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[ "Q:\n\nWhy does homotopy behave well with respect to fibrations and homology with respect to cofibrations?", "\n\n(I apologize that this is a vague question).", "\nI seems to me somehow that homotopy groups behave well with respect to (Serre)-fibrations. ", "For example you get a long exact sequence of homotopy groups from it. ", "On the other hand cofibrations and homotopy groups seems to be no good friends at all (e.g. $S^1\\to D^2\\to S^2$).", "\nBut then again, the situation in homology seems to be the other way round. ", "They behave well with respect to cofibrations (you get a long exact sequence) and fibrations are harder to investigate (Serre spectral sequence etc.).", "\nMy question is: What is the intuition behind this difference? (", "in particular with respect to the fact that homology is just homotopy of another space.)", "\n\nA:\n\nI agree that the long exact sequence in homotopy groups of a fibration follows from the fact that fibrations are defined using a mapping property in which the fibration is the target.", "\nOne way to understand why homology behaves well with respect to cofibrations is to spell out your remark that \n\"homology is just homotopy of another space\". ", " This is true, but not obvious. ", " There are a number of constructions of ordinary homology which take the following form. ", " \nOne finds a functor $F$ from (pointed) spaces to (pointed) spaces which takes cofibrations to quasifibrations. ", " (A quasifibration is something for which you have a long exact sequence of homotopy groups, for example a Serre fibration). ", " And then $H_* (X) \\cong \\pi_* F(X).$ If $X\\to Y \\to Z$ is a cofibration (maybe a cofibration of CW complexes), then $\\dots \\to \\pi_* F(X) \\to \\pi_* F(Y) \\to \\pi_* F(Z) \\to \\ldots$ is the long exact sequence in homology associated to the cofibration. ", "\nHere are several contexts in which one can describe such a functor $F$.\nFirst, a formal approach. ", " Let $\\mathbf{S}$ denote the category of spectra: it is connected to the category $\\mathbf{T}$ of spaces by adjoint functors $\\Sigma^\\infty: \\mathbf{T} \\to \\mathbf{S}$ and $\\Omega^\\infty: \\mathbf{S} \\to \\mathbf{T}.$ There a spectrum called the \"Eilenberg-MacLane\" spectrum, denoted $H\\mathbb{Z}$: its job is to represent singular cohomology, and one can take $F(X) = \\Omega^\\infty ((\\Sigma^\\infty X) \\wedge H\\mathbb{Z})$. \nWhy does $F$ have the cofibration-to-quasifibration property? ", " Well, the way that this is set up, $\\Sigma^\\infty$ preserves cofibrations of CW complexes, and $\\Omega^\\infty$ preserves fibrations of fibrant objects, and in the category of spectra every cofibration is equivalent to a fibration. ", " \nTo be more explicit about $H\\mathbb{Z}$, you can define $F(X) = \\lim (\\ldots \\Omega^k(X \\wedge K(\\mathbb{Z},k)) \\to \\Omega^{k+1} (X\\wedge K(\\mathbb{Z},k+1))a \\ldots),$ where the limit is a colimit and the maps defining the system arise from the maps $\\Omega K(\\mathbb{Z},k) \\simeq \\Omega K(\\mathbb{Z},k+1)$.\nSecond, the Dold-Thom theorem says that one can take $F(X) = Sp^\\infty (X).$ Here $Sp^n(X) = X^n/\\Sigma_n$, and $Sp^\\infty(X) = \\lim \\ldots Sp^n(X) \\to Sp^{n+1}(X) \\ldots$, again the limit is a colimit.", "\nThird, if you're willing to allow $X$ to be a simplicial set, then one can take then one can take $F(X) = \\mathbb{Z}X$, the simplicial set whose $n$ simplices are the free abelian group on the $n$-simplices of $X$. (This approach is due to Dan Kan; see the proceedings of the Hurewicz conference)\nAll of this is to focus attention on functors which take cofibrations to quasifibrations. ", " In fact all $-1$-connected generalized homology theories (at least the ones associated to cohomology theories: are there homology theories which are not? ", " I don't know) are of the form $E_* X = \\pi_* G(X)$, where $G$ is a functor which takes cofibrations to quasifibrations. ", " Indeed one takes $G(X) = \\Omega^\\infty (\\Sigma^\\infty X \\wedge R)$, where $R$ is the spectrum representing the cohomology theory. ", " This approach goes back to G. W. Whitehead.", "\nOne of the more compact discussions of such a functor, which I like, is in an article by G. Segal in Springer LNM 575; he gives a construction of connective real $K$-homology there. ", " Really he's showing how to generalize the work of Dold and Thom: Segal's argument applies just as well to $Sp^\\infty(X)$.\nI apologize that throughout I have done a poor job of saying how to handle basepoints.", "\n\nA:\n\nFibrations are defined as target-type concepts -- they have good formal homotopy properties when you map into them, for example, if you apply the functor $\\pi_n(-) = [S^n,-]$.\nNow I'll subject you to my point of view on homology.", "\nDually, cofibrations are a domain-type concept, so they behave well when you map \nout of them, say if you apply (represented) cohomology: $\\widetilde H^n(-;G) = [-, K(G,n)]$.\nHomology is a bit of a monster: it is a covariant functor that works well with domain-type input. ", " It is a small miracle that such functors exist at all; this is why they are hard to construct. ", " But the answer for homology has to be: homology works well with cofibrations because we built it to work well with cofibrations, and a more informative answer to your question would depend on the construction you use. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Saturday, March 24, 2012\n\nA recently published article about the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) stirred up a ruckus, all the way to Sen. Richard Burr's office. ", "Our contention was that several provisions in the NDAA are unconstitutional. ", "We contended that the sections 1021, 1022 and 1031 provided for the indefinite detention of American citizens without benefit of a judicial hearing (Habeas corpus) and other constitutional rights.", "\n\nSen. Burr's office responded to a query from us about why he voted for the NDAA by saying that the sections did not apply to American citizens and would be applicable only to terrorists associated with Al Qaeda.", "\n\nThe problem we had with that position was that if it were true then those sections should have been pulled out of the omnibus appropriation authorizations bill and debated on their own merit. ", "Attempts to clarify the wording that would have guaranteed what Sen. Burr's staff said were defeated.", "\n\nIn short we viewed, and still do, the NDAA as an extension of the most objectionable elements of the Patriot Act which was passed shortly after 9-11. ", "We have watched the gradual expansion of the original intent of the Patriot Act and see the NDAA as a continuation of that erosion of our constitutional rights as Americans.", "\n\nWe've taken some flak from some who argue that terrorists do not deserve constitutional protections. ", "We agree with that.", "\n\nBut the problem is defining what a terrorist is, in contrast with American citizens who are not involved in terrorist activities. ", "The problem is the old \"camel's nose under the tent\" problem. ", "Give them an inch and they'll take a mile. ", "To be confident that \"fighting terrorism\" is not used as a subterfuge to violate American citizen's right requires us to trust that the terrorist fighters will not violate American's rights.", "\n\nNow we have yet another example of why we don't trust our government to honor our constitution and the rights it guarantees all American citizens.", "\n\nMyway.com last week published an article by Eileen Sullivan that described how the National Counterterrorism Center announced that it is changing its policy of storing information that it collects on law-abiding American citizens without search warrants.", "\n\nSo what's the big deal you may ask. ", "It is the creeping expansion of government violation of our constitutional rights. ", "Here's how.", "\n\nThe Fourth Amendment provides that the government must obtain a search warrant to eavesdrop on Americans. ", "To get the search warrant the law enforcement official must get a search warrant from a judicial official, and to do that, they must show probable cause to believe the target has or is committing a crime.", "\n\nBut shortly after 9-11 the law was changed to allow the government to eaves drop on millions of Americans who have never done anything to cause anyone to believe they are engaged in terrorist activity. ", "The compromise that was worked out was that the government would collect the information but if it then failed to find evidence that someone was engaged in a terrorist threat the information would be destroyed, typically within a matter of 90 days or so.", "\n\nNow they have decided they will keep the information for up to five years.", "What kind of information? ", "Virtually all kinds of electronic communications, such as emails, phone conversations, phone records (incoming and outgoing phone call records, and the GPS location of your cell phone) and even what websites we visit as well as what we post on social networking sites such as Facebook.", "\n\nThen we learned last week that many new TV sets will have cameras in them, much like webcams on PC, that will have the capability of transmitting what the camera sees back to some computer somewhere, with the video being capable of being intercepted in the network. ", "And as we have previously published, the \"smart meters\" some electric companies are installing will create networks capable of being monitored by the government. ", "And no doubt, more sophisticated, and thus more intrusive, gadgets are already in the pipeline that will allow us to be spied upon.", "\n\nTrust the spies that they will never abuse these powers?Nope. ", "Not going to happen with us. ", "We would rather take our chances with the terrorists.", "\n\nTop Five Oil Companies Made $1 Trillion in Profits from 2001 Through 2011\n\nGeneral economic theory holds that companies will produce more of a good if its price is higher, or if it receives subsidies. ", "Funny that these rules didn’t seem to apply to Big Oil in 2011, when the highest oil price since 1864and$2 billion in subsidies to the five largest oil companies—BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, and Royal Dutch Shell—yielded lower oil production than in 2010. ", "But these five oil companies combined made a record-high $137 billion in profits in 2011—up 75 percent from 2010—and have made more than $1 trillion in profits from 2001 through 2011.[1] This exceeds the previous record of $136 billion in profits in 2008.", "\n\nHere are some more highlights from the big five’s activities in 2011:\n\nThey produced 4 percent less oil and “oil equivalent” in 2011 compared to 2010.", "\n\nThey spent a total of $38 billion, or 28 percent, of their profits to repurchase their own stock.", "\n\nThey are sitting on more than $58 billion in cash reserves as of the end of 2011.", "\n\nLet’s dig a little deeper into this mystery to see why these companies are making more money while Americans see less oil and pay more at the pump.", "\n\nWhere the money goes\n\nIn spite of these high profits and oil prices, oil-equivalent production fell from 2010 levels for four of the big five oil companies. ", "Shell’s profit, for example, increased by 54 percent from 2010 to 2011 while its oil and natural gas production decreased by 3 percent during the same time period.", "\n\nSo if the big five companies are not using their additional earnings to increase production, what are they spending their money on?", "\n\nThe answer: They’re buying shares of their own stocks and investing in politicians to maintain the policies that led to their enormous profits over the past decade.", "\n\nInstead of heavily investing in job creation or production, the big five used $38 billion, or 28 percent of annual net income, to repurchase their own stocks. ", "This practice enriches shareholders but it doesn’t add to oil supplies or investments in alternative fuels or other new technologies.", "\n\nThese companies also cling to tax breaks while maintaining $58 billion in cash reserves. ", "This is nearly 30 times more than the estimated $2 billion in annual special tax breaks that these companies receive.", "\n\nTax breaks, but not more jobs\n\nExxonMobil, the most profitable of the big five, paid an effective tax rate of 17.6 percent (from 2008–2010 data), which is 3 percent less than what the average American family paid. ", "But Exxon and other oil companies that receive these tax breaks do not pass benefits on to consumers. ", "Instead, their board members, executives, and shareholders are the ones that profit.", "\n\nThese companies, along with the American Petroleum Institute—their political arm—fight relentlessly to keep their tax breaks intact by threatening economic and energy damage. ", "API claims that eliminating tax loopholes for the oil and gas industry would “lose jobs … and energy production.” ", "Yet higher oil prices and profits, combined with huge reserves and tax breaks, yielded lower, not higher, employment and oil production.", "\n\nDespite generating $546 billion in profits between 2005 and 2010, ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, and BP combined to reduce their U.S. workforce by 11,200 employees over that time.", "\n\nNor are many of these net revenues used for oil production. ", "The report found that “among the Big 5 oil companies, less than 10 percent of profits are reinvested into exploration of new oil deposits.”", "\n\nThe report also concluded that:\n\nThe oil and gas industry is a mature and highly profitable sector that is no longer in need of generous tax breaks or royalty free drilling. ", "The $43.6 billion in tax subsidies that the industry is set to receive over the next decade will not help consumers with rising energy costs.", "\n\nOne place where oil companies have no trouble spending money, however, is in Congress. ", "Last year the big five spent $65.7 million on lobbying efforts, successfully persuading their congressional friends to retain tax breaks. ", "Both the House and Senate had votes to scale back these tax breaks, and both proposals were defeated.[2]\n\nAnd Big Oil’s lobbying expenditures were quite a bargain. ", "For every $1 the big five spent on lobbying in D.C. last year, they effectively received $30 in subsidies disguised as tax breaks. ", "This is equivalent to a 3,000 percent return on every dollar they invested in strong-arming Congress.", "\n\nMore than $1.6 million was spent on campaign contributions in 2011 from just four of the top five oil companies. ", "And more than 90 percent of these campaign contributions were made to Republican candidates or committees. ", "But that doesn’t even include their undisclosed contributions to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the American Petroleum Institute, or other organizations that also support tax breaks for Big Oil.", "\n\nIn the spirit of giving, three of the five Big Oil CEOs—Rex Tillerson of ExxonMobil, John Watson of Chevron, and Jim Mulvaof ConocoPhillips—contributed an additional $75,000 to GOP candidates and committees.", "\n\nEnough is enough\n\nTwo days after his State of the Union address last month, President Obamaspoke in Aurora, Colorado, about American-made energy. ", "He reiterated his call to eliminate tax breaks for Big Oil:\n\nWe subsidized oil for a very long time, long enough. ", "It’s time to stop giving taxpayer giveaways to an industry that’s never been more profitable.", "\n\nSeventy-four percent of Americans agree with the president’s desire to eliminate tax breaks for the oil and gas industry.", "\n\nInstead of benefiting oil companies that reward senior executives, board members, and stockholders, these taxpayer funds should be invested in projects that benefit all Americans. ", "A University of Massachusetts study found that investment in clean energy creates anywhere from two to four times more direct and indirect jobs compared to the same investment in oil and gas production.", "\n\nBut let’s put these tax breaks in context. ", "Ending the $2 billion in annual tax breaks for the big five oil companies could pay for:\n\nLast September while addressing economic growth and deficit reduction, President Obama noted that as we cut federal program funding to reduce the budget deficit, “Either we gut education and medical research, or we’ve got to reform the tax code so that the most profitable corporations have to give up tax loopholes that other companies don’t get. ", "We can’t afford to do both.”", "\n\nAfter a year of near-record profits and a decade of more than $1 trillion in total profits, the least the five huge oil companies can do to help our nation is to relinquish their unnecessary and ineffective tax breaks.", "\n\nEndnotes\n\n[1] In 2010 BP suffered a net loss of $4 billion due to its huge expenditures related to the BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster. ", "If BP is excluded from profit calculations in 2010 and 2011, the four remaining companies had a 36 percent increase in profit.[2] On March 1, 2011, the House voted 249-176 to defeat a “Motion to Recommit [that] would repeal oil and tax production tax breaks for major integrated oil companies.” ", "On May 17 the Senate voted 52-48 on a motion to proceed to the Close Big Oil Tax Loopholes Act, S. 940. ", "Sixty votes were required to end debate and proceed to the bill, so it failed.", "\n\nOn July 4, 1966, President Lyndon Johnson signed theFreedom of Information Act (FOIA) into law, establishing the public's right to access to government information. ", "Surprisingly, Republican Congressman Donald Rumsfeld helped deliver Republican votes to pass the groundbreaking law.", "\n\nSince then, state governments followed suit and began passing open government laws across the country to ensure the public would have \"sunshine\" and access to information about the way public services and tax dollars are managed.", "\n\nBut the laws are out of date and need an overhaul. ", "The explosion in the use of government contractors at every level of government -- from local trash services to security contractors in Iraq - has exposed weaknesses in sunshine and open record laws.", "\n\nIn some cases, conservative governors are even trying to weaken existing transparency requirements to make it easier to privatize. ", "Florida Governor Rick Scott's failed proposal to privatize prisons in eighteen counties included a provision to eliminate the requirement for a cost-benefit analysis before moving ahead with the deal. ", "Coincidentally, Florida-based GEO Corporation, one of the largest private prison companies, is a major contributor to GOP campaigns in the state.", "\n\nUnder existing law, private contractors in states throughout the country are evading oversight by exploiting loopholes in transparency protections. ", "Most existing state laws don't pierce the corporate veil and now policy makers, journalists and advocates no longer have access to basic financial, performance and workforce information that is essential to government accountability.", "\n\nFor example:\n\nIn South Carolina, the Jenkinsville Water Company, a private utility, refused to comply with requests for information after they had failed to pay state employee payroll taxes, lost millions of gallons of water, and could not account for tens of thousands of dollars.", "\n\nIn Oklahoma, a private emergency service contractor, Paramedics Plus, refused to disclose the driving records of ambulance drivers after one who had caused a fatal car accident was found to havebeen convicted of criminal driving charges.", "\n\nImmigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) was \"unable to locate or identify any responsive records\" about personnel at an immigration detention facility operated by Cornell Corrections after allegations of misconduct surfaced.", "\n\nIn all these cases, current open records laws would have produced the information if government agencies had been providing the services or operating the facilities.", "\n\nA few states are leading the way. ", "Connecticut law now require large contracts to be covered by the state's freedom of information act. ", "Minnesota requires contractors to makes public any government data that the contractor\"creates, collects, receives, stores, uses, maintains, or disseminates.\"", "\n\nMost states have not yet followed their lead. ", "In an era of government by contract, federal, state and local governments should strengthen existing open records laws to expand the reach to government contractors.", "At a minimum,a complete list of contracts and contractors should be online. ", "Handing over control of public services to private contractors shouldn't mean giving up the public's right to know.", "\n\nNeoliberalism is the most powerful force in economic history; like a black hole in deep outer space, it consumes everything.", "\n\nThe great prophets of neoliberal economic policies like Milton\nFriedman claim economic freedom is a necessary condition for political\nfreedom, but world events are not cooperating. ", "In fact, neoliberalism\nmay be a better door opener for totalitarian impulses than for\ndemocratic spirits.", "\n\nAs a matter of fact, it appears neoliberalism is a breeding ground\nfor totalitarian tendencies, not free will and democracy. ", "Nevertheless,\nthe world community has embraced neoliberalism with gusto. ", "There are\nexamples, like Hong Kong (one of Friedman’s favorites), where economic\nbehavior has proven quite extraordinary, especially for the top 10%-20%,\nbut a United Nations Development Report ranks Hong Kong number one\namongst the world’s most developed economies for income inequality,\nwhich continues to widen and grow. ", "HK is ruled with an iron fist by a\nChief Executive (Sir Donald Tsang), who is not popularly elected… not\nexactly Friedman’s formula for economic freedom opening the door to\npolitical freedom.", "\n\nNeoliberalism’s ascendancy, according to The Crisis of Neoliberalism(Harvard University Press, 2011)by\nDumenil Gerard, as a new stage of capitalism since the 1970s expresses\nthe strategy of the capitalist classes in alliance with financial\nmanagers to establish their hegemony and expand it globally. ", "In this\nregard, Dumenil goes on to state: This strategy has been successful\nbased upon the income and wealth of a privileged minority gaining\npolitical dominance. ", "Again, not exactly what Freidman had in mind… or\ndid he?", "\n\nWith the advent of instantaneous global communications and universal\nacceptance, neoliberalism blazes thru the global economy like omnipotent\nrobots programmed to seek out profits. ", "Meanwhile, obsequious humans\nare conceptually baffled within pre-conceived notions of\npolitical-socio-economic democratic nation-states. ", "In truth, the modern\ndemocratic nation-state is passé, out of touch.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the invisible hand of the free market is in the vanguard\nprompted by neoliberal guidance to gain profits at any costs cascading\nover individual human rights and collectivist politics, resulting in an\never-tighter concentration of wealth and political power. ", "How else\naccount for a U.S. presidential election requiring hundreds of millions\nof dollars? ", "The very fact that candidates spend hundreds of millions\nseeking public office is clear evidence that democracy is a failed\ninstitution. ", "Nothing more need be stated… end of story.", "\n\nThere is no better example of neoliberalism’s abject failure to bring\nin its wake political renaissance than China because, based upon the\neconomic determinist viewpoint, the consequences of economics are\nsupposed to dictate politics and life’s patterns, fostering the\npredominate view among U.S. economists that China’s economic liberalism will\nlead to meaningful reform, i.e., ‘political openness’. ", "However,\neconomic liberalism has not sprung forth with any semblance of\n‘political openness’ in China! ", "In fact, an implacable Standing Committee\nof Nine, same as always, dictates the country’s politics and dissent is\nsquashed like ripened tomatoes on a busy freeway.", "\n\nSimilar to 17th century Mercantilism whereby success is\njudged by exports exceeding imports, advancing commercial interests,\nChina’s State Capitalism focuses on pure economic consequences. ", "Thus,\ncommercial interests are advanced to the level of national political\npolicy, a dehumanizing factor in society as participants statistically\nreact to events predetermining the individual’s role/slot in society,\ne.g., peasants fresh off the farm receiving $1.50/hr. ", "for assembly-line\nwork and living in tiny caged dormers. ", "There is no economic liberalism\nat work to change politics. ", "It is D.O.A. Rather, China is a prime\nexample of how neoliberalism obliterates any hope for political\nrenaissance.", "\n\nAccording to Xibai Xu, Neoliberalism and Governance in China\n(Oxford, 2011), regarding the effects of neoliberalism: “…contrary to\nthe expectation of many Western observers, economic liberalization has\nnot led to political liberalization or democratization. ", "Instead, it has\ntransformed China into a highly unequal and divided society in which\npower and wealth are monopolized by a small elite class of party cadres\nand associates, while a large number of peasants and workers are\ndeprived of land, employment, welfare and rights.”", "\n\nXu’s statement serves to reinforce the viewpoint that neoliberalism’s\ngreatest proponents were incorrect, e.g., Friedrich von Hayek, arguing\nthat economic freedom had to be wrested from control by government or\nsuffer totalitarian rule, and Milton Freidman’s advocacy that economic\nfreedom is a prerequisite to political freedom. ", "China’s experience\nproves otherwise, and it is common knowledge in America that\nneoliberalist’s tendencies have served to concentrate wealth and power\nmore so than at any time since the 19th century’s Gilded Age,\na term coined by Mark Twain. ", "And, now personal freedoms are under\nattack in America as neoliberal groupthink impacts political policy.", "\n\nThe evidence of the influence of wealth in politics is replete within\nAmerica’s tax code, dramatically favoring capitalists over governmental\nrequirements, which is a major tenet of neoliberalism. ", "The proof of\nthis distortion is found in federal tax receipts as a percentage of\nGross Domestic Product (GDP) at 50-year lows because the proponents of\nneoliberalism have worked the system to ‘starve the beast’ by lowering\ntaxes on those who can afford it at the expense of the many whom\nall-together shoulder the burden of the resultant national debt. ", "Today’s\nfederal tax receipts vis a vis a similar level, pre-Bush tax cuts,\namounts to a shortfall of ¾ of a trillion dollars, enough to cover more\nthan half the annual deficit, and if U.S. citizen’s offshore\nincome/profits were taxed, the deficit would be nearly balanced, back to\nthe days of President Clinton, who raised taxes in ‘93 and sported a\nsurplus because of economic growth.", "\n\nThe nation-state is subjugated to imperceptible profit-sourcing\nneoliberal forces that are extraordinarily rational in pursuit of\nprofit/wealth whereas the masses are totally subservient, in turn,\nfostering fatuous, doltish citizenry obedient to the pursuit of profit\nfor the sake of profit, similar to a religious experience. ", "Note: The\nAmerican public’s helpless acquiescence to challenges to their\nconstitutional individual rights as well as lop-sided taxation policies\nthat enrich the wealthy but penalize all taxpayers with a concomitant\nwidening societal divide between the rich and everybody else. ", "As an\nexample, Mitt Romney pays a 13.9% tax rate on tens of millions while\naverage Americans pay over 20% on tens of thousands whilst Mitt receives\nmillions of votes from the ‘everybody elses’.", "\n\nThe neoliberal fixation on profits as a glorified path to success is,\nin fact, dictated by neoliberalism’s instincts, which embodies the free\nmovement of goods, resources and enterprises to find cheaper resources,\ni.e. labor, to maximize profits worldwide. ", "In turn, the mindsets of the\nparticipants are warped into insane worshiping over\nprofits/wealth/capital at all costs, or as explained by Doh Jung-il,\nemeritus professor, Kyung Hee Universityand author of Market Totalitarianism and Barbarism of Civilization:\n“When the educational systems nurtures human ‘machines’ to just make\nmoney… culture is governed by market-favorable by-products and there is\nno soul-searching, the totalitarian capitalism destroys us… the globe is\nsuffering from a direct result of the totalitarian capitalism that is\nrelentlessly tramping down on human thought and values.”", "\n\nUnbeknownst to Doh Jung-il, he keeps strange bedfellows right here in\nthe USofA. Senators Mark Udall (D. Colorado) and Ron Wyden (D. Oregon)\nof the U. S. Senate Intelligence Committee have expressed outrage over\nAmerica’s flirtation with totalitarian behavior, addressing a letter to\nAttorney General Eric Holder, asking him to address the issue: “We\nbelieve most Americans would be stunned to learn the details of how\nthese secret court opinions have interpreted section 215 of the Patriot\nAct….” ", "referencing the latitude the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance\nCourt, under Section 215 of the Patriot Act, grants the government to\ninvestigate people. ", "For two U.S. senators to suggest Americans would be\n“stunned” is very strong language in the world of politics-speak (what\nsecrets do the senators know?)", "\n\nAnd… more poignantly yet, President Obama signed the National Defense\nAuthorization Act, which negates the writ of habeas corpus, a powerful\ncornerstone of civil rights since the Magna Carta in 1215. ", "Who dreams\nthis stuff up?", "\n\nNeoliberalism values market exchange\nas “an ethic in itself, capable of acting as a guide to all human\naction, and substituting for all previously held ethical beliefs.” ", "He\nfurther states, “Neoliberalism has meant, in short, the financialization\nof everything.” ", "It is a power shift away from production to the world\nof finance, and the effect in many parts of the world has increasingly\nbeen to see it as necessary, even wholly natural, a way for the social\norder to be regulated.", "\n\nFurthermore, according to Harvey, in the event of conflict,\nneoliberal states favor the integrity of the financial system and\nsolvency of the financial network over the well being of the population\nand over the integrity of the environment, contrary to the best\ninterests of its citizens (written by Harvey in 2005.) ", "Witness: The\nU.S.’s massive bailout of the banks in 2008-09 at taxpayer expense.", "\nPlus, the right wing sponsored war against the reality of global\nwarming, putting the planet’s health at risk of total breakdown… all for\na buck!", "\n\nHarvey disputes the tendency of the competitive advantages, a\nsignificant positive element of neoliberalism, which all too often\nproves ephemeral, introducing extraordinary volatility into global\ncapitalism. ", "Witness: The extreme volatile behavior of the capital\nmarkets these past years, upsetting a balanced approach to capital\ninvestment, begging the question: Does neoliberalism really work in\nanybody’s best interests?", "\n\nHarvey concludes: “The first lesson we must learn, therefore, is that\nif it looks like class struggle and acts like class war then we have to\nname it unashamedly for what it is.” ", "And… according to Warren Buffet\n(qtd. ", "In Woodward 2004): “If there is a class war in America, my side is\nwinning.”", "\n\nNeoliberalism is a great disruptive force that dominates policy,\npolitics, and culture to the detriment of the masses but to the\nadvantage of the select few, unwittingly, maybe not, enabling\nconcentration of wealth and power to breed totalitarian nation-states.", "\nThis seemingly natural progression of neoliberalism’s political and\neconomic influence results in an increase of concentration of fewer\npeople celebrating at the same parties, diminishing societal, political,\nand cultural values to something comparable to driblet performances at\nDisneyland.", "\n\nThe California state Assembly endorsed yesterday a constitutional amendment to repeal Citizens United.", "\n\nThe amendment, which passed by a 48-22 vote, calls on Congress to pass a Constitutional amendment to overturn the 2010 Supreme Court Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission decision that allows unlimited corporate political spending.", "\n\n“This is a major victory,” said Bob Edgar, president and CEO of Common Cause. “", "Californians are saying that corporations aren’t people and they shouldn’t be permitted to use their tremendous economic power to take charge of our elections. ", "Congress should listen – and act on – the message.”", "\n\nPublic Citizen president Robert Weissman said, “Thank you, California, for helping lead the charge to re-establish the principle that democracy means ruled by the people, not giant corporations.”", "\n\nAs big money pours into the November election campaign, the\nCalifornia Assembly voted Thursday to ask Congress to amend the\nConstitution to overturn the Supreme Court ruling that opened the door\nto unlimited corporate political spending.", "\n\nBy a 48-22 vote along party lines, the Assembly endorsed a\nconstitutional amendment to repeal Citizens United, the 5-4 ruling in\nJanuary 2010 that declared corporations and labor unions had a First\nAmendment right to give money to independent committees supporting\npolitical candidates.", "\n\nThe Constitution, the resolution declared, “was designed to protect\nthe free-speech rights of people, not corporations.” ", "The floor sponsors\nof AJR22 were Democrats Bob Wieckowski of Fremont and Michael Allen of\nSanta Rosa.", "\n\nSacramento, CA – The California State Assembly jumped into the\nnational campaign finance debate today, overwhelmingly approving a\nresolution that calls on Congress to pass a Constitutional amendment\npermitting limits on corporate political spending.", "\n\nThe 48-22 vote in favor of Assembly Joint Resolution 22, sponsored by\nAssembly Members Bob Wieckowski and Michael Allen, puts the Golden\nState at the forefront of a national effort to undo the damage done by\nthe U.S. Supreme Court’s Citizens United decision in 2010. ", "A vote in the state Senate is expected within a few weeks.", "\n\nCommon Cause has launched a national campaign, Amend 2012,\nto secure the passage of similar resolutions across the country and to\nhelp voters voice their sentiments on an amendment through ballot\ninitiatives and referenda.", "\n\n“This is a major victory,” said Bob Edgar, president and CEO of\nCommon Cause. “", "Californians are saying that corporations aren’t people\nand they shouldn’t be permitted to use their tremendous economic power\nto take charge of our elections. ", "Congress should listen – and act on –\nthe message.”", "\n\nThe Citizens United decision has fed the growth of “super\nPACs,” fundraising operations that are collecting millions of dollars –\nmostly from wealthy corporations and individuals – to finance\nadvertising campaigns promoting or opposing various candidates. ", "The\ngroups are required by law to operate independent of political parties\nand candidates, but several are run by veteran Republican and Democratic\noperatives and appear to be closely tied to partisan leaders. ", "This new\nand unregulated flow of campaign funds has led to one of the most\nnegative campaign seasons in modern history.", "\n\nCalifornia is well in stride to be the third state to call for a constitutional amendment to overturn the U.S. Supreme Court’s Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission decision,\nwhich allows corporations to spend unlimited amounts of money in an\nattempt to influence elections. ", "The California Assembly passed a\nresolution today – by a 48-22 vote – calling for an amendment, sending\nthe measure to the California Senate.", "\n\nIntroduced Jan. 5 by Assemblymembers Bob Wieckowski and Michael\nAllen, the resolution calls for an amendment that would prevent\ncorporations from being granted the same rights as individuals and would\ncreate fair elections, in which Congress could regulate all forms of\ncampaign spending.", "\n\n“The Citizens United decision tilts the scales of campaign\nfunding toward those who support wealthy special interests rather than\nworking Americans,” Wieckowski said. “", "This resolution is designed to\nsend a grassroots message to Washington about the urgent need to\noverturn the Supreme Court’s ruling and restore fair elections to the\npeople.”", "\n\nAdded Jonah Minkoff-Zern, senior organizer with Public Citizen’s Democracy Is For People campaign, “California is poised to take this momentous step in calling for a constitutional amendment to overturn Citizens United and\nreturn fair elections and constitutional rights to the people. ", "It is\nbecause of the work of dedicated activists throughout the state that\nCalifornia’s elected officials are joining them in taking a stand to say\nthat democracy is for people, not for corporations.”", "\n\nCalifornia’s in good company. ", "Hawaii led the charge in calling for a\nconstitutional amendment, followed by New Mexico on Feb. 11. ", "And while\nMaryland does not consider such resolutions, a majority of the Maryland\nSenate and House of Delegates have signed onto a letter calling for an\namendment.", "\n\nPublic Citizen has helped lead the introduction of similar\nresolutions in Massachusetts, Vermont and Maryland, and has supported\nthe efforts of local activists and lawmakers who have introduced similar\nresolutions in Alaska, Iowa, Kansas and New York. ", "In total, resolutions\nhave been introduced or passed in 16 states. ", "Public Citizen is leading a\ncoordinated effort to pass hundreds of similar resolutions at the local\nlevel the week of June 11. ", "More information about this effort – and a\nmap of resolutions introduced and passed – can be found at www.resolutionsweek.org.", "\n\n“Every day brings more evidence of how Citizens United is\nmaking a mockery of our democracy,” said Robert Weissman, president of\nPublic Citizen. “", "Thank you, California, for helping lead the charge to\nre-establish the principle that democracy means ruled by the people, not\ngiant corporations.”", "\n\nThursday, March 22, 2012\n\nThis week, which marks the 9th anniversary of the start of the Iraq War, let us note one of many crimes committed by the recently released GOP budgetwritten by Rep. Paul Ryan: In the nearly 100-page document, the word \"veteran\" does not appear. ", "But veterans are there: They face $11 billion in cuts.", "\"For those of us who served, in many ways, yesterday is today. ", "And today, we read that the GOP doesn't even talk about veterans in their budget.\"", "\n\nWith Mitt Romney’s super-PAC limo now on cruise control to victory at the GOP convention, voters are left with only two reasons to vote against Barack Obama: Either they are desperate to return a white man to the White House or they feel strongly that it is time to break the glass ceiling denying Mormons the presidency.", "\n\nOut of a sense of tolerance I could cotton to the latter—heck, why should the bizarre beliefs of Romney’s church be a deal breaker? ", "I’m hoping for a strong Jewish contender someday and wouldn’t like her burdened with defending Old Testament claptrap.", "\n\nThe problem in this mind-numbing Republican primary season is that the campaign has exposed Romney as not just another white male Mormon like some of the fairly reasonable senators who have represented Utah. ", "Or like Romney’s own father, George, at one time the governor of Michigan. ", "No, this Romney is now widely regarded as the vulture capitalist he is, a politician who is a say-and-do-anything opportunist with no moral limits on his outsized ambitions.", "\n\nNothing is sacred to the former Massachusetts governor, not even his own signature health plan that he sold to that state’s voters as the standard for rational government decision-making as regards the deep problems faced by our economy. ", "The weaknesses of what Romney and the GOP deride as Obamacare have been all too obvious in the plan Romney touted in Massachusetts—a mandate to sign up without the cost restraints that a single-payer government program would offer. ", "Now, with a new national plan from Rep. Paul Ryan emerging from the U.S. House, Romney and the Republican Party generally seek to compound that error by undermining Medicare and Medicaid, two programs that offer at least a modicum of cost control. ", "Instead, the candidate and his fellow Republicans would turn consumers over completely to the tender mercies of for-profit insurers.", "\n\nThe justification for gutting what little remains of enlightened government programs to aid the vulnerable is, of course, the dreaded federal deficit. (", "Lest we forget, seniors were foremost among the vulnerable until the arrival of the programs now under attack.) ", "What is so outrageously hypocritical about the proposals from both Romney and Ryan is that they do not touch, and indeed would further open, the spending spigot that caused all of the red ink following President Bill Clinton’s budget-balancing act.", "\n\nBoth Romney and Ryan want to increase President George W. Bush’s tax breaks for the wealthy, which seriously cut revenues while treating as sacrosanct the Cold War levels in military spending that Bush put in place in a wildly irrational response to the 9/11 attacks. ", "This week Ryan announced that defense spending is off-limits, and Romney has campaigned for an increase in what represents more than 40 percent of the non-mandated federal budget.", "\n\nI can’t wait for the moment in a presidential debate when Romney talks about the need for even more advanced U.S. weaponry to counter the emerging military threat from Communist China and Obama ever so coolly points out that Bain Capital, the company that Romney co-founded, has been supplying those Red tyrants with surveillance equipment to better monitor their citizenry.", "\n\nWith Ron Paul’s fortunes as a presidential candidate declining, there is no pressure on GOP leaders to link a withdrawal from the imperial adventures in Iraq and Afghanistan with a reduced federal handout to the corporate military-industrial complex. ", "Nor will the Republican leadership confront the party’s responsibility for the nation’s economic collapse, the subsequent loss in tax revenues, and the Fed and Treasury policies that bailed out the Wall Street charlatans who invented this meltdown.", "\n\nInstead of reigning in Wall Street greed, the GOP is demanding a reversal of even the tepid efforts of the Obama administration to hold the financial industry accountable to honest business practices. ", "And, at a time when the largest multinational companies have shifted jobs and profits abroad, the GOP stands for rewarding that betrayal of American workers by eliminating all taxes on overseas corporate profits.", "\n\nThe pity in all this is that a legitimate critique of the Obama record—present to some degree in the Ron Paul dissection of the president’s war policy and his continuation of the Bush Wall Street bailout strategy—will not be heard in the general election debate. ", "Instead, on the one hand, we will have Obama offering clever-sounding arguments for establishment policies that fail to deal with high unemployment, a brutal level of housing foreclosures and sharpening income inequality. ", "And on the other hand there will be a Republican Party so steeped in the ethos of greed, racism and war-mongering that it would leave even Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon, were they alive, with no choice but to vote for Obama as the lesser evil.", "\n\nA report released today on global water security from the Defense Intelligence Agency assesses that in next 10 years, water instability will be likely in \"nations important to the United States\", and says that in the next decades, the use of water as a weapon will be more become more likely.", "\n\nThe report, which focused on the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Mekong, Jordan, Indus, Brahmaputra, and Amu Darya water basins, states that the availability of potable water will not keep up with demand without better water management.", "\n\nWhile environmentalists have pointed to agroecology, food sovereignty and viewing water as part of the commons as a path towards responsible water management, the intelligence report sees biotechnology, agricultural exports and virtual water trade as the way forward.", "\n\nToday, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who requested the report, commented on the report in a speech at the State Department, saying, \"As the world's population continues to grow, demand for water will go up but our fresh water supplies will not keep pace.