ticoAg/ChineseCorpus-Kaggle-fanti huggingface dataset:
與宇稱反演相比，時間反演更為獨特。如果有一對量子態在宇稱變換操作下相互轉變，則可以對量子態相加及相減后得到的具有良好宇稱定義的新基底（一個為偶宇稱另一個為奇宇稱）。但是對于時間反演操作，我們并不能做類似的事情。這似乎與所有的阿貝爾群可由一維單模表示這一定理相矛盾。之所以如此是因為時間反演是由反幺正算符表示的，這要求量子力學引入旋量這一概念。
維格納定理告訴我們，所有的與對稱性有關的算符''S''在量子力學中要么為幺正算符，要么為反幺正算符。''S'' = ''U''即幺正算符，或者有''S'' = ''UK''即反幺正算符：，其中''U''為幺正的,而''K''為復共軛操作。之所以這么規定是因為要保持希爾伯特空間上兩矢量內積的模平方不變。
以宇稱變換算符為例，當作用在座標上時有 ''P?1xP'' = ''&minus;x''。 類似可知宇稱操作作用在''動量''上時同樣導致其反向,所以有''PpP?1'' = &minus;''p'',其中''x''和''p''在量子力學中分別是坐標算符和動量算符。這說明正則對易關系 ''x'', ''p'' = ''i?''在宇稱變換操作下保持不變, 其中''?''是約化普朗克常數，所以我們可以得出''P''是幺正的既有''PiP?1'' = ''i''.
四維動量的時間分量是能量，如果時間反演操作是幺正變換的話則能量將在時間反演下變號，而這是不可能的，因為能量恒正。 在量子力學中能量出現在相位因子exp(-iEt)上,反演時間的同時保持能量恒正要求"i"在時間反演下改變符號,這樣相位的意義就能保持下來。
類似的我們可以推出所有要求能量為正的反幺正算符必然包含時間反演操作。
假設''時間反演''算符為''T'',則位置坐標不受影響有''TxT?1'' = ''x'',但是動量方向被改變了,因此有''TpT?1'' = &minus;''p''。要保持正則對易關系不變要求''T''是反幺正的即''TiT?1'' = &minus;''i''。對于有自旋的基本粒子而言,可以用如下方式表示時間反演
其中''S'y''是''y''方向的自旋分量,即''TJT?1'' = &minus;J.
當系統具有電偶極矩（EDM）時，情況會變得比較特殊。EDM被定義為系統置于外界電場時發生的能級移動：Δ''e'' = d·''E'' + ''E''·δ·''E''，其中''d''記為EDM而δ被定義為感應偶極矩。
EDM一個重要的特征是在宇稱反演下，能級移動變號。d是矢量因此d在態|ψ>中的的平均值正比于，因此對一個穩態而言，EDM在時間反演下將會消失。換句話說，如果一個系統的EDM不為零，則系統在''P''和''T''變換下不具有對稱性。
但是如果基態存在簡并，例如水分子：宇稱反演操作下這些態相互轉換，則EDM和時間反演對稱性并不矛盾。
目前實驗給出的中子電偶極矩的上限給出了強相互作用以及其對應的理論量子色動力學是否違反時間反演對稱性的標準。相對論量子場論的以及給出了強相互作用CP破缺的上限。
實驗上測出的上限給出了粒子物理中很多參數的上限。
''T''是一個反幺正的''Z''2對稱性生成元(symmetry generator)
其中 Φ 是個對角陣。可以推出 ''U'' = Φ''U'T'' 以及 ''U'T'' = ''U''Φ, 因此有
::''U'' = Φ ''U'' Φ.
這說明 Φ 中的矩陣元都為 ±1
* 熱力學第二定律, 麥克斯韋妖 和時間箭頭 (洛施密特悖論).
