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YEAR | TITLE | [NAME] | JOURNAL | Abstract | Issue | VOLUME | PAGES | ACCNO | ADDRESS | Bhutan | China | DPRK | Indonesia | Korea | Malaysia | Philippines | ROK | SI | SriLanka | [NAME] | PF | PV | PM | PO | PK | MALARIA | Plasmodium | Count | Non-English
2009 | 10 years of success in addressing lymphatic filariasis | [NAME] | Lancet |  | 9663 | 373 | 529-530 | 2009066870 | (Molyneux) Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1980 | 10th International congress on tropical medicine and malaria. Manila, Philippines November 9-15, 1980. Abstracts |  | 10th International congress on tropical medicine and malaria. Manila, Philippines November | This includes the papers listed below. |  |  |  | 19811372841 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | 13th International Bioinformatics Workshop on Virus Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Lisbon, Portugal, 9-14 September 2007 | [NAME] | Infection, Genetics and Evolution | This special issue contains a collection of papers on infection, genetics and evolution. Topics addressed by the papers include: diversity of the orthoreoviruses: molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic divides; morphogenesis, infection and evolution of Cryptococcus neoformans; [NAME] genetic diversity and its biological functions; molecular typing methodologies for microbial source tracking and epidemiological investigations of Gram negative bacterial foodborne pathogens; development of a geographical distribution model of Rhodnius pallescens using environmental data recorded by remote sensing; development and application of a quantitative real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Surra in water buffaloes; [NAME]; methodology for detecting the spread of chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in previously unreported areas; host-specificity of Salmonella enterica serovar [NAME]; genetic characterization of HIV-1 BC recombinants and evolutionary history of the CRF31_BC in Southern Brazil; genetic characterization of type A foot and mouth disease virus 3A region in context of the re-emergence of VP3<sup>59</sup>-deletion lineage in India; distribution of mutations distinguishing the most prevalent disease-causing Candida albicans genotype from other genotypes; genotype differentiation of [NAME] in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) in the USA by hexon gene sequence; high throughput identification of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus using MALDI-TOF-MS of intact cells; amino acid biosynthesis deficiency in bacterial associated with human and animal hosts; molecular epidemiology of adenovirus infection among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh; molecular evolution of dengue viruses; biodiversity, phylogenetics and evolution of rhabdoviruses; seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus in the northeast of China; Bayesian skyline plot inference of the Toscana virus epidemic; natural selection maintains a stable polymorphism at the circumsporozoite protein locus of Plasmodium falciparum in a low endemic area; a 475-year-old founder effect involving IL12RB1; population biology of the human restricted pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes; invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease; molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of nematodes belonging to the [NAME] genus; association of SNP 668C(-44) with lepromatous leprosy; development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for [NAME] haemolytica and assessment of the population structure of isolates obtained from cattle and sheep; new perspectives for population genetics of [NAME]' disease vectors in the Northeastern Brazil; distribution of CCR5 genotypes and HLA class I B alleles in HIV-1-infected and uninfected injecting drug users from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; prevalence and geographic distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Indian patient cohort; genetic complexity and genotypic drug resistance mutations in ARV-naive patients; and identification of a novel codon in the norovirus GII.4 polymerase region. | 4 | 9 | 671-725. | 20093191001 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
2009 | 16 years of malaria joint prevention experience in the three provinces: [NAME], [NAME] and Qiong | [NAME] Wang;CaiWen Ruan | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | This study evaluated the epidemic situation of malaria in the mobile population of the 3 provinces of [NAME], [NAME] and Quiong in China after 16 years of malaria prevention and control. Patients with fever were blood tested and examined for the malaria. Results were analysed by regressive epidemiological method. In the past 16 years, a total of 32 233 cases of malaria were found in the mobile population in Guangdong. 2401 cases were Guangdong-registered citizens; 11 224 cases were Hainan registered citizens; 4253 cases were Guangxi registered citizens and 14 355 cases were citizens from other provinces. Among the 32 233 cases of malaria, 47 cases were imported malignant malaria and the rest 32 186 cases were tertian malaria. In the mobile population, 7183 cases were found in the returning population and the positive reaction rate in the blood test was 2.75%. For the 25 050 cases from the mobile population, the positive reaction rate in the blood test was 2.19%. There was a significant difference of the positive blood test between the indoor and outdoor workers. There was a tendency in the decrease of malaria incidence between 1992 and 2007. The epidemic situation of malaria was under control in the mobile population in Guangdong provinces. The malaria epidemic situation is stabilized and there is a tendency of decreasing in annual incidence. | 7 | 9 | 818-821 | 20093287909 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | 1st International Symposium on Geospatial Health, Lijiang, Yunnan, China, 8-7 September 2007 | XiaoNong Zhou;Shan Lv;GuoJing [NAME] | Parasites and Vectors | The 1st International Symposium on Geospatial Health was convened in Lijiang, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China from 8 to 9 September, 2007. The objective was to review progress made with the application of spatial techniques on zoonotic parasitic diseases, particularly in Southeast Asia. The symposium featured 71 presentations covering soil-transmitted and water-borne helminth infections, as well as arthropod-borne diseases such as leishmaniasis, malaria and lymphatic filariasis. The work made public at this occasion is briefly summarized here to highlight the advances made and to put forth research priorities in this area. Approaches such as geographical information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS) and remote sensing (RS), including spatial statistics, web-based GIS and map visualization of field investigations, figured prominently in the presentation. | 10 | 2 |  | 20093136356 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | 2-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxothieno 2,3-d pyrimidin-2-ylthio) acetamides as a new class of falcipain-2 inhibitors. 3. design, synthesis and biological evaluation | J. Zhu;T. Chen;J. Liu;R. Ma;W. Lu;J. Huang;H. Li;J. Li;H. [NAME] | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) | The cysteine protease falcipain-2 (FP-2) of Plasmodium falciparum is a principal cysteine protease and an essential hemoglobinase of erythrocytic P. falciparum trophozoites, making it become an attractive target enzyme for developing anti-malarial drugs. In this study, a series of novel small molecule FP-2 inhibitors have been designed and synthesized based on compound 1, which was identified by using structure-based virtual screening in conjunction with an enzyme inhibition assay. All compounds showed high inhibitory effect against FP-2 with IC(50)s of 1.46-11.38 microM, and the inhibitory activity of compound 2a was ~2 times greater than that of prototype compound 1. The preliminary SARs are summarized and should be helpful for future inhibitor design, and the novel scaffold presented here, with its potent inhibitory activity against FP-2, also has potential application in discovery of new anti-malarial drugs. | 2 | 14 | 785-97 | 19223827 | School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1984 | 20th Anniversary Symposium (Philippine Association of Entomologists, Inc.) |  | Philippine Entomologist | At this symposium, 5 papers were read that either review past work or discuss general concepts of applied entomology in the Philippines. The papers were Research and development in entomology: the Philippine setting, by [NAME]; Entomology in public health in the Philippines, by [NAME] (a review with particular reference to malaria, filariasis, dengue, plague and their insect vectors); Insect systematics in the Philippines: status, development and needs, by [NAME]; The entomologist as a crop protection specialist in the agrochemical industry, by [NAME]; and [NAME] on pesticides with particular reference to the Philippine setting, by [NAME]. | 1 | 6 | 65-121 | 19850526939 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1997 | 29 cases of malaria introduced into New Caledonia from 1992 to 1995 | D. Monchy;I. Descamps;Y. Barguil;H. Levenes;B. Genelle | [NAME] tropicale : revue du Corps de sante colonial | Although located in a tropical zone of the South Pacific, the island of New Caledonia is malaria-free. This retrospective study of imported malaria was conducted jointly by the Pasteur Institute of New Caledonia and the Gaston Bourret Territorial Hospital between January 1, 1992 and December 31, 1995. A total of 29 patients were hospitalized for malaria. Most contracted the disease in Vanuatu. Plasmodium vivax was involved more often than Plasmodium falciparum (22 vs. 11). No case was severe, complicated, or fatal. In most cases treatment consisted of quinine followed by mefloquine. The median duration of hospitalization was 5.7 days. Since the annual incidence of imported malaria is significantly higher in New Caledonia than in France, the authors propose that a Travelers Information Center should be set up in New Caledonia to improve prophylaxis against malaria. | 1 | 57 | 62-4 | 9289613 | Laboratoire d'Hematologie, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Caledonie. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2009 | 2-amido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-substituted-propanamides as a new class of falcipain-2 inhibitors. 1. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and binding model studies | J. Zhu;T. Chen;L. Chen;W. Lu;P. Che;J. Huang;H. Li;J. Li;H. [NAME] | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) | The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 (FP-2) is an important cysteine protease and an essential hemoglobinase of erythrocytic P. falciparum trophozoites. The discovery of new FP-2 inhibitors is now a hot topic in the search for potential malaria treatments. In this study, a series of novel small molecule FP-2 inhibitors have been designed and synthesized based on three regional optimizations of the lead (R)-2-phenoxycarboxamido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-benzylpropanamide(1), which was identified using structure-based virtual screening in conjunction with surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based binding assays. Four compounds--1, 2b, 2k and 2l--showed moderate FP-2 inhibition activity, with IC(50) values of 10.0-39.4 microM, and the inhibitory activity of compound 2k was approximately 3-fold better than that of the prototype compound 1 and may prove useful for the development of micromolar level FP-2 inhibitors. Preliminary SAR data was obtained, while molecular modeling revealed that introduction of H-bond donor or/and acceptor atoms to the phenyl ring moiety in the C region would be likely to produce some additional H-bond interactions, which should consequently enhance molecular bioactivity. | 1 | 14 | 494-508 | 19158658 | School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 [NAME], Shanghai 200237, PR China. [EMAIL] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2001 | 48 years malaria control in Xuchang City | [NAME] [NAME] Han | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 19 | 185 | 12571954 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2004 | 5th Asia Pacific Travel Health Conference, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. October 4-7, 2004 |  | Medical Journal of Malaysia | This supplement contains papers on the impact of emerging diseases on global travel. The topics covered are: travel vaccines; traveller's diarrhoea; childhood vaccination; prevention, control and surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome; diagnosis of dengue; chikungunya infection; sea, air and land travel; medical emergencies during travel; travel health insurance; deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; economy class syndrome; malaria chemoprophylaxis and diagnosis; tuberculosis; avian flu; diagnosis, control and clinical management of human influenza; cardiovascular, renal and endocrine diseases; women's health; travel requirements of children and elderly; herbal remedies; travel-related accidents; high altitude illness; flying after diving; typhoid fever; Japanese encephalitis; sexually transmitted diseases; health risks among foreign aid volunteers; diagnosis of febrile illnesses; [NAME] infection; infectious diseases; rabies; health tourism; parasitic diseases. |  | 59 | 121 | 20043214226 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1985 | 7 years' malaria surveillance in Guidong County, Hunan |  | Journal of parasitology & parasitic diseases |  | 3 | 3 | 170-3 | 3915721 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1997 | A 23kD molecule of Plasmodium falciparum binds specific IgG from splenomegalic, parasitemic, but asymptomatic children - a pilot study in a malarious community in Palawan, the Philippines | [NAME] Kano;E. Canete-Miguel;M. Suzuki | Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | A pilot sero-epidemiological study was performed in a community where annual malarial transmission takes place, in the southern part of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, The Philippines, at the end of the rainy season in December 1992. Sera obtained from 11 splenomegalic and asymptomatic children (aged between 2 and 9 years) with current Plasmodium falciparum infection (Group I) were examined using a Western blotting technique to determine the reactivity to electrophoresed antigenic molecules of P. falciparum (strain SGE1, of Gambian origin). Group I sera consistently exhibited specific reactivity of IgG to a 23 kDa molecule, to