tokens: Pain intensity on a 0 to 10 numerical scale ; nausea and vomiting , drowsiness , confusion , and dry mouth , using a scale from 0 to 3 ( not at all , slight , a lot , awful ); Mini - Mental State Examination ( MMSE )( 0 - 30 ); and arterial pressure were recorded before administration of drugs ( T0 ) and after 30 minutes ( T30 ), 60 minutes ( T60 ), 120 minutes ( T120 ), and 180 minutes ( T180 ). Ketamine , but not saline solution , significantly reduced the pain intensity in almost all the patients at both doses .