* 應用包括可逆計算和量子計算機。
* 粒子物理學的標準模型以及有關的CP破壞, 和卡比博-小林-益川矩陣 以及
*Maxwell's demon: entropy, information, computing, edited by H.S.Leff and A.F. Rex (IOP publishing, 1990) ISBN 0-7503-0057-4
*Maxwell's demon, 2: entropy, classical and quantum information, edited by H.S.Leff and A.F. Rex (IOP publishing, 2003) ISBN 0-7503-0759-5
*The emperor's new mind: concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics, by Roger Penrose (Oxford university press, 2002) ISBN 0-19-286198-0
*CP violation, by I.I. Bigi and A.I. Sanda (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0-521-44349-0
* Particle Data Group on CP violation
**the  Babar  experiment in SLAC
**the  BELLE  experiment in KEK
**the  KTeV experiment in Fermilab
**the  CPLEAR  experiment in CERN
天文臺是觀測天文事件的場所，天文臺編號是小行星中心 (國際天文聯合會的服務項目) 賦予觀測太陽系天體的天文臺的序號。以下是這些天文臺代碼的清單 (斜體字不是IAU本身清單中的部分，分類是另加的)：
* 000: 格林尼治，''英國，英格蘭格林尼治的皇家天文臺''
* 001: 克勞波羅 (Crowborough)，''英國，英格蘭的(Isaac Roberts)''
* 002: 雷利 (Rayleigh)，''英格蘭，愛賽克斯辰斯福自治區， (雷利天文臺)''
* 003: 蒙特佩利爾 (Montpellier)，''法國 (Observatoire de la Babote)''
* 004: 土魯斯 (Toulouse)，''法國 (Observatoire de Toulouse)''
* 005: 默頓 (Meudon)，''法國 (Observatoire de Paris-Meudon)''
* 006: 法布拉天文臺，''西班牙巴塞隆納的法布拉天文臺''
* 007: 巴黎，''法國 (巴黎天文臺)''
* 008: Algiers-Bouzaréah'', Algeria (CRAAG: Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Geophysique)''
* 009: Berne-Uecht'', Switzerland (Sternwarte Uecht, Solar Observatory at Uecht)''
* 010: Caussols'', France (CERGA: Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie)''
* 011: Wetzikon'', Switzerland (Sternwarte Wetzikon)''
* 012: Uccle'', Belgium (Observatoire Royal de Belgique/Koninklijke Sterrenwacht van Belgi?)''
* 013: Leiden'', Netherlands (Sterrewacht Leiden)''
* 014: Marseilles'', France (Observatoire de Marseille)''
* 015: Utrecht'', Netherlands (Museum Sterrenwacht Sonnenborgh)''
* 016: Besan?on'', France (Observatoire de Besan?on)''
* 017: Hoher List'', Germany (Observatorium Hoher List)''
* 018: Düsseldorf-Bilk'', Germany (Sternwarte Bilk)''
* 019: Neuchatel'', Switzerland (Observatoire Cantonal de Neuchatel)''
* 020: Nice'', France (Observatoire de Nice)''
* 021: Karlsruhe'', Germany (Sternwarte Karlsruhe)''
* 022: Pino Torinese'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino)''
* 023: Wiesbaden'', Germany (Sternwarte Wiesbaden)''
* 024: Heidelberg-K?nigstuhl'', Germany (Landessternwarte Heidelberg-K?nigstuhl)''
* 025: Stuttgart'', Germany (Sternwarte Stuttgart)''
* 026: Berne-Zimmerwald'', Switzerland (Observatorium Zimmerwald)''
* 027: Milan'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera)''
* 028: Würzburg'', Germany (Sternwarte der Universit?t Würzburg)''
* 029: Hamburg-Bergedorf'', Germany (Hamburger Sternwarte)''
* 030: Arcetri Observatory, Florence'', Italy (Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri)''
* 031: Sonneberg'', Germany (Sternwarte Sonneberg)''
* 032: Jena'', Germany (Astrophysikalisches Institut und Universit?ts-Sternwarte Jena)''
* 033: Karl Schwarzschild Observatory, Tautenburg'', Germany (Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium)''
* 034: Monte Mario Observatory, Rome'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Sede di Monte Mario)''
* 035: Copenhagen (Copenhagen University Observatory, ''K?benhavns Universitet Astronomisk Observatorium), Denmark''
* 036: Castel Gandolfo'', Vatican City (Specola Vaticana)''
* 037: Collurania Observatory, Teramo'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico di Collurania-Teramo)''
* 038: Trieste'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste)''
* 039: Lund'', Sweden (Lunds Universitet Institutionen f?r astronomi, Lund Observatory)''
* 040: Lohrmann Institute, Dresden'', Germany''
* 041: Innsbruck'', Austria (Universit?ts-Sternwarte Innsbruck)''
* 042: Potsdam'', Germany (Einstein Tower)''
* 043: Asiago Astrophysical Observatory, Padua'', Italy (Osservatorio Astrofisico di Asiago)''
* 044: Capodimonte Observatory, Naples'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte)''
* 045: Vienna (since 1879)'', Austria (Universit?ts-Sternwarte Wien)''
* 046: 克列特天文臺, ?eské Budějovice'', 捷克 (Hvězdárna Kle?)''
* 047: Poznań'', Poland (Obserwatorium Astronomiczne Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Poznań Observatory)''
* 048: 赫拉德茨-克拉洛韋'', 捷克 (赫拉德茨-克拉洛韋天文臺)''
* 049: Uppsala-Kvistaberg'', Sweden (Kvistabergs Observatorium)''
* 050: Stockholm (before 1931)'', Sweden (Stockholms observatorium)''
* 051: Cape'', South Africa (Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope)''
* 052: Stockholm-Saltsj?baden'' (since 1931), Sweden (Stockholms observatorium, Saltsj?baden Observatory)''
* 053: Konkoly Observatory, Budapest (since 1934)'', Hungary (Konkoly Obszervatórium)''
* 054: Brorfelde'', Denmark (Brorfelde Observatoriet)''
* 055: Kraków (Cracow)'', Poland (Kraków Observatory)''
* 056: Skalnaté Pleso，斯洛伐克（巖湖天文臺）
* 057: Belgrade'', Serbia (Belgrade Astronomical Observatory (AOB); Астрономске опсерватори?е у Београду; Astronomske opservatorije u Beogradu)''
* 058: K?nigsberg'', German Empire (before 1944)''
* 059: Lomnicky ?tít ''(Lomnicky peak, Slovakia)''
* 060: Warsaw-Ostrowik'', Poland (Warsaw University Observatory)''
* 061: Uzhgorod'', Ukraine''
* 062: Turku'', Finland (Iso-Heikkil? Observatory, University of Turku; Turun observatorio, Turun yliopisto)''
* 063: Turku-Tuorla'', Finland (Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku; Tuorlan observatorio, Turun yliopisto)''
* 064: Turku-Kevola'', Finland (Kevola Observatory, University of Turku; Kevolan t?htitorni, Turun yliopisto)''
* 065: Traunstein'', Germany''
* 066: Athens'', Greece (National Observatory of Athens)''
* 067: Lvov University Observatory'', Ukraine''
* 068: Lvov Polytechnic Institute'', Ukraine''
* 069: Baldone, near Riga'', Latvia''
* 070: Vilno (before 1883)'', Russian Empire''
* 071: Smolyan'', Bulgaria (Bulgarian National Astronomical Observatory - Rozhen,'' Национална Астрономическа Обсерватория Рожен'', a.k.a. Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory)''
* 072: Scheuren Observatory'', Germany''
* 073: Bucharest'', Romania''
* 074: Boyden Observatory, Bloemfontein'', South Africa''
* 075: Tartu'', Estonia (Tartu Observatory)''
* 076: Johannesburg-Hartbeespoort'', South Africa (Union Observatory Annex, Hartbeespoort)''
* 077: Yale-Columbia Station, Johannesburg'', South Africa (Yale-Columbia Southern Station, 1925–1951 )''
* 078: Johannesburg'', South Africa (Union Observatory)''
* 079: Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria'', South Africa''
* 080: Istanbul'', Turkey''
* 081: Leiden Station, Johannesburg'', South Africa (Leiden Southern Station, Hartbeespoort)''
* 082: St. P?lten '', Austria''
* 083: Golosseevo-Kiev'', Ukraine''
* 084: Pulkovo Observatory'', Russia''
* 085: Kiev'', Ukraine''
* 086: Odessa'', Ukraine''
* 087: Helwan'', Egypt''
* 088: Kottomia'', Egypt''
* 089: Nikolaev'', Ukraine (Nikolaev Astronomical Observatory)''
* 090: Mainz'', Germany''
* 091: Observatoire de Nurol, Aurec sur Loire'', France''
* 092: Torun-Piwnice'', Poland (Piwnice Obserwatorium Astronomiczne; Piwnice Astronomical Observatory)''
* 093: Skibotn'', Norway''
* 094: Crimea-Sime?s'', Ukraine (Crimean Astrophysical Observatory-Simeis)''
* 095: Crimea-Nauchnij'', Ukraine (Crimean Astrophysical Observatory-Nauchnij)''
* 096: Merate'', Italy''