which sera obtained from another group of asymptomatic children with neither parasitaemia nor splenomegaly (Group II - 10 children aged between 4 and 12 years) exhibited no distinct reactivity. The pattern of the other bands varied considerably between serum specimens. Reactivity with a 58 kDa molecule was also exhibited by 4 Group I sera but none of the Group II ones. Five Group II sera reacted with a 47 kDa molecule previously reported to be indicative of present and/or recent past clinical episodes of P. falciparum infection (all had indeed had recent clinical malaria, but 3 group I sera also reacted with this molecule), and 4 of these also reacted with a 52 kDa molecule. It is suggested that reactivity of serum to the 23 kDa molecule reflects resistance to symptomatic malaria; that there is an immunogenic relationship between the 47 and 52 kDa molecules; and that determination of the immunological features of the antigenic molecules of parasites by this type of seroepidemiological study will provide a new assay system for the evaluation of immune status in communities where malaria is endemic. | 1 | 25 | 1-5 | 19970804297 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1998 | A 35-year old male patient with fever and painful swelling of the pectoral glands following a short visit to Sri Lanka | H. Alkadhi;M. Tschop;A. Marschang;I. Langenmayer;H. E. Feucht;C. J. Strasburger | Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift | HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: One week after returning from a two-week holiday in Sri Lanka a 35-year-old man started to have recurrent bouts of fever, up to 39.2 degrees C, as well as pain over the left upper abdomen, the back of the right thorax and bilateral pain on pressure with swelling of both breasts. He went to the Tropical Institute in Munich to have malaria excluded. There signs of cholestasis were noted and sonography revealed multiple round foci in the liver. As he had lost 10 kg in 3 weeks he was admitted to a medical unit for further tests. Physical examination now showed bilateral gynaecomastia and marked pressure resistance in the upper abdomen. Proprioceptor reflexes were greatly increased but equal bilaterally. INVESTIGATIONS: Inflammatory parameters were raised (C-reactive protein 22.6 mg/dl, ferritin level 2674 micrograms/l, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 50/82 [NAME]), there also were a leucocytosis (20,600 WBC/mm3) and a raised lactate dehydrogenase level of 613 U/l. In addition, thyroid stimulating hormone was reduced to < 0.03 microU/ml, while free thyroxine was raised to 2.7 ng/dl. The pregnancy test was positive. On quantitative analysis the human beta-chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level was markedly raised to 193,200 mIU/ml. Abdominal and thoracic computed tomography revealed multiple round metastasis-like masses in the liver and in the lung, and a thickened cardia. Serology for malaria, amoebiasis and echinococciasis was negative, sonography of the testes and thyroid was unremarkable. Endoscopy revealed a polypoid tumour at the gastro-oesophageal junction which histologically was an undifferentiated hCG-positive choriocarcinoma. TREATMENT AND COURSE: The neoplasm at first responded with partial remission (hCG minimally 39 mIU/ml) to chemotherapy (PEI schema: cisplatin, etoposide, ifosfamide) but then progressed, also under treatment of recurrences with paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin. The patient has since received high-dosage chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation. | 5 | 123 | 114-8 | 9487296 | [NAME], Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1993 | A 54-kDa protein overexpressed by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain | [NAME] Qu;X. Chen;C. [NAME] | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica | Using an insoluble chloroquine-adsorbent, a 54-kDa protein (with a range of 50-60 kDa) was extracted from serum of mice infected with chloroquine-resistant (CR) Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Immunoblotting assay with antiserum against the 54-kDa protein showed that the content of the protein was higher in serum of mice infected with the CR parasites than that of mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive (CS) P berghei ANKA strain, and that instead of the 54-kDa protein, a set of 15-, 16-, and 23-kDa proteins was found to be highly overexpressed in lysate of purified CR parasites in comparison with that of purified CS parasites, suggesting the 54-kDa protein probably to be composed of 3 subunits. These findings may bear great importance in probing mechanism of chloroquine resistance in malaria parasites. | 1 | 14 | 9-12 | 8503289 | Department of Parasitology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1991 | A 5-year surveillance of sensitivity in vivo of Plasmodium falciparum to pyronaridine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in Diaoluo area, Hainan Province | [NAME] | The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health | The surveillance of sensitivity of P. falciparum to pyronaridine/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine has been carried out in Diaoluo area in Hainan Province where chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria is endemic, covering an area of 406 square kilometers, with a population of 3745 in 1986. From 1986 all outpatients diagnosed as falciparum malaria were administered with PND/S/P as the only antimalarial. In vivo sensitivity of P. falciparum was measured in some patients who were treated in hospital. It was demonstrated that P. falciparum in the [NAME] area has retained its sensitivity to a single oral dose of PND/S/P of 500/1,000/50 mg with 100% cure rate for at least 5 years. | 1 | 22 | 65-7 | 1948261 | Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1993 | A 5-year surveillance of sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to pyronaridine (PND)/sulfadoxine(S)/pyrimethamine (P) in [NAME] region, Hainan Province | [NAME] Meng;X. [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | The results of this survey in Hainan Province, China, where P. falciparum is resistant to chloroquine, showed that the local P. falciparum was sensitive to a single oral dose of pyronaridine 500 mg/sulfadoxine 1000 mg/pyrimethamine 50 mg, with a 100% cure rate. | 2 | 6 | 81-83 | 19950804217 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2007 | A better future for women and children | [NAME] | Lancet |  | 9595 | 370 | 1297-1298 | 2007492519 | (Gayle) CARE USA, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States. (Daulaire) Global Health Council, Washington, DC, United States. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1992 | A bioassay for derivatives of qinghaosu (artemisinin) | X. Li;K. Rieckmann | Tropical Medicine and Parasitology | A sensitive bioassay was developed for measuring the serum antimalarial activity for [NAME] (artemisinin) derivatives. This should assist in the formulation of optimum regimens for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. | 3 | 43 | 195-196 | 1992333402 | (Li, Rieckmann) Army Malaria Research Unit, University of Sydney, Ingleburn, NSW 2174, Australia. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1997 | A bioassay for evaluating antimalarial activity and for measuring concentration in plasma | B. Traore;E. [NAME] | Tropical Medicine and International Health | Our objective was to develop a bioassay method based on the isotopic microtest of Desjardins and to validate it by comparing the results with high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The bioassay was developed using a continuous culture of P. falciparum, and the test material consisted of 32 human serum samples from 22 Filipino patients treated only with chloroquine (CQ) for noncomplicated malaria. A blind assay of the serum was done using the [NAME] method and HPLC. A good correlation (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.90, n = 32) was observed between the CQ plus monodesethylchloroquine (DCQ) concentrations obtained by [NAME] and the equivalent [NAME] by bioassay. It was also shown that the antimalarial activity of CQ is practically identical to that of its main metabolite DCQ, the activity of DCQ being 0.9 times the activity of CQ. The bioassay is reliable, semi-automated, and reproducible. This method may be used as a complementary technique to HPLC for determining biological activity in serum and for measuring the kinetics or determining this activity, as well as to indicate the existence of new metabolites. The bioassay can be applied to other protozoans for which an in vitro model is available. | 10 | 2 | 929-933 | 1997320998 | (Traore, Gay) Lab. d'Epidemiol. C., Service de Parasitologie, CHU [NAME], Paris, France. (Lazaro) Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Manila, Philippines. (Gay) Service de Parasrtologie, [NAME], Hop. Salp | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2002 | A brief history of the early stage of malaria control in China | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 1 | 20 | 63-4 | 12567559 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1977 | A brief survey of the mosquitoes of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, with special reference to the identity of Anopheles barbirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Margolembo area | [NAME] Partono;B. Lami;J. H. Cross | Journal of medical entomology |  | 6 | 13 | 719-27 | 18607 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1991 | A case of artemether-resistant falciparum malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 2 | 9 | 125 | 19950800883 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1980 | A case of black water fever caused by Plasmodium vivax multinucleatum | [NAME] | Annual Bulletin of the Society of Parasitology, Guangdong Province |  | 12 | 2 | 39, 161. | 19820893219 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
1994 | A case of capillariasis in a highland community of Irian Jaya, Indonesia | [NAME] | Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology | In July 1991, as part of a longitudinal health survey of the indigenous tribal (Ngalum) population of the Oksibil Valley, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, stool samples were collected from residents of Serapding and Dabolding villages. One case of capillariasis was found (199 faecal samples examined, 0.5%). The patient was a 2-year-old female from Dabolding, who had never travelled more than a day's walk from her village. The initial stool revealed only ova and no other intestinal parasites. The patient was asymptomatic. The size and appearance of the ova differed from those of other species of [NAME] known to infect humans, being larger than those of C. philippinensis (55 x 27 micro m vs 45 micro m x 21 micro m), and smaller than those of C. hepatica (60 x 33 micro m) and C. aerophila (65 x 35 micro m). Attempts to recover adult worms at 6 month intervals by treating the patient with mebendazole failed. Identical eggs were found 3 times over a 6-month interval, indicating that it is unlikely that this was a spurious infection. Over the final 8-month period of the study, the patient was found positive for the common intestinal protozoa, helminths and Plasmodium malariae. | 6 | 88 | 685-687 | 19950801871 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2000 | A case of cerebral malaria associated with renal failure due to Plasmodium falciparum | MoonSoo Kang;JongWeon Choi;ChungHyun Nahm;SooHwan Pai | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | In recent years, the incidence of imported cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been increasing in Korea due to increased travel to malarious area without adequate prophylaxis. Cerebral malaria is an encephalopathy associated with P. falciparum infection which can lead to significant mortality. The case is described of a 45-year-old man with cerebral malaria, complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure. The patient was thought to have become infected during travel to Indonesia, Laos and Bangkok, Thailand. A blood smear showed typical multiple intraerythrocytic ring-form trophozoites and banana-shaped gametocytes of P. falciparum. The patient died after 24 days in a comatose state with respiratory failure, despite treatment with exchange transfusion, haemodialysis and chemotherapy. | 5 | 20 | 459-462 | 20013041330 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1984 | A case of congenital malaria | [NAME] Park;H. D. Park;D. G. Han;K. [NAME] | Korean Journal of Parasitology | A 46-day old female Korean infant, whose mother suffered from malaria during pregnancy in Upper Volta and returned to Korea at the 9th month of gestation for delivery, developed fever, irritability, pallor, jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly at 39 days of age. The laboratory data revealed a haemolytic anaemia with thrombocytopaenia, hyperbilirubinaemia and increased hepatic enzyme values. A peripheral blood smear demonstrated intraerythrocytic malarial parasites and gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum. She was successfully treated with quinine sulphate (25 mg/kg/day in 3 doses for 5 days) and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (8 mg/kg/day in 2 doses for 5 days) orally. [From English summary.] |  | 22 | 72-77 | 19840820636 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1980 | A case of congenital malaria in Malaysia with IgM malaria antibodies | V. Thomas;C. [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Congenital malaria from Malaysia is reported here for the first time. It occurred in a baby boy born to a 16-year-old primigravida who contracted Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy. She suffered malaria during the later stages of pregnancy and at parturition. The placenta was heavily infested with various asexual stages of P. falciparum. Gametocytes were not seen. Extensive search did not show other species. [NAME] blood showed very light infection with young trophozoites of P. falciparum. Serological studies using IFA technique showed specific IgG and IgM antibodies to P. falciparum in maternal cord and two early neonatal sera. These serum samples showed lower levels of IgG antibodies against P. vivax and P. malariae, but there were no specific IgM antibodies against these species. The value of specific IgM antibody in the diagnosis of congenital malaria is discussed. | 1 | 74 | 73-6 | 7001686 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1987 | A case of congenital vivax malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 5 | 202. | 19890854758 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1999 | A case of cutaneous dirt-adherent disease with Pityrosporum | Qing Xia;Ping Jiang;ShaoYun Xiao;Jin [NAME] | Journal of Clinical Dermatology | A case is reported in a 17-year-old man from China who presented with a 6-month history of thick adherent grey-brown oily scales on both sides of the face. KOH direct microscopic examination of scales showed no spores and hyphae. Gram stain showed many round and ovale spores. Culture of the scales on Sabouraud glucose agar at 37 degrees C for 4 weeks showed typical growth of P. orbiculare [Malassezia furfur] and P. ovale [M. furfur]. After itraconazole was given at a dose of 100 mg daily for 5 weeks, the patient improved markedly, but after stopping treatment the lesions recurred. | 1 | 28 | 52-53 | 19991200600 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0
