Question: how is tnf alpha produced?
Answer: TNF (a.k.a. cachectin or cachexin, and formerly known as TNF-α) is predominantly produced by macrophages, but can also be secreted in limited quantities by B cells, natural killer cells, endothelial and muscle cells, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts. Since the β form is made only by T cells, it will not be discussed here.