* 097: Wise Observatory, Mitzpeh Ramon'', Israel''
* 098: Asiago Observatory, Cima Ekar'', Italy (Stazione osservativa di Asiago Cima Ekar)''
* 099: Lahti'', Finland (Lahti Ursa Observatory; Lahden Ursan t?htitorni)''
* 100: ?ht?ri, ''Finland''
* 101: Kharkov, ''Ukraine (Astronomical Observatory of Kharkov National University,'' Астрономiчна обсерваторiя Харкiвського нацiонального унiверситету'', a.k.a. ''ХАО, Харкiвська астрономiчна обсерваторiя'')''
* 102: Zvenigorod, ''Russia''
* 103: Ljubljana, ''Slovenia''
* 104: San Marcello Pistoiese'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico della Montagna Pistoiese, Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory; a.k.a. Osservatorio di Pian dei Termini, Pian dei Termini Observatory)''
* 105: Moscow, ''Russia''
* 106: ?rni Vrh Observatory'', Slovenia (Observatorij ?rni Vrh)''
* 107: Cavezzo, ''Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico "Geminiamo Montanari")''
* 108: Montelupo, ''Italy (Osservatorio di Montelupo)''
* 109: Algiers-Kouba, ''Algeria''
* 110: Rostov, ''Russia''
* 111: Piazzano Observatory, Florence, ''Italy''
* 112: Pleiade Observatory, Verona'', Italy''
* 113: Volkssternwarte Drebach, Sch?nbrunn'', Germany''
* 114: Engelhardt Observatory, Zelenchukskaya Station,  ''Russia (Kazan University Observatory (Обсерватория Казанского Университета); V. P. Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory (Астрономическая Обсерватория им. В. П. Энгельгардта))''
* 115: Zelenchukskaya'', Russia (Special Astrophysical Observatory (SAO); Специальная астрофизическая обсерватория (САО))''
* 116: Giesing'', Germany (München-Giesing)''
* 117: Sendling'', Munich, Germany''
* 118: Astronomical and Geophysical Observatory, Modra'', Slovakia (Astronomické observatórium Modra, Modra Observatory)''
* 119: Abastuman'', Georgia''
* 120: Vi?njan Observatory'', Croatia (Zvjezdarnica Vi?njan)''
* 121: Kharkov University, Chuguevskaya Station'', Ukraine''
* 122: Pises Observatory'', France (Observatoire des Pises)''
* 123: 布拉堪天文臺，布拉堪'', 亞美尼亞''
* 124: Castres'', France (Observatoire de Castres)''
* 125: Tbilisi'', Georgia''
* 126: Monte Viseggi'', Italy (Osservatorio Astronomico di Monte Viseggi)''
* 127: Bornheim'', Germany''
* 128: Saratov'', Russia''
* 129: Ordubad'', Azerbaijan''
* 130: 盧梅扎內（Lumezzane） ''(Osservatorio Astronomico "Serafino Zani", 盧梅扎內, 意大利)''
* 131: Observatoire de l'Ardèche'', France''
* 132: Bédoin'', France (Observatoire de Bédoin)''
* 133: Les Tardieux'', France''
* 134: Groszschwabhausen
* 135: Kasan'', Russia''
* 136: Engelhardt Observatory, Kasan'', Russia (Kazan University Observatory (Обсерватория Казанского Университета); V. P. Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory (Астрономическая Обсерватория им. В. П. Энгельгардта))''
* 137: Givatayim Observatory'', Israel''
* 138: Village-Neuf'', France''
* 139: Antibes'', France''
* 140: Augerolles'', France''
* 141: Hottviller'', France (Observatoire de Hottviller)''
* 142: Sinsen'', Germany''
* 143: Gnosca'', Switzerland (Osservatorio Astronomico di Gnosca)''
* 144: Bray et Lu'', France''
* 145: 's-Gravenwezel'', Belgium''
* 146: Frignano'', Italy''
* 147: Osservatorio Astronomico ''"Galileo Galilei"'' di Suno'', Italy''
* 148: Guitalens'', France (Observatoire de Guitalens)''
* 149: Beine-Nauroy'', France''
* 150: Maisons Laffitte'', France''
* 151: Eschenberg Observatory, Winterthur'', Switzerland (Sternwarte Eschenberg)''
* 152: Moletai Astronomical Observatory'', Lithuania (MAO; Mol?t? astronomijos observatorija)''
* 153: Stuttgart-Hoffeld'', Germany''
* 154: Cortina'', Italy (Cortina d'Ampezzo, Associazione Astronomica Cortina: Osservatorio Astronomico del Col Drusciè "Helmut Ullrich")''
* 155: Ole Romer Observatory, Aarhus
* 156: Catania Astrophysical Observatory'', Sicily, Italy''
* 157:  Frasso Sabino  ''(Osservatorio Astronomico Virginio Cesarini - Frasso Sabino, Italy)''
* 158: Promiod ''(Osservatorio Dalai Lama di Promiod, Italy)''
* 159: Monte Agliale ''(Osservatorio Astronomico di Monte Agliale, Italy)''
* 160:  Castelmartini '', Italy''
* 161: Cerrina Tololo Observatory'', Italy''
* 162: Potenza'', Italy''
* 163: Roeser Observatory'', Luxembourg''
* 164: St. Michel sur Meurthe'', France''
* 165: Piera Observatory, Barcelona'', Spain (Observatori Astronomic de Piera)''
* 166: úpice'', Czech Republic (Hvězdárna v úpici)''
* 167: Bülach Observatory'', Switzerland''
* 168: Kourovskaya'', Russia''
* 169: Airali Observatory'', Italy''
* 170: Observatorio de Begues'', Spain''
* 171: Flarestar Observatory, San Gwann'', Malta''
* 172: Onnens'', Switzerland''
* 173: St. Clotilde, Réunion'', France (Observatoire Sainte-Clotilde)''
* 174: Nyr?l? Observatory, Jyv?skyl?'', Finland (Nyr?l?n observatorio)''
* 175: F.-X. Bagnoud Observatory, St-Luc'', Switzerland (Bagnoud Observatory)''
* 176: Observatorio Astronómico de Consell ''(Consell Observatory, Majorca, Spain)''
* 177: Le Cres'', France''
* 178: Collonges'', France''
* 179: Monte Generoso'', Switzerland''
* 180: Mauguio'', France''
* 181: Observatoire des Makes, Saint-Louis'', Réunion, France''
* 182: St. Paul, Réunion'', France''
* 183: Starlab Observatory, Karachay-Cherkessia'', Russia''
* 184: Valmeca Observatory, Puimichel'', France''
* 185: Observatoire Astronomique Jurassien-Vicques'', Switzerland''
* 186: Kitab'', Mt. Maydanak, Uzbekistan''
* 187: Borowiec Astrogeodynamic Observatory, Borowiec'', Poland''
* 188: Majdanak'', Uzbekistan''
* 189: Geneva (before 1967)'', Switzerland''
* 190: Gissar'', Tajikistan''
* 191: Dushanbe'', Tajikistan''
* 192: Tashkent'', Uzbekistan''
* 193: Sanglok'', Tajikistan''
* 194: Tivoli'', Namibia''
* 195: Untermenzing Observatory, Munich'', Germany''
* 196: Homburg-Erbach'', Germany''
* 197: Bastia'', Italy''
* 198: Wildberg ''(Observatorium Wildberg, Germany)''
* 199: Buthiers ''(Observatoire de Buthiers, France)''
* 200: Beersel Hills Observatory
* 201: Jonathan B. Postel Observatory'', Bareggio, Italy''
* 202: Tamaris Observatoire, La Seyne sur Mer
* 203: GiaGa Observatory
* 204: Schiaparelli Observatory
* 205: Obs. Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna
* 206: Haagaar Observatory, Eina
* 207: Osservatorio Antonio Grosso
* 209: Asiago Observatory, Cima Ekar-ADAS (''Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey'')
* 210: Alma-Ata
* 211: Scandicci
* 212: Observatorio La Dehesilla
* 213: Observatorio Montcabre
* 214: Garching Observatory
* 216: Observatoire des C?tes de Meuse'', France''
* 218: Hyderabad
* 219: Japal-Rangapur
* 220: Vainu Bappu Observatory, Kavalur'', India''
* 221: IAS Observatory, Hakos
* 222: Yerres-Canotiers
* 223: Madras'', India (Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Madras Observatory)''
* 224: Ottmarsheim
* 225: Northwood Ridge Observatory
* 226: Guido Ruggieri Observatory, Padua
* 227: OrbitJet Observatory, Colden
* 228: Bruno Zugna Observatory, Trieste
* 229: G. C. Gloriosi Astronomical Observatory, Salerno
* 230: Mt. Wendelstein Observatory
* 231: Vesqueville
* 232: Masquefa Observatory
* 233: Sauro Donati Astronomical Observatory, San Vito
* 234: Coddenham Observatory
* 235: CAST Observatory, Talmassons
* 238: Grorudalen Optical Observatory
* 239: Michael Adrian Observatory, Trebur
* 240: Herrenberg Sternwarte
* 241: Schaerding
* 242: Varennes
* 243: Umbrella Observatory
* 244: Geocentric Occultation Observation
* 245: Spitzer Space Telescope
* 246: Kle? Observatory-KLENOT
* 247: Roving Observer
* 248: Hipparcos
* 250: Hubble Space Telescope
* 251: Arecibo Observatory
* 252: Deep Space Communications Complex
* 253: Deep Space Communications Complex
* 254: Haystack, Westford
* 255: Evpatoria, Ukraine
* 256: Green Bank Telescope
* 257: Goldstone DSS 25, Fort Irwin
* 260: 賽丁泉天文臺-DSS ''(數位巡天)''
* 261: 帕洛瑪山天文臺-DSS
* 262: 歐洲南天天文臺，拉西拉-DSS (''拉西拉天文臺'')
* 285: Flammarion Observatory, Juvisy
* 290: Mt. Graham-VATT (''Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope'')
* 291: LPL/Spacewatch II
* 292: Burlington, New Jersey
* 293: Burlington remote site
* 294: Astrophysical Obs., College of Staten Island
* 295: Catholic University Observatory, Washington
* 296: Dudley Observatory (after 1893)
* 297: Middlebury
* 298: Van Vleck Observatory
* 299: Bosscha Observatory, Lembang'', Indonesia''
* 300: Bisei Spaceguard Center-BATTeRS
* 301: Mont Mégantic ''(Observatoire du Mont Mégantic, QC)''
* 302: University of the Andes station
* 303: Mérida ''(Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Llano del Hato, Mérida, Venezuela)''
* 304: Las Campanas Observatory
* 305: Purple Mountain, Hainan Island station
* 306: Observatorio Taya Beixo, Barquisimeto
* 309: Cerro Paranal (''Paranal Observatory'')
* 312: Tsingtao field station, Xisha Islands
* 318: Quinns Rock
* 319: 伯斯天文臺，伯斯-羅威爾望遠鏡
* 320: Chiro Observatory
* 322: 伯斯天文臺，Bickley-MCT
* 323: 伯斯天文臺，Bickley
* 324: 北京天文臺，沙河站
* 327: 北京天文臺，興隆站 (''Xinglong Station (NAOC)'')
* 330: 紫金山天文臺，南京
* 333: Desert Eagle Observatory, Arizona
* 334: Tsingtao
* 337: Sheshan, formerly Z?-Sé
* 340: Toyonaka
* 341: Akashina
* 342: Shishikui
* 343: Younchun
* 344: Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory ''(BOAO)''
* 345: Sobaeksan Optical Astronomy Observatory
* 346: KNUE Astronomical Observatory
* 347: Utsunomiya-Imaizumi
* 350: Kurohone
* 351: Sakamoto
* 353: Nishi Kobe
* 357: Shimotsuma
* 359: Wakayama
* 360: Kuma Kogen
* 362: Ray Observatory
* 364: YCPM Kagoshima Station
* 369: Chichibu
* 371: Tokyo-Okayama ''( of Tokyo Observatory) (OAO)''
* 372: Geisei Observatory
* 374: Minami-Oda Observatory
* 376: Uenohara
* 377: , ''Kyoto University, ''Kyoto ''( Kwasan and Hida Observatories)''
* 379: Hamamatsu-Yuto
* 381: Tokyo-Kiso ''(, University of Tokyo, Nagano)''
* 382: Tokyo-Norikura ''( of Tokyo Astronomical Observatory)''
* 383: Chirorin
* 386: Yatsugatake-Kobuchizawa
* 387: Tokyo-Dodaira ''( of Tokyo Astronomical Observatory)''
* 388: Tokyo-Mitaka ''(National Astronomical Observatory, Mitaka, Tokyo)''
* 389: Tokyo (before 1938) ''(Tokyo Astronomical Observatory)''
* 390: Utsunomiya
* 392: JCPM Sapporo Station
* 393: JCPM Sakura Station
* 394: JCPM Hamatonbetsu Station
* 395: Tokyo-Asahikawa
* 396: Asahikawa
* 398: Nagatoro
* 402: Dynic Astronomical Observatory
* 404: Yamamoto
* 405: Kamihoriguchi
* 409: Kiyose and Mizuho
* 410: Sengamine ''(Sengamine Observatory, Hyōgo, Japan)''
* 411: 大泉天文臺（Oizumi Observatory）
* 413: Siding Spring Observatory
* 414: Mount Stromlo
* 415: Kambah, near Canberra ''(Kambah Observatory)''
* 416: Barton, near Canberra
* 417: Yanagida Astronomical Observatory
* 418: Tamworth
* 421: Mt. Kajigamori, Otoyo
* 422: Loomberah
* 423: North Ryde
* 424: Macquarie, near Canberra
* 425: Taylor Range Observatory, Brisbane
* 427: Stockport
* 428: Reedy Creek
* 430: Rainbow Observatory, near Coonabarabran
* 431: Mt. Tarana Observatory, Bathurst
* 433: Bagnall Beach Observatory
* 434: S. Benedetto Po
* 435: G. Colombo Astronomical Observatory, Padua
* 436: Osservatorio di Livergnano
* 437: Haverford
* 438: Smith College Observatory, Northampton
* 439: ROTSE-III, Los Alamos
* 440: Elginfield Observatory
* 441: Swilken Brae, St. Andrews
* 442: Gualba Observatory
* 443: Obs. Astronomico Plomer, Buenos Aires
* 444: Star Cruiser Observatory
* 445: Observatori d'Ontinyent
* 446: Kingsnake Observatory
* 447: Centennial Observatory
* 448:  Desert Moon Observatory , Las Cruces, New Mexico
* 449: Griffin Hunter Observatory
* 450: Carla Jane Observatory, Charlotte
* 451: West Skies Observatory, Mulvane
* 452: Big Cypress Observatory
* 453: Edwards Raven Observatory
* 454: Maryland Space Grant Consortium Observatory
* 455: CBA Concord
* 456: Daventry Observatory
* 457: Partizanske
* 458: Guadarrama Observatory
* 459: Smith River Observatory, Danbury
* 460: Area 52 Observatory, Nashville
* 461: University of Szeged, Piszkéstet? Stn. (Konkoly)
* 462: Mount Belleview Observatory
* 463: Sommers-Bausch Observatory, Boulder
* 464: Toby Point Observatory, Narragansett
* 465: Takapuna
* 466: Mount Molehill Observatory, Auckland
* 467: Auckland Observatory (''Stardome Observatory'')
* 468: Astronomical Observatory, Campo Catino (''Osservatorio Astronomico Campo Catino'')
* 469: Courroux
* 471: Houstrup
* 472: Merlette
* 473: Remanzacco
* 474: Mount John Observatory, Lake Tekapo ''(Mount John University Observatory)''
* 475: Turin Observatory (before 1913)
* 476:  Grange Observatory, Bussoleno'', Italy''
* 477: Galleywood
* 478: Lamalou-les-Bains
* 479: Sollies-Pont
* 480: Cockfield
* 481: Moorwarfen
* 482: St. Andrews
* 483: Carter Observatory, Black Birch Station
* 484: Happy Valley, Wellington
* 485: Carter Observatory, Wellington
* 486: Palmerston North
* 487: Macnairston Observatory
* 488: Newcastle-upon-Tyne
* 489: Hemingford Abbots
* 490: Wimborne Minster
* 491: Centro Astronómico de Yebes'', Spain''
* 492: Mickleover
* 494: Stakenbridge
* 495: Altrincham
* 496: Bishopstoke
* 497: Ascot-Loudwater
* 498: Earls Barton
* 500: Geocentric
* 501: Herstmonceux
* 502: Colchester
* 503: Cambridge
* 504:  Le Creusot '', France''
* 505: Simon Stevin
* 506: Bendestorf
* 507: Nyenheim
* 509: La Seyne sur Mer
* 511: Observatoire de Haute-Provence'', France''
* 512: Leiden (before 1860)
* 514: Mundenheim (1907-1913)
* 515: Volkssternwarte Dhaun, near Kirn
* 516: Hamburg (before 1909)'', German Empire''
* 517: Geneva (from 1967)'', Switzerland''
* 518: Marine Observatory, Hamburg
* 519: Meschede
* 522: Observatory of Strasbourg ''(Observatoire de Strasbourg)''
* 523: Frankfurt
* 524: Mannheim
* 528: G?ttingen
* 529: Christiania
* 531: Collegio Romano, Rome ''(Osservatorio del Collegio Romano)''
* 532: Munich'', Germany (Universit?ts-Sternwarte München, Bogenhausener Sternwarte; a.k.a.  K?niglichen Sternwarte zu Bogenhausen)''
* 534: Leipzig (since 1861)
* 535: Palermo ''(Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo "Giuseppe S. Vaiana", Sicily)''
* 536: Berlin-Babelsberg ''(Berlin Observatory after 1913)''
* 537: Urania Observatory, Berlin ''(Urania Sternwarte)''
* 538: Pola'', Croatia (Kaiserlichen und Koniglichen Kriegsmarine Pola Sternwarte; Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Naval Observatory in Pola, now Pula, Croatia)''
* 539:  Kremsmünster
* 540: Linz ''(Davidschlag Observatory; Private Observatory Meyer/Obermair; Sternwarte Davidschlag, Austria)''
* 541: Prague Observatory
* 542: Falkensee
* 543: Leipzig (before 1861)'', German Empire''
* 544: Wilhelm Foerster Observatory, Berlin ''(Wilhelm-Foerster-Sternwarte)''
* 545: Vienna Observatory (before 1879)'', Austria-Hungary''
* 546: Oppolzer Observatory, Vienna
* 548: Berlin (1835-1913) ''(Berliner Sternwarte, Berlin Observatory, before 1913)''
* 549: Uppsala ''(Uppsala Astronomical Observatory (UAO); Astronomiska observatoriet i Uppsala)''
* 550: Schwerin
* 551: Hurbanovo, formerly O'Gyalla
* 552: Osservatorio S. Vittore, Bologna ''(Osservatorio San Vittore, Italy)''
* 554: Burgsolms Observatory, Wetzlar
* 555: Cracow-Fort Ska?a
* 556: Reintal, near Munich
* 557: 奧德熱幽夫天文臺 ''(Observato? Ond?ejov, 捷克)''
* 559: Serra La Nave
* 560: Madonna di Dossobuono ''(Osservatorio Madonna di Dossobuono, Italy)''
* 561: Piszkéstet? Stn. (Konkoly) ''(Piszkéstet? Station, Konkoly Obszervatórium, Budapest)''
* 562: Figl Observatory, Vienna
* 563: Seewalchen
* 564: Herrsching
* 565: Bassano Bresciano ''(Osservatorio Astronomico di Bassano Bresciano, Italy)''
* 566: Haleakala-NEAT/GEODSS
* 567: Chions ''(Osservatorio di Chions; Chaonis Observatory, Italy)
* 568: Mauna Kea Observatory'', Hawaii''
* 569: Helsinki
* 570: Vilnius (since 1939)
* 571: Cavriana ''(Osservatorio "Giordano Bruno", Italy)''
* 573: Eldagsen
* 574: Gottolengo
* 575: La Chaux de Fonds
* 577: Metzerlen Observatory
* 578: Linden Observatory
* 579: Novi Ligure
* 581: Sedgefield
* 582: Orwell Park
* 583: Odessa-Mayaki
* 584: Leningrad
* 585: Kiev comet station
* 586: Pic du Midi ''(Observatoire du Pic du Midi, France)''
* 587: Sormano ''(Osservatorio Astronomico Sormano, Italy)''
* 588: Eremo di Tizzano
* 589: Osservatorio Astrometrico Santa Lucia Stroncone
* 590: Metzerlen
* 591: Resse Observatory
* 592: Solingen'', Germany''