\" \"", "These difficulties will all increase the risk of instability within and between states,\" she said.", "\n\nWe assess that during the next 10 years, water problems will contribute to instability in states important to US national security interests. ", "Water shortages, poor water quality, and floods by themselves are unlikely to result in state failure. ", "However, water problems— when combined with poverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership, and weak political institutions— contribute to social disruptions that can result in state failure.", "\n\nWe assess that a water-related state-on-state conflict is unlikely during the next 10 years. ", "Historically, water tensions have led to more water-sharing agreements than violent conflicts. ", "However, we judge that as water shortages become more acute beyond the next 10 years, water in shared basins will increasingly be used as leverage; the use of water as a weapon or to further terrorist objectives also will become more likely beyond 10 years.", "\n\n* * *\n\nThe report notes that agriculture is responsible for approximately 70 percent of the global fresh water supply, and implies the need for geneticically modifed crops to deal with the decreasing water supply. (", "that's a stinking pile of bullshit!--jef)\n\nFrom the report:\n\nResearch to develop drought resistance in crops has been conducted for several decades, but no commercialization exists to date. ", "During the next three decades, selected crops could be developed that require half the water used by current crops, but widespread cultivation of such crops is problematic.", "\n\nLimited experiments are being conducted to develop food plants that can tolerate salt or waste water. ", "The advances in biotechnology may result in new plants or genetically altered strains that can grow in salt water from the ocean or large saltwater aquifers.", "\n\n* * *\n\nIt also touts virtual water trade as one of \"the best solutions for water problems\" and says that the U.S. will lead in the export of virtual water:\n\nThe United States is also one of the highest exporters of “virtual water” (water consumed in the manufacturing or growing of an export product), providing numerous opportunities for engagement with the rest of the world.", "\n\nThe reports sees other countries' water scarcity as a boon for U.S. exports:\n\nThe United States can benefit from an increased demand for agricultural exports as water scarcity increases in various parts of the world. ", "This would be especially true if states expecting increased water scarcity rely upon open markets instead of seeking bilateral land-lease arrangements in other countries to achieve their food security.", "\n\n* * *\n\nToday, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who requested the report, commented on the report in a speech at the State Department.", "\n\n\"As the world's population continues to grow, demand for water will go up but our fresh water supplies will not keep pace.\"", "\n\n\"These difficulties will all increase the risk of instability within and between states,\" she said.", "\n\n\"Within states they could cause some states to fail outright. ", "And between and among states, you could see regional conflicts among states that share water basins be exacerbated and even lead to violence.\"", "\n\nWater is a basic necessity of life, yet it remains inaccessible for a large part of the world’s population. ", "At present, almost one fifth of the global population (about 1.2 billion people) live in areas which are water scarce and a quarter live in developing countries that face water shortages. ", "Globally the situation is getting worse due to the increase in population and the need for more water for agriculture, industry and household use to meet the needs of the increasing population. ", "With the existing climate change scenario, it is predicted that almost half of the world population will be living in water stressed areas by 2030.", "\n\nIt needs to be understood that freshwater resources are limited and are fast depleting due to irresponsible use. ", "As a means of focussing attention on the importance of freshwater and advocating for the sustainable management of freshwater resources, the United Nations General Assembly designated March 22 to be observed as World Water Day in 1993.", "\n\nEach year, the World Water Day highlights a specific theme and this year’s theme is Water and Food Security. ", "The theme is very relevant as there are growing indications for both water and food scarcity in the years to come.", "\n\nTo feed the burgeoning world population, an increased food growth is required. ", "Almost one billion people live in chronic hunger and with the depleting water resources, food production is likely to suffer.", "\n\nAll the food from crop and livestock, fisheries and forest products requires water…a lot of water. ", "Just imagine: it takes about 1,500 litres of water to produce one kilogram of wheat and 10 times more to produce beef. ", "It may come as a surprise for many but the fact is that when combined all the water required for raising a cow (its feed too needs water to grow), slaughtering and processing meat it the water content for beef becomes this high. ", "Even fisheries and aquaculture require a certain quantity and quality of water in rivers, lakes and estuaries and are therefore important water users.", "\n\nThe biggest share of water use is in agriculture. ", "In fact, about 70 per cent of all water usage is in agriculture. ", "But world’s water supply is being impacted by climate change because of changed rainfall patterns, greater droughts, melting glaciers and altered river flows; this will drastically affect agriculture, including feed and fodder for livestock. ", "Erratic rainfall and seasonal differences in water availability can cause temporary food shortages, while floods and droughts can cause intensive food emergencies. ", "Lack of water can be a major cause of famine and result in under-nourishment, as it limits farmers’ ability to produce enough food to eat or earn a living.", "\n\nWith population increase, economic growth and urbanisation, the demand for water in cities and industries is also growing at a fast rate. ", "Attempts to meet this growing demand put pressure on both the current availability and further expansion of the irrigated area. ", "This is besides the water required for non-food crops such as bio-fuels and fodder for livestock.", "\n\nThis increased competition for water further impacts the poor and vulnerable groups. ", "Millions of small farmers, fishers and herders depend on water as one of the most important factors of production — without water they cannot make a living.", "\n\nWith climate change affecting water availability, there is an urgent need to find ways and means to conserve water; it also calls for better water management in agriculture. ", "Techniques must be developed to improve water usage in the fields, so that more crop is produced using less water or crop yield per unit of water is more. ", "This can be achieved by better control and application of irrigation water, as well as combination of rain and irrigation water wherever possible. ", "These, combined with good agricultural practices, will ensure highest possible productivity.", "\n\nAlong with measures to maximise food production, dietary habits must be changed and the consumption of water-intensive food must be lessened. ", "For example, a more vegetarian diet can be helpful as producing meat needs more water. ", "Moreover, emphasis should be on cultivating less water intensive crops so more food is produced with less water.", "\n\nTreated waste water, drainage water and desalinated water can be used for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, after making sure that no toxic substances are present in the water. ", "Similarly, recirculation of water in aquaculture can reduce the use of water to a great extent.", "\n\nIt is important to reduce food wastage. ", "Roughly about 30 per cent (1.3billion tons) of the food produced worldwide is never eaten. ", "It is either wasted somewhere between farmers’ field and markets due to poor storage or during transportation or ends up in garbage dumps by consumers who are not aware or do not care how important it is for the starving millions. ", "It is not only the food that is wasted but the water used to produce it is also lost.", "\n\nConservation of water is vital as not only its resources are dwindling, but food security also depends on it.", "\n\nWednesday, March 21, 2012\n\nAgnes Apio has to tie up her son Francis before she can leave the house. ", "In his state, he is a danger to himself. ", "Where once he walked and talked like a normal child, now he is only able to drag himself along in the dirt. ", "Francis is suffering from “Nodding Disease,” a brain disorder that,according to CNN, afflicts at least 3,000 children in northern Uganda, leaving them physically stunted and severely mentally disabled.", "\n\n“I feel dark in my heart,” Apio says as waves flies away from her son’s face and mops up his urine after a seizure, “This boy has become nothing.”", "\n\n“Reportedly the children gnaw at their fabric restraints, like a rabid animals,” says The Daily Tech. ", "The article calls them “zombie children,” having “no cure” and “no future.”", "\n\nFirst the victims become restless, can’t concentrate. ", "They say they have trouble thinking. ", "Then comes the nodding, an uncontrollable dipping of the head that presages the disease’s debilitating epilepsy-like seizures. ", "It is this nodding motion that gives the illness its name.", "\n\nNodding Disease first attacks the nervous system, then the brain. ", "As the epilepsy-like seizures progress and worsen, the children become less and less like themselves, and more and more distant and blank. ", "Eventually the brain stops developing and the victims’ bodies stop growing. ", "So far, no patients have recovered.", "\nGrace Lagat also has to tie up her children in order to leave the house. ", "Daughter Pauline, 13, and son Thomas are bound hand and foot to keep them from shuffling away and getting lost. ", "Pauline recently disappeared for five days.", "\n\nExperts are baffled as to what causes the disease, which only occurs in children. ", "Early findings suggest a confluence of the presence of the black fly-borne parasitic worm Onchocerca Volvulus, which causes river blindness, and acute vitamin B6 deficiency.", "\n\nVictims can wander off and disappear. ", "Some 200 “secondary deaths” have been blamed on fires and accidents caused by children with the disease.", "\n\nPhysicians and workers with the Ugandan Red Cross are frustrated by what they see as a lack of urgency in the government’s handling of the disease. ", "After months of lagging, officials have only begun an official tally of cases within the last two weeks.", "\n\nThe situation was already dire when a team from the World Health Organization visited northern Uganda in 2009. ", "CNN quotes one doctor from the team, Dr. Joaquin Saweka as saying, “It was quite desperate, I can tell you. ", "Imagine being surrounded by 26 children and 12 of them showing signs of this. ", "The attitude was to quickly find a solution to the problem.”", "\n\nSolutions, however, have been slow in coming.", "\n\nDoctors have been treating the seizures caused by the disease with epilepsy drugs, but their efficacy is limited. ", "The drugs only slow the progression of the disease, but fail to stop it.", "\n\nCurrently, Ugandan government officials say that they are doing everything they can to fight the epidemic. ", "They say that new epilepsy drugs are being tried and special training has been instituted for local health officials. ", "This, they say, is as much as can be done for a disease whose cause and cure are largely unknown.", "\n\nSaweka said, “When you know the root cause, you address the cure. ", "Now you are just relieving the symptoms. ", "We don’t expect to cure anybody.”", "\n\nThe ‘drill, baby, drill’ approach to energy won’t ease your pain at the pump according to an analysis by the Associated Press. ", "In an article running in papers across the country, AP puts it simply: “…more U.S. drilling has not changed how deeply the gas pump drills into your wallet, math and history show.”", "\n\nThe AP’s findings are not surprising. ", "Gasoline prices are subject to the global oil market that U.S. producers cannot control. ", "Changes in the price at the pump do not follow U.S. oil supply trends.", "\n\nThe AP compared inflation-adjusted gas prices to U.S. oil production from 1976 to the present and found no correlation between them. ", "If they were connected one would expect a consistent trend where gas prices eased as production from drilling increased. ", "But AP’s statistical analysis did not bear this out. ", "Multiple statisticians and economists consulted by AP for verification of their analysis also agreed with the findings.", "\n\nIn a recent speech, Senator Jeff Bingamin also pointed out the lack of a relationship between U.S. oil production and gas prices using the chart below.", "\n\nSenator Bingamin: “Here, the red line is the change in domestic production, year over year. ", "The blue line is gasoline prices. ", "And what’s striking about this chart is the lack of relationship between the two lines. ", "Even with U.S. production increasing as it was at some points, oil prices were also increasing, and gas prices were also increasing.”", "\n\nMany pundits choose to ignore the facts and play a gas price blame game that focuses on drilling everywhere and expanding polluting tar sands from Canada. ", "These wrong-headed prescriptions only serve to confuse an already frustrated public. ", "The only guaranteed way to lower consumers’ fuel bills is to provide ways to use less gasoline.", "\n\nRecently proposed auto standards to reach the equivalent of 54.5 mpg by 2025 will save the average driver $4,400 over the life of their vehicle due to fewer trips to the gas pump.", "\n\nImproved fuel efficiency and other clean energy solutions are what policymakers should be supporting. ", "The facts don’t support more U.S. drilling as a solution to high gas prices. ", "It’s good to see AP set the story straight. ", "The public needs the facts and clean energy solutions. ", "As history shows, we’ve drilled and drilled and it doesn’t help your wallet.", "\n\nNoah Greenwald of the Center for Biological Diversity said today, “Keystone XL may be a boon to Big Oil companies in the exporting business but those profits will come at a stiff price for our land, water, wildlife and climate.” “", "Building Keystone XL in pieces doesn’t make it any less dangerous.”", "\n\nPresident Barack Obama plans to announce in Cushing, Oklahoma Thursday that his administration will expedite the permit for the southern half of the Keystone XL pipeline, a source familiar with the president's announcement tells CNN.", "\n\nA White House official confirmed Tuesday that the president on Thursday will \"reiterate his administration's commitment to expediting the construction of a pipeline from Cushing, Okla., to the Gulf of Mexico, relieving a bottleneck of oil and bringing domestic resources to market.\"", "\n\nBarack Obama is expected to speed up approval of the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline on Thursday after taking to the road with what the White House is billing as an \"all of the above\" energy tour.", "\n\nObama's planned visit to the oil hub of Cushing, Oklahoma, on day two of the energy tour has raised expectations he will speed up approval of the southern US-only segment of the pipeline, running from the town to Port Arthur, Texas.", "\n\nThe approval, which would infuriate environmental groups, could allow construction on that portion to begin before November's presidential elections instead of next year.", "\n\nObama's tour starts with a visit to the country's biggest operating solar farm in Boulder City, Nevada. ", "The White House said in a statement: \"The president will highlight his administration's focus on diversifying our energy portfolio, including expanding renewable energy from sources like wind and solar, which thanks in part to investments made by this administration is set to double in the president's first term.\"", "\n\nBut the visit seemed a detour on a trip apparently solidly focused on fossil fuels and the price of gas at the pump.", "\n\nObama has been under nonstop attack from Republicans for rising petrol prices, which now stand at well over $4 (£2.50) for a US gallon in some parts of the country, and for his decision in January to halt the pipeline because of a section running through an ecologically sensitive part of Nebraska.", "\n\nOn the campaign trail, Newt Gingrich has said he would cut gas prices to $2.50 if he is elected president, and Mitt Romney has taken to demanding Obama sack his energy secretary, Steven Chu, the interior secretary, Ken Salazar, and his Environmental Protection Agency administrator, Lisa Jackson. ", "Gingrich calls the three the \"gas hike trio\".", "\n\nBut Obama's forthcoming speech at a pipe yard owned by TransCanada, the Canadian company behind the project to pump crude from the tar sands of Alberta, was seen as a strong signal that the pipeline – at least, the portion running from Cushing to Port Arthur, Texas – is back on track.", "\n\nThe White House said last month it would allow the southern portion, which requires no State Department approval, to go ahead. ", "It was not immediately clear how Obama would push the process along further.", "\n\nTransCanada has said it will go ahead with the Cushing-Port Arthur segment of the pipeline as soon it gets the go-ahead from the army corps of engineers.", "\n\nThe White House said in a statement Obama's visiting Cushing was intended to show his commitment to \"improving and supporting the infrastructure that helps us leverage our domestic resources, while also ensuring these projects are developed in a safe and responsible way\".", "\n\nIt continued: \"This includes a pipeline that will transport oil from Cushing to the Gulf of Mexico, which will help address the bottleneck of oil that has resulted in large part from increased domestic oil production in the midwest.\"", "\n\nAmidst the many environmental disappointments of the Obama administration -- the fizzled Copenhagen conference, the opening of vast swathes of the Arctic to drilling and huge stretches of federal land across the northern Plains to coal-mining, the failure to work for climate legislation in the Senate, the shameful blocking of regulations to control ozone -- the president has done one somewhat brave thing. ", "He responded to the largest outpouring of environmental enthusiasm so far this millennium and denied a permit for the main Keystone XL pipe from Canada's tar sands to the Gulf of Mexico.", "\n\nCynics said he did so just to avoid disappointing young people before the election, and pointed out that he invited pipeline proponent Transcanada to reapply for the permit. ", "It's hard not to wonder if those cynics might be right, now that he's going to Oklahoma to laud the southern half of the project just as Transcanada executives have requested.", "\n\nTrue, the most critical part of the pipeline still can't be built -- thanks to Obama and 42 Democratic Senators, the connection to Canada remains blocked, and hence that remains a great victory for the people who rallied so fiercely all fall. ", "But the sense grows that Obama may be setting us up for a bitter disappointment -- that his real allegiance is to the carbon barons.", "\n\n“The Gulf Coast leg would add to the fossil fuel infrastructure at a time when we critically need to transition away from fossil fuels in order to avoid climate catastrophe,” said Noah Greenwald of the Center for Biological Diversity. “", "Just like Keystone I, the Gulf Coast leg of Keystone XL will spill, polluting land and water and ruining important habitat for endangered species like the whooping crane, piping plover, American burying beetle, interior least tern, and Arkansas River shiner.”", "\n\n“The president’s support for this pipeline is troubling,” said Greenwald. “", "Keystone XL may be a boon to Big Oil companies in the exporting business but those profits will come at a stiff price for our land, water, wildlife and climate.”", "\n\n“The American people have spoken clearly against this project,” said Greenwald. “", "Building Keystone XL in pieces doesn’t make it any less dangerous.”", "\n\nIf you want to see House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan sanctimoniously excuse himself and his friends for missing the most predictable economic crisis in the history of the world, you now have the opportunity: In a YouTube video produced by his staff, Ryan tells viewers that the crisis called by the collapse of the housing bubble caught “us” by surprise.", "\n\nWell, it didn’t actually catch us by surprise.", "Some of us had been warning about the potential damage caused by the collapse of the bubble since 2002. ", "We repeatedly tried to warn of the dangers of the housing bubble in whatever forum we had.", "\n\nIt was easy to see that the housing market was hugely over-valued and that at some point it would collapse, just as the stock bubble had collapsed in 2000-2002. ", "It was also easy to see that its collapse would have a devastating impact on the economy.", "The bubble was driving the economy both directly by propelling a construction boom and indirectly through the impact of housing bubble wealth on consumption. ", "When the bubble burst, there would be nothing to replace this bubble driven-demand. ", "It would be necessary to run the sort of large government budget deficits that we have seen the last four years in order to sustain the economy and keep unemployment rate out of the double digits.", "\n\nAll of this was 100 percent predictable and predicted. ", "However Representative Ryan wants to give himself the blanket “who could have known” amnesty because he and his Wall Street friends chose to ignore the people who were giving the warnings.", "\n\nRyan should apply a variation on the sanctimonious lines in his video to himself:\n\n“Imagine being warned about an economic crisis that would throw more than 10 million people out or work and cause millions to lose their home and doing nothing. ", "Imagine that our politicians in Congress and the White House chose to do nothing while there was still time because it would have been bad politics to upset the Wall Street banks who were making so much money. ", "They instead chose to ignore the warnings. ", "That is immoral.”", "\n\nWhile some of us were putting in overtime and missing sleep to try to warn about the dangers of the housing bubble, Representative Ryan and his cronies were whining about a budget deficit that was almost non-existent. ", "The budget deficits that the government was running in the years just before the collapse of the housing bubble were less than 2.0 percent of GDP. ", "The debt-to-GDP ratio was actually falling. ", "We could have run deficits of this magnitude forever.", "\n\nAfter contributing through his negligence to the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, Representative Ryan has the gall to imply that the people who don’t like his plan are immoral. ", "While we don’t yet know the specifics of his new plan this year, we do know what he put on the table last year.", "\n\nAccording to projections from the Congressional Budget Office, that plan would have raised the cost to the country of buying Medicare-equivalent insurance policies by $34 trillion over Medicare’s 75-year planning period. ", "It also would have led to huge cuts in Medicaid, denying health care to children as well as other budget cuts that would have worsened the situation of low and moderate-income children.", "\n\nAnd to offset these cuts Representative Ryan promised big tax breaks to corporations and the richest people in the country. ", "His budget lowered the tax rate on both to just 25 percent.", "If we can skip the sanctimony let’s just say what every budget wonk knows to be true. ", "We don’t have a budget problem; we have a health care cost problem. ", "If per person health care costs in the United States were in line with those in any other wealthy country we would be looking at huge budget surpluses, not deficits.", "\n\nThe answer lies not in cutting back and/or eliminating Medicaid and Medicare, but in fixing the health care system. ", "That’s the simple truth and to try to contend otherwise is immoral, Representative Ryan.", "\n\nIn the United States, 88 percent of the corn, 93 percent of the canola, and 94 percent of the soybeans are genetically modified organisms (GMO).Genetically modified tomatoes, pork, and salmon, among many other foods, are also in our stores. ", "In 2011, the country had 69 million hectares (170.5 million acres) of GMO cropland.", "\n\nAre you a vegetarian who uses textured vegetable protein (TVP) or tempeh in your recipes? ", "TVP and tempeh are derived from soybeans. ", "If the package didn’t say organic, then you’re eating genetically-modified products. ", "Same for soy milk, tofu, and miso . . . ", "you get the idea.", "\n\nFor babies allergic to dairy, there is even soy-based infant formula.", "\n\nAre you a carnivore? ", "Livestock feed for cattle, pigs, chickens, and aquaculture catfish is dominated by corn and soy . . . ", "genetically modified corn and soybeans. ", "In fact, 98 percent of the American soy crop is used in livestock feed. ", "So, when you eat meat, you’re eating a GMO.", "\n\nApproximately 75 percent of the processed food in American grocery stores has GMO ingredients. ", "High fructose corn syrup, for example, is found in most sodas, many snack foods, ketchup, and even commercial bread and that syrup usually comes from GMO corn.", "\n\nIf the food label has words like ascorbate, lysine, maltodextrin, modified food starch, or xanthan gum than you’re most likely eating GMO-derived food.", "\n\nWhat do GM foods have to do with poison?They are poison. ", "Literally.", "\n\nTake GMO corn. ", "Monsanto the devil engineered their corn to be \"Round-Up Ready.\" \"", "Round-Up\" is a weedkiller that would kill the corn, too, if it hadn't had the BT toxin spliced into its RNA making it \"Round-Up Ready.\" ", "GMOs are not engineered to grow bigger, taste better, produce larger yields, or to be more nutritious. ", "They are engineered with poison to be able to resist poison. ", "Thus, GMOs, themselves, are poison.", "\n\nGenetic modification has produced toxins never seen before, and those toxins are in the GMO foods we’re eating. ", "It has increased the level of allergens in GMO crops, altered the composition of protein and other nutrients, and increased the GMO crop’s absorption of pesticides, herbicides, and other chemicals. ", "It doesn’t matter how much we wash an ear of corn. ", "We’re eating those pesticides, herbicides, and chemicals, too.", "\n\nScientists have linked microRNA (ribonucleic acid) to cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease, among other illnesses. ", "It is found in GMO crops, like rice, and in the blood and organs of people who eat those GMO crops. ", "Recently, Chinese scientists found that microRNA survives the human digestive process and affects, among other things, our cholesterol function.", "\n\nGMO scientists now propose splicing microRNA into more seeds to block the function of specific genes in insects, so that the GMO crops can better resist pest infestations. ", "Unfortunately, humans and insects share a lot of the same DNA. ", "Thus, the microRNA in a GMO crop would undoubtedly impact human genes as well when it is eaten.", "\n\nIn a 2011 published study of human consumption of GMO foods, scientists found that the genetic material inserted into GMO soybeans transferred into bacteria living inside human intestines, stayed there, and continued to function.", "\n\nTraces of Bt toxin from Monsanto the devil's Bt corn were found in the blood of 93 percent of the women studied and in 80 percent of their umbilical cord and fetal blood.", "\n\nIn Europe, the German chemical company, BASF, moved its GMO plant-science headquarters from Germany to Raleigh, North Carolina. ", "Widespread opposition from citizens, farmers, and politicians to its GM crops, like the Amflora potato, meant that BASF had no market in Germany for its GMO seeds.", "\n\nGMO giant Monsanto the devil has stopped developing genetically-modified crops to be grown in Europe, because most European countries refuse to allow them to be grown.", "In America, however, the Food & Drug Administration’s Deputy Commissioner for Food Safety is a former Monsanto the devil executive. ", "In February 2012, the U.S. Department of Agriculturesped up the approval process for genetically-modified foods.", "When he was campaigning for the presidency in 2007 and 2008, Barack Obamapromised to introduce legislation mandating the labeling of GMO foods. ", "So far, he’s done nothing. ", "So, grassroots movements in several states like California and Florida and Vermont are putting GMO labeling bills on their ballots.", "\n\nIf they pass, people will at least have the information they need to decide whether to poison themselves or not.", "\n\nTuesday, March 20, 2012\n\nWhile everything that has been proposed by politicians from both parties and corporate think tanks are ridiculous and do nothing to improve our deteriorating climate situation, no one can deny that man-made climate change is real. ", "The climate denial industry is completely funded by the oil industry, and it's team of TV meteorologists are paid shills, not climate scientists.--jef\n\nThe National Weather Service is kind of the anti-Mike Daisey, a just-the-facts operation that grinds on hour after hour, day after day. ", "It’s collected billions of records (I’ve seen the vast vaults where early handwritten weather reports from observers across the country are stored in endless rows of ledgers and files) on countless rainstorms, blizzards, and pleasant summer days. ", "So the odds that you could shock the NWS are pretty slim.", "\n\nBeginning in mid-March, however, its various offices began issuing bulletins that sounded slightly shaken. “", "There’s extremes in weather, but seeing something like this is impressive and unprecedented,” Chicago NWS meteorologist Richard Castro said. “", "It’s extraordinarily rare for climate locations with 100+ year long periods of records to break records day after day after day,” the office added in an official statement.", "\n\nInternational Falls, MN, the “icebox of the nation,” broke its old temperature records—by 22 degrees, which according to weather historians may be the largest margin ever for any station with a century’s worth of records. ", "Winner, South Dakota reached 94 degrees on the second-to-last day of winter. ", "That’s in the Dakotas, two days before the close of winter. ", "Jeff Masters, founder of WeatherUnderground, the web’s go-to site for meteorological information, watched an eerie early morning outside his Michigan home and wrote “this is not the atmosphere I grew up with,” a fact confirmed later that day when the state recorded the earliest F-3 strength tornado in its history. ", "Other weathermen were more…weathermanish. ", "Veteran Minneapolis broadcaster Paul Douglas, after noting that Sunday’s low temperature in Rochester broke the previous record high, blogged “this is OFF THE SCALE WEIRD even for Minnesota.”", "\n\nIt’s hard to overstate how impossible this weather is—when you have nearly a century and a half of records, they should be hard to break, much less smash. ", "But this is like Barry Bonds on steroids if his steroids were on steroids, an early season outbreak of heat completely without precedent in its scale and spread. ", "I live in Vermont, where we should be starting to slowly thaw out—but as the heat moved steadily east ski areas shut down and golf courses opened.", "\n\nAnd truth be told, it felt pretty good. ", "Most people caught in the torrid zones probably reacted pretty much like President Obama:\n\n“It gets you a little nervous about what is happening to global temperatures,” he told the audience assembled at a fundraiser at Tyler Perry’s Atlanta mansion (records were falling in Georgia too). “", "On the other hand I have really enjoyed the nice weather.”", "\n\nAnyone thinking about the seasons ahead was at least as ambivalent, and most were scared. ", "Here are a few of the things that could happen with staggering warmth like this early in the year:\n\nThe plants that have budded out prematurely (there’s fruit budding across the nation’s apple belt) can be easily killed by the freezes that will come if temperatures revert to anything like normal. (", "Frost is common here, for instance, late into May).", "\n\nThe soils left exposed by the early retreat of snow will dry out much earlier in the growing season, raising dramatically the risk of drought\n\nForests dry out too. ", "In recent years three-quarters of the big fires across the West have come in years when snow melted well ahead of schedule. ", "Across the East the next six or eight weeks, before trees are fully leafed out, will be scary for forest rangers unless we get heavy rains.", "\n\nOne could go on:\n\nmild winters and early springs allow ticks to spread into new places, carrying disease.", "\n\nReservoirs can start evaporating early.", "\n\nWe see wickedly strong storms along the frontal boundaries of these record-setting zones.", "\n\nBut the real fears are the things we can’t anticipate, simply because we are moving into uncharted territory.", "\n\nWe know that we can make a normal seasonal cycle, with variations within a typical range, work—we know, because we’ve done it as long as we’ve been here. ", "But we’ve never seen anything like what we’re seeing this week.", "\n\nExcept, of course, in the models that the climatologists have been printing out on their supercomputers for the last two decades. ", "This is what climate change looks like, just like last year’s new record for multi-billion dollar weather disasters is what climate change looks like. ", "As Masters put it in a recent blog post, notable for its understatement,\n\n“It is very unlikely that the intensity of the heat would have been so great unless we were in a warming climate.”", "\n\nOne could make some sad jokes about the coincidence of Chicago’s record heat with the Illinois primary, or with the president’s tour this week of drilling rigs to convince Americans that he’s a great champion of fossil fuel (with a visit to a solar production facility thrown in for good measure). ", "But the power of our politics seems puny this week compared to the power of the carbon we’ve unleashed for a century.", "\n\nStill, one’s compelled to make a witness and put up a fight. ", "On May 5, all around the world, 350.org is organizing a day for people to testify to the impacts of climate change. ", "There will be Pakistanis forced from their homes in the worst flooding the country’s ever seen, and Somalians dealing with a drought horrible even by the standards of the Horn of Africa. ", "Thais, who watched floods do damage last fall equal to 18 percent of the country’s GDP, and El Salvadorans who watched 15 years worth of development wash away in a week of record rains. ", "Lots of Americans were already planning to join in—Texans who watched drought kill half a billion trees there last year, Vermonters who saw the state damn near wash away in the wake of Irene. ", "But now they’ll have more company." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "import { before, after, beforeEach, afterEach, describe, xdescribe, it, xit,\n specify, xspecify, xcontext, context } from 'meteor/practicalmeteor:mocha';\nimport { chai, assert, expect, should } from 'meteor/practicalmeteor:chai';\nimport { spies, stubs } from 'meteor/practicalmeteor:sinon';\nimport vm from 'vm';\nimport { HTTP } from 'meteor/http'\n\nshould();\n\nconst fakeAutoUpdate = new vm.", "Script(`\nPackage.autoupdate = {\n Autoupdate: {\n _ClientVersions: {\n _collection: {\n find: 1,\n queries: {\n a: {}\n }\n }\n }\n }\n};\n`, 'fakeAutoUpdate.js');\n\nconst packages = [\n 'underscore',\n 'meteor',\n 'gadicc_modules-runtime-hot',\n new vm.", "Script(`\n var Meteor = Package.meteor.", "Meteor;\n Package['modules-runtime'] = Package['gadicc:modules-runtime-hot'];\n `, 'modules-runtime-sub.js'),\n 'modules',\n 'ecmascript-runtime',\n fakeAutoUpdate,\n 'gadicc_hot',\n new vm.", "Script(`\n var meteorInstall = Package['modules-runtime'].meteorInstall;\n `, 'setupMeteorInstall.js')\n];\n\nconst meteorRuntimeConfig = new vm.", "Script(`\n __meteor_runtime_config__ = {\n \"meteorRelease\": \"METEOR@1.3.2.1\",\n \"meteorEnv\": {\n \"NODE_ENV\": \"development\",\n \"TEST_METADATA\": '{}' //\"driverPackage\":\"practicalmeteor:mocha\"}'\n },\n \"PUBLIC_SETTINGS\": {\n HOT_PORT: \"test\"\n },\n \"ROOT_URL\": \"${Meteor.absoluteUrl()}\",\n \"ROOT_URL_PATH_PREFIX\": \"\",\n \"appId\": \"5nficts16err2z4vy\",\n \"autoupdateVersion\": \"ddZEzTkfDgokDDnGj\",\n \"autoupdateVersionRefreshable\": \"a708d9e64bcf5d580a8186e4fe688dd9bc9766d9\",\n \"autoupdateVersionCordova\": \"none\"\n }\n`, 'meteorRunTimeConfig.js');\n\nconst packageCache = {};\n\n// Note, this isn't a sandbox for safety, just for isolation of tests\nconst contextBase = {\n console: console,\n location: {\n hostname: ''\n },\n WebSocket: function() {\n\n },\n document: {\n readyState: 'complete',\n addEventListener: function() { console.log('doc.ael', arguments); },\n //attachEvent: function() { console.log('ae', arguments); },\n getElementsByTagName: function() {\n // never used; just HEAD fetched at modules/css.js init\n return { item: function() { return 1; }}\n }\n },\n setTimeout: global.setTimeout,\n Package: global.", "Package\n};\n\nclass Sandbox {\n constructor() {\n this.context = new vm.createContext(contextBase);\n this.exec('window = this; global = this;');\n\n meteorRuntimeConfig.runInContext(this.context);\n\n for (let pkg of packages)\n this.loadPackage(pkg);\n }\n loadPackage(packageName) {\n if (packageName instanceof vm.", "Script)\n return packageName.runInContext(this.context);\n\n const path = '/packages/' + packageName + '.js';\n if (!", "packageCache[path])\n packageCache[path] = new vm.", "Script(HTTP.get(Meteor.absoluteUrl(path)).content, path);\n packageCache[path].runInContext(this.context);\n }\n exec(code, name) {\n const script = new vm.", "Script(code, name);\n return script.runInContext(this.context);\n }\n}\n\ndescribe('meteorInstallHot', () => {\n\n it('fails if no relevant hot.accept() found', () => {\n const s = new Sandbox();\n s.exec(`\n var require = meteorInstall({\n client: {\n \"noHotAccept.js\": function(require, exports, module) {\n exports.testValue = 1;\n }\n }\n });\n require('/client/noHotAccept.js').testValue;\n `, 'noHotAccept1.js').should.equal(1); // it loads properly\n\n s.exec(`\n meteorInstallHot({\n client: {\n \"noHotAccept.js\": [function(require, exports, module) {\n }]\n }\n });\n hot.failedOnce;\n `, 'noHotAccept2.js').should.equal(true); // No relevant hot.accept() found\n });\n\n it('can self accept', () => {\n const s = new Sandbox();\n s.exec(`\n var testValue;\n var require = meteorInstall({\n client: {\n \"selfAcceptTest.js\": function(require, exports, module) {\n module.hot.accept();\n testValue = 1;\n }\n }\n });\n require('/client/selfAcceptTest.js');\n testValue;\n `, 'selfAcceptTest1.js').should.equal(1);\n\n s.exec(`\n meteorInstallHot({\n client: {\n \"selfAcceptTest.js\": [function(require, exports, module) {\n testValue = 2;\n }]\n }\n });\n testValue;\n `, 'selfAcceptTest1.js').should.equal(2);\n\n s.exec('hot.failedOnce').should.be.false;\n });\n\n it('can accept a dep and receives new exports', () => {\n const s = new Sandbox();\n s.exec(`\n var testValue;\n var require = meteorInstall({\n client: {\n \"test2.js\": function(require, exports, module) {\n exports.testValue = 1;\n },\n \"test1.js\": ['./test2.js', function(require, exports, module) {\n testValue = require('./test2.js').testValue;\n module.hot.accept('./test2.js', function() {\n testValue = require('./test2.js').testValue;\n });\n }]\n }\n });\n\n require('/client/test1.js');\n testValue;\n `, 'replacesExportsSetup.js').should.equal(1);\n\n \n s.exec(`\n meteorInstallHot({\n client: {\n \"test2.js\": function(require, exports, module) {\n exports.testValue = 2;\n }\n }\n });\n\n testValue;\n `, 'replacesExportsTest.js').should.equal(2);\n\n s.exec('hot.failedOnce').should.be.false;\n });\n\n // hot.accept(\"hot-test\") and update \"hot-test/lib/index.js\"\n it('node_modules with { main: \"./lib\" }', () => {\n const s = new Sandbox();\n s.exec(`\n var testValue;\n\n var require = meteorInstall({\n client: {\n \"app.js\": ['hot-test', function(require, exports, module) {\n testValue = require('hot-test').test;\n module.hot.accept('hot-test', function() {\n testValue = require('hot-test').test;\n });\n }]\n },\n node_modules: {\n \"hot-test\": {\n \"package.json\": function(require, exports) {\n exports.main = \"./lib\";\n },\n lib: {\n \"index.js\": function(require, exports) {\n exports.test = 1;\n }\n }\n }\n }\n });\n\n require('/client/app.js');\n testValue;\n `, 'nodeModuleSetup.js').should.equal(1);\n\n \n s.exec(`\n meteorInstallHot({\n node_modules: {\n \"hot-test\": {\n lib: {\n \"index.js\": function(require, exports) {\n exports.test = 2;\n }\n }\n }\n }\n });\n\n testValue;\n `, 'nodeModuleTest.js').should.equal(2);\n\n s.exec('hot.failedOnce').should.be.false;\n });\n\n it('node_modules with { main: \"main.js\" } (in root directory)', () => {\n const s = new Sandbox();\n s.exec(`\n var testValue;\n\n var require = meteorInstall({\n client: {\n \"app.js\": ['hot-test', function(require, exports, module) {\n testValue = require('hot-test').test;\n module.hot.accept('hot-test', function() {\n testValue = require('hot-test').test;\n });\n }]\n },\n node_modules: {\n \"hot-test\": {\n \"package.json\": function(require, exports) {\n exports.main = \"main.js\";\n },\n \"main.js\": function(require, exports) {\n exports.test = 1;\n }\n }\n }\n });\n\n require('/client/app.js');\n testValue;\n `, 'nodeModuleSetup.js').should.equal(1);\n\n \n s.exec(`\n meteorInstallHot({\n node_modules: {\n \"hot-test\": {\n \"main.js\": function(require, exports) {\n exports.test = 2;\n }\n }\n }\n });\n\n testValue;\n `, 'nodeModuleTest.js').should.equal(2);\n\n s.exec('hot.failedOnce').should.be.false;\n });\n\n});\n" ]