2000 | A case of falciparum malaria complicated with black water fever | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 5 | 18 | 313. | 20013023609 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1996 | A case of falciparum malaria with chorea | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 1 | 9 | 9 | 19970800015 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1996 | A case of imported cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 3 | 9 | 227. | 19970800048 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2008 | A case of imported malaria: the first report of a Plasmodium malariae infection in Sri Lanka after 37 years | [NAME] | Ceylon Medical Journal | We report a case of Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae mixed infection in a patient who had been living in [NAME]. This is the first case of P. malariae reported in Sri Lanka in 4 decades. The presence of both parasites was confirmed by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The history strongly indicated that the infection had been acquired from [NAME]. The patient had liver dysfunction and a transient glomerulonephritis, both of which subsided with antimalarial treatment. | 2 | 53 | 53-4 | 18678123 | Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, PO. Box 6, Thalagolla Road, [NAME], Sri Lanka. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2006 | A case of imported Plasmodium ovale malaria | [NAME] Han;Baek-Nam Kim;Hee [NAME] | Journal of Korean Medical Science | There have been reports in Korea of imported malaria cases of four Plasmodium species, but there has been no report of imported Plasmodium ovale malaria confirmed by molecular biological methods. We report an imported case of that was confirmed by Wright-Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear and nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. The amplified DNA was sequenced and compared with other registered P. ovale isolates. The isolate in this study was a member of the classic type group. The patient was a 44-yr-old male who had worked as a woodcutter in Cote d'Ivoire in tropical West Africa. He was treated with hydroxychloroquine and primaquine and discharged following improvement. In conclusion, P. ovale should be considered as an etiology in the imported malaria in Korea, because the number of travelers to P. ovale endemic regions has recently increased. | 5 | 21 | 932-5 | 17043432 | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Korea. [NAME] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1
2003 | A case of imported Plasmodium vivax malaria from the demilitarized zone in South Korea | [NAME] Yamaura;Kyoichi Totsuka | [NAME] of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases |  | 1 | 77 | 42-4 | 12638262 | Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1988 | A case of imported quartan malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 6 | 185. | 19910869762 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1995 | A case of imported severe falciparum malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 1 | 8 | 60. | 19950811057 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2005 | A case of leptospirosis caused by [NAME] serovar sejroe infected in Bali Island, Indonesia | Mitsuo Sakamoto;Tetsuro Kato;Fumiya Sato;Koji Yoshikawa;Masaki Yoshida;Kohya Shiba;Shoichi Onodera;Sadayori Hoshina;Nobuo Koizumi;Haruo Watanabe | [NAME] of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases | We report a patient with leptospirosis caused by [NAME] serovar Sejroe infection on Bali Island, Indonesia. This 33-year-old Japanese man had stayed at a resort hotel on the island from July 8 to July 13 2004. At the hotel, he swam in the pool, walked barefoot, and lied down in the grass. He developed a high fever and headache 7 days after completing his trip, and was admitted to our hospital on July 23. On admission he showed conjunctival suffusion and complained of myalgias. Laboratory findings included granulocytosis and elevated CRP. Plasmodium spp. were not found in blood smears, and no pathogenic bacteria were isolated from blood or fecal cultures. We diagnosed the patient as leptospirosis upon detection of slender coiled organisms with characteristic morphology by darkfield examination of blood sample. Minocycline 100 mg i.v.b.i.d. showed excellent efficacy. A microscopic agglutination test (MAT) during the convalescent stage demonstrated a significant increase in antibodies against L. borgpetersenii serovar Sejroe, confirming the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Despite occurrence of a pandemic of leptospirosis in certain Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, information concerning pandemic disease is limited. In addition serovars of "imported" cases representing infection in pandemic areas differ widely from those in domestic cases. Adequate laboratory support therefore is crucial for accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis. | 4 | 79 | 294-8 | 15977569 | Division of Infection Control, The Jikei University School of Medicine. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
2001 | A case of leptospirosis infected in Borneo Island, Malaysia | M. Sakamoto;H. Sagara;N. Koizumi;H. Watanabe | [NAME] of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases | We report a case of leptospirosis infected in Sabah, [NAME] island, Malaysia. The case is 25-year-old male who had participated in the EcoChallenge Sabah 2000 Expedition Race, a multisport event held during August 20 to September 3, 2000 at various sites in Sabah in Malaysian [NAME]. He developed a high fever and headache on September 7, and he was admitted to our hospital on September 9. On admission he also had conjunctivitis and myalgias. Laboratory findings on admission revealed leukocytosis with left shift, slightly elevated transaminase levels, high CRP levels and proteinuria. Plasmodium spp. were negative on blood smears, and no bacteria were isolated from blood and feces cultures. We performed the laboratory tests for leptospirosis, based on the information about the probable leptospirosis outbreak among athletes who participated in the EcoChallenge Race, however both [NAME] antigens and antibodies were negative at that time. We diagnosed leptospirosis clinically because he manifested persistent symptoms, and minocycline 100 mg b.i.d. was administered intravenously resulting in excellent efficacy. Serum antibody tests by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) at convalescent stage revealed significant increased antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis, and the diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed. Infectious diseases have been global and it is important to have information concerning worldwide infectious disease situations as much as possible for accurate diagnosis. | 12 | 75 | 1057-61 | 11806141 | Department of Infectious Diseases, [NAME] Hospital. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
1999 | A case of malaria | [NAME] | The New Zealand medical journal |  | 1084 | 112 | 105-6 | 10210304 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2001 | A case of malaria nephritis | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 5 | 19 | 281. | 20023017036 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A case of myocarditis associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria | [NAME] J. Huh;S. L. Chae | Journal of travel medicine | Cardiac complications in malaria have been infrequently associated with Plasmodium falciparum infections. However, myocarditis associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria has not been reported in the literature. We observed an unusual case of vivax malaria that was complicated by myocarditis. | 2 | 16 | 138-40 | 19335817 | Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, [NAME], Korea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2009 | A case of non-Japanese patient with severe co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae successfully treated with intravenous artesunate. Japanese | [NAME] Sakamoto;Y. Osone;S. Akizuki | Japanese Journal of Chemotherapy | A 37 year old Chinese male developed a continuous high-grade fever over 38degreesC on board a ship traveling from Papua New Guinea to China. The ship was diverted to Kawasaki port and he was brought to the emergency room of Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital. The falciparum malaria was diagnosed morphologically by examination of blood films. According to the WHO criteria, the disease was considered to be severe because of high parasitemia at 15.2%. The initial treatment was with mefloquine (used first due to its good availability in Japan). However, the parasitemia did not improve and the morphological change of the parasites was not observed 12 hours after initiation of the treatment. Considering the time passed (4 days) since the onset of symptoms and the clinical condition, we consulted the Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan who decided to donate us with a course of intravenous artesunate. Six hours after the first dose of artesunate, the infected RBC density decreased from 15% to 2% and the parasites observed were damaged morphologically. After 3 doses, no parasites were observed on blood film examination. In accordance with the disappearance of parasites, the clinical condition and laboratory data improved. The parasite clearance time and fever clearance time were 28 and 48 hours, respectively. The TaqMan real-time PCR system revealed that the patient was co-infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae. Intravenous artesunate is reported to be highly safe and effective against severe falciparum malaria. We concluded that this treatment should become available in Japan for use against malaria in the near future. | 4 | 57 | 311-315 | 2009426725 | (Nakajima, Sakamoto) Department of Infectious Diseases, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawa-dori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. (Suganuma, Osone, Akizuki) Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1987 | A case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria | F. Amano;K. Katou;C. Nakamura;T. [NAME] | [NAME] of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases |  | 10 | 61 | 1180-5 | 3130437 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1993 | A case of Plasmodium malariae in Pingyuan County, Guangdong Province | [NAME] | Annual Bulletin of the Society of Parasitology, Guangdong Province |  | 14 | 12 | 350. | 19950804999 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2001 | A case of Plasmodium vivax infection diagnosed after treatment of imported falciparum malaria | [NAME] | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | In South Korea, most imported malaria has been caused by Plasmodium falciparum and little mixed infection has been reported which is frequently observed in other countries. We report a case of mixed malarial infection with P. falciparum/P. vivax. It was diagnosed by using 3 kinds of dipstick tests (2 malarial antibody tests and one pLDH immunocapture assay), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and a peripheral blood smear in a 19-year-old woman who had travelled to Bangladesh. The patient was diagnosed with P. falciparum on the first-visit blood sample and P. vivax with the second-visit sample by using all 3 kinds of dipstick tests. Peripheral blood smears and a PCR of the patient's blood also showed P. falciparum and P. vivax parasites and DNA bands of 2 species of malaria. In conclusion, an imported malaria case should be accurately diagnosed using the malarial antibody detection kit, pLDH immunocapture assay, and PCR in addition to the peripheral blood smear for the possibility of mixed infection with malaria. | 5 | 21 | 360-364 | 20013177977 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1996 | A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria complicated with shock and aseptic meningitis | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 14 | 180. | 19970805107 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1989 | A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria infection in a newborn child | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 4 | 2 | 308. | 19900863688 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1989 | A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria misdiagnosed as hepatitis A | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 4 | 2 | 313. | 19900863687 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1996 | A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria reported in Chengde Area, Hebei province | YuFang Zhong;Xiang Guo;YueMin [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 14 | 211. | 19970805109 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1991 | A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria with findings of DIC | K. Takaki;T. Aoki;H. Akeda;T. Kajiwara;S. Honda;Y. Maeda;K. Okada;Y. Sawae | [NAME]. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases | We reported a rare case of Plasmodium vivax malaria who showed findings of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). A 50-year-old Japanese male was sent to our hospital with the diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria on the 26th of April, 1990. He had stayed in the Solomon Islands from Oct. 1987 to Dec. 1989, and had febrile episodes during his stay in the island. On April 18, 1990, he complained of a high fever with chills, and showed the same episodes on the 20th, 22th and was diagnosed as malaria. He was treated successfully with the sulfadoxine 500 mg and pyrimethamine 25mg (Fansidar), following the normal temperature on the 4th day and disappearance of malarial parasites in the peripheral blood smear on the 6th day. Interestingly, he had thrombocytopenia and a high titer serum level of fibrin degradation product (FDP) supporting the questionable diagnosis of DIC. Even on the 12th day after improved thrombocytopenia by treatment with [NAME] (FOY), the serum level of FDP, D-dimer and thrombin-nati-thrombin (TAT)III complex still remained at high titer levels. One month later he was readmitted for a relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria, when he showed thrombocytopenia but the serum level of FDP, D-dimer, TAT III complex and PM.alpha 2 PI complex were normal levels. We concluded that the thrombocytopenia and the high titer of FDP at his first admission was a manifestation of DIC. | 4 | 65 | 488-92 | 2071964 | Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Fukuoka City. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2003 | A case of pulmonary falciparum malaria complicated with hepatitis E | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 5 | 21 | 295. | 20043063697 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1992 | A case of severe mixed Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infection successfully treated with artemether | [NAME] Ishikawa;T. Hosono;Y. Iikuni;H. Kondo;Y. [NAME] Ito;H. [NAME] | Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | The case is presented of a 31-year-old Japanese male admitted to Kitasato University Hospital, Japan, suffering from fever, diarrhoea and circulatory collapse. The patient had developed fever and chills one week after his return from a 9 day visit to Indonesia, during which he had received chloroquine prophylaxis. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax were detected in a blood smear (parasitaemia 12 and 0.7%, respectively). Therapy with oral doses of 600 mg quinine hydrochloride and 100 mg doxycycline was initiated, but the next day his condition was unaltered, severe oligouria was evident and P. falciparum parasitaemia increased to 29%. Therapy was changed to 250 mg quinine hydrochloride given iv and one tablet of Fansimef [pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, mefloquine]. Anuria and drowsiness developed within 24 h. Haemodialysis was begun and treatment with quinine was replaced by artemether, administered im as a first dose of 200 mg followed by 100 mg at intervals of 12 h up to a total of 600 mg. Asexual stages of the parasites were eliminated from the blood within 38 h of the start of artemether treatment, and the patient made a complete recovery. To consolidate this therapy mefloquine was given orally at a dose of 500 mg/day for 2 days, and on discharge the patient was prescribed 15 mg/day for 2 weeks. Forty eight days later he was diagnosed as a P. vivax relapse case. Treatment with chloroquine and twice as much primaquine cleared parasitaemia. Four months later another relapse occurred and the patient was finally treated with halofantrine and primaquine. The aim of initial malaria therapy is to lower the level of parasitaemia as rapidly as possible, while monitoring vital organ function: artemether was judged to be effective in achieving this, even in the severe and complicated mixed infection described here. | 4 | 20 | 305-312 | 19930805179 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2007 | A case of symptomatic splenic infarction in vivax malaria | [NAME] Lee;Moon-Hyun Chung;Eun Sil Kim | Korean Journal of Parasitology | Splenic infarction is a rare complication in malaria cases, and is caused primarily by Plasmodium falciparum. Recently in South Korea, only P. vivax has prevailed since 1993. Although the probability that symptomatic splenic infarction may occur in vivax malaria cases is considered relatively high, there have never been any case reports describing the occurrence of symptomatic splenic infarction in cases of vivax malaria. A 34-year-old man presented with fever that had persisted for 5 days. P. vivax infection was verified using a peripheral blood smear, and chloroquine was utilized to treat the fever successfully. Six days later, the patient developed pain in the left upper abdomen, which was diagnosed as splenic infarction by computed tomography. | 1 | 45 | 55-8 | 17374979 | Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2001 | A case of tertian malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 19 | 181. | 20013142085 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1987 | A case of vivax malaria associated with diffused intravascular coagulation | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 1 | 5 | 21. | 19890853683 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1999 | A case of vivax malaria caused by blood transfusion in Heilongjiang Province | GuangYue Wang;YiHong Li;ShuQi Fan | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 1 | 17 | 27. | 20000803864 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1993 | A case of vivax malaria in which remission was achieved by primaquine at 1.5 times the standard dose after two earlier relapses | M. Obana;S. Ohta;Y. [NAME] Kano;M. [NAME] | [NAME] of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases | A 22-year-old male student, who had been to Indonesia, was admitted to our hospital because of a high grade fever on October 12, 1990. On admission, vivax malaria parasites were detected in his blood smears and the antibody titers against Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum antigen were respectively 1:1024 and 1:64 by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Therefore, he was diagnosed as having vivax malaria and was treated with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar), followed by primaquine at 15 mg/day for 14 days. However, relapse occurred twice after treatment with the above-mentioned standard dose of primaquine. After his second relapse, he was treated with primaquine at 22.5 mg/day for 14 days and remission was finally achieved without any adverse reactions. The antibody titer against P. vivax did not re-increase during the first and second relapses. | 4 | 67 | 371-5 | 8315306 | Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1994 | A case report of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum mixed with Plasmodium ovale | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 3 | 7 | 227 | 19950804415 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1
1989 | A case report of congenital vivax malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 2 | 2 | 72. | 19930804053 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1993 | A case report of fulminating falciparum malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 11 | 167. | 19950807081 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1997 | A case report of misdiagnosed Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated by black urine | [NAME] Wang;BoZhu He | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 2 | 10 | 102 | 19980802687 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2006 | A case report of neonatal congenital Cameroon fever | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics |  | 1 | 8 |  | 16522252 | Department of Pediatrics, Second People's Hospital of Lincang, lincang, Yunnan 677000, China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2001 | A case study on physical and biological factors in relation to mosquito emergence in abandoned gem pits in Elahera, Sri Lanka | [NAME] Edirisinghe;L. [NAME] | Tropical Agricultural Research | Field experiments were conducted in Elahera gem mining area in Sri Lanka from January to May 2000 in four stations along [NAME] ganga to evaluate the physicochemical aspects, biological aspects such as associated mosquito larvae, and larvivorous predator communities in abandoned gem pits. The correlation between rainfall and malaria incidences in the area with 3-month lag period (r<sub>s</sub>=-0.335; P=0.040) and 4-month lag period (r<sub>s</sub>=-0.439; P=0.009) were significant. All water quality parameters estimated in the gem pits were within the range where the fish can survive. Puntius filamentosus, P. bimaculatus, Rasbora cavarie and Esomus thermoicos were the dominant fish species observed in the pits. There was a significant relationship between the presence or absence of fish, and the presence or absence of mosquito larvae in experimented pits at 5% level. When fish were present, only 13.3% of the pits had mosquito larvae. When the fish were absent, 73.7% of the pits had mosquito larvae. The presence of mosquito larvae in gem pits reduced significantly (94.5%) in the presence of fish in pits. Littoral and submerged vegetation in the pits had a positive effect on mosquito larval survival in the pits (r<sub>s</sub>=0.50; P=0.005). Plankton studies in the pits indicated the occurrence of predators of mosquito larvae such as copepods and aquatic insects. |  | 13 | 401-410 | 20023049209 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1997 | A case with nasopharyngeal carcinoma extending into the cavernous sinus | J. Taguchi;M. Sato;M. Sasaki;M. Ozaki;M. Hanada;J. Kuyama;T. Hayakawa | Neurological surgery | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is seen frequently in South China, but it is rare in Japan as well as in Western countries. We reported a rare case with intracranial extension at the initial presentation. This 25-year-old Japanese female showed left [NAME]. MRI revealed an intracavernous mass with homogeneous enhancement connected with the lesion around the epipharynx through the parapharyngeal space. The mass enlarged gradually, followed by left trigeminal palsy. An elevation of the titer of serum EBV Ig-G was noted. She was operated on via the subtemporal approach, which revealed an intracavernous tumor, connected with the infratemporal fossa mass via the enlarged foramen ovale. Histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed lymphoepithelioma. Local irradiation of 60Co of 63 Gy was performed on the cavernous and parapharyngeal tumors and they decreased in size remarkably. However, metastasis to the upper right neck lymph node occurred, and it was removed. Additional irradiation of 45 Gy was performed on her neck. Chemotherapy was not able to be carried out due to leucocytopenia. At present, 2 years after onset, no regrowth of the tumor has been seen. At initial presentation, intracranial extension of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is very rare. Remission may be obtained by a combination of surgery and irradiation even in cases with metastasis. | 10 | 25 | 939-42 | 9330398 | Department of Neurosurgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0
2001 | A case with Plasmodium vivax of abnormal morphology | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 1 | 19 | 36. | 20013079911 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1987 | A case-control study of liver cancer in the rural area of Huarong County, Hunan Province | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Epidemiology |  | 2 | 8 | 84-7 | 3621333 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1988 | A case-control study of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan | [NAME] M. Lin;C. J. Chen;J. S. Chen;Y. F. Liaw;W. [NAME] | Cancer | A case-control study was carried out to explore possible risk factors of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) in Taiwan. One hundred thirty-one PHC patients and 207 hospital control patients were interviewed and blood samples were collected for blood type and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection marker tests. Eighty-three percent of the PHC patients were found to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive as compared with 21.0% of the control patients with an odds ratio (OR) of 21.5. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive status increased the risk of PHC. No significant association was observed between erythrocyte genetic markers and PHC, except c of the Rh system, which was significantly lower in the PHC cases. As compared with the control patients, the PHC patients had a higher proportion with a history of liver diseases and more siblings affected with liver diseases. However, the variables such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, peanut consumption, frequent intake of raw fish, heart diseases, peptic ulcer, malaria, hypertension, diabetes, color blindness, [NAME]-PD deficiency, surgical operation, blood transfusion, and liver diseases of parents and children were not found to be associated with PHC. | 9 | 62 | 2051-5 | 2844388 | Institute of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Republic of China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1998 | A case-control study of stillbirths at the Port Moresby General Hospital | [NAME] Moro;G. [NAME] | Papua and New Guinea medical journal | From September 1995 to May 1997, 315 consecutive stillbirths and 315 randomly selected controls were studied at the Port Moresby General Hospital to determine the causes of the deaths, to describe the sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics of the mothers, and to see if there were any avoidable factors in the stillbirths and where the responsibility for them lay. 249 (79%) of the stillbirths were antepartum and 14% were intrapartum; the timing of death could not be determined in the remaining 21 (7%). 36% of the stillbirths were unexplained. The common identified causes were: syphilis (VDRL and TPHA positive) 10%, intrauterine growth restriction/placental insufficiency 9%, antepartum haemorrhage 9%, malaria 6%, major congenital abnormalities 6%, cord accidents 6%, pregnancy-induced hypertension 5% and acute intrapartum asphyxia 4%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between stillbirth and the following variables: husband's occupation unskilled, age over 35 years, poor antenatal attendance, a past history of stillbirth, syphilis and malaria. An avoidable factor was established in 41% of the cases; in 60% the responsibility for the avoidable factor lay with the patient and her relatives. | 3 | 41 | 126-36 | 10934555 | Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2001 | A clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of six doses of artemether-lumefantrine for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand | [NAME] Gathmann;R. Mull;R. [NAME] | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | The efficacy-safety and pharmacokinetics of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem/Riamet; Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland) were assessed in a randomized trial in 219 patients ([greater-than or equal to] 12 years old) with acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. One hundred and sixty-four patients received artemether-lumefantrine and 55 received the standard treatment combination of mefloquine-artesunate. Both drugs induced rapid clearance of parasites and malaria symptoms. The 28-day cure rates were 95.5% (90% confidence interval [CI] = 91.7, 97.9%) for artemether-lumefantrine and 100% (90% CI = 94.5, 100%) for mefloquine-artesunate. This high-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine was very well tolerated, with very good compliance. The most frequent adverse events were headache, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, vomiting, and skin rash. Overall, only 2% of patients in both groups showed QTc prolongations but without any cardiac complication, and no differences were seen between patients with and without measurable baseline plasma levels of quinine or mefloquine. Plasma levels of artemether, dihydroartemisinin, and lumefantrine were consistent with historical data for the same dose regimen, and were higher, particularly for lumefantrine, than those previously observed with the four-dose regimen, explaining the greater efficacy of the six-dose regimen in a drug-resistant setting. These results confirm the excellent safety and efficacy of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum malaria. | 5 | 64 | 247-256 | 2001251257 | (Lefevre) Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. ([NAME], Treeprasertsuk, Krudsood, Silachamroon) Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand. (Lefevre) Novartis Pharma AG, WSJ-27.7.029, CH-4002 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2000 | A clinical experience of malaria in east Timor | [NAME] | Australian Family Physician | BACKGROUND: The author spent February and March of this year as a doctor with Timor Aid, a local aid organisation based in Dili. That time was spent in the coastal region bordering west Timor at a place called Batugade and later in the central mountainous area known as [NAME]. The majority of cases of malaria were recorded and the morbidity patterns clinically documented, although no laboratory diagnosis was possible; indeed none was available. OBJECTIVE: A study of 107 cases of malaria seen in the remote areas of east Timor is reported and the implications for Australia are discussed. [NAME]: The disease is common in east Timor and is most prevalent in children. It is an extremely serious condition and deaths are occurring. The current treatment protocols are considered appropriate; the need for public health measures are stressed. | 11 | 29 | 1076-8 | 11127069 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A cluster randomized controlled cross-over bed net acceptability and preference trial in Solomon Islands: community participation in shaping policy for malaria elimination | [NAME] Bobogare;A. Vallely;L. Boaz;G. Kelly;W. Basifiri;S. Forsyth;P. Baker;B. Appleyard;H. Toaliu;G. [NAME] | Malaria journal | BACKGROUND: A key component of the malaria elimination strategy in Solomon Islands (SI) is widespread coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The success of this strategy is dependent on LLIN acceptability and compliance. There has been unresolved debate among policy makers and donors as to which type of LLIN would be most appropriate for large-scale distribution in SI, and anecdotal reports of a lack of acceptability of certain brands of LLINs. A cluster randomized controlled crossover bed net acceptability and preference trial was therefore carried out from July to September, 2008 to inform policy and to facilitate community engagement and participation in the selection of the most appropriate LLIN for use in SI. METHOD: A three-stage sampling method was used to randomly select the study population from Malaita Province, SI. Three brands of LLINs were assessed in this study: Olyset, PermaNet and DuraNet. Bed net acceptability and preference were evaluated through surveys at three defined time points after short and longer-term trial of each LLIN. RESULTS: The acceptability of PermaNet after short-term use (96.5%) was significantly greater than Olyset (67.3%, p < 0.001) and DuraNet (69.8%, p < 0.001). The acceptability of DuraNet and Olyset after short-term use was not significantly different at the 5% level. [NAME] that were perceived not to prevent mosquito bites were significantly less acceptable than LLINs that were perceived to prevent mosquito bites (OR 0.15; 95%CI 0.03 to 0.6). [NAME] that allow a pleasant night's sleep (OR 6.3; 95%CI:3.3-12.3) and have a soft texture (OR 5.7; 95%CI:1.9-20.5) were considered more acceptable than those that did not. Olyset's acceptability decreased over time and this was due to net wrinkling/shrinkage after washing resulting in reduced efficiency in preventing mosquito bites. The increase in DuraNet acceptability was a result of a reduction in minor adverse events following longer-term use. CONCLUSION: This research was conducted to inform LLIN procurement as part of the national malaria control and elimination programme in SI. The success of malaria elimination in the Pacific and elsewhere relies on provision of acceptable interventions, consideration of local-level realities and engagement of communities in strategy development. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: Clinical trials ACTRN12608000322336. | 1 | 8 | 298 | 20015402 | Pacific Malaria Initiative Support Centre, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2008 | A collaborative epidemiological investigation into the criminal fake artesunate trade in South East Asia | [NAME] Mildenhall;M. D. Green;L. [NAME] Phanouvong;S. Howells;E. McIntosh;P. Laurin;N. Blum;C. [NAME] Faure;L. Nyadong;C. [NAME] Santoso;W. Zhiguang;J. Newton;K. Palmer | [NAME] medicine | BACKGROUND: Since 1998 the serious public health problem in South East Asia of counterfeit artesunate, containing no or subtherapeutic amounts of the active antimalarial ingredient, has led to deaths from untreated malaria, reduced confidence in this vital drug, large economic losses for the legitimate manufacturers, and concerns that artemisinin resistance might be engendered. METHODS AND FINDINGS: With evidence of a deteriorating situation, a group of police, criminal analysts, chemists, palynologists, and health workers collaborated to determine the source of these counterfeits under the auspices of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) and the Western Pacific World Health Organization Regional Office. A total of 391 samples of genuine and counterfeit artesunate collected in Vietnam (75), Cambodia (48), [NAME] (115), Myanmar (Burma) (137) and the Thai/Myanmar border (16), were available for analysis. Sixteen different fake hologram types were identified. High-performance liquid chromatography and/or mass spectrometry confirmed that all specimens thought to be counterfeit (195/391, 49.9%) on the basis of packaging contained no or small quantities of artesunate (up to 12 mg per tablet as opposed to approximately 50 mg per genuine tablet). Chemical analysis demonstrated a wide diversity of wrong active ingredients, including banned pharmaceuticals, such as metamizole, and safrole, a carcinogen, and raw material for manufacture of methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('ecstasy'). Evidence from chemical, mineralogical, biological, and packaging analysis suggested that at least some of the counterfeits were manufactured in southeast People's Republic of China. This evidence prompted the Chinese Government to act quickly against the criminal traders with arrests and seizures. CONCLUSIONS: An international multi-disciplinary group obtained evidence that some of the counterfeit artesunate was manufactured in China, and this prompted a criminal investigation. International cross-disciplinary collaborations may be appropriate in the investigation of other serious counterfeit medicine public health problems elsewhere, but strengthening of international collaborations and forensic and drug regulatory authority capacity will be required. | 2 | 5 |  | 18271620 | Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, [NAME], Oxford, United Kingdom. [EMAIL] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1996 | A colorimetric DNA diagnostic method for falciparum malaria and vivax malaria: A field trial in the Solomon Islands | M. Arai;K. Kunisada;H. [NAME] Mizukoshi;T. [NAME] Yamane;S. Nakagami;S. Kawai;H. Nakano;F. Kawamoto;Y. Wataya | Nucleosides and [NAME] | We have developed a colorimetric assay, 'microtiter plate-hybridization', for the detection of malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in human blood, in which the target DNA sequences (18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene) amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are hybridized with the species-specific probes immobilized on a microtiter well. This assay system was tested in Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, where malaria is highly endemic. We obtained blood samples by finger puncture from 130 asymptomatic donors. Among the 130 samples, 30 (23%) were P. falciparum positive, 28 (22%) were P. vivax positive, and 8 (6%) were mixed infections. The results of our DNA diagnostic method showed good correlation with those of acridine orange microscopy. | 1 | 15 | 719-731 | 1996063800 | (Kunisada, [NAME], Miyake, Mizukoshi, [NAME], Wataya) Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700, Japan. (Arai) Department of Parasitology, Okayama University Medical School, [NAME], [NAME], Japan. ([NAME], [NAME] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2000 | A colorimetric field method to assess the authenticity of drugs sold as the antimalarial artesunate | M. D. Green;D. L. Mount;R. A. Wirtz;N. J. White | Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis | Artesunate is the most widely used of the artemisinin derivatives. These drugs are being used increasingly throughout the tropical world, and are an essential component of the treatment of multi-drug resistant malaria. The recent and widespread appearance of counterfeit artesunate tablets in several countries in Southeast Asia poses a serious threat to health in this region. We have developed a simple, inexpensive colorimetric test to determine artesunate authenticity in tablets. The test is based on a reaction between an alkali decomposition product of artesunate and a diazonium salt, fast red TR (FRTR). The appearance of a yellow color indicates the presence of artesunate. The specificity of the test is dependent on the pH of the reaction. Among other antimalarials tested, (i.e. artemisinin, artemether, chloroquine, quinine, primaquine, sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine) only artesunate produced a positive color reaction at pH 4. The assay requires only 1% of the total weight of a standard tablet containing 50 mg of artesunate and can be completed within 10 min. The method was tested on six genuine artesunate tablets and six counterfeit artesunate tablets obtained in Southeast Asia. The average amount of artesunate in the genuine tablets was determined to be 50.8 +/- 2.9 mg while the counterfeit tablets were found to contain no artesunate. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. | 1 | 24 | 65-70 | 2000361521 | (Green, Mount, Wirtz) Division of Parasitic Diseases, Natl. Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Dis. Contr. and Prev., 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States. (White) Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1986 | A combination of sulfamonomethoxine and pyrimethamine versus other drugs for the treatment of malaria | I. Ebisawa;H. Ohara | Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine | Sixty-eight cases of vivax and 30 cases of falciparum malaria patients were treated with a combination of sulfamonomethoxine-pyrimethamine (MP tablet with 500 mg of sulfamonomethoxine and 25 mg of pyrimethamine) and the results were compared with those with chloroquine, Fansidar and quinine. Vivax malaria: Fever and parasites were cleared by the 4th day of treatment in 94 and 92% of the patients, respectively. [NAME] was the most effective drug and Fansidar and MP tablets shared the next position. Falciparum malaria: Fever and asexual parasites were cleared by the 4th day of treatment in 67 and 78% of the patients, respectively. MP tablets were effective in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria contracted in Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Oceanian countries (Vanuata etc.). Fever and parasite clearance times were shorter with chloroquine or with Fansidar than with MP tablets. Defective preschizonts used to appear following administration of MP tablets both in vivax and falciparum malarias. They were the premonitory laboratory indications that the asexual parasites will be soon eradicated. | 5 | 56 | 213-219 | 1987036533 | (Ebisawa, Ohara) Department of Public Health, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143 Japan. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2010 | A community-directed strategy for sustainable malaria elimination on islands: short-term MDA integrated with ITNs and robust surveillance | [NAME] | Acta tropica | In the Asia Pacific sites with low and unstable transmission, elimination should be feasible with existing tools. On [NAME] island, [NAME], both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria were eliminated in 1991 after implementation of a combined intervention package, including mass drug administration (MDA) and insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), with high degree of community involvement. Subsequently, community-based surveillance and vector control measures have kept. By reviewing the experiences of the [NAME] project, I intended to examine the roles of community in malaria elimination. To be successful, the program should transfer major intervention components from the external donor-directed initiative to the community-directed approach. Scaling up of community involvement from simple participation to social participation, where communities involve in health planning functions is necessary from malaria control to malaria elimination. | 3 | 114 | 177-83 | 20132788 | Karolinska Institutet, Island Malaria Group, Scheeles labo B2, Stockholm, Sweden. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1985 | A comparative clinical study of mefloquine and chloroquine in the treatment of vivax malaria | A. K. Alcantara;C. V. Uylangco;R. P. Sangalang;J. H. Cross | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | Forty-six patients [in Manila (Philippines)] with Plasmodium vivax malaria were evaluated for their clinical and parasitological response to the two single doses of mefloquine in comparison with the standard 3-day treatment with chloroquine. The patients were randomly distributed into 3 groups. Group 1 with 13 patients were treated with a single dose 250 mg mefloquine. Group 2 with 15 patients were treated with a single dose 500 mg mefloquine and Group 3 with 18 cases were treated with the standard 3-day treatment course of 1500 mg chloroquine.</ovid:p><p>All patients in the three treatment groups showed similar parasite clearance time, fever clearance time and clearance time of signs and symptoms. There were no statistically significant differences between any of the groups. The age and weight, as well as the initial parasite count of the three groups were comparable. </p><ovid:p>This study shows that mefloquine at the dosages used was as effective as the 3-day standard treatment with 1500 mg chloroquine.<br></br>AS<new para>ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:<new para>Of 46 patients in the Philippines with Plasmodium vivax malaria, 13 were treated with a single dose of 250 mg mefloquine, 15 with a single dose of 500 mg mefloquine and 18 with the standard 3-day treatment of 1500 mg chloroquine. Those given mefloquine were also given placebo tablets, so all patients received the same number of tablets, over a 3-day period. All patients in the 3 groups showed clinical cure with no serious side effects. The parasite clearance times did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. It is concluded that a single dose of mefloquine (250 or 500 mg) is as effective as the standard 3-day treatment with chloroquine. | 4 | 16 | 534-538 | 19862030818 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2006 | A comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia | [NAME] | [NAME] | A study was conducted to determine the incidence of trypanosome infections in cattle in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region of northwest Ethiopia. A total of six sentinel herds were established and the cattle observed during a period of 8 consecutive months. The prevalence of seropositive cattle was high in both the tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones. The average monthly incidence of trypanosome infection, determined using molecular diagnostic tools, was 20.9% and 25.7% in the tsetse-free and the tsetse-infested zones, respectively. In the tsetse-free, Trypanosoma vivax was responsible for 90.9% of the cattle trypanosome infections. In the tsetse-infested zone, Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax contributed almost equally to the trypanosome infections in cattle. Trypanosome infection, regardless of species, resulted in anaemia as evidenced by a significant decrease in the packed cell volume of the infected animal. The outcome of this longitudinal study suggests that control of trypanosomiasis in the Amhara Region cannot be achieved by tsetse control alone. Supplemental measures to include drug therapy and biting fly control are discussed. | 3 | 140 | 251-8 | 16675127 | Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University [NAME], 43400 Serdang, Malaysia. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1991 | A comparative study of deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets and DDT residual spraying for controlling residual malaria foci transmitted by Anopheles dirus | XianZheng Cai;YouZhong Si;ZeTang Liang;Jian Liu;YangQing Wang;LinQing Lian | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | A large-scale trial of deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets (treated at 20~25 mg a.i./msuperscript 2, once a year) was conducted for 3 consecutive years (1986-89) to control residual foci of malaria on Hainan Island, China, where A. dirus is the main vector. Malaria morbidity decreased from 1.17% before the trials (1985) to 0.42% after them (1989). The parasite 'rate' of inhabitants decreased correspondingly from 0.4% to 0.18%. Although the intensity of transmission and frequency of infection in residual foci was markedly decreased, there were no obvious effects on vector populations. There was no significant difference between results obtained with insecticide-impregnated bed nets and residual spraying with DDT 1-2 times per year. | 2 | 4 | 86-90 | 19940502149 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1978 | A comparative study of malaria prophylaxis in peninsular Malaysia using chloroquine and a combination of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine | [NAME] | Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene |  | 10 | 81 | 198-203 | 366165 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1976 | A comparative study of the efficacy of chloroquine and a combination of dapsone and pyrimethamine in the prophylaxis of malaria in Peninsular Malaysia | [NAME] | Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene |  | 10 | 79 | 220-5 | 796479 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2007 | A comparative study of three methods in detecting Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae in lung tissue of Pomacea canaliculata | [NAME] Lv;D. [NAME] Hu;X. [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficiency of three methods, lung-microscopy, tissue homogenate and enzyme digestion in the detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae from the lungs of snails. METHODS: 60 Pomacea canalicular infected by the first-stage larvae of A. cantonensis were divided into 2 groups and the lung of each snail from the two groups was separated from the soft body. All the lungs were examined under microscope and larval nodes were counted. Each lung from one group was ground and that from the other was artificially digested by enzyme, the number of larvae in each lung was recorded. The efficiency of three methods was compared. Enzyme digestion was also used to estimate number of larvae in lung and in other body parts. RESULTS: By using enzyme digestion as the standard method, the detection rate of lung-microscopy, tissue homogenate and enzyme digestion was 96.7%, 93.4% and 100% respectively (chi2=2.069, P>0.05), while the lung-microscopy was significantly faster (Z=4.782, P<0.01). The number of larvae in snail lung was positively correlated with that in other part (r=0.847, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The lung-microscopy in larvae detection is similarly efficient to the other two methods but faster, which is therefore more suitable for snail screening in the field. | 1 | 25 | 53-6 | 17639702 | National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2001 | A comparison of artesunate alone with combined artesunate and quinine in the parenteral treatment of acute falciparum malaria | [NAME] Chierakul;R. Ruangveerayuth;K. Silamut;P. Teerapong;S. Krudsood;S. Looareesuwan;N. [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | In some areas clinicians have combined parenteral artesunate and quinine in the belief that the 2 drugs would be additive or synergistic in severe malaria. A randomized comparison of the effectiveness of intravenous (iv) artesunate versus iv artesunate and iv quinine together on parasite clearance was conducted in 1998/99 amongst 69 patients with uncomplicated and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in western Thailand. The parasite clearance time did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment groups (P = 0.12), but adverse events were significantly more frequent in the artesunate plus quinine group (P = 0.05). [NAME] did not have a significant antipyretic effect and artesunate did not affect the electrocardiographic QTc interval. There is no benefit evident from combining parenteral administration of these 2 antimalarial drugs in the acute phase of treatment. | 5 | 95 | 519-523 | 2002306694 | (Newton, Chierakul, Ruangveerayuth, Silamut, Teerapong, Krudsood, [NAME], White) Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1983 | A comparison of [NAME] virus-specific T-cell immunity in malaria-endemic and -nonendemic regions of Papua New Guinea | [NAME] P. Alpers;P. F. Heywood | International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer | [NAME] virus genome-positive [NAME]'s lymphoma is endemic in Africa and Papua New Guinea and in both countries the tumour is restricted to regions with holoendemic malaria. The present work has compared groups of healthy indigenous individuals living in malarious and non-malarious regions of Papua New Guinea for [NAME] virus-specific T-cell-mediated immunity using the in vitro regression assay. Residents of the malarious region (55 tested), when compared with either residents of the non-malarious area (35 tested) or Caucasian controls (27 tested) showed a significant (p less than 0.0001) impairment of virus-specific T-cell immunity but no obvious disturbance (p greater than 0.05) of anti-viral antibody titres. These results may be important in explaining the postulated role of malarial infection as a co-factor in the pathogenesis of [NAME]'s lymphoma. | 6 | 31 | 727-32 | 6305850 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2001 | A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria | [NAME] Angus;P. Teja-Isavadharm;D. Keeratithakul;M. Rasameesoraj;S. Pukrittayakamee;N. [NAME] | British journal of clinical pharmacology | Aims: Artesunate and artemether are the two most widely used artemisinin derivatives in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but there is little information on their comparative pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to examine the relative oral antimalarial bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the two derivatives. Methods: The pharmacokinetic properties of oral artesunate and artemether (4 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) were compared in a randomized cross-over study of 14 adult patients in western Thailand with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antimalarial activity was compared using a previously validated, sensitive bioassay. Results: Despite a 29% lower molar dose, oral artesunate administration resulted in significantly larger mean area under the plasma antimalarial activity time curve and median maximum plasma antimalarial activity than after oral artemether (P[less-than or equal to]0.02). The mean (95% CI) oral antimalarial bioavailability of artemether, relative to oral artesunate, corrected for molar dose was 58 (40-76)%. The mean (95% CI) relative antimalarial bioavailability of artemether was lower on the first day of treatment, 31 (17-100)%, compared to the second day, 72 (44-118)% (P=0.018). In vivo parasite clearance and time above the in vitro IC<sub>90</sub> were similar for the two drugs, despite considerable differences in C<sub>max</sub> and AUC. Conclusions: The oral antimalarial bioavailability following artemether was significantly lower than that after artesunate. Artemether oral antimalarial bioavailability is reduced in acute malaria. | 6 | 52 | 655-661 | 2002005286 | (Suputtamongkol, Newton, Angus, [NAME], Keeratithakul, Rasameesoraj, Pukrittayakamee, White) Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1992 | A comparison of the effect of DDT spraying and bednet impregnation with deltamethrin on malaria control | [NAME] | Annals of Medical Entomology | In 1988, field trials conducted in Napo County, Guangxi Autonomous Region, China, demonstrated that a DDT residual insecticide spray could not completely eliminate the malaria foci (Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum) of 136 villages in this area. Against this, the sole use of bednets impregnated with deltamethrin at 15 mg a.i. per msuperscript 2 in 5 villages helped to eradicate malaria there, as after use no new cases were reported. When the trial was repeated, 40 villages yielded 7 new malaria cases after DDT spraying, while only 3 new cases resulted in 164 villages using treated bednets. The latter method, which also controlled [NAME] (Anopheles minimus, A. jeyporiensis var. candidiensis and A. anthropophagus) density up to 95% for >180 days, is thought easy to use and to implement on a large scale in malaria control programmes. | 2 | 1 | 4-7 | 19950505864 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2001 | A comparison of the in vivo kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen-positive and -negative erythrocytes | [NAME] Chotivanich;W. Chierakul;R. Ruangveerayuth;P. Teerapong;K. Silamut;S. Looareesuwan;N. [NAME] | Blood | Ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA)-positive, Plasmodium falciparum-negative red blood cells (RBCs) are cells from which the malaria parasite has been removed by the host without the destruction of the erythrocyte ("pitting"). The survival of RESA-RBCs in vivo was assessed in 14 severe and 6 uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients. The mean RESA-RBC life of 183 hours (95% confidence interval [Cl], 136-246) was longer than the median parasite clearance time of 66 hours (range, 30-108 hours) but shorter than the mean red cell life of 1027 hours (95% Cl, 840-1213) (P = .0004), with a median ratio of 0.2:1.0 (range, 0.1-0.7). The estimated median percentage of parasites pitted/body transit was 0.003% (range, 0.001%-0.05%). The rate of rise of the RESA-RBC count during the first 24 hours after antimalarial treatment was significantly faster (P = .036) and the subsequent RESA-RBC survival significantly shorter (P = .017) after treatment with an artemisinin derivative than after treatment with quinine. Parasitization of red cells leads to changes in the erythrocyte that shorten their survival even if the parasite is removed subsequently. copyright 2001 by The American Society of Hematology. | 2 | 98 | 450-457 | 2002353624 | (Newton, Chotivanich, Chierakul, Ruangveerayuth, Teerapong, Silamut, [NAME], White) Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1990 | A comparison of the role of Anopheles anthropophagus and A. sinensis in malaria transmission in Fujian, China | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 1 | 3 | 69 | 19940502622 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2001 | A comparison of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography for artemisinin analyses. Portuguese | [NAME] | [NAME] | Artemisia annua L., a native of China and adapted to Brazilian climate, is a rich source of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone proven to be effective against the malaria agent Plasmodium. The scope of this work was to compare the method of thin layer chromatography (TLC) using densitometric detection with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using ultraviolet detection for the analytical quantification of the artemisinin contents. The results show that the TLC method does not have the same selectivity and sensibility necessary to be a useful alternative method to HPLC. Under experimental conditions the TLC method over-estimated the artemisinin contents, compared to those determined by HPLC. | 1 | 4 | 81-87 | 2002039469 | (Marchese, [NAME], Sartoratto) [NAME], [NAME]. do Cefet-Pr/Agro., [NAME], CEP 85503-390, Brazil. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1998 | A comparison of three different dihydroartemisinin formulations for the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand | P. Wilairatana;P. Chanthavanich;P. Singhasivanon;S. Treeprasertsuk;S. Krudsood;K. Chalermrut;C. Phisalaphong;K. Kraisintu;S. Looareesuwan | International journal for parasitology | We compared the safety and efficacy of three formulations of dihydroartemisinin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in patients who received a total dose of 600 mg dihydroartemisinin over 5 days. The first group was treated by dihydroartemisinin produced and formulated in the People's Republic of China, the second group was treated by dihydroartemisinin produced in Vietnam but formulated by the Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand and the third group was treated by dihydroartemisinin produced and formulated by the Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand. All patients were admitted to hospital to evaluate safety and efficacy for a total of 28 days. By the third day of treatment, most patients were blood-smear negative for parasites and none had serious adverse effects. Minor symptoms such as nausea, dizziness and headache were similar in the three groups and disappeared after 3 days of treatment. One-hundred and thirty-three patients completed the 28-day follow-up period. The cure rates of groups I, II and III were 80%, 85% and 92%, respectively (P > 0.02). There were no significant differences in fever clearance or parasite clearance among the three groups. We conclude that the three formulations of dihydroartemisinin produced and formulated in different countries were safe and effective in treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria acquired in Thailand. | 8 | 28 | 1213-8 | 9762567 | Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Thailand. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1990 | A comparison of two DNA probes, one specific for Plasmodium falciparum and one with wider reactivity, in the diagnosis of malaria | [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | The article describes a study of the rep20 Plasmodium falciparum-specific, and pPy5.8 Plasmodium-specific, probes to detect malaria parasites in blood samples from 399 Gambian children. Blood samples infected with P. malariae from the Gambia and with P. vivax from Sri Lanka were also used. The blood samples were prepared for hybridization studies by the high salt lysate method of Zolg et al. [Trop. Dis. Bull., 1989, 86, abst. 2347].</ovid:p><ovid:p>DNA samples were dot blotted into Z-probe nylon filters (BioRad) and hybridized with the <sup>32</sup>P-labelled DNA probes. The results obtained were compared with those from examination of thick films by microscopy. For the rep20 probe [[NAME], ibid., 1986, 83, abst. 134] an overall sensitivity of 76% is reported, with 72 of 74 specimens with a parasitaemia of >=250/ micro l being positive. Use of the broad-spectrum probe, pPy5.8 ([NAME] and [NAME], Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 1987, 22, 249), indicated that it detected only parasitaemias in excess of 5000 parasites/ micro l with an acceptable precision (i.e. >80% sensitivity). This probe also detected P. vivax and P. malariae DNA and was most sensitive for P. vivax. [These 2 probes will clearly be of use in epidemiological studies of malaria.]<br></br>J.M. Crampton<new para>ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:<new para>The sensitivity and specificity of 2 probes for the detection of malaria infection was studied. 399 blood samples from Gambian children were tested in a DNA hybridization assay, and the results compared with the microscopical findings from thick blood films. 8 additional pure P. malariae and 14 pure P. vivax samples were also assayed. One probe, containing a 21 base pair tandem repeat and highly specific for P. falciparum, detected this species in all except 2 of 74 samples with a parasitaemia of 250/ micro l or more; the overall sensitivity of the probe was 76%. The other probe, a 6 kilobase pair organelle DNA, is conserved in all Plasmodium species so far tested. Its sensitivity for P. falciparum was lower than the 21 base pair repeat, but it detected P. vivax and P. malariae at low levels of parasitaemia, and thus could be useful in field studies. | 2 | 84 | 202-205 | 19902076575 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1966 | A comprehensive account of the malaria eradication pilot project in Malaya | [NAME] D. Ahmad;L. D. [NAME] | Medical Journal of Malaya |  | 1 | 21 | 3-25 | 4224876 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1996 | A conditional logistic multi-regression analysis on socioeconomic factors affecting malaria transmission | [NAME] Tang;KaiChen Wu;Da [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | An analysis is presented of malaria transmission in Hainan Province, China, using chi-square tests and conditional logistic multi-regression methods. The results produced by the 2 methods were similar and 3 main factors affecting the degree of malaria transmission were noted: whether a person stayed overnight in a mountainous area; the level of a person's knowledge about methods of malaria prevention; the use of a bed net. | 1 | 14 | 46-49 | 19970800074 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1996 | A controlled trial of artemether or quinine in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria | [NAME] X. Sinh;L. Van Chuong;H. Vinh;D. Waller;B. Chir;T. E. A. Peto;D. Phil;N. [NAME] | New England Journal of Medicine | Background: Artemisinin (qinghaosu) and its derivatives are rapidly effective antimalarial drugs derived from a Chinese plant. Preliminary studies suggest that these drugs may be more effective than quinine in the treatment of severe malaria. We studied artemether in Vietnam, where Plasmodium falciparum has reduced sensitivity to quinine. Methods: We conducted a rendomized, double-blind trial in 560 adults with severe falciparum malaria. Two hundred seventy-six received intramuscular quinine dihydrochloride (20 mg per kilogram of body weight followed by 10 mg per kilogram every eight hours), and 284 received intramuscular artemether (4 mg per kilogram followed by 2 mg per kilogram every eight hours). Both drugs were given for a minimum of 72 hours. Results: There were 36 deaths in the artemether group (13 percent) and 47 in the quinine group (17 percent; P = 0.16; relative risk of death in the patients given artemether, 0.74; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.11). The parasites were cleared more quickly from the blood in the artemether group (mean, 72 vs. 90 hours; P<0.001); however, in this group fever resolved more slowly (127 vs. 90 hours, P<0.001), the time to recovery from coma was longer (66 vs. 48 hours, P=0.003), and the hospitalization was longer (288 vs. 240 hours, P=0.005). Quinine treatment was associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia (relative risk, 2.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 4.4; P<0.001), but there were no other serious side effects in either group. Conclusions: Artemether is a satisfactory alternative to quinine for the treatment of severe malaria in adults. | 2 | 335 | 76-83 | 1996218284 | ([NAME], Phu, Mai, Chau, [NAME], Sinh, [NAME], Vinh) Wellcome Trust Clin. Research Unit, Center for Tropical Diseases, [NAME], Vietnam. (Day, Waller, [NAME], White) Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Ox | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2004 | A cost analysis of the use of the rapid, whole-blood, immunochromatographic P.f/P.v assay for the diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria in a rural area of Sri Lanka | [NAME] Attanayake;A. [NAME] | Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology | Between May 2001 and March 2002, a prospective study was conducted in a malaria-endemic area of Sri Lanka, to determine the cost implications of using the immunochromatographic P.f/P.v test to detect Plasmodium vivax infection. All consecutive subjects aged >5 years who presented with a history of fever were recruited. Each was checked for P. vivax infection by the standard microscopical examination of bloodsmears and by the immunochromatographic test (ICT). The costs of diagnosis using each method and the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the ICT (with bloodmear examination used as the 'gold standard') were estimated, the costs/case detected being simulated for different slide positivity 'rates' and ICT sensitivities. In the detection of P. vivax, the ICT had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 99%. The costs of the ICT per subject investigated and per case detected were, respectively, approximately 14 and 20 times more than those of bloodsmear examination. The costs of the ICT per case detected would fall as the sensitivity of the test increased. The ICT gave relatively few false-positive results. The current, relatively high cost of the ICT is the most important barrier to its routine operational use in the diagnosis of malaria. The test is already useful, however, in specific situations. | 1 | 98 | 5-13 | 2004078599 | (Fernando, Karunaweera) Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka. ([NAME]) Anti-Malaria Campaign, 555/5 [NAME], Narahenpita, Colombo, Sri Lanka. (Attanayake) Department of Econ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2002 | A cost comparison of two malaria control methods in Kyunggi Province, Republic of Korea, using remote sensing and geographic information systems | [NAME] Hooper;A. [NAME] | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | A cost-comparison of two methods for the control of malaria in the Republic of Korea was performed. The cost of larviciding with [NAME] was estimated at $93.48/hectare. The annual cost of providing chemoprophylaxis was estimated at $37.53/person. Remote sensing and geographic information systems were used to obtain estimates of the size of vector larval habitats around two U.S. Army camps, allowing an estimate of the cost of larviciding around each of the camps. This estimate was compared to the cost of providing chloroquine and primaquine chemoprophylaxis for the camp populations. Costs on each of the camps differed by the size of the larval habitats and the size of the at-risk population. These tools allow extrapolation of larval surveillance data to a regional scale while simultaneously providing site-specific cost analysis, thus reducing the cost and labor associated with vector surveillance over large areas. | 6 | 66 | 680-685 | 2002323384 | (Claborn, Masuoka, Klein, [NAME], [NAME], [NAME]) [NAME]. Vector Ecol./Contr. Center, Naval Air Station, Box 43, Jacksonville, FL 32212-0043, United States. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A cross-country review of strategies of the German development cooperation to strengthen human resources | R. Windisch;K. Wyss;H. Prytherch | Human resources for health | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Recent years have seen growing awareness of the importance of human resources for health in health systems and with it an intensifying of the international and national policies in place to steer a response. This paper looks at how governments and donors in five countries - Cameroon, Indonesia, [NAME], Rwanda and Tanzania - have translated such policies into action. More detailed information with regard to initiatives of German development cooperation brings additional depth to the range and entry doors of human resources for health initiatives from the perspective of donor cooperation. METHODS: This qualitative study systematically presents different approaches and stages to human resources for health development in a cross-country comparison. An important reference to capture implementation at country level was grey literature such as policy documents and programme reports. In-depth interviews along a predefined grid with national and international stakeholders in the five countries provided information on issues related to human resources for health policy processes and implementation. RESULTS: All five countries have institutional entities in place and have drawn up national policies to address human resources for health. Only some of the countries have translated policies into strategies with defined targets and national programmes with budgets and operational plans. Traditional approaches of supporting training for individual health professionals continue to dominate. In some cases partners have played an advocacy and technical role to promote human resources for health development at the highest political levels, but usually they still focus on the provision of ad hoc training within their programmes, which may not be in line with national human resources for health development efforts or may even be counterproductive to them. Countries that face an emergency, such as [NAME], have intensified their efforts within a relatively short time and by using donor funding support also through new initiatives such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. CONCLUSION: The country case studies illustrate the range of initiatives that have surged in recent years and some main trends in terms of donor initiatives. Though attention and priority attributed to human resources for health is increasing, there is still a focus on single initiatives and programmes. This can be explained in part by the complexity of the issue, and in part by its need to be addressed through a long-term approach including public sector and salary reforms that go beyond the health sector. |  | 7 | 46 | 19500357 | Swiss Centre for International Health, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland. [EMAIL]. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2003 | A cross-cultural study: Anti-inflammatory activity of Australian and Chinese plants | [NAME] Leach | Journal of ethnopharmacology | In this study, in vitro inhibitory effects of 33 ethanol extracts obtained from 24 plant species (representing 11 different families) on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) were evaluated. The plant materials selected for this study have been used in aboriginal medicine in Australia and traditional medicine in China for the treatment of various diseases that are considered as inflammation in nature, e.g. asthma, arthritis, rheumatism, fever, edema, infections, snakebite and related inflammatory diseases. All of the selected plants, with one exception, showed inhibitory activity against COX-1, which supports their traditional uses. The most potent COX-1 inhibition were observed from the extracts of [NAME] ancistrocarpa leaves (IC<sub>50</sub>=23mug/ml). Ficus racemosa bark, Clematis pickeringii stem, [NAME] adsurgens leaves, Tinospora smilacina stem and [NAME] citrifolia fruit powder exhibited inhibition of COX-1 with the IC<sub>50</sub> of 100, 141, 144, 158 and 163mug/ml, respectively. Aspirin and indomethacin used as the reference COX-1 inhibitors in this study inhibited COX-1 with IC<sub>50</sub> of 241 and 1.2mug/ml, respectively. The findings of this study may explain at least in part why these plants have been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in Australian aboriginal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. | 1 | 85 | 25-32 | 2003065477 | ([NAME], [NAME], [NAME]) Australian Ctr. [NAME], A Jt. [NAME]. Queensland/S. C., [NAME], Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia. (Leach) Center for Phytochemistry, Southern Cross University, [NAME], NSW 2480, Australia. (Leach) [NAME]/Wildlife Commiss | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1989 | A current problem: the prevention of malaria | P. Marinelli;G. Liguori;N. Bracca | Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita | The A.A. weight present criteria of choice in order to set right a correct and effective anti-malarial prophylaxis. In the last ten years, a progressive increase of tropical diseases has been observed. This is due to the considerable growth of intercontinental traffic and of the number of persons moving to or from tropical areas where such diseases are endemic. Among these, malaria represent the most alarming problem, both because of the incidence cases and the difficulties related to the efficacy of pharmacological remedies for the chemoprophylaxis. In particular, three are now various pharmacological possibilities for malarial prophylaxis. Undoubtedly [NAME] is the most efficacious even if there are many Plasmodium falciparum species resistant to Chloroquine and to other available medicines (multi-resistance). Most authors recommend to associate Chloroquine to others pharmacological substances to avoid pharmaco-resistance phenomena. Among the most famous pharmacological products used elsewhere are [NAME], Maloprim, Paludrine and Lapudrine, not all are available in Italy. In China, for the therapy of resistant forms of malaria, the Qinghaosu a "schizont-killer" acting on multiresistant plasmodium falciparum has been utilizing for years. The [NAME] is not responsible for the crossing-reactions with other anti-malarial medicines. Various substances with Ca-antagonist action ([NAME]) are being experimented. It is supposed that [NAME] associated with Chloroquine can stop the flow of chlorine from plasmodium cells. The same mechanism is expected to be valid also for [NAME], an experimental tricyclic anti-depressive when associated to Chloroquine. To the people moving to endemic areas, the A.A., at the end, suggest a series of practical norms to prevent infection and, therefore, the incidence of imported cases, still increasing at the moment, due to the absence of efficacious vaccine. | 6 | 1 | 1761-79 | 2484502 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1986 | A delayed onset cerebellar syndrome complicating falciparum malaria | [NAME] Silva;R. Gamage;H. [NAME] | Ceylon Medical Journal | This paper reports case histories of 5 patients aged 23-28 years (4 men) who presented at the Institute of Neurology in Colombo, Sri Lanka, over a 10-month period between February and December 1986 with remarkably similar histories. All had been treated with chloroquine for acute attacks of uncomplicated falciparum malaria and made uneventful recoveries. All had then developed progressive unsteadiness of walking, starting relatively acutely between 1 and 4 weeks post-treatment. All had the clinical features of midline cerebellar syndrome. Features included gross truncal ataxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, but not all features were present in every case. The patients were all afebrile and had normal cerebrospinal fluid, blood sugars, blood urea and electrolytes and electroencephalograms. Serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) for Japanese B encephalitis virus were not raised. All made complete recoveries within 2-4 weeks of presentation. This syndrome has not been previously reported either after chloroquine treatment or after recovery from uncomplicated malaria. It will be interesting to see if further cases are now reported from other endemic areas.<br></br>[NAME] | 3 | 31 | 147-150. | 19882053867 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1999 | A diagnostic kit to screen individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase defect and its application on anti-malaria spot in the countryside | [NAME] | Chinese Medical Journal | OBJECTIVE: To prepare a kit for screening individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) defect. The kit is easy to use and to get the fast as well as reliable results. Especially it is suitable for the anti-malaria spots usually located in the remote countryside where no electricity is available. METHODS: The double filter paper method and other 2 techniques, the quantitative method and the single filter paper method, were used to determine G6PD activity in 70 samples of human erythrocytes. It was found that the results of the double filter paper method and those of the single filter paper method in the first 8 hours after the drying of the blood-soaked filter paper were consistent with those of the quantitative method. When a piece of blood-soaked paper is left under room temperature more than 24 hours, G6PD in the erythrocytes deteriorated spontaneously and consequently the number of positive cases increased along with the elapse of time. RESULTS: Satisfactory results were achieved when the kit was used to screen cases of G6PD defect from 151 farmers who were receiving anti-malaria therapy. The kit was made according to a technique named "double filter paper" method. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the double filter paper method can reveal the level of G6PD activity and the results are rapidly obtained when the method is used on the anti-malaria spot. | 4 | 112 | 349-51 | 11593537 | Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2002 | A direct sandwich ELISA to detect antibodies against the C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 could be a useful diagnostic method to identify Plasmodium vivax exposed persons | [NAME] | Parasitology research | We expressed a C-terminal 108-aa region of the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1c) excluding the C-end transmembrane region in Escherichia coli in order to evaluate the antibody level to MSP in Korean malaria patients. We optimized a direct sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to simultaneously determine the total antibody levels, including IgG and IgM, to PvMSP1c. If the cut-off for seropositivity was determined as the mean+3SD of the antibody levels of the negative control group, the antibody levels were positive in 99.5% of the patient group (sensitivity 199/200). The antibody levels were negative in 99.4% of the negative control group (specificity 504/507). The positive reactions in the negative control group came from non-specific reactions, as confirmed by a competition assay. This direct sandwich ELISA for PvMSP1c antibody could prove to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of malaria patients and for blood screening in blood banks. | 9 | 88 | 855-60 | 12172819 | Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Protein Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2005 | A discussion on the CSP genotyping of Plasmodium vivax and malaria control in five southern provinces of China | [NAME] Du;W. [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | OBJECTIVE: To explore circumsporozoite protein (CSP) genotype structure of Plasmodium vivax in southern China and evaluate its epidemiological significance. METHODS: Filter paper blood samples were collected from 346 vivax malaria patients in 5 provinces (Autonomous Region) including Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Guizhou for identifying CSP genotypes, by using the method of single-tube nested/multiplex PCR. The findings combined with relevant data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In Guangdong, Guangxi and Guizhou Provinces (Autonomous Region), the temperate zone family strains accounted for more than 90%, with only a few tropical zone family strains and no PV-type II each strain. In Yunnan Province, temperate strains and tropical strains accounted for 71.4% and 28.6% respectively, with occasional PV-type II strain. In Hainan Province, strains of temperate zone, tropical zone and PV-type II accounted for about one-third. CONCLUSIONS: The temperate zone family strains were the predominant ones in the Provinces (Autonomous Region) of Guangdong, Guangxi and Guizhou where malaria control was carried out effectively; while in Hainan and Yunnan Provinces the difficulties in malaria control may probably be related to the complex structure of P. vivax population and multiple infections of different genotypes. The findings indicate that the complexity of the P. vivax genotype structure might be an indicative epidemiological feature for malaria control and surveillance. | 5 | 23 | 274-6, 282 | 16562477 | Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1988 | A diterpenoid with a new carbon skeleton from Pygmaeopremna herbacea | Q. Meng;N. Zhu;W. [NAME] | Phytochemistry | This species is used in Yunnan province to reduce inflammation and to treat malaria. The structure of pygmaeocine E, isolated from the roots, is described. | 4 | 27 | 1151-1152 | 19880350937 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1992 | A DNA hybridization assay for use in drug sensitivity tests in vitro for Plasmodium falciparum under field conditions | S. Waki;K. Nakane;N. Nakamura;M. Zhu;Z. Dai;L. Chen;K. Tanabe | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | A deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization technique was applied to in vitro drug sensitivity testing of P. falciparum using a synthetic 21-mer oligonucleotide coupled to alkaline phosphatase (PFR1-AP) to monitor development of parasite stages in culture. The density of the coloured spot clearly distinguished schizonts from ring forms. This assay system was applied in the field on Hainan Island, China. Blood samples obtained from patients were cultivated in the presence of antimalarial drugs and the minimum drug concentration required to inhibit development of parasites was determined by the DNA hybridization assay and by microscopical observation of Giemsa-stained blood smears. The 2 methods yielded identical results, indicating that the DNA hybridization assay can be used for in vitro drug sensitivity testing under field conditions. | 3 | 86 | 227-8 | 1412636 | Department of Parasitology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1999 | A field study on "mountain-acquired malaria" and its control in Hainan province | MingHe [NAME] Gu;HaiPing Li;XiuHan [NAME] Cai;KaiChen [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | A longitudinal survey and cohort study on mountain-acquired malaria was conducted in a mountainous area of Nanqiao Township, Wanning City, Hainan Province, China, in 1991-96. The results showed that the relative risk of malaria infection in individuals who stayed overnight in the mountains was 6.2-6.5 times higher than in those who never stayed in the mountains; for Plasmodium falciparum malaria the risk was increased by up to 11.3-36.8 times. The study demonstrated that the use of bed nets and more effective treatment of malaria cases would lead to the control of malaria. | 1 | 12 | 6-8 | 19990804345 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1995 | A field study on McAb ELISA technique in detection of blood-stage Plasmodium vivax antigen | LongShan Xu;ShanYing Zhang;LiSha Li;YangQin Deng;JinJun Wu;BaiFang Huang;Qi Gao;LiQin Wang | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | A MAb-MAb sandwich [NAME] was used to detect Plasmodium vivax antigens in whole blood collected from 112 feverish patients in a malarious area of northern Fujian, China. When blood smears from these patients were also examined both by local personnel and a provincial specialist, P. vivax was found in 30.36% and 43.75% of samples, respectively. The ELISA detected P. vivax in 42.86% of samples, with a sensitivity and specificity of more than 95%. The assay allowed for easy sample collection, mass operation and an objective output as well as being suitable for use in epidemiological surveys of malaria. | 3 | 8 | 200-201 | 19950809738 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1989 | A field study on the microdetermination method for susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to pyronaridine and artesunate | [NAME] Yang;H. He;D. [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | From results of tests in vitro with drug-coated plates, the authors conclude that isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Mengla County in Yunnan Province (China) had high resistance to chloroquine but most were sensitive to pyronaridine and artesunate. The ED50s were 133.1 nmol/l for chloroquine (32 isolates), 12.5 nmol/l for pyronaridine (24 isolates), and 6.2 nmol/l for artesunate (20 isolates).<br></br>Carolyn A. Brown | 3 | 2 | 169-171, 228. | 19902073130 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1989 | A field trial of a fluorometric in vitro drug sensitivity test for Plasmodium falciparum in Hainan Island | S. Waki;J. Li;M. [NAME] Takagi;L. Chen;H. [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |  | 2 | 83 | 165-6 | 2692223 | Department of Parasitology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
1948 | A field trial of chloroquine (SN 7618) as a suppressive against malaria in the Philippines | [NAME] | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |  | 3 | 28 | 407-12 | 18859829 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1997 | A field trial with etofenprox (OMS 3002) as a residual insecticide against malaria vectors, in Tanjung Bunga district, east Flores, Indonesia | [NAME] | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health | An operational trial of Vectron (Etofenprox, OMS 3002) was conducted in East Flores Regency, [NAME]. The compound ([NAME]) was applied as indoor residual spray and as an impregnation treatment for bednets in two separate areas. Dosage in both cases was 0.2 g/m2. A third area, designated as control, was untreated. In bioassay tests, bamboo surfaces gave 100% mortality for 150-160 days post spray, while wooden surfaces and treated bednets both gave complete mortality for at least 120 days. Malaria cases monitored by successive malariometric surveys showed steady declines in positivity rates, particularly in children. | 4 | 28 | 851-6 | 9656414 | Vector Control Research Station, Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2010 | A fifth plasmodium that can cause malaria. Norwegian | [NAME] | