ticoAg/ChineseCorpus-Kaggle-fanti huggingface dataset:
奉化中學校史始于1901年的龍津學堂，是浙江省內最早創辦的新式學堂之一。1958年改稱奉化第一中學，2001年9月遷入現址，校名改為奉化中學。
奉化中學設施現代化，擁有高標準運動場、校園網和校內閉路電視網，每個班級均擁有多媒體設施。校園綠化較好，栽種有多種植物。
奉化中學校訓為“誠、愛、勤、樸”，學風為“高、嚴、勤、苦”，教風為“嚴、細、實、活”。
1997年，奉化中學被認定為浙江省一級重點中學。現任校長為陳魯煥。
*中華民國行憲後第一任總統，原黃埔軍校校長，中國國民黨中央委員會總裁，國民政府軍事委員會委員長蔣中正(龍津學堂時期校友)
2006年2月19日，國家發改委曝光奉化中學辦有“校中校”——錦溪書院，并且從錦溪書院中獲得資金用以償還建設新校舍所需的債務。奉化中學隨后表示，將進行整改。
參謀可以指：
*智囊，參與謀議，提供意見的幕僚人員。
*參謀部，現代軍隊中提供人事、軍事情報、軍事訓練、後勤、政戰與計畫的組織機構。
赫爾曼·古斯塔夫·格茨（；），德國作曲家。生于東普魯士柯尼斯堡，在柏林學習，1863年到瑞士工作，任批評家和指揮，并結識了勃拉姆斯，1876年因肺結核逝世。格茨是浪漫主義中期比較重要的德國作曲家之一，作品受門德爾松和舒曼的影響較大，雖風格較為保守，但具有旋律優美流暢，結構工整，抒情性強的特點，在當時相當受歡迎，其喜歌劇《馴悍記》以及鋼琴協奏曲，小提琴協奏曲等作品現在還時有演出。
高松城是位在備中國高松（岡山縣岡山市北區高松）的一座城。因羽柴秀吉的水攻（高松城水攻）而著名。城跡和堰堤跡以「高松城跡 附:水攻築堤跡」被指定為國之史跡。
* 太田城、忍城（其他的日本三大水攻之城）
天王道悟禪師，俗姓崔，渚宮（今湖北江陵）人，唐代禪宗祖師，相傳為馬祖道一門下。
經後人考證，實際上並沒有天王道悟此人，可能是由天皇道悟誤傳而成。
道悟禪師十五歲時，依長沙寺曇翥律師出家。二十三歲至嵩山受具足戒。
三十三歲時拜訪石頭希遷，未悟。後至南陽，拜謁慧忠國師。
三十五歲時，與慧忠國師的侍者應真，前往洪州拜訪馬祖道一，言下大悟。後回到荊州，住持天王寺。
元和十三年四月示寂，世壽八十二，法臘六十三。
King of Pop（以下簡稱:KOP）是美國歌手邁克爾·杰克遜的一張合輯，在其50歲生日（2008年8月29日）當天發布。這張專輯與以前的專輯不同，這張專輯是通過世界各國的歌迷投票選出各國版本內包含的歌曲。專輯的名稱來源于杰克遜的稱號“King of Pop”（流行樂天王）。2008年8月22日，第一個版本德國版（與瑞士版相同）發布。這張專輯已在26個國家或地區發行，每個國家的歌曲表和發布日期略有不同，但只有Billie Jean在世界各國版本中都有出現。目前這張專輯在全球范圍內已有500萬張的銷售量。
7月20日，奧地利雙碟版的編繪宣布，KOP的奧地利版將在杰克遜生日當天發布。歌迷從歌池內選擇了100首歌曲。。奧地利版是唯一包含ABC的版本，這是任何版本中最早的歌曲。
2008年6月20日，索尼BMG澳大利亞宣布，澳大利亞版的KOP將在杰克遜生日當天發布。從6月21日起，澳大利亞歌迷有三個星期的時間來選擇自己喜歡的歌曲。歌迷可以從專輯Off the Wall、Thriller、Bad（均為2001年特別版）中每人選擇5首歌曲。池內的歌曲還包括了杰克遜五人組時期的7首歌曲，包括"Blame It on the Boogie"、"Can You Feel It"、"ABC"、"I Want You Back"、"I'll Be There"和"Ben"。澳大利亞版是惟一一個包含有You Can't Win的版本。
7月26日，索尼BMG宣布比利時版的雙碟專輯將在8月25日發布。歌迷們可以在比利時報紙新聞報的網站上選出自己喜歡的歌曲。比利時版是惟一一個包含Girlfriend的版本。
香港雙碟版本於2008年8月28日發售。
巴西版KOP發行于10月17日。巴西版是惟一一個包含''The Girl Is Mine 2008''的版本。
芬蘭版發行于10月1日。
“King of Pop——法國歌迷的選擇”已于12月12日發布。
衛斯登·科夫·艾保（Wisdom Fofo Agbo，），生於加納，加納裔香港足球運動員，司職防守中場或中堅，於2013年居滿七年並取得香港特區護照及獲徵召為香港足球代表隊成員，他在2013年7月以內援身份加盟中甲球會哈爾濱毅騰，並在2014年助球會獲得聯賽亞軍，首度升班挑戰中國超級聯賽，再於2015年2月以6位數字轉會費加盟中超球會遼寧宏運，惟因妻子在加拿大遇到交通意外而離隊。
科夫生於加納，年輕時，他為生計選擇離開聯賽水平高的家鄉，透過朋友代為安排機票來港。可是來港初期，他因身型所限未能立即投身甲組，只好先在乙組聯賽證明自己，並加盟乙組半職業球會駒騰。
由於表現搶眼，他於乙組僅一季便轉會甲組球會流浪，並在2007/08球季擔任隊長。
2008年夏季，他轉會至甲組地區球會天水圍飛馬，並在2009/10球季開始獲委任球隊隊長，至2011年居滿七年轉為本地球員身份。在2011年夏季，科夫在未經飛馬同意下，私自離隊到加拿大。
直到2012年1月，他返香港加盟升班馬球會南區，並擔任隊長，期間在廣州進行冬訓的中甲球會哈爾濱毅騰教練團在觀看科夫於第35屆省港盃的表現後，就隨即對他產生興趣，邀請加盟，雖然他也表達出對加盟毅騰的意願，惟由於他還未獲得香港特區護照，暫時不能以內援身份加盟，最終這筆轉會未能達成。
直到球季完結後，哈爾濱毅騰再度邀請科夫加盟，已經取得香港特區護照的他被毅騰誠意打動，加上他希望在球員生涯尾聲可到更高水平的聯賽落班，故婉拒與南區續約。
2013年7月，科夫抵達哈爾濱與球會進行首課操練後，隨後以內援身份加盟球會，簽署為期半年合約，而他更協助哈爾濱毅騰於最後一輪聯賽主場擊敗北京理工，以3分優勢壓過廣東日之泉，獲得聯賽亞軍，首度升班挑戰中超。2014年1月25日，毅騰宣佈與他續約至2014年球季，惟最終毅騰在中超首季列聯賽末席降班，並向球員提出減薪，結果科夫寧願返回香港，並在2015年1月27日重返已處於新成立港超聯的球會太陽飛馬。
在加盟飛馬約1個月後，科夫就因受大腿及腰傷影響，無法適應在仿真草練習，適逢中超球會遼寧宏運邀請他轉會，飛馬就在2月27日以6位數字轉會費售出他。可是由於科夫妻子於加拿大遇上交通意外受傷，需要接受大手術，令他即時要離開球隊，回到加拿大照顧妻子和兩個小朋友。