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[ "Australia flood: Uluru national park closed after huge rainfall Published duration 27 December 2016\n\nimage copyright Parks Australia image caption The heavy rain meant waterfalls coming off the rock and flooding roads below\n\nA record amount of rainfall has led to the closure of Australia's famous national park at Uluru.", "\n\nWaterfalls appeared all over the landmark, also known as Ayers Rock, at the heart of the park in central Australia.", "\n\nThe Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) described the massive Christmas storm as a twice-a-century weather event.", "\n\nFlash floods in the remote town of Kintore forced the evacuation of dozens of residents.", "\n\nNorthern Territory police told Australia's ABC Network that up to 25 houses were flooded in the town, near the border with the state of Western Australia.", "\n\nThe town was almost cut off, with only severely impaired access from the Western Australian side, they added.", "\n\nPapunya, another town 250km (155 miles) from Alice Springs, was completely cut off, while the town square of Yulara - the nearest community to Uluru - was inundated.", "\n\nRangers closed the Uluru-Kata Tjuta national park at 09:00 local time on Boxing Day (23:30 GMT on Christmas Day), citing the risk of flooded roads and potential car accidents.", "\n\n\"There's a lot of water … coming off the rock and what that does is just channels across the ring road around Uluru, some of those roads there were flooded by about 300-400mm of rain. ", "Quite spectacular but very hazardous road conditions,\" park manager Mike Misso told ABC.", "\n\nParks Australia said they had now reopened the park but urged people to drive carefully as there was still surface water on the roads." ]

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[ "this was funnier in my head.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\nF*ck This Shit - altern8\nhttps://achievistapp.com/site/blog/fuck-this-shit/\n======\nacconrad\nTL,DR: stop settling and start doing, don't wait for it to happen.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "http://www.scandinaviandesigncenter.com/Products/usd0/Trademark/Marimekko/14660/Unikko+oilcloth+red&variantId=0114660-01Unikko oilcloth redhttp://www.scandinaviandesigncenter.com/ProductImages/Marimekko/14660/01/338x338/01.jpg58USDInStockMarimekkoThe classic and beautiful oilcloth Unikko from Marimekko is the perfect canvas to have on the table during the whole summer! ", "Unikko ...Unikko/Fabrics & Textiles/Oilcloths" ]

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[ "The role of dopamine agonists in early Parkinson's disease.", "\nRecent evidence from clinical studies suggests an expanded role for dopamine agonists as initial dopaminergic monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). ", "The rationale for the use of dopamine agonist monotherapy in early disease is to delay the initiation of levodopa or to decrease the total exposure to levodopa, thereby reducing the motor complications of long-term levodopa therapy. ", "Dopamine agonists, when used alone, rarely promote the development of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations that complicate levodopa treatment. ", "Theoretically, there is potential for a neuroprotective effect by decreasing the oxidative breakdown of dopamine and free radical generation. ", "Because they act on postsynaptic dopamine receptors of the striatum, dopamine agonists act independent of the synthetic dopaminergic enzyme system and are not dependent on degenerating presynaptic neurons in the substantia nigra. ", "This article will review the traditional role of dopamine agonists and will focus on emerging strategies for the treatment of PD, including early monotherapy with dopamine agonists and early combination therapy with dopamine agonists and levodopa." ]

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[ "Share this product\n\nDescription\n\nNOTE: Due to an error on our part, the current batch of Distressed Concrete jeans are more \"grey\" than shown in the picture here.", "\n\nThey're actually rather nice and identical style wise - we just want you to be aware that there wont be a blue tint to the jeans as shown in the images here. ", "We'll remove this message as soon as the current \"grey\" batch has gone and the usual colouring returns.", "\n\nYou may also like:\n\n{\"id\":11620599943,\"title\":\"Signature Distressed Baseball - Black\",\"handle\":\"signature-distressed-baseball-black\",\"description\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIntroducing our first foray outside of denim, the Signature Distressed Baseball cap.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWe took the classic baseball cap shape and lightly reinforced the front panel so that it doesn't collapse, before adding light distressing to the peak. ", "To the back is an adjustable metal buckle featuring the PYRACY lion emblem.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFinished with iconic \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePYRA3Y\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003e registration plate branding.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\",\"published_at\":\"2017-10-25T14:07:39+01:00\",\"created_at\":\"2017-10-25T14:14:15+01:00\",\"vendor\":\"PYRACY\",\"type\":\"Headwear\",\"tags\":[\"hats\"],\"price\":2500,\"price_min\":2500,\"price_max\":2500,\"available\":true,\"price_varies\":false,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"compare_at_price_min\":0,\"compare_at_price_max\":0,\"compare_at_price_varies\":false,\"variants\":[{\"id\":55703697159,\"title\":\"Default Title\",\"option1\":\"Default Title\",\"option2\":null,\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"PYH-01\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":false,\"featured_image\":null,\"available\":true,\"name\":\"Signature Distressed Baseball - Black\",\"public_title\":null,\"options\":[\"Default Title\"],\"price\":2500,\"weight\":123,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_quantity\":37,\"inventory_management\":\"shopify\",\"inventory_policy\":\"deny\",\"barcode\":\"\"}],\"images\":[\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/2018\\/2415\\/products\\/black_hat_1.jpg?v=1511194836\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/2018\\/2415\\/products\\/black_hat_2.jpg?v=1511194836\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/2018\\/2415\\/products\\/hats_togethe3.jpg?v=1511194836\"],\"featured_image\":\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/2018\\/2415\\/products\\/black_hat_1.jpg?v=1511194836\",\"options\":[\"Title\"],\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eIntroducing our first foray outside of denim, the Signature Distressed Baseball cap.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWe took the classic baseball cap shape and lightly reinforced the front panel so that it doesn't collapse, before adding light distressing to the peak. ", "To the back is an adjustable metal buckle featuring the PYRACY lion emblem.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFinished with iconic \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePYRA3Y\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003e registration plate branding.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\"}" ]

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[ "Noise in Fourier self-deconvolution.", "\nA general formula for computing changes in the signal-to-noise ratio of a spectrum resulting from the Fourier self-deconvolution procedure is derived. ", "Self-deconvolution reduces the intrinsic halfwidths of lines by a factor K, which is in practice limited by the noise in the spectrum. ", "With the help of the derived formula, the rate of decrease in the SNR as a function of K for eight different smoothing (apodization) functions is studied. ", "With high K values there are significant differences in the SNR as a result of the use of different smoothing functions. ", "With K = 4 a difference of more than 1 order of magnitude between two extreme cases is demonstrated, and with K = 5 a difference of almost 2 orders of magnitude in the SNR is predicted." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAdaptive internal storage : analysis\n\nWhat are the possible difficulties occur if I use external SD card using Format as internal storage ? ", "I have checked this link:\nHow does the \"Format as internal storage\" feature work in Android 6.0+?", "\nHere are some doubts: \n\nDoes internal storage space increase, if no why?", "\nWhether any memory problems with TWRP, Titanium backup?", "\nWhat to should I do, If I need to switch with another SD card as external OR restore to earlier?", "\nWhat will happen, If I accidentally boot device without SD card?", "\nWhat to do after upgrade? (", "upgrading to higher android versions OR to lower android versions )\nWill this action improves performance?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe internal storage doesn't increase itself, but external storage start behaving like internal (you can move apps to it and so), so you can say you have more internal which is used for apps mostly\nWith titanium backup you shouldn't have any problem as with other apps, for TWRP I can't say anything because I didn't have that experience, but since adopting is android feature recovery shouldn't make you a troubles\nIf you pull out SD card which is adopted app which is on SD card (adopted storage) won't function for obvious reasons, and SD card can't be used with other phone because of encryption. ", "If you put other SD card instead of one you have adopted new card will behave normal, like external storage.", "\nNothing special, just apps which were on adopted storage (SD card) won't work, and instead of their icons there will be little green android, also data stored on adopted storage won't be there (obvious).", "\nDon't know about this one, but as I said adopting is android feature so there shouldn't be any problems, but as we know sometimes after upgrading phone goes little crazy, so there is chance you maybe should perform factory reset, but just maybe.", "\nIf on performance you think on faster loading apps, that won't happen, SD card are way slower than actual internal storage, but there won't be much difference in loading time maybe for some big, very big games/apps, basically, most of people who adopted their SD cards done that because they needed more space for apps\nSo if you want to adopt SD card make sure that is at least class 10 that would be minimum, and speaking from my experience adopting could kill your SD card not really kill it but kill r/w speeds so it becomes 10x slower, happened to me with 16 GB transcend, also it is possible that SD card was crap.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Secondary metabolites of plants from the genus Cipadessa: chemistry and biological activity.", "\nThe plants of genus Cipadessa, which are distributed across India and southwest of China, have been used as natural insecticides, as well as folk medicines for the treatment of a range of maladies such as diabetes, dysentery, malaria, piles, snake poison, rheumatism, etc. ", "This article reviews the chemical constituents that have been isolated from Cipadessa species to date, including their biological activities. ", "The compounds listed are tetranortriterpenoids (limonoids), diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, and some others." ]

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[ "Process Analytical Technology creates smart production – University of Copenhagen\n\nHop til / Skip to:\n\nProcess Analytical Technology creates smart production\n\nTechnology\n\nMany manufacturing companies still base their production on a few seasoned employees who have a high level of knowledge about how the process should be in order to ensure that the final product is in order. ", "This results in bottlenecks and a great dependency on individuals, but it need not be, as pointed out by Professor of Complex Data Analysis at the Department of food Science at the University of Copenhagen Rasmus Bro. ", "He believes that many companies could have much smarter production using e.g. Process Analytical Technology (PAT).", "\n\nProfessor Rasmus Bro from the Department of Food Science at the University of Copenhagen (middle).", "\n\nIn many manufacturing companies, a number of process parameters are measured without getting any particularly useful knowledge from that data that is collected. ", "They typically measure many things, but fail to get an overall picture of what all of measurements can say together.", "\n\n“Much of industry is controlled by a great deal of intuition among the employees. ", "But what if the driving processor disappears? ", "This is a problem in many places and if you can approach the measurements and interpretation of the data more scientifically, you can optimise your production much more efficiently and get a more robust production that is not dependent on individuals,” says Professor at the Department of Food Science at the University of CopenhagenRasmus Bro.", "\n\nHe works with chemometrics, which is used to interpret the data that the PAT measurements provide.", "\n\n“My field deals with how to turn the measurements into useful information that the food and pharmaceutical industries can use for quality control and optimising production. ", "This could, for example, be information like the percentage of alcohol in the wine or the amount of protein in the grain,” says Rasmus Bro, who has followed the Danish food and pharmaceutical industries for more than 20 years with regards to complex data analysis.", "\n\nData interpretation – in addition to contributing to a higher quality of end product – can also ensure that the products are produced with the lowest possible cost in relation to the product specifications.", "\n\nThe ODIN consortium is training the industry\n\n“I work at a department of food science that traditionally collaborates with industry. ", "And it has been clear from the beginning that the interpretation of the data collected from expensive instruments used in production is a limiting factor. ", "Even though there has not been much talk about Big Data in the food sector, it is really what we are talking about. ", "As I said, the challenge is to translate the data into relevant information that enables companies to run their processes more sensibly,” says Rasmus Bro.", "\n\nIn order to change things, he founded the ODIN consortium.", "\n\n“ODIN is an industry consortium where we upgrade industry skills in complex data analysis, so that they do not have to hire expensive consultants to exploit their data. ", "We hold courses, seminars and workshops in chemometry and spectroscopy, which for the Department of Food Science has meant that we have been able to put our research directly into play in the industry,” says Rasmus Bro.", "\n\nAnd even though Danish companies have a long way to go in utilising the collected data, they are far ahead of the rest of the world.", "\n\n“After all, we have the company FOSS, which is probably the largest commercial chemometric competence centre in the world. ", "At the same time, the section for Chemometrics and Analytical Technology at the Department of Food Science is considered the world’s largest research unit in the field. ", "But even with this base, there is still a long way to go in a world that is filled with data,” Rasmus Bro.", "\n\nSeveral small instruments\n\nHe predicts that within several years we will have many more small handheld instruments that can be used for process measurements.", "\n\n“One can imagine that the instruments could be sent with drones, so we can get chemical-physical information with a much higher degree of detail than before. ", "This could be directly from the tanker, from the fishing net or in the field. ", "In the extreme, you might identify the chemical measurements in the raw material – for example, in the herring – which will provide some completely different opportunities than if you test the herring stored in glass jars in the supermarket,” says Rasmus Bro, who foresees almost 100% quality control in the future.", "\n\n“It is in the cards that we will be able to measure the most incredible things, which may be of great benefit, but may also seem a little scary. ", "You may be able to see whether the milk has been frozen and thawed. ", "If the fruit from Brazil has been undesirably affected by the journey. ", "We will be able to select apples and other fruits and vegetables of the highest quality and sell them at extra high prices, while others will be part of productions that have a lower bar for quality,” says Rasmus Bro.", "\n\nIt places high demands on the industry, where a competition parameter is whether you can produce a high quality product for the cheapest price in the fastest and smartest way.", "\n\nProcess Analytical Technology\n\nProcess Analytical Technology (PAT) essentially deals with measuring the relevant parameters at the relevant time and interpreting the data you get from the measurements correctly in order to control and optimize the production process optimally in relation to, for example, product quality, sustainability, food safety and ingredient quality.", "\n\nPAT measurements are often fast and non-invasive. ", "They are often done online, which allows you to adjust production while it is in progress so that you get the best quality for each and every batch of food the company produces.", "\n\nPAT includes several different measurement methods, including near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) – common to both methods is that the measurements must be deciphered with chemometrics, which is Professor Rasmus Bro’s scientific focus.", "\n\nAbout Rasmus Bro\n\nRasmus Bro, a professor at the Department of Food Science at the University of Copenhagen, received the first Nils Foss Excellence Prize, which is considered the Nobel Prize of the food science. ", "The motivation for awarding him the prize was, among other things, the work he has done to disseminate Process Analytical Technology in Denmark. ", "Much of this work happens through the ODIN consortium, which Rasmus Bro started in 2003 in order to provide companies in the food and pharmaceutical industries easy access to international expertise in data analysis, including PAT.", "\n\nODIN is anchored at the Department of Food Science (FOOD) at the University of Copenhagen. ", "The consortium gives industry access to the latest knowledge about the above-mentioned methods through courses, workshops and seminars and access to researchers who can advise on the implementation of the methods in the company. ", "Read more at about ODIN here." ]

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[ "Spontaneous mandibular fracture in a partially edentulous patient: case report.", "\nThis article describes the case of a 78-year-old patient whose mandibular fracture was treated with miniplate osteosynthesis. ", "After initial treatment, panoramic radiography revealed a fracture of the miniplate, and at follow-up, a loosening of the replacement plate. ", "For the dental practitioner, this clinical case highlights the importance of panoramic radiography and occlusal analysis and stabilization for diagnosis of mandibular fracture, evaluation of miniplate fracture and treatment, especially in the absence of trauma." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMust the total orbital angular momentum quantum number $L$ be less than the principal quantum number $n$? ", "If so, why?", "\n\nI am studying LS coupling and term symbols. ", "In my textbook, there is an exercise:\n\nWhy is it impossible for a $2\\ ^{2}\\text{D}_{3/2}$ state to exist?", "\n\nThe answer says, the total orbital angular momentum quantum number must less than the principal quantum number. ", "But in my opinion, considering the electron configuration, $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{2}$, if the two electrons in $2p$, the outer subshell, have quantum numbers $(1, 1/2)$ and $(1, -1/2)$ respectively which are in the term of $(m_{l}, m_{s})$, $m_{l}$ is the magnetic quantum number, and $m_{s}$ is the spin magnetic quantum number, then the total orbital angular quantum number is $1+1=2$ which is equal to its principal quantum number. ", "This example is conflict against the answer.", "\nWhich is wrong, my example or the answer in the textbook?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhich is wrong, my example or the answer in the textbook?", "\n\nYour example is wrong. ", "You have two active electrons in the $p$ shell, and their total spin must couple either to $S=0$ or $S=1$, which correspond to singlet ($2S+1=1$) or triplet ($2S+1=3$) states. ", "The target state you've been given is a doublet state (indicated by the $2S+1=2$ superscript), so you've already missed the mark.", "\nMore generally, if you want a doublet state (with $S=1/2$), then you need an odd number of electrons, since even numbers of electrons always have integer-valued total spin.", "\nThis then puts you into trouble, because having $n=2$ limits you to having only $p$ electrons with $\\ell=1$ contributing to the orbital angular momentum, and if you have an odd number of such electrons, then you're restricted to an odd-integer value for $L$. This then completely eliminates the possibility of any $2 \\ {}^2\\mathrm{D}_J$ state, whatever the $J$.\n(If any of the above is unfamiliar, then it's almost certainly because of an incomplete preparation in the quantum-mechanical procedure for adding angular momenta. ", "This is a large and complex topic, and you should take it from the ground up.)", "\nAs for your more general question,\n\nI want to confirm that whether the total orbital angular momentum quantum number $L$ is always less than $n$.\n\nNo, this is not the case (at least, for excited states). ", "With a half-filled shell, say, on atomic nitrogen, it's perfectly possible to achieve $\\rm F$ states with $L=3$, by taking the parallel configuration for the three individual orbital angular momenta.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Katalyst – On The Frontline…Warriors\n\nFellow SB family member, Adrian Scientia aka Katalyst aka The Black Bull, finally got around to encoding one of his earliest mixtapes (but wouldn’t post it himself, so I’m doing it). ", "The overriding theme for the tape was the 1979 gang classic, The Warriors and it shows from the intro and throughout. ", "Initially recorded on two Gemini DD50 turntables with a Gemini 626 mixer on a JVC Boombox it’s a pretty tight little mix with tons of classic jams." ]

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[ "Modulation of angiotensin II binding sites in neuronal cultures by mineralocorticoids.", "\nPrevious studies have determined that mineralocorticoid hormones are able to increase the number of angiotensin II (ANG II)-specific binding sites in rat diencephalon and in neuronal cultures and also increase the drinking response elicited by centrally injected ANG II. ", "In the present study, we have examined the specificity and mechanisms of this mineralocorticoid action. ", "In neuronal cultures from the hypothalamus and brain stem (H/BS), both D-aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) caused significant time- and dose-dependent increases in 125I-labeled ANG II-specific binding. ", "This effect was not mimicked by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, or by testosterone, beta-estradiol or progesterone. ", "However, the steroid corticosterone induced a moderate increase in [125I] ANG II binding. ", "This may have occurred as a result of its high affinity for the mineralocorticoid type I receptor. ", "DOCA was ineffective in increasing [125I]ANG II specific binding both in neuronal cultures prepared from the cerebellum and in pure astrocytic glial cultures, indicating that this mineralocorticoid effect is specific both for neurons and for certain brain regions. ", "The increase in [125I]ANG II-specific binding elicited by DOCA was abolished by cotreatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor blockers mespirenone or ZK97894 and by cotreatment with cycloheximide. ", "Taken together, these observations suggest that the mineralocorticoid-induced increase in [125I]ANG II-specific binding in H/BS neuronal cultures is a specific event, which is mediated via mineralocorticoid type I receptors and which requires protein synthesis." ]

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[ "On the go and no time to finish that story right now? ", "Your News is the place for you to save content to read later from any device. ", "Register with us and content you save will appear here so you can access them to read later.", "\n\nShe said council had hoped there would be \"limited dramas\" for him when he started.", "\n\n\"But unfortunately that's not always the way it goes in local government, and our latest natural disaster is a landslide on Clifton beach, with 20,000 cubic meters of sediment and rock that are blocking a public road.\"", "\n\nShe said she and the councillors had been impressed with Bickle's understanding of issues in Hastings when they first met.", "\n\nShe said it was clear when she spoke to leaders in the Hastings community it became clear Bickle had a network of relationships already established with people in the district.", "\n\nBickle said he was looking forward to starting work in the district.", "\n\n\"I'm really looking forward to getting my sleeves rolled up and into what needs to be done.", "\n\n\"On one level, this is a great place... great people, great climate, the premium food and beverage economy in New Zealand, and great visitor destination, and it's enjoyed really, really strong economic growth.\"", "\n\nHe said leaders needed to be brave enough to honestly confront brutal truths.", "\n\nHe said for him, one of the biggest \"brutal truths\" which needed confronting was that one-third of Hastings kids lived below the poverty line.", "\n\nAnother was ensuring a clean, safe, sustainable water supply.", "\n\n\"Those are some of the really big issues.\"", "\n\nThe Mayors of Central Hawke's Bay and Wairoa, Alex Walker and Craig Little, both spoke at the event, as well as the Chair of Regional Council, Rex Graham.", "\n\nDue to Bickle's previous work in the Pacific Islands, a kava ceremony was held following the Pōhiri." ]

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[ "A woman tends to her child in her shop in Kone Tan Ward, Sittwe, western Myanmar. ", "Photo: EPA" ]

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[ "The effects of levothyroxine substitution on body composition and body mass after total thyroidectomy for benign nodular goiter.", "\nMany patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy complain about weight gain and changes in body composition. ", "This prospective study was designed to evaluate the effect of thyroxine replacement on body mass index (BMI) and body composition following total thyroidectomy for benign multinodular goiter. ", "Thirty-three consecutive patients were enrolled. ", "The patients of those histopathological examination revealed carcinoma (n=5) and who did not present for the 6th month follow-up visit (n=6) were excluded. ", "Thyroxine (T4, 100 μg, dose range 50-200 μg) was started in all patients immediately after the surgery and adjusted according to plasma TSH and FT4-FT3 levels in the postoperative 3rd week and postoperative 3rd and 6th months respectively to achieve optimal TSH within normal reference range (0.5- 4.2 mU/L). ", "Changes in weight, BMI and anthropometric measurements were performed preoperatively and in the postoperative 3rd and 6th months. ", "The study completed with 22 patients (17 female and 5 male, mean: 45.8 years; range: 26-64 years). ", "Fourteen patients maintained euthyroid status and eight had subclinical hypothyroidism. ", "There were no significant differences between the subclinical hypothyroid and euthyroid patients in BMI and the other anthropometric values (p>0.05). ", "In the comparisons for age, there were significant changes with regarding weight and BMI. ", "Increases in weight were noted as 2.2±2.7 kg in age over 45 (n= 14, mean: 52.7 years, range: 46-64 years), while 0.1±1.3 kg in age under 45 years (mean; 33.8, range: 26-43 years) and BMI as 0.8±1.0 in age over 45 years compared to 0.04±0.5 in age under 45 years, respectively (p=0.025 and p=0.029, respectively). ", "No significant differences were noted in other anthropometric parameters at the end of 6th month compared to the baseline value except the triceps skin fold (p=0.027). ", "Levothyroxine replacement had no effect on their body composition; however, age was found to be an important factor for weight gain and change in BMI during the midterm follow-up period." ]

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[ "Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen\n\nThe Compassionate Martyr\n\nDuring the era of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, Dorje Shugden took rebirth in the form of a very special incarnate lama. ", "This would be Dorje Shugden’s “last” incarnation before he arose as a Dharma Protector. ", "From childhood, this incarnation exhibited many signs of a superior being. ", "For example, at the age of 2 or 3, he was already speaking and playing with ritual instruments. ", "When he was only 5 or 6 years old, he had clear visions of yidams (meditational deities) and enlightened beings.", "\n\nEven at a very young age, the boy could recall his past lives, remember his past teachers and recite prayers from memory. ", "Amidst such extraordinary signs, at the age of 6, His Holiness the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Chokyi Gyaltsen (Panchen Chogyen) recognized the young boy as the unmistaken 4th incarnation of the Zimkhang Gongma line of incarnations. ", "The line had been established by Panchen Sonam Drakpa, an exceptional lama who, amongst his many great achievements, had been a tutor to the 3rd Dalai Lama.", "\n\nThe Panchen Chogyen installed the boy upon his former throne, giving him the name ‘Drakpa Gyaltsen’. ", "When he was just 7, the young tulku (incarnate lama), ‘out of his own volition’, took novice vows from the Panchen Chogyen and received from him Yamantaka (Vajrabhairava) empowerment, long life initiation and initiations of Dharma protectors such as Mahakala and Kalarupa. ", "He also received transmission of Lord Atisha’s texts on the Path to Enlightenment. ", "By the time Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen was 9 years old, he was already giving teachings and writing profound commentaries.", "\n\nFirst ever Dorje Shugden graphic novel in the world! ", "Click to enlarge and click here to find out more.", "\n\nBy the time he was 13 years old, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen had already studied and mastered the Lamrim. ", "Among other teachings, he also received extremely vast and profound instructions on the Path of Bliss commentary to the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Lamrim), as well as transmission and commentary for Guru Yoga of the Segyu Tradition, Ganden Lha Gyama, and many others.", "\n\nTulku Drakpa Gyaltsen was 20 years old when he received his full ordination vows. ", "From that time onward, like all of his previous incarnations, he upheld his monastic vows perfectly and purely, without transgressing even the slightest foundation of the precepts. ", "In the following years, until he was 28, this young erudite lama continued to request for and receive countless teachings, transmissions and initiations of the highest practices from his lama the Panchen Chogyen. ", "It seemed his capacity and thirst for learning was without limit. ", "The relationship between Guru and disciple was very close and governed with great mutual respect. ", "It is said that the Panchen Chogyen was at one time very busy but when Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen requested for profound teachings, the Panchen Lama took a break from his schedule to give him the entire Kadam Volume with many other various essential and important teachings such as Lamrim Chenmo and Ngagrim Chenmo, combining instructions of Je Tsongkhapa and Khedrub Rinpoche. ", "After receiving these teachings, Master and student then entered isolated retreat together, where Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen received the rest of the profound teachings of the uncommon ear-whispered Ganden lineage.", "\n\nThe Great 5th Dalai Lama\n\nTulku Drakpa Gyaltsen was one of the two main disciples of the 4th Panchen Lama, Lobsang Chokyi Gyaltsen, the other being the Great 5th Dalai Lama himself. ", "Contrary to what is often mistakenly recounted, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama shared a very respectful and close relationship. ", "Both Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama studied together, debated together and spent a lot of time with each other. ", "Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen also received many direct teachings from the Dalai Lama. ", "On several occasions, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen made offerings and served the Dalai Lama directly, coming out personally to receive or escort him on his travels. ", "He even invited the Dalai Lama to his own residence and received from him a hundred long-life initiations.", "\n\nThroughout his life, from his childhood, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen was highly recognized for his vast study and incomparable ability to easily absorb and understand even the most subtle and profound points of the teachings. ", "His skill in teaching, speaking, debate, composition were unrivaled and known to have conveyed the Buddha’s original teachings perfectly, without the slightest deviation or error. ", "By this alone, we can see that he did not just study and know the teachings, but had full realization of them. ", "Further, in his lifetime, he also engaged in many isolated retreats, and in purification practices and the accumulation of merit based upon the Guru Yoga. ", "He also accomplished full retreats that focused upon many yidams, thus achieving all the highest realizations described in sutric and tantric texts. ", "In his biographical account of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen, His Holiness Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche writes in Music Delighting an Ocean of Protectorsthat,\n\n“He reached the state of a supreme mahasiddha and the infinite pure simultaneous appearance of the entire ocean of mandalas, and it is with reverent regard for this that he is praised.”", "\n\nH.H. Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche\n\nApparently, he had also received many direct visions of deities and exalted Gurus from a very young age but in following the Kadam tradition of humility and keeping such attainments secret, there are only very few and scattered accounts of these visions. (", "One rare and very precious example of such secret writings of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen can be read in Music Delighting an Ocean of Protectors). ", "Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen became one of the most highly-respected and sought-after lamas of the land who was known to have the complete qualifications for teaching. ", "His body was pure as he held ethical discipline throughout his life and firmly upheld every one of his commitments and vows. ", "He was deeply learned and extremely well-versed in scripture, reasoning and the Buddhadharma. ", "Lastly, because of his pure altruism he was very beneficial to others in all his actions throughout his life. ", "As described by His Holiness Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche,\n\n“He had all of the realized qualities for teaching without exception, making his teachings so exalted that it was as if Arya Nagarjuna, one of his disciples, or the great master Haribadra was actually present.”", "\n\nTulku Drakpa Gyaltsen was also well-known for his humility. ", "He was not interested in fame nor did he seek the admiration and veneration of people but due to his reputation as an esteemed scholar and an extraordinary lama, he was very highly sought-after. ", "At that time, Tibet was undergoing a period of political instability and even after the Great 5th Dalai Lama was enthroned and his rule was consolidated, his ministers remained concerned that Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s enormous popularity would eclipse the 5th Dalai Lama’s hold on the Tibetan people. ", "And yet Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s acclaim continued drawing devotion from the royalty of Tibet, Mongolia and China. ", "This in turn created a lot of fear and resentment amongst officials of the 5th Dalai Lama.", "\n\nThe Murder of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen\n\nAs Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen came of age, his fame and popularity consolidated. ", "He was a pure monk, an erudite scholar and had a great following of students, especially amongst Mongol royalty. ", "As a high lama, he was expected to attend the Monlam Chenmo festivities in Lhasa. ", "It was at this time that he met with the Oracle of Nechung who took possession of the protector deity and greeted the high lamas and the public. ", "Nechung asked Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen if he remembered the promise he had made in his previous incarnation as Duldzin Drakpa Gyaltsen who was Lama Tsongkhapa’s preeminent disciple and one of his eight main students. ", "At that time, Nechung had approached Duldzin Drakpa Gyaltsen and asked him to promise to arise as a protector of Lama Tsongkhapa’s teaching of Nagajurna’s Middle Way, and Duldzin Drakpa Gyaltsen had agreed. ", "But Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen replied that he did not remember the promise.", "\n\nDuldzin Drakpa Gyaltsen\n\nNechung then gave Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen some blessed rice to partake along with some practices to do. ", "Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen ate the rice and followed the prescribed practices. ", "Soon he remembered the promise he made as Duldzin Drakpa Gyaltsen and he returned to have audience with Nechung through the Oracle. ", "The lama told Nechung he remembered his promise but that he did not have it in him to generate anger, which was necessary to become a Dharma protector. ", "Nechung reassured Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen that he would create the necessary conditions.", "\n\nBy then, there was already ongoing rivalry between followers of the 5th Dalai Lama and the household of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen. ", "The Potala Palace was not yet built and both the 5th Dalai Lama and Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen resided in Drepung Monastery, with the Dalai Lama occupying the “Lower House” and Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen living in the “Upper House”. ", "Visitors going to Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s residence would pass by the 5th Dalai Lama’s house and witnessing Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s popularity, and fearful that he would overshadow their lama, the Great 5th Dalai Lama’s ministers felt that drastic actions had to be taken. ", "It would appear that Nechung was accomplishing his work to fan the rivalry between both factions to a feverish pitch.", "\n\nFinally, the brother of Desi Sonam Chopel (the 5th Dalai Lama’s regent) decided to eliminate Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen and get rid of the threat once and for all. ", "The would-be murderer’s name was Depa Norbu (also known as Nangso Norbu). ", "Meanwhile, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen clairvoyantly knew that his time was up and thus he began making preparations. ", "He informed his closest attendants and entered into retreat, and said that he did not want to meet anybody. ", "People were informed that he was ill and it was said that the Dalai Lama himself wanted to go and visit but was prevented from doing so by his attendants. ", "The attendants told the Dalai Lama that Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen was suffering from an infectious disease and that it was not a good idea for him to travel there. ", "They offered to represent him instead and unbeknownst to the Dalai Lama, this was all part of a sinister plot to kill Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen.", "\n\nAn audience was therefore arranged with Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen, and Depa Norbu and his people came bearing offerings and khatas for the lama. ", "During the audience, these representatives of the 5th Dalai Lama tried to poison and stab Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen. ", "Neither method however, had an effect; an accomplished tantric practitioner, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s body expelled the poison and it is said that the stab wounds took on the appearance of eyes, leaving the lama miraculously unharmed.", "\n\nLama Tsongkhapa and two sons\n\nFinally, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen himself revealed that he could only be killed by strangulation. ", "Immediately, one of the 5th Dalai Lama’s attendants grabbed a khata while the others held the lama down and they forced the khata down the throat of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen. ", "As that was happening, the lama generated the mind of enlightenment and as he thought of Lama Tsongkhapa, the lineage and the practitioners of the lineage, Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen willingly offered up his life. ", "He would take the responsibility to assist, protect, nurture and to clear their obstacles. ", "Thus, he generated that supreme aspiration to safeguard the lineage and anyone who needed help, and Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen entered clear light.", "\n\nThe Funeral of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen\n\nWhen Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen passed away, the monastery and his ladrang (a lama’s household) were in turmoil because such an important high lama had been murdered. ", "In accordance with tradition, they placed his remains on a huge funeral pyre in Lhasa with thousands of disciples, Mongolian royalty and all the high lamas in attendance. ", "They came to pay their last respects to the great lama Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen. ", "Some lamas came to perform various rituals, self-initiations and so forth. ", "Strangely however, the funeral pyre would not catch fire and could not be set ablaze despite everyone’s best efforts.", "\n\nA statue of the Great 5th Dalai Lama\n\nMeanwhile, the 5th Dalai Lama was very disturbed by the whole matter as he had come to learn of the role his own people had played in Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s assassination. ", "In shock and with great sadness, the Dalai Lama composed a letter of apology to the lama. ", "An attendant brought the letter to where Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s funeral pyre had been assembled and it was read aloud to the assembly. ", "The moment the letter was read, the wood on the pyre suddenly caught fire. ", "This aggravated his attendants and made them even more upset. ", "In utter frustration, one attendant took his zen (part of a monk’s maroon robes) and he hit the pyre, exclaiming, “Some kind of lama you are! ", "You were supposed to be a high lama and you can’t even exact revenge on them and you don’t show any signs… They just simply kill you and that’s it!”", "\n\nAt that moment, it is said that a powerful swirling black smoke arose from the fire. ", "A very strong tumultuous wind blew and an earthquake shook all of Lhasa. ", "It was sign that the mind of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen left his body in this smoke that formed the rough outline of a hand that extended and eventually covered the skyline of the entire city. ", "Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen had thus fulfilled the promise he had made many lifetimes ago as Duldzin Drakpa Gyaltsen, arising in the wrathful form of the Dharma protector Dorje Shugden, sworn to safeguard and protect Lama Tsongkhapa’s teaching of the Middle Way.", "\n\nIncarnation\n\nEmperor Kangxi\n\nAccording to historical records, after Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s passing, his estate and ladrang were dismantled, and the search for his reincarnation was banned. ", "Thus, the illustrious Drepung Zimkhang Gongma line came to an end and the estate founded by Panchen Sonam Drakpa in 1554 ceased to exist in 1656. ", "Records of his life in Tibet were destroyed and the Tibetan leadership did their utmost best to stamp out all memory and mention of him.", "\n\nHence, what we know about Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen today comes from Mongolian records, preserved due to his faithful Mongol students, especially the great Mongol scholar Jaya Pandita (1642-1708). ", "According to Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s own writings, he had a dream of his own tutor, Panchen Lobsang Chokyi Gyaltsen, giving a prediction that he would take rebirth in China and Mongolia.", "\n\nThus, according to scholars and lamas, it is believed that Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen did not only arise as Dorje Shugden but that he also took rebirth as the Qing Emperor Kangxi. ", "The mind of an enlightened being is not limited to just one vessel; it is well-known that enlightened beings of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen’s attainments and qualities can emanate in multiple forms simultaneously in order to benefit to sentient beings. ", "However, since the recognition of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen as the Emperor Kangxi was never verified, he was therefore never enthroned as a reincarnation of the Zimkhang Gongma line.", "\n\nNevertheless, Kangxi became independently renowned for his benevolence and immense patronage of arts, culture, learning and religion throughout China. ", "Many of the monasteries and works that he sponsored during his lifetime continue to exist to this day, a testament to the enduring legacy and benefit associated with the Zimkhang Gongma line of incarnations.", "\n\nPlease support this website by making a donation.", "\nYour contribution goes towards supportingour work to spread Dorje Shugden across the world.", "\n\nShare this article\n\nTulku Drakpa Gyeltsen is such a great Dharma master in record. ", "He was not only completely and purely committed to the Dharma in this lifetime. ", "Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen’s previous recognized reincarnations were also exalted Dharma teachers, saints and practitioners who spread the Dharma far and wide to lands like Mongolia and China. ", "Kings and their subjects embraced the Dharma because they were convinced and moved by his wisdom and compassion. ", "One example is Sakya Pandita whose mastery of the Dharma enabled him to transform the mind of a Mongol Prince to Dharma (for more details: http://www.dorjeshugden.com/introduction/incarnation-lineage/sakya-pandita/)\n\nBy the vast accumulation of merit of this lineage of reincarnation, it is logical to deduce that only benefit and dharma will continue to grow through the efforts of this mind stream. ", "I feel very blessed to be connected to this practice as I observe the rapid degeneration of our time.", "\n\nThank you to the team of ds.com for providing clear and comprehensive information consistently throughout the years.", "\n\nTulku Drakpa Gyeltsen was already a highly attained lama for many lives time. ", "Only one with such attainments will accept the request of becoming a Dharma protector. ", "He is different from other protectors which was a powerful demon that being subdued by highly attained lamas and oat to protect the Dharma. ", "He was one that already attained Buddhahood and becoming the Dharma protector by wish. ", "Hence he has an enlightened being that became a Dharma Protector due to his compassion to save all sentient beings.", "\n\nIndeed the karma is huge due to the ban as CTA created the schism among the sangha, discriminating the practitioners and even put down the highly attained Dorje Shugden Lamas.", "\n\nNever bored with reading DS past lives. ", "I can read it again and again and have goosebumps all over. ", "How compassionate is tdg! ", "All these attained beings have such humility and at the same time full of wisdom and compassion.", "\nI believe with all my heart that this biography is true and that tdg is Dorje Shugden.", "\nEven back then the Tibetan leadership are up to no good and destroying faith in many Tibetans. ", "Till now they think that they can just destroy or shut up matters that do not appease them. ", "What a joke! ", "We are so lucky to have histories and social media. ", "The world can now see how cruel the so called Tibetan leadership is. ", "They force people to go their way or else they will be harmed. ", "Show the world whatever evidences you have and let them judge how disgusting the cta is! ", "Pathetic liars.", "\n\nTo my dismay, political in Tibet had long started since the enthronement of 5th Dalai Lama. ", "Due to the popularity of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen, the then ministers (now CTA) attempted to banish him for fear TDG will surpass the Great 5th Dalai Lama. ", "Though search for his reincarnation was banned but yet he still came back as human form. ", "Wasn’t he supposed to be a ‘spirit’ and remain in 3 lower realms? ", "It’s already more than 400 years DS had been tainted as ‘bad’ and in political issues, I think it should be cleared. ", "Karma do comes to serve those created the caused.", "\n\nThe CTA is using all methods to hide this truth and to erase the history and lineage. ", "The ban on Dorje Shugden practice is one of their methods by blaming Dorje Shugden for almost everything that the CTA failed in. ", "The truth cannot be hidden.", "\n\nThe 5th Dalai Lama and Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen share a very closed relationship. ", "What change the situation was when the 5th Dalai Lama followers that had great jealousy take action out of their hand. ", "We can see this scenario passed down to this time where CTA is taking action to create more suffering and harmful to their own people with spiritual discrimination.", "\n\nThe truth will always reveal the the truth will always win. ", "The lineage of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen is back and the practice of Dorje Shugden will spread wide because of his motivation and practice is based on compassion and his promise to protect to middle way teaching.", "\n\nDue to the rivalry between the 5th Dalai Lama’s household and followers of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen, this erudite lama was murdered, so that some form of wrath was generated in order for him to become a Dharma Protector, Dorje Shugden.", "\n\nControversy over Dorje Shugden occurred even at the funeral of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen and perpetuated until to day.", "\n\nOn the demise of Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen, Tibetan authorities eradicated His lineage and destroyed all records of this great lama. ", "It is through the devotion of His Mongolian followers that we now have records of His history.", "\n\nTulku Drakpa Gyeltsen was a born protector. ", "With his super natural wisdom and intelligent when he was at very young age, this proved that he was not an ordinary monk. ", "Yet, CTA, the great Tibetan so called “government” can wipe out all the proves and reincarnation line, hide the truth and history, twisted the truth, turn it around and say that Dorje Shugden is evil spirit. ", "There’s proof that Dorje Shugden is Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen, and arise as a protector. ", "There’s proof that High Lamas that has been practicing Dorje Shugden, CTA, where is your proof that saying Dorje Shugden is evil spirit? ", "Please be responsible on the words that come out from your mouth, it is because it can cause chaos, just like the ban of Dorje Shugden.", "\n\nAll Tulku Drakpa Gyaltsen previous incarnations comes from a great lineage of fully enlightened beings whose work has had a great impact on the growth of Dharma. ", "He manifested as Dorje Shugden to protect Dharma and yet ban by the CTA. ", "Could you see how heavy the negative karma is. ", "60 years gone, Tibetans till suffering, Tibetan in exile still remain stateless, Dalai Lama still cannot go back to Tibet. ", "Dorje Shugden will only help you because he is enlightened being. ", "CTA, please speak the truth.", "The truth can not be hidden.", "\n\nSuch as inspiring great Buddhist master, for the sake of bringing more benefit to all sentient beings via Dharma, he worked tirelessly, accept & act with pure wisdom and compassion.", "\n\nNow, he continue to benefit people as a Dharma protector, so many miracles & positive review about Dorje Shugden. ", "Me too, practicing Dorje Shugden for like 3 years, my life has been getting better, in terms of health, wealth & my mind.", "\n\nTulku Drakpa Gyeltsen all his previous incarnation are the high ranking lama in Tibet. ", "He even close to the 5th Dalai Lama stay at the samb monastery. ", "If he arose as spirit to seek revange. ", "The 5th Dalai Lama and the murder will have the consequaces early. ", "Is undenileable Tibetan government try to cover the history and separete the rumor to put Tulku Drakpa Gyeltsen name down as Dorje Shugden. ", "In this modern time now people will find out and spoken. ", "Can CTA stop all the lies to tell people he is evil spirit. ", "Karma has taking the roll call now for those who speak badly against Dorje Shugden.", "\n\nPeople who claimed that Tulku Drakpa Geltsen or Dorje Shugden is an evil are so wrong. ", "Did they or have they even gone through reading about the history of Tulku Drakpa Geltsen before he became a protector. ", "How can such a highly attained lama be evil? ", "It doesn’t make any sense at all. ", "So before making any accusations, it is best to do some research or read up first.", "\n\nYou can now upload MP4 videos to the comments section. \"", "Choose File\" -> click \"Upload\" then wait while your video is processed. ", "Then copy the link and paste it into the message box. ", "Your video will appear after you submit your comment. ", "Maximum size is 64MB\n\nNotice: It seems you have Javascript disabled in your Browser. ", "In order to submit a comment to this post, please write this code along with your comment: 60419df412e34d07f9408de4dfa2750a\n\nCategory\n\nContemplate This\n\n.…", "Instead of turning away people who practise Dorje Shugden, we should be kind to them. ", "Give them logic and wisdom without fear, then in time they give up the ‘wrong’ practice. ", "Actually Shugden practitioners are not doing anything wrong. ", "But hypothetically, if they are, wouldn’t it be more Buddhistic to be accepting? ", "So those who have views against Dorje Shugden should contemplate this. ", "Those practicing Dorje Shugden should forbear with extreme patience, fortitude and keep your commitments. ", "The time will come as predicted that Dorje Shugden’s practice and it’s terrific quick benefits will be embraced by the world and it will be a practice of many beings." ]

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[ "Hello everyone! ", "Welcome today, to Sunday Inspiration! ", "I am so glad that you were able to find us here at the Risen Hope Ministries and I pray that as we spend some special time alone with God; that you will leave with a piece of hope to hold to…a hope that will carry you through, whatever you may be facing at this time.", "Have you ever thought; that these difficult moments we face; is as though we are fighting in a heated battle? ", "As the enemy moves in and attempts to take control, we have a choice. ", "We can either become a sitting target on the battlefield or we can get up and fight, with the power of the One that lives within us.", "One thing God has truly taught me, over the long and trying years of affliction; is to never give into the battle; but to always pursue and keep pressing on. ", "Have we forgotten how powerful this God is; that lives within us? ", "How is it that we tend to make our weak circumstance more powerful than a God of great power? ", "In our Bible reading for today…I remember reading one of these verses many times, while struggling with my own battles in life…and the verse that helped me so much is verse 4, of II Timothy 21. ", "The section of this verse that has really touched my heart; is where it says… “No man that warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of this life…”I think we need to stop and ask ourselves one question today. ", "Are we too involved with what is happening in our lives; that we have succumbed to the problem? ", "In other words, have we got too involved or entangled within the affairs of what Satan is presenting us with; that unknowingly, we have entered the enemy’s territory, rather than fighting him. ", "Today, we need to get back to reality and realize whose side we’re truly on. ", "There is no in between…we have either followed after the problem and found ourselves on the wrong side of the battle or we have chosen to join God and fight side by side with Him.", "One thing I can say for sure…is that we can’t get an attitude with God; but we can with Satan. ", "Why are we choosing to wallow beneath a weak problem, rather than standing strong and fighting him, for what we truly desire in life. ", "You know…it’s so easy to say that we don’t want a problem in our lives anymore; but do we truly mean it? ", "In other words…do our actions threaten Satan, as if to say…back off or have we laid out the welcome mat to our lives…offering to let him come and go as he pleases…just by the way we respond to our problems?I don’t know about you; but I would rather be fighting the enemy, rather than allowing him to have control over my life. ", "Today, we need to stand tall…shake the circumstance from us and get an attitude against evil…and then, with the Lord’s help…fight evil, until his works of darkness have been destroyed. ", "Today, I pray that we all will find the strength to stand up against evil, even while experiencing difficult moments of weakness!Blessings on your day!It’s Always & Only Because of Him…Diane​" ]

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[ "Oral Colonization by Nosocomial Pathogens During Hospitalization in Intensive Care Unit and Prevention Strategies.", "\nCritically ill patients are very susceptible to a variety of disorders and infections during hospitalization in Intensive Care Units [ICU]. ", "Among these problems, nosocomial infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality. ", "Nosocomial pneumonias, specifically ventilator associated pneumonias have become a major health care issue. ", "The implication of oral care in hospital presents challenges that can prevent or reduce the risk of nosocomial pneumonias in ICU. ", "In this review article, we reviewed the most important nosocomial pathogens which colonize the oral cavity and causes severe infections during hospitalization in ICU. ", "Finally, we discuss that the prevention strategies against oral colonization of nosocomial pathogens include classical methods and novel methods such as Photodynamic therapy, NO based therapy, anti-virulence therapy and other new under investigation antimicrobial strategies." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBeginner Help: Creating and Storing Text Using PHP\n\nI'm trying to write a program where the basic idea is I ask the user for input in a textarea, and then the text gets stored into a word file. ", "Here is the code I'm trying to use:\n<html>\n<head>\n<title>Simple Guestbook</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n<h1>Simple Guestbook Comment Creator</h1>\n<br>\n<form method = \"post\"\n action = \"mysite.php\">\n <textarea name = \"text\"\n rows = \"10\"\n cols = \"20\">Write Here</textarea>\n\n<input type = \"submit\"\n value = \"Submit Comment\">\n\n</form>\n\n<?", "\n if($_POST['text'] !", "== NULL){\n $comment = $_POST['text'];\n\n $file = fopen(\"texttest.txt\", \"a\");\n fputs($file, \"<br>\\n$comment\");\n fclose($file); \n } \n\n?", ">\n\n</body> \n</html>\n\nI can't seem to get this to work properly. ", "I was also thinking about somehow making the form action store the text and then reload the site, but I haven't gotten that to work (the original file is mysite.php, so the action is to just reload the page).", "\nIf anyone has any better ideas of an algorithm to use/different syntax to use, please let me know, as I just started learning basic PHP syntax. ", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nSomething like this might work. ", "\nYou might want to do more with the values they are entering and all, but this will basically do what you are asking. ", "\nYou will also want to make sure that you have the correct path of the file you are trying to write to and that that file has the correct permissions to allow it to be written to:\n<html>\n<head>\n <title>Simple Guestbook</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n <h1>Simple Guestbook Comment Creator</h1><br>\n\n <?", "php\n if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {\n if (strlen(trim($_POST['comment']))) {\n $file = fopen(\"texttest.txt\", \"a\");\n fputs($file, \"$_POST['comment'])\\n\");\n fclose($file); \n }\n } else {\n ?", ">\n <form method = \"post\" action = \"<?", "php echo($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']); ?", ">\">\n\n <label>Leave your comment\n <textarea name=\"comment\" rows=\"10\" cols=\"20\"></textarea>\n </label>\n\n <input type=\"submit\" name=\"submit\" value=\"Submit Comment\" />\n\n </form>\n <?", "php\n }\n ?", ">\n</body> \n\nAlso, since you are returning to the same page you may want to put some kind of message letting the person know that they succeeded in entering something into your address book.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n351 F.Supp.2d 821 (2004)\nINTERMED ASSOCIATES, INC., ", "Plaintiff,\nv.\nRafael MALDONADO and All Imaging Diagnostic Center, Inc., Defendants.", "\nNo. ", "04 C 5681.", "\nUnited States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.", "\nDecember 6, 2004.", "\n*822 Andrew Joseph Creighton, John B. McCabe, Joseph E. Rubas, McDonald & McCabe, LLC, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff.", "\nNicholas LaPonte, Nicholas D. LaPonte and Assoc., ", "Inc., Chicago, IL, for Defendants.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER\nMORAN, Senior District Judge.", "\nPlaintiff Intermed Associates, Inc. (Intermed) brought this action against defendants Rafael Maldonado and All Imaging Diagnostic Center, Inc. (All Imaging). ", "Plaintiff's two-count complaint alleges claims for breach of contract and declaratory and injunctive relief. ", "Plaintiff now brings a motion for summary judgment. ", "The motion is granted in part and denied in part.", "\n\nBACKGROUND\nNeither party filed a statement of uncontested material facts as required by Local Rule 56.1.[1] Nonetheless, plaintiff's *823 motion for summary judgment and defendant's memorandum in opposition to the motion assert their version of the facts. ", "The parties have also attached the relevant contract and various affidavits. ", "From these filings we have culled the following undisputed facts. ", "In April 2002, All Imaging, a medical diagnostic clinic in Puerto Rico, entered into a contract to lease a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner and related equipment from Intermed, an Illinois corporation. ", "Maldonado, All Imaging's president, entered into the contract with Intermed as a guarantor of his company's obligations. ", "The parties agreed that the contract would be governed by Illinois law.", "\nUnder the terms of the contract, All Imaging agreed to pay Intermed $115 for each use of the MRI scanner, with a minimum monthly payment of $22, 500. ", "Intermed was responsible for the cost of service and preventive maintenance of the scanner, which was to be performed by Philips Medical Systems. ", "The contract was scheduled to terminate sixty months after All Imaging began using the equipment.", "\nAll Imaging's financial difficulties first became apparent in February 2003, when it failed to make its monthly payment to Intermed. ", "It failed to make the $22,500 payment in March, April, May and June as well, creating a $112,500 debt to Intermed. ", "On July 1, 2003, the parties signed a Statement of Commitment, which established a schedule for All Imaging's payment of the debt — eleven installments, ending in April 2004. ", "A provision in the statement reserved the right of Intermed to charge a 2% late fee for any overdue payment. ", "That same day, the parties also amended their contract. ", "They agreed to extend the contract for another year; to reduce All Imagining's monthly charge for July 2003 through December 2003 from $22,500 to $11,500; and to allow Intermed the right to charge a 2% per month late charge on overdue payments.", "\nAll Imagining began to miss payments again in October 2003. ", "As of December 13, 2004, the last monthly bill defendant paid was for November 2003. ", "All Imaging also failed to maintain the payment schedule for its debt from earlier missed payments. ", "Though it had made its first seven payments under the Statement of Commitment, it had not paid the last four, leaving $33,150 unpaid.", "\n\nDISCUSSION\nThe function of the court in ruling on a motion for summary judgment is to determine if there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. ", "Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). ", "If the evidence on file shows that no such issue exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law we will grant the motion. ", "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Bennett v. Roberts, 295 F.3d 687, 694 (7th Cir.2002). ", "A \"metaphysical doubt as to the material facts\" is not enough to create a genuine issue of fact for trial, Matsushita Elec. ", "Indus. ", "Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585, 106 S.Ct. ", "1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); the evidence must allow for a reasonable trier of fact to find for the non-movant. ", "Buscaglia v. United States, 25 F.3d 530, 534 (7th Cir.1994). ", "When reviewing a motion for summary judgment we draw all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-movant. ", "DeValk Lincoln Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 811 F.2d 326, 329 (7th Cir.1987).", "\nTo prove breach of contract under Illinois law, plaintiff must establish \"1) a valid and enforceable contract; 2) performance of contractual duties by plaintiff; *824 3) breach of contractual duties by defendant; and 4) resulting damages to plaintiff.\" ", "Dahlin v. Jenner & Block, L.L.C., 2001 WL 855419 at *9 (N.D.Ill.2001)(citing Hickox v. Bell, 195 Ill.App.3d 976, 992, 142 Ill.Dec. 392, 552 N.E.2d 1133, 1143 (1990)). ", "Defendants do not contest that a valid contract established their obligation to make monthly payments for the MRI scanner and that they failed to do so beginning in February 2003. ", "Nor does Maldonado contest that on July 1, 2003, he signed a Statement of Commitment on behalf of All Imaging, promising to pay the overdue sum in full by April 30, 2004. ", "It is undisputed that $33,150 remains unpaid.", "\nThe only issue of material fact that defendants raise concerns plaintiff's performance of its contractual duties. ", "Defendants contend that beginning in March 2004, the MRI scanner was in constant disrepair, prohibiting them from using it. ", "Affidavits from two All Imaging employees certify the authenticity of an attached repair record that documents repeated problems with the MRI's head coil. ", "Defendants maintain that plaintiff failed to meet its contractual responsibility for the repair and maintenance of the machine, resulting in All Imaging's loss of revenue while the machine lay dormant. ", "They also contend that much of the delay in repairing the scanner resulted from plaintiff's unilateral decision to replace Philips Medical Systems, the original service company identified in the contract, with a different company. ", "While this raises a question of fact regarding defendants' breach after February 2004, it has no relevance as to plaintiff's claim for breach from February 2003 through February 2004. ", "As there is no question of material fact and plaintiff has established its entitlement to the unpaid fees for these months, we grant partial summary judgment for plaintiff on its breach of contract claim against both defendants in the amount of $90,780.[2]\nDefendants try to create an issue of fact regarding plaintiff's 2% late charge as well. ", "They acknowledge the contract amendment and the Statement of Commitment, but assert that they \"never agreed to a 2% additional charge on the total accrued balance outstanding.\" ", "They cite no evidence in support of this assertion. ", "Both the contract amendment and the Statement of Commitment, which Maldonado signed, clearly contradict defendants' assertion. ", "The amendment provides: \"Intermed reserves the right to charge a 2% per month late charge on any payment that is overdue.\" ", "Likewise, the Statement of Commitment states that Intermed may charge a 2% late fee for any payment that is not received in accord with the statement's schedule. ", "After July 1, 2003, plaintiff levied the 2% fee in accord with these documents.", "\nGiven the remaining issues to be resolved, we set aside, for now, plaintiff's request for attorneys' fees and costs.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is granted in part. ", "Defendants are liable for All Imaging's breach of contract prior to March 2004 in the amount of $90,780.", "\nNOTES\n[1] LR56.1. ", "Motions for Summary Judgment\n\n(a) Moving Party. ", "With each motion for summary judgment filed pursuant to Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 56 the moving party shall serve and file —\n(1) any affidavits and other materials referred to in Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 56(e);\n(2) a supporting memorandum of law; and\n(3) a statement of material facts as to which the moving party contends there is no genuine issue and that entitle the moving party to a judgment as a matter of law, and that also includes:\n(A) a description of the parties, and\n(B) all facts supporting venue and jurisdiction in this Court.", "\nThe statement referred to in (3) shall consist of short numbered paragraphs, including within each paragraph specific references to the affidavits, parts of the record and other supporting materials relied upon to support the facts set forth in that paragraph. ", "Failure to submit such a statement constitutes grounds for denial of the motion.", "\n. . . . .", "\n(b) Opposing Party. ", "Each party opposing a motion filed pursuant to Fed.", "R.Civ.", "P. 56 shall serve and file —\n. . . . .", "\n(3) a concise response to the movant's statement that shall contain:\n(A) a response to each numbered paragraph in the moving party's statement, including, in the case of any disagreement, specific referenced to the affidavits, parts of the record, and other supporting materials relied upon, and\n(B) a statement, consisting of short numbered paragraphs, of any additional facts that require the denial of summary judgment, including references to the affidavits, parts of the record, and other supporting materials relied upon. ", "All materials facts set forth in the statement required of the moving party will be deemed to be admitted unless controverted by the statement of the opposing party.", "\n[2] This sum represents $33,150 that plaintiff owes for overdue payments accrued before July 1, 2003, and $57,630 that plaintiff owes for missed payments in December 2003, and January and February 2004. ", "The total also includes a 2% late fee.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAvoid memory reallocation on given example\n\nThe function gets called very frequently, so I try to lower memory-reallocation etc. ", "What bothers me, is the vector and int, though I cant move them outside the function otherwise I get std::bad_alloc. ", "So far I have:\nvoid callbString(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)\n{\n vector<string> cbstrVec;\n int cbtype;\n\n //get string and split into vector\n string str = (msg->data.c_str());\n if(str.empty()) return;\n str.erase(0,1);\n boost::split(cbstrVec, str, boost::is_any_of(\" \"));\n stringstream(cbstrVec[2])>>cbtype;\n c.setvec(cbstrVec,cbtype); //takes (vector<string>,int) \n}\n\nA:\n\nHave you profiled the application? ", "and is that your code REALLY the bottle neck? ", "If you have... then\nWell, if you are using a C++11 compiler you could do this, if you don't have a C++11 compiler, remove the thread_local but then you'll have to take care of reentrancy if there is a chance that that routine will be called in a multithreaded code\nvoid callbString(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)\n{\n static thread_local vector<string> cbstrVec;\n static thread_local std::string str;\n\n int cbtype; //int is super cheap\n\n cbstrVec.clear();\n\n //get string and split into vector\n str = (msg->data.c_str());\n if(str.empty()) return;\n str.erase(0,1);\n boost::split(cbstrVec, str, boost::is_any_of(\" \"));\n stringstream(cbstrVec[2])>>cbtype;\n //c.setvec(cbstrVec,cbtype); //takes (vector<string>,int) \n c.setvec(std::move(cbstrVec),cbtype); //takes (vector<string>,int) \n}\n\ncbstrVec and str will have their memory reused since cbstrVec.clear() doesn't really deallocate all the memory allocated by the vector and reassigning str will reuse the internal storage in a good STL implementation\n\n" ]

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[ "The Morrison government has picked Kim Ellis, an army veteran and the chief of Sydney's Royal Botanic Garden, to lead the Australian Antarctic Division as it enters \"an exciting new era of research\".", "\n\nMr Ellis, an ex-logistics specialist with 20 years service in the military, replaces Nick Gales who joined the Antarctic division in the 1980s as a veterinary scientist studying elephant seals and penguins before his appointment as director in 2015.", "\n\nTrading in the shrubbery for the frozen south: Outgoing executive director of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kim Ellis.", "\n\n\"Currently the executive director of Botanic Gardens and Centennial Backgrounds in NSW, and having led a diverse range of high profile government and science organisations, Mr Ellis brings a wealth of experience to this position,\" Melissa Price, the federal Environment Minister, said.", "\n\nIt is understood Dr Gales helped advise the selection panel that nominated Mr Ellis. ", "The parkland chief's experience included visiting Antarctic at least once in a logistics support role." ]

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[ "This is a fantastic opportunity to join a blue-chip publishing firm who currently require a Product Owner to join them on an interim basis.", "\n\nWe're specifically looking for someone with a strong background within MDM (Master Data Management) and product data. ", "You'll assist with an exciting new greenfield project and the technical build of a new MDM solution.", "\n\nWhat you'll be doing;\n\nYou will lead and manage x3 squads responsible for data governance/data quality, MDM integration and workflow.", "\n\nLiaise and manage both internal and external stakeholders globally.", "\n\nEstablish and implement a data quality framework.", "\n\nLead the execution of product creation.", "\n\nManage the application backlog.", "\n\nFollow the Agile/Scrum methodology.", "\n\nWhat experience you'll need;\n\nStrong experience within product management, ownership and business analysis.", "\n\nStrong background working within MDM and product data.", "\n\nSuperb interpersonal skills and the ability to liaise with multiple vendors and senior stakeholders.", "\n\nRelated Industry Insights\n\nSoftware as a service will boost 2019 enterprise software spending 8.3 percent. ", "Overall, IT spending will grow 3.2 percent in 2019.", "\n\nGlobal IT spending is expected to grow 3.2 percent in 2019 to $3.8 trillion as enterprise software, cloud and digital transformation projects boost growth, according to Gartner.", "\n\nThe projection, outlined at Gartner's Symposium/ITXpo in Orlando, accounts for a shift to everything as a service. ", "John-David Lovelock, an analyst at Gartner, noted that enterprises are shifting to pay for use models and that's impacting for the forecast.", "\n\nFor instance, software as a service will boost 2019 enterprise software spending 8.3 percent. ", "IT services will grow at a 4.7 percent clip in 2019 due to digital transformation. ", "Data center systems spending will grow 1.6 percent in 2019 since enterprises are more inclined to go cloud than buy their own gear.", "\n\nThe growth in IT spending is due to a favorable business climate, but there are a bevy of wild cards including tariffs and currency fluctuations.", "\n\nOther key points from Gartner:\n\nServer sales will fall 1 percent to 3 percent every year for the next five years.", "\n\nIT services will grow because enterprises are looking to optimize spending.", "\n\nPC, tablets and mobile phone spending will grow 2.4 percent in 2019. ", "Demand for enterprise PCs should remain strong until 2020 due to the Windows 10 upgrade cycle. ", "But the PC market may be held back due to the Intel CPU shortage.", "\n\nProject / Product Delivery Pains? ", "Have you considered the benefits of a contractor?", "\n\nThere is little doubt, in the current employment market, that demand is outstripping supply. ", "This is particularly true within the highly technical roles (Architects, Software Engineers, Technical Testers, Cyber Consultants, Mobile Developers….etc)" ]

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[ "(CNN) Presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke reiterated his support for a mandatory gun-buyback program of assault-style rifles on Thursday and said, \"Hell, yes, we're going to take your AR-15, your AK-47.\"", "\n\n\"We're not going to allow it to be used against our fellow Americans anymore,\" the former Texas congressman said during the third Democratic presidential debate, hosted by ABC News.", "\n\n\"If the high-impact, high-velocity round, when it hits your body, shreds everything inside of your body because it was designed to do that so that you would bleed to death on a battlefield ... when we see that being used against children,\" O'Rourke said. ", "He recalled talking to a woman in Odessa, Texas, who had watched her 15-year-old daughter bleed to death after she was shot by a man wielding an AR-15 late last month.", "\n\nO'Rourke's comments come in the wake of a string of mass shootings in the United States, including in his hometown of El Paso, where 22 people were gunned down at a Walmart in August. ", "O'Rourke unveiled a proposal weeks after that shooting calling for a national gun registry, a nationwide gun licensing system and the mandatory buyback of assault-style rifles as part of his plan to curb gun violence and the rise of white nationalism.", "\n\nTwitter threat\n\nRepublican Texas state Rep. Briscoe Cain threatened O'Rourke on Twitter Thursday night in response to the buyback comments, tweeting, \"My AR is ready for you Robert Francis.\"", "\n\nCain's tweet was subsequently removed by Twitter because it violated the company's rules against violence and wishing harm against others, a Twitter spokesperson told CNN.", "\n\nO'Rourke was quick to respond over the same social media platform, and characterized Cain's words as \"a death threat.\" ", "O'Rourke's press secretary Aleigha Cavalier told CNN's Leyla Santiago that the campaign was reporting the tweet to the FBI.", "\n\n\"Any time you have somebody threatening to use violence against somebody in this country to resolve a political issue really for any reason, that's a matter for law enforcement,\" O'Rourke told CNN's Alisyn Camerota on \"New Day.\" \"", "Representative Briscoe Cain is making the case that no one should have an AR-15 that they can hold over someone in this country. '", "Look, if we disagree on something, let me introduce you to my AR-15.' ", "Absolutely wrong.\"", "\n\nIn Twitter's rules on safety, the company specifically states, \"you may not threaten violence against an individual or a group of people.\" ", "Cain's tweet had been live on the platform for more than two hours, and some users responded to the tweet saying they would report it to Twitter and the FBI.", "\n\nO'Rourke told CNN's DJ Judd early Friday that Cain's tweet constituted a threat.", "\n\n\"Yeah, it sure reads like one to me, and I think it's a really irresponsible thing for him to do, especially somebody who is a public servant and in a position of public trust to be sending that kind of message to this country,\" O'Rourke said. \"", "We are a nation of laws, and if that ends up becoming the law of the United States of America, then we expect the people of this country to comply with it.\"", "\n\nCain on Friday told CNN that his words were \"not a true threat at all\" and accused O'Rourke of spinning his tweet into a death threat.", "\n\n\"What this really shows is how, how dangerous some of this is that people want to try and spin somebody's words in order to try and take their guns away,\" Cain said, adding that FBI has not reached out to him.", "\n\n'God love you for standing in the middle of that tragedy'\n\nO'Rourke did recieve praise from his fellow Democratic contenders on Thursday night for his actions following the shooting in El Paso.", "\n\n\"The way he handled what happened in his hometown -- to look in the eyes,\" former Vice President Joe Biden said.", "\n\nFellow Texan Julián Castro praised O'Rourke for \"how well he has spoken to the passion and the frustration and the sadness\" after the shooting.", "\n\n\"And Beto, God love you for standing in the middle of that tragedy,\" said Sen. Kamala Harris of California.", "\n\nSen. Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota said, \"I so appreciate what the congressman's been doing.\"", "\n\nSen. Cory Booker of New Jersey needled O'Rourke later, saying he was sorry it had taken the El Paso shooting for O'Rourke to embrace the position Booker already held, backing a mandatory buyback and national registration.", "\n\nO'Rourke's support for gun licensing is a reversal from May, when he was asked about a similar proposal from Booker and said it \"may be too far.\"" ]

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[ "Cluster management and the role of concerned communities and the media.", "\nPublic health services often have to deal with reported clusters of adverse health events. ", "An important characteristic of disease clusters is that the involved community often is concerned about environmental factors influencing health. ", "To facilitate cluster investigations, a stepwise protocol was developed in the Netherlands, based on international literature. ", "Essential is the two-way approach, consisting of a disease-track and an environment-track. ", "Attention to potential environmental exposures is as important as attention to the reported diseases, not only because environmental pollution often is the reason of public concern and thus relevant for risk communication, but also for deciding about the boundaries of the population at risk. ", "Moreover, environmental information is necessary for judgement of the plausibility of a causal relation and for advising measures to prevent exposure. ", "Within this two-way approach, three stages are distinguished: orientation stage, verification stage and quantification stage. ", "Only if an increased risk as well as an elevated exposure is verified, under certain conditions a case-control study may be useful to study causality between exposure and adverse health events. ", "During all stages of the investigation, good risk communication strategies have to be taken into account. ", "However, even then it might be difficult to prevent conflicts, because of the differing interests between experts and the community involved. ", "One of the most important aspects that determine judgements about risks by threatened people, is controllability; that is why community participation is essential. ", "Therefore it can be concluded that cluster management is a mutual endeavour for experts, public and media, where experts are judged on three characteristics: expertise, credibility and empathy." ]

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[ "To clarify the joint effects of environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of breast cancer, the NIEHS Sister Study is prospectively studying 50,000 sisters of women who have had breast cancer. ", "Such sisters have about twice the risk of developing breast cancer as other women. ", "The frequency of any relevant genes and shared risk factors will also be higher, enhancing the statistical power of the study to detect risks. ", "Sisters are highly motivated and response rates and compliance over time are expected to be high. ", "Thus, studying sisters will enhance our ability to understand the interplay of genes and environment in breast cancer risk and to identify potentially preventable risk factors. ", "The prospective design will allow us assess exposures before the onset of disease thus avoiding biases common to retrospective studies and aiding in causal interpretation. ", "The study will create a framework from which to test new breast cancer hypotheses as they emerge and to also study other health endpoints.[unreadable] [unreadable] A diverse cohort of volunteer women from throughout the US and Puerto Rico between the ages of 35 and 74 who have a sister with breast cancer but do not have breast cancer them selves are being recruited. ", "Recruitment strategies are designed to maximize inclusion of minorities and high-risk women. ", "Data on potential risk factors and current health status are collected using computer assisted telephone interviews and mail questionnaires. ", "Blood, urine, and environmental samples are collected in a home visit and banked for future use in nested studies of women who develop breast cancer (or other diseases) and a sample of those who don't. ", "The cohort will be followed prospectively for 10 or more years. ", "Address changes, vital status, and major health changes are updated annually. ", "More detailed health and exposure updates will be collected at 2-year intervals. ", "Medical records and tumor tissue (for breast cancer cases) will be retrieved for those who develop cancer or other conditions of interest. ", "1500 new cases of breast cancer are expected to occur in the cohort after five years. ", "Analyses will assess the independent and combined effects of environmental exposures and genetic polymorphisms that affect estrogen metabolism, DNA repair, and response to specific environmental exposures. ", "Future analyses will focus on known and potential risk factors (e.g. smoking, occupational exposures, alcohol, diet, obesity) and include measurement of phthalates, phytoestrogens, and metals in blood and urine, insulin, growth factors, vitamins and nutrients, and genes. ", "The cohort will be used to also study risk for other diseases (e.g. heart disease, osteoporosis, other hormonal cancers, and autoimmune diseases) as well as explore genetic and environmental effects on prognosis. ", "A pilot phase began August 2003 involving women from 4 metropolitan areas of the US selected for their geographic and ethnic diversity in order to assess a range of recruitment strategies and plan for a larger scale national effort. ", "The study began recruiting nationally in October 2004. ", "All study materials were made available in Spanish in mid-September, 2005.[unreadable] [unreadable] To date more than 49,000 women have enrolled in the study and over 44,500 have completed all baseline activities. ", "The response rates for annual updates range from 90-98%. ", "Biennial follow-up questionnaires were mailed to the first 2,000 \"vanguard\" participants in March 2008; an additional 8,000 participants are scheduled to receive this questionnaire in October 2008. [", "unreadable] [unreadable] Using an analytic dataset comprising the first 30,000 women who completed all baseline activities, we have been exploring relationships among breast cancer risk factors and carrying out descriptive analyses. ", "In addition, we completed a pilot study of telomere length, perceived stress, and urinary stress measures. ", "Papers have been submitted for publication on a range of topics, including the relationships between such factors as perceived stress, weight change, and vitamins with telomere length. ", "Other analyses are focusing on factors associated with sleep duration, depression and obesity, childhood factors and obesity, and childhood factors and uterine fibroids. ", "Results of several of these analyses have been presented at national scientific meetings and manuscripts have been drafted and submitted for publication. ", "A qualitative study of the formulation of risk perception and its possible link to healthy lifestyle change was also completed, with results also submitted for publicaton." ]

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