerous band in America or just a bunch of beat-crazy dreamers?", "\n\nBy Jeff Chang\n\nWHEN Ozomatli led its audience out into the streets of Austin, Texas, this past March during that city's South by Southwest Music Festival, it had no idea what it was in for. ", "The band usually closes its deliriously dance-inducing sets by starting a samba-style parade line. ", "Austin cops didn't like the idea and attempted to stop the band in its tracks. ", "The incident was reminiscent of another from the 2000 election season in Los Angeles at the Democratic Convention, when police ended Ozomatli's outdoor show with Rage Against the Machine by firing teargas and beating dozens of fans.", "\n\nAfter confusion and chaos, two of the members—bandleader Wil-Dog Abers, percussionist Jiro Yamaguchi and manager Amy Blackman-Romero were arrested and jailed. ", "They discovered that they had violated Austin's noise ordinance, an archaic law entirely at odds with the spirit of the city's famed annual music festival. ", "While attempting to find out why they were being stopped, Abers and Blackman-Romero were charged with interfering with an arrest and failure to comply. ", "Yamaguchi had tried to lift his big drum above the fray and accidentally hit a cop with it. ", "He now faced up to 10 years in prison for allegedly assaulting an officer.", "\n\nIn early July, the Ozo 3 pleaded no contest to reduced charges that will be expunged from their records if they commit no further offenses in Austin during the next six months. ", "The band issued a statement that read: \"This was a harrowing experience and a frightening thing to have hanging over our heads. ", "We are also still shocked and outraged that it ever escalated to the point that it did, and that we were jailed and criminalized in the first place. ", "We are musicians, and we were just playing music when this whole thing spiraled out of control.\"", "\n\nThe irony of the Austin incident is that the L.A.-based Ozomatli has never been afraid to confront the powers that be. ", "The band got started after Abers, fellow Ozomatli founder Anton Morales (who is no longer with the group) and fellow Conservation Corps youths tried to organize a labor union and were squelched. ", "Although Abers, Morales and the organizers were fired, they reached a compromise through which they were given a downtown space to set up a community center. ", "Through the weekly jam parties to raise funds for what they came to call the Peace and Justice Center, the band came together.", "\n\nIn the mid-'90s swirl of Los Angeles musical movements, particularly hip-hop and rock en español, the center jams attracted wildly divergent players. ", "Abers, a huge fan of the Clash, was playing bass for then-unsigned Macy Gray. ", "Lead singer Asdrubal Sierra and percussionist Justin \"Nino\" Poree came from salsa and Afro-Cuban roots. ", "Turntablist Cut Chemist and rapper Chali 2Na were part of L.A.'s True School vanguard. ", "Yamaguchi was studying tabla and world percussion at CalArts. ", "He says, \"When we got together it was like, 'We got turntables, and we got tablas—fuck it, let's figure something we can do.'\"", "\n\nAlmost a decade later, that community center band regularly sees its albums go Top 5 on Billboard's Latin charts. ", "In 2001, the band scored a Grammy for Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album for its sophomore effort, Embrace the Chaos. ", "Ozomatli has been embraced by its own musical heroes—artists like Carlos Santana, Los Lobos and Eddie Palmieri.", "\n\nIt's easy to hear what those Latin giants like about Ozomatli. ", "In the tradition of Latin artists from Willie Colon to Selena, the band's impulse has been to connect the dots between divergent genres in often surprising ways, while always grounding the music in a groove that moves.", "\n\nJust months after beginning to jam, the band was playing underground hip-hop (\"Cut Chemist Suite\"), Central American revolutionary-influenced ballads (\"Aqui No Sera\") and straight-up weee-hah backyard norteño (\"La Misma Cancion\"). \"", "At least one of us would know the style, and through that, we would kind of teach each other,\" says Abers. \"", "There was no rule, other than the people that knew the music would make a judgment call. ", "If people got excited about it, that was the most important thing.\"", "\n\nA 1996 trip to Cuba sealed Ozomatli's musical direction, or more precisely, directions. ", "Fascinated by how Afro-Cuban music seemed to absorb everything yet retain its essence all at once, the band members gained a confidence about their whirlpool approach. ", "Yamaguchi summarizes Ozomatli's approach by way of analogy: \"The rhythms of music from around the world are actually very similar. ", "I guess some of the instrumentation is different, but a lot of rhythms that are used are not that different as people might expect. ", "It's not hard to get that feel.\"", "\n\nOn Street Signs, their fifth and best release yet, the band rises to astonishing new heights of musicality and groove, expanding its sonic depth with the strings of the Prague Orchestra and the dancehall riddimics of Blaxx and Vendetta. ", "In a beautiful two-song suite, Eddie Palmieri joins the band for \"Dona Isabelle\" and \"Nadie Te Tire.\" ", "Chali 2na returns for a star turn on \"Who's to Blame?\"", "\n\nIn its most compelling turn, Ozomatli incorporates Arab sounds, including the Moroccan sintir of master player Hassan Hakmoun. ", "Yamaguchi says, \"Because of the political events that have happened in the world and who we are as a band and what we're trying to say, doing that was a great way to step into another culture and understand it through music.\"", "\n\nLyrically, the band extends the themes of its recent Coming Up EP, whose standout cut is called \"Let Me Dream.\" ", "It is moving from explicit life-during-wartime protest deeper into personal visions of peace. ", "On \"Cuando Mi Canto,\" Ozomatli admits that all its wants to do is to inspire people with its music. \"", "This album is definitely about looking to the future and what is possible and talking about it amongst all of us and trying to create that better world within our own little Ozomatli world,\" says Abers.", "\n\nCops in Boston and New York City can rest easy this year. ", "With a world tour awaiting it, Ozomatli won't have time to join this year's protest season. ", "Instead, the band hopes to make more connections. \"", "When we were in Istanbul, we couldn't speak the language, and a lot of the musicians we met couldn't speak English, yet there was communication going on. ", "I think that was because of music,\" Yamaguchi says. \"", "It's a cliché but it's true. ", "Music is just a basic human expression.\"", "\n\nOzomatli plays Saturday (Aug. 7) at the Redwood Amphitheater at Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara. ", "Plastilina Mosh and Kinky also perform. ", "Tickets are $18.50-$43.50 (Ticketmaster)." ]

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[ "Ink-based digital printing systems include an imaging member having an imaging surface such as a plate or blanket. ", "The imaging surface must meet a range of requirements to enable high speed variable data ink-based digital printing. ", "In related art systems, for example, the imaging surface must be configured for wetting the surface with dampening fluid, and pinning the dampening fluid thereon. ", "The imaging surface must be configured for absorbing optical radiation from a laser imaging system, wetting and pinning of ink subsequently applied to the imaging member surface, and release of the ink from the surface.", "\nThe dampening fluid prevents ink from transferring to the plate at non-printing areas, or background or non-image areas. ", "The printing areas are areas on the imaging member surface on which dampening fluid is volatilized after exposing the applied dampening fluid layer to radiation. ", "The non-printing areas are areas on the imaging member surface on which dampening fluid remains, being outside the zones of exposure to radiation. ", "Exemplary imaging member surface materials that have been found to be useful for ink-based digital printing include hydrophobic polymers such as silicones, partially or fully fluorinated fluorosilicones and FKM fluoroelastomers. ", "Exemplary dampening fluids that have been found to be compatible for wetting the above-mentioned imaging member surface materials and suitable for ink-based digital printing include hydrophobic fluids such as hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, fluoroethers, organosiloxanes, fluoro-organosiloxanes. ", "Concerns about using these hydrophobic fluids relate to the containment and capture of volatilized fluids that may not be vented into the environment, or precluded from remaining in significant amounts on the printed matter. ", "Water is a desirable dampening fluid for offset printing because it is inexpensive, and environmentally friendly, and therefore does not require volatilized fluid recapture or monitoring of hydrophobic fluids on the prints." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOptional regex group in Python failing\n\nI'm trying to do get some text between keywords into a text using regex. ", "For example:\nText content:\nInformation Location\nPorto Alegre\ndata data data data data data data data \nGeolocation\n\nIf I use this regex (?:", "Information\\sLocation\\n.*\\n)([\\W\\w]+)(?:Geolocation), I will get data data data .... It's fine! ", "It's ok!", "\nBut, sometimes the text structure can be like this:\nInformation Location\nPorto Alegre\ndata data data data data data data data \n\nand my Regex fails! ", "I've tried to find some way to put the last group (?:", "Geolocation) as optional , but I can't find a solution.", "\n\nA:\n\nmake the capture group less greedy with the addition of ?", "\nput an alternative of\\s*\\Z for end of file inside last group\n\nLike so:\n(?:", "Information\\sLocation\\n.*\\n)([\\W\\w]+?)(?:Geolocation|\\s*\\Z)\n\nDemo\n\n" ]

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[ "Continuous time-domain monitoring of cerebral autoregulation in neurocritical care.", "\nIntegration of various brain signals can be used to determine cerebral autoregulation in neurocritical care patients to guide clinical management and to predict outcome. ", "In this review, we will discuss current methodology of multimodal brain monitoring focusing on secondary 'reactivity indices' derived from various brain signals which are based on a 'moving correlation coefficient'. ", "This algorithm was developed in order to analyze in a time dependent manner the degree of correlation between two factors within a time series where the number of paired observations is large. ", "Of the various primary neuromonitoring sources which can be used to calculate reactivity indices, we will focus in this review on indices based on transcranial Doppler (TCD), intracranial pressure (ICP), brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). ", "Furthermore, we will demonstrate how reactivity indices can show transient changes of cerebral autoregulation and can be used to optimize management of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)." ]

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[ "Tony Dejak, Associated PressFausto Carmona turned in a quality start on Tuesday, allowing three runs in six innings, to pick up a win against the White Sox.", "\n\nFausto Carmona stayed cool instead of overheating. ", "It is a better way for him.", "\n\nSome pitchers need an extra shot of adrenaline when they're in a tight spot. ", "Carmona needs to ease off the accelerator. ", "In the first game of Tuesday's day-night doubleheader against Chicago, that's just what he did to win his first game since he last beat the White Sox on Aug. 17.", "\n\nAfter Travis Hafner gave him a 2-0 lead with a first-inning homer off Gavin Floyd, Carmona came out in the second and gave up four straight hits. ", "The White Sox tied the score, 2-2, but Carmona had good fortune and cool on his side.", "\n\nWith runners on the corners and no one out, Brent Morel sent a liner to right with Alejandro De Aza running from first to second on the pitch. ", "Kosuke Fukudome made the catch in right field and threw to first to complete the double play. ", "Carmona retired Gordon Beckham, the next batter, on a grounder to end the inning.", "\n\nIn the third, with runners on first and second and one out, A.J. Pierzynski lined out to first baseman Carlos Santana, who stepped on first to complete the double play.", "\n\nIn the fourth, with the score still tied, 2-2, Carmona stranded De Aza on third. ", "In the sixth, after giving up a run to cut the Tribe's lead to 4-3, he retired De Aza on a grounder and Morel on a fly ball to center with the tying run on second.", "\n\n\"Today I didn't try too hard,\" said Carmona. \"", "The second inning, I tried a little too hard when I gave up those four straight hits. ", "Then I thought, 'Make a good pitch, get a double play.' \"", "\n\nCarmona is 7-15 overall and 2-2 against the White Sox this season. ", "The 15 losses are a career high.", "\n\n\"Fausto did a nice job battling today,\" said manager Manny Acta. \"", "He had some traffic on the bases and was helped a couple of times in double plays, but give him credit, he didn't crumble.\"", "\n\nCrumbling has been a problem for Carmona. ", "It usually happens when something goes wrong at the wrong time. ", "Then the problem multiplies, and soon after that, Carmona is headed to the dugout.", "\n\n\"He's been up and down this year. . . . ", "very much so,\" said Acta.", "\n\nSaid Carmona: \"I'm not happy with the losses. ", "I want to win. ", "I just have to finish the season strong.\"", "\n\nThe Indians hold a $7 million club option on Carmona for next season. ", "If they don't pick it up, they still control him, but he will be eligible for arbitration.", "\n\nWhat course of action the Indians take with Carmona will be one of the important story lines of the winter.", "\n\nTable for one: After the Indians lost to Seattle, 12-6, Monday, Travis Hafner made it to The Q to see WWE Raw. ", "During the show, Jerry \"The King\" Lawler, WWE's analyst and sometimes wrestler, was thrown through a table.", "\n\n\"It was entertaining,\" said Hafner. \"", "It happened right in front of us.\"", "\n\nOn some websites, it was written that Lawler was taken to a Cleveland hospital. ", "Lawler, visiting Hafner in the Indians locker room between games of Tuesday's doubleheader, looked fine.", "\n\n\"I went to my hotel, not the hospital,\" said Lawler.", "\n\nThere was also talk of the table not being properly rigged, i.e., the screws weren't loosened beforehand to lessen the impact. ", "Lawler made no comment on the subject.", "\n\nAnother arm: Right-hander Corey Kluber was recalled from Class AAA Columbus before Tuesday's doubleheader. ", "It's his second tour with the Tribe this year.", "\n\nActa wanted Kluber to give the bullpen depth because of Tuesday's and Saturday's doubleheaders.", "\n\nIn another move that could give the Indians an extra arm if needed, Mitch Talbot was scratched from starting Tuesday night for Columbus at the Class AAA championship game against Omaha in Albuquerque, N.M. Joe Martinez started instead.", "\n\nThe Indians wanted to have Talbot available in case they need him during the final homestand of the season.", "\n\nFollow Us\n\ncleveland.com is powered by Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group. ", "All rights reserved (About Us).The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Northeast Ohio Media Group LLC." ]

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[ "- Precipice of War begins as soon as you finish Underground Undercover, and that’s pretty much literally true, as Railroad HQ comes under attack the moment you turn in the previous quest. ", "Hopefully you’re ready to fight right off the bat.", "\n\n- Once everyone in Railroad HQ pulls out their guns a cadre of Brotherhood soldiers will come in from the rear entrance, headed by a Knight in Power Armor and carrying a deadly Minigun. ", "This is nevertheless a mistake on their part, as the doorway between rooms is really small, and you can easily chuck a grenade or two inside and take out multiple combatants at once. ", "If the Knight manages to get into the main room, find cover and exchange fire with the other members of the Railroad.", "\n\n- Speak to Desdemona. ", "She’ll point out that the catacombs are the only way to get out now. ", "Head into the Old North Church and you’ll find Glory; once she, uh, yeah, you can snag her Minigun and a bunch of ammo. ", "She also has a Railroad Armored Coat Mk IV on her, which is a pretty decent piece of armour.", "\n\n- Head into the catacombs. ", "Here you’ll face down successive waves of Brotherhood troops consisting of unarmoured Initiates and Power Armored Knights. ", "So long as you don’t move too quickly down here you won’t trigger successive waves, so hold back and use explosives liberally. ", "The Knights won’t be able to flee in time, and you’ll likely blow off bits of their Power Armor and make them easier targets in V.A.T.S.\n\n- After four such Knights you’ll wind up in the main area of the Church, where more targets wait. ", "This area’s potentially more dangerous, ‘cause you have gunners shooting at you from multiple angles. ", "Either stay near the doorway and shoot from cover or get into the room and remain moving. ", "Stealth works well here so long as you can wipe out the Knight on the ground quickly. (", "If you brought Paladin Brandis back to the Brotherhood of Steel earlier in the game, he’ll be with this group. ", "He’s much harder than the average Knight. ", "Be ready for quite a scrap.)", "\n\n- Speak to Desdemona after killing all of the Brotherhood of Steel members (she’ll have followed you up) and she’ll give you a new mission: stealing a Brotherhood Vertibird. ", "The only convenient place to do that is at Cambridge Police Station.", "\n\n- Hop to the Police Station. (", "Not directly, though. ", "Jump to College Square.) ", "Tinker Tom is waiting up the street, and he’ll give you some Police Station-related intel. ", "You have two options for taking out your foes:\n\nFirst, you can go through the front. ", "This may seem like a bad idea, given how much the Brotherhood outnumbers you, but it’s only stupid if you enter the Police Station grounds. ", "Draw the Brotherhood soldiers out onto the street, by contrast, and they’ll be forced to move through a narrow exit to get at you - one that you can bomb to hell or just turn into a shooting gallery. ", "Be ready for more baddies up on the roof.", "\n\nSecond, you can sneak onto the grounds by going around the rear of the Police Station. ", "This will let you get the jump on the Brotherhood and kill several of them before they spot you. ", "Tinker Tom will likely out you while you fight, but it’s still a good way to get the drop on your foes, and this method prevents the dudes on the roof from targeting you.", "\n\n- Either way, now you’re inside, and Deacon will join you here if he wasn’t out on the street. ", "You’ll be facing more opposition inside, including a few Turrets, but there are no Power Armor Knights inside so it’s generally a bit easier. ", "Battle your way to the roof, killing anything in your path. ", "Given the narrow spaces, explosives work well in here. (", "If there’s one member of the Brotherhood you can’t find, check the Motor Pool. ", "Sometimes they hide out in there.)", "\n\n- Head to the roof after killing all of the members of the Brotherhood in the Police Station. ", "Speak to Tinker Tom. ", "Hell give you an Explosive Charge then tell you to defend the Vertibird while he preps it. ", "An enemy Vertibird will show up, and you can either try and shoot it down before it deploys any troops (surprisingly not that difficult) or climb into your own Vertibird and use the Minigun to demolish anybody who rappels down to stop you.", "\n\n- Speak to Deacon after finishing off the soldiers. ", "He’ll give you your reward and then invite you to hop into the Vertibird. ", "This will end the quest and give you a new one, Rockets’ Red Glare." ]

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[ "Mila Kunis talks Ashton Kutcher and pregnancy on 'Ellen'\n\nMila Kunis is having all the stereotypical pregnancy cravings, including an obsession with… sauerkraut?", "\n\nIn Friday’s episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Kunis spoke to DeGeneres about her pregnancy and fiancé Ashton Kutcher, who we’ve awarded Fiancé of the Year: The Two and a Half Men star stocked the couple’s second fridge with “weird food” when they found out Kunis was pregnant in case she ever had an intense craving. ", "And, apparently, it’s proven useful — when Kunis recently told him, “I need a pickle,” Kutcher disappeared for a moment before coming back with “the most amazing dill pickle of all time.” ", "Now that’s love.", "\n\nWatch the clip below to hear Kunis’ thoughts on natural birth and what language Kutcher is learning for her:" ]

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[ "The Taliban claimed Sunday that insurgent fighters have captured a Toronto man in Afghanistan.", "\n\nA Foreign Affairs spokesperson confirmed that a Canadian citizen, Colin Rutherford, is currently missing in Afghanistan after travelling to the country as a tourist.", "\n\nCanadian and Afghan officials are working “to assist the family in securing the safe release” of the man, according to a statement released by the ministry.", "\n\nZabihullah Mujahid, a Taliban spokesman, wrote in a report on a website that describes itself as the “voice of jihad” that Rutherford was captured in Ghazni City, which lies partway between the country’s capital, Kabul, and the city of Kandahar.", "\n\nThe Taliban report claims that the Torontonian was searching for information to expose the locations of underground insurgent fighters.", "\n\nThe abductors plan on releasing a video soon, according to reports.", "\n\nThe federal government advises Canadians to avoid all travel to Afghanistan, calling the situation in the Middle Eastern country “volatile and unpredictable” and adding that the threat to Canadians from terrorist violence is very high.", "\n\n“Canadians undertaking travel despite this warning take serious risks,” Foreign Affairs’ travel report warns.", "\n\nThe travel report specifically mentions the highway between Kabul and Kandahar, where Ghazni City is located, as a site of several security incidents.", "\n\nIn 2008, CBC journalist Melissa Fung was released after 28 days of captivity in Afghanistan. ", "Canadian media outlets did not report on the kidnapping out of concerns for Fung’s safety until after she was released, raising questions of a double-standard for reporting on abductions of civilians and journalists.", "\n\nA Canadian freelance journalist, Amanda Lindhout, spent 14 months in captivity in Somalia before her family paid a ransom and she was freed.", "\n\nLoading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...\n\nRead more about:" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is lazy in React?", "\n\nI am going through react official docs to understand about react lazy.", "\nAs per docs, https://reactjs.org/docs/code-splitting.html#reactlazy\n\nThis will automatically load the bundle containing the OtherComponent when this component gets rendered.", "\nReact.lazy takes a function that must call a dynamic import(). ", "This must return a Promise which resolves to a module with a default export containing a React component.", "\nNormal import\nimport OtherComponent from './OtherComponent';\nfunction MyComponent() {\n return (\n <div>\n <OtherComponent />\n </div>\n );\n}\n\nLazy import\nconst OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./OtherComponent'));\nfunction MyComponent() {\n return (\n <div>\n <OtherComponent />\n </div>\n );\n}\n\nBut I couldn’t understand much from the docs about the advantage of using lazy for importing the component. ", "Also Why promise comes into picture for importing modules/components?", "\n\nA:\n\nSingle Page Applications (SPAs) typically work by downloading a bundle that contains all the scripts your app needs. ", "Routing and URL changes in the browser's address bar are handled via HTML5 history API. ", "This creates an incredibly powerful user experience since the browser never needs to refresh to load any part of your application - you can navigate from one page/URL to another instantly.", "\nWhile this sounds good in theory, in practice, things are ugly. ", "One of the biggest problems is the bundle size - in an SPA of medium complexity, the bundle size can easily reach megabytes. ", "Now, such big files not only take a long time to download but also are not cached by the browser - so they need to be fetched again and again which in turn makes your app look sluggish. ", "\nThere have been many attempts to remedy this - asynchronous and deferred loading of scripts, and code splitting. ", "Code Splitting refers to the technique of splitting your mega bundle into smaller chunks - the idea being that you download a core or critical part of your app as soon as possible and then load rest of the code on demand. ", "This solves the problems mentioned above but achieving code splitting turns out to be incredibly hard. ", "\nOne of the reason being, that it's hard for tools like Webpack to figure out how to split the code effectively, with less manual intervention. ", "In AMD world, define/require helped you define code split points - so you can load critical parts first and load rest on demand in an asynchronous fashion.", "\nIn React world, lazylets you do so effectively with less manual intervention. ", "By defining something lazy, you indicate that this part of the code is non-critical and can be loaded behind the scenes, on demand. ", "\nThe () => import('./OtherComponent') the syntax is also known as dynamic import which is different from a static import: import OtherComponent from './OtherComponent'. ", "Dynamic imports are asynchronous and thus they always return a Promise. ", "A Promise ensures that the code that depends on this lazily loaded module, executes only after the script has loaded.", "\nConsider the following snippet:\nconst PurchaseHistory = lazy(() => import('./components/PurchaseHistory'))\n\nclass App extends Component {\n state = {\n purchases: [ ],\n };\n\n componentDidMount() {\n fetch(`some/api/that/returns/data`)\n .then(res => res.json())\n .then(res => {\n this.setState({ purchases: res.data });\n });\n }\n render() { \n return (\n <div className=\"app\">\n <Suspense fallback={Loader}>\n <PurchaseHistory {...purchases} />\n </Suspense>\n </div>\n );\n }\n}\n\nIn the above code, React can immediately render the app with the Loader and until the fetch succeeds, it doesn't even need to load the lazy PurchaseHistory component. ", "This saves download times, reduces memory footprint and saves CPU cycles that would be needed to download and process the PurchaseHistory component.", "\nSuspense is new API in React 16.6.", "\nTogether with another upcoming feature called Concurrent Rendering, the above code ensures that React renders the app pretty fast (faster than React 16). ", "It can do so because React knows which parts are crucial and which parts are not.", "\nFor further reading, I suggest this blog post that talks about all 3 features with code examples.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt lets you lazy-load the other component's script. ", "This is primarily going to be useful if that script is separate from other scripts (e.g., not part of your main bundle).", "\nThe advantages are:\n\nYour initial start-up is faster (assuming your component isn't part of your initial display)\nIf the user never does whatever it is that shows your component, the other component's script never needs to be loaded (so that's saved an HTTP request and the memory loading that module consumes)\n\nOf course, there are disadvantages:\n\nWhen your component needs to be shown, it will be delayed by demand-loading the other component's script (HTTP request, top-level module evaluation)\nComplexity if you're bundling, now you have to have some scripts in the bundle and other scripts not in the bundle\n\nAs always, the trade-offs will go one way for some projects and another way for other projects. ", "A large single-page app with lots of sections the user may or may not visit would probably benefit; a small page where all the components are probably rendered early on probably wouldn't.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "James Stamp\n\nJames Stamp (1904–1985) was an American professional musician.", "\n\nBackground\nStamp was a professional musician from the age of 16, starting in the Mayo Clinic Band at Rochester, Minnesota. ", "After having played in different Minneapolis theatres he was asked to play 4th trumpet in the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. ", " Playing 4th trumpet didn't allow for enough performances and the first trumpet player treated him like a valet. ", " Later, after an argument with the 1st trumpet he was asked to play the 1st part on the Brahms 2nd Symphony while on tour to Cincinnati. ", " He was then given a contract as 1st trumpet for the next season immediately after the concert. ", " James Stamp held a position with the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra for 17 years playing Trumpet under conductors such as Henri Verbrugghen, Eugen Ormandy and his favorite Dimitri Mitropoulos.", "\n\nLater after Eugen Ormandy left the Orchestra and Dimitri Mitropoulos became conductor the orchestra's finances were not very good. ", "So, in 1944 he decided to sell his house and move to California. ", "Mitropoulos tried to talk him out of leaving, but the house was already sold and he had made his decision. ", " Stamp relocated to California, where he was immediately asked to play in studio orchestras in Hollywood, as well as radio and television programs. ", "He suffered a heart attack in 1954, after which he devoted more time to teaching. ", "He wrote an instructional book, Warm-ups + Studies which was first published in 1978. ", "He died on December 22, 1985.", "\n\nThomas Stevens, former Principal Trumpeter of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra said, \"I believe James Stamp was one of the finest teachers in the world. ", "His approach was so flexible that I have never seen him fail to improve a player, whether it be an established symphony musician, jazz or lead player or a twelve-year-old student.\"", "\n\nBibliography\n Warm-ups + Studies: trumpet & other brass instruments in treble clef, CD in C and Bflat (1995)\n\nArticles\nArticles in the Brass Bulletin, International Magazine for Brass Players:\n Brass Bulletin 39, III-1982 (p. 14-21), Alfred Willener, Subtle Teaching\n Brass Bulletin 53, I-1986 (p. 3-4), Jean-Pierre Mathez/Thomas Stevens, Editorial \"Homage to James Stamp\"\n Brass Bulletin 100, IV-1997 (p. 59-65), Jean-Christophe Wiener, James Stamp, Master in Listening part 1\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n James Stamp, Warm-ups and Studies for trumpet at Editions Bim\n James Stamp: Practical Hints\n\nCategory:American trumpeters\nCategory:American male trumpeters\nCategory:1985 deaths\nCategory:1904 births\nCategory:20th-century American musicians\nCategory:20th-century trumpeters\nCategory:20th-century American male musicians" ]

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[ "The aftermath of the L’Aquila quake, in which over 300 people lost their lives (Image: Rex Features)\n\nThe story isn’t over yet. ", "Last Monday, six Italian seismologists and a civil protection official were sentenced to six years in prison for manslaughter, for falsely reassuring the public that a major earthquake would not happen. ", "But two recorded phone calls involving a more senior official suggest that the whole story has not been told about meetings held in the week prior to the earthquake and after the event.", "\n\nWiretap evidence suggests that Guido Bertolaso, then a chief of civil protection, ordered one of the defendants to issue a reassuring statement. ", "A newly released audio recording also appears to show Bertolaso trying to conceal information in the aftermath of the quake.", "\n\nFranco Coppi, who legally represents Giulio Selvaggi, one of the convicted seismologists, calls Bertolaso the “great absent member of the trial”. “", "All these scientists were sent to L’Aquila with a precise task,” he told New Scientist. “", "Given that they are considered responsible for insufficient communication, it would have been important as well to consider what mandate Bertolaso gave them.”", "\n\n\nThe case relates to a magnitude-6.3 earthquake that struck the Italian town of L’Aquila on 6 April 2009, killing more than 300 people. ", "A week before, the six seismologists met to discuss the risk of a quake, following months of small tremors. ", "They concluded it was possible a major quake was on the way, but the evidence was inconclusive. ", "Later, a civil protection official, Bernardo De Bernardinis, gave a statement saying there was little or no risk.", "\n\nThe trial was not about the seismologists’ failure to predict the earthquake, as earthquake prediction is currently impossible. ", "Rather it was about the failure to communicate the small but real risk of a major quake. ", "Reassured by the statements, people stayed indoors instead of sleeping outside, putting them in more danger.", "\n\nCaught on tape\n\nBertolaso, De Bernardinis’s superior, had previously his phone tapped as part of an unrelated investigation by the Italian authorities. ", "In January this year the Italian newspaper La Repubblica obtained a recording of a key conversation between Bertolaso and one of his officials (listen to it on YouTube).", "\n\nIn the recording, translated here, Bertolaso says: “I told him [De Bernardinis] to schedule a meeting in L’Aquila about this story of this swarm quake[…] to immediately silence any imbecile’s allegations, concerns and so on.” ", "He continues: “That is a media operation, you understand? ", "So they, […] the leading experts of earthquakes, they will say: it is normal, these are phenomena that often occur, it is better to have one hundred shocks of the 4th grade on the Richter scale rather than silence, because one hundred shocks release energy and so there will never be a shock that really hurts.”", "\n\nBertolaso now says he was repeating statements made about earthquakes in the past. “", "These types of statements have always been made in the 10 years that I have held this post. ", "But obviously, I didn’t make them, all those who participated in scientific seismic risk activities made them.”", "\n\nSeismologists contacted by New Scientist say the reasoning is incorrect. ", "Small tremors on a fault do not necessarily mean a large one is coming, but neither do they necessarily make a future large earthquake less likely.", "\n\nLater in the recording Bertolaso adds: “And also say that the meeting is organised not because we are scared and worried, but because we want to reassure the people. ", "And instead of you and me talking to the population, we make the top scientists in the field of seismology talk.”", "\n\nBartolaso denies telling the seismologists what to say. “", "The scientific committee is absolutely autonomous and independent,” he told New Scientist.", "\n\nAfter the tape emerged, Science reported that Bertolaso was also under investigation in relation to the l’Aquila earthquake. ", "However, he was not added to the then ongoing trial, and has not been charged.", "\n\nPolitical pressure\n\nA new wiretap recording was published last week, again by La Repubblica. ", "It features Bertolaso talking to Enzo Boschi, one of the convicted seismologists, on 9 April 2009 – three days after the quake. ", "In it he appears to order Boschi to conceal information.", "\n\nBertolaso says he has been asked about the risk of further shocks, and says: “This afternoon there will be a meeting of the Great Hazard Commission at the INGV [National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology]. ", "So I said that the meeting is aimed at this. ", "It is obvious that the truth about the situation cannot be told.” ", "Boschi told New Scientist that the meeting was to assess the likelihood that a nearby dam on Lake Campotosto could collapse. ", "Models determined there was no risk of this and the expert group decided there was no need to raise the alarm. ", "In the event, the dam held.", "\n\nIn the recording, Bertolaso later says: “At the end you’ll file a press release with the usual stuff that you can say on the subject, on the potential of a new one [earthquake], and you won’t mention the real reason for this meeting. ", "All right?”", "\n\nBoschi replies: “Probably there’s a bit of confusion, surely because of my fault. ", "The true reason for the meeting is understanding how the area will evolve.” ", "And later: “Yes, yes, don’t you worry. ", "I can assure you that our attitude is extremely cooperative.”", "\n\nContinuing fallout\n\nBoschi’s lawyer Marcello Melandri told New Scientist that the wiretap has been misunderstood. ", "When asked whether he thought Bertolaso should be charged, Melandri said that he should not be.", "\n\nThe fallout from the verdict continues. ", "Three senior members of Italy’s National Commission for the Forecast and Prevention of Major Risks, which is at the centre of the case, have resigned, saying it is now impossible to do their work." ]

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[ "libqti-perfd-client.so\nlibadsprpc.so\nlibcdsprpc.so\nlibsdsprpc.so\nlibfastcvopt.so\n#liblistenjni.so\n#liblistensoundmodel2.so\nlibOpenCL.so\n#libnpu.so\n" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nhow to check if NSString = a specific string value?", "\n\nHi I am woundering if you can check to see if a NSString equals a specific value say for instance a name of a person?", "\nI am thinking along the lines of\nif (mystring == @\"Johns\"){\n //do some stuff in here\n}\n\nA:\n\nif ([mystring isEqualToString:@\"Johns\"]){\n //do some stuff in here\n}\n\nA:\n\nHere is another method you might want to use in some circumstances:\nNSArray * validNames = @[ @\"foo\" , @\"bar\" , @\"bob\" ];\n\nif ([validNames indexOfObject:myString].location !", "= NSNotFound) \n{\n // The myString is one of the names in the valid names array\n}\n\nOr if you have a large amount of names in the array you could use a NSSet, since finding an object is faster than in an array ((O(Log N) vs O(N))\nNSSet * validNamesSet = [NSSet setWithArray:validNames];\n\nif ([validNamesSet containsObject:myString]) \n{\n // This is faster than indexOfObject for large sets\n}\n\nThese methods work because NSSet and NSArray use isEqual: which will call isEqualToString: for NSString instances.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Undetectable prostate-specific antigen in aging men.", "\nUndetectable prostate-specific antigen was found in three aging men despite the absence of any prostatic surgery or exogenous hormonal deprivation. ", "Clinical and elementary hormonal workup revealed the presence of secondary hypogonadism. ", "This finding confirms the hormonal dependency of this prostatic marker and may, in some cases, explain the discrepancy between prostatic volume and the value of serum prostate-specific antigen." ]

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[ "Haemodynamics and pulmonary wedge angiography findings in chronic bronchopulmonary disease.", "\nPulmonary wedge angiograms were compared with haemodynamic measurements at rest and during light exercise in 47 patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disease. ", "The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the angiograms. ", "In group I (26 patients) less than 50% of the angiograms were abnormal, whilst in group II (21 patients) more than 50% of angiograms were abnormal. ", "Pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were lower in group I than in group II and these differences became more marked during exercise. ", "The pulmonary wedge pressure increased significantly on exercise in group II. ", "Similarly, driving pressure in relation to cardiac output increased more from rest to exercise in group II than in group I. We conclude that wedge angiograms are one way to estimate the reduction in the pulmonary vascular bed." ]

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[ "Well, there are coaching classes for CAT..join the best one..there are also some tips for it..practice previous year's papers as many as possible..follow the guidelines given by your mentors...which will be helpful for you in the exam..there are other sources also to guide like T.I.M.E. Booklets, Groups on Social Networking Sites, test series of Olive Board, Bullseye & IMS...All The Best..You can do it..Be Positive..Keep enough time for revision..For more details visit www.way2college.com/articles/entrance-examination/checklist-\n\nKik is a website with free chat where you can talk wasy to others if you want to delete your kik account you only have to go to the kik deactivation website and there you will see the final steps to complete the process.", "\n\nCAT is basically for MBA entrance, if you want to clear CAT and want to take admission in best college then you really have to work hard for this. ", "You have to work on many sections like verbal, quant, logical reasoning , data interpretation. ", "And try to score as much as you can. ", "Many of my friends also appearing for CAT this time. ", "I am going through a website, hope it may help you regarding your study material or any other doubt. ", "You need not to worry about anything as whatever be your problem regarding this entrance I think you may solve your queries here. ", "For more details go through www.btechguru.com\n\nA cat scan is a test by radiation. ", "No prep except if doctor tells you not to eat or drink the night. ", "If over 60 you may have to have some blood work to check your kidney levels so the dye they add during the test can be regulated." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes not returning false in ruby equate to a !", "variable?", "\n\nIn my rails project I have the following method defined in a module:\n def self.create_response_backup\n response_backup = ResponseBackup.new(location_name: site.site_name, response_data: response_json)\n\n if !", "response_backup\n return response_backup.errors.full_messages.to_sentence\n end\n\n return response_backup\n end\n\nMy question is:\nIf I do, if create_response_backup ... else ... end should this method return anything but true - would it know to skip to the else part? ", "or, because it returns a value other then false, would it continue in the top part of the if statement?", "\nin other words should I do: if create_response_backup == true ... else ... end\n\nA:\n\nhttps://gist.github.com/jfarmer/2647362 gives a good overview of truthy and falsy values in Ruby. ", " Relative to your code above,\nreturn response_backup.errors.full_messages.to_sentence\n\nwould result in a non-nil string being returned, which would in turn evaluate to truthy.", "\nIf you had an if statement:\nif create_response_backup\n puts \"A\"\nelse\n puts \"B\"\nend\n\nI would expect your code above to only, ever, output A (except in the case where something in response_backup.errors.full_messages.to_sentence evaluted to nil and raised a nil value error)\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDisadvantages of having 2 children (1 year apart) in same school class\n\nI am wondering if it is good idea to have both of our children study together in primary school instead of being 1 year apart. ", "They have almost exactly 1 year difference so it assumes that the younger one would be admitted one year before the standard.", "\nWe can think of few advantages but I would like to know all the disadvantages of doing this?", "\n\nA:\n\nUnless there are special considerations that you neglected to mention, this sounds like a bad idea. ", "You're essentially making the younger sibling skip a grade with no good reason. ", "Furthermore, the younger sibling's work will be forevermore implicitly compared against the older sibling's work, no matter how hard you try to avoid making those judgements. ", "The two effects would combine to make an awkward situation, especially for the younger one, who has to live up to higher expectations despite a younger age.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Scientists are looking forward to individualized treatments for each patient\n\n01/11/2013 10:18\n\nPatients like those having cancer have their genetic variants for the disease and there is a trend now for scientists working with gene variants of the disease to look into individualized treatment of specific patients. ", "They have to focus on the patient's own specific genetic characteristics for the patient's individualized treatment." ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'Canonical principal parameters are introduced for surfaces in $\\mathbb R^3$ without umbilical points. ", "It is proved that in these parameters the surface is determined (up to position in space) by a pair of invariants satisfying a partial differential equation equivalent to the Gauss equation. ", "As such a pair of invariants we may use the principal curvatures or the Gauss and the mean curvature.'", "\naddress: 'Ognian Kassabov: University of Transport, Sofia, Bulgaria'\nauthor:\n- Ognian Kassabov\ntitle: Characterizing a surface by invariants\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nIntroduction {#intro}\n============\n\nAn important problem in differential geometry is to characterize a geometric object by its invariants. ", "For example, it is well known that any curve in $\\mathbb R^3$ is determined (up to position in space) by its curvature and torsion as functions of its natural parameter.", "\n\nFor the surfaces in $\\mathbb R^3$ the situation is more complicated. ", "According to the classical Bonnet’s theorem, a surface is determined (up to position in space) by six functions – the coefficients of the first and the second fundamental forms satisfying the equations of Gauss and Codazzi. ", "Of course the coefficients of the fundamental forms are not invariant functions, unlike the curvature and torson of a curve, although these coefficients rest unchanged in motions. ", "Nevertheless, the above Bonnet’s theorem helps us in studying the determination of a surface by invariants. ", "Note that some differential equations between the invariants of the surfaces arise in a natural way as a result of the equations of Gauss and Codazzi. ", "The so-called Lund-Regge problem here is to find the minimum possible invariants and relations between them that characterize a surface, see [@L-R], [@Sym]. ", "When trying to reduce the number of invariants and the compatibility conditions, it is common to search for special parameters, just as in the case of the curves and their natural parameters.", "\n\nAn important progress in this direction is made in [@G-M] – a work that actually inspired the present paper. ", "Namely in [@G-M] it is proved that a regular surface is determined (up to position in space) by four invariants – the principal curvatures $\\nu_1$, $\\nu_2$ and the geodesic curvatures $\\gamma_1$, $\\gamma_2$ of the principal lines. ", "These invariants satisfy three partial differential equations equivalent to the Gauss and Codazzi equations. ", "In particular, for the class of Weingarten surfaces the authors introduce some special parameters that they call [*geometric*]{} and they prove that in these parameters the surface is determined by only one invariant function and two other functions. ", "These three functions are closely related to the principal curvatures and are subjects to a single partial differential equation equivalent to the Gauss equation.", "\n\nIn this paper, we introduce canonical parameters for any surface in $\\mathbb R^3$ without umbilical points and we prove that in these parameters the surface is locally determined up to position in space by just two invariant functions related by just one partial differential equation equivalent to the Gauss equation. ", "These two invariant functions are the principal curvatures or the Gauss curvature and the mean curvature. ", "It is clear that the surface cannot be determined by just one of these invariant functions – for example there exist many surfaces with the same constant Gauss or mean curvature. ", "So it appears that our results solve the Lund-Regge problem for surfaces without umbilical points.", "\n\nFor similar investigations about surfaces in some upper dimensional spaces of constant curvature $c$, we mention [@T-G], where some special isothermal parameters are used in the case of minimal non-superconformal surfaces in $\\mathbb Q_c^4$ and it is proved that the surface is determined by the Gauss curvature and the normal curvature, which satisfy a system of two partial differential equations; see also [@G-K].", "\n\nPreliminaries {#sec:1}\n=============\n\nLet a regular surface in $\\mathbb R^3$ be given by the parametric equation $\\ S \\ : \\ x=x(u,v) .\\ $ We denote by $E$, $F$, $G$, resp. ", "$L$, $M$, $N$ the coefficients of the first, resp. ", "the second fundamental form. ", "A point of $S$ is called [*umbilical*]{} if the two fundamental forms are proportional at that point. ", "The Gauss curvature $K$ and the mean curvature $H$ of $S$, which are the most important invariants of the surface, are expressed with these coefficients respectively by $$K=\\frac{LN-M^2}{EG-F^2} \\qquad\\qquad H=\\frac{EN-2FM+GL}{2(EG-F^2)} \\ .$$ Moreover the coefficients of the two fundamental forms satisfy the equation of Gauss $$K=\n -\\frac1{2W}\\left\\{ \\left(\\frac{E_v-F_u}W\\right)_v + \\left(\\frac{G_u-F_v}W\\right)_u \\right\\}\n -\\frac1{4W^4}\n \\left|\\begin{array}{ccc}\n E & F & G \\\\\n E_u & F_u & G_u \\\\\n E_v & F_v & G_v\n \\end{array}\\right|$$ and the equations of Codazzi $$2W^2(L_v-M_u)=(EN-2FM+GL)(E_v-F_u) + \n \\left|\\begin{array}{ccc}\n E & F & G \\\\\n L & M & N \\\\\n E_u & F_u & G_u \n \\end{array}\\right|\n \\ ,$$ $$2W^2(M_v-N_u)=(EN-2FM+GL)(F_v-G_u) + \n \\left|\\begin{array}{ccc}\n E & F & G \\\\\n L & M & N \\\\\n E_v & F_v & G_v \n \\end{array}\\right|\n \\ ,$$ where $W=\\sqrt{EG-F^2}$. The classical theorem of Bonnet [@Bonnet] states that conversely, given six functions $E$, $F$, $G$, $L$, $M$, $N$ ($E>0$, $EG-F^2>0$) that satisfy these equations, then locally there exists a unique (up to position in space) surface, having $E$, $F$, $G$ as coefficients of the first fundamental form and $L$, $M$, $N$ as coefficients of the second fundamental form; see also e.g. [@doCarmo], p. 236.", "\n\nSuppose a curve $c$ on $S$ be defined by $$c\\ :\\ \\ u=u(s)\\ ,\\ \\ v=v(s) \\ ,$$ where $s$ is the natural parameter of $c$. Then the Frenet formulas are $$\\begin{array}{l}\n t'=\\gamma p+\\nu l \\\\\n p'=-\\gamma t+\\alpha l \\\\\n l'=-\\nu t-\\alpha p \n \\end{array}$$ where $t$ is the unit tangent vector field of $c$, $l$ is the unit normal vector field of $S$ and $p=l\\times t$. The functions $\\gamma$, $\\nu$, $\\alpha$ are respectively the geodesic curvature, the normal curvature and the geodesic torsion of $c$ on $S$, respectively. ", "The normal curvature of $c$ is given by $$\\nu=\\frac{L\\dot u^2+2M\\dot u\\,\\dot v+N\\dot v^2}{E\\dot u^2+2F\\dot u\\,\\dot v+G\\dot v^2} \\ .$$ Actually at each point of $c$ the normal curvature $\\nu$ depends not on the curve itself, but on the direction of its tangent vector at that point, so we can speak about normal curvature of a direction in any point. ", "The maximal and the minimal values of the normal curvatures at a point are called [*principal curvatures*]{} and the corresponding directions and vectors – [*principal directions*]{} and [*principal vectors*]{}. ", "A curve on $S$ is called [*principal*]{} if its tangent vector is principal at any point. ", "When the surface has no umbilical points, the parameters $(u,v)$ can be chosen such that the parametric lines are principal. ", "Then the parameters $(u,v)$ of $S$ are called [*principal*]{}. ", "In terms of the coefficients of the fundamental forms this means that $F=M=0$ on $S$. In this case the geodesic torsions of the parametric lines vanish identically. ", "On the other hand, the geodesic curvatures of the parametric lines are $$\\label{eq:2.1}\n \\gamma_1=-\\frac{E_v}{2E\\sqrt G} \n \\ , \\qquad\n \\gamma_2=\\frac{G_u}{2G\\sqrt E} \\ .$$\n\nLet $\\nu_1$ and $\\nu_2$ be the principal curvatures of $S$. Then the classical definition of the Gauss curvature and the mean curvature becomes $$\\label{eq:2.2}\n K=\\nu_1\\nu_2\\ , \\hspace {2cm} H=\\frac12 (\\nu_1+\\nu_2) \\ .$$\n\nDetermining non-umbilical surfaces {#sec:2}\n==================================\n\nSuppose that $S$ has no umbilical points and the parametric lines are principal, i.e. $F=M=0$ on $S$. Then the equation of Gauss is $$\\label{eq:GaussEq}\n K=\\nu_1\\nu_2=\n -\\frac1{2\\sqrt{EG}}\\left\\{ \\left(\\frac{E_v}{\\sqrt{EG}}\\right)_v +\n \\left(\\frac{G_u}{\\sqrt{EG}}\\right)_u \\right\\}$$ and the equations of Codazzi take the form $$2EGL_v=(EN+GL)E_v \\ , \\qquad 2EGN_u=(EN+GL)G_u \\ .$$\n\nOn the other hand, the principal curvatures $\\nu_1$, $\\nu_2$ are given by $$\\label{eq:3.2}\n \\nu_1=\\frac LE\\ , \\qquad \\nu_2=\\frac NG \\ .$$ Since the surface has no umbilical points, the difference $\\nu_1-\\nu_2$ cannot vanish. ", "Hence it is easy to see that the equations of Codazzi may be written as $$\\label{eq:CodazziEqForNu}\n \\frac{E_v}{2E}=-\\frac{(\\nu_1)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2} \\ , \\qquad \\qquad \\frac{G_u}{2G}=\\frac{(\\nu_2)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2} \\ .$$ Let us fix a point $(u_0,v_0)$. The last equations imply that there exist two functions $\\varphi_1(u)$ and $\\varphi_2(v)$, such that $$\\sqrt E=\\varphi_1(u)e^{-{\\displaystyle}\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_1)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}dv} \\ , \\qquad \\qquad \n \\sqrt G=\\varphi_2(v)e^{{\\displaystyle}\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_2)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}du} \\ .$$ In other words, for any functions $\\phi_1(u)$, $\\phi_2(v)$, the function $$\\phi_1(u)\\sqrt E\\,e^{{\\displaystyle}\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_1)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}dv}$$ does not depend on $v$ and the function $$\\phi_2(v)\\sqrt G\\,e^{-{\\displaystyle}\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_2)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}du}$$ does not depend on $u$. Now we introduce new parameters $(\\bar u,\\bar v)$ by the formulas $$\\begin{array}{l}\n {\\displaystyle}\\overline u=\\frac1{\\sqrt{E(u_0,v_0)}}\\int_{u_0}^u \\sqrt E\\, e^{{\\displaystyle}\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_1)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}dv +\n \\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_1)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}(u,v_0)du } du + \\overline u_0\\ , \\\\\n {\\displaystyle}\\overline v=\\frac1{\\sqrt{G(u_0,v_0)}}\\int_{v_0}^v \\sqrt G\\,e^{-{\\displaystyle}\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_2)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}du -\n \\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_2)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}(u_0,v)dv}dv +\\overline v_0\\ .", "\n \\end{array}$$ for some constants $\\overline u_0$, $\\overline v_0$. The parameters $(\\overline u,\\overline v)$ are also principal. ", "Moreover we have $$\\label{eq:canon}\n \\begin{array}{l}\n {\\displaystyle}\\frac{\\sqrt{\\overline E}}{\\sqrt{\\overline E(\\overline u_0,\\overline v_0)}}\\,e^{{\\displaystyle}\\int_{\\overline v_0}^{\\overline v}\\frac{(\\overline \\nu_1)_{\\overline v}}{\\overline \\nu_1-\\overline \\nu_2}d\\overline v+\n \\int_{\\overline u_0}^{\\overline u}\\frac{(\\overline \\nu_1)_{\\overline u}}{\\overline \\nu_1-\\overline \\nu_2}(\\overline u,\\overline v_0)d\\overline u}=1 \\\\ \n {\\displaystyle}\\frac{\\sqrt{\\overline G}}{\\sqrt{\\overline G(\\overline u_0,\\overline v_0)}}\\,e^{{\\displaystyle}-\\int_{\\overline u_0}^{\\overline u}\\frac{(\\overline \\nu_2)_{\\overline u}}{\\overline \\nu_1-\\overline \\nu_2}d\\overline u-\n \\int_{\\overline v_0}^{\\overline v}\\frac{(\\overline \\nu_2)_{\\overline v}}{\\overline \\nu_1-\\overline \\nu_2}(\\overline u_0,\\overline v)d\\overline v} =1\n \\end{array} \\ .$$ We shall call [*canonical principal parameters*]{} any principal parameters $(\\overline u,\\overline v)$ satisfying (\\[eq:canon\\]) for certain constants $(\\overline u_0, \\overline v_0)$.\n\nWe can see by a straightforward check that if $(u,v)$ are also canonical principal parameters, then $$\\begin{array}{l}\n \\overline u=\\lambda\\, u +c_1 \\\\\n \\overline v=\\mu\\, v+c_2 \n \\end{array}\n \\qquad\\qquad {\\rm or} \\qquad\\qquad\n \\begin{array}{l}\n \\overline u=\\lambda\\, v +c_1 \\\\\n \\overline v=\\mu\\, u+c_2 \n \\end{array}$$ for some constants $\\lambda$, $\\mu$, $c_1$, $c_2$ ($\\lambda\\ne 0$, $\\mu\\ne 0$). ", "More precisely, if $\\overline u_0=\\overline u(u_0)$, $\\overline v_0=\\overline v(v_0)$, then $$\\begin{array}{l}\n (\\overline u-\\overline u_0) \\sqrt{\\overline E(\\overline u_0,\\overline v_0)}=(u-u_0) \\sqrt{E(u_0,v_0)} \\\\\n (\\overline v-\\overline v_0) \\sqrt{\\overline G(\\overline u_0,\\overline v_0)}=(v-v_0) \\sqrt{G(u_0,v_0)} \n \\end{array}\\ .$$\n\nIn the following we assume that the surface is parametrized with canonical principal parameters $(u,v)$. Then the coefficients $E$ and $G$ of the first fundamental form satisfy\n\n$$\\label{eq:3.3}\n \\begin{array}{l}\n E=a\\,e^{-{\\displaystyle}2\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_1)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}dv-2\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_1)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}(u,v_0)du} \\\\ \n G=b\\,e^{{\\displaystyle}2\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_2)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}du+2\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_2)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}(u_0,v)dv} \n \\end{array} \\ ,$$\n\nwhere $a=E(u_0,v_0)$, $b=G(u_0,v_0)$. In this case the Gauss equation (\\[eq:GaussEq\\]) can be written in the following equivalent form\n\n$$\\label{eq:NewGaussEq}\n \\nu_1 \\nu_2\\Psi_1\\Psi_2=\\frac1b\\left( \\frac{(\\nu_1)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}\\, \\frac{\\Psi_1}{\\Psi_2}\\right)_v \n - \\frac1a\\left(\\frac{(\\nu_2)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}\\, \\frac{\\Psi_2}{\\Psi_1}\\right)_u$$\n\nwhere the functions $\\Psi_1$ and $\\Psi_2$ are defined by $$\\label{eq:Psi1Psi2}\n \\begin{array}{l}\n \\Psi_1=\\,e^{-{\\displaystyle}\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_1)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}dv-\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_1)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}(u,v_0)du} \\\\ \n \\Psi_2=\\,e^{{\\displaystyle}\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{(\\nu_2)_u}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}du+\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{(\\nu_2)_v}{\\nu_1-\\nu_2}(u_0,v)dv} \n \\end{array} \\ .$$\n\nConversely, consider two differentiable functions $\\nu_1$, $\\nu_2$ that satisfy the equation (\\[eq:NewGaussEq\\]) for some positive constants $a$, $b$, the functions $\\Psi_i$ being defined by (\\[eq:Psi1Psi2\\]) (of course we suppose that the difference $\\nu_1-\\nu_2$ never vanishes). ", "With these functions $\\nu_1$, $\\nu_2$ we define $E$ and $G$ by (\\[eq:3.3\\]) and after that $L$ and $N$ by (\\[eq:3.2\\]). ", "Then using the theorem of Bonnet we obtain:\n\n\\[T:MainTheorem1\\] Let $a$ and $b$ be positive constants and two differentiable functions $\\nu_1(u,v) $, $\\nu_2 (u,v) $ be given. ", "Define $\\Psi_1$, $\\Psi_2$ by (\\[eq:Psi1Psi2\\]) and suppose that (\\[eq:NewGaussEq\\]) is satisfied. ", "Then locally there exists a unique (up to position in space) surface $S$, such that $\\nu_1$ and $\\nu_2$ are the principal curvatures of $S$ in canonical principal parameters. ", "For this surface $E(u_0,v_0)=a$, $G(u_0,v_0)=b$.\n\nNote that the integrability condition (\\[eq:NewGaussEq\\]) (which is a form of the Gauss equation) is expressed only by the two invariants $\\nu_1$ and $\\nu_2$ – the principal curvature functions of the surface in canonical principal parameters.", "\n\nNote also that the above theorem and the Gauss integrability equation (\\[eq:NewGaussEq\\]) can be put in a different form in terms of the Gauss curvature and the normal curvature instead of the principal curvatures $\\nu_1$, $\\nu_2$. Indeed according to (\\[eq:2.2\\]) we have (up to numeration) $$\\nu_1=H+\\sqrt{H^2-K}\\ , \\hspace{2cm} \\nu_2=H-\\sqrt{H^2-K}\\ .$$ In this case the condition that $\\nu_1-\\nu_2$ never vanishes is replaced by the condition that $H^2-K$ never vanishes. ", "As a result, the surface is determined up to position in space by its Gauss and mean curvature. ", "More precisely, we obtain\n\n\\[T:MainTheorem2\\] Let $K(u,v)$, $H(u,v)$ be differentiable functions such that the equation $${\\displaystyle}\\frac{2K}{\\sqrt{H^2-K}}\\, \\Phi_1\\Phi_2 \n ={\\displaystyle}\\frac 1b \\left(\\frac{\\Phi_1}{\\Phi_2}\\,\\frac{\\Big(H+\\sqrt{H^2-K}\\Big)_v}{\\sqrt{H^2-K}} \\right)_v\n - {\\displaystyle}\\frac 1a\\left(\\frac{\\Phi_2}{\\Phi_1}\\,\\frac{\\Big(H-\\sqrt{H^2-K}\\Big)_u}{\\sqrt{H^2-K}} \\right)_u$$ where $$\\begin{array}{l}\n \\Phi_1=\\,e^{-{\\displaystyle}\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{H_v}{2\\sqrt{H^2-K}}dv- \\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{H_u}{2\\sqrt{H^2-K}}(u,v_0)du} \\\\ \n \\Phi_2=\\,e^{{\\displaystyle}\\int_{u_0}^u\\frac{H_u}{2\\sqrt{H^2-K}}du+\\int_{v_0}^v\\frac{H_v}{2\\sqrt{H^2-K}}(u_0,v)dv} \n \\end{array}$$ is satisfied for some positive constants $a$, $b$. Then locally there exists a unique (up to position in space) surface, such that $K$ and $H$ are respectively its Gauss curvature and mean curvature in canonical principal parameters. ", "For this surface $\\big(E\\sqrt{(H^2-K)}\\,\\big)(u_0,v_0)=a$, $\\big(G\\sqrt{(H^2-K)}\\,\\big)(u_0,v_0)=b$.\n\nHaving two functions $\\nu_1$, $\\nu_2$ satisfying the conditions of Theorem \\[T:MainTheorem1\\] (or, what is the same, two functions $K$, $H$ satisfying the conditions of Theorem \\[T:MainTheorem2\\]), we determine the coefficients $E$, $G$ of the first fundamental form of the induced surface $S$ by (\\[eq:3.3\\]). ", "Now we can find the geodesic curvatures $\\gamma_1$, $\\gamma_2$ of the principal lines of the surface using (\\[eq:2.1\\]). ", "A geometric method to construct the surface with invariants $\\nu_1$, $\\nu_2$, $\\gamma_1$, $\\gamma_2$ is obtained in [@G-M].", "\n\nParticular cases {#sec:3}\n================\n\nThe surface $S\\ :\\ x=x(u,v),\\ (u,v)\\in D$ is called [*strongly regular Weingarten surface*]{} if $$\\big(\\nu_1(u,v)-\\nu_2(u,v)\\big) \\gamma_1(u,v)\\gamma_2(u,v) \\ne 0, \\qquad (u,v)\\in D$$ and there exist two differentiable functions $f(t)$, $g(t)$ defined on an interval $I$ and a function $\\nu(u,v)$, defined on $D$, such that $$\\label{eq:4.1}\n f(t)-g(t)>0\\,, \\qquad f'(t)g'(t) \\ne 0 \\,, \\ \\ t\\in I\\,,$$ $$\\label{eq:4.2}\n \\nu_u(u,v)\\nu_v(u,v)\\ne 0, \\ \\ (u,v)\\in D \\ .$$ $$\\label{eq:4.3}\n \\nu_1=f(\\nu)\\,, \\quad \\nu_2=g(\\nu)\\,.$$ Theorem \\[T:MainTheorem1\\] implies that given three functions $f(t)$, $g(t)$, $\\nu(u,v)$ with the properties (\\[eq:4.1\\]), (\\[eq:4.2\\]) and satisfying the equation $$\\label{eq:4.4}\n \\begin{array}{rcl}\n {\\displaystyle}A\\, \\left\\{ f'\\nu_{vv}+\\left(f''-\\frac{2f'^2}{f-g}\\right) \\nu_v^2 \\right\\}\n e^{{\\displaystyle}2\\int_{\\nu_0}^{\\nu} \\frac{g'dt}{g-f} } & & \\\\\n -{\\displaystyle}B\\, \\left\\{ g'\\nu_{uu}+\\left(g''+\\frac{2g'^2}{f-g}\\right) \\nu_u^2 \\right\\}\n e^{{\\displaystyle}2\\int_{\\nu_0}^{\\nu} \\frac{f'dt}{f-g} } & = & fg(f-g) \n \\end{array}$$ for two positive constants $A$, $B$ and $\\nu_0=\\nu(u_0,v_0)$ for $(u_0,v_0) \\in D$, then there exists a unique (up to position in space) Weingarten surface $S$ with principal curvatures in canonical principal parameters given by (\\[eq:4.3\\]). ", "This is one of the main results in [@G-M]. ", "Note that in this case our canonical principal parameters coincide with the geometric principal parameters, defined in [@G-M].", "\n\nFor the form of the Gauss equation (\\[eq:4.4\\]) for some important subclasses of Wiengarten surfaces, e.g. surfaces of constant mean curvature, see [@G-M].", "\n\nIt is more interesting to consider the surfaces of constant mean curvature $H$ by another point of view. ", "Namely, according to Theorem \\[T:MainTheorem2\\] such a surface is uniquely determined by its Gauss curvature. ", "More precisely Theorem \\[T:MainTheorem2\\] (with $a=b=1$) implies that for a real number $H$ and a differentiable function $K$ satisfying $K<H^2$ and the differential equation $${\\displaystyle}\\Delta(\\log(H^2-K))= \\frac{4K}{\\sqrt{H^2-K}}\n \\,,$$ where $\\Delta$ is the Laplace operator, there exists a unique (up to position) surface with Gauss curvature $K$ and constant mean curvature $H$.\n\nIn particular, for minimal surfaces $(H=0)$ this equation reduces to $${\\displaystyle}\\Delta\\big(\\log\\sqrt{-K}\\big)+2 \\sqrt{-K}=0$$ or, if $\\nu=\\sqrt{-K}$ is the positive principal curvature, $$\\label{eq:4.5}\n \\Delta(\\log\\nu)+ 2\\nu=0 \\,.$$ According to (\\[eq:3.3\\]), in this case $E=G$ and since $F=0$, the canonical principal parameters $(u,v)$ are isothermal. ", "When we consider minimal surfaces, it is very common to use complex coordinates; in real coordinates this gives isothermal parameters. ", "A method to obtain canonical principal parameters for a minimal surface from arbitrary isothermal ones is found in [@OK]. ", "In [@Ganchev] the equation (\\[eq:4.5\\]) is named [*natural partial differential equation of minimal surfaces*]{}.", "\n\nThe flat surfaces, i.e. the surfaces with vanishing Gauss curvature $K$, are well studied – they are general cylinders, general cones and tangent developable surfaces. ", "When the surface has no umbilical points (for example for a tangent developable surface the torsion of the directrix must not vanish) the mean curvature $H $ can not vanish. ", "It follows from Theorem \\[T:MainTheorem2\\] that these surfaces are characterized by $$\\left(\\frac{1}{H}\\right)_{vv}=0\n \\qquad {\\rm or} \\qquad {\\displaystyle}H=\\frac1{f(u)v+g(u)}$$ in canonical principal parameters for some functions $f(u)$, $g(u)$.\n\nBonnet O.: Mémoire sur la théorie des surfaces applicables sur une surface donnée. ", "J. École Polytechnique, [**42**]{}, 31-151 (1867)\n\ndo Carmo M.: Differential geometry of curves and surfaces. ", "Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (1976)\n\nG. Ganchev: [*Canonical Weierstrass representation of minimal surfaces in Euclidean space.*]{} ", "To appear. ", "Available as arXiv:0802.2374.", "\n\nGanchev G., Kanchev K.: Explicit solving of the system of natural PDS’s of minimal surfaces in the four dimensional Euclidean space. ", "C. R. Acad. ", "bulg. ", "Sci., [**", "67**]{}, 623-628 (2014)\n\nGanchev G., Mihova V.: On invariant theory of Weingarten surfaces in Euclidean space. ", "J. Phys. ", "A: Math. ", "Theor. [**", "43**]{} 405210, 27 p. (2010)\n\nKassabov O.: Transition to Canonical Principal Parameters On Minimal Surfaces. ", "Comput. ", "Aided Geom. ", "Design, [**31**]{}, 441-450 (2014)\n\nLund F., Regge T.: Unified approach to strings and vortices with soliton solutions. ", "Phys. ", "Rev. D, [**14**]{}, 1524-1535 (1976)\n\nSym A.: Soliton surfaces and their applications (soliton geometry from spectral problems). ", "Geometric Aspects of the Einstein Equations and Integrable Systems. ", "Lecture Notes in Physics, [**239**]{}, 154-231 (1985)\n\nTribuzy R. A., Guadelupe I. V.: Minimal immersions into 4-dimensional space forms. ", "Rend. ", "Sem. ", "Mat. ", "Univ. ", "Padova, [**73**]{}, 1-13 (1985)\n\n[^1]: 2010 [*Mathematics Subject Classification*]{}: 53A05\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnderstanding Core Data saving\n\nI'm following this Core Data tutorial and one thing is confusing me. ", "Let's say I do:\nNSManagedObjectContext *context = [self managedObjectContext];\nNSManagedObject *failedBankInfo = [NSEntityDescription\n insertNewObjectForEntityForName:@\"FailedBankInfo\" \n inManagedObjectContext:context];\n[failedBankInfo setValue:@\"Test Bank\" forKey:@\"name\"];\n[failedBankInfo setValue:@\"Testville\" forKey:@\"city\"];\n[failedBankInfo setValue:@\"Testland\" forKey:@\"state\"];\nNSManagedObject *failedBankDetails = [NSEntityDescription\n insertNewObjectForEntityForName:@\"FailedBankDetails\" \n inManagedObjectContext:context];\n\nNSError *error;\nif (![", "context save:&error]) {\n NSLog(@\"Whoops, couldn't save: %@\", [error localizedDescription]);\n}\n\nI've read that CoreData is not actually intended for storing data, but for managing it, and the backing store of CoreData is SQLite. ", "So what happens to this data that I've added above when the app session terminates? ", "Does the data automatically get saved to some SQLite file anytime I run code like the above? ", "Or is Core Data empty every time I start the app, unless I follow some specific actions that fill it up?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe save: method on NSManagedObjectContext commits unsaved changes to the persistent store. ", " (By the way, the persistent store type may be sqlite; but the are other persistent store types as well.) ", " In the example code, the changes you make are persisted to the persistent store.", "\nCore Data is a object persistence framework - so in that sense it does save data. ", " It persists the object graph encapsulated in the managed object model.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Former Breitbart Senior Editor MILO published a video and press release Monday condemning UC Berkeley for allegedly attempting to shut down the upcoming Free Speech Week.", "\n\nFormer Breitbart Senior Editor MILO posted a video to YouTube Monday disputing a claim that the student group organising the upcoming Free Speech Week had failed to file the appropriate paperwork for the event by a given deadline. ", "MILO claims a number of emails and documents prove that the Berkely Patriot group did, in fact, contact the college multiple times but were “stonewalled,” regularly receiving no response whatsoever from the university.", "\n\nA press release from MILO Inc. states the Berkeley Patriot group worked for months to ensure that all necessary permits, permissions, and venue reservations had been obtained. ", "This included reservations in the Upper Sproul, Lower Sproul, Anna Head Hall, Wheeler Hall, and the Zellerbach Auditorium. ", "MILO declared all paperwork was filed by the required deadline and MILO Inc. paid the required $65,758.76 for the event to arrive at 8AM EST Monday, but the university has yet to confirm if they will grant access to Wheeler Hall and Zellerbach Auditorium." ]

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[ "Hillestad Church\n\nHillestad kirke is a church from 1724 in Holmestrand municipality, Vestfold county. ", "The building is made of wood, and has 150 seats. ", "The church's graveyard is registered with DIS-Norge.", "\n\nExternal links \n Hillestad church Church search\n Hillestad Kirke at vf.DISNorge.no\n Brochure at www.Kirken.no/Tunsberg (2 page .pdf file).", "\n\nCategory:Churches in Vestfold\nCategory:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1724\nCategory:1724 in Norway\nCategory:Holmestrand" ]

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[ "Primary amyloidosis of the bladder treated with partial cystectomy.", "\nA 56-year-old man presented with a 1-year history of intermittent gross, painless hematuria. ", "Extensive evaluation revealed primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. ", "Despite several endoscopic resections and fulgurations, the patient continued to have episodes of significant hematuria due to recurrent amyloid deposition. ", "He was then successfully treated with partial cystectomy. ", "At 60 months following surgery, the patient remains free of recurrent or systemic disease." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRing of Cauchy sequences.", "\n\nLes $R$ be the ring of cauchy sequences in the field $\\mathbb{R}$ of real numbers and $I=\\{(x_n):(x_n) \\rightarrow 0 \\}$ be a subset of $R$. Then which of the following is correct:\n$(1)$ For every real number $a$ their exists a $(x_n)$ in $R$ such that $x_n\\rightarrow a$.\n$(2)$ $I$ is prime ideal.", "\n$(3)$ $I$ is maximal ideal.", "\n$(4)$ $I$ is prime but not maximal.", "\n$(5)$ $I$ is principal ideal.", "\n$(6)$ Every real number has a unique representation in $R/I$.\nI can see that for $a\\in \\mathbb{R}$ we have a sequence $(x_n)=(a,a,a,\\ldots)$ such that $(x_n)\\rightarrow a$. And if $x_n y_n\\rightarrow 0$ then at least one of $x_n$ or $y_n$ must converse to $0$, so $I$ is prime ideal. ", "But I am not able do anything for the rest options. ", "Please help me\n\nA:\n\nQuestions (1) - (4) and (6) are addressed in the comment.", "\nFor (5), we can show it is false by contradiction. ", "Suppose that $t = (t_n)$ is a generator of this ideal. ", "Note that no $t_n$ can be zero (otherwise no element with a non-zero entry in that spot could be a multiple of $t$). ", "\nDefine $s = (t_n / n)$. Since $t$ is a generator, one has\n$$\nt = s\\alpha\n$$\nfor some $\\alpha$. We compute $\\alpha_n = n$ and therefore $\\alpha$ is not a Cauchy sequence, a contradiction. ", "\n(We could probably word this in a less sloppy way to avoid proof by contradiction; the point is that nothing can be a generator because we can construct something such that the quotient isn't Cauchy.)", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-ijms-20-04379}\n===============\n\nThe recent re-definition of cell death from Type I (programmed cell death by apoptosis), Type II (autophagic cell death), and Type III (programmed necrosis) to programmed cell death (PCD, homeostatic and embryonic), accidental cell death (ACD, oncosis), and regulated cell death (RCD), which includes apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, parthanatos or hyper-activation of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) caused by an excessive DNA damage response (DDR, e.g., by pH2AX phospho H2AX histone) has been advantageous in understanding the complexity of cell death. ", "RIP1- (Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1) dependent apoptosis or RIP1/RIP3/caspase-3 cells not being included highlights that the cell death nomenclature should be reviewed on a regular basis \\[[@B1-ijms-20-04379],[@B2-ijms-20-04379],[@B3-ijms-20-04379],[@B4-ijms-20-04379],[@B5-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "Programmed or regulated necrosis now includes necroptosis and parthanatos, amongst other forms of reported programmed cell death. ", "However, necrosis is also the term commonly used to indicate the presence of dead cells that have lost plasma membrane integrity by any cell death pathway, but is strictly a reference to the degradation of the cell contents and plasma membrane after death \\[[@B6-ijms-20-04379],[@B7-ijms-20-04379],[@B8-ijms-20-04379],[@B9-ijms-20-04379],[@B10-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "The term oncosis or ACD is a better description of cell death induced by mechanical, chemical, and environmental factors that cause a rapid decrease in intracellular ATP leading to the deactivation of Na^+^ and K^+^-ATPase, resulting in an influx of Na^+^, Cl^--^, and Ca^2+^ ions. ", "The cell then undergoes osmosis and swelling with a bursting of cell organelles and the plasma membrane \\[[@B11-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2), located in the inner mitochondrial membrane where protons are pumped by UCP-2 into the mitochondrial matrix or the intermembrane space, which then regulates ATP and superoxide production is modestly up-regulated by oncosis, resulting in a rapid depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, which has been measured by flow cytometry \\[[@B12-ijms-20-04379],[@B13-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "The signal pathways involved in oncosis are under studied, so little information is known about these mechanisms compared to the knowledge of pathways in RCD \\[[@B1-ijms-20-04379],[@B2-ijms-20-04379],[@B6-ijms-20-04379]\\].", "\n\nIn contrast to oncosis, classic apoptosis is caspase-3 dependent and these cells form blebs on the surface of the plasma membrane with a gradual loss in mitochondrial membrane potential and hence a gradual lowering of intracellular ATP. ", "The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of cytochrome *c* from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm results in activation of caspases and generation of apoptosomes and DNA fragmentation, accompanied with cell shrinkage and the formation of apoptotic bodies \\[[@B1-ijms-20-04379],[@B2-ijms-20-04379],[@B8-ijms-20-04379],[@B14-ijms-20-04379]\\].", "\n\nUntil recently, necrotic or oncotic cells were measured via flow cytometry using the Annexin V assay in which such cells are gated as cell viability^+ve^/AnnexinV^--ve^ and numerous researchers have attempted to understand this dead cell population with varying success \\[[@B13-ijms-20-04379],[@B15-ijms-20-04379],[@B16-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "In our laboratory, mitochondrial and plasma membrane dysfunction were detected by the multiplexing of mitochondrial and plasma membrane probes into the Annexin V assay, leading to a better understanding of the biological processes occurring in this oncotic population \\[[@B13-ijms-20-04379],[@B15-ijms-20-04379],[@B16-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "The recent development of a polychromatic flow cytometric assay in this laboratory, which identifies most RCDs simultaneously and demonstrates pathways affected by use of pan-caspase and RIP1 protein blockers zVAD and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), led us to re-investigate oncotic cell death for potential pathways by comparison with apoptosis. ", "The markers measured by flow cytometry included a fixable cell viability marker, activated caspase-3 (apoptosis), up-regulated RIP3 (necroptosis, or resting when not), pH2AX (DDR), cleaved PARP (apoptosis), parthanatos, or hyper-activation of cleaved PARP (pH2AX/cleaved PARP; [Table 1](#ijms-20-04379-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Figure S1](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Potential modulation of the oncotic response to sodium azide was further investigated by the use of zVAD and necrostatin-1 to evaluate if the oncotic signalling pathways can be modified by these inhibitors before the cell loses plasma membrane permeability and the cell undergoes oncosis \\[[@B3-ijms-20-04379],[@B4-ijms-20-04379],[@B13-ijms-20-04379],[@B17-ijms-20-04379],[@B18-ijms-20-04379],[@B19-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "This approach may indicate the nature of the oncotic cell phenotype and highlight potential mechanisms that can modify the oncotic cellular response and the ACD connection to RCD processes. ", "This may increase the potential for the use of therapeutic drugs to target the ACD process in the treatment of cancer.", "\n\n2. ", "Results {#sec2-ijms-20-04379}\n==========\n\n2.1. ", "Induction of Oncosis {#sec2dot1-ijms-20-04379}\n-------------------------\n\nNaN~3~ induced early apoptosis (28%, [Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, lower right quadrant) and lower levels of late apoptotic (13%, [Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, upper right quadrant) and oncotic cells (17%, [Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, upper left quadrant) compared with untreated cells after 24 h ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B, see Materials and Methods section for details of cell phenotype and gating strategy, [Table 1](#ijms-20-04379-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Figure S1](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "A lower incidence of live resting cells was observed (RIP3^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^, 44%, [Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, upper left quadrant) but with more early apoptosis after treatment (RIP3^--ve^/caspase-3^+ve^, 25%, [Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,C, lower right quadrant). ", "Dead cells arising from NaN~3~ treatment showed less late apoptosis (25%, [Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}D, lower right quadrant) than untreated cells ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\nThe oncotic cells resulting from NaN~3~ treatment were mainly double negative (55%) for RIP3 and caspase-3 expression (dead resting oncotic cells, \\<10% caspase-3^--ve^/RIP3^+ve^, [Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}D).", "\n\nAfter NaN~3~ treatment, the two live and dead apoptotic populations showed increased levels of pH2AX hyper-activation of cleaved PARP and a lower degree of apoptosis via cleaved PARP and DDR than untreated cells ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C, [Figure S1A,B,E,F,I,J,M,N](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Whereas late apoptotic cells showed increased DDR ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, [Figure S2B,E,M,J](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "The dead resting oncotic cells (Zombie^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/RIP3^+ve^) were, 31% negative for both H2AX and PARP, whereas the dead oncotic DN (Zombie^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/RIP3^--ve^) cells were 57% negative for both markers ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C, [Figure S2O,P](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "The live and dead DN populations showed increased levels of parthanatos and DDR ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C, [Figure S2D,H,L,P](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}).", "\n\n2.2. ", "Induction of Apoptosis {#sec2dot2-ijms-20-04379}\n---------------------------\n\nInduction of apoptosis with Etop showed an increase in early and late apoptosis as well as oncotic cells compared with untreated cells ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,F). ", "Live and early apoptotic cells showed increased levels of both types of apoptosis and the DN cells, whereas dead cells showed no such change ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B and [Figure 4](#ijms-20-04379-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B).", "\n\nEarly and late apoptotic cells after Etop treatment showed increased pH2AX hyper-activation of cleaved PARP with a decrease in apoptosis via cleaved PARP compared with untreated cells ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B and [Figure S2Q,U](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Live RIP1-dependent cells, however, showed increased pH2AX hyper-activation of cleaved PARP and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via cleaved PARP with decreased DDR ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C and [Figure S2R](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "However, live and dead oncotic resting and DN phenotypes also showed increased parthanatos and caspase-3-independent apoptosis via cleaved PARP with no increase in DDR, except for an increase observed in the live resting population ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--C and [Figure S2S,T,V,W,X](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}).", "\n\n2.3. ", "Blockade of Caspases {#sec2dot3-ijms-20-04379}\n-------------------------\n\nPre-treatment with zVAD to block the activation of caspases by NaN~3~ and Etop resulted in lower levels of early apoptosis (\\<20%) and late apoptosis (\\<10%) with no change in the incidence of oncotic cells ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,G, [Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}E,F and [Figure 4](#ijms-20-04379-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,D). ", "The proportion of live DN (RIP3^--ve^/caspase-3^--ve^) and dead oncotic cells (RIP3^--ve^/caspase-3^--ve^) increased after zVAD blockade of both drugs ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}E,F and [Figure 4](#ijms-20-04379-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}C,D).", "\n\nAfter zVAD caspase blockade of NaN~3~ and Etop treatments, all live populations showed increased H2AX hyper-activation of cleaved PARP or parthanatos compared with untreated cells but decreased compared to drugs alone ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and [Figure S3A--D, S4A--D](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "The live RIP1-dependent apoptotic, resting, and DN cells from both treatments also showed increased levels of apoptosis via cleaved PARP compared with untreated cells (early apoptosis showed a decrease, [Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and [Figure S3A--D, S4A--D](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "The live DN population after zVAD/NaN~3~ or Etop treatment showed a decrease or increase of DDR compared with drugs alone, respectively ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and [Figure S3D, S4D](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Live RIP1-dependent apoptotic and resting phenotypes, after both treatments with zVAD, showed increased DDR compared with drugs alone ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and [Figure S3B,C, S4B,C](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Dead cells from zVAD blockade of NaN~3~/Etop treatments returned pH2AX and cleaved PARP expression to that of untreated dead cells ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure S3E--H, S4E--H](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Except after NaN~3~/zVAD treatment, an increase in DDR was observed in the dead RIP1-dependent apoptotic and oncotic DN phenotypes ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure S3F,H](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}).", "\n\n2.4. ", "Blockade with Necrostatin-1 {#sec2dot4-ijms-20-04379}\n--------------------------------\n\nBlockade of NaN~3~ with Nec-1 resulted in very high levels of early apoptosis compared with NaN~3~, but was lower with Etop treatment ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}D,H). ", "Cell death was lower with Nec-1/NaN~3~ but not changed with Etop treatment ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}D,H). ", "The live cells showed a higher incidence of early and RIP1-dependent apoptosis compared with NaN~3~ treatment, with no change observed with Etop or in the incidence of dead cells ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}A--D,G,H and [Figure 4](#ijms-20-04379-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,E,F).", "\n\npHA2X hyper-activation of cleaved PARP in live and dead cells after Nec-1 showed increased values similar to that observed with only drugs, except for the lower levels in both the DN populations and live resting cells after Nec-1/Etop treatment ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and [Figure S3I--P, S4I--P](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Apoptosis via cleaved PARP was increased in live and dead cells after Nec-1 blockade of NaN~3~ treatment and decreased with Nec-1/Etop treatment compared with drugs alone, except for a decrease in live resting cells (Nec-1/NaN~3~) and no change in RIP1-dependent apoptosis after Nec-1/Etop treatment ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and [Figure S3I--P, S4I--P](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Very low levels of DDR were observed in early and live RIP1-dependent apoptotic cells, but increased in live resting and DN cells ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and [Figure S3I--L, S4I--L](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Dead cell phenotypes after Nec-1 blockade of NaN~3~ showed no increase in DDR compared with untreated cells, but was increased with Nec-1/Etop treatment ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and [Figure S3, S4M--P](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}).", "\n\n2.5. ", "Blockade with zVAD and Necrostatin-1 {#sec2dot5-ijms-20-04379}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nPre-treatment with zVAD and Nec-1 to block the activation of caspases and RIP proteins resulted in lower levels of early and late apoptosis (\\<20%), although oncosis (caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie^+ve^) was still maintained ([Figure 1](#ijms-20-04379-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}E,I, [Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}I,J and [Figure 4](#ijms-20-04379-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}G,H). ", "Blocked NaN~3~ treated cells had a higher level of live DN cells (and Etop), whereas dead cells showed higher levels of RIP1-dependent apoptosis, which indicated that zVAD did not block caspases in the RIP1-dependent apoptotic pathway in the presence of Nec-1 ([Figure 2](#ijms-20-04379-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}I,J and [Figure 4](#ijms-20-04379-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}G,H).", "\n\nAll cell phenotypes after dual blockade showed the same reduced levels of pH2AX hyper-activation of cleaved PARP as that observed after zVAD blockade (no change in Etop DN cells, [Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and [Figure S3Q--X, S4Q--X](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Apoptosis via cleaved PARP was lower in the early apoptotic and DN cells after dual blockade of NaN~3~ and increased in live resting and RIP1-dependent apoptotic cells ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and [Figure S3Q,T](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "In contrast, all live cell (dual-blocked Etop) populations showed no change in apoptosis via cleaved PARP compared with drug treatment, except for the lower levels observed in live resting cells ([Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and [Figure S4Q,T](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "All dead cell populations after dual blockade of both treatments showed lower levels of apoptosis via cleaved PARP compared to any treatment protocol, except no change was observed in Etop-induced late and RIP1-dependent apoptotic cells ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}B and [Figure S3U--X, S4U--X](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Lastly, the DDR levels after both treatment protocols showed that all cell populations had higher levels than untreated cells ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}C), except for the lower levels found in the live RIP1-dependent apoptotic cells compared with both treatments ([Figure 3](#ijms-20-04379-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C and [Figure 5](#ijms-20-04379-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}C).", "\n\n3. ", "Discussion {#sec3-ijms-20-04379}\n=============\n\nThe use of oncosis and apoptosis-inducing drugs NaN~3~ and Etop, together with caspase and RIP protein blockers, zVAD and Nec-1, has allowed the tracking of the cell death processes involved in ACD and apoptosis a form of RCD using flow cytometry ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}) \\[[@B17-ijms-20-04379],[@B18-ijms-20-04379],[@B19-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "Induction of oncosis or apoptosis resulted in measurable oncosis (Zombie^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^, commonly termed necrotic) but also early and late apoptosis, which was reduced by zVAD blockade without affecting the degree of oncosis induced by both drugs. ", "Blockade of both drugs with Nec-1 resulted in increased NaN~3~-induced early apoptosis while increasing Etop-induced oncosis. ", "Induction of ACD and early apoptosis (by NaN~3~) showed that live resting Jurkat cells move the RIP3^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie^--ve^ phenotype to the early apoptotic phenotype of RIP3^--ve^/caspase-3^+ve^/Zombie^--ve^, then later to the RIP1-dependent phenotype RIP3^+ve^/caspase-3^+ve^/Zombie^--ve^ ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), even in the presence of RIP1 inhibitor, Nec-1. ", "This effect has been previously reported \\[[@B17-ijms-20-04379],[@B19-ijms-20-04379]\\], where it was shown that although Nec-1 inhibited necroptosis by abrogation of the up-regulation of RIP3 (RIP3^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie^--ve^), it did not inhibit cells from undergoing apparent RIP1-dependent apoptosis. ", "The limitation of the current assay is highlighted by the use of RIP3 and caspase-3 antibodies to indirectly identify RIP1-dependent apoptosis due to the lack availability of a fluorescenated RIP1 antibody \\[[@B17-ijms-20-04379],[@B19-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "The interactions of RIP1, RIP3, TRADD (TNFR1-associated death domain), FADD (Fas associated via death domain), and caspase-8 in apoptotic Complex IIa and IIb pathways are not completely understood, so another explanation of the apparent presence (indirectly via RIP3) of RIP1-dependent apoptosis in the presence of Nec-1 is required, which may be elucidated by the use of a fluorescenated RIP1 antibody \\[[@B5-ijms-20-04379],[@B20-ijms-20-04379],[@B21-ijms-20-04379]\\].", "\n\nInduction of apoptosis by Etop showed that a high proportion of live resting cells become DN (losing their RIP3), as well as another population expressing caspase-3, possibly indicating that the cells first lose RIP3, become DN, and then express caspase-3 ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}B), but also that early apoptotic cells can also later express RIP3 ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}B) \\[[@B5-ijms-20-04379],[@B17-ijms-20-04379],[@B19-ijms-20-04379],[@B20-ijms-20-04379],[@B21-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "The route to RIP1-dependent apoptosis may be that these resting cells, rather than lose their RIP3, also start to express caspase-3 ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\nOnce the cells lose plasma membrane integrity and become Zombie^+ve^, the cells presumably maintain the late apoptotic phenotype RIP3^--ve^/caspase-3^+ve^/Zombie^+ve^ before further degradation resulting in the cells becoming DN ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}C). ", "Oncotic cells (caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie^+ve^) induced by NaN~3~/Etop, however, can also be divided into those with RIP3^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie^+ve^ or the DN phenotype RIP3^--ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie^+ve^ ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}C).", "\n\nThe expression of pH2AX and cleaved PARP in the four identified phenotypes in live and dead cells are resting, early or late apoptotic, RIP1-dependent apoptosis, and DN, the incidence of which is modified by the action of the two drugs used in this study and can be further manipulated by blockade of ACD and RCD processes by zVAD and Nec-1 ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}D,E) \\[[@B22-ijms-20-04379],[@B23-ijms-20-04379],[@B24-ijms-20-04379],[@B25-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "In the first instance live resting cells, the main phenotype of untreated Jurkat cells express RIP3 with a high degree of DDR (37%), whereas resting DN cells showed little DDR (2%) but a high degree of cleaved PARP (39%) in the absence of caspase-3 \\[[@B25-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "Induction of ACD resulted in enhanced levels of pHA2X hyper-activation of cleaved PARP in all live cell phenotypes with consequent reduced levels of DDR in live RIP1-dependent apoptotic cells, but with increased levels in the live DN phenotype ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}D).", "\n\nOnce the cells undergo death, all phenotypes still showed increased pHA2X hyper-activation of cleaved PARP above the levels observed with dead untreated Jurkat cells ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}E), whereas late apoptotic and dead oncotic DN cells showed increased DDR with no change in dead resting cells. ", "Similar results were observed when cells undergo Etop-induced apoptosis, except no increase in DDR was observed in the dead oncotic or resting cells. ", "So, NaN~3~-derived oncotic cells can express more DDR than Etop-induced oncotic cells, which expressed higher levels of cleaved PARP (in the absence of caspase-3) and parthanatos/pHA2X hyper-activation of cleaved PARP, again in the absence of caspase-3 ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}E).", "\n\nThe main effect of blockade with zVAD was an increased incidence of live and dead DN cells with both treatments, which displayed no change in DDR, increased cleaved PARP and reductions in pHA2X hyper-activation of cleaved PARP, as was the case with most cell phenotypes ([Figure 6](#ijms-20-04379-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}D, E). ", "This was with the notable exception of no change in levels of cleaved PARP in dead oncotic resting and DN cells compared to NaN~3~ treatment.", "\n\nIn contrast, blockade of NaN~3~ with Nec-1 resulted in no change in the incidence of dead DN and fewer live DN cells (as untreated cells), whereas Etop-induced levels were similar to that observed by drug alone. ", "However, all blocked NaN~3~ cell phenotypes showed increased cleaved PARP and pH2AX activation of cleaved PARP with reductions in DDR; this observation was especially noteworthy in the dead oncotic resting and DN cells, whereas the opposite was observed in these populations after Nec-1 blockade of Etop.", "\n\nDual blockade of both treatments again showed a high incidence of DN cells with reduced levels of pHA2X hyper-activation of cleaved PARP and cleaved PARP expression in the various populations of cells, whereas DDR was generally increased after Nec-1 blockade of both drugs in most populations of cells. ", "So, the blockade of apoptotic and/or necroptotic pathways when the cells are undergoing ACD and RCD processes radically increased the incidence of oncotic cells, especially in the case of blockade of apoptosis alone and necroptosis, which resulted in increased levels of DDR, whereas Nec-1 blockade reduced ACD-related DDR but not in the case of RCD.", "\n\nFor decades, oncotic cells have been an undetermined population of dead cells that have been overlooked due to the difficult in their characterisation rather than being a point of interest. ", "They have been detected by use of the Annexin V assay and classed as cell viability^+ve^/Annexin V^--ve^ \\[[@B13-ijms-20-04379],[@B15-ijms-20-04379],[@B16-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "Using an active caspase-3 and RIP3 antibodies in tandem with a fixable live/dead dye, we showed that these oncotic cells have two main phenotypes, both of which are cell viability^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/RIP3^+/--ve^, which can be further divided into DDR, hyper-activation of PARP or parthanatos, apoptosis via PARP or cells undergoing programmed necrosis, as well as double negative oncotic cells. ", "All of them are expressed to different degrees compared with cells derived from untreated cultures. ", "This perhaps reflects their different origins, with differences in expression of these markers when the cells are derived from an ACD or RCD induction process. ", "These differences in origin are further highlighted by their differing oncotic responses to blockade by zVAD and Nec-1 or both.", "\n\n4. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec4-ijms-20-04379}\n========================\n\n4.1. ", "Induction of Oncosis and Apoptosis {#sec4dot1-ijms-20-04379}\n---------------------------------------\n\nJurkat cells (human acute T cell leukaemia cell line, ECACC, Salisbury, UK) were grown in RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 Medium) 1640 with 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum, Invitrogen, Paisley, UK) at 37 °C and 5% CO~2~, either untreated or treated with 0.25% sodium azide or 1 μM etoposide (NaN~3~, Etop, Sigma, Poole, UK) for 24 h. Cells were pre-treated with pan-caspase blocker zVAD (20 μM, Enzo Life Sciences, Exeter, UK) and/or necroptosis blocker necrostatin-1 (Nec-1, 60 μM Cambridge Bioscience, Cambridge, UK) for 2 h before induction of oncosis with 0.25% sodium azide or apoptosis with 1 μM Etop for 24 h.\n\n4.2. ", "Flow Cytometry Assay {#sec4dot2-ijms-20-04379}\n-------------------------\n\nHarvested cells were labelled with fixable live dead stain, Zombie near infra red (NIR; Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) at room temperature (RT) for 15 min. ", "Washed cell were fixed in Solution A (CalTag, Little Balmer, UK) then 0.25% Triton X-100 (Sigma, Poole, UK) for 15 min each at RT. ", "Jurkat cells (1 × 10^6^) were incubated for 20 min at RT with anti-RIP3-PE (phycoerythrin clone B-2, Cat. ", "No. ", "sc-374639, Santa Cruz, Dallas, Tx, USA), cleaved PARP-PE-CF-595 (clone F21-852, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA), H2A.X-Phospho (ser139)-PE-Cy7 (clone 2F3, Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) and anti- active caspase-3-BV650 (clone C92-605, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA) for 20 min at RT. ", "Washed cells were resuspended in 400 μL PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) and analysed on a ACEA Bioscience Novocyte 3000 flow cytometer (100,000 events, San Diego, CA, USA). ", "Zombie NIR was excited by a 633 nm laser and collected with a 780/60 nm detector. ", "Caspase-3-BV650 was excited by a 405 nm laser and collected at 675/30 nm. ", "RIP3-PE, cleaved PARP-PE-CF-595, and pH2AX-PE-Cy7 were excited by a 488 nm laser and collected at 572/28, 615/20, and 780/60 nm, respectively. ", "Single colour controls were used to determine the colour compensation using the pre-set voltages on the instrument using Novo Express software (ver 1.2.5, ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA). ", "Cells were gated on FSC (Forward Scatter) vs. SSC (Side Scatter) with single cells being gated on a FSC-A (Area) vs. FSC-H (Height) plot. ", "Cells were then gated on a plot of caspase-3-BV650 vs. Zombie NIR, with a quadrant placed marking off live cells in the double negative quadrant ([Figure S1A](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}, lower left quadrant), with caspase-3-BV650^+ve^/Zombie NIR^--ve^ ([Figure S1A](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}, lower right quadrant) indicating early apoptotic cells (EAPO), and lastly with caspase-3-BV650^+ve^/Zombie NIR^+ve^ and caspase-3-BV650^--ve^/Zombie NIR^+ve^ ([Figure S1A](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}, upper quadrants) indicating dead late apoptotic (LAPO) ([Figure S1A](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}, upper right quadrant) and oncotic cells ([Figure S1A](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}, upper left quadrant). ", "Further labelling with RIP3 allowed identification within the live resting and dead oncotic populations of RIP3^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^ or necroptotic cells when RIP3 is up-regulated, early or late apoptotic (RIP3^--ve^/caspase-3^+ve^), RIP1-dependent apoptosis (RIP3^+ve^/caspase-3^+ve^, RIP1APO), and live double negative (DN) or dead oncotic DN cells ([Figure S1B,D](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "Further gating on each of these eight populations for pH2AX and cleaved PARP allowed the identification of DDR (H2AX^+ve^/PARP^--ve^), pH2AX hyper-activation of cleaved PARP or parthanatos (H2AX^+ve^/PARP^+ve^), apoptotic cell death via cleaved PARP (H2AX^--ve^/PARP^+ve^), and DN cells (H2AX^--ve^/PARP^--ve^) ([Figure S1C,E](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}) \\[[@B19-ijms-20-04379]\\]. ", "In particular, dead resting oncotic cells (Zombie^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/RIP3^+ve^) and dead oncotic DN cells (Zombie^+ve^/caspase-3^--ve^/RIP3^--ve^) were gated for pH2AX and cleaved PARP, revealing the phenotypic nature of these two types of oncotic cells ([Figure S1F,G](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"}).", "\n\n4.3. ", "Statistics {#sec4dot3-ijms-20-04379}\n---------------\n\nFor all experiments, *n* = 3 and data are reported as mean ± SEM for percentage positive. ", "Student's *t-*tests were performed in GraphPad software Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA) with *p* ≥ 0.05 considered not significant (NS). \\* ", "denotes *p* ≤ 0.05, *\\*\\** denotes *p* ≤ 0.01, and \\*\\*\\* denotes *p* ≤ 0.001 when treated cells were compared to untreated cells.", "\n\nSupplementary materials can be found at <https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/18/4379/s1>.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nConceptualization, G.W.; methodology, G.W.; software, G.W., validation, G.W.; formal analysis, G.W. and A.V.; investigation, G.W.; resources, G.W.; data curation, G.W.; writing---original draft preparation, G.W.; writing---review and editing, G.W. and A.V.; visualization, G.W.; supervision, G.W.; project administration, G.W., funding acquisition, G.W.\n\nAPC was funded by Queen Mary University Internal funding.", "\n\nA.V. received salary funding from GSK. ", "GSK had no input or role in the conception or undertaking of this study in any manner. ", "Other authors declare no conflict of interest. ", "The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.", "\n\n{#ijms-20-04379-f001}\n\n{#ijms-20-04379-f002}\n\n{ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "The incidence of (**A**) parthanatos/hyper-activation of cleaved PARP, (**B**) apoptosis via cleaved PARP, and (**C**) DDR were determined for all populations listed above. *", "n* = 3, % Mean, error bars % SEM, Student's *t*-test; NS (not significant), \\* *p* \\< 0.05, \\*\\* *p* \\< 0.01\\*\\*, \\*\\*\\* *p* \\< 0.001 compared with untreated cells.](ijms-20-04379-g003){#ijms-20-04379-f003}\n\n{#ijms-20-04379-f004}\n\n{ref-type=\"app\"} for detailed information). ", "The incidence of (**A**) parthanatos/hyper-activation of cleaved PARP, (**B**) apoptosis via cleaved PARP, and (**C**) DDR were determined for all populations listed above. ", "Mean, error bars % SEM, Student's *t*-test: NS (not significant), \\* *p* \\< 0.05, \\*\\* *p* \\< 0.01\\*\\*, \\*\\*\\* *p* \\< 0.001 compared with untreated cells.](ijms-20-04379-g005){#ijms-20-04379-f005}\n\n{#ijms-20-04379-f006}\n\nijms-20-04379-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nCell description and phenotypes; [Figure S1](#app1-ijms-20-04379){ref-type=\"app\"} provides a diagrammatical representation.", "\n\n Cell Population Phenotypic Markers\n ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------\n Live resting (or necroptotic) Caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie NIR^--ve^/RIP3^+ve^\n Live double negative (DN) Caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie NIR^--ve^/RIP3^--ve^\n Early apoptosis (EAPO) Caspase-3^+ve^/Zombie NIR^--ve^/RIP3^--ve^\n Live RIP1-dependent apoptosis (RIP1-APO) Caspase-3^+ve^/Zombie NIR^--ve^/RIP3^+ve^\n Late apoptosis (LAPO) Caspase-3^+ve^/Zombie NIR^+ve^/RIP3^--ve^\n Dead/necrotic/oncotic Caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie NIR^+ve^\n Dead resting (or necroptotic) Caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie NIR^+ve^/RIP3^+ve^\n Dead double negative (DN) Caspase-3^--ve^/Zombie NIR^+ve^/RIP3^--ve^\n Dead RIP1-dependent apoptosis (RIP1-APO) Caspase-3^+ve^/Zombie NIR^+ve^/RIP3^+ve^\n DNA damage response (DDR) pH2AX^+ve^/Cleaved PARP^--ve^\n Hyper-activation of cleaved PARP/parthanatos pH2AX^+ve^/Cleaved PARP^+ve^\n Cleaved PARP pH2AX^--ve^/Cleaved PARP^+ve^\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'To deal with changing environments, a new performance measure—adaptive regret, defined as the maximum static regret over any interval, is proposed in online learning. ", "Under the setting of online convex optimization, several algorithms have been successfully developed to minimize the adaptive regret. ", "However, existing algorithms lack universality in the sense that they can only handle one type of convex functions and need apriori knowledge of parameters. ", "By contrast, there exist universal algorithms, such as MetaGrad, that attain optimal static regret for multiple types of convex functions simultaneously. ", "Along this line of research, this paper presents the *first* universal algorithm for minimizing the adaptive regret of convex functions. ", "Specifically, we borrow the idea of maintaining multiple learning rates in MetaGrad to handle the uncertainty of functions, and utilize the technique of sleeping experts to capture changing environments. ", "In this way, our algorithm automatically adapts to the property of functions (convex, exponentially concave, or strongly convex), as well as the nature of environments (stationary or changing). ", "As a by product, it also allows the type of functions to switch between rounds.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Lijun Zhang zhanglj@lamda.nju.edu.cn\\\n Guanghui Wang wanggh@lamda.nju.edu.cn\\\n National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology\\\n Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China\\\n Wei-Wei Tu tuww.cn@gmail.com\\\n Paradigm Inc., Beijing, China\\\n Zhi-Hua Zhou zhouzh@lamda.nju.edu.cn\\\n National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology\\\n Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China\nbibliography:\n- 'E:/MyPaper/ref.bib'\ntitle: 'Dual Adaptivity: A Universal Algorithm for Minimizing the Adaptive Regret of Convex Functions'\n---\n\nOnline Convex Optimization, Adaptive Regret, Convex Functions, Strongly Convex Functions, Exponentially Concave Functions\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nOnline learning aims to make a sequence of accurate decisions given knowledge of answers to previous tasks and possibly additional information [@Online:suvery]. ", "It is performed in a sequence of consecutive rounds, where at round $t$ the learner is asked to select a decision $\\w_t$ from a domain $\\Omega$. After submitting the answer, a loss function $f_t:\\Omega \\mapsto \\R$ is revealed and the learner suffers loss $f_t(\\w_t)$. The standard performance measure is the regret [@bianchi-2006-prediction]: $$\\operatorname*{Regret}(T)=\\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w_t) - \\min_{\\w \\in \\Omega} \\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w)$$ defined as the difference between the cumulative loss of the online learner and that of the best decision chosen in hindsight. ", "When both the domain $\\Omega$ and the loss $f_t(\\cdot)$ are convex, it becomes online convex optimization (OCO) [@zinkevich-2003-online].", "\n\nIn the literature, there exist plenty of algorithms to minimize the regret under the setting of OCO [@Intro:Online:Convex]. ", "However, when the environment undergoes many changes, regret may not be the best measure of performance. ", "That is because regret chooses a fixed comparator, and for the same reason, it is also referred to as *static* regret. ", "To address this limitation, @Adaptive:Hazan introduce the concept of adaptive regret, which measures the performance with respect to a changing comparator. ", "Following the terminology of @Adaptive:ICML:15, we define the strongly adaptive regret as the maximum static regret over intervals of length $\\tau$, i.e., $$\\label{eqn:strong:adaptive}\n\\operatorname*{SA-Regret}(T,\\tau) = \\max_{[p, p+\\tau -1] \\subseteq [T]} \\left(\\sum_{t=p}^{p+\\tau -1} f_t(\\w_t) - \\min_{\\w \\in \\Omega} \\sum_{t=p}^{p+\\tau -1} f_t(\\w) \\right).$$\n\nSince the seminal work of @Adaptive:Hazan, several algorithms have been successfully developed to minimize the adaptive regret of convex functions, including general convex, exponentially concave (abbr.", " exp-concave) and strongly convex functions [@Hazan:2009:ELA; @Improved:Strongly:Adaptive; @Dynamic:Regret:Adaptive]. ", "However, existing methods can only handle one type of convex functions. ", "Furthermore, when facing exp-concave and strongly convex functions, they need to know the moduli of exp-concavity and strong convexity. ", "The lack of universality hinders their applications to real-world problems.", "\n\nOne the other hand, there do exist universal algorithms, such as MetaGrad [@NIPS2016_6268], that attain optimal static regret for multiple types of convex functions simultaneously. ", "This observation motivates us to ask whether it is possible to design a single algorithm to minimize the adaptive regret of multiple types of functions. ", "This is very challenging because the algorithm needs to enjoy dual adaptivity, adaptive to the function type and adaptive to the environment. ", "In this paper, we provide an affirmative answer by developing a Universal algorithm for Minimizing the Adaptive regret (UMA). ", "First, inspired by MetaGrad, UMA maintains multiple learning rates to handle the uncertainty of functions. ", "In this way, it supports multiple types of functions simultaneously and identifies the best learning rate automatically. ", "Second, following existing studies on adaptive regret, UMA deploys sleeping experts [@Freund:1997:UCP] to minimize the regret over any interval, and thus achieves a small adaptive regret and captures the changing environment.", "\n\nThe main advantage of UMA is that it attains second-order regret bounds over any interval. ", "As a result, it can minimize the adaptive regret of general convex functions, and automatically take advantage of easier functions whenever possible. ", "Specifically, UMA attains $O(\\sqrt{\\tau \\log T})$, $O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha}\\log \\tau \\log T)$ and $O(\\frac{1}{\\lambda}\\log \\tau \\log T)$ strongly adaptive regrets for general convex, $\\alpha$-exp-concave and $\\lambda$-strongly convex functions respectively, where $d$ is the dimensionality. ", "All of these bounds match the state-of-the-art results on adaptive regret [@Improved:Strongly:Adaptive; @Dynamic:Regret:Adaptive] exactly. ", "Furthermore, UMA can also handle the case that the type of functions changes between rounds. ", "For example, suppose the online functions are general convex during interval $I_1$, then become $\\alpha$-exp-concave in $I_2$, and finally switch to $\\lambda$-strongly convex in $I_3$. When facing this function sequence, UMA achieves $O(\\sqrt{|I_1|\\log T})$, $O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha}\\log |I_2| \\log T)$ and $O(\\frac{1}{\\lambda}\\log |I_3| \\log T)$ regrets over intervals $I_1$, $I_2$ and $I_3$, respectively.", "\n\nRelated Work\n============\n\nWe briefly review related work on static regret and adaptive regret, under the setting of OCO.", "\n\nStatic Regret\n-------------\n\nTo minimize the static regret of general convex functions, online gradient descent (OGD) with step size $\\eta_t=O(1/\\sqrt{t})$ achieves an $O(\\sqrt{T})$ bound [@zinkevich-2003-online]. ", "If all the online functions are $\\lambda$-strongly convex, OGD with step size $\\eta_t=O(1/[\\lambda t])$ attains an $O(\\frac{1}{\\lambda} \\log T)$ bound [@ICML_Pegasos; @ML:Hazan:2007]. ", "When the functions are $\\alpha$-exp-concave, online Newton step (ONS), with knowledge of $\\alpha$, enjoys an $O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha} \\log T)$ bound, where $d$ is the dimensionality [@ML:Hazan:2007]. ", "These regret bounds are minimax optimal for the corresponding type of functions [@Minimax:Online], but choosing the optimal algorithm for a specific problem requires domain knowledge.", "\n\nThe study of universal algorithms for OCO stems from the adaptive online gradient descent (AOGD) [@NIPS2007_3319] and its proximal extension [@icml2009_033]. ", "The key idea of AOGD is to add a quadratic regularization term to the loss. ", "@NIPS2007_3319 demonstrate that AOGD is able to interpolate between the $O(\\sqrt{T})$ bound of general convex functions and the $O(\\log T)$ bound of strongly convex functions. ", "Furthermore, it allows the online function to switch between general convex and strongly convex. ", "However, AOGD has two restrictions:\n\nIt needs to calculate the modulus of strong convexity on the fly, which is a nontrivial task.", "\n\nIt does not support exp-concave functions explicitly, and thus can only achieve a suboptimal $O(\\sqrt{T})$ regret for this type of functions.", "\n\nAnother milestone is the multiple eta gradient algorithm (MetaGrad) [@NIPS2016_6268], which adapts to a much broader class of functions, including convex and exp-concave functions. ", "MetaGrad’s main feature is that it simultaneously considers multiple learning rates and does not need to know the modulus of exp-concavity. ", "MetaGrad achieves $O(\\sqrt{T \\log\\log T})$ and $O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha} \\log T)$ regret bounds for general convex and $\\alpha$-exp-concave functions, respectively. ", "However, it suffers the following two limitations:\n\nMetaGrad treats strongly convex functions as exp-concave, and thus only gives a suboptimal $O(\\frac{d}{\\lambda} \\log T)$ regret for $\\lambda$-strongly convex functions.", "\n\nIt assumes the type of online functions, as well as the associated parameter, does not change between rounds.", "\n\nThe first limitation of MetaGrad was addressed by @Adaptive:Maler, who develop a universal algorithm named as multiple sub-algorithms and learning rates (Maler). ", "It attains $O(\\sqrt{T})$, $O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha} \\log T)$ and $O(\\frac{1}{\\lambda} \\log T)$ regret bounds for general convex, $\\alpha$-exp-concave, and $\\lambda$-strongly convex functions, respectively. ", "However, the second limitation remains there.", "\n\nAdaptive Regret\n---------------\n\nAdaptive regret has been studied in the setting of prediction with expert advice [@LITTLESTONE1994212; @Freund:1997:UCP; @Adamskiy2012; @Track_Large_Expert; @pmlr-v40-Luo15] and OCO. ", "In this section, we focus on the related work in the latter one.", "\n\nThe concept of adaptive regret is formally introduced by @Adaptive:Hazan, and later refined by @Adaptive:ICML:15. ", "To distinguish between them, we refer to the definition of @Adaptive:Hazan as weakly adaptive regret: $$\\operatorname*{WA-Regret}(T)= \\max_{[p, q] \\subseteq [T]} \\left(\\sum_{t=p}^{q} f_t(\\w_t) - \\min_{\\w \\in \\Omega} \\sum_{t=p}^{q} f_t(\\w)\\right).$$ For $\\alpha$-exp-concave functions, @Adaptive:Hazan propose an adaptive algorithm named as Follow-the-Leading-History (FLH). ", "FLH restarts a copy of ONS in each round as an expert, and chooses the best one using expert-tracking algorithms. ", "The meta-algorithm used to track the best expert is inspired by the Fixed-Share algorithm [@Herbster1998]. ", "While FLH is equipped with an $O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha} \\log T)$ weakly adaptive regret, it is computationally expensive since it needs to maintain $t$ experts in the $t$-th iteration. ", "To reduce the computational cost, @Adaptive:Hazan further prune the number of experts based on a data streaming algorithm. ", "In this way, FLH only keeps $O(\\log t)$ experts, at the price of an $O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha} \\log^2 T)$ weakly adaptive regret. ", "Notice that the efficient version of FLH essentially creates and removes experts dynamically. ", "As pointed out by @Adamskiy2012, this behavior can be modeled by the sleeping expert setting [@Freund:1997:UCP], in which the expert can be “asleep” for certain rounds and does not make any advice.", "\n\nFor general convex functions, we can use OGD as the expert algorithm in FLH. ", "In this case, @Adaptive:Hazan prove that FLH and its efficient variant attain $O(\\sqrt{T \\log T})$ and $O(\\sqrt{T \\log^3 T})$ weakly adaptive regrets, respectively. ", "This result reveals a limitation of weakly adaptive regret—it does not respect short intervals well. ", "For example, the $O(\\sqrt{T \\log T})$ regret bound is meaningless for intervals of length $O(\\sqrt{T})$. To address this limitation, @Adaptive:ICML:15 introduce the strongly adaptive regret which takes the interval length as a parameter, as shown in (\\[eqn:strong:adaptive\\]). ", "They propose a novel meta-algorithm, named as Strongly Adaptive Online Learner (SAOL). ", "SAOL carefully constructs a set of intervals, then runs an instance of low-regret algorithm in each interval as an expert, and finally combines active experts’ outputs by a variant of multiplicative weights method [@v008a006]. ", "SAOL also maintains $O(\\log t)$ experts in the $t$-th round, and achieves an $O( \\sqrt{\\tau} \\log T )$ strongly adaptive regret for convex functions. ", "Later, @Improved:Strongly:Adaptive develop a new meta-algorithm named as sleeping coin betting (CB), and improve the strongly adaptive regret to $O(\\sqrt{\\tau \\log T})$.\n\nFor $\\lambda$-strongly convex functions, @Dynamic:Regret:Adaptive point out that we can replace ONS in FLH with OGD, and obtain an $O(\\frac{1}{\\lambda} \\log T)$ weakly adaptive regret. ", "They also demonstrate that the number of active experts can be reduced from $t$ to $O(\\log t)$, at a cost of an additional $\\log T$ factor in the regret. ", "All the aforementioned adaptive algorithms need to query the gradient of the loss function at least $\\Theta(\\log t)$ times in the $t$-th iteration. ", "Based on surrogate losses, @Adaptive:One:Gradient show that the number of gradient evaluations per round can be reduced to $1$ without affecting the performance.", "\n\nMain Results\n============\n\nWe first present assumptions and definitions, then provide our universal algorithm and its theoretical guarantee.", "\n\nPreliminaries\n-------------\n\nWe introduce two common assumptions used in the study of OCO [@Intro:Online:Convex].", "\n\n\\[ass:1\\] The diameter of the domain $\\Omega$ is bounded by $D$, i.e., $$\\label{eqn:domain}\n\\max_{\\x, \\y \\in \\Omega} \\|\\x -\\y\\| \\leq D.$$\n\n\\[ass:2\\] The gradients of all the online functions are bounded by $G$, i.e., $$\\label{eqn:gradient}\n\\max_{\\w \\in \\Omega}\\|\\nabla f_t(\\w)\\| \\leq G, \\ \\forall t \\in[T].$$\n\nNext, we state definitions of strong convexity and exp-concavity [@Convex-Optimization; @bianchi-2006-prediction].", "\n\n\\[def:strong\\] A function $f: \\Omega \\mapsto \\R$ is $\\lambda$-strongly convex if $$f(\\y) \\geq f(\\x) + \\langle \\nabla f(\\x), \\y -\\x \\rangle + \\frac{\\lambda}{2} \\|\\y -\\x \\|^2, \\ \\forall \\x, \\y \\in \\Omega.$$\n\n\\[def:exp\\] A function $f: \\Omega \\mapsto \\R$ is $\\alpha$-exp-concave if $\\exp(-\\alpha f(\\cdot))$ is concave over $\\Omega$.\n\nThe following property of exp-concave functions will be used later [@ML:Hazan:2007 Lemma 3].", "\n\n\\[lem:exp\\] For a function $f:\\Omega \\mapsto \\R$, where $\\Omega$ has diameter $D$, such that $\\forall \\w \\in \\Omega$, $\\|\\nabla f(\\w)\\|\\leq G$ and $\\exp(-\\alpha f(\\cdot))$ is concave, the following holds for $\\beta = \\frac{1}{2} \\min\\{\\frac{1}{4GD}, \\alpha \\}$: $$f(\\y) \\geq f(\\x)+ \\langle \\nabla f(\\x), \\y -\\x \\rangle + \\frac{\\beta}{2} \\langle \\nabla f(\\x), \\y -\\x \\rangle^2, \\ \\forall \\x, \\y \\in \\Omega.$$\n\nA Parameter-free and Adaptive Algorithm for Exp-concave Functions\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRecall that our goal is to design a universal algorithm for minimizing the adaptive regret of general convex, exp-concave, and strongly convex functions simultaneously. ", "However, to facilitate understanding, we will start with a simpler question: How to minimize the adaptive regret of exp-concave functions, without knowing the modulus of exp-concavity?", "\n\nBy proposing a novel algorithm to answer the above question, we present the main techniques used in our paper. ", "Then, we extend that algorithm to support other types of functions in the next section. ", "The proposed algorithm is built upon MetaGrad [@NIPS2016_6268], so we first review the key steps of MetaGrad below.", "\n\n### Review of MetaGrad\n\nThe reason that MetaGrad can minimize the regret of $\\alpha$-exp-concave functions without knowing the value of $\\alpha$ is because it enjoys a second-order regret bound [@pmlr-v35-gaillard14]: $$\\label{eqn:metagrad:1}\n\\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w) \\leq \\sum_{t=1}^T \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle = O\\left(\\sqrt{V_T d \\log T} + d \\log T \\right)$$ where $V_T=\\sum_{t=1}^T \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2$. Besides, Lemma \\[lem:exp\\] implies $$\\label{eqn:metagrad:2}\n\\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w) \\leq \\sum_{t=1}^T \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\frac{\\beta}{2} \\sum_{t=1}^T \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2.$$ Combining (\\[eqn:metagrad:1\\]) with (\\[eqn:metagrad:2\\]), we immediately obtain $$\\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=1}^T f_t(\\w) = O\\left( \\frac{d}{\\beta} \\log T \\right)=O\\left( \\frac{d}{\\alpha} \\log T \\right).$$ From the above discussion, it becomes clear that if we can establish a second-order regret bound for any interval $[p, q]\\subseteq [T]$, we are able to minimize the adaptive regret even when $\\alpha$ is unknown.", "\n\nThe way that MetaGrad attains the regret bound in (\\[eqn:metagrad:1\\]) is to run a set of experts, each of which minimizes a surrogate loss parameterized by a learning rate $\\eta$ $$\\label{eqn:metagrad:3}\n\\ell_t^\\eta(\\w)= -\\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle + \\eta^2 \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2$$ and then combine the outputs of experts by a meta-algorithm named as Tilted Exponentially Weighted Average (TEWA). ", "Specifically, it creates an expert $E^\\eta$ for each $\\eta$ in $$\\label{eqn:metagrad:4}\n\\S(T)=\\left\\{ \\frac{2^{-i}}{5 DG} \\ \\left |\\ i=0,1,\\ldots, \\left\\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 T\\right\\rceil \\right. ", "\\right\\}$$ and thus maintains $1+ \\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 T\\rceil=O(\\log T)$ experts during the learning process. ", "By simultaneously considering multiple learning rates, MetaGrad is able to deal with the uncertainty of $V_T$. Since the surrogate loss $\\ell_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ is exp-concave, a variant of ONS is used as the expert algorithm. ", "Let $\\w_t^\\eta$ be the output of expert $E^\\eta$ in the $t$-th round. ", "MetaGrad calculates the final output $\\w_t$ according to TEWA: $$\\label{eqn:metagrad:5}\n\\w_t = \\frac{\\sum_\\eta \\pi_t^\\eta \\eta \\w_t^\\eta }{\\sum_\\eta \\pi_t^\\eta \\eta}$$ where $\\pi_t^\\eta \\propto \\exp(-\\sum_{i=1}^{t-1} \\ell_i^\\eta(\\w_i^\\eta))$.\n\n### Our Approach\n\nIn this section, we discuss how to minimize the adaptive regret by extending MetaGrad. ", "Following the idea of sleeping experts [@Freund:1997:UCP], the most straightforward way is to create $1+ \\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 (q-p+1)\\rceil$ experts for each interval $[p,q] \\in [T]$, and combine them with a meta-algorithm that supports sleeping experts. ", "However, this simple approach is inefficient because the total number of experts is on the order of $O(T^2 \\log T)$. To control the number of experts, we make use of the geometric covering (GC) intervals [@Adaptive:ICML:15] defined as $$\\I= \\bigcup_{k \\in \\N \\cup \\{0\\}} \\I_k$$ where for all $k \\in \\N \\cup \\{0\\}$, $ \\I_k=\\left\\{ [ i \\cdot 2^k, (i+1) \\cdot 2^k -1]: i \\in \\N\\right\\}$. A graphical illustration of GC intervals is given in Fig.", " \\[fig:interval:saol\\]. ", "We observe that each $\\I_k$ is a partition of $\\N \\setminus \\{1,\\cdots, 2^k-1 \\}$ to consecutive intervals of length $2^k$.\n\n[@c@\\*[17]{}[@c]{}@c@]{} $t$ & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 &11 &12 & 13 & 14 &15 & 16 & 17 &$\\cdots$\\\n$\\I_0$ & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] &\\[\\] &\\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\] & \\[\\]& \\[\\]& $\\cdots$\\\n$\\I_1$ & & \\[& \\] & \\[ & \\] & \\[ & \\] & \\[ & \\] & \\[ & \\] &\\[ &\\] & \\[ & \\] & \\[ & \\]& $\\cdots$\\\n$\\I_2$ & & & & \\[ & & & \\] & \\[ & & & \\] &\\[ & & & \\] & \\[ & &$\\cdots$\\\n$\\I_3$ & & & & & & & & \\[ & & & & & & & \\] & \\[ & & $\\cdots$\\\n\nThen, we only focus on intervals in $\\I$. For each interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$, we will create $1+ \\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 (s-r+1)\\rceil$ experts, each of which minimizes one surrogate loss in $\\{ \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w)| \\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)\\}$ during $I$. These experts become active in round $r$ and will be removed forever after round $s$. It is easy to verify that in each round $t$, the number of intervals that contain $t$ is $\\lfloor \\log_2 t \\rfloor+1$ [@Adaptive:ICML:15], and the number of active experts is at most $$\\left(\\lfloor \\log_2 t \\rfloor+1\\right) \\left(1+ \\left\\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 t \\right \\rceil\\right)= O(\\log^2 t).$$ So, the number of active experts is larger than that of MetaGrad by a logarithmic factor, which is the price paid in computations for the adaptivity to every interval.", "\n\nFinally, we need to specify how to combine the outputs of active experts. ", "At this point, one may attempt to use an expert-tracking algorithm that supports sleeping experts, such as the AdaNormalHedge [@pmlr-v40-Luo15] and sleeping CB [@Improved:Strongly:Adaptive]. ", "However, they do not satisfy our requirements because their meta-regret for an interval of length $\\tau$ is at least $\\Theta(\\sqrt{\\tau})$, e.g., Lemma 2 of @Improved:Strongly:Adaptive, which is tolerable for convex functions but suboptimal for exp-concave functions. ", "As an alternative, we develop a new meta-algorithm by extending TEWA to sleeping experts. ", "The advantage of TEWA is that its meta-regret only depends on the number of experts instead of the length of the interval, e.g., Lemma 4 of @NIPS2016_6268, and thus does not affect the optimality of the regret. ", "However, the extension of TEWA to sleeping experts is nontrivial, and is the key technical contribution of this paper\n\n$\\A_0=\\emptyset$ Create an expert $E_I^\\eta$ by running an instance of ONS to minimize $\\ell_t^\\eta$ during $I$, and set $L_{t-1,I}^\\eta=0$ Add $E_I^\\eta$ to the set of active experts: $\\A_t=\\A_{t-1} \\cup \\{E_I^\\eta\\}$ Receive output $\\w_{t,J}^\\eta$ from each expert $E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t$ Submit $\\w_t$ in (\\[eqn:wt\\]) Observe the loss $f_t(\\cdot)$ and evaluate the gradient $\\nabla f_t(\\w_t)$ Update $L_{t,J}^\\eta=L_{t-1,J}^\\eta + \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,J}^\\eta) $ Pass the surrogate loss $\\ell_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ to expert $E_J^\\eta$ Remove experts whose ending times are $t$ from $\\A_t$\n\nOur Parameter-free and Adaptive algorithm for Exp-concave functions (PAE) is summarized in Algorithm \\[alg:PAE\\]. ", "In the $t$-th round, we first create an expert $E_I^\\eta$ for each interval $I \\in \\I$ that starts from $t$ and each $\\eta \\in \\S(|I|)$, where $\\S(\\cdot)$ is defined in (\\[eqn:metagrad:4\\]), and introduce a variable $L_{t-1,I}^\\eta$ to record the cumulative loss of $E_I^\\eta$ (Step 5). ", "The expert $E_I^\\eta$ is an instance of ONS [@ML:Hazan:2007] that minimizes $\\ell_t^\\eta$ during interval $I$. We also maintain a set $\\A_t$ consisting of all the active experts (Step 6). ", "Denote the prediction of expert $E_J^\\eta$ at round $t$ as $\\w_{t,J}^\\eta$. In Step 9, PAE collects the predictions of all the active experts, and then submits the following solution in Step 10: $$\\label{eqn:wt}\n \\w_t = \\frac{1}{\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta} \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta \\w_{t,J}^\\eta .$$ The above weighting method is inspired by TEWA in (\\[eqn:metagrad:5\\]), with the difference that (\\[eqn:wt\\]) focuses on active experts and ignores inactive ones. ", "In Step 11, PAE observes the loss $f_t(\\cdot)$ and evaluates the gradient $\\nabla f_t(\\w_t)$ to construct the surrogate loss. ", "In Step 13, it updates the cumulative loss of each active expert, and in Step 14 passes the surrogate loss to each expert such that it can make predictions for the next round. ", "In Step 16, PAE removes experts whose ending times are $t$ from $\\A_t$.\n\nNext, we present the expert algorithm. ", "It is easy to verify that the surrogate loss $\\ell_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ in (\\[eqn:metagrad:3\\]) has the following property [@Adaptive:Maler Lemma 2].", "\n\n\\[lem:concave\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], $\\ell_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ in (\\[eqn:metagrad:3\\]) is $1$-exp-concave, and $$\\max_{\\w \\in \\Omega}\\|\\nabla \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w)\\| \\leq \\frac{7}{25D}, \\ \\forall \\eta \\leq \\frac{1}{5GD}.$$\n\nThus, we can apply online Newton step (ONS) [@ML:Hazan:2007] as the expert algorithm to minimize $\\ell_t^\\eta$ during interval $I$. For the sake of completeness, we provide the procedure of expert $E_{I}^\\eta$ in Algorithm \\[alg:ONS\\]. ", "The generalized projection $\\Pi_\\Omega^A(\\cdot)$ associated with a positive semidefinite matrix $A $ is defined as $$\\Pi_\\Omega^A(\\x)=\\operatorname*{argmin}_{\\w \\in \\Omega} (\\w-\\x)^\\top A (\\w-\\x)$$ which is used in Step 6 of Algorithm \\[alg:ONS\\].", "\n\nInterval $I=[r,s]$, $\\eta$ Let $\\w_{r,I}^\\eta$ be any point in $\\Omega$ $\\beta=\\frac{1}{2}\\min\\left( \\frac{1}{4D \\frac{7}{25D}}, 1 \\right)=\\frac{25}{56}$, $\\Sigma_{r-1}=\\frac{1}{\\beta^2 D^2} I$ Update $$\\Sigma_t=\\Sigma_{t-1} + \\nabla \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) \\nabla \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta)^\\top$$ where $$\\nabla \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta)= \\eta \\nabla f_t(\\w_t) + 2 \\eta^2 \\left \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_{t,I}^\\eta - \\w_t \\right \\rangle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t)$$ Calculate $$\\w_{t+1,I}^\\eta = \\Pi_\\Omega^{\\Sigma_t}\\left( \\w_{t,I}^\\eta - \\frac{1}{\\beta} \\Sigma_t^{-1} \\nabla \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) \\right)$$\n\nWe present the theoretical guarantee of PAE below.", "\n\n\\[thm:PAE\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $[p,q] \\subseteq [T]$ and any $\\w \\in \\Omega$, PAE satisfies $$\\begin{split}\n \\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq 10 DG a(p,q) b(p,q) + 3 \\sqrt{a(p,q) b(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2}\n\\end{split}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\na(p,q)=&2\\log_2(2q) + 10 d \\log(q-p+1), \\label{eqn:a:fun}\\\\\nb(p,q)=&2\\lceil\\log_2(q-p+2)\\rceil . ", "\\label{eqn:b:fun}\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, if all the online functions are $\\alpha$-exp-concave, we have $$\\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w) \\leq \\left(10 DG + \\frac{9}{2 \\beta} \\right) a(p,q) b(p,q)= O\\left( \\frac{d \\log q \\log(q-p)}{\\alpha} \\right)$$ where $\\beta = \\frac{1}{2} \\min\\{\\frac{1}{4GD}, \\alpha \\}$.\n\n#### Remark\n\nTheorem \\[thm:PAE\\] indicates that PAE enjoys a second-order regret bound for any interval, which in turn implies a small regret for exp-concave functions. ", "Specifically, for $\\alpha$-exp-concave functions, PAE satisfies $\\operatorname*{SA-Regret}(T,\\tau)= O(\\frac{d}{\\alpha}\\log \\tau \\log T )$, which matches the regret of efficient FLH [@Adaptive:Hazan]. ", "This is a remarkable result given the fact that PAE is *agnostic* to $\\alpha$.\n\nA Universal Algorithm for Minimizing the Adaptive Regret\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn this section, we extend PAE to support strongly convex functions and general convex functions. ", "Inspired by Maler [@Adaptive:Maler], we introduce a new surrogate loss to handle strong convexity: $$\\label{eqn:ell:hat}\n\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\w)= -\\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle + \\eta^2 G^2 \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2$$ which is also parameterized by $\\eta>0$. It is easy to verify that $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ itself is also strongly convex. ", "Our goal is to attain another second-order type of regret bound $$\\label{eqn:second:new}\n \\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w)\\leq \\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle =\\widetilde{O}\\left( \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2} \\right)$$ for any interval $[p,q] \\subseteq T$. Combining (\\[eqn:second:new\\]) with Definition \\[def:strong\\], we can establish a tight regret bound for $\\lambda$-strongly convex functions over any interval without knowing the value of $\\lambda$. Furthermore, upper bounding $\\sum_{t=p}^q \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2$ in (\\[eqn:second:new\\]) by $(q-p+1)D^2$, we obtain a regret bound for general convex functions over any interval. ", "So, there is no need to add additional surrogate losses for general convex functions.", "\n\nOur Universal algorithm for Minimizing the Adaptive regret (UMA) is summarized in Algorithm \\[alg:UMA\\]. ", "MUA is a natural extension of PAE by incorporating the new surrogate loss $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$. The overall procedure of MUA is very similar to PAE, except that the number of experts doubles and the weighting formula is modified accordingly. ", "Specifically, in each round $t$, we further create an expert $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$ for each interval $I \\in \\I$ that starts from $t$ and each $\\eta \\in \\S(|I|)$. $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$ is an instance of OGD [@ML:Hazan:2007] that is able to minimize $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta$ during interval $I$. We use $\\widehat{L}_{t-1,I}^\\eta$ to represent the cumulative loss of $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$ till round $t-1$, and $\\widehat{\\A}_t$ to store all the active $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$’s. ", "Denote the prediction of expert $\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta$ at round $t$ as $\\wh_{t,J}^\\eta$. In Step 11, UMA receives predictions from experts in $\\A_t$ and $\\widehat{\\A}_t$, and submits the following solution in Step 12: $$\\label{eqn:wt:new}\n \\w_t = \\frac{\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta \\w_{t,J}^\\eta + \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t}\\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta \\wh_{t,J}^\\eta}{\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta +\\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t}\\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta}$$ which is an extension of (\\[eqn:wt\\]) to accommodate more experts.", "\n\n$\\A_0=\\widehat{\\A}_0=\\emptyset$ Create an expert $E_I^\\eta$ by running an instance of ONS to minimize $\\ell_t^\\eta$ during $I$, and set $L_{t-1,I}^\\eta=0$ Add $E_I^\\eta$ to the set of active experts: $\\A_t=\\A_{t-1} \\cup \\{E_I^\\eta\\}$ Create an expert $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$ by running an instance of OGD to minimize $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta$ during $I$, and set $\\widehat{L}_{t-1,I}^\\eta=0$ Add $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$ to the set of active experts: $\\widehat{\\A}_t=\\widehat{\\A}_{t-1} \\cup \\{\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta\\}$ Receive output $\\w_{t,J}^\\eta$ from each expert $E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t$ and $\\wh_{t,J}^\\eta$ from each expert $\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t$ Submit $\\w_t$ in (\\[eqn:wt:new\\]) Observe the loss $f_t(\\cdot)$ and evaluate the gradient $\\nabla f_t(\\w_t)$ Update $L_{t,J}^\\eta=L_{t-1,J}^\\eta + \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,J}^\\eta) $ Pass the surrogate loss $\\ell_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ to expert $E_J^\\eta$ Update $\\widehat{L}_{t,J}^\\eta=\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta + \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,J}^\\eta) $ Pass the surrogate loss $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ to expert $\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta$ Remove experts whose ending times are $t$ from $\\A_t$ and $\\widehat{\\A}_t$\n\nInterval $I=[r,s]$, $\\eta$ Let $\\wh_{r,I}^\\eta$ be any point in $\\Omega$ Update $$\\wh_{t+1,I}^\\eta = \\Pi_\\Omega\\left( \\wh_{t,I}^\\eta - \\frac{1}{2 \\eta^2G^2 (t-r+1)} \\nabla \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\wh_{t,I}^\\eta) \\right)$$ where $$\\nabla \\hat{\\hat}{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\wh_{t,I}^\\eta)= \\eta \\nabla f_t(\\w_t) + 2 \\eta^2 G^2 ( \\wh_{t,I}^\\eta - \\w_t)$$\n\nNext, we present the expert algorithm for the new surrogate loss $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ in (\\[eqn:ell:hat\\]), which enjoys the following property [@Adaptive:Maler Lemma 2].", "\n\n\\[lem:strong:convex\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$ in (\\[eqn:ell:hat\\]) is $2\\eta^2G^2$-strongly convex, and $$\\max_{\\w \\in \\Omega}\\|\\nabla \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\w)\\| \\leq \\eta G+ 2\\eta^2 G^2 D.$$\n\nThus, we can apply OGD for strongly convex functions [@ML:Hazan:2007] as the expert algorithm to minimize $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta$ during interval $I$. We provide the procedure of expert $\\widehat{E}_{I}^\\eta$ in Algorithm \\[alg:OGD\\]. ", "The projection operator $\\Pi_\\Omega(\\cdot)$ is defined as $$\\Pi_\\Omega(\\x)=\\operatorname*{argmin}_{\\w \\in \\Omega} \\|\\w-\\x\\| .$$\n\nOur analysis shows that UMA inherits the theoretical guarantee of PAE, and meanwhile is able to minimize the adaptive regret of general convex and strongly convex functions.", "\n\n\\[thm:main\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $[p,q] \\subseteq [T]$ and any $\\w \\in \\Omega$, UMA enjoys the theoretical guarantee of PAE in Theorem \\[thm:PAE\\]. ", "Besides, it also satisfies $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq &10 DG \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q) + 3 G\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2}, \\label{eqn:UMA:inequality:1}\\\\\n\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq &10 DG \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q) + 21 DG\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q)(q-p+1)} \\label{eqn:UMA:inequality:2}\\end{aligned}$$ where $b(\\cdot,\\cdot)$ is given in (\\[eqn:b:fun\\]), and $$\\label{eqn:a:hat}\n\\hat{a}(p,q)=2\\log_2(2q) + \\frac{1}{2} \\big(\\log(q-p+1) + 1 \\big).$$ Furthermore, if all the online functions are $\\lambda$-strongly convex, we have $$\\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w) \\leq \\left(10 DG + \\frac{9G^2}{2\\lambda} \\right) \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q)= O\\left( \\frac{\\log q \\log(q-p)}{\\lambda} \\right).$$\n\n#### Remark\n\nFirst, (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:1\\]) shows that UMA is equipped with another second-order regret bound for any interval, leading to a small regret for strongly convex functions. ", "Specifically, for $\\lambda$-strongly convex functions, UMA achieves $\\operatorname*{SA-Regret}(T,\\tau)= O(\\frac{1}{\\lambda} \\log \\tau \\log T )$, which matches the regret of the efficient algorithm of @Dynamic:Regret:Adaptive. ", "Second, (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:2\\]) manifests that UMA attains an $O(\\sqrt{ \\tau \\log T})$ strongly adaptive regret for general convex functions, which again matches the state-of-the-art result of @Improved:Strongly:Adaptive exactly. ", "Finally, because of the dual adaptivity, UMA can handle the tough case that the type of functions switches or the parameter of functions changes.", "\n\nAnalysis\n========\n\nIn this section, we present the analysis of our theoretical guarantees.", "\n\nProof of Theorem \\[thm:PAE\\]\n----------------------------\n\nWe start with the meta-regret of PAE over any interval in $\\I$.\n\n\\[lem:meta\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$ and any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$, the meta-regret of PAE with respect to $E_I^\\eta$ satisfies $$\\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) = - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) \\leq 2\\log_2(2s).$$\n\nThen, combining Lemma \\[lem:meta\\] with the regret of expert $E_I^\\eta$, which is just the regret bound of ONS over $I$, we establish a second-order regret of PAE over any interval in $\\I$.\n\n\\[lem:second\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$ and any $\\w \\in \\Omega$, PAE satisfies $$\\label{eqn:pae:sec:int}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq 3 \\sqrt{a(r,s)\\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 }+ 10 DG a(r,s)$$ where $a(\\cdot,\\cdot)$ is defined in (\\[eqn:a:fun\\]).", "\n\nBased on the following property of GC intervals [@Adaptive:ICML:15 Lemma 1.2], we extend Lemma \\[lem:second\\] to any interval $[p,q] \\subseteq [T]$.\n\n\\[lem:GC:intervals\\] For any interval $[p,q] \\subseteq [T]$, it can be partitioned into two sequences of disjoint and consecutive intervals, denoted by $I_{-m},\\ldots,I_0 \\in \\I$ and $I_1,\\ldots,I_n \\in \\I$, such that $$|I_{-i}|/ |I_{-i+1}| \\leq 1/2, \\ \\forall i \\geq 1$$ and $$|I_i|/|I_{i-1}| \\leq 1/2, \\ \\forall i \\geq 2.$$\n\nFrom the above lemma, we conclude that $n \\leq \\lceil\\log_2(q-p+2)\\rceil$ because otherwise $$|I_1|+\\cdots+|I_n| \\geq 1+2+\\ldots + 2^{n-1}= 2^n -1 > q-p+1 = |I|.$$ Similarly, we have $m+1 \\leq \\lceil\\log_2(q-p+2)\\rceil$.\n\nFor any interval $[p,q] \\subseteq [T]$, let $I_{-m},\\ldots,I_0 \\in \\I$ and $I_1,\\ldots,I_n \\in \\I$ be the partition described in Lemma \\[lem:GC:intervals\\]. ", "Then, we have $$\\label{eqn:decom:regret}\n\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle = \\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sum_{t\\in I_i}\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle.$$ Combining with Lemma \\[lem:second\\], we have $$\\label{eqn:thm1:tmp}\n\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\\\\n\\leq &\\sum_{i=-m}^n \\left(3 \\sqrt{a(p,q)\\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 }+ 10 DG a(p,q) \\right) \\\\\n= & 10 DG (m+1+n) a(p,q) + 3 \\sqrt{a(p,q)} \\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sqrt{\\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 } \\\\\n\\leq & 10 DG (m+1+n) a(p,q) + 3 \\sqrt{(m+1+n)a(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2}\\\\\n=& 10 DG (m+1+n) a(p,q) + 3 \\sqrt{(m+1+n)a(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2}\\\\\n\\leq & 10 DG a(p,q) b(p,q) + 3 \\sqrt{a(p,q) b(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2}.", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nWhen all the online functions are $\\alpha$-exp-concave, Lemma \\[lem:exp\\] implies $$\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w) \\\\\n\\leq & \\sum_{t=p}^q \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\frac{\\beta}{2} \\sum_{t=p}^q \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2\\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:thm1:tmp})}}{\\leq} & 10 DG a(p,q) b(p,q) + 3 \\sqrt{a(p,q) b(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2} -\\frac{\\beta}{2} \\sum_{t=p}^q \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2\\\\\n\\leq & \\left(10 DG + \\frac{9}{2 \\beta} \\right) a(p,q) b(p,q).", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nProof of Lemma \\[lem:meta\\]\n---------------------------\n\nThis lemma is an extension of Lemma 4 of @NIPS2016_6268 to sleeping experts. ", "We first introduce the following inequality [@Cesa-Bianchi2005 Lemma 1].", "\n\n\\[lem:inequality\\] For all $z\\geq -\\frac{1}{2}$, $\\ln(1+z)\\geq z-z^2$.\n\nFor any $\\w \\in \\Omega$ and any $\\eta \\leq \\frac{1}{5GD}$, we have $$\\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\geq -\\eta \\|\\nabla f_t(\\w_t)\\|\\|\\w_t -\\w \\|\\geq-\\frac{1}{5}.$$ Then, according to Lemma \\[lem:inequality\\], we have $$\\label{eqn:lem:meta:1}\n\\begin{split}\n\\exp\\left(-\\ell_t^\\eta(\\w) \\right) = &\\exp\\left(\\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\eta^2 \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 \\right) \\\\\n\\leq & 1+ \\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle.", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nRecall that $\\A_t$ is the set of active experts in round $t$, and $L_{t,J}^\\eta$ is the cumulative loss of expert $E_{J}^\\eta$. We have\n\n$$\\label{eqn:lem:meta:2}\n\\begin{split}\n& \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) = \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\exp\\left(-\\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,J}^\\eta) \\right) \\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:lem:meta:1})}}{\\leq} & \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta)\\left(1+ \\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w_{t,J}^\\eta \\rangle \\right)\\\\\n =& \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) + \\left \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta \\w_t -\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta \\w_{t,J}^\\eta \\right \\rangle\\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:wt})}}{=} & \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) .", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nSumming (\\[eqn:lem:meta:2\\]) over $t=1,\\ldots,s$, we have $$\\sum_{t=1}^s \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) \\leq \\sum_{t=1}^s \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta)$$ which can be rewritten as $$\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_s} \\exp(-L_{s,J}^\\eta) +\\sum_{t=1}^{s-1} \\left(\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_{t} \\setminus \\A_{t+1}} \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_{t} \\cap \\A_{t+1}} \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) \\right)\\\\\n\\leq &\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_1} \\exp(-L_{0,J}^\\eta)+\\sum_{t=2}^s \\left( \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t \\setminus \\A_{t-1}} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t \\cap \\A_{t-1}} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta)\\right)\n\\end{split}$$ implying $$\\label{eqn:lem:meta:3}\n\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_s} \\exp(-L_{s,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{t=1}^{s-1} \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_{t} \\setminus \\A_{t+1} } \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) \\\\\n\\leq &\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_1} \\exp(-L_{0,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{t=2}^{s} \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t \\setminus \\A_{t-1}} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\\\\n=& \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_1} \\exp(0) + \\sum_{t=2}^{s} \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t \\setminus \\A_{t-1}} \\exp(0)\\\\\n=& |\\A_1| + \\sum_{t=2}^{s}| \\A_t \\setminus \\A_{t-1}|.", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nNote that $|\\A_1| + \\sum_{t=2}^{s}| \\A_t \\setminus \\A_{t-1}|$ is the total number of experts created till round $s$. From the structure of GC intervals and (\\[eqn:metagrad:4\\]), we have $$\\label{eqn:lem:meta:4}\n|\\A_1| + \\sum_{t=2}^{s}| \\A_t \\setminus \\A_{t-1}| \\leq s \\left(\\lfloor \\log_2 s \\rfloor+1\\right) \\left(1+ \\left\\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 s \\right \\rceil\\right) \\leq 4s^2.$$ From (\\[eqn:lem:meta:3\\]) and (\\[eqn:lem:meta:4\\]), we have $$\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_s} \\exp(-L_{s,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{t=1}^{s-1} \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_{t} \\setminus \\A_{t+1} } \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) \\leq 4s^2.$$\n\nThus, for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$, we have $$\\exp(-L_{s,I}^\\eta) = \\exp\\left( - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) \\right)\\leq 4s^2$$ which completes the proof.", "\n\nProof of Lemma \\[lem:second\\]\n-----------------------------\n\nThe analysis is similar to the proofs of Theorem 7 of @NIPS2016_6268 and Theorem 1 of @Adaptive:Maler.", "\n\nFrom Lemma \\[lem:concave\\] and Theorem 2 of @ML:Hazan:2007, we have the following expert-regret of $E_I^\\eta$ [@Adaptive:Maler Lemma 2].", "\n\n\\[lem:expert\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$ and any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$, the expert-regret of $E_I^\\eta$ satisfies $$\\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w) \\leq 10 d \\log(s-r+1), \\ \\forall \\w \\in \\Omega.$$\n\nCombining the regret bound in Lemmas \\[lem:meta\\] and \\[lem:expert\\], we have $$- \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w) = \\eta \\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\eta^2 \\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 \\leq 2\\log_2(2s) + 10 d \\log(s-r+1)$$ for any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$. Thus, $$\\label{eqn:lem:second:1}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq \\frac{ 2\\log_2(2s) + 10 d \\log(s-r+1)}{\\eta} + \\eta \\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2$$ for any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$.\n\nLet $a(r,s)=2\\log_2(2s) + 10 d \\log(s-r+1) \\geq 2$. Note that the optimal $\\eta_*$ that minimizes the R.H.S. of (\\[eqn:lem:second:1\\]) is $$\\eta_*=\\sqrt{\\frac{a(r,s)}{\\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2}} \\geq \\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{GD \\sqrt{s-r+1}}.$$ Recall that $$\\S(s-r+1)= \\left\\{ \\frac{2^{-i}}{5 DG} \\ \\left |\\ i=0,1,\\ldots, \\left\\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 (s-r+1)\\right\\rceil \\right. ", "\\right\\}.$$ If $\\eta_* \\leq \\frac{1}{5DG}$, there must exist an $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$ such that $$\\eta \\leq \\eta_* \\leq 2\\eta.$$ Then, (\\[eqn:lem:second:1\\]) implies $$\\label{eqn:lem:second:2}\n\\begin{split}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq & 2\\frac{ a(r,s)}{\\eta_*} + \\eta_* \\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2\\\\\n =& 3 \\sqrt{a(r,s)\\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 }.", "\n\\end{split}$$ On the other hand, if $\\eta_* \\geq \\frac{1}{5DG}$, we have $$\\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 \\leq 25 D^2 G^2 a(r,s).$$ Then, (\\[eqn:lem:second:1\\]) with $\\eta=\\frac{1}{5DG}$ implies $$\\label{eqn:lem:second:3}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq 5DG a(r,s)+ 5 DG a(r,s) = 10 DG a(r,s).$$\n\nWe complete the proof by combining (\\[eqn:lem:second:2\\]) and (\\[eqn:lem:second:3\\]).", "\n\nProof of Theorem \\[thm:main\\]\n-----------------------------\n\nWe first show the meta-regret of UMA, which is similar to Lemma \\[lem:meta\\] of PAE.", "\n\n\\[lem:meta:UMA\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$ and any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$, the meta-regret of UMA satisfies $$\\begin{split}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) = - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) \\leq 2\\log_2(2s),\\\\\n\\sum_{t=r}^s \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\wh_{t,I}^\\eta) = - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\wh_{t,I}^\\eta) \\leq 2\\log_2(2s).", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nThen, combining with the expert-regret of $E_I^\\eta$ and $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$, we prove the following second-order regret of UMA over any interval in $\\I$, which is similar to Lemma \\[lem:second\\] of PAE.", "\n\n\\[lem:second:UMA\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$ and any $\\w \\in \\Omega$, UMA satisfies $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq & 3 \\sqrt{a(r,s)\\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 }+ 10 DG a(r,s), \\label{eqn:second:1} \\\\\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq & 3G \\sqrt{\\hat{a}(r,s)\\sum_{t=r}^s \\|\\w_t -\\w\\|^2 }+ 10 DG \\hat{a}(r,s) \\label{eqn:second:2}\\end{aligned}$$ where $a(\\cdot,\\cdot)$ and $\\hat{a}(\\cdot,\\cdot)$ are defined in (\\[eqn:a:fun\\]) and (\\[eqn:a:hat\\]), respectively.", "\n\nBased on the property of GC intervals [@Adaptive:ICML:15 Lemma 1.2], we extend Lemma \\[lem:second:UMA\\] to any interval $[p,q] \\subseteq [T]$. Notice that (\\[eqn:second:1\\]) is the same as (\\[eqn:pae:sec:int\\]), so Theorem \\[thm:PAE\\] also holds for UMA. ", "In the following, we prove (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:1\\]) in a similar way. ", "Combining (\\[eqn:decom:regret\\]) with (\\[eqn:second:2\\]), we have $$\\label{eqn:UMA:inequality:3}\n\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\\\\n\\leq &\\sum_{i=-m}^n \\left(3 G\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q)\\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2 }+ 10 DG \\hat{a}(p,q) \\right) \\\\\n= & 10 DG (m+1+n) \\hat{a}(p,q) + 3 G\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q)} \\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sqrt{\\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2 } \\\\\n\\leq & 10 DG (m+1+n) \\hat{a}(p,q) + 3G \\sqrt{(m+1+n)\\hat{a}(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2}\\\\\n=& 10 DG (m+1+n) \\hat{a}(p,q) + 3G \\sqrt{(m+1+n)\\hat{a}(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q\\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2}\\\\\n\\leq & 10 DG \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q) + 3G \\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q\\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2}.", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nWe proceed to prove (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:2\\]). ", "If we upper bound $\\sum_{t=p}^q \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2$ in (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:1\\]) by $D^2 (q-p+1)$, we arrive at $$\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq 10 DG \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q) + 3 DG\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q)} \\sqrt{q-p+1}$$ which is worse than (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:2\\]) by a $\\sqrt{b(p,q)}$ factor. ", "To avoid this factor, we use a different way to simplify (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:3\\]): $$\\label{eqn:UMA:inequality:4}\n\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{t=p}^q\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\\\\n\\leq &\\sum_{i=-m}^n \\left(3 G\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q)\\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2 }+ 10 DG \\hat{a}(p,q) \\right) \\\\\n= & 10 DG (m+1+n) \\hat{a}(p,q) + 3 G\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q)} \\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sqrt{\\sum_{t\\in I_i} \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2 } \\\\\n\\leq & 10 \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q)+ 3 DG\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q)} \\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sqrt{|I_i|}.", "\n\\end{split}$$ Let $J=[p,q]$. According to Lemma \\[lem:GC:intervals\\], we have [@Adaptive:ICML:15 Theorem 1] $$\\label{eqn:UMA:inequality:5}\n\\sum_{i=-m}^n \\sqrt{|I_i|} \\leq 2 \\sum_{i=0}^\\infty \\sqrt{2^{-i} |J|} \\leq \\frac{2\\sqrt{2}}{\\sqrt{2}-1} \\sqrt{|J|} \\leq 7 \\sqrt{|J|}=7 \\sqrt{q-p+1}.$$ We get (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:2\\]) by combining (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:4\\]) and (\\[eqn:UMA:inequality:5\\]).", "\n\nWhen all the online functions are $\\lambda$-strongly convex, Definition \\[def:strong\\] implies $$\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w_t) - \\sum_{t=p}^q f_t(\\w) \\\\\n\\leq & \\sum_{t=p}^q \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\frac{\\lambda}{2} \\sum_{t=p}^q \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2\\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:UMA:inequality:1})}}{\\leq} & 10 DG \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q) + 3 G\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q)} \\sqrt{\\sum_{t=p}^q \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2} -\\frac{\\lambda}{2} \\sum_{t=p}^q \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2\\\\\n\\leq & \\left(10 DG + \\frac{9G^2}{2\\lambda} \\right) \\hat{a}(p,q) b(p,q).", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nProof of Lemma \\[lem:meta:UMA\\]\n-------------------------------\n\nThe analysis is similar to that of Lemma \\[lem:meta\\]. ", "We first demonstrate that (\\[eqn:lem:meta:1\\]) also holds for the new surrogate loss $\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\cdot)$.\n\nNotice that $$\\label{eqn:lem:meta:new:1}\n\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 \\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:gradient})}}{\\leq} G^2 \\|\\w_t -\\w\\|^2.$$ As a result, we have $$\\label{eqn:lem:meta:new:2}\n\\begin{split}\n\\exp\\left(-\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\w) \\right) = &\\exp\\left(\\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\eta^2 G^2\\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2 \\right) \\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:lem:meta:new:1})}}{\\leq} & \\exp\\left(\\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\eta^2 \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle^2 \\right) =\\exp\\left(-\\ell_t^\\eta(\\w) \\right) \\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:lem:meta:1})}}{\\leq} & 1+ \\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle\n\\end{split}$$ for any $\\w \\in \\Omega$.\n\nThen, we repeat the derivation of (\\[eqn:lem:meta:2\\]), and have $$\\label{eqn:lem:meta:new:3}\n\\begin{split}\n& \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t,J}^\\eta)\\\\\n=& \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\exp\\left(-\\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,J}^\\eta) \\right) + \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\exp\\left(-\\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\wh_{t,J}^\\eta) \\right)\\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:lem:meta:1}),(\\ref{eqn:lem:meta:new:2})}}{\\leq} & \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta)\\left(1+ \\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w_{t,J}^\\eta \\rangle \\right)\\\\\n&+ \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta)\\left(1+ \\eta \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\wh_{t,J}^\\eta \\rangle \\right)\\\\\n =& \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) +\\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\\\\n &+\\left \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\left(\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta +\\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta\\right)\\w_t \\right \\rangle\\\\\n & - \\left \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta \\w_{t,J}^\\eta + \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta) \\eta \\wh_{t,J}^\\eta \\right \\rangle\\\\\n\\overset{\\text{(\\ref{eqn:wt:new})}}{=} & \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_t} \\exp(-L_{t-1,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_t} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t-1,J}^\\eta) .", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nFollowing the derivation of (\\[eqn:lem:meta:3\\]) and (\\[eqn:lem:meta:4\\]), we have $$\\begin{split}\n&\\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_s} \\exp(-L_{s,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{t=1}^{s-1} \\sum_{E_J^\\eta \\in \\A_{t} \\setminus \\A_{t+1} } \\exp(-L_{t,J}^\\eta) \\\\\n&+ \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_s} \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{s,J}^\\eta) + \\sum_{t=1}^{s-1} \\sum_{\\widehat{E}_J^\\eta \\in \\widehat{\\A}_{t} \\setminus \\widehat{\\A}_{t+1} } \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{t,J}^\\eta)\\\\\n\\leq & |\\A_1| + \\sum_{t=2}^{s}| \\A_t \\setminus \\A_{t-1}| + |\\widehat{\\A}_1| + \\sum_{t=2}^{s}| \\widehat{\\A}_t \\setminus \\widehat{\\A}_{t-1}| \\\\\n\\leq & 2 s \\left(\\lfloor \\log_2 s \\rfloor+1\\right) \\left(1+ \\left\\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 s \\right \\rceil\\right) \\leq 4s^2.", "\n\\end{split}$$\n\nThus, for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$, we have $$\\exp(-L_{s,I}^\\eta) = \\exp\\left( - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\ell_t^\\eta(\\w_{t,I}^\\eta) \\right)\\leq 4s^2 \\textrm{ and } \\exp(-\\widehat{L}_{s,I}^\\eta) = \\exp\\left( - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\wh_{t,I}^\\eta) \\right)\\leq 4s^2$$ which completes the proof.", "\n\nProof of Lemma \\[lem:second:UMA\\]\n---------------------------------\n\nFirst, (\\[eqn:second:1\\]) can be established by combining Lemmas \\[lem:meta:UMA\\] and \\[lem:expert\\], and following the proof of Lemma \\[lem:second\\]. ", "Next, we prove (\\[eqn:second:2\\]) in a similar way.", "\n\nFrom Lemma \\[lem:strong:convex\\] and Theorem 1 of @ML:Hazan:2007, we have the following expert-regret of $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$ [@Adaptive:Maler Lemma 2].", "\n\n\\[lem:expert:strong\\] Under Assumptions \\[ass:1\\] and \\[ass:2\\], for any interval $I=[r,s] \\in \\I$ and any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$, the expert-regret of $\\widehat{E}_I^\\eta$ satisfies $$\\sum_{t=r}^s \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\wh_{t,I}^\\eta) - \\sum_{t=r}^s \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\w) \\leq \\frac{1}{2} \\big(\\log(s-r+1) + 1 \\big), \\ \\forall \\w \\in \\Omega.$$\n\nCombining the regret bound in Lemmas \\[lem:meta:UMA\\] and \\[lem:expert:strong\\], we have $$- \\sum_{t=r}^s \\hat{\\ell}_t^\\eta(\\w) = \\eta \\sum_{t=r}^s \\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle - \\eta^2 G^2 \\sum_{t=r}^s \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2 \\leq 2\\log_2(2s) + \\frac{1}{2} \\big(\\log(s-r+1) + 1 \\big)$$ for any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$. Thus, $$\\label{eqn:lem:uma:1}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq \\frac{ 2\\log_2(2s) + \\frac{1}{2} \\big(\\log(s-r+1) + 1 \\big)}{\\eta} + \\eta G^2 \\sum_{t=r}^s \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2$$ for any $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$.\n\nLet $\\hat{a}(r,s)=2\\log_2(2s) + \\frac{1}{2} \\big(\\log(s-r+1) + 1 \\big) \\geq 2$. Note that the optimal $\\eta_*$ that minimizes the R.H.S. of (\\[eqn:lem:second:1\\]) is $$\\eta_*=\\sqrt{\\frac{\\hat{a}(r,s)}{G^2 \\sum_{t=r}^s \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2}} \\geq \\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{GD \\sqrt{s-r+1}}.$$ Recall that $$\\S(s-r+1)= \\left\\{ \\frac{2^{-i}}{5 DG} \\ \\left |\\ i=0,1,\\ldots, \\left\\lceil \\frac{1}{2} \\log_2 (s-r+1)\\right\\rceil \\right. ", "\\right\\}.$$ If $\\eta_* \\leq \\frac{1}{5DG}$, there must exist an $\\eta \\in \\S(s-r+1)$ such that $$\\eta \\leq \\eta_* \\leq 2\\eta.$$ Then, (\\[eqn:lem:uma:1\\]) implies $$\\label{eqn:lem:uma:2}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq 2\\frac{ \\hat{a}(r,s)}{\\eta_*} + \\eta_* G^2\\sum_{t=r}^s \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2 = 3 G\\sqrt{\\hat{a}(r,s)\\sum_{t=r}^s \\|\\w_t -\\w \\|^2 }.$$ On the other hand, if $\\eta_* \\geq \\frac{1}{5DG}$, we have $$\\sum_{t=r}^s \\| \\w_t -\\w \\|^2 \\leq 25 D^2 \\hat{a}(r,s).$$ Then, (\\[eqn:lem:uma:1\\]) with $\\eta=\\frac{1}{5DG}$ implies $$\\label{eqn:lem:uma:3}\n\\sum_{t=r}^s\\langle \\nabla f_t(\\w_t), \\w_t -\\w \\rangle \\leq 5DG \\hat{a}(r,s)+ 5 DG \\hat{a}(r,s) = 10 DG \\hat{a}(r,s).$$\n\nWe obtain (\\[eqn:second:2\\]) by combining (\\[eqn:lem:uma:2\\]) and (\\[eqn:lem:uma:3\\]).", "\n\nConclusion and Future Work\n==========================\n\nIn this paper, we develop a universal algorithm that is able to minimize the adaptive regret of general convex, exp-concave and strongly convex functions simultaneously. ", "For each type of functions, our theoretical guarantee matches the performance of existing algorithms specifically designed for this type of function under apriori knowledge of parameters.", "\n\nRecent studies [@jun2017; @Adaptive:Regret:Smooth:ICML] have demonstrated that smoothness can be exploited to improve the adaptive regret, in analogy to the way that smoothness helps tighten the static regret [@NIPS2010_Smooth]. ", "Our current algorithm cannot exploit smoothness, because experts only observe the surrogate loss instead of the original one. ", "In the future, we will try to support smooth functions as well.", "\n" ]

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[ "Glass substrates crosslinked with tetracycline-imprinted polymeric silicate and CdTe quantum dots as fluorescent sensors.", "\nA fluorescence-based sensor that combines the merits of quantum dots (QDs) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was first fabricated on a glass substrate via a sol-gel route. ", "Some of the key performance factors, including silane selection, substrate etching, the reaction times of glass silanization and sol-gel polymerization, and the times and methods used for template stripping and loading, were discussed and determined. ", "After fabricating the sensor on either a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) or a 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPS) modified glass substrate, APS showed a much better performance than MPS as both the capping reagent of QDs and the functional monomer of tetracycline-templated MIPs. ", "The APS-QDs on APS-modified glass had a higher imprinted factor (IF = 5.6), a lower LOD (2.1 μM, 3σ), and a more stable signal (2.8%, n = 10 at 70 μM) than those on the MPS-modified glass (IF = 5.2, LOD = 6.5 μM, stability = 6.2%). ", "Furthermore, the recoveries of tetracycline (70 μM) from BSA (133 μg/mL) and FBS (0.66 ppt) by the APS-modified glass were 98% (RSD = 3.5%, n = 5) and 97% (RSD = 5.7%), respectively. ", "For the MPS-modified glass, recoveries of 95% (RSD = 7.2%) and 89% (RSD = 8.7%) were observed at 67 μg/mL of BSA and 0.33 ppt of FBS, respectively." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWas this photo taken on Friday 29th of May 2020, when the President was moved to a White House bunker\n\nThis tweet (with over 8,000 shares) was posted recently, implying that the photo of the White House, was taken when the President was evacuated to a bunker.", "\n\nLights out at #WhiteHouse is a powerful symbol. ", "Total lack of leadership from \n @realDonaldTrump\n #BunkerTrump\n\n— https://twitter.com/iplayitofflegit/status/1267333440438857728\nWas this photo taken during the evacuation?", "\n\nA:\n\nNo.", "\nThat's a stock image. ", "I can't find the original but did find an article on NewsThump from 2017 that seems to be using the same image.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "//\n// ZoomingScrollView.h\n// MWPhotoBrowser\n//\n// Created by Michael Waterfall on 14/10/2010.", "\n// Copyright 2010 d3i. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\n#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>\n#import \"MWPhotoProtocol.h\"\n#import \"MWTapDetectingImageView.h\"\n#import \"MWTapDetectingView.h\"\n\n@class MWPhotoBrowser, MWPhoto, MWCaptionView;\n\n@interface MWZoomingScrollView : UIScrollView <UIScrollViewDelegate, MWTapDetectingImageViewDelegate, MWTapDetectingViewDelegate> {\n\n}\n\n@property () NSUInteger index;\n@property (nonatomic) id <MWPhoto> photo;\n@property (nonatomic, weak) MWCaptionView *captionView;\n@property (nonatomic, weak) UIButton *selectedButton;\n@property (nonatomic, weak) UIButton *playButton;\n\n- (id)initWithPhotoBrowser:(MWPhotoBrowser *)browser;\n- (void)displayImage;\n- (void)displayImageFailure;\n- (void)setMaxMinZoomScalesForCurrentBounds;\n- (void)prepareForReuse;\n- (BOOL)displayingVideo;\n- (void)setImageHidden:(BOOL)hidden;\n\n@end\n" ]

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[ "Third-generation mobile communication systems for mobile phones, etc., ", "such as cdma 2000 and W-CDMA using a spread spectrum (Code Division Multiple Access: hereinafter referred to as “CDMA”) scheme, have been used. ", "For a W-CDMA downlink, a 3.5th-generation packet transmission scheme called HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) is known as a packet data transmission technique for providing a transmission rate of up to about 14 Mbps.", "\nHSDPA employs an adaptive coding modulation scheme (AMC: Adaptive Modulation and Coding) that allows transmission at a power receivable by all terminal devices located within an area covered by a base station and that allows an optimum modulation scheme to be used depending on the radio wave conditions (CQI information) between the base station and the terminal device, thereby achieving high-quality and high-speed communication. ", "There are available, as modulation schemes, a QPSK modulation scheme with high stability like W-CDMA, which is one type of PSK (Phase Shift Keying) modulation scheme, and a 16-QAM scheme allowing high-speed communication, which is one type of QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulation scheme. ", "Those two modulation schemes are currently used. ", "However, the PSK schemes further include BPSK and 8PSK in addition to QPSK, and the QAM schemes further include 64-QAM and 256-QAM in addition to 16-QAM. ", "That is, there are modulation schemes with different modulation levels.", "\nThe above-mentioned CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) information is a result of measurement of the signal quality (for example, SIR) by the terminal device from CPICH (common pilot channel) received from the base station. ", "The CQI information is transmitted to the base station via HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel.", "\nPrimary radio channels for use in HSDPA include HS-PDSCH (High Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and HS-SCCH (High Speed-Shared Control Channel) as shared channels in the downlink direction (from the base station to the communication terminals). ", "HS-SCCH is a control channel carrying various control information, such as address information and a modulation scheme of packet data to be transmitted via HS-PDSCH, and error correction parameters. ", "The terminal device receives HS-SCCH, and can recognize the modulation scheme used for the HS-PDSCH, the error correction parameters, etc., ", "to perform demodulation and decoding for the HS-PDSCH.", "\nFurther, HSDPA employs a method in which one physical channel is shared in time division and is used by a plurality of communication terminals. ", "A scheduler located in the base station performs scheduling to determine a communication terminal to which packet data is to be transmitted and transmission parameters of the packet data in predetermined units of time according to the amount of data to be transmitted to the communication terminal, the communication quality, and the priority, thereby achieving efficient packet data transmission.", "\nSeveral algorithms for the scheduler to determine the transmission parameters have been proposed. ", "A Max CIR (Maximum Carrier to Interface power Ratio) method, an RR method (Round Robin) method, and a PF (Proportional Fairness) method that allow efficient scheduling are known. ", "For example see Yoshiaki Oofuji, et. ", "al., “", "Kudari Rink Kosoku Paketto Akusesu ni okeru kaku Yuza no Suruputto ni Chumoku shita Sukejuringuhou no Tokusei Hikaku (Characteristic Comparison between Scheduling methods focusing on Throughput of Each User in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access),” Technical Report of IEICE SST2001-108. ", "A•P2001-256. ", "RCD2001-291, MoMuC2001-88, MW2001-226 (2002-03).", "\nIn the Max CIR method, a user having the highest transmission rate is preferentially assigned a slot on the basis of the reported SIRs at the terminals. ", "In the RR method, all users are equally assigned slots regardless of the SIR. ", "In the PF method, a terminal device having the highest ratio of an average reception SIR value for the terminal device to the instantaneous SIR of each user is assigned a slot. ", "Which algorithm is to be selected depends on what evaluation amount is to be prioritized for a system.", "\nIn order to realize a mobile communication scheme that allows higher-speed communication, studies on fourth-generation communication schemes have been extensively carried out. ", "Further, in 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), studies on an LTE (Long Term Evolution) scheme, which is considered as the 3.9th generation, have been made. ", "As an LTE communication scheme, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (hereinafter referred to as “OFDM”) is used, instead of the CDMA scheme, for realizing high-speed communication (for example, see 3GPP TR25.913 standard).", "\nThe OFDM scheme employs a method in which a carrier for modulating data is divided into a plurality of sub-carriers orthogonal to each other and data signals distributed to the sub-carriers are transmitted in parallel. ", "By performing transmission while maintaining the straight-traveling characteristics between the plurality of sub-carriers, optimum transmission efficiency for high-speed data communication can be attained.", "\nIn mobile communication based on the OFDM scheme, unlike the CDMA scheme, no spread code is used, and there is a problem in that adjacent base stations may interfere with each other when using the same channel at the same time. ", "Therefore, each base station needs to use a different channel. ", "However, if available channels are limited, the number of users that can be accommodated is also limited. ", "Thus, because of the limited number of available channels, it is desirable that adjacent base stations can use the same channel.", "\nIn order to solve this problem, a method in which a frequency reuse distance is variably set according to the distance from a terminal device to a base station has been proposed (see for example 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 Tdoc R1-051341). ", "For example, as shown in FIG. ", "1, in a case where the total number of channels (a plurality of sub-carriers orthogonal to each other) available for communication is three, namely, CH1, CH2, and CH3, a terminal device (for example MS) that is distant from the base station (in a cell boundary area 101) is permitted to use only the CH1 by increasing the reuse distance of CH1, and is not permitted to use the same frequency as an adjacent base station, thereby minimizing any interference on neighboring cells. ", "A terminal device that is close to the base station (in a cell center area 102) is permitted to use all the frequency channels CH1, CH2, and CH3, thus reducing the reuse distance, thereby increasing the channel use efficiency.", "\nHowever, in considering a case where the conventional HSDPA scheme is directly used for OFDM communication in the downlink direction, there is a problem in that since a base station performs transmission to terminal devices at a power that allows transmission signals to reach terminal devices located in a distant area from the base station (the cell boundary area 101 shown in FIG. ", "1), the above-mentioned method in which the frequency reuse distance is variably set cannot be used for communication in the downlink direction, thus causing interference in a communication area of an adjacent base station.", "\nIn a case where HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) for communication in the uplink direction, which corresponds to HSDPA, is used in the OFDM scheme, there is a problem in that since a terminal device performs transmission at a power that allows a transmission signal to reach a base station even if the terminal device is located anywhere in the communication area, interference may occur in a communication area of an adjacent base station.", "\nThe above-mentioned problems with a conventional mobile communication system that uses the HSDPA and HSUPA schemes for the OFDM scheme will be described with reference to FIGS. ", "2 and 3. ", "It is assumed that the mobile communication system is composed of base stations BS1 and BS2 and terminal devices MS1 and MS2, and that the total number of channels available is three, namely, CH1, CH2, and CH3.", "\nA cell 100-1 that is a communication area of the base station BS1 can be divided into a cell boundary area 101-1 and a cell center area 102-1. ", "In the cell boundary area 101-1, an adjacent frequency reuse distance is increased, and only CH1, which is a channel (hereinafter referred to as a “first channel”) assigned so as not to interfere with an adjacent base station, is used. ", "In the cell center area 102-1, the frequency reuse distance is reduced, and all the channels CH1, CH2, and CH3 are used. ", "The channels (CH2 and CH3) other than the first channel are hereinafter referred to as “second channels.”", "\nA cell 100-2 that is a communication area of the base station BS2 can also be divided into a cell boundary area 101-2 and a cell center area 102-2. ", "In the cell boundary area 101-2, only the CH1, which is a channel assigned as the first channel, is used. ", "In the cell center area 102-2, all of the first channel CH1 and the second channels CH2 and CH3 can be used.", "\nUnder this constraint, the terminal device MS1 is located in the cell center portion 102-1, and can use all the channels CH1, CH2, and CH3. ", "The terminal device MS2 is located in the cell boundary area 101-2, and can use only CH1.", "\nAs shown in FIG. ", "2, if the terminal device MS1 uses the CH2, TPC (transmission power control) is used for transmission via the individual channels to reduce the transmission power from the base station BS1 to the terminal device MS1, resulting in no interference with the adjacent cell 100-2. ", "However, in a case where a transmission method using a shared channel, such as HSDPA, is used, the TPC control is not carried out, and transmission is performed at a power that covers the entire cell. ", "Thus, the base station BS1 performs transmission to the terminal device MS1 located in the cell center area 102-1 at the same power as that for a terminal device located in the cell boundary area 101-1. ", "Therefore, communication in the downlink direction using the CH2 from the base station BS1 causes interference with the terminal device MS2.", "\nIf both the terminal devices MS1 and MS2 share the CH2 in the HSUPA scheme, as shown in FIG. ", "3, the MS2 performs transmission at a power sufficient to reach the base station BS2 from the cell boundary area, however communication in the uplink direction from the terminal device MS2 causes interference with the base station BS1." ]

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[ "Implementing boundary conditions in simulations of arterial flows.", "\nComputational hemodynamic models of the cardiovascular system are often limited to finite segments of the system and therefore need well-controlled inlet and outlet boundary conditions. ", "Classical boundary conditions are measured total pressure or flow rate imposed at the inlet and impedances of RLR, RLC, or LR filters at the outlet. ", "We present a new approach based on an unidirectional propagative approach (UPA) to model the inlet/outlet boundary conditions on the axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations. ", "This condition is equivalent to a nonreflecting boundary condition in a fluid-structure interaction model of an axisymmetric artery. ", "First we compare the UPA to the best impedance filter (RLC). ", "Second, we apply this approach to a physiological situation, i.e., the presence of a stented segment into a coronary artery. ", "In that case a reflection index is defined which quantifies the amount of pressure waves reflected upon the singularity." ]

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[ "Man’s psoriasis means he can’t walk, wear clothes or see properly\n\nTo view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web\nbrowser that\nsupports HTML5\nvideo\n\nLondoner Jassem Ahmed spotted the skin behind his ears peeling away when he was 19.", "\nAfter it spread to his arms and legs, the condition became so painful, Jassem, now 28, had to go to hospital where he was diagnosed with psoriasis.", "\nAs a result of the condition, his nails have fallen out, he can only wear boxer shorts and can barely move due to the pain in his feet – and he hasn’t left the house for two months.", "\nJassem has tried steroid treatment that has damaged his body, chemo agents which scarred his liver, and UV light treatment that left him temporarily blind.", "\nHe said he also develops six months worth of skin a week and it all falls off.", "\nSo when he sees other people with a clear complexion, Jassem says he feels ‘skin envy’.", "\nBut he wants to raise more awareness of it and has made a short film – Trapped In My skin – A Battle With Psoriasis – detailing his experiences with it.", "\n\n(Picture: Jassem Ahmed / SWNS)\n\n(Picture: Jassem Ahmed / SWNS)‘For a long time, my friends didn’t know that I had psoriasis because I would hide it, with long sleeves and turtle necks and trousers,’ said Jassem.", "\n‘But it’s so bad now that I can’t really wear clothes. ", "All I can really wear are boxers so that also means I stay around the house.", "\n‘Alcohol and dairy make it worse as well, so I’ve totally cut them out.’", "\nJassem was prescribed powerful steroid ointment which helped at first but whenever he tried to wean himself off it, the condition would return ‘ten times worse’.", "\n\n(Picture: Jassem Ahmed / SWNS)Hoping to clear his skin with ultraviolet light therapy which is similar to a sunbed and delivers UVB light, Jassem ended up temporarily blind.", "\nHe claims he was advised to remove his goggles during the treatment to help psoriasis on his eyelids but it affected his sight for several hours.", "\nJassem also developed a condition called Cushing’s syndrome – a collection of symptoms due to exposure to hormones – as a result of using steroid cream on his skin.", "\n\n(Picture: Jassem Ahmed / SWNS)‘One of the things that I have had to really come to terms with losing is hope. ", "Hope is the most dangerous thing to have when battling psoriasis,’ added Jassem.", "\n‘When all my friends and family come and see me and are supportive — and they tell me there might be a miracle — I tell them not to be like that.", "\n\n(Picture: Jassem Ahmed / SWNS)‘You have to accept it. ", "It takes over your whole life. ", "You have to accept it’s a part of your life. ", "Or you become depressed.’", "\nTalking about it online has helped Jassem and he is now trying to help others going through a similar journey.", "\nMORE: Experts recommend ignoring advice for psoriasis on YouTube\nMORE: Mum suffers from chronic skin condition that makes her look like she’s had ‘dodgy lip fillers’\nMORE: Woman felt ‘like a zombie’ when her skin peeled off because of ‘addiction’ to eczema cream" ]

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[ "Effectiveness of endobronchial coil treatment for lung volume reduction in patients with severe heterogeneous emphysema and bilateral incomplete fissures: a six-month follow-up.", "\nTreatment with lung volume reduction coils (LVRC) may be effective in patients with severe heterogeneous emphysema and incomplete fissures. ", "We hypothesized that LVRC placement improves pulmonary function, exercise tolerance and quality of life in these patients. ", "Twenty-six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 13 males and 13 females, aged 66 ± 8 years with heterogeneous emphysema and incomplete fissures were included in this retrospective analysis. ", "The coils were implanted unilaterally in the upper or lower lobe. ", "Patients were followed up at 30, 90 and 180 days after treatment and changes in pulmonary function test and 6-minute-walk-test (6MWT) values as well as scores for the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were recorded. ", "FEV1 improved significantly at 90 days and tended to decrease at the 180-day follow-up (0.67 ± 0.17 vs. 0.78 ± 0.25 vs. 0.73 ± 0.21 liters, respectively, p < 0.001). ", "The 6MWT score had improved significantly at 90 days and had tended to decrease at the 180-day follow-up (216 ± 107 vs. 262 ± 97 vs. 262 ± 112 m, respectively, p = 0.001). ", "SGRQ was significantly improved at 90 days. ", "Multivariate analysis showed that worse 6MWT performance at baseline was independently associated with a greater improvement in 6MWT at the 90-day follow-up. ", "The total complication rate was 54% (n = 14) and included light hemorrhage in 6 patients, COPD exacerbation in 6, pneumothorax in 1 and both COPD exacerbation and pneumothorax in 1 patient. ", "This is the first study to show that LVRC in patients with heterogeneous emphysema and incomplete fissures improves exercise capacity, quality of life and lung function up to 90 days after the intervention. ", "Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of LVRC in these patients." ]

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[ "National Register of Historic Places listings in Seattle\n\nThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Seattle, Washington.", "\n\nThis is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in the city of Seattle, Washington, United States. ", "Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.", "\n\nOf the 300 properties and districts listed on the National Register in King County, 210 are located in Seattle; these are listed below, while the remaining properties and districts are listed elsewhere. ", "Four properties were once listed on the National Register in Seattle but have been removed.", "\n\nCurrent listings\n\n|}\n\nFormer listings\n\n|}\n\nSee also\n List of Landmarks in Seattle (city landmarks) \n List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington \n National Register of Historic Places listings in King County, Washington\n National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n \n\n N\n \nCategory:History of Seattle\nSeattle\nSeattle, Washington" ]

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[ "If you are based in the U.S.A. click here to buy a DVD, here to see the dates and venues of our U.S.A. Screening and Action Tour, or here to see Link TV’s documentary screening schedule for next Shadows of Liberty broadcast." ]

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[ "Romiplostim efficacy in an acute myeloid leukemia patient with transfusion refractory thrombocytopenia.", "\nRefractoriness to platelet (PLT) transfusion is a feared, life-threatening complication in hematology-oncology patients. ", "Despite increased PLT requirement and treatment costs, the clinical management is difficult and these patients had less favorable outcomes. ", "We report on the efficacy of the thrombopoietic agent romiplostim in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia with chemotherapy-induced transfusion-refractory thrombocytopenia. ", "Romiplostim could be very helpfull in the management of AML patients with transfusion refractory thrombocytopenia." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nselecting/deselecting by clicking in d3\n\nI am trying to select/deselect lines(links) of clicking. ", "But I already have mouseover function it should be different than mouseover, when I select a line that line's color needs to change and it needs to draw a pie chart and deselecting should be available of clicking too.", "\nWhat I have: \n nodeenter.on(\"mouseover\", function(d){ \nconsole.log(d); \n d3.select(this).attr(\"fill\", \"yellow\");\n\nreturn tooltip.style(\"visibility\", \"visible\").text(\"This node's id is: \" + d.id + \" and \" + \"Name: \" + d.name );})\n.on(\"mousemove\", function(){\n\n return tooltip.style(\"top\",\n (d3.event.pageY-10)+\"px\").style(\"left\",(d3.event.pageX+10)+\"px\");})\n.on(\"mouseout\", function(d){\n d3.select(this).attr(\"fill\", \"rgb(0, 0, \" +(d*10) + \")\");\n return tooltip.style(\"visibility\", \"hidden\");});\n\nlink.on(\"mouseover\", function(d){\n console.log(d)\n d3.selectAll('.", "'+d.id).style('stroke','aqua');\n return tooltip.style(\"visibility\", \"visible\").text(\"This line's id is: \" + d.id + \" and \" + \"Name: \" + d.name);})\n.on(\"mousemove\", function(){return tooltip.style(\"top\",\n (d3.event.pageY-10)+\"px\").style(\"left\",(d3.event.pageX+10)+\"px\");})\n.on(\"mouseout\", function(d){\n d3.selectAll('.", "'+d.id).style('stroke','black');\n return tooltip.style(\"visibility\", \"hidden\");});\n\n//to select\nlink.on(\"click\", function(d){\n if (!", "d3.select(this).classed(\"selected\") ){\n d3.select(this).classed(\"selected\", true)\n d3.select(this).style(\"stroke\",\"red\");\n }else{\n d3.select(this).classed(\"selected\", false);\n d3.select(this).style(\"stroke\",\"black\");\n }\n});\n\nA:\n\nHere's the result: https://jsfiddle.net/xcn35ycm/4/\nI binded an on click function to the links.", "\nlinks.on(\"click\", function(d){\n if (!", "d3.select(this).classed(\"selected\") ){\n d3.select(this).classed(\"selected\", true)\n d3.select(this).transition().attr(\"stroke\",\"red\");\n }else{\n d3.select(this).classed(\"selected\", false);\n d3.select(this).transition().attr(\"stroke\",\"black\");\n }\n\nAnd to update the mouseout function\n.on(\"mouseout\", function(d){\n if(!d3.select(this).classed(\"selected\") ){\n d3.selectAll('.", "'+d.id).style('stroke','black');\n return tooltip.style(\"visibility\", \"hidden\");\n }\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "A double review with\n\nIt’s not surprising that Canadians suffer from an inferiority complex when it comes to the history of the Second World War: Canada’s accomplishments are often ignored by omission, destroyed by brevity, or ruined by outright lies or fallacies.", "\n\nOne of these fallacies, as historian Marc Milner points out in his book Stopping the Panzers: The Untold Story of D-Day, is that “Canadian hesitancy and tactical ineptitude and superb German defending apparently checked the Canadian advance in the aftermath of D-Day.”", "\n\nMilner goes on to state that, according to American and British historians (and even a few of our own), German counterattacks forced the “timid Canadians ... into a defensive posture.”", "\n\nThe true and untold story, he says, is vastly different and much more interesting.", "\n\n“By the time the initial beach battles ended on 10 June 1944,” writes Milner, “3rd Canadian Division was indeed stalled on its objective, just as historians have claimed. ", "It was exhausted, battered and down 3,000 men. ", "But the Canadians were utterly unshaken, and they were surrounded by wreckage from three panzer divisions, one of them the most powerful panzer division in the west, filled with the elite of the Hitler Youth. ", "When it was all over, it was the Canadians who held the ground that the Germans needed in order to defeat Overlord.”", "\n\nThat is a story of Operation Overlord that is not normally presented to Canadians. ", "Instead, we have often been told that our role in the invasion was that of a bumbling junior partner. ", "And yet, as Milner shows so ably and in great depth, Overlord may well have collapsed follow-ing the D-Day invasion without the Canadians holding the British flank against the weight of German counterattacks.", "\n\nStopping the Panzers is a highly informative, detailed, and descriptive account of the defence of Operation Overlord. ", "And while the entire 3rd Canadian Division, including infantry and artillery, played a role in stopping the panzers, it is in many ways a story of tank warfare and how the Canadian Armoured Corps — using the American-made Sherman tank — was not “cowed” by the panzers but instead went toe-to-toe with the most fearsome tanks of the Second World War — and won.", "\n\nWhile the Sherman was smaller and had lighter armour and a lower-calibre gun compared to the German Panthers and Tigers, it was manoeuvrable and reliable. ", "The Sherman was also a relatively simple vehicle suited for mass production and customization, as seen by the numerous variants, including the Firefly with its tank-stopping 17-pounder gun, the Crab mine-clearing tank, and the Duplex Drive amphibious tank.", "\n\nThose characteristics, which certainly helped Canadian Shermans stop the panzers, also helped to make the Sherman “one of the most recognizable” and “widely used tanks,” according to Michael Haskew in his M4 Sherman Tanks: The Illustrated History of America’s Most Iconic Fighting Vehicles.", "\n\n“Seventy-five years after the prototype entered its evaluation period in the United States, elderly Sherman tanks are still seen in service,” writes Haskew. “", "From the Soviet Union to the Sinai, the Pacific to the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Basin to the hedgerows of France, the ubiquitous Sherman has compiled an incomparable service history and remains one of the most enduring and iconic weapons developed during the twentieth history.”", "\n\nThe development and production of this iconic tank is undoubtedly an American story, but once the Sherman was distributed among the Allies its story became much broader: It was no longer just America’s tank.", "\n\nHaskew’s text reflects this diversity as he explores the story of the Sherman from its roots in the First World War through to its use during the Second World War and beyond. ", "Along with a detailed history of the Sherman, Haskew includes numerous vignettes drawn from the experience of many of the international regiments to use the Sherman — including, for example, the Winnipeg-based Fort Garry Horse. ", "Unfortunately, even though Haskew has written a rich and inclusive history, the title of his book and the numerous photographs used throughout don’t reflect that.", "\n\nThe photographs, both black-and-white and colour, are excellent and do show this iconic tank in all of its stages, from production through to combat. ", "However, the photographs of U.S. Army Shermans far outnumber the images of Shermans of other armies, including Canada and Britain — despite the many photographs of Shermans held in the archives of both countries.", "\n\nAs a result, this book stands as an example of how the Canadian experience has been omitted from the record, in this case the illustrated record. ", "But, setting aside the imbalance in the imagery and the title, M4 Sherman Tank is a superb history on its own and an excellent companion to Stopping the Panzers.", "\n\nWhere M4 Sherman Tank shares the overall history of this storied tank, Stopping the Panzers tells how Canadians used it to outstanding effect during and following Operation Overlord.", "\n\nThemes associated with this article\n\nRelated to Books\n\nBook Review: Those who have been overshadowed — the intellectual predecessors to the Quiet Revolution — include Éva Circé-Côté, the subject of Lévesque’s 2010 book that has now been translated into English." ]

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[ "Consumers are increasingly using kiosks to conduct business with enterprises. ", "The kiosks come in a variety of sizes and are used for a variety of purposes. ", "Some kiosks are drive through, such as fast food establishments, pharmacies, banks, and the like. ", "Other kiosks are stationary located in gas stations, airlines, grocery stores, department stores, and the like.", "\nIn addition, what is considered a kiosk is evolving with today's technology. ", "For example, digital signs now provide advertisements and mechanisms for users to interact with the displays to perform transactions. ", "Such mechanisms include blue tooth communication, Near Field Communication (NFC), Quick Response (QR) code scanning, WiFi communication, and the like.", "\nSo, increasingly customers are engaging in a variety of technologies to automatically interact with enterprises to perform transactions. ", "The transactions may result in purchases or may result in such things as registration for loyalty programs, enrolling in promotional events, requesting additional information for a good or service, and others. ", "That is, the transactions via these kiosks are not strictly tied to purchases although some transactions are purchase related.", "\nOne problem with the variety of existing mechanisms used to interact with customers is that often the customers are required to enter a variety of identifying information or other information before a transaction can conclude. ", "For example, nearly all enterprise kiosks or website portal stores require the consumer to enter payment information, such as a bank account number or credit card number. ", "This poses a security risk that some consumers do not want to engage in. ", "It also slows down the transaction and if the consumer enters one wrong number for an account the whole transaction can be denied." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhile training epoch details are not updated and does not complete all eochs\n\nI am training blood cell images using chainer. ", "While training the epoch details doesn't get updated and does not run the given set of epochs.", "\nI want to understand the cause of this problem..\nWhen the training is interrupted and restarted only a single epoch is updated and displayed..\nI am not sure of the reason behind the problem..so I can't point towards a particular section of the code..whether it is the data pre-processing, or data feeding or the classifier/evaluator section.", "\nYou can see the whole code here...https://github.com/atom2k17/BloodCell-Chainer/blob/master/WithoutKerasDD-checkpoint.ipynb\nAfter training epoch, main/loss, validation/loss, etc should be populated with values from each epoch..and each epoch should get updated after each epoch is finished.", "\n\nA:\n\nCan you try modifying\nvalid_iter = iterators.", "SerialIterator(valid, batch_size)\nto\nvalid_iter = iterators.", "SerialIterator(valid, batch_size, repeat=False, shuffle=False)?", "\nWithout repeat=False option, the iterator will not finish so\nE.Evaluator(valid_iter, model_loss, device=gpu_id) never finish.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The Splinter Cell rumor machine cranked over again today courtesy of Gamestop, which is now selling replica Splinter Cell Goggles for $40. ", "The \"ultra-realistic\" rig features \"iconic lights and sounds from the videogames,\" and yes, you can strap it to your melon and walk around in public if that's your thing. ", "Expected to ship November 1, four AAA batteries required, not included.", "\n\nThat in itself is not a big deal—Gamestop sells collectibles from a number of different games series—but the first line of the product description might be: \"For the first time since the introduction of Splinter Cell in 2002, after nine top selling AAA+ titles, and with the 10th release on the horizon, this is your first chance to own Sam Fisher's signature Ultra High-Frequency Sonar Goggles.\"", "\n\nHave their actually been nine big-budget Splinter Cell games? ", "That seems like a lot. ", "Wiki lists seven:\n\nSplinter Cell\n\nPandora Tomorrow\n\nChaos Theory\n\nEssentials (which was PSP exclusive, but we'll count it)\n\nDouble Agent\n\nConviction\n\nBlacklist\n\nThe Wikipedia listing for Sam Fisher notes that he's appeared in two other games, Ghost Recon: Wildlands and Far Cry: New Dawn, so maybe that's where Gamestop got the number. ", "But whatever—the important point is the bit about another game being \"on the horizon.\"", "\n\nThat's very vague, and I'd be a little surprised if Ubisoft announced a new Splinter Cell while rolling into a crowded holiday season. ", "But it might be an interesting way to build hype for Ghost Recon Breakpoint (or maintain it post-launch) and assuming the new game wouldn't be ready until the 2020 holidays, Yves Guillemot could get on a stage somewhere, yell \"Yeah we're doin' it!\" ", "and then forget the whole thing until April. ", "We'd all be happy with that.", "\n\nIt's possible that this is related to the Splinter Cell VR game that was rumored back in July: VR Focus reported yesterday that Ubisoft is assembling a team for an unannounced VR project based on \"one of Ubisoft's great IPs.\" ", "Interestingly, the listings say the studio is \"working on brands like Anno, Tom Clancy’s Rainbow Six Siege, Far Cry, James Cameron's Avatar, Beyond Good and Evil 2, Ubisoft Escape Games, [and] The Settlers,\" but makes no mention of Splinter Cell. ", "A bit of strategic misdirection? ", "It would be the Sam Fisher way, after all." ]

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[ "Recent Posts\n\nOctober, 2018\n\nHalloween is that one festivities and celebration of the year that majority of the Americans wait for all the year round. ", "But, what is it that makes it this enticing? ", "The costumes? ", "The themes? ", "Or The trick or treat? ", "If anything, it is how you celebrate this occasion that makes up for all the fun and excitement the year around. …", "\n\nJuly, 2018\n\nThe whole world knows that India is the land of colours. ", "However, it is also the land of festivals where Diwali to Raksha Bandhan, everything is celebrated with the utmost fervour! ", "Out of these, rakhi is truly a festival of sheer affection between siblings about which you will get more insights below! ", "Read on! ", "When did it all start? ", "Raksha …\n\nRaksha Bandhan is a precious day for every brother and sister in the whole world. ", "Every sister waits for this day to express love to her brother, while every brother waits to cherish the pampering he gets from his sister. ", "So, a rakhi has to be more than just some threads and beads. ", "It has to be invaluable. ", "Here are …\n\nJune, 2018\n\nA father is a person with best qualities which are helpful to make his family good reputation in the society. ", "Father is the dedicated person for the betterment and growth of this family. ", "He always tries to give the best life to his family members. ", "A devoted personality of a father is always respectable in all over the world. ", "A …\n\nRaksha Bandhan is amongst the most important festivals observed in India. ", "It celebrates the beautiful and special bond of love between brother and sister. ", "Even though siblings share and enjoy this bond all throughout the year, Raksha Bandhan provides them with an opportunity to commemorate all of their loving memories, affection, trust, friendship and loyalty that is pure, true and …\n\nMay, 2018\n\nAre you looking for the best rakhi gifts for sister? ", "You are at the right place! ", "The occasion of Raksha Bandhan commemorates the immortal bond between a brother and sister. ", "With the month of Raksha Bandhan approaching, we often stat thinking about our siblings and the special place they occupy in our hearts. ", "Raksha Bandhan, translated from Sanskrit, implies “The …\n\nDoes your boyfriend’s mother seem hard to please? ", "Well, here’s your chance, to get in her good books! ", "Mother’s day is right around the corner so you should surprise her with a special gift or two. ", "However, are you confused what to buy for your would be mother-in-law? ", "Well, worry no more; here are the top 20 mother’s day present …\n\nGetting a perfect gift idea for anyone is quite tricky. ", "Especially for the friend who flies high for a living. ", "You need to get something insightful and not something that’s cheesy. ", "So choose something that a pilot can use or enjoy. ", "Now, there are plenty of ideas which can be presented to your aviation connoisseur. ", "Some of them are customized …\n\nChoosing a present for kids are comfortable, selecting gifts for adults easier. ", "But, deciding gifts for pre-teens can be stressful, especially for birthdays! ", "Now, why is that? ", "Just because, young adults have the most complex set of minds, they don’t realize if they’re still children or grown up. ", "Now, having a teen, you must have experienced the daily dose of …\n\nHumans are superstitious by nature. ", "You must have done it yourself or noticed someone behave in a significant pattern catering to some beliefs, that doing an action a particular way might benefit them. ", "Let’s take an example-The four leaf clover! ", "Now, according to legends, growing a four leaf clover in your garden is said to bring fortune and good health …\n\nArchitects are a special breed. ", "They don’t only design buildings for an office but also give the organizations a social presence. ", "The architects are known for being thoughtful in their work. ", "Hence, choosing gifts for Architects is not that easy as they have a keen eye for attention to detail. ", "Some of them are also too picky about the aesthetics …\n\n“Practice like you can’t ever win, Perform as you can never lose”- Unknown The lines mentioned above stand true for every passionate dancer out there. ", "So, if you have a family or institute full of performers and with Christmas around the corner, your best bet is buying dancing merchandises for them. ", "This article explains about Gift for a Dancer. ", "Is it …\n\nWhen it comes to buying the perfect present for your teenage nephew or niece, it might seem a bit difficult. ", "The past few years, owing to globalization and the sudden surge of technology, it’s tough to comprehend what teenagers want. ", "Now, you’ll still be the doting aunt, if you buy them cute merchandises; but, Is it really what they want? …", "\n\n“She scolds you with a spatula in her hand, but loves you like there’s no tomorrow.”- ", "Unknown! ", "Indian mothers are not that hard to shop for, but often you might be questioning yourself, “Should I get her a sari?” ", "Or “Is it okay to plan a vacation”? ", "this article explains about Mother’s Day gift idea Now, here’s what you can …\n\nMarch, 2018\n\nGod couldn’t be everywhere, so he created mother. ", "Mother is indeed God’s gift to man. ", "History is replete with innumerable instances of mother’s sacrifices for their children. ", "The thirty six odd weeks that a mother spends carrying the child in her belly can be matched by no other human effort. ", "How do we ever repay them for what they have …" ]

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[ "Motorised Shoes Could Win Dyson Vacuum’s Big Award (And Our Hearts)\n\nI’ve seen kids zooming about on Heeleys, but Treadways’ motorised shoes are firmly for Adult Use Only. ", "The designer has entered them into the annual James Dyson Awards, and if successful could be put on the market. ", "No more walking!", "\n\nTreadways’ founder Peter Treadway reckons they’re better suited as an alternative to using the car or bus for short-haul journeys. ", "Of course, I’m partial to cycling if I can (GoCycle’s electric bike being my current obsession), but a zippy pair of lithium-polymer battery powered attachments that I can fold over my shoes would definitely get a test run at least. [", "Treadways via James Dyson Awards]" ]

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units digit of 1406?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 3957?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 65715?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 16179?", "\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of 91?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 3337?", "\n7\nWhat is the tens digit of 447?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 10672?", "\n0\nWhat is the tens digit of 386?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 606?", "\n6\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 12354?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 2255?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 13602?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 43173?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 33508?", "\n0\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 27442?", "\n2\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1289?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 5501?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1086?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 437?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 2265?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 3614?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 45861?", "\n6\nWhat is the units digit of 2657?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 329?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 575?", "\n5\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 93776?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 17477?", "\n7\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1187?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 3456?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 26473?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 860?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 302?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 18342?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1505?", "\n5\nWhat is the thousands digit of 3792?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 45427?", "\n4\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 162686?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1124?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 22052?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 2326?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 99791?", "\n7\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 43626?", "\n4\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 21747?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 9119?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 9115?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 765?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 1275?", "\n7\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 65352?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 7481?", "\n8\nWhat is the units digit of 3206?", "\n6\nWhat is the units digit of 26248?", "\n8\nWhat is the units digit of 107?", "\n7\nWhat is the tens digit of 542?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 11894?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 9048?", "\n9\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 328?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 10828?", "\n8\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 102757?", "\n0\nWhat is the thousands digit of 21943?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 78358?", "\n8\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 16138?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 1252?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 724?", "\n2\nWhat is the thousands digit of 71515?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 2315?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 54132?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 30113?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 3139?", "\n3\nWhat is the tens digit of 750?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 209?", "\n9\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 35044?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 9028?", "\n8\nWhat is the tens digit of 7847?", "\n4\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 704?", "\n7\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 22564?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 14865?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 7000?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 11352?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 14443?", "\n4\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 19545?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 16993?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 23785?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 9443?", "\n3\nWhat is the tens digit of 5220?", "\n2\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 48655?", "\n4\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 23123?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 3670?", "\n0\nWhat is the tens digit of 1839?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 59381?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 9558?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 1400?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 4285?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 288?", "\n8\nWhat is the units digit of 17265?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 45672?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 7616?", "\n6\nWhat is the units digit of 2755?", "\n5\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1358?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2847?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 1064?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 107795?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 3743?", "\n7\nWhat is the units digit of 13316?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 3794?", "\n3\nWhat is the thousands digit of 6410?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 40091?", "\n0\nWhat is the units digit of 676?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 3851?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 9177?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 71449?", "\n4\nWhat is the tens digit of 30582?", "\n8\nWhat is the thousands digit of 58784?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 31041?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 6057?", "\n0\nWhat is the units digit of 504?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2517?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 96?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 25885?", "\n8\nWhat is the tens digit of 11746?", "\n4\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 118828?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1605?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 39771?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 4291?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 994?", "\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of 1105?", "\n0\nWhat is the units digit of 91692?", "\n2\nWhat is the thousands digit of 6994?", "\n6\nWhat is the units digit of 523?", "\n3\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1998?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 37208?", "\n2\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1865?", "\n8\nWhat is the units digit of 1184?", "\n4\nWhat is the tens digit of 20466?", "\n6\nWhat is the units digit of 43598?", "\n8\nWhat is the tens digit of 81?", "\n8\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1226?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 3519?", "\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of 2325?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 433?", "\n3\nWhat is the tens digit of 575?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 13395?", "\n3\nWhat is the tens digit of 3477?", "\n7\nWhat is the thousands digit of 70304?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 10627?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 10660?", "\n0\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 25296?", "\n2\nWhat is the thousands digit of 7586?", "\n7\nWhat is the tens digit of 56?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 9454?", "\n4\nWhat is the tens digit of 1200?", "\n0\nWhat is the tens digit of 66631?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 23025?", "\n5\nWhat is the tens digit of 73077?", "\n7\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2610?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 10712?", "\n2\nWhat is the thousands digit of 99173?", "\n9\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 18547?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 16427?", "\n6\nWhat is the tens digit of 807?", "\n0\nWhat is the units digit of 273?", "\n3\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1430?", "\n4\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 10536?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 16863?", "\n3\nWhat is the units digit of 1688?", "\n8\nWhat is the tens digit of 9150?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 314?", "\n4\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1306?", "\n1\nWhat is the ten thousands digit of 14633?", "\n1\nWhat is the hundred thousands digit of 138399?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 280?", "\n8\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2650?", "\n2\nWhat is the units digit of 38427?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 37182?", "\n1\nWhat is the tens digit of 13706?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 1526?", "\n5\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 9384?", "\n3\nWhat is the tens digit of 3007?", "\n0\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 947?", "\n9\nWhat is the tens digit of 164?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 5060?", "\n0\nWhat is the thousands digit of 1232?", "\n1\nWhat is the thousands digit of 2649?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 79?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 786?", "\n7\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 4585?", "\n5\nWhat is the units digit of 801?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 1198?", "\n8\nWhat is the units digit of 5656?", "\n6\nWhat is the thousands digit of 59359?", "\n9\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 266?", "\n2\nWhat is the tens digit of 18842?", "\n4\nWhat is the units digit of 80031?", "\n1\nWhat is the units digit of 2673?", "\n3\nWhat is the tens digit of 54995?", "\n9\nWhat is the units digit of 296?", "\n6\nWhat is the hundreds digit of 28378?", "\n3\nWhat" ]

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[ "This is a demo of a seamless insert of an Icecat LIVE product data-sheet in your website. ", "Imagine that this responsive data-sheet is included in the product page of your webshop.", "\nHow to integrate Icecat LIVE JavaScript.", "\n\nProduct name is a brand's identification of a product, often a model name, but not totally unique as it can include some product variants. ", "Product name is a key part of the Icecat product title on a product data-sheet.", "\n\nThe brand's unique identifier for a product. ", "Multiple product codes can be mapped to one mother product code if the specifications are identical. ", "We map away wrong codes or sometimes logistic variants.", "\n\nAn interface is a point of interaction with software, hardware or peripheral devices such as a computer monitor or keyboard. ", "An interface hub is where there are several interfaces together in one place.", "\n\nThe quality of the data-sheets can be on several levels:only logistic data imported:we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.created by Pendrive: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. ", "But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.created/standardized by Icecat:the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.", "\n\nIncluded since:18 Aug 2005\n\nThe date Icecat noticed for the first time that this product was included in the price list of a channel partner\n\nProduct views:3040\n\nThis statistic is based on the\n75958\nusing ecommerce sites (eshops, distributors, comparison sites, ecommerce ASPs, purchase systems, etc) daily downloading this Icecat data-sheet since\n18-08-05\nOnly sponsoring brands are included in the free Open Icecat content distribution as used by\n74206\nfree Open Icecat users.", "\n\nInfo modified on:18 Aug 2005\n\nThe date of the most recent change of the data-sheet in Icecat's system" ]

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[ "Computerized tomography of the transverse pericardial sinus: Normal or pathologic?", "\nThe transverse pericardial sinus is a uniquely located structure subdivided into many parts. ", "However, discrepancies still exist on the nomenclature and divisions. ", "As noninvasive diagnostic technology such as CT and MR imaging improve, the transverse pericardial sinus and constituent recesses are visualized with more clarity, increasing the risk for misinterpretation. ", "In this review, we will explore the anatomy of the transverse pericardial sinus and associated recesses with the goal of heightening awareness regarding the differential diagnosis between normal and pathological states as seen on CT. ", "In addition, the inconsistencies of the right lateral superior aortic recess are also addressed. ", "Last, we describe the clinical and surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus. ", "Clin. ", "Anat. ", "30:61-70, 2017. ", "© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc." ]

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[ "Ally McCoist as Hearty Harry. ", "Picture: Paul Edwards\n\nOnlookers were puzzled as to why the then-Rangers striker was inside the outfit on the Tynecastle turf, and a full explanation was never given.", "\n\nNearly 21 years later, McCoist has revealed that the “hospitality” of Edinburgh’s Rose Street was to blame for his decision, and says the stunt was definitely not planned in advance.", "\n\nSign up to our daily newsletter The i newsletter cut through the noise Sign up Thanks for signing up! ", "Sorry, there seem to be some issues. ", "Please try again later. ", "Submitting...\n\nHe told Talksport: “We played Celtic on the Saturday, and I was doing a column for the News of the World and Hibs-Hearts were playing on the Sunday. ", "So I went through to Tynecastle.", "\n\n“I made the mistake of enjoying a bit of hospitality on Rose Street before the game.", "\n\n“It was a great game, I have to say. ", "So we were in at half-time, up in the lounge, and the Hearts mascot Hearty Harry is getting changed next to me.", "\n\n“So I’ve had a little bit of a nice lunch, and I’ve looked at him, and he’s looked at me. ", "He shook his head, and I’ve nodded my head, and I’ve went “yes”.", "\n\n“I put the outfit on and I was out on the Tynecastle pitch for the most bizarre ten minutes of my life, dancing in front of the supporters and all that stuff. ", "Of course, they’ve not got a clue who it was. ", "They thought they were cheering Hearty Harry.", "\n\n“The best of it was, the stadium announcer says to me you’d better get back out there. ", "So I took the Hearty Harry hat off and I walked back out. ", "There were about two or three sort of clapping their hands and going, “aye ok, not bad”. ", "And I turned round to the entire Hibs support, who, in no uncertain terms, told me what they thought of my Hearty Harry and where I could stick it.”" ]

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[ "Procyanidin A1\n\nProcyanidin A1 is a A type proanthocyanidin dimer.", "\n\nIt is an epicatechin-(2β→7,4β→8)-catechin dimer found in Rhododendron spiciferum, in peanut skins and in Ecdysanthera utilis.", "\n\nProcyanidin B1 can be converted into procyanidin A1 by radical oxidation using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals under neutral conditions.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Procyanidin dimers" ]

[ 0.030303030303030304, 0.007874015748031496, 0.006578947368421052, 0 ]

[ "2017 Carlow Senior Football Championship\n\nThe 2017 Carlow Senior Football Championship is the 117th edition of the Carlow GAA's premier club gaelic football tournament for senior graded clubs in County Carlow, Ireland. ", "The tournament consists of 8 teams, with the winner going on to represent Carlow in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship. ", "The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.", "\n\nPalatine were the defending champions after they defeated Rathvilly in the previous years final to claim a \"2-in-a-row\" of titles, however their chances of a hat-trick of titles was thwarted by Éire Óg at the semi-final stage.", "\n\nThis was the St. Andrew's return to the senior grade after claiming the 2016 Carlow Intermediate Football Championship title, thus ending a 3-year exodus since being relegated in 2013.", "\n\nO'Hanrahans were relegated to the 2018 I.F.C. after just a 2-year stint in the top-flight when losing to Mt. Leinster Rangers in a relegation play off final.", "\n\nTeam changes\nThe following teams have changed division since the 2016 championship season.", "\n\nTo S.F.C.\nPromoted from 2016 Carlow Intermediate Football Championship\n St. Andrew's - (Intermediate Champions)\n\nFrom S.F.C.\nRelegated to 2017 Carlow Intermediate Football Championship\n Kildavin/Clonegal\n\nGroup stage\n\nThere are two groups of four teams. ", "The top two teams in each group compete in the semi-finals. ", "The bottom team in each group compete in the relegation Final.", "\n\nGroup A\n\nRound 1\n Old Leighlin 0-9, 0-8 Mt. Leinster Rangers, 29/7/2017,\n Palatine 2-15, 1-12 Tinryland, 3/8/2017,\n\nRound 2\n Palatine 2-13, 0-13 Old Leighlin, 12/8/2017,\n Tinryland 4-7, 0-9 Mt. Leinster Rangers, 13/8/2017,\n\nRound 3\n Palatine 3-19, 0-6 Mt. Leinster Rangers, 26/8/2017,\n Old Leighlin 1-10, 0-8 Tinryland, 27/8/2017,\n\nGroup B\n\nRound 1\n Éire Óg 1-20, 0-6 St. Andrew's, 28/7/2017,\n Rathvilly 0-16, 0-11 O'Hanrahans, 29/7/2017,\n\nRound 2\n Éire Óg 3-18, 0-12 O'Hanrahans, 11/8/2017,\n Rathvilly 0-15, 1-11 St. Andrew's, 13/8/2017,\n\nRound 3\n Rathvilly 0-15, 0-13 Éire Óg, 27/8/2017, \n St. Andrew's 1-17, 0-9 O'Hanrahans, 27/8/2017,\n\nKnock-out stages\n\nFinals\nThe winners and runners up of each group qualify for the quarter finals.", "\n\nQuarter-Finals\n\nSemi-Finals\n\nFinal\n\nRelegation play off\n\nThe bottom team in each group compete in the relegation final. ", "The team to lose will be relegated to the 2018 I.F.C.\n\nRelegation Final:\n Mt. Leinster Rangers 3-9, 3-7 O'Hanrahans, Dr. Cullen Park, 16/9/2017,\n\nLeinster Senior Club Football Championship\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n\nCarlow Senior Football Championship\nCategory:Carlow Senior Football Championship" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFlutter: Change background color of DropDownMenuItems pick list\n\nIn the following example the DrowdownButton contains a grey background (defined by the container box decoration) with white text. ", "The menu items therefore all have white text by default. ", "However the menu pick list contains a white background, hence the items cannot be read. ", "Is there a way to change the background of the pick list?", "\n[] 1[]2\n@override\n Widget build(BuildContext context) {\n String dropdownValue = 'One';\n return Scaffold(\n body: Center(\n child: Container(\n decoration: BoxDecoration(\n borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(AppStyles.borderRadius),\n color: Colors.grey,\n ),\n padding: EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(8.0,0,8.0,0),\n child: DropdownButton<String>(\n value: dropdownValue,\n icon: Icon(Icons.arrow_downward, color: Colors.white),\n iconSize: 24,\n elevation: 16,\n style: TextStyle(\n color: Colors.white\n ),\n underline: Container(\n height: 0,\n color: Colors.deepPurpleAccent,\n ),\n onChanged: (String newValue) {\n setState(() {\n dropdownValue = newValue;\n });\n },\n items: <String>['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four']\n .map<DropdownMenuItem<String>>((String value) {\n return DropdownMenuItem<String>(\n value: value,\n child: Text(value),\n );\n })\n .toList(),\n ),\n ),\n ),\n );\n }\n\nA:\n\nHi Please use theme for change the color.", "\nimport 'package:flutter/material.dart';\n\nvoid main() {\n runApp(new MyApp());\n}\n\nclass MyApp extends StatelessWidget {\n @override\n Widget build(BuildContext context) {\n return new MaterialApp(\n home: new MyHomePage(),\n );\n }\n}\n\nclass MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {\n State createState() => new MyHomePageState();\n}\n\nclass MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {\n\n @override\n Widget build(BuildContext context) {\n return new Scaffold(\n body: new Center(\n child: new Theme(\n data: Theme.of(context).copyWith(\n canvasColor: Colors.blue.shade200,\n ),\n child: new DropdownButton(\n value: _value,\n items: <DropdownMenuItem<int>>[\n new DropdownMenuItem(\n child: new Text('Hi'),\n value: 0,\n ),\n new DropdownMenuItem(\n child: new Text('Hello'),\n value: 1,\n ),\n ],\n onChanged: (int value) {\n setState(() {\n _value = value;\n });\n },\n ),\n ),\n ),\n );\n }\n}\n\n" ]

[ 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0, 0, 0.004626060138781804, 0.009515570934256055 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow do I get Drush rsync to use site-aliases correctly?", "\n\nI'm using Drush 4.2 and I'm trying to rsync files from a the dev server to my local machine. ", "My aliases.drushrc.php is located in the root of my local drupal installation and has the following in it:\n $aliases['local'] = array(\n 'root' => '/Users/christian/Sites/site-root',\n 'path-aliases' => array(\n '%files' => 'sites/default/files'\n ),\n\n ); \n\n$aliases['dev'] = array(\n 'root' => '/var/www/vhosts/some-domain.com/subdomains/dev/httpdocs',\n 'remote-host' => 'some-domain.com',\n 'remote-user' => 'root',\n 'path-aliases' => array(\n '%drush' => ' /var/tools/drush/drush',\n '%files' => 'sites/default/files', \n ),\n );\n\nAs a test I try to run this from the local drupal root:\n\ndrush rsync @dev:%files ~/Desktop/test/\n\nI expect @dev:%files to expand to the remote file path but instead I get:\n\nYou will destroy data from /Volumes/MacintoshHD/Users/christian/Desktop/test/ and replace with data from @dev:/Volumes/MacintoshHD/Users/christian/Sites/site-root/%files\n\nAny ideas?", "\nUPDATE:\nI've also found that when I'm try the command:\n\ndrush dd @dev:%files\n\nI get \n\nTarget '@dev:%files' not found.", "\n\nUPDATE 2\nI've found that the issue seems to be coming from the location of the aliases.drushrc.php file. ", "I had it in the drupal root of the site I was working on. ", "I found that if I moved it to ~/.drush/ then everything worked perfectly.", "\nI'd prefer to have it under source control though. ", "I tried putting it in sites/default/ but it had the same problems as before. ", "I'll award the bounty to whomever tells me where to put this file so it's under the source controlled site root. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can set the alias path in your drushrc.php config file.", "\nIf this is not set, then drush searches these locations (in this order) for the alias file.", "\n\n/etc/drush\ndrush installation folder\n$HOME/.drush\ninsides the sites folder of your drupal site\n\nCheck the readme for more details.", "\nBTW: You have a comma missing in your declaration of 'local' alias.", "\nModify it as:\n'%files' => 'sites/default/files',\n\n" ]

[ 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.004310344827586207, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The present invention relates to multi-piece fasteners and more particularly to a swage type fastener for clamping workpieces together under a high initial pre-load prior to initiation of swage.", "\nThe present invention generally relates to two-piece swage type fasteners or lockbolts of the type illustrated in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,915,053 to J. Ruhl, issued Oct. 28, 1975, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,531,048 to L. Huck, issued Nov. 21, 1950 and to U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,057,246 to H. G. Brilmyer, issued on Oct. 9, 1962. ", "The present invention is also an improvement upon U.S. Pat. ", "Application Ser. ", "No. ", "282,875 now U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,867,625 by Richard D. Dixon for Variable Clamp Fastener and Method filed on Dec. 9, 1988 and copending U.S. Pat. ", "Application Ser. ", "No. ", "328,305 by Shahriar M. Sadri for Fit Up Swage Fastener With A Variable And Selectively High Initial Clamp Pre-load And Method filed on Mar. 24, 1989. ", "In addition the present invention could utilize the groove shape and concepts of U.S. Pat. ", "Application Ser. ", "No. ", "185,327 by Richard D. Dixon for High Strength Fastener and Method filed on Apr. 20, 1988. ", "All of the above patents and noted patent applications of Dixon (but not Sadri) can be considered as prior art relative to the present invention.", "\nIn one form, the fastener of the present invention, as with the prior art noted, includes a pin and a collar adapted to be swaged into lock grooves in the pin in response to a preselected relative axial force applied between the pin and collar. ", "In lockbolt type constructions, the collar transmits an axial force from the swage anvil of the setting tool to the workpiece surface engaged by the collar. ", "The pin transmits an opposite axial force by virtue of a pulling force exerted by the tool as with a pull type fastener or a reaction force on the pin as with a stump type fastener. ", "The final clamp load on the workpieces can be determined first by the initial magnitude of relative axial force before initiation of swaging the collar onto the pin and thereafter by elongation of the collar in response to swage. ", "The initial axial clamp force on the workpieces is sometimes referred to as \"pre-load\" while the final clamping force after full swage is referred to as \"final clamp load\". ", "The beginning of swaging at this pre-load is sometimes referred to as \"primary clinch\". ", "In many applications it is desirable to provide a high level of pre-load. ", "In these cases the relative geometries of the swage anvil and engaging end of the collar are selected to provide hold-off or stand-off of initial swage until the desired pre-load value is attained. ", "Thus U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,531,049 issued Nov. 21, 1950 to L. C. Huck shows a collar having a frangible flange to assist in stand-off of initiation of swage. ", "The companion U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,531,048 issued Nov. 21, 1950 to L. C. Huck shows a collar with an enlarged bead to assist in stand-off. ", "A modified form of collar and bead structure is shown in the U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,804,798 issued Sept. 3, 1957 to H. G. Brilmyer. ", "The beaded structures provide an increase in hoop strength by virtue of a localized area at the front or outer end of the collar having an increased wall thickness and hence increased volume of collar material.", "\nOne of the problems, however, with the provision of a bead on the collar for increased stand-off is that the collar now has an uneven distribution of material over its length. ", "This can result in unequal filling of the pin lock grooves and, perhaps more importantly, could result in excessive collar material being moved radially inwardly into the pin lock grooves resulting in local necking of the pin and potential loss of overall strength of the set fastener. ", "This problem is compounded where the collar is swaged into lock grooves which are helical threads. ", "Here it may be desirable to remove the collar by unthreading it from the pin. ", "Excessive necking could distort the threads and severely inhibit such removal making disassembly of secured parts more difficult.", "\nThe present invention presents a unique response to the problem of providing a swage fastener having a high stand-off capability while providing generally equal groove fill in the pin and minimizing localized pin distortion. ", "This is accomplished by constructing the collar to be generally conically shaped over the portion to be swaged; thus the collar is of a generally uniform wall thickness with the inside and outside diameters increasing in an axial direction from the inner end to its enlarged outer end. ", "The result is a relatively small but significant radial gap separating the inner surface at the outer end of the collar from the lock grooves; this radial separation along with the conical shape serves a purpose to be seen. ", "At the same time, since the wall thickness of the collar is maintained generally uniform throughout its swageable length, the volume of material available to be swaged into the lock grooves of the pin will be generally the same across the swage area. ", "Thus a more uniform fill will be achieved while pin necking will be minimized.", "\nIn some applications it may be desirable to provide a pin and collar combination in which there is a predetermined amount of \"overpack\". ", "Overpack occurs where the volume of collar material to be swaged in the pin lock grooves is greater than the available volume defined by the confronting volume of the cavity of the swage anvil and the pin lock grooves. ", "The collar construction of the present invention provides for a more uniform overpack condition over its swageable length.", "\nAs can be seen from the prior art patents, the outer end of the collar is frequently provided with a chamfered surface adapted to engage a mating surface on the anvil of the installation tool. ", "The angle of this chamfer will have an effect on the magnitude of the component of the axial force directed radially inwardly to cause swaging. ", "With the present invention, the outer end is tapered to a large diameter and is of a lesser thickness than its beaded counterpart; by selecting the stand-off angle of the chamfer to control the radially inward component of force, this, in addition to the conical construction, will result in a collar having equal or higher stand-off values than the beaded collar. ", "In this regard it is believed that the conical structure and resultant circumferential gap require extra energy in swage before the initiation of \"primary clinch\". ", "It is believed that this combination of factors assists in resisting the radial inward force component and provides a desired high stand-off.", "\nThe collar can be constructed with a straight shank which is radially expanded to the desired conical shape. ", "Where no further thermal processing is employed, it is believed that the increase in strength at the outer end resulting from cold working in this radial expansion step provides additional resistance to radially inward deformation. ", "Thus the desired magnitude of stand-off force will be determined by the balance in hoop strength, resulting from the conical shape and enlarged mean diameter and circumferential gap at the outer end, the selection of the angle of the stand-off chamfer, and, where present, the gradient of increasing hardness at the expanded end of the collar. ", "As noted it is believed that the conical shape and resultant significant radial gap between the inner surface of the collar and pin lock grooves, permits an initial radially inward deflection, providing energy absorption, while still resisting the initial engagement in \"primary clinch\". ", "In addition, the advantages, previously noted, of uniform fill can be realized.", "\nSince one of the advantages of the novel collar structure, in contrast to a beaded structure, is to provide equal and/or increased pre-load while minimizing distortion of the pin grooves, it can also be used advantageously in conjunction with the fit up swage type fasteners as shown in the referenced applications of Dixon and S. M. Sadri. ", "In this regard the Dixon and Sadri applications are incorporated herein by reference. ", "This is especially true in certain applications, such as truck frames, where it is important that the integrity of the helical lock grooves be maintained such that the swaged collar can be removed by unthreading from the threaded pin.", "\nAs noted in the '875 Dixon application, the fit up fastener disclosed is an improvement over conventional threaded fasteners traditionally used in applications requiring a pre-assembly before final tightening of the fasteners. ", "Thus it is common to secure a structure first by attaching the associated members with the threaded fasteners loosely engaged or torqued to be partially tightened. ", "This facilitates adjustment and/or alignment of the structural members to a final, desired orientation even by partial loosening of the fasteners if necessary. ", "After such adjustment and/or alignment, the threaded fasteners are tightened to a preselected final torque. ", "Two-piece swage type fasteners are not confronted with frictional and other problems inherent in threaded fasteners and hence can provide more uniformly predictable clamp loads. ", "However, until the construction shown in the '875 Dixon and Sadri applications, the swage type fasteners have not been capable of providing the initial pre-assembly or clamp up available with threaded fasteners and still provide a full clamp with only a second, final installation step.", "\nIn the noted '875 Dixon and Sadri applications, the lock grooves of the pin are in the form of a helical male thread. ", "The collar is provided with a mating, female thread of a preselected extent such that the initial pre-assembly or clamp can be accommodated. ", "However, the female collar thread is selected to be of a limited circumferential extent and shear strength such that the collar can be brought to its final, desired clamp position and swaged to the pin via a conventional installation tool. ", "Thus for the final installation, a conventional pull tool can be used to apply a relative axial force between the pin and the collar. ", "The female collar thread is selected such that, in response to the relative axial force and at a level prior to the initiation of collar deformation or swaging (primary clinch) into the lock grooves of the pin, it will shear or deform such that the collar will be free to move axially over the pin and to respond to the installation loads in the same manner as a collar without such female thread form. ", "Now the workpieces can be finally clamped together with the same effectiveness as typical swage type fasteners.", "\nIn numerous building construction situations, the structure being built may be first pre-assembled in one position or location and then erected or moved to its ultimate position or location where the final assembly takes place. ", "In such conditions, since these pre-assemblies can be quite large, the fasteners can be subjected to separation or handling loads of significant magnitudes. ", "In other applications a high initial clamp load via torquing is desirable where the workpieces are fully engaged. ", "In those situation, a substantially limited thread may not have sufficient strength to withstand such loads. ", "In the Sadri application, while a limited thread form is used, the latter conditions are accommodated by the use of more or higher strength collar threads for engagement with corresponding pin threads. ", "With more threads or a thread form having a higher shear strength, however, the attainment of the desired final clamp load in swage could be inhibited by the resistance of the engaged thread or threads to axial movement of the collar. ", "In addition the workpieces could be firmly pulled together with no remaining gap and hence no axial movement of the collar would be available whereby the desired shearing or deformation of the collar threads would be inhibited. ", "To overcome these problems the Sadri collar is provided with a dished flange at its workpiece engaging end. ", "The flange acts as a spring or resistance member such that it will resist high separation loads and/or the torque load for an initial high pre-assembly, pre-load but can deflect or collapse upon application of the axial loads in swaging the collar for the final clamp up. ", "Thus the dished flange will permit axial movement of the threaded portion of the collar such that the engaged collar thread or threads have been sheared and/or deformed sufficiently to permit substantially uninhibited transfer of the relative axial force between the pin and collar to provide the desired final clamp load to the workpieces.", "\nHowever, in order to be able to shear or deform the increased number (or higher strength) of the engaged threads before swage, the collar must be capable of providing a high stand-off load. ", "This is accomplished by one form of the present invention.", "\nIn some applications it is desirable that the fasteners have a high strength, high performance characteristic both in clamp up and in fatigue. ", "In this latter regard then, it may be advantageous to utilize the groove shape and concepts of the invention of the '327 and '875 applications of Dixon.", "\nThus, in one form of the present invention, the lock grooves in the pin are very shallow and are constructed to have roots of a simulated streamlined shape. ", "The lock grooves are helical and define a desired thread configuration. ", "The shallow grooves and simulated streamlined shape, however, provide a resultant fatigue life which is superior to that of a comparable threaded fastener. ", "Since the preceding construction is shown and described in the noted applications and since the present invention is not restricted to such a construction the details thereof, while incorporated by reference, have been omitted for purposes of simplicity.", "\nThus it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel swage type fastener utilizing a unique collar construction having high stand-off capabilities and providing generally uniform fill of the lockgrooves of the pin.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide a unique collar construction for a swage type fastener having high stand-off capabilities.", "\nIt is still another object of the present invention to provide a collar of the above described type which provides a high stand-off capability while local necking of the pin in the area of swage is inhibited.", "\nIt is still another object of the present invention to provide a collar of the above described type which provides a high stand-off capability while local necking of the pin in the area of swage is inhibited such that where the lock grooves are defined by a helical thread form the distortion of the pin threads will be minimized.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide a novel fit up fastener of the above described type utilizing the unique tapered or conical collar having high stand-off capabilities.", "\nIt is a general object of the present invention to provide a novel swage type fastener." ]

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[ "Tag Archives: nuclear weapons\n\nFAT, And weak, too, says angry, unhinged feminist. ", "All I can say is–and I ask this question of all the land orca feminists I have seen waddling around at demonstrations for years– if Donald Trump made you fat when he was elected, what was your excuse before? ", "From The Guardian, in piece by Brigid Delaney, “I Stopped Going to the ...\n\nWatch Israeli Prime Minister present his nation’s exposure of the secret Iranian Nuclear Weapons Program, Project Amad The whole video about 18 minutes long, and well worth watching. ", "We’ll be discussing the Iran Deal on today’s edition of The Teri O’Brien Show, and I will remind all of you why Obama entered into it in the first place.", "\n\nPresident Trump plans to announce his plans for the so-called “DREAMers,” the “children” (some of whom are in their 30’s at this point) brought here “through no fault of their own” who were granted illegal amnesty by Barack Obama, using his magic pen and phone. ", "This pending decision makes us ask don’t American young people have dreams? ", "Didn’t Grant ...\n\nDid Donald Trump Step in it with his comments about the “Mexican” Judge? ", "Plus, the BOMBSHELL about Hillary’s email scandal that NO ONE is talking about, and did a Hillary shill just reveal how the Obama Regime will let Hillary skate? ", "Listen to this episode to find out. ", "Links to stories we discussed on the show are below. ", "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In this episode, ...\n\nHillary Clinton has broken at least two federal statutes and an executive order and continues to lie about it. ", "Links to stories we discussed on the show are below. ", "Listen to this episode here. ", "Listen on the go with the spreaker app for your smartphone or tablet (search for “Informed America Radio.”) ", "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ask us a Question: Reach out at theteriobrienshow@gmail.com Twitter: @USA_Informed Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/TOBCWP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If ...\n\nShock? ", "Remember, John “Lurch” Kerry, who has never met an enemy of the United States that he doesn’t love, thanked the Iranians after this incident, Shock? ", "Remember that we’ve been telling you since February, 2015 that Obama has dreamed of building up the Iranians since he came into office. ", "From The Washington Free Beacon: The classified details behind Iran’s treatment ...\n\nHow did John “Lurch” Kerry resist what must have been a nearly irresistible impulse to apologize for America’s wise decision to drop a nuclear bomb on Hiroshima? ", "As I told you on yesterday’s edition of The Teri O’Brien Show, Sec. ", "of State John Kerry is visiting Hiroshima, where he will not apologize for the dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. ..." ]

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[ "Tag: Executive Homes Realty in Million Homes For Sale\n\n“Home Sweet Home”! ", "Home is where the heart lies and Yes! ", "There are some Million Homes For Sale in Fourways that just astound by-passers, owners, and viewers with their magnificence. ", "They are made as if to withstand time and to be of subject for art and poetry.", "\n\nThese luxury homes often have the most up-to-date amenities and state-of-the-art appliances. ", "The lot areas are as big as football fields and they loom over everything else.", "\n\nIn 2004, Forbes listed The Ridges in South Africa as one of the most amazing places to live or buy in Fourways. ", "This holds true until today. ", "The misconception of a lot of people that Gauteng is only about Gambling, quick weddings, and Show-girls couldn’t be further from the truth. ", "Although they do bring in a big crowd of gamers and honeymooners, there is also a softer and subtle side to Johannesburg and it can be seen in places like the Morningside, Fourways, Parkhurst, Duxberry, and Waterfall.", "\n\nMost homes here are owned by high net worth individuals who live with their families. ", "The ridges are home to a good number of some of the richest and wealthiest people in the world. ", "The people live like royalty and are pampered with everything that a fun-loving person would desire to sale or buy a house.", "\n\nThe Ridges is just next to Red Rock Canyon, which is one of Nevada’s geological wonders. ", "The point in the Ridges has is known for its spectacular view that everyone remembers after their first visit. ", "This is the place that is nestled right in the heart of all the beauty that Las Vegas has to offer.", "\n\nWhether you are looking for a home for the reputed fun and games in Las Vegas, out-of-this-world scenery or just have the need to be pampered, then the Million Homes For Sale Fourways will be able to satisfy your cravings for a finer lifestyle than no other.", "\n\nWhat Is Luxury Real Estate?", "\n\nFinding a tax lien property for sale is pretty easy. ", "Finding a property that is worth buying, especially in today's economic climate, is a bit more tricky. ", "My goal with this brief article is to show you 3 different ways to find pending tax lien sales worth buying... and how to find them for free.", "\n\nBut first, the basics...\n\nWhat are tax lien sales?", "\n\nA tax lien sale is when a government agency auctions off any tax liens against a property to recoup any delinquent taxes against the property. ", "These sales are usually conducted by the tax collectors office or the sheriff's office.", "\n\nIt is important to note that there are two different ways for the government to collect delinquent taxes. ", "One would be this type of sale (tax lien sales), and the other is known as a tax deed sale.", "\n\nIn a tax lien sale, the investor is buying the lien itself. ", "The winning bidder will receive a certificate at the end of the auction that entitles the investor to collect payments for the delinquent taxes, often at a high interest rate. ", "This certificate also allows the investor to foreclose on the property after a specified redemption period if the taxes remain unpaid.", "\n\n3. ", "Local Newspaper\n\nAs part of the sale process, the county must give \"public notice\" of all upcoming tax sales. ", "These are always either before or after the classifieds. ", "Go through this section religiously... it is your new golden goose. ", "Make note of the properties that look interesting, and do your due diligence from there.", "\n\n4. ", "Subscription based list services\n\nThis is the only strategy that will cost you some money... which is why I didn't mention it earlier. ", "Consider it a bonus.", "\n\nHonestly, these types of services are a dime a dozen. ", "Some are better than others. ", "The biggest benefit is the speed that you get access to the information. ", "Always look for ones that update often; generally speaking, locally based websites are better than national ones. ", "If you do a basic search on Google you'll get a list of plenty to choose from.", "\n\nMillion Homes For Sale in Fourways\n\nHouses for sale by owner are more common than ever. ", "The \"by owner\" method used to be thought of as unprofessional but that's no longer the case. ", "There's plenty of advice available in Internet FSBO (For Sale By Owner) discussion groups where \"houses for sale by owner\" buyers and sellers congregate to talk about their experiences.", "\n\nA house for sale by owner means that a Real Estate Agent (REA) is not involved in the transaction. ", "Since the average person moves every three to five years, and the average REA commission runs from 6,000 to $10,000, the FSBO route can save over $100,000 in commissions over the average lifetime! ", "But there is a price to pay in return for saving those commissions because the seller will have to perform the duties the REA customarily performs.", "\n\nHouses For Sale By Owner can also be listed on FSBO web sites and in publications which are the functional equivalent to the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) used by Realtors. ", "Actual MLS listings are also available for a flat fee of around $250 to $600 depending upon where you live.", "\n\nYou can also list your home in many of the Real Estate Classifieds magazines that are given away at newsstands and convenience stores. ", "All of this helps to generate traffic to your home so you can be part of the money-saving House For Sale By Owner trend!", "\n\nHow Do You Find Cheap Homes for Sale by Owner?", "\n\nLuxury homes are in a league of their own because the criteria that determine a home luxury changes and is largely influenced by the clients buying high-end homes at any given time. ", "Luxury isn't strictly based on price. ", "It's a moving target influenced by a number of factors and primarily, trends. ", "For an example, the market once considered luxury homes to be spacious mansions equipped with their own theaters and skating rinks. ", "How times have changed! ", "De-mansionization is the movement of luxury homes becoming smaller, and smarter, but not less luxurious. ", "This is only one way in which the market has changed its demands, and even this trend is not consistent.", "\n\nLuxury is also influenced by its location in a big way. ", "In Los Angeles where the weather is favorable all year, luxury would be a home that blurs the lines between indoor and outdoor space with large glass walls that open the home up entirely to the elements. ", "Further North, however, being shielded from the elements would be ideal but with elements of design that bring nature inside with the use of skylights, 3 season spaces, and indoor landscaping and plant life. ", "Socioeconomics of a city also matter. ", "In a city so congested that cars aren't utilized much, a home with a multiple stall garage will not be considered a luxury but instead, a smaller space closest to the city center. ", "Luxury homes are thoughtful for this reason, designed around the environment and city they're placed in.", "\n\n4. ", "Highest Quality Building Materials\n\nAt every glance and with every turn in a luxury home you will see magnificent upgrades; granite, hardware, stainless steel and other attractive metals, sophisticated light fixtures, touch screens and buttons, crown molding and tray ceilings, custom closets, and more.", "\n\n5. ", "Security and Privacy\n\nCoded gates, modern bomb shelters, bulletproof doors and glass, and live feed and recorded security camera systems are all features luxury homebuyers enjoy.", "\n\n6. ", "Something Special\n\nOne unexpected luxury ingredient high-end buyers look for in a luxury home is a cool story, a famous designer, or history attached to the home. ", "For some buyers, this is the factor that quickly brings the home to closing because this type of buyer develops a deeper emotional and intellectual connection to the home." ]

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[ "Wendla Åberg\n\nWendla Åberg (1791-1864), was a Swedish stage actress and ballet dancer. ", " She was a star attraction of the Gothenburg theatre and one of the most celebrated stage actors outside of the provincial theatre in her time. ", "\n\nWendla Åberg was the daughter of the opera singer Inga Åberg and the nobleman Carl Gustaf von Stockenström. ", "She was engaged at the Comediehuset in Gothenburg in 1812-16, and then at its successor stage of Segerlindska teatern in 1816-23; first under Johan Anton Lindqvist and (from 1820) under Gustaf Åbergsson. ", "She was a star attraction of the theatre during the period in which Gothenburg had a permanent theatre, the only one outside of Stockholm. ", "\n\nÅberg was not only a stage actor, but also a trained dancer. ", "As such she provided dance when ballet was offered by the theatre, and highly respected for this art. ", "She was equally popular as an actor, and considered to be one of the three most distinguished women of the Swedeish provincial theatre of her time: \n\nIn 1823, the Gothenburg Theatre was dissolved as a permanent stage and Åberg was engaged at the theatre company of Carl Wildner. ", "Wendla Åberg discontinued her stage career in 1825, and settled in Gothenburg with her mother, where she became a dance instructor. ", "She was very successful in this regard and became a famous local profile of her time: for forty years, she instructed the high society debutants of Gothenburg prior to their social debut ball.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1791 births\nCategory:1864 deaths\nCategory:19th-century Swedish actresses\nCategory:Swedish stage actresses\nCategory:19th-century Swedish ballet dancers\nCategory:19th-century Swedish educators\nCategory:Dance teachers" ]

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[ "Predictors of outcome in AIDS patients receiving zidovudine.", "\nFifty-eight AIDS patients who previously had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were enrolled in an open trial of zidovudine therapy. ", "We analyzed baseline clinical and laboratory parameters to identify predictors of outcome. ", "Fifty-eight patients were followed for a mean of 26.5 weeks. ", "There were 17 deaths; the probability of survival at 24 weeks was 0.81. ", "Forty-one participants had unsuccessful outcomes, which included new opportunistic infections (24), progressive neurologic deterioration (2), and drug toxicity, excluding anemia, necessitating discontinuation of zidovudine (15). ", "Only 24 subjects (41%) were receiving zidovudine at the end of the study period including 17 who had neither opportunistic infection nor toxicity. ", "Low baseline hemoglobin level (p less than 0.001) and poor performance status as measured by the Karnofsky scale (p less than 0.01) independently predicted unsuccessful outcome and early death. ", "Low hemoglobin (p = 0.001), low platelet count (p = 0.016), and increased time since PCP (p = 0.008) predicted development of drug toxicity. ", "Neither CD4 lymphocyte count nor p24 antigenemia correlated with outcome." ]

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[ "We are familiar already with how glaciers are misgendered, but now we can learn about how to get intimate with… mountains.", "\n\nA graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bryanne Young, suggests just such a course.", "\n\nLet us, again, state the usual elements of these “academic” papers: Feelz over Realz; blaming Whites, men, straights, &c. for the problem (the more intersectional, the better); and, of course, heavily reiterating the work of others.", "\n\nFor a taste of the insanity, the Abstract:\n\n“This essay engages feminist science studies and theories of performativity to inject with dynamism familiar figurations of static being. ", "Through the modalities of ethnographic writing, memory, and embodied experience, I enact a lively engagement with Canada’s Rocky Mountains. ", "By shifting the way we understand this unique, constitutive feature of the Canadian West, I suggest an approach to ethics that expands categories of agency, disaggregating it from realms of human exceptionalism. ", "Through the analytic of performativity, I attend to the dynamic and agentive capacity/ies of glacial bodies, mountains, and lichen—nonhuman bodies considered passive and inert by prevailing epistemologies—to make/materialize meaning. ", "I animate the argument that what we call nature is not a passive, immutable surface on which culture is inscribed, but rather is the production of active, agential practices, each containing divergent wills to power immanent with the capacity to make cuts of their own. ", "The aim of this writing is to think through how mountains, and other such complex living systems, might pose a necessary series of questions to prevailing epistemologies and systems of epistemological capture.”", "\n\nRight out of the gate, the author invokes not just natural and scientific elements, but something akin to a spiritual longing, when it comes to mountains:\n\n“It is marked by spatio-temporal longing and the hope of return as well as the psychical/physical impressions left on the body of actually having been there”\n\nLady, it’s called having an acid flashback. ", "To try to keep the reader from getting too drawn in, some mood music will be included…\n\nContinuing…\n\n“Furthermore, it can productively work to deconstruct what physicist and philosopher Karen Barad (2003) calls the thingification of the world: the deadening transfiguration of phenomena and relationality into a static series of objects/things.2 By engaging what I call a posthuman performativity, whose point of origin is latent in Judith Butler’s earliest elaborations of the concept, I interrogate and revitalize static concepts of embodiment, agency, relationality, and materiality. ", "My aim in doing so is to contribute a useful theoretical framework for developing more nuanced understandings of bodies and embodiment, pointing to the necessity of taking seriously the materializing epistemological cuts we enact when we frame our understanding of the world.”", "\n\nAh, the type of “nuance” one gets by dropping enough acid to make the late Syd Barrett say “WTF?!”", "\n\nSo, rather than study nature by natural laws and the scientific method, the author suggests we ignore the oppressive realz for the liberating feelz.", "\n\nThe author then tries to give a wikipedia-level description of the Canadian Rockies, but devolves into pseudo-poetics such as “muscular and turgid waterways”. ", "This quickly devolves into a pseudo-autobiography, describing about how the mountain range “formed much” of her “selfhood”.", "\n\n“Any writing of/on this/these bounded space(s) is thus a tracing of this/these intimacies, where the doing of this tracing is to perform writing as a holding close the connectivities and interstitial acts of interpretation that, performatively, inter-generatively, structure the mountain-making(itself)-manifest.”", "\n\nBasically the author so far is rambling on about having a spiritual connection with the mountains…\n\nA Ph.D. program is probably not the best way to deal with spiritual longings.", "\n\n“The notion of ‘breaking and remaking’ is axiomatic to performance studies, whose mandated object is the study of the effects, and series of effects, produced by bodies—in other words, in the creative capacities of performativity.”", "\n\nYet again, the “Q.E.D.” is pre-determined before the question is even asked.", "\n\n“[P]erformativity is the inherent dynamism central to its unfolding, in the shift between embodiment as a state of being, to embodiment as an active doing.”", "\n\nThis some type of pathetic attempt at Yin-Yang? ", "Mountains do not have motive will. ", "Mother Nature is just symbolic. ", "Gaia ain’t real. ", "So yes, these “academics” are religious nutballs. ", "Also, most of this section involved reiterating the opinion of another academic, Judith Butler, and the author trying to shoehorn her feelz into someone else’s idead in the pathetic attempt to seem like the author has an original thought.", "\n\n“The continuity of life over time, in other words, is repetition, but it is repetition with a difference, repetition with/in infinite difference(s), in which difference is productive and responsive, creative, adaptive, and made manifest/intelligible as transcription/inscription: as Barad … describes it, ‘part of the universe making itself intelligible to another part’ …, the simultaneous marking of a present that is never self-same, and a conditioning of a future that remains open to possibility and radical alterity.”", "\n\nIt’s almost as if all the drug-addled hippies got jobs teaching bulls**t degree programs in universities… oh, wait…\n\n“Looking at the geomorphology of the Canadian Rocky Mountains thus, the ranges themselves are sedimentation made manifest; they are proof of a living/ moving world, of dynamism and great force, of intensity and the intra/interaction of matter with, and as, time.”", "\n\nCreated by a Bunny Girl à la Daicon IV?", "\n\n“[All] repetition/representation is split by the absence that makes it necessary, where that which is absent is the existence through space and time of an originary form durable enough to make repetition, iterability, descent, unnecessary.”", "\n\nSo far this “academic” journal article is reading like a drug-addled travelogue/flashback mashed up with the lunatic “academic” opinion of others. ", "But hey, it’s all about the feelz, isn’t it?", "\n\n“[The] elaboration of arche-writing usefully explicates is that all writing is always a co-writing, always the opening up of becoming, represented, inscribed, interpreted as if it is being—in other words, performance—which always points to an originary breach that afflicts everything one might want to hold sacrosanct: like self-presence, like knowledge of the world, like being-in/as-itself.”", "\n\nSo, why weren’t the mountains given credit as a co-author of this paper?", "\n\n“This Derridean-inflected engagement with inscriptive practices and acts of translation and interpretation usefully decenters/destabilizes the anthropocentric perspective that agency is the sole property of human subjects who, alone and as independent agents, inscribe, interpret, repeat, and re-present—as given—the materiality of the world.”", "\n\nMountains don’t have agency. ", "Yet again, feelz over realz.", "\n\n“They are communicative—parts of the universe making themselves intelligible to other parts—and indexical of an originary split in the structure of being that holds the future open to possibility, improvisation, alterity, indeterminacy.”", "\n\nYa man… *takes toke* space is sooo deep…\n\nAnd then we get to lichens…\n\n“Posthuman Intimacies: Becomong Lichen “… “For lichens to exist as an organism, there must be a relationship between two entities, an alga and a fungus, the ongoing dynamics of this intra/interactivity embodying what we mistakenly perceive to be a homeostatic form of inert/barely animate life, a separate determinately bounded and propertied entity: lichen.”", "\n\nOf course this becomes philosophical…\n\n“What I find particularly enchanting about the propagation of lichens is that they have no known organizers, unlike the growing tips of higher order plants.”", "\n\nAh, the spontaneous organization from the bottom-up, just like what is supposed to happen in various Marxist veins of thought… including anarcho-syndicalism…\n\nAnd being oh so scientific, the author waxes poetic about how Darwin was being “fictive,” “enchanting,” and “[c]alling on evidence from beyond our senses”…\n\nAnd yes, this is all about how Darwin and mountains inevitably lead to oppressive gender norms…\n\n“Yet, over the processes of normalization/naturalization, the mythological, fictive force of theories subsides into the given, the factual, the way things are—their narrative power becoming elided with their explanatory power. ", "This phenomenon whereby, what Beer […] calls, ‘the arc of desire’ […] transforms the conditional into the actual, the theory into the ‘fact,’ bears a striking resemblance to Butler’s description of the performed repetition into ‘fact’ of gender norms.”", "\n\nWe are also left with idiotic gems like “The facticity of the fact lies in this givenness”…\n\n“In the contemporary context of struggles over wild spaces against development, resource extraction, and industry, and immersed as we are in the legacy of moralism and ethnocentrism that led, for instance, to the historically sedimented acts (ongoing) of marginalization of its First Peoples, we need to continue to engage with, and generate, heuristic fictions that allow us to think through and forestall the moralization and anthropocentric metaphysical presuppositions that shore up, as fact, the facet of nationalism that relies on logics of exclusion and marginalization drawn along the axis of human/other.”", "\n\nYup, you know there just had to be some type of intersectionality!", "\n\nThe article in question, for the reader’s own fisking thereof:\n\nIntimacies of Rock\n\n\n\nTweet" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGenerate Random Numbers between 10 and 65\n\nI want my program to generate 500 random numbers with the range of 10 and 65. ", " How do I do that?", "\nCurrently, my program generates between 0 to 74 random numbers.", "\nAnd also, it seems that my highest and lowest value does not read the random generated number but the range of it. ", "\nThis is my code: \n#include<iostream>\n#include<exception>\n#include<stdlib.h> \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main(){\n int year;\n int nextLine = 20;\n int highestValue = 0;\n int lowestValue = 0;\n int ages[500];\n int range = 65;\n\n cout << \"Enter year today: \";\n cin >> year;\n srand(year);\n\n cout << \"The ages are: \\n\";\n for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++){\n ages[i] = rand() % 65 + 10;\n cout << ages[i] << \" \";\n\n if (i + 1 == nextLine){\n cout << \"\\n\";\n nextLine += 20;\n }\n }\n\n for (int j = 0; j < 500; j++){\n if (ages[j] > highestValue)\n highestValue = ages[j];\n\n if (ages[j] < lowestValue)\n lowestValue = ages[j];\n }\n\n cout << \"\\nRange(HV-LV): \" << highestValue << \" - \" << lowestValue << \" = \" << highestValue - lowestValue;\n\n system(\"pause>0\");\n return 0;\n}\n\nEDIT:\nThis is a working code including the range. :)", "\n#include<iostream>\n#include<exception>\n#include<algorithm>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main(){\n int year;\n int nextLine = 20;\n int highestValue;\n int ages[500];\n int lowestValue;\n int range = 65;\n\n cout << \"Enter year today: \";\n cin >> year;\n srand(year);\n\n cout << \"The ages are: \\n\";\n for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++){\n ages[i] = rand() % 56;\n ages[i] += 10;\n cout << ages[i] << \" \";\n\n if (i + 1 == nextLine){\n cout << \"\\n\";\n nextLine += 20;\n }\n }\n\n highestValue = *max_element(ages, ages + 500);\n lowestValue = *min_element(ages, ages + 500);\n\n cout << \"\\nRange(HV-LV): \" << highestValue << \" - \" << lowestValue << \" = \" << highestValue - lowestValue;\n\n system(\"pause>0\");\n return 0;\n}\n\nA:\n\nThere are two reasons why your original code wasn't producing the results you desired.", "\n1) ages[i] = rand() % 65 + 10; should be ages[i] = rand() % 56 + 10;\nBut you already know that :)\n2) When you are calculating your lowest value, you set int lowestValue = 0;, but in your test\nif (ages[j] < lowestValue)\n lowestValue = ages[j];\n\nyou can see that obviously, none of your age values are going to be less than zero, so the lowestValue never gets updated. ", "But if you examine your printout, it shows that none of your values are actually below 10.", "\nIf you start with int lowestValue = std::numeric_limits<int>::max() instead of int lowestValue = 0 and include #include <limits>, you should get the expected result.", "\nThat's why you didn't see the issue when you used min_element and max_element :)\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnderstanding the concept of basis\n\nLet the subspace $S=\\{(x, y, z) \\in R^3; x = -2z \\}$\na) Determine its dimension and a basis B of S;\nb) Complete B such that it becomes a basis M of $R^3$.\n\n$\\operatorname{dim}(S) = 2$ because there are two free variables, but how to determine a basis $B$ for $S$? ", "Does the vector have to belong to $S$? ", "I think so. ", "What about $M$? ", "Does the third vector have to belong to $S$? ", "I don't think so, otherwise $B$ would not generate $R^3$.\n\nA:\n\nSo a typical vector would normally be written as $\\begin{bmatrix}x\\\\y\\\\z\\end{bmatrix}$ but we can make a substitution here using $x=-2z$ so that our subspace vectors are written as $\\begin{bmatrix}-2z\\\\y\\\\z\\end{bmatrix}$. From here we separate the variables using addition then factor out the variables using scalar multiplication as follows. ", "$$\\begin{bmatrix}-2z\\\\y\\\\z\\end{bmatrix}=\\begin{bmatrix}0\\\\y\\\\0\\end{bmatrix}+\\begin{bmatrix}-2z\\\\0\\\\z\\end{bmatrix}=y\\begin{bmatrix}0\\\\1\\\\0\\end{bmatrix}+z\\begin{bmatrix}-2\\\\0\\\\1\\end{bmatrix}$$\nWhich gives us the basis vectors $\\{\\begin{bmatrix}0\\\\1\\\\0\\end{bmatrix},\\begin{bmatrix}-2\\\\0\\\\1\\end{bmatrix}\\}$. Since there are two of them the subspace is two dimensional as you deduced from the number of free variables.", "\nTo give a complete basis for $R^3$ you'll need an additional vector not in the subspace spanned by these two. ", "I would suggest picking a vector at random because the probability that it will be in the subspace is zero so you'll find one quickly. ", "You just have to show it's not in the subspace to make it linearly independent of the other two vectors.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I show the expanded commands that npm runs?", "\n\nI'm trying to use npm as a build tool, motivated by Keith Cirkel's article How to Use npm as a Build Tool. ", "It kind of works, but...\n$ npm run build\n\n> browserify $npm_package_config_src -d -p [minifyify --map myproj-$npm_package_version.map.json --output dist/myproj-$npm_package_version.map.json] > dist/myproj-$npm_package_version.min.js\n\nI come from Make world, and I really would value seeing the actual command going further, meaning the $npm_package_config_src and $npm_package_version expanded, like this:\n$ npm run build\n\n> browserify src/myfile.js -d -p [minifyify --map myproj-0.4.2.map.json --output dist/myproj-0.4.2.map.json] > dist/myproj-0.4.2.min.js\n\nIs there a way to make that happen?", "\nReasoning: it makes debugging the build much clearer when one sees the actual commands. ", "Now I feel I'm left in the dark (though the right thing probably happens). ", "Also, since the $npm_package_config_blahblahs are such a \"mouthful\" (as Keith it kindly puts) it becomes a verbosity problem all by itself.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is that npm doesn't really have any intelligence when it comes to npm scripts; it just takes the raw strings and passes them to the operating systems shell (bash for most OSes, cmd for windows). ", "Npm has no idea what variables are, or globbing, or any shell feature.", "\nSo you're left relying on bash features, and or windows cmd features. ", "Luckily both have this option:\nOn bash you can either set -x or set -o verbose like so:\n{\n \"scripts\": {\n \" foo\": \"set -x; echo $bar\"\n }\n}\n\nIn windows you'd have the alternative, @echo on:\n{\n \"scripts\": {\n \" foo\": \"@echo on; echo $bar\"\n }\n}\n\nI'm not sure how you'd combine these to be compatible with both environments, however.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Stinging insect allergies. ", "Assessing and managing.", "\nMortality secondary to insect sting anaphylaxis, though uncommon in this country, is a genuine risk to patients with venom hypersensitivity. ", "A number of non specific and specific preventive measures are available to minimise this risk. ", "They include proper patient counselling regarding sting avoidance and the use of self injectable adrenaline, as well as venom specific immunotherapy. ", "This article attempts to review the spectrum of insect sting reactions, their appropriate assessment and subsequent management. ", "Anaphylaxis is particularly emphasised with regard to first aid treatment and subsequent prevention. ", "The most common causes of insect stings in Australia are bees and wasps. ", "Insect sting reactions cover a spectrum of responses, from normal to anaphylactic. ", "Immunotherapy is indicated in those patients who experience anaphylactic responses. ", "The presence of venom specific IgE must be demonstrated before commencing immunotherapy. ", "Venom sensitive patients should be educated in anaphylaxis first aid with adrenaline self injectable syringes." ]

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[ "Tap Beer Dilemma\n\nShare:\n\nTap Beer Dilemma\n\nA few years back while doing the Atkin's Diet I started drinking Michelob Ultra instead of Harp, Bass, or any real beer. ", "I continued to do so, because when I got off the diet, I realized my tolerance had risen, haha. ", "Now, every time I go into a bar and drink any type of tap beer, I get incredible headaches. ", "I realize at times this can be caused by taps not being cleaned, but this happens all the time now. ", "I'm somewhat stuck with bottled beer now and really miss a few pints of some nice dark beer." ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nDuring the last decade, studies devoted to the relationship between language and emotion have grown exponentially. ", "A large body of research has focused on the effects of the emotional content of words on several cognitive processes, such as word recognition, attention, or memory (see [@B60]; [@B5]; [@B53]; [@B36], for recent overviews). ", "Although the results are not entirely consistent, there is now high consensus in that affectively valenced words show an advantage in processing with respect to neutral words, as revealed in word recognition tasks (e.g., lexical decision, [@B35]; [@B36]), in naming tasks ([@B36]) or in memory tasks (e.g., [@B27]; [@B53]; [@B19]), among others. ", "Importantly, the effects of the affective content of words on cognition are not restricted to the native language. ", "Indeed, they are also observed in the non-native languages of multilingual speakers who have a certain degree of proficiency in these languages (e.g., [@B20]; [@B47]; see also [@B4], for a recent overview). ", "A relevant question is whether the affective content of words has also an effect during the very early stages of foreign language acquisition. ", "The present research addresses this issue by using a novel-word learning paradigm.", "\n\nThis paradigm has been typically used in the literature to identify the factors that facilitate the acquisition and consolidation of new words in the vocabulary. ", "Usually these words belong to a foreign language, although they can also be pseudowords or very low frequency words in the native language (see [@B11], for an overview). ", "Different training methods have been employed along with this paradigm. ", "A popular method is paired-associate learning, in which the novel words are paired with their translations in the first language (L1, e.g., [@B12]; [@B7], [@B8]; [@B1]; [@B23]). ", "Other methods consist of associating new words and their concepts by means of pictures ([@B61]; [@B7], [@B8]; [@B41]), or presenting novel words together with their definitions (e.g., [@B6]; [@B42]; [@B54]).", "\n\nTo test the effectiveness of the above methods, researchers have relied on different tasks, depending on the particular goal of the study. ", "For instance, researchers interested on assessing the number of words acquired in a prior training episode have mostly applied cued recall tasks (i.e., to produce a word in response to a specific cue, [@B11]). ", "In particular, a widely used procedure has been to ask participants to produce either the L1 translation equivalents of the novel words acquired in the foreign language (the so-called backward translation, [@B12]; [@B31]; [@B18]), or the translation equivalents in the foreign language in response to L1 words (i.e., forward translation, [@B12]). ", "Other studies have tried to determine the state of the new vocabulary, assessing whether the recently learned words behave as familiar words in different tasks, such as the lexical decision task (LDT; [@B15]; [@B42]), and exploring what different types of knowledge the learner has acquired about the new words.", "\n\nThe main focus of interest in this line of research concerns semantic knowledge. ", "Thus, researchers have investigated whether effective links between the novel words and the corresponding concepts are established. ", "To do so, they have used different approaches: some authors have tested whether the performance in different tasks is affected by the semantic characteristics of the new words, such as their concreteness ([@B12]; [@B32]; [@B42]). ", "Others have investigated whether specific semantic effects can be obtained with these new words. ", "Among them, there are the semantic priming effect ([@B15]; [@B54]), the Stroop effect ([@B23]), and the interference effect produced by words semantically related to the correct translation in a translation recognition task ([@B7], [@B8]; [@B1]; [@B46]).", "\n\nThe results of the above research have revealed that different variables can modulate the outcome of novel-word learning procedures. ", "A relevant factor is the training method used. ", "Thus, although direct access from the new words to concepts seems to be achieved with methods based on lexical associations (see [@B8]; [@B46], for recent reviews), stronger lexico-semantic links are found with methods that emphasize conceptual mediation, such as those based on picture-L2 associations ([@B7]; [@B13]), or on the presentation of definitions together with the novel words ([@B54]). ", "Another variable to consider is the time elapsed between the acquisition phase and the testing phase. ", "Most studies assess performance in two different moments: shortly after learning and then, again, after a period time (i.e., several hours or days). ", "These studies reveal that there is a decrease in performance between the two sessions, suggesting that some information has been forgotten (e.g., [@B12]) and that a consolidation period seems to be required for several effects to appear (e.g., lexical competition with similar previously known words, [@B10], or semantic interference, [@B7]).", "\n\nOf relevance for the present study is the type of word, another variable that has shown to affect new vocabulary training results. ", "Researchers have focused on cognate status and concreteness, demonstrating that cognate words are learned faster than non-cognate words ([@B12]; [@B55]; [@B8]), and that concrete words are learned faster than abstract words ([@B12]; [@B1]; [@B32]; [@B42]). ", "In contrast, the effect of the affective properties of words, in spite of their widespread study in other fields, has been scarcely addressed in this literature.", "\n\nTo our knowledge, the only study that has dealt with the effect of the emotional content of novel words on their acquisition is that of [@B1]. ", "In this study, native speakers of English learned the Spanish translations of concrete, abstract and emotion words (i.e., words that label an emotion, -scared), by associating them to their English translation equivalents. ", "After training, participants were tested in a Stroop task and in a backward translation recognition task. ", "In the Stroop task, participants were required to press a key denoting the ink color of the Spanish words presented. ", "The authors found faster responses to emotion words than to concrete and abstract words. ", "This result contrasts with the typical emotional Stroop effect repeatedly found in both people's native language and in bilinguals' second language \\[i.e., ", "faster response times (RTs) for neutral words than for affectively charged words, which are considered a result of the attentional capture by the latter, e.g., [@B14]\\]. ", "Concerning the backward translation recognition task, participants were presented with pairs including a new learned Spanish word and an English word that could be either its translation equivalent, an English word semantically related to the correct translation, or an unrelated word. ", "With respect to incorrect translations, concrete, abstract and emotion words revealed the same pattern of results. ", "That is, participants took longer times to reject as incorrect translations semantically related words than unrelated words (i.e., a semantic interference effect), suggesting that the link between the novel words and concepts had been established during training. ", "Importantly, regarding correct translations, participants responded slower to emotion words than to abstract or concrete ones, the later words showing the shortest RTs. ", "The finding of slower RTs for emotion words than for neutral words is also at odds with all the literature reporting an advantage for affectively valenced words in tasks such as lexical decision (e.g., [@B35]), naming (e.g., [@B36]), or free recall (e.g., [@B3]; [@B27]; [@B19]). ", "In light of these findings, [@B1] concluded that recently acquired emotion words do not have the same properties as familiar words. ", "They argued that the semantic representation of the former is less rich than that of the latter. ", "The reason would be that only familiar words would have been experienced in emotional contexts over a long period of time.", "\n\nAs stated above, the study of [@B1] is the only one that has addressed the effects of emotional content on novel-word learning, making an interesting contribution to the field. ", "However, the authors only tested negatively valenced emotion words. ", "As past research in word processing and memory suggests that the experimental findings obtained with negative words do not always converge with those obtained with positive words (e.g., [@B17]; [@B27]), it is relevant to compare these two types of valenced words in vocabulary acquisition paradigms. ", "On the other hand, it should be mentioned that [@B1] did not completely disentangle the effects of emotional content and concreteness in their results, since some of the words included in the abstract condition might have been affectively charged too (e.g., virtue). ", "In order to elucidate which effects are produced by emotional content and which are produced by concreteness, an orthogonal manipulation of both variables should be done.", "\n\nThe orthogonal manipulation of emotional content and concreteness is, in fact, relevant in light of a recent theoretical proposal of [@B34]. ", "These authors have proposed an embodied theoretical view of semantic representation according to which sensory-motor information would be central to the representation and processing of concrete words, whereas affective information would be more relevant in the representation of abstract words. ", "Thus, abstract words would be more affectively loaded than concrete words. ", "Importantly, [@B34] posited that the emotional content would play an important role during language acquisition, facilitating the acquisition of abstract lexical concepts and their labels during childhood. ", "To confirm that, these researchers conducted a regression analysis on a large set of words and observed that, for abstract words, valence and age of acquisition were related by a U-shaped function. ", "That is, abstract emotional words seem to be acquired before abstract neutral words.", "\n\nIf emotional content can facilitate the acquisition of abstract words, it might be possible that this modulation is not only observed when children acquire their first language, but also when adult people learn vocabulary in a new language. ", "This is the prediction we aimed to test in the present work by orthogonally manipulating emotional content and concreteness. ", "We used a novel word learning paradigm in which participants learned the Basque translations of concrete and abstract Spanish words that were positive, negative or neutral, by associating them to their Spanish translations. (", "Basque is an ancient pre-Indo-European language spoken in a small area in the eastern part of the Pyrenees.) ", "In particular, we investigated whether the acquisition of abstract words in a new language is modulated by their emotional content to a greater extent than the acquisition of concrete words.", "\n\nTo sum up, the aim of the present work was to shed further light on the characteristics of the words that can facilitate their acquisition in a paired-associate word learning paradigm. ", "We used the paired-associate learning task because it has been commonly employed in foreign-language training programs ([@B12]; [@B11]). ", "Furthermore, this procedure allows the inclusion of both concrete and abstract words as experimental materials, in contrast to other paradigms such as the association of novel words to pictures, which can be used only with concrete words.", "\n\nTherefore, participants learned a set of novel Basque words, by associating them to their Spanish translations. ", "Then, they were tested in two different tasks: a go/no-go LDT and a backward translation task, both immediately after acquisition and 1 week later. ", "These two testing sessions were included to assess long-term word retention. ", "We used the LDT to explore whether emotional content produces an advantage in the recognition of recently trained foreign words, as has been observed with words in the native language ([@B35]; [@B36]) as well as with words in the L2 of proficient bilinguals ([@B47]). ", "Regarding the translation task, it was used as a measure of the participants' success in linking the novel Basque words to their referents in L1. ", "In fact, the translation task is the most widely employed in the literature to assess the success of training procedures in terms of the number of learned words ([@B12]; [@B11]; [@B32]).", "\n\nTaking into consideration the results of past studies in novel vocabulary acquisition (e.g., [@B12]), we expected both a concreteness advantage and a session effect (i.e., better performance during the first session than during the second session). ", "Importantly, if emotional content modulates the acquisition of new vocabulary, we would expect better performance with emotional words than with neutral words. ", "Furthermore, if the emotional content mainly facilitates the acquisition of abstract words, as could be predicted from the proposal of [@B34], we should expect an interaction between emotional content and concreteness. ", "Finally, taking into account that, in order to decide whether a given string of letters is a Basque word (i.e., the LDT task), participants can rely on the familiarity with its form, whereas in order to produce the Spanish equivalent, they have to rely on the links established during acquisition between the translation equivalents, we expected a better performance in the LDT than in the translation task.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s1}\n=====================\n\nParticipants\n------------\n\nFifty undergraduate students of Psychology (41 women) from the University Rovira i Virgili (Tarragona, Spain) took part in the experiment (*M*~age~ = 21.8, SD = 4.4). ", "All of them were highly proficient and balanced Catalan-Spanish bilinguals and had not any knowledge of the Basque language. ", "They had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and all of them received a course credit for their participation.", "\n\nMaterials\n---------\n\nThe stimuli used in the present study comprised a set of 48 Spanish words and their Basque translations. ", "The 93.4% of the words were nouns and the 6.4% were adjectives. ", "Spanish words were obtained from two normative databases: the Spanish Adaptation of ANEW ([@B49]), and the Affective Norms of [@B21]. ", "The Basque translations were obtained from an on-line Spanish-Basque dictionary published by the Autonomous Basque Government ([@B16]) and were checked by a proficient bilingual of Basque and Spanish. ", "Words were divided into six sets: concrete positive words, concrete negative words, concrete neutral words, abstract positive words, abstract negative words, and abstract neutral words (see [Data Sheet 1](#SM1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nThe Spanish words in the critical conditions were matched in several variables that can affect word processing (see **Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}**). ", "The values of frequency of use, length, number of lexical neighbors, mean bigram frequency, concreteness, and imageability were obtained from B-Pal ([@B9]). ", "We also considered the degree of orthographic similarity (OS) between the Spanish words and their Basque translations, by using the NIM database ([@B25]). ", "NIM computes the index of [@B58], which ranges from 0 (not similar at all) to 1 (exactly the same). ", "The words selected had values of OS lower than 0.5 (i.e., they were non-cognates) to avoid influences of cross-language similarities on novel word acquisition and processing. ", "As participants were bilinguals of Catalan and Spanish, and they had some knowledge of English, the OS between the novel Basque words and their translations in Catalan and English were also considered. ", "Additionally, the OS between Catalan and Spanish was taken into account to guarantee an equal distribution across conditions of cognates between these two languages. ", "Finally, in order to discard differences in the difficulty of the Basque words across the different experimental conditions, we obtained the Spanish frequency of the bigrams in the Basque words from B-Pal.", "\n\n###### \n\nMean of the lexical characteristics of the experimental stimuli (standard deviation in parentheses).", "\n\n Concrete positive Concrete negative Concrete neutral Abstract positive Abstract negative Abstract neutral\n ------------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------ ------------------- ------------------- ------------------\n Conc 5.8 (0.5) 5.9 (0.6) 5.8 (0.6) 3.5 (0.3) 3.4 (0.4) 3.3 (0.5)\n Imag 5.9 (0.4) 5.8 (0.6) 6.4 (0.4) 3.4 (0.5) 3.1 (0.5) 3.2 (0.7)\n Val 7.3 (0.8) 2.1 (0.5) 4.7 (0.2) 7.8 (0.4) 1.9 (0.2) 4.6 (0.2)\n Aro 6.3 (0.6) 6.8 (0.4) 3.8 (0.5) 6.7 (0.5) 6.7 (0.4) 4.3 (0.5)\n Spanlength 7.0 (1.5) 6.5 (1.9) 7.5 (1.2) 8.4 (2.1) 7.2 (2.3) 8.4 (1.7)\n LogFreq 1.3 (0.6) 1.2 (0.6) 0.7 (0.4) 1.4 (0.6) 1.3 (0.4) 1.3 (0.2)\n Neighbors 0.5 (0.5) 0.7 (1.0) 0.5 (1.1) 0.2 (0.5) 0.7 (1.0) 0.4 (0.5)\n Spanbigfreq 2.3 (0.4) 2.3 (0.4) 2.5 (0.2) 2.6 (0.2) 2.4 (0.4) 2.4 (0.4)\n Basqlength 8.2 (1.8) 6.9 (1.4) 7.5 (1.4) 8.8 (0.9) 8.0 (2.9) 7.8 (1.2)\n Basqbigfreq 1.4 (0.4) 1.2 (0.4) 1.8 (0.5) 1.3 (0.4) 1.4 (0.6) 1.4 (0.3)\n OS SpaBas 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1)\n OS CatBas 0.1 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1)\n OS EngBas 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0)\n OS SpaCat 0.6 (0.3) 0.7 (0.2) 0.5 (0.3) 0.6 (0.3) 0.6 (0.2) 0.8 (0.1)\n\nConcr, concreteness (from 1 to 7); Imag, imageability (from 1 to 7); Val, valence (from 1 to 7); Aro, arousal (from 1 to 7); Spanlength, mean number of letters for the Spanish words; LogFreq, mean log frequency per million words; Neighbors, mean number of substitution neighbors of the Spanish words; Spanbigfreq, mean bigram frequency of the Spanish words; Basqlength, mean number of letters of the Basque words; Basqbigfreq, mean bigram frequency of Spanish in the Basque words; OS SpaBas, orthographic similarity between the Basque words and their Spanish translations; OS CatBas, orthographic similarity between the Basque words and their Catalan translations; OS EngBas, orthographic similarity between the Basque words and their English translations and OS SpaCat, orthographic similarity between the Spanish words and their Catalan translations.", "\n\nWe conducted a 2 (concreteness) × 3 (emotional content) ANOVA on the above mentioned variables. ", "The analysis revealed, as expected, a significant effect of concreteness on words' concreteness, *F*(1,42) = 290.80, MSE = 0.24, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.87 and imageability, *F*(1,42) = 333.95, MSE = 0.28, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.89. ", "That is, concrete words had higher values of concreteness (*M* = 5.83) and imageability (*M* = 6.0) than abstract words (*M* = 3.40 and *M* = 3.23 for concreteness and imageability, respectively). ", "There was also a significant effect of emotional content on both valence, *F*(2,42) = 613.03, MSE = 0.20, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.97 and arousal, *F*(1,42) = 160.77, MSE = 0.22, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.88. ", "Pairwise Bonferroni comparisons showed that positive (*M* = 7.54), negative (*M* = 1.98), and neutral words (*M* = 4.67) were significantly different concerning valence (*p* \\< 0.001). ", "In addition, positive and negative words were matched in extremity (i.e., the difference between the valence of emotional words and the average valence value of neutral words), *t*(30) = 0.93, *p* = 0.36. ", "With respect to arousal, both positive (*M* = 6.50) and negative words (*M* = 6.74) were more arousing than neutral words (*M* = 4.04, *p* \\< 0.001), although there was not any difference between positive and negative words in that variable (*p* = 0.16). ", "Importantly, the ANOVA revealed that there was not any effect of either concreteness or emotional content on frequency, length, number of lexical neighbors, or mean bigram frequency of the Spanish words as well as of the Basque words in Spanish. ", "Similarly, neither concreteness nor emotional content had any effect on the different measures of OS computed (all *F*s \\< 1.99).", "\n\nWe also constructed a set of 48 Basque pseudowords to be used in the LDT. ", "These pseudowords were obtained from the Wuggy software ([@B33]) and were matched to the Basque experimental words in length, mean bigram frequency, and number of lexical neighbors in Basque (data taken from E-Hitz, [@B44]).", "\n\nProcedure\n---------\n\nThe experimental procedure followed the ethical guidelines of the Faculty of Sciences of Education and Psychology of the University Rovira i Virgili. ", "In addition, participants signed an informed consent before starting the experiment. ", "Participants were individually tested in separate soundproof booths. ", "The experiment consisted of two sessions. ", "The first session began with a learning phase. ", "During this phase, participants were presented with pairs of Basque words and their Spanish translations in six blocks of eight words. ", "Five different random presentation orders were created, to which each participant was randomly assigned. ", "Each block of eight pairs was presented three times using Microsoft-Powerpoint. ", "The first time, each block was displayed visually during 2 min while participants also heard the pairs of Basque-Spanish translations. ", "They were asked to study these pairs. ", "During the second presentation, the same six blocks appeared. ", "The presentation of each block was as follows: initially, only the first word of the eight pairs (i.e., the Basque word) was displayed, and participants were asked to try to think of their Spanish translation. ", "After 45 s, the Spanish translations appeared together with the Basque words. ", "They remained on the screen for 2 min and participants were asked to study again the pairs. ", "Then, the following block was displayed. ", "During the third presentation, the same six blocks (including the eight Basque-Spanish translation pairs) were presented during 1 min and participants were asked again to study them.", "\n\nImmediately after the learning phase, participants performed a go-no go LDT. ", "Participants were presented with the 48 Basque words mixed with 48 Basque pseudowords. ", "They had to decide whether each sequence corresponded to a previously learned Basque word or not, by pressing the \"yes\" button of a keypad with the preferred hand. ", "If they did not recognize the string as a Basque word, they had to refrain from responding. ", "We chose this approach in order to make the task less demanding, since an advantage of the go/no-go procedure with respect to the standard LDT (i.e., faster and more accurate responses) has been reported in the literature (see [@B24]). ", "Presentation of the stimuli and recording of RTs and errors were controlled by using the DMDX software ([@B22]). ", "On each trial, the sequence was as follows: first, a fixation point (i.e., \"+\") appeared in the middle of the screen for 500 ms. ", "Immediately afterward, the letter string was presented until participants responded or for a maximum of 2000 ms. ", "The inter-trial interval (ISI) was 1000 ms.", "\n\nWhen the LDT was finished, participants performed a translation task. ", "They were presented with a sheet of paper containing the 48 Basque words (in a different order with respect to the acquisition) and they were given 10 min to try to produce as many Spanish translations as they could (i.e., backward translation). ", "They were encouraged to guess. ", "We used this direction of translation because forward direction (i.e., to produce the learned Basque words in response to the Spanish words) has been demonstrated to be more difficult for people that are at the initial stages of learning a foreign language ([@B12]; [@B11]). ", "After finishing the translation task, participants were requested to come back to the laboratory the following week in order to continue with the experiment. ", "They were not informed of the content of the second experimental session.", "\n\nThe second session was conducted 1 week after the first one. ", "Participants came back to the laboratory and were administered with the same LDT and the same translation task in the same order as in the first session. ", "When the experiment was finished, participants were thanked for their participation and debriefed.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nLexical Decision Task\n---------------------\n\nIncorrect responses and RTs lower than 200 ms were excluded from the latency analysis. ", "There was no upper limit for RTs. ", "Values falling more than 2 SD from the mean for a given participant in all conditions were also removed. ", "As a result, 0.5% of the data was removed in the first session. ", "In the second session, the percentage of rejected data was 0.3%.", "\n\nThe results are shown in **Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}**. ", "The analyses were restricted to the responses to Basque words (i.e., pseudowords were not considered in the analyses). ", "We conducted separate ANOVAs by participants and by items on RT and on Accuracy (i.e., the percentage of Basque words correctly identified). ", "The analyses included the factors Session (Session 1 vs. Session 2), Concreteness (concrete vs. abstract words) and Emotional content (positive, negative, and neutral words). ", "All were within-participant factors in the analysis by participants. ", "In the analysis by items, Session was a within-items factor and both Concreteness and Emotional content were between-items factors.", "\n\n###### \n\nResults of the Lexical decision task -LDT- (mean of RTs and mean of the percentage of correctly identified Basque words-Accuracy) and the Translation task (mean of the percentage of correctly translated Basque words-Accuracy).", "\n\n Session 1 Session 2 \n ---------------------- ----------------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- ------------- -------------\n Concr positive words 1,018.9 (169.7) 79.0 (17.5) 63.7(24.1) 963.3 (184.4) 75.2 (16.5) 39.2 (20.9)\n Concr negative words 981.6 (183.3) 73.6 (20.9) 58.7 (25.5) 973.3 (181.8) 72.2 (18.7) 35.5 (21.4)\n Conc neutral words 958.4 (171.4) 76.8 (16.6) 60.2 (25.8) 968.4 (155.7) 77.0 (15.4) 36.2 (23.9)\n Abst positive words 1,107.9 (248.8) 71.0 (20.4) 27.2 (22.1) 1,078.5 (172.9) 63.2 (17.9) 12.7 (15.3)\n Abst negative words 948.1 (163.3) 80.7 (17.1) 46.0 (27.9) 956.6 (1729.9) 75.5 (19.6) 19.0 (18.1)\n Abst neutral words 1,073.2 (225.3) 66.4 (20.3) 21.7 (23.8) 1,026.1 (180.9) 62.0 (18.4) 7.5 (9.8)\n\nStandard deviation is presented in parentheses.", "\n\nConcr, concrete; Abst, abstract.", "\n\nThe ANOVA on RT only included correct responses. ", "This analysis revealed a main effect of concreteness, significant only in the analysis by participants, *F*~1~(1,49) = 26.26, MSE = 16911.84, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.35, *F*~2~(1,42) = 2.64, MSE = 27971.19, *p* = 0.11, η^2^ = 0.06, revealing that participants responded faster to concrete words (*M* = 977.33) than to abstract words (*M* = 1031.74). ", "Emotional content also reached statistical significance in the by-participants analysis, *F*~1~(2,98) = 15.78, MSE = 18957.45, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.24, *F*~2~(2,42) = 1.81, MSE = 27971.19, *p* = 0.18, η^2^ = 0.08. ", "Bonferroni *post hoc* tests showed that participants took less time to identify negative words (*M* = 964.90) than both positive words (*M* = 1042.18, *p* \\< 0.001) and neutral words (*M* = 1006.52, *p* \\< 0.05). ", "Furthermore, the difference between positive and neutral words approached significance (*p* = 0.07). ", "Importantly, the interaction between concreteness and emotional content was also significant in the analysis by participants, *F*~1~(2,98) = 9.96, MSE = 24097.99, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.17, *F*~2~(2,42) = 1.26, MSE = 27971.19, *p* = 0.29, η^2^ = 0.06. ", "This interaction revealed that the effect of the emotional content was restricted to abstract words, where negative words were responded faster (*M* = 952.36) than both positive (*M* = 1093.22, *p* \\< 0.001) and neutral words (*M* = 1049.64, *p* \\< 0.01), whereas there was not any difference between positive and neutral words (*p* = 0.37). ", "Neither the effect of session nor the remaining interactions reached statistical significance (all *F*s \\< 1.96).", "\n\nThe ANOVA on Accuracy showed a significant effect of session, *F*~1~(1,49) = 6.56, MSE = 322.02, *p* \\< 0.05, η^2^ = 0.12, *F*~2~(1,42) = 19.71, MSE = 24.54, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.32, indicating that participants were more accurate in the first session (*M* = 74.60) than in the second session (*M* = 70.84). ", "Concreteness was also significant in the analysis by participants, *F*~1~(1,49) = 18.12, MSE = 281.78, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.27, *F*~2~(1,42) = 2.23, MSE = 362.38, *p* = 0.14, η^2^ = 0.56, as participants showed a higher accuracy with concrete words (*M* = 75.64) than with abstract words (*M* = 69.80). ", "Emotional content reached significance too in the analysis by participants, *F*~1~(2,98) = 4.56, MSE = 280.96, *p* \\< 0.05, η^2^ = 0.08, *F*~2~(2,42) = 0.66, MSE = 362.38, *p* = 0.52, η^2^ = 0.03. *", "Post hoc* comparisons revealed that participants were more accurate with negative words (*M* = 75.50) than with neutral words (*M* = 70.55, *p* \\< 0.05), whereas there was not any difference in accuracy between positive (*M* = 72.11) and neutral words (*p* = 0.13). ", "Finally, as in RT, the interaction between concreteness and emotional content was significant in the analysis by participants, *F*~1~(2,98) = 16.12, *p* \\< 0.001, MSE = 288.07, η^2^ = 0.25, *F*~2~(2,42) = 2.11, MSE = 362.38, *p* = 0.13, η^2^ = 0.09. ", "This interaction indicated that the effect of the emotional content was again restricted to abstract words: participants were more accurate in responding to negative abstract words (*M* = 78.01) than to their positive (*M* = 67.12, *p* \\< 0.001) and neutral counterparts (*M* = 64.19, *p* \\< 0.001). ", "There was not any difference between positive and neutral abstract words (*p* = 0.51). ", "No other interaction reached statistical significance (all *F*s \\< 2.26).", "\n\nTranslation Task\n----------------\n\nResponse time data were not obtained in this task. ", "The percentage of Basque words correctly translated to Spanish were collected (Accuracy, see **Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}**). ", "We conducted separate ANOVAs by participants and by items on that measure including the same factors as in the analyses of lexical decision data. ", "The analyses revealed a main effect of session, *F*~1~(1,49) = 133.17, MSE = 512.63, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.73, *F*~2~(1,42) = 397.11, MSE = 7.20, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.90, as participants produced a higher percentage of correct translations in the first session (*M* = 46.29) than in the second session (*M* = 24.96). ", "Furthermore, participants performed better with concrete words (*M* = 48.87) than with abstract words (*M* = 22.38), *F*~1~(1,49) = 309.19, MSE = 340.69, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.86, *F*~2~(1,42) = 29.27, MSE = 147.62, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.41. ", "The emotional content reached statistical significance in the analysis by participants, *F*~1~(2,98) = 11.38, MSE = 299.34, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.19, *F*~2~(2,42) = 0.92, MSE = 147.62, *p* = 0.41, η^2^ = 0.04. ", "Pairwise comparisons revealed that both positive (*M* = 35.75, *p* \\< 0.05) and negative words (*M* = 39.69, *p* \\< 0.001) were more accurately translated than neutral words (*M* = 31.44). ", "The difference between positive and negative words approached significance (*p* = 0.07). ", "The three simple interactions were significant too. ", "The interaction between session and concreteness, *F*~1~(1,49) = 5.96, MSE = 190.49, *p* \\< 0.05, η^2^ = 0.11, *F*~2~(1,42) = 6.69, MSE = 7.20, *p* \\< 0.05, η^2^ = 0.14, showed that the size of the advantage for concrete words over abstract words was higher in the first session (*M* = 29.25) than in the second session (*M* = 23.75). ", "Besides, it revealed that the decrease in performance between the first session and the second session was higher for concrete words (Mean decrease = 24.08) than for abstract words \\[Mean decrease = 18.58, *t*(49) = 2.44, *p* \\< 0.05\\]. ", "The interaction between session and emotional content also reached statistical significance, *F*~1~(2,98) = 7.07, MSE = 86.85, *p* \\< 0.005, η^2^ = 0.13, *F*~2~(2,42) = 3.41, MSE = 7.20, *p* \\< 0.05, η^2^ = 0.14. *", "Post hoc* comparisons showed that, although negative words (Mean performance in Session 1 = 52.37, Mean performance in Session 2 = 27.00) were better translated than neutral words (Mean performance in Session 1 = 41.00, Mean performance in Session 2 = 21.87) in both sessions (*p* \\< 0.001 and *p* \\< 0.05 for the first and second session, respectively), their advantage over positive words (Mean performance in Session 1 = 45.50, Mean performance in Session 2 = 26.00) was restricted to the first session (*p* \\< 0.01). ", "Concerning positive words, although they failed to show a significant difference with respect to neutral words, they tended to show an advantage over them in both the first (*p* = 0.07) and the second session (*p* = 0.08). ", "In addition, the interaction between concreteness and emotional content, significant in the analysis by participants, *F*~1~(2,98) = 23.49, MSE = 237.10, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.32, *F*~2~(2,42) = 1.58, MSE = 147.62, *p* = 0.22, η^2^ = 0.07, showed that the enhancing effect of the emotional content was restricted to abstract words. ", "Thus, negative abstract words (*M* = 32.50) were better translated than both their positive (*M* = 20.00, *p* \\< 0.001) and neutral counterparts (*M* = 14.62, *p* \\< 0.001). ", "Positive abstract words were also better translated than neutral abstract words (*p* \\< 0.05). ", "Finally, the triple interaction between session, concreteness and emotional content was also significant, *F*~1~(2,98) = 8.37, MSE = 85.79, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.15, *F*~2~(2,42) = 3.69, MSE = 7.20, *p* \\< 0.05, η^2^ = 0.15. *", "Post hoc* analyses revealed that, during the first session, the facilitatory effect of emotional content was observed only in abstract words. ", "In particular, negative abstract words were better translated than both their neutral (*p* \\< 0.001) and positive counterparts (*p* \\< 0.001). ", "Furthermore, although there was a trend for positive abstract words to be better translated than neutral ones, this difference did not reach statistical significance (*p* = 0.09). ", "Concerning the second session, the pattern was very similar, with an effect of the emotional content restricted to abstract words. ", "Pairwise comparisons revealed that negative abstract words were better translated than both positive (*p* \\< 0.05) and neutral words (*p* \\< 0.001). ", "Likewise, positive abstract words were better translated than neutral ones (*p* \\< 0.05).", "\n\nTo further explore the differences between sessions, we computed the magnitude of the emotional effect in abstract words (i.e., we subtracted the percentage of neutral words correctly translated to the percentage of emotional words correctly translated). ", "Concerning positive abstract words, the magnitude of the effect was very similar in both sessions (*M* = 5.50 and *M* = 5.25 for the first and second session, respectively). ", "Conversely, negative abstract words showed a significant decrease in the magnitude of the emotional effect between the first (*M* = 24.25) and the second session (*M* = 12.50), *t*~1~(49) = 4.88, *p* \\< 0.001, *t*~2~(7) = 1.96, *p* = 0.09. ", "Similarly, the difference between positive and negative abstract words correctly translated was larger in the first session (*M* = 18.75) than in the second one (*M* = 6.25), *t*~1~(49) = 4.81, *p* \\< 0.001, *t*~2~(7) = 4.28, *p* \\< 0.005.", "\n\nFinally, in order to ascertain whether participants' accuracy was affected by the type of task, we compared the percentage of correct responses in both tasks. ", "We conducted an ANOVA including \"Task\" and \"Session\" as factors. ", "This analysis revealed a main effect of \"Task,\" *F*~1~(1,49) = 157.31, MSE = 437.41, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.76, *F*~2~(1,47) = 594.53, MSE = 234.64, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.93 as well as of \"Session,\" *F*~1~(1,49) = 108.48, MSE = 72.52, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.69, *F*~2~(1,47) = 200.43, MSE = 14.21, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.81. ", "These results showed that accuracy was higher in the LDT (*M* = 72.72) than in the Translation task (*M* = 35.62). ", "Furthermore, there was a better performance during the first session (*M* = 60.44) than during the second session (*M* = 47.90). ", "The interaction between both factors also reached statistical significance, *F*~1~(1,49) = 58.06, MSE = 66.59, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.54, *F*~2~(1,47) = 24.79, MSE = 19.99, *p* \\< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.34. *", "Post hoc* comparisons revealed that the decrease in accuracy when comparing the first session and the second session was larger for the translation task (*M* = 21.33) than for the LDT task (*M* = 3.75), *t*~1~(49) = 7.61, *p* \\< 0.001, *t*~2~(47) = 4.98, *p* \\< 0.001.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe aim of the present study was to test whether the affective content of words has a facilitatory effect during the early stages of a foreign language acquisition. ", "We also investigated whether this effect was modulated by words' concreteness. ", "To do that, participants were trained on a set of Basque words by associating them to their Spanish translations. ", "Immediately after the learning phase and 1 week later, they were tested in a go-no go LDT and in a backward translation task. ", "Although performance, in terms of accuracy, was higher in the LDT than in the translation task, the pattern of results was very similar across tasks as well as over time: apart from a main effect of concreteness and emotional content, there was an interaction between both factors, indicating that the emotional content facilitated the acquisition of abstract rather than concrete words in a new language. ", "Overall, the effect was more reliable for negative words than for positive words. ", "Finally, even though there was a significant loss of information over time, which was higher for the translation task than for the LDT, the pattern of findings was very similar in both sessions.", "\n\nThis work adds to the literature in novel-word training showing that some word types are more easily acquired than others. ", "Thus, apart from cognate status ([@B12]; [@B55]; [@B8]) and concreteness ([@B12]; [@B1]; [@B32]; [@B42], and the present study), it is apparent that emotional content facilitates word acquisition during the early stages of foreign language learning. ", "In this field of research, this is the first time that a facilitatory effect of emotional content is reported. ", "Importantly, the effect is restricted to abstract items, suggesting that the words that are harder to learn are those obtaining more benefits from their affective content. ", "Although these results were only significant in the participant analyses, we would like to note that they are consistent with the proposal of [@B34], according to which the emotional content would play a more relevant role in the representation and processing of abstract words than in the representation and processing of concrete words.", "\n\nFurther studies should be conducted to establish the extent to which this pattern of findings can be generalized to other sets of items, especially because this facilitatory effect for emotional words was not observed in the study of [@B1]. ", "In that work, the authors failed to obtain either the emotional Stroop effect or an advantage in the translation recognition task for recently acquired Spanish emotion words. ", "Although the reasons for this discrepancy are unclear, it is worth mentioning that the different methodological approaches limit the comparison between those two studies. ", "On the one hand, unlike the present study, [@B1] did not orthogonally manipulate concreteness and emotional content. ", "On the other, these authors compared concrete and abstract words to emotion words (i.e., words labeling an emotion, -scared), whereas we mostly used emotion-laden words (i.e., words that do not refer directly to emotions but have emotional connotations, for example *success*). ", "Some researchers have suggested that these two word types can be processed differently (e.g., [@B43]), although the few studies which have addressed this distinction have only found slight differences between them (e.g., [@B2]). ", "Thus, further research is needed in which the contribution of concreteness and emotional content to the initial stages of word acquisition is evaluated separately for emotion and emotion-laden words.", "\n\nAs stated above, our findings support the proposal of [@B34]. ", "These authors argued that whereas sensory-motor information would be central to the representation and processing of concrete words, affective information would be more relevant in the representation of abstract words. ", "In fact, it would be through emotionality that abstract words would become embodied, as one of the functions of emotion is to initiate approach and avoidance behavior (e.g., [@B37]). ", "Thus, one might expect strong sensory-motor effects for abstract words as well, if effects are mediated by emotion, as indicated for instance by the startle reflex (see [@B28]; [@B26] for evidence of modulation of the startle reflex by the emotional content of words)^[1](#fn01){ref-type=\"fn\"}^. Importantly, as [@B52] have recently pointed out, a prediction from the embodied approach to semantic representation of [@B34] is that the contribution of emotionality to word processing would be more likely in conditions in which there are no other sources of information (i.e., sensorimotor) that can facilitate processing. ", "This is the case for abstract words.", "\n\nDuring the last years, several lexical decision studies have addressed the possible modulation of emotional effects by concreteness in the native language of adult speakers during word processing. ", "This research has yielded mixed findings. ", "Thus, whereas [@B30] failed to find any interaction between emotional content and concreteness, [@B40] did obtain it, although in this case emotional abstract words showed a disadvantage, rather than an advantage, with respect to their neutral counterparts. ", "These inconsistencies might be explained by methodological differences. ", "On the one hand, whereas [@B40] used a standard LDT, [@B30] employed a visual hemifield LDT. ", "On the other hand, whereas the experimental stimuli of [@B30] were nouns, [@B40] tested verbs and it is well-known that nouns and verbs are differently processed (see for instance, [@B57]). ", "Whatever the reason for the discrepancies, what is relevant is that the above studies failed to support the proposal of [@B34].", "\n\n[@B34] also posited that the emotional content of words would play a role during their acquisition, facilitating the acquisition of abstract concepts. ", "Our results suggest that this facilitation is also observed when people learn vocabulary in a new language. ", "The modulation of the effects of the emotional content of words by their concreteness in the direction predicted by [@B34] found in this work contrasts with the results of the above discussed studies ([@B30]; [@B40]). ", "It might be that this modulation is not apparent when vocabulary is firmly established. ", "Rather, it would be more easily observed during (first or foreign) language acquisition. ", "During this process, emotional content might help to acquire those words that are harder to learn, namely abstract words.", "\n\nConcerning the mechanism involved in the beneficial effects of emotional content, we should take into consideration that acquiring foreign words by means of a paired associate learning involves the assignment of a new name to an already existing concept. ", "The results of this study and of past research suggest that there is something about the representation of some types of L1 words that makes it easier to attach a new name onto it (see [@B11]). ", "This would be the case of concrete words with respect to abstract words. ", "Different proposals have been made with respect to these representational differences. ", "For instance, according to the dual-code theory ([@B39]), semantic representations are richer for concrete words than for abstract words, because only the former are represented in a non-verbal system besides being represented in a verbal system. ", "Alternatively, [@B50] considered that concrete words have stronger and denser associations to contextual knowledge than abstract words. ", "Finally, from a connectionist point of view, [@B45] argued that the representation of concrete words is supported by a higher number of units or semantic features than the representation of abstract words. ", "All these proposals assume that the representation of concrete words is richer than that of abstract words and this is the cause of the disadvantage for the latter in processing. ", "The emotional content, whatever the mechanism involved -- affectively valenced words having higher semantic richness (e.g., [@B29]), capturing more attentional resources ([@B48]), being prioritized in the process of binding to the context ([@B38]), or being more elaborately processed during encoding ([@B51]), would reduce the disadvantage for abstract words in the process of labeling an existing concept with a novel word.", "\n\nA final relevant result of the present work refers to valence effects. ", "We obtained a more robust emotional advantage for negative abstract words than for their positive counterparts. ", "Indeed, in the LDT only negative but not positive abstract words did show an advantage in processing. ", "In the translation task, although both types of words were better translated than abstract neutral words, the advantage was higher for negative words than for positive ones. ", "In our opinion, a possible explanation for the superiority of negative words is related to their adaptive function. ", "According to [@B48], negative stimuli contain more survive-relevant information than positive stimuli. ", "For that reason, they would be preferentially attended (i.e., the so-called negativity bias) and, as a consequence, better remembered than positive and neutral words. ", "Regarding the novel-word learning paradigm applied in this research, the preferential attention to negative words during the learning phase might have facilitated the formation of links between the Basque words and both their translation equivalents and existing concepts. ", "We would like to note that the grammatical class of the stimuli in the present study might have contributed also to this negativity bias. ", "Most of the experimental words were names. ", "If we had used adjectives instead of nouns, a different pattern of findings might have been observed. ", "Indeed, a positivity advantage is often reported for lists consisting of adjectives ([@B27]), a possible reason for this advantage being the high self-relevance of adjectives. ", "Regardless of the cause of the superiority for negative words, it is worth noting that the results obtained in the translation task suggest that this advantage is particularly strong in the first session, in which the percentage of correctly translated negative abstract words almost duplicated that of neutral and positive words. ", "This superiority is observed in both sessions, but its magnitude is reduced over time. ", "In contrast, the advantage of positive abstract words over neutral words, although slower, is more stable across sessions. ", "This result is in line with other studies in the emotional memory literature demonstrating that the superiority for negative words in immediate memory tests decreases after a delay of several hours or days, whereas this decrease is much less pronounced for positive words (e.g., [@B56]). ", "Our findings, as those of [@B56], might be accounted for by the so-called fading bias effect, according to which the intensity of the negative affect produced by any event fades faster than that of positive emotion (e.g., [@B59]). ", "This phenomenon has been described in the field of autobiographical memory and has only recently been applied to the study of emotional verbal information ([@B56]).", "\n\nTo conclude, the present study shows that emotional content facilitates the acquisition of new vocabulary and that this effect is modulated by concreteness as well as by word valence. ", "Our findings suggest that emotional content is a relevant variable to consider in novel-word learning studies. ", "Furthermore, our results can have a practical application, as they demonstrate that foreign abstract neutral words (i.e., those lacking affective charge) are the hardest to learn. ", "Therefore, teaching strategies should be directed to improve the acquisition of those words in foreign language training programs.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nThis research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PSI2012-37623 and PSI2012-32834). ", "Besides, it was funded by FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology) through the state budget, with reference IF/00784/2013/CP1158/CT0013.", "\n\nWe thank Dr. Herbert for this suggestion.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\nThe Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00976>\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: *Cornelia Herbert, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany*\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: *Anna Hatzidaki, University of Athens, Greece; Jelena Havelka, University of Leeds, UK*\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Language Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology\n" ]

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[ "Classical circuit theory is founded on the axiomatic definition of three fundamental circuit elements: the resistor by Ohm[@b1], the inductor by Faraday[@b2], and the capacitor by Volta[@b3]. ", "These definitions however are only static descriptions of the instantaneous values of the corresponding variables, despite the fact that dynamic responses have been observed well before the establishment of these definitions[@b4]. ", "About forty years ago, Chua envisioned the concept of memory-resistors (memristors) based-upon a symmetry argument[@b5] that imposed the existence of a missing fundamental circuit element that provided linkage between charge and flux ([Figure S1a](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Whilst this argument is considered to be fair, the later generalised definition by Chua and Kang[@b6] is of more fundamental importance as it provides a state-dependent relationship between current and voltage that broadly captures dynamic resistive elements[@b7]. ", "Originally the broad generalization of \"memristors\" was conceived as a new class of dynamical systems and as such it was referred as \"memristive systems\". ", "To avoid confusion, we follow the latest notation imposed by Chua, the lead author of both reports, and we refer to this class of devices as \"memristors\". ", "This is in tandem with the denomination of capacitors and inductors; practical implementations are not explicit facsimile to the corresponding ideal definitions yet these are not called capacitive or inductive systems.", "\n\nSimilarly, two new auxiliary classes of dynamical elements were coined up[@b8] as memory-capacitors (memcapacitors) and memory-inductors (meminductors) that establish state-dependent relationships among charge-voltage ([Figure S1b](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and current-flux ([Figure S1c](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) respectively. ", "The common property of these distinct subsets is memory, which is attributed to inertia between the causal stimulus and the diverse range of physical mechanisms that support the various state modalities. ", "The signature of this inertia is a pinched hysteresis loop in the i-v, q-v and ϕ-i domain respectively for memristors, memcapacitors and meminductors ([Figures S1d,e,f](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}); notwithstanding the classical definitions of resistors, capacitors and inductors that are described by single-valued functions and should thus be considered as special cases of these broad subsets ([Figure 1a](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nTo date, the research community has shown great interest on demonstrating exclusive solid-state implementations of memristors[@b9][@b10][@b11], memcapacitors[@b12][@b13][@b14] and meminductors[@b15][@b16]; some of which are highlighted in a review by Pershin and Di Ventra[@b17]. ", "Deliberate attempts to fabricate practical cells, past HP\\'s work on memristors[@b11] and the supplementary theoretical definitions for memcapacitors and meminductors[@b8], have strived to match the characteristics dictated by the ideal definitions, while reports on related phenomena that were incidentally observed were more relaxed. ", "There is serious contention among scientists particularly for memristors, the most exploited subset of devices so far is the non-zero crossing i-v characteristics of solid-state implementations which is considered to be contradicting the original theoretical conception[@b18], arguing the need for revamping the existing memristor theory; a plausible extension is to incorporate a nano-battery effect[@b19].", "\n\nIn our opinion, the global definition of memristors[@b6] is well-defined. ", "Such phenomena simply manifest the co-existence of distinct memory modalities[@b20], which collectively facilitate a response that inevitably differs from the classical theoretical definition; one should be able to disentangle the individual contributions within single devices. ", "The coexistence of parasitic effects has been observed on practical devices for more than a century[@b21][@b22], with this effect being more apparent when the devices\\' characteristics are exploited in broad frequency spectrums where the static parasitic contributions are more notable. ", "We argue that practical solid-state devices would experience dynamic parasitic contributions and it is thus more appropriate to investigate the devices\\' response utterly as memory impedance. [", "Figure 1a](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} demonstrates conceptually how such a complex interaction emerges by the mingling of distinct memory effects, namely memristive, memcapacitive and meminductive. ", "Particularly in case **I** (**III**) the corresponding i-v crossing point would occur within the first (third) quadrant as illustrated in [Figure 1b (1c)](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, due to an additive memcapacitive (meminductive) contribution. ", "In case **IV** however, all three fundamental memory effects are expressed in a device and the i-v crossing point could either occur within the first or third quadrant as shown in [Figure 1d](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, depending upon the device\\'s impedance constituent memory elements ([Figure 1d](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} inset), whose dominance is determined via the stimulus frequency.", "\n\nNon-zero-crossing behaviour of TiO~2~ based metal-insulator-metal devices\n=========================================================================\n\nHere, we experimentally demonstrate the coexistence of dynamic parasitic effects in the prototypical Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) single crossbar architecture based on a TiO~2+x~/TiO~2~ functional core[@b23]; one of our prototypes is illustrated in the inset of [Figure 2a](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Multiple devices were fabricated, with the fabrication flowchart outlined in the Methodology section. ", "For all devices, we initially employ a quasi-static ±3 V voltage sweep for acquiring the characteristic pinched-hysteresis i-v loop that is the well-known memristor signature[@b24]. [", "Figure 2a](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the i-v signature of a Pt/TiO~2+x~/TiO~2~/Pt cell with an active area of 5 × 5 μm^2^. In this case, we observed that the crossing point occurs at 1 V, indicating the presence of some parasitic capacitance. ", "The influence on this parasitic capacitance was explored while programming the device at bipolar states (see [Figures S2a, b](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} for programming/evaluating procedure). [", "Figures 2b and 2c](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} demonstrate the concurrent resistive/capacitive switching of our prototype, toggling from a high-resistive state (HRS) to a low-resistive state (LRS) and correspondingly from a high-capacitive state (HCS) to a low-capacitive state (LCS). ", "These experimental results confirm that the memristive behavior is indeed accompanied by a memcapacitive behavior. ", "It is worthy to point out that the capacitance switching ratio is frequency dependent[@b25]. ", "As demonstrated in [Figure 2c](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the difference between HCS and LCS is significantly larger at the lower C-V test frequency (100 KHz). ", "Unless otherwise stated, all C-V tests were implemented at 1 MHz, a frequency that is near to the RC pole of the device. ", "Thus, the capacitive switching ratio is lower than that of resistance extrapolated from DC pulses. ", "Similar experimental results have been previously demonstrated in other ReRAM devices[@b20][@b25]. ", "In this manuscript, all tested devices were electrically characterized without employing an electroforming step. ", "As a result, the activation energy supplied by a single set or reset pulse is not sufficient to generate formation and rupture of continuous filaments. ", "Resistive switching events are thus not available at each programming pulse, rather at multiple pulses that facilitate a collective behavior, as demonstrated in [Figures 2b and 2c](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nIn this particular case, the memristive/memcapacitive switching are correlated; a phenomenon that has previously been observed in perovskite[@b25]. ", "It is worth mentioning though that the coexistence of memristive and memcapacitive behaviors have also been observed on other MIM cells from the same wafer with 2 × 2 μm^2^ and 10 × 10 μm^2^ active areas. ", "Interestingly, the programming memristance and memcapacitance of devices of 2 × 2 μm^2^ active area are anti-correlated, as shown in [Figure S2c](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, while devices with larger active areas, i.e. 5 × 5 μm^2^ and 10 × 10 μm^2^, follow alike switching trends. ", "Similar opposing memristor -- memcapacitor programming trends have been reported recently[@b26], with the programming and evaluation of the two memory properties though being executed independently one from another. ", "The reason for the area dependence of the relationship between capacitance and resistance is argued to be due to distinct dominant conducting mechanisms. ", "It should be noted that the measured data in devices with active area of 2 × 2 μm^2^ was attained under bipolar switching mode, where schottky barriers at both the top and bottom interfaces are anticipated to play a dominant role. ", "In this case, positive programming pulses could decrease the top interface resistance and its related capacitance, but it would not necessarily increase the bottom interface resistance and its related capacitance due to the pulse\\'s saturation limit[@b25][@b27]. ", "As a result, the device\\'s effective resistance will decrease due to the shunting of the top space charge region. ", "In turn, the total capacitance of the whole device will increase because its value is now dominated mainly by the bottom interface[@b25]. ", "Similar explanations apply for negative programming pulses. ", "To further explore any possible influence of the device\\'s electrodes on the measured capacitance, we implemented C-V tests on pristine devices of varying electrode areas (2 × 2 μm^2^, 5 × 5 μm^2^, and 10 × 10 μm^2^). ", "As expected, the measured initial capacitance is in proportion to the electrode areas and the capacitance per unit electrode area is ascertained to be C~unit~ = 18 (fF/μm^2^). ", "Detailed arguments could be found in [Supplementary materials](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\nThe experimental results shown in [Figure S3 in the supplementary materials](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} serve as evidence that the functional mechanism of resistance modulation in our MIM devices is indeed filamentary in nature. ", "We thus argue that for the device to assume a LRS, the TiO~2~ core will locally undergo substantial reduction (TiO~2-x~) that will support one or multiple continuous current percolation filaments that would effortlessly conduct current from the top (TE) to the bottom electrode (BE), as demonstrated in [Figure 2d](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "It should be noted that the filament in TiO~2~ based resistive devices has a bulky conical shape, which has been experimentally demonstrated in recent studies[@b28][@b29]. ", "In the case however that the device is programmed at HRS, this filament would be annihilated (or partially formed), resulting in a barrier region (L~1~) among any existing percolation branch and the BE. ", "Yu et al.[@b30] pointed out that such a barrier would render a poor DC conduction that can be modelled as a capacitance, nonetheless they overlooked the fact that this is essentially an auxiliary memcapacitance, as theoretically denoted by Mouttet[@b31]. ", "Depending on the polarity of the applied potentials, this barrier would decrease or increase that in turn would set the corresponding static resistive and capacitive states. ", "While the device is programmed at a HRS, measured results acquired by impedance spectroscopy would denote that the device could be statically modelled as a parallel combination of a resistor (R~1~) and a capacitor (C) in series with a small resistor (R~0~), as shown in [Figure 2e](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "R~0~ represents all other Ohmic resistances including that of the initial conducting filaments and measurement connections, which is usually no more than 20 Ω overall[@b32]. ", "One would argue that when a continuous filament is formed, resulting into LRS, this barrier would diminish, rendering minimum static values for both resistance and capacitance. ", "This is indeed illustrated in [Figure 2f](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, where the measured results on the presented Nyquist plot cluster together on the Re (Z) axis.", "\n\nA series of repeated impedance measurement cycles was implemented on the 10 × 10 μm^2^ active cell with the acquired results shown in [Figures 3a--3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} (the corresponding programming- evaluating procedures are shown in [Figures S2a, b](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The 10 × 10 μm^2^ cells demonstrate a rather interesting response, as shown in [Figure 3b](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, that directly contradicts the unipolar impedance measurements acquired from 5 × 5 μm^2^ active cells. ", "In this case, the applied stimuli cause the device\\'s reactance to toggle between both negative and positive values, indicating that capacitive and inductive behaviours are alternately dominating. ", "The measured reactance values in this case are treated as the 'net\\' contribution of a concurrent capacitive and inductive response. ", "Our measured results thus indicate that a functional-oxide based MIM capacitor of relatively large active area (in this case ≥ 10 × 10 μm^2^) can effectively support concurrently all three memory states. ", "The origin of this triple-state coexistence and the distinct programming trends can possibly be explained via the filamentary formation/annihilation that occurs within the active core of our prototypes due to a redox mechanism of TiO~2~. In HRS, large resistive states would ascertain large tunnelling gaps (L~1~) between the device\\'s electrodes, and thus should introduce a significant capacitive effect. ", "A larger active area, as in the case of our 10 × 10 μm^2^ prototype, in principle allows percolation channels to occur over larger volumes, essentially facilitating the formation of winding conductive paths that will inevitably introduce a notable effective inductance. ", "But in HRS, the filaments density and path tortuosity are limited, and thus the capacitive effects are dominant. ", "In contrast, the CF is fully shorting TE and BE in LRS, which would minimise the capacitive effect, while introduce the dominant inductive effect from a number of winding filaments as shown in [Figure 3d](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This is also verified in [Figures S2c--S2e](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, which clearly demonstrated that the conductivity of LRS is correlated with the cell size.", "\n\nFrequency response of *i*-*v* characteristics\n=============================================\n\nSo far, all non-zero-crossing behaviours have been observed by employing sweeping potentials[@b19] of static frequency. ", "In order to prove our hypothesis that ReRAM cells concurrently support memristive, memcapacitive and meminductive components, we employed a sinusoidal stimulus of fixed voltage range at distinct testing frequencies. ", "This approach allowed us to evaluate the effect on the i-v characteristics of the device under test and the shifting of the crossing point due to the dominance of the distinct memory components at distinct frequencies, as illustrated in [Figures 1b, c, d](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "To ensure that we do not encounter any erroneous parasitic effects while evaluating the characteristics of single devices, we optimised our instrumentation setup and limited the measuring frequency spectrum up to 1 MHz. ", "This setup was also benchmarked while measuring known SMD (Surface-mount device) components ([Figure S4](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) that up to 1 MHz showed no significant parasitic effects. ", "It should also be noted that to preserve devices from any hard-breakdown as well as minimising the effect of any switching thresholds asymmetry, at any single frequency point, only one sinusoidal period was applied from a Tektronix arbitrary function generator (AFG-3102).", "\n\n[Figure 4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts measured i-v characteristics of our 10 × 10 μm^2^ prototypes as the stimulus frequency ranged from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. ", "Specifically, in the inset of [Figure 4a](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, a small offset (40 mV) is observed at f = 1 Hz indicating the existence of a nanobattery[@b19] (V~emf~), as the influence of parasitic effects could be neglected at such low frequency. ", "By increasing the stimulus frequency to 100 Hz, we observe the shrinking of the area encountered within the right i-v lobe along with a slight increase in the crossing point offset, respectively captured in [Figures 4g and 4h](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The influence of a memcapacitive response starts to appear in [Figure 4c](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, as the stimulus frequency is further increased at *f* = 20 KHz. ", "The crossing i-v point is now clearly displaced to the first quadrant, while the hysteresis loop opens up from a lissajous towards a circular form, a characteristic of memcapacitance ([Figure S1g](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) that becomes even more apparent at *f* = 100 KHz ([Figure 4d](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Interestingly, further increasing the stimulus frequency causes the crossing i-v point to drift towards the third quadrant, as predicted theoretically ([Figure 1d](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and shown here experimentally in [Figures 4e and 4f](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "It is worthy to point out that there is a step in the i-v curves in [Figures 4d and 4e](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "We argue this behaviour being similar to the steps observed on the i-v characteristics of some classes of diodes that include high internal field regions, and are subject to local breakdown, such as tunnel diodes and silicon controlled rectifiers. ", "In the vicinity of the breakdown such devices can exhibit a local negative differential resistance without violating passivity. ", "When the i-v characteristics of this class of devices are traced in conductance mode (source v from a small source impedance, measure i) or in impedance mode (source i from a small source admittance, measure v) without any special precaution to overcompensate the device\\'s negative resistance, steps could be observed as illustrated in [Figures 4d and 4e](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "A plausible form of i-v characteristic that can give rise to the observed step has been annotated in green on [Figure 4d](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nOverall, the exhibited hysteresis of our prototypes is large for low frequencies where the memristive component is dominant, and as frequency increases it reduces (as anticipated by the memristor theory), increases (as memcapacitive effects come into play) and then again reduces; as depicted in [Figure 4i](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "At the same time, the crossing i-v point origins at 0 V denotes an almost purely passive component at low frequencies, with capacitive (inductive) components adding a positive (negative) offset at frequencies where the corresponding effects are more dominant as depicted in [Figure 4g](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Our experimental results were closely fitted with an equivalent circuit model (inset of [Figure 4g](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) comprising a parallel combination of a memristor and memcapacitor that are serially connected to a meminductor and a nanobattery (detailed simulated methods and parameters can be found in [Supplementary Materials](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The areas bordered by the pinched hysteresis i-v loops were calculated as reported previously[@b33][@b34]. [", "Figure 4h](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the changes of left and right lobes\\' areas. ", "It is clear that at frequencies below 100 Hz, the memristive effect was dominant, thus area of right lobes dropped; Considering the migration of crossing point to the first quadrant, the area of left lobe kept almost the same. ", "Then at frequencies between 100 Hz to 200 KHz, memcapacitive effect was dominant, area of left lobes thus increased sharply; In case of right lobes, the area increased initially (100 Hz--1 KHz), but then went down as a result of the crossing point migration. ", "Finally, meminductive effect became dominant above 200 KHz and the crossing point started to drift oppositely. ", "Thus, the area of right lobes grew up whilst an opposite trend occurred for the left lobes. [", "Figure 4i](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} depicts the sum and normalised difference of the lobes\\' areas at distinct frequencies. ", "It can be observed that at frequencies below 10 KHz, the right lobe hysteresis outweighs the left one. ", "In contrast, an opposite ratio polarity could be obtained when memcapacitive effect is dominant (10 KHz to 700 KHz), while meminductive would invert the polarity again at even higher frequencies (above 1 MHz).", "\n\nSummary\n=======\n\nIn this work we presented experimental evidence that TiO~2~-based MIM devices, commonly known as memristors, exhibit concurrently memristance, memcapacitance and meminductance. ", "We showed that these components are concurrently modulated under voltage biasing and we have identified that meminductance is more apparent for devices of large active areas. ", "We also demonstrated that the frequency response of the devices\\' pinched-hysteresis i-v does not follow the classical signature of memristors, and it is a manifestation of all three memory components. ", "We believe that these features can be particularly useful in developing adaptive circuits that operate in radio-frequencies[@b35], while they open up the possibility of establishing self-resonating nanoscale components that could find applications in cellular neural networks and neuromorphic implementations[@b36].", "\n\nMethods summary\n===============\n\nFabrication of TiO~2~ based active cells\n----------------------------------------\n\nIn this process flow, we used thermal oxidation to grow 200 nm thick SiO~2~ on 4″ silicon wafer and we employed optical lithography method to pattern the Bottom Electrodes (BE), Top Electrodes (TE) and the TiO~2~ active material. ", "E-beam evaporation was employed to deposit 5 nm adhesive layer and 30 nm Pt layer as BE and 30 nm thick Pt as TE, followed by lift-off process to define the patterns. ", "For TiO~2~, sputtering at 300 Watts and 2 min wet etching, in 1:50/HF: H~2~O solution, were performed. ", "The design allows having Pt/TiO~2+x~/TiO~2~/Pt ReRAM structures in cross-bars and standalone configurations.", "\n\nElectrical measurements\n-----------------------\n\nElectrical measurements for active cells on wafer were performed utilising a low-noise Keithley 4200 semiconductor characteristics system combined with a probe station (Wentworth AVT 702). ", "The i-v characteristics were firstly obtained via sweeping voltages, following distinct sequences for bipolar and unipolar resistive switching. ", "Then, impedance spectroscopies were tested biasing a small 10 mV AC signal (DC bias is 0 V) with frequencies sweeping from 10 KHz to 10 MHz. ", "To measure the changing trends of impedance, a series programming (5 V for SET, and −5 V for RESET) pulses were applied across active cells with a followed 0.5 V pulse to read resistance values. ", "In all measurements, pulse widths were set to 10 μs. ", "All reactance measurements were implemented via C-V tests by employing 30 mV 1 MHz AC signals (DC bias is 0.5 V). ", "Specifically, the measuring option for devices with active areas of 2 × 2 μm^2^ and 5 × 5 μm^2^ was set to the parallel capacitance and conductance (C~p~-G~p~), while for devices with active area of 10 × 10 μm^2^, the measuring option was set to complex impedance (Z-Theta).", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nL.Q., C.P., I.S., A.K., T.P. and X.H. conceived the experiments. ", "A.K. and T.P. fabricated the samples. ", "L.Q. and I.S. performed the electrical characterization of the samples. ", "L.Q. performed all simulations. ", "All authors contributed in the analysis of the results and in writing the manuscript.", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#s1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nMemory Impedance in TiO~2~ based Metal-Insulator-Metal Devices\n\nWe acknowledge the financial support of the NSFC 61171017, CHIST-ERA ERA-Net, and EPSRC EP/J00801X/1, EP/K017829/1.", "\n\n{#f1}\n\n![", "Measured features of practical TiO~2~-based MIM devices.\\\n(a) Measured i-v characteristics showing a non-zero-crossing behaviour. ", "Inset: Optical microscope image of a prototype cell with an active area of 5 × 5 μm^2^. (b) Resistance and (c) capacitance programming occurs concurrently after pulsing the device. ", "The capacitance values shown by solid cycles were measured at 1 MHz, while dash cycles represent results at 100 KHz. (", "d) Schematic of DC conduction processes inside a 5 × 5 μm^2^ active cell in HRS. ", "As the ruptured distance L~1~ is relatively large, the tunnelling from the bottom electrode to the ruptured CF would block the DC conduction processes[@b25], which would introduce larger capacitive effects. (", "e) Impedance spectrum of a 5 × 5 μm^2^ active cell in HRS, accomplished via a 10 mV AC signal (10 KHz--10 MHz, DC biasing point is 0 V). ", "Inset: schematic of the equivalent circuit. ", "The semicircle suggests the active cell could be modelled as a parallel of a resistor and a capacitor. (", "f) Impedance spectrum of the same active cell in LRS (1.8 KΩ). ", "Inset: Schematic of DC conduction processes in LRS. ", "After programming, a continuous CF is formed between TE and BE.](srep04522-f2){#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. (", "a)--(f) Measured i-v curves of the same device measured at frequencies from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. ", "It should be noted that the green dashed line in (d) depicts a plausible form of i-v characteristic that can give rise to the observed step in (d) and (e). (", "g) Measured and simulated displacement of crossing points with increasing frequencies; inset depicts an equivalent circuit model (all model parameters can be found in [Table S1](#s1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). (", "h) Measured areas bordered by left (L) and right (R) lobes of the frequency-dependent i-v characteristics. (", "i) Sum and normalised difference of the hysteresis exhibited in the i-v characteristics at distinct frequencies.](srep04522-f4){#f4}\n" ]

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[ "\n199 Cal.", "App.3d 876 (1988)\n245 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "225\nTHE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,\nv.\nKEVIN L. STUCKEY, Defendant and Appellant.", "\nDocket No. ", "F007654.", "\nCourt of Appeals of California, Fifth District.", "\nMarch 22, 1988.", "\n*878 COUNSEL\nFrank O. Bell, Jr., and Harvey R. Zall, State Public Defenders, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, Joan W. Cavanagh, Chief Assistant Public Defender, and Julia Cline Newcomb, Deputy State Public Defender, for Defendant and Appellant.", "\nJohn K. Van de Kamp, Attorney General, Steve White, Chief Assistant Attorney General, and J. Robert Jibson, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.", "\n[Opinion certified for partial publication.[*]]", "\nOPINION\nBEST, J. —\n\nPROCEDURAL HISTORY\nOn May 16, 1986, a second amended information was filed which charged defendant with one count of burglary (Pen. ", "Code, §§ 459, 460) occurring on November 27, 1984 (the Murrietta burglary), a second count of burglary occurring on July 21, 1985 (the Palomo burglary), and a count of aggravated assault (Pen. ", "Code, § 245, subd. (", "a)(1)) also occurring on July 21, 1985. ", "Counts II and III also alleged as an enhancement that at the time of those offenses, defendant had been released from custody pending trial on the burglary charged in count I. (Pen. ", "Code, § 12022.1.) ", "Finally, count III alleged as another enhancement that defendant inflicted great bodily injury on the victim. (", "Pen. ", "Code, § 12022.7.)", "\nDefendant pled not guilty to the second amended information. ", "Also, defendant stipulated that he had been released on his own recognizance *879 after his arrest from the first count of burglary at the time the second count of burglary and the assault occurred.", "\nAfter trial, the jury returned verdicts of guilty of first degree burglary on count I, guilty of second degree burglary on count II, and not guilty on the assault charge. ", "Defendant's motion for new trial was denied and on July 11, 1986, the trial court sentenced defendant to state prison for a term of four years on count I, a consecutive eight months term on count II, and an additional two-year consecutive term for the Penal Code section 12022.1 enhancement, for a total term of six years eight months.", "\n\nSTATEMENT OF THE FACTS\n\nCOUNT I\nAbout 7 a.m. on the morning of November 27, 1984, Sergeant Roger Enmark of the Fresno Police Department observed defendant driving a 1964 Chevrolet El Camino pickup with two other occupants in the car. ", "They backed out of a driveway on East Shields, and he followed them. ", "On Ashlan, another police vehicle, driven by Officer Brown, began to follow defendant, while Sergeant Enmark went in the opposite direction.", "\nSergeant Enmark soon resumed surveillance and observed defendant parking along the curb at 3335 West Ashcroft in Fresno. ", "The back end of the pickup was in front of the driveway of the house. ", "The two other occupants had gotten out of the truck around the corner. ", "They walked along the sidewalk into the garage, returned with a lawn mower \"and running with the lawn mower threw it into the back of the waiting vehicle and jumped into the back of the pickup.\"", "\nThe El Camino then \"took off.\" ", "Sergeant Enmark, with the help of four other police vehicles, followed defendant and stopped the El Camino. ", "Defendant was at the wheel. ", "The two other individuals were minors, one of whom was the defendant's younger brother. ", "The sergeant sent an officer to the address from which the lawn mower was taken. ", "The officer returned with the resident, Mrs. Murrietta, who identified the lawn mower as hers.", "\nMr. Murrietta, who is a gardener, had left for work that morning about 7:30. ", "He identified the stolen lawn mower as being his and stated that he did not give anyone permission to take the mower from his garage.", "\n\nCOUNT II\nOn the afternoon of July 21, 1985, Emilio Palomo was at his home on East Madison in Fresno. ", "In response to a knock at his door, he looked out *880 the kitchen window and saw a teenager at his door. ", "The young man asked if Palomo would like his trees pruned. ", "Palomo said, \"No,\" and the young man walked away down the driveway.", "\nPalomo looked out his garage door and saw a white pickup in the driveway. ", "He saw the teenager who had come to his door get in on the passenger side. ", "He watched the truck drive off, but before the truck was out of sight, he noticed that his tool box was gone. ", "He is an electrician by trade and had \"a fairly large tool box.\" ", "He then got in his truck and followed them.", "\nPalomo eventually stopped the truck. ", "The occupants told him that they did not have his tools and drove off again. ", "He recognized his tool box when they tossed it out the window on the passenger side. ", "He did not stop to pick it up, but followed the thieves instead. ", "He was eventually able to pull in front of them and get them to stop.", "\nPalomo got out and walked over to the truck. ", "He reached in to pull the keys out of the ignition, but defendant grabbed them first. ", "Palomo told them they were not to leave and that they should stay until he got the police. ", "They told him that their father's tool box had been stolen and that they were trying to replace it. ", "They were shouting at each other, and eventually a fight occurred. ", "Defendant struck Palomo with a two by four in the back of the head \"awfully hard\" and then struck him again on the shoulder. ", "When he fell to the ground, the boys kicked him in the back and in the face repeatedly. ", "They then drove off. ", "Palomo had a broken nose, a black eye, and hurt ribs. ", "He missed work for three months because of the injury. ", "His tool box was later recovered. ", "Palomo later identified defendant as the youth who had come to his door and who had fought with him.", "\n\nDEFENSE\nAs to count I, the Murrietta burglary, defendant claimed that a man offered him $10 to get a lawn mower from his garage while the man waited at a store for a friend. ", "Stuckey had forgotten the address of the house, but looked for a house matching that which had been described. ", "Thinking that the Murriettas' house was the correct one, defendant and his companions removed the lawn mower from the open garage.", "\nAs to count II, the defense was an alibi. ", "Defendant and several other witnesses testified that he was at a wedding in Delhi, 80 miles away, when the Palomo burglary occurred.", "\n\n\n*881 DISCUSSION\n\nI, II[*]\n.... .... .... .... .... .", "\n\nIII\n\nALLEGED FAILURE OF THE TRIAL COURT TO ADVISE OF BOYKIN-TAHL RIGHTS\n(1) Defendant next asserts that the Penal Code section 12022.1 enhancement must be stricken because he was not fully apprised of his rights as required in Boykin v. Alabama (1969) 395 U.S. 238 [23 L.Ed.2d 274, 89 S.Ct. ", "1709] and In re Tahl (1969) 1 Cal.3d 122 [81 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "577, 460 P.2d 449] at the time he stipulated to having been released on his own recognizance at the time of the occurrence of the Palomo burglary. ", "The court advised defendant of his right to have a jury decide whether or not he had been released on his own recognizance on the charges of the Murrietta burglary at the time he committed the Palomo burglary but did not advise him as to any other rights he may have had, such as his right to confrontation and against self-incrimination. ", "He now contends that this was error. ", "We disagree.", "\nIn Boykin the Supreme Court held that it was error \"for the trial judge to accept petitioner's guilty plea without an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and voluntary.\" (", "Boykin v. Alabama, supra, 395 U.S. at p. 242 [23 L.Ed.2d at p. 279].) ", "In Tahl, the California Supreme Court held that a defendant must be advised of his rights to confrontation and against self-incrimination, and a waiver of these rights must be obtained before his guilty plea is accepted. (", "In re Tahl, supra, 1 Cal.3d at pp. ", "132-133.) \"", "The mandate of Tahl, however, applies only to pleas of guilty and situations tantamount to a plea of guilty.\" ", "People v. Murphy (1972) 8 Cal.3d 349, 366 [105 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "138, 503 P.2d 594].)", "\nIn People v. Chasco (1969) 276 Cal. ", "App.2d 271 [80 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "667], the court looked at a stipulation to the fact that two balloons which had been sold by the defendant contained heroin in the light of the Boykin decision. ", "It held: \"In this case we deal with a simple stipulation of fact, not fatal to the defense or even contradictory to the defendant's position at the trial. ", "We are convinced that in such a case the Constitution does not demand affirmative *882 demonstration that it has not been violated. ", "Just where the line between a guilty plea and a stipulation of fact such as ours should be drawn, we need not attempt to determine. ", "There may be stipulations of fact so destructive of the accused's position at the trial that to permit them to be made without a showing of his intelligent consent is to court reversal. ", "This is not such a case.\" (", "Chasco, supra, at pp. ", "275-276, fns. ", "omitted.)", "\nSimilarly, in People v. McCoy (1974) 40 Cal. ", "App.3d 854 [115 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "559], defense counsel had stipulated that the capsules which the defendant had been accused of selling contained the restricted dangerous drug sodium secobarbital. ", "The defendant contended that the Boykin rule applied and that the stipulation precluded jury consideration of a material element of the offense. (", "McCoy, supra, at p. 857.) ", "The court disagreed, citing Chasco for the proposition that the Boykin requirements did not apply to stipulations to certain factual matters. ", "It distinguished such factual stipulations from the situation presented in In re Yurko (1974) 10 Cal.3d 857 [112 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "513, 519 P.2d 561], where the Supreme Court held that the complete admonition pursuant to Boykin and Tahl need be given where a defendant stipulates to a prior conviction.", "\nThe McCoy court emphasized the fact that, once a prior conviction has been admitted, adverse consequences to the defendant are automatic upon conviction on the primary charge. (", "People v. McCoy, supra, 40 Cal. ", "App.3d at pp. ", "858-859.) ", "It explained, \"We do not believe that the factors which influenced the Yurko court to apply the Boykin rules to admissions of priors necessitate the same approach to the question of stipulations of counsel to certain factual matters.\" (", "Id. at p. 859, original italics.)", "\nIn the instant case, the defendant stipulated to the fact that he had been released on his own recognizance at the time of the Palomo burglary. ", "As defendant himself points out, that was merely one element of the basis for a Penal Code section 12022.1 enhancement. ", "The People were still required to prove the remaining elements, i.e., his guilt on the primary and secondary offenses, before the enhancement would apply. ", "Therefore, this stipulation did not resemble in its effect the stipulation entered into in Yurko which would automatically affect the defendant adversely upon conviction of the charge to which the enhancement was appended. ", "It more resembles the factual stipulations dealt with in McCoy and Chasco which did not \"lend themselves to the strictures attendant to a guilty plea or its equivalent.\" (", "People v. McCoy, supra, 40 Cal. ", "App.3d at p. 859.)", "\nFurthermore, this is the precise reason a complete admonition was not given in this case. ", "When the court inquired of the deputy district attorney as to whether or not she wished to accept the stipulation, she raised the issue *883 of whether or not what was required was an \"advisement of his rights to remain silent and the whole bit.\" ", "The following discussion then took place: \"THE COURT: Well, he is not admitting the enhancement because he is not admitting that he committed a crime while released from custody.", "\n\"MS. ", "MITCHELL: I know.", "\n\"THE COURT: He is stipulating to some of the facts that would be necessary, but before that enhancement is effective, you still have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt to the jury that he committed the crime. ", "So, I don't think that we need a full Tahl waiver of his rights, he's not pleading guilty to anything.", "\n\"MR. ", "PEDOWITZ: That's right.", "\n\"THE COURT: He is stipulating to certain facts for the purpose of avoiding having the O.R. brought to the attention of the jury. ", "Jury's going to be told everything else.", "\n\"MS. ", "MITCHELL: All right. ", "The People will accept the stipulation, Your Honor.\"", "\nBoth the court and defense counsel agreed that the defendant was merely stipulating to a fact, and that he was not fully admitting the enhancement. ", "There was no error stemming from the fact that a complete admonition as to defendant's constitutional rights was not given.", "\n\nIV\n\nTHE PENAL CODE SECTION 12022.1 ENHANCEMENT\n(2) Count II of the second amended information charging defendant with commission of the Palomo burglary contained the following enhancement allegation: \"It is further alleged that the said defendant committed said crime while released from custody pending trial on Count One of the information, a violation of Penal Code Section 459-460, within the meaning of Penal Code Section 12022.1.\"", "\nOn May 16, 1986, prior to the commencement of trial, defendant proposed a stipulation relating to the section 12022.1 enhancement allegation. ", "The discussion surrounding the stipulation was as follows: \"THE COURT: Very well. ", "Then we will, of course, proceed to trial by jury this morning on this matter, and I think we briefly mentioned on the record the Defense request to — that the People accept a stipulation regarding the enhancement *884 alleged in Count Two and Count Three based on Penal Code Section 12021 - 22.1.", "\n\"MR. ", "PEDOWITZ [defense counsel]: That's correct, Your Honor.", "\n\"THE COURT: Very well. ", "If you will state your position on the record.", "\n\"MR. ", "PEDOWITZ: Oh, on or about July 21st, 1985, when the allegations in Count Two and Three are alleged to have occurred, my client, Kevin Stuckey, was released on his own recognizance from the allegations that are stated in Count One which would — occurred on November 27th, 1984.", "\n\"THE COURT: Now, Mr. Stuckey, you understand you have a right to have a jury decide that issue, and by stipulating to those facts, the — those factual issues will be decided based on your stipulation. ", "Do you understand that?", "\n\"THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.", "\n\"THE COURT: All right. ", "Of course, if you are not convicted of either of those charges, why, then, of course, it doesn't have any effect on these proceedings.", "\n\"THE DEFENDANT: I do, Your Honor.", "\n\"THE COURT: You do understand that by entering into this stipulation, you are in effect giving up your rights to a jury trial on the issues to which you have stipulated?", "\n\"THE DEFENDANT: Say that again, Your Honor.", "\n\"THE COURT: You are giving up your right to have a jury decide whether it is true as alleged as an enhancement that — that while — that you were out on your own recognizance on the charges of the burglary of Murrietta's place on West Ashcroft. ", "You would be admitting that after that charge was made against you, and while you were out on your own recognizance on that charge, uh, that the charges in Count Two and Count Three arose. ", "You wouldn't be admitting the truth of those charges but simply —\n\"THE DEFENDANT: No, I wouldn't plead guilty.", "\n\"THE COURT: You're not pleading guilty to anything.", "\n\"THE DEFENDANT: No.", "\n*885 \"THE COURT: But you are admitting that you were out on your own recognizance on July 21, 1985.", "\n\"THE DEFENDANT: Yes, when these alleged things occurred.", "\n\"THE COURT: And you do know, therefore that the jury won't be required to decide whether you were out on your own recognizance at that time?", "\n\"THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.", "\n\"THE COURT: People wish to accept that stipulation?", "\n\"MS. ", "MITCHELL [prosecutor]: Yes, I am, Your Honor. ", "I'm wondering if perhaps because of the right that a defendant has to have it pled, proved and so forth in the information, it isn't — has to be in the form of a full scale guilty plea, waiver of a right to have a jury trial, advisement of his rights to remain silent and the whole bit.", "\n\"THE COURT: Well, he is not admitting the enhancement because he is not admitting that he committed a crime while released from custody.", "\n\"MS. ", "MITCHELL: I know.", "\n\"THE COURT: He is stipulating to some of the facts that would be necessary, but before that enhancement is effective, you still have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt to the jury that he committed the crime. ", "So, I don't think we need a full Tahl waiver of his rights, he's not pleading guilty of anything.", "\n\"MR. ", "PEDOWITZ: That's right.", "\n\"THE COURT: He is stipulating to certain facts for the purpose of avoiding having a O.R. brought to the attention of the jury. ", "Jury's going to be told everything else.", "\n\"MS. ", "MITCHELL: All right. ", "The People will accept the stipulation, Your Honor.", "\n\"THE COURT: Very well. ", "I'm satisfied that Mr. Stuckey understands, that he's made this request to avoid having the jury know he was out on his own recognizance during the time of this second incident, and gives up none of his rights either as to Count One, Two or Three as to the principal charge.", "\n*886 \"MR. ", "PEDOWITZ: Yes.", "\n\"THE DEFENDANT: Yes, I do.\"", "\nAlthough the clerk's minutes and the abstract of judgment indicate that the Penal Code section 12022.1 enhancement was \"charged and found,\" our review of the record on appeal revealed that no explicit finding was made that the enhancement allegation was true. ", "We therefore invited, and have received, additional briefing on the effect of the absence of such an explicit finding.", "\nDefendant contends that since he did not waive a jury trial as to the enhancement allegation, and since the jury did not return a verdict as to the enhancement allegation, this case parallels that of People v. Najera (1972) 8 Cal.3d 504 [105 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "345, 503 P.2d 1353] and remand for such a finding by the trial court would be constitutionally inadequate. ", "In Najera, the People had failed to obtain a jury finding on a Penal Code section 12022.5 enhancement allegation. ", "Our Supreme Court ruled that due to the impracticability of having a new jury trial on the sole issue of the enhancement, the People had \"waived the application of section 12022.5 by failing to have the matter resolved at trial.\" (", "Najera, supra, at p. 512.) ", "This rule was applied to a court trial situation in People v. Anderson (1975) 50 Cal. ", "App.3d 325, 334 [126 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "68]: \"We hold that whenever the People fail to have the applicability of section 12022.5 determined at trial, be the trial by court or by jury, they will be deemed to have waived it.\"", "\nDefendant's first premise is correct, his second is not. ", "The above-quoted discussion clearly shows that defendant stipulated to the existence of only one of the essential elements of the Penal Code section 12022.1 allegation, that being that he was free from custody on his own recognizance for the charged primary offense, the Murrietta burglary, at the time of the commission of the charged secondary offense, the Palomo burglary. ", "He did not waive his right to a jury trial on the remaining essential elements, his guilt or innocence of either or both of the charged offenses. ", "Defendant was duly tried by jury for the charged offenses and by returning a verdict of guilty as to both charged burglaries, the jury made the requisite remaining findings on the Penal Code section 12022.1 enhancement allegation. ", "To have required the jury to return a finding as to the truth of the allegation would have defeated the purpose of defendant's stipulation — keeping from the jury the fact that he had been released from custody pending trial for the Murrietta burglary at the time of the commission of the Palomo burglary.", "\nDefendant's reliance on People v. Washington (1971) 17 Cal. ", "App.3d 470 [94 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "882] is misplaced. ", "There, the information accused defendant *887 of robbery and charged that at the time of the robbery he was armed with a deadly weapon, a .22 caliber revolver. ", "The court, sitting without a jury, found the defendant guilty of robbery and found him to have been armed with a deadly weapon. ", "The evidence at trial was sufficient to support a finding under either Penal Code section 12022 (armed) or section 12022.5 (personal use). ", "The appellate court held: \"... the judgment of the trial court is ambiguous in that it did not explicitly state whether it found defendant had violated section 12022 or whether he had violated the more specific provisions of section 12022.5. ", "In view of the severity of the additional punishment compelled by section 12022.5 we think defendant is entitled to a specific finding in the judgment as to whether his conduct amounted to a violation of that section. ", "If the court should find a violation of section 12022.5 then its judgment should so state.\" (", "Washington, supra, at p. 477.)", "\nIn the instant case, at the time of oral pronouncement of judgment, the trial court expressly stated, \"In addition, there is an enhancement for violation of Penal Code section 12022.1, the fact that at the time you committed the burglary charged in Count Two you were on your own recognizance in [sic] the burglary charged in Count One and you've been convicted of both of them, ...\"\nAdditionally, as earlier noted, both the clerk's minutes and the abstract of judgment recite that the Penal Code section 12022.1 enhancement was \"charged and found.\"", "\nAccordingly, not only were the essential elements of the Penal Code section 12022.1 enhancement properly pleaded in the information, they were also proved by the defendant's stipulation together with the jury's verdicts, and, unlike in People v. Washington, supra, there is a specific finding in the judgment that defendant's conduct violated Penal Code section 12022.1.", "\n\nV[*]\n\nTHE DENIAL OF DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO SEVER\n.... .... .... .... .... .", "\n\n\n*888 VI\n\nALLEGED DUAL USE OF FACTS\n(3) Defendant lastly contends that the trial court improperly used the fact that he had been released on his own recognizance at the time he committed the second burglary in imposing consecutive sentences as well as adding an additional two years to his sentence. ", "However, this sentencing structure is mandated by Penal Code section 12022.1 itself. ", "Subdivision (b) requires that the sentence for the second offense \"shall be subject to a penalty enhancement of an additional two years in state prison....\" Subdivision (e) requires that \"any state prison sentence for the secondary offense shall be consecutive to the primary sentence.\" ", "Therefore, even though there is a dual use of facts here, it is one which is mandated by the express terms of the statute.", "\n\nDISPOSITION\nThe judgment is affirmed.", "\nMartin, Acting P.J., and Ballantyne, J., concurred.", "\nAppellant's petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied July 13, 1988.", "\nNOTES\n[*] Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 976(b) and 976.1, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of parts I through II and V.\n[*] See footnote, ante, page 876.", "\n" ]

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[ "Next Game\n\nMan Utd v Tottenham\n\nCity away form encourages AVB\n\nTottenham manager Andre Villas-Boas has told his players to respect the threat posed by Manchester City but admits he is buoyed by his opponents' indifferent away form ahead of Sunday's game at White Hart Lane.", "\n\nRoberto Mancini's side have won only eight Premier League matches away from the Etihad and were also beaten on all their trips in the Champions League to offer hope to Villas-Boas.", "\n\n\"They are an extremely good team in my opinion,\" he said.", "\n\n\"They have come back recently with good performances and they made the FA Cup final. ", "They are a team that plays good football, they are very organised and hard to beat, their home record shows that.", "\n\n\"But away from home it's a little bit different. ", "If we are organised, balanced, and if we show the desire and ambition we have a chance.", "\n\n\"In big games against big teams you always get that extra drive and motivation.\"", "\n\nMeanwhile, Spurs skipper Michael Dawson is keen to exact revenge on City after they were thrashed 5-1 by them in north London at the start of last season.", "\n\nTottenham have had an opportunity to rest since being knocked out of the Europa League by Swiss side Basel on 11 April.", "\n\nBut having slipped into fifth place in the table behind local rivals Arsenal, Villas-Boas has targeted Sunday's game as a must-win fixture for his side as they attempt to secure Champions League football next season.", "\n\n\"It will be a tough game for them and hopefully we can put one over them after what happened last season,\" said Dawson.", "\n\n\"They're all important games for us now. ", "We were disappointed after the Basel result but we can't dwell on that.", "\n\n\"We have to move on, now we have six big games left and we have plenty to play for, starting on Sunday.\"", "\n\nReaders' Comments\n\nI\n\nt's wrong to be making a joke out of Bender's name at the expense of gay people. ", "It's the kind of childish, uncivilised thing that Football365 would deride and ridicule if it was another media outlet saying. ", "Why is there a need for jokes like this? ", "Does it make your writers feel like men? ", "F365 might suggest that I 'lighten up', but it is genuinely traumatic for people who have been oppressed all their lives to be the butt of jokes, and to be told...\n\nou can't blame De Gea for wanting to leave, he has enough to do in front of goal as it is as well as taking on the role of Man Utd's version of Derek Acorah in trying to contact and organise a defence that isn't there." ]

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