縱使當地天氣寒冷令，他無法在室外訓練，只可以在健身室鍛練，但他都沒有想過放棄足球，結果在2016年1月突然獲港超聯球會南華邀請加盟，回流後更隨南華征戰亞協盃分組賽，可是他於以1–2不敵馬來西亞衛冕球會柔佛DT的亞協盃8強次回合時，撞傷盤骨導致收咧。
2017年6月，南華宣佈經重新檢視球隊近年發展後決定來屆退出港超聯，轉戰甲組聯賽培育青年球員，結果科夫與南華解決合約問題後返回加拿大。
在2008年2月，科夫首度獲香港聯賽選手隊徵召參與賀歲盃，並協助港聯於準決賽以2–1擊敗烏拉圭球會彭拿路，最終港聯再在決賽以同樣比數擊敗克羅地亞球會夏德，奪得冠軍。到2009年賀歲盃，他入選由兩間甲組球會南華和飛馬組成的南華飛馬隊，並協助球隊兩度以互射十二碼擊敗港聯和南韓球會水原藍翼，衛冕賀歲盃冠軍。
直到2011年，科夫在港居住滿7年後於2月取得香港身份證，並在2012年12月14日首度獲香港代表隊徵召參與第35屆省港盃，結果他協助香港以互射12碼擊敗廣東隊，連續兩屆捧起省港盃冠軍。至2013年他成功申請領取香港特區護照後，獲香港代表隊徵召參與國際A級賽，並在9月6日對緬甸國家隊的國際友誼賽，首度代表香港於國際A級賽亮相，結果香港以0–0賽和對手。
* 香港聯賽盃亞軍（2015–16季度）
* 香港菁英盃亞軍（2015–16季度）
* 香港足總盃亞軍（2015–16季度）
* 香港甲組聯賽亞軍（2011–12季度）
;哈爾濱毅騰
* 中國甲組聯賽亞軍（2013年）
圣費爾南多谷是一個位于美國加利福尼亞州洛杉磯都會區內洛杉磯縣的都市化山谷，其范圍包括由所圍繞的地區。圣費爾南多谷內有居民177萬人，其南面與面積更大、人口眾多的接壤。圣費爾南多谷內近三分之二的土地隸屬于洛杉磯市；而其他部分則分屬于格倫代爾、伯班克、圣費爾南多、希登希爾斯及卡拉巴薩斯等市。
San Fernando vs Livermore valleys water comparison map by William Mulholland, 1912
The San Fernando Valley is about  bound by the Santa Susana Mountains to the northwest, the Simi Hills to the west, the Santa Monica Mountains and Chalk Hills to the south, the Verdugo Mountains to the east, and the San Gabriel Mountains to the northeast. The northern Sierra Pelona Mountains, northwestern Topatopa Mountains, southern Santa Ana Mountains, and Downtown Los Angeles skyscrapers can be seen from higher neighborhoods, passes, and parks in the San Fernando Valley.
The Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek (''Arroyo Calabasas'') and Bell Creek (''Escorpión Creek''), between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Avenue (just north of Vanowen Street) in Canoga Park. These creeks' headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills' Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, and Santa Susana Pass Park lands. The river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the river's two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin.  A seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the eastern communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, and Verdugo Wash. The elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about  to  above sea level.
Most of the San Fernando Valley is within the jurisdiction of the City of Los Angeles, although a few other incorporated cities are located within the valley as well: Burbank is in the southeastern corner of the valley, and San Fernando, which is completely surrounded by Los Angeles, is in the northeastern valley. Universal City, an enclave in the southern part of the valley, is an unincorporated area housing the Universal Studios filming lot and theme park. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, marks the boundary between the valley and the communities of Hollywood and the Los Angeles Westside.
The San Fernando Valley has connection to other regions: The Santa Clarita Valley via Newhall Pass, the Westside via Sepulveda Pass, Hollywood via Cahuenga Pass, Simi Valley via Santa Susana Pass, and the Crescenta Valley via Interstate 210.
The valley's natural habitat is a "temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome" of grassland, oak savanna, and chaparral shrub forest types of plant community habitats, along with lush riparian plants along the river, creeks, and springs. In this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the mission's support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops.
The San Fernando Valley has a subtropical/hot-summer Mediterranean climate, with long, hot, dry summers, and short, warm winters, with chilly nights and sporadic rainfall. Due to its relatively inland location and other factors, summer days are typically hotter and winter nights typically colder than in the Los Angeles basin.
The San Fernando Valley contains six incorporated cities: Burbank, Calabasas, Glendale, Hidden Hills, San Fernando, and part of Los Angeles; which governs the majority of the valley. The unincorporated communities of Universal City and West Chatsworth are governed by the County of Los Angeles.
The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city council districts: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city, 34 are in the valley. The valley is represented in the California State Legislature by five members of the State Assembly: Jesse Gabriel (D), Luz Rivas (D), Adrin Nazarian (D), Suzette Martinez Valladares (R), and Laura Friedman (D). The valley is represented by three members of the State Senate: Henry Stern (D), Bob Hertzberg (D) and Anthony Portantino (D). The valley falls into five congressional districts: the 25th, 28th, 29th, 30th, and 33rd, represented respectively by Mike Garcia (R), Adam Schiff (D), Tony Cárdenas (D), Brad Sherman (D), and Ted Lieu (D). The valley is represented in the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, by two supervisorial districts, with the western portion represented by Sheila Kuehl (D) and the eastern portion by Kathryn Barger (R).
The San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections.
* The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a police station, limited and unlimited jurisdiction superior courts and Los Angeles city and county administrative offices. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge (originally named San Fernando Valley State College).
* Many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley.
* For independent libraries see "Incorporated Cities (independent)" in the "Municipalities and districts" list below.
* Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, and independent valley city departments.
* Los Angeles Fire Department, Los Angeles County Fire Department, Burbank Police Department, and independent valley city departments.
* City of Los Angeles neighborhood councils
Mission San Fernando: in a circa 1900 postcard
The valley was a center of "the crossroads of cultures and languages, including the Tongva, Fernande?o, and Chumash." The Tongva, later known as the Gabriele?o Mission Indians after colonization, the Tataviam to the north, and Chumash to the west, had lived and thrived in the valley and its arroyos for over 8,000 years. They had numerous settlements, and trading and hunting camps, before the Spanish arrived in 1769 to settle in the Valley.
Californio ranchero Eulogio F. de Celis once owned most of the San Fernando Valley.
The first Spanish land grant in the San Fernando Valley (or ''El Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de los Encinos'') was called "Rancho Encino" (present-day Mission Hills on the ''Camino Viejo'' before Newhall Pass), in the northern part of the San Fernando Valley. Juan Francisco Reyes built an adobe dwelling beside a Tongva village or rancheria at natural springs, but the land was soon taken from him so that a mission could be built there. Mission San Fernando Rey de Espa?a was established in 1797 as the 17th of the 21 missions. The land trade granted Juan Francisco Reyes the similarly named Rancho Los Encinos, also beside springs (Los Encinos State Historic Park in present-day Encino). Later the Mexican land grants of Rancho El Escorpión (West Hills), Rancho Providencia and Rancho Cahuenga (Burbank), and Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando (rest of valley) covered the San Fernando Valley.
The Treaty of Cahuenga, ending the Mexican–American War fighting in Alta California, was signed in 1847 by Californios and Americans at Campo de Cahuenga, the Verdugo Family adobe at the entrance to the Cahuenga Pass in the southeast San Fernando Valley (North Hollywood). The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the entire war.
The Valley officially became part of the State of California on September 9, 1850, when the California Statehood Act was approved by the federal government.
In 1874, dry wheat farming was introduced by J. B. Lankershim and Isaac Van Nuys, which became very productive for their San Fernando Homestead Association that owned the southern half of the valley. In 1876, they sent the first wheat shipment from both San Pedro Harbor and from the United States to Europe.
;Aqueduct
Crowds gather to see the first water reaching the valley via the new aqueduct.
Through the late-19th-century court decision ''Los Angeles'' v. ''Pomeroy'', Los Angeles had won the rights to all surface flow water atop an aquifer beneath the valley, without it being within the city limits. San Fernando Valley farmers offered to buy the surplus aqueduct water, but the federal legislation that enabled the construction of the aqueduct prohibited Los Angeles from selling the water outside of the city limits. This induced several independent towns surrounding Los Angeles to vote on and approve annexation to the city so that they could connect to the municipal water system. These rural areas became part of Los Angeles in 1915.
The aqueduct water shifted farming in the area from dry crops, such as wheat, to irrigated crops, such as corn, beans, squash, and cotton; orchards of apricots, persimmons, and walnuts; and major citrus groves of oranges and lemons. They continued until the next increment of development converted land use, with postwar suburbanization leaving only a few enclaves, such as the "open-air museum" groves at the Orcutt Ranch Park and CSUN campus.
;Developments
In 1909, the Suburban Homes Company, a syndicate led by H.&nbsp;J. Whitley, general manager of the board of control, along with Harry Chandler, Harrison Gray Otis, M. H. Sherman, and Otto F. Brant purchased 48,000 acres of the Farming and Milling Company for $2,500,000. Henry E. Huntington extended his Pacific Electric Railway (Red Cars) through the Valley to Owensmouth (now Canoga Park). The Suburban Home Company laid out plans for roads and the towns of Van Nuys, Reseda (Marian), and Canoga Park (Owensmouth). The rural areas were annexed into the city of Los Angeles in 1915. Laurel Canyon and Lankershim in 1923, Sunland in 1926, La Tuna Canyon in 1926, and the incorporated city of Tujunga in an eight-year process lasting from 1927 to 1935. These annexations more than doubled the area of the city.
Two valley cities incorporated independently from Los Angeles: Burbank and San Fernando in 1911. Universal City remains an unincorporated enclave that is home to Universal Studios and became home to Universal CityWalk later in the century. Other unincorporated areas in the valley include Bell Canyon and Kagel Canyon.
The advent of three new industries in the early 20th century—motion pictures, automobiles, and aircraft—also spurred urbanization and population growth. World War II production and the subsequent postwar boom accelerated this growth so that between 1945 and 1960, the valley's population had quintupled. Los Angeles continued to consolidate its territories in the San Fernando Valley by annexing the former Rancho El Escorpión for Canoga Park-West Hills in 1959, and the huge historic Porter Ranch at the foot of the Santa Susana Mountains for the new planned developments in Porter Ranch in 1965. The additions expanded the Los Angeles portion of San Fernando Valley from the original  to .
In the late 1970s, there was a proposed east-west freeway labeled SR 64 that would have cut through the center of the valley from Calabasas in the western end of the valley to the SR-170 and I-5 freeway interchange in Sun Valley, Los Angeles in the eastern end of the valley, but local opposition gained traction and the proposed freeway was never approved or built.
;Pop culture
In the 1980s, a distinctive valley youth culture was recognized in the media, particularly in the 1982 Frank Zappa / Moon Zappa song "Valley Girl" and the 1983 film ''Valley Girl''.  These helped fix the socio-economic stereotype of the "Valley girl" into the public consciousness, including a distinct Valley accent.
;Northridge earthquake
The 1994 Northridge earthquake struck on January 17 and measured 6.7 on the Moment magnitude scale. It produced the largest ground motions ever recorded in an urban environment and was the first earthquake that had its hypocenter located directly under a U.S. city since the Long Beach earthquake of 1933. It caused the greatest damage in the United States since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Although given the name Northridge, the epicenter was located in the community of Reseda, between Arminta and Ingomar streets, just west of Reseda Boulevard. The death toll was 57, and more than 1,500 people were seriously injured. A few days after the earthquake, 9,000 homes and businesses were still without electricity; 20,000 were without gas; and more than 48,500 had little or no water. About 12,500 structures were moderately to severely damaged, which left thousands of people temporarily homeless. Of the 66,546 buildings inspected, 6 percent were severely damaged (red tagged) and 17 percent were moderately damaged (yellow tagged). In addition, damage to several major freeways serving Los Angeles choked the traffic system in the days following the earthquake. Major freeway damage occurred as far away as  from the epicenter. Collapses and other severe damage forced closure of portions of 11 major roads to downtown Los Angeles.
This was the second time in 23 years that the San Fernando Valley had been affected by a strong earthquake. On February 9, 1971, a magnitude-6.5 event struck about  northeast of the epicenter of the 1994 event. The 1971 earthquake caused 58 fatalities and about 2,000 injuries. At the time, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake was the most destructive event to affect greater Los Angeles since the magnitude-6.3 Long Beach earthquake of 1933.
;Contemporary era
By the late 1990s, the San Fernando Valley had become more urban and more ethnically diverse with rising poverty and crime. In 2002, the valley tried to secede from the city of Los Angeles and become its own incorporated city to escape Los Angeles' perceived poverty, crime, gang activity, urban decay, and poorly maintained infrastructure. Since that unsuccessful secession attempt, a new Van Nuys municipal building was built in 2003; the Metro Orange Line opened in October 2005; 35 new public schools had opened up by 2012, and the valley's ethnic plurality is now Hispanic, edging out its white population by 0.8 percent.
By 2017, numerous urban development projects began in the valley, mainly in the Los Angeles neighborhoods of North Hollywood, Panorama City, and Woodland Hills. These projects started with the first few in Woodland Hills and the NoHo West project in North Hollywood began groundbreaking and construction on April 6, 2017.
LA Metro will begin construction on upgrades of the Metro G Line in 2021 with at-grade crossing gates and two bridges crossing both Sepulveda and Van Nuys Boulevards. The valley will get its first light rail line in seven decades by 2027, with construction of the line beginning in 2021 along Van Nuys Boulevard and San Fernando Road.
The San Fernando Valley is home to numerous neighborhood city parks, recreation areas and large Regional Open Space preserves. Many preserves are maintained as public parkland by the National Park Service's Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, the California State Parks, and local county and municipal parks districts.
* The Japanese Garden
* The gardens at Adobes
* The Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center
* The Leonis Adobe
* The Andrés Pico adobe
* Los Encinos State Historic Park
* Mission San Fernando
* Griffith Park, located at the southeastern end of the valley in the Hollywood Hills
* Sepulveda Dam recreation area
* Hansen Dam recreation area
* Los Angeles River, with parks of various sizes along the part of the river located in the valley
Victory Trailhead to the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve, West Hills
* Backbone Trail System
* Bell Canyon Park
* Chatsworth Park South
* Deukmejian Wilderness Park
* El Escorpión Park
* Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
* Laurel Canyon Park
* Marvin Braude Mulholland Gateway Park
* O'Melveny Park above Granada Hills
* Rocky Peak Park
* Sage Ranch Park (located in Simi Valley)
* San Vicente Mountain Park, above Encino
* Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park
* Topanga State Park
* Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve
* Verdugo Mountains Open Space Preserve
* Wildwood Canyon Park, above Burbank
* Wilson Canyon Park, above Sylmar
Map of the San Fernando Valley
* Universal City
* West Chatsworth
* Granada Hills
* Lake View Terrace
* Mission Hills
* NoHo Arts District
* North Hollywood
* Panorama City
* Shadow Hills+
* Sherwood Forest
* Toluca Terrace
* Valley Village
* Warner Center
* Woodland Hills
+ These communities are also included in the Crescenta Valley.''
The Valley is home to numerous companies, the most well known of which work in motion pictures, music recording, and television production. The former movie ranches were branches of original studios now consisting of CBS Studio Center, NBCUniversal, The Walt Disney Company (and its ABC television network), and Warner Bros.
The valley was previously known for advances in aerospace technology and nuclear research by companies such as Lockheed, Rocketdyne and its Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Atomics International, Litton Industries, Marquardt, and TRW's predecessor Thompson Ramo Wooldridge.
The valley became the pioneering region for producing adult films in the 1970s and grew to become home to a multibillion-dollar pornography industry, earning the monikers Porn Valley, Silicone Valley (in contrast to Silicon Valley, nickname for the Santa Clara Valley), and San Pornando Valley. The leading trade paper for the industry, ''AVN'' magazine, is based in the Northwest Valley, as were a majority of U.S. adult video and magazine distributors. The Paul Thomas Anderson film, ''Boogie Nights'' explores these aspects of the valley. According to the HBO series ''Pornucopia'', at one time, nearly 90 percent of all legally distributed pornographic films made in the United States were either filmed in or produced by studios based in the San Fernando Valley.
The pornography industry began to decline by the mid-2000s, owing, for the most part, to the growing amount of free content on the Internet, which undercut consumers' willingness to pay. In 2007 industry insiders estimated that revenue for most adult production and distribution companies had declined 30 percent to 50 percent and the number of new films made had fallen sharply.
Most of the utilities in the valley are served by public municipal governments, primarily the cities of Los Angeles, and Burbank, while there are only two private-owned utilities for gas and electricity in the valley as well. Southern California Edison has their overhead power lines going through the city of Burbank and through the Los Angeles city neighborhoods of Sylmar, Mission Hills, Arleta, North Hollywood, Studio City, Woodland Hills, Granada Hills, Porter Ranch, and Chatsworth as well. Internet, cable television, and cellular phone service in the valley are by large private companies.
The valley is served by the following utility companies:
* Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (serves the entire Los Angeles city section of the valley, which is two thirds of the land area, and is also the largest electric utility in the San Fernando Valley)
* Burbank Water and Power
* Southern California Edison (serves the cities of San Fernando, Calabasas, and Hidden Hills)
* Southern California Gas Company
* Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (serves the entire Los Angeles city section of the valley, which is two thirds of the land area)
* City of San Fernando
* Metropolitan Water District
Internet and Cable Television
* Frontier Communications
* Charter Communications (Spectrum)
Cell Phone Service
* Cricket Wireless
* Verizon Wireless
* City of Los Angeles
* City of San Fernando (''Republic Services, Inc.'')
* City of Burbank
Victory Boulevard in Van Nuys, lined with low-rise commercial establishments, is typical of the broad, straight boulevards in the San Fernando Valley. Photo, 2002.
Major freeways cross the Valley, including Interstate 405 (San Diego Freeway), U.S. Route 101 (Ventura Freeway/Hollywood Freeway), State Route 118 (Ronald Reagan Freeway), State Route 170 (Hollywood Freeway), Interstate 210 (Foothill Freeway), and Interstate 5 (Golden State Freeway). Notable streets include Sepulveda Boulevard, Ventura Boulevard, Laurel Canyon Boulevard, San Fernando Road, Victory Boulevard, Reseda Boulevard, Riverside Drive, Mulholland Drive, and State Route 27 (Topanga Canyon Boulevard).
Subway, dedicated transitway, and express and local buses, provided by many agencies, serve the San Fernando Valley. Some of the former rights-of-way of the Pacific Electric Railway, which first accelerated population growth in the Valley, have been repurposed for busways and light rail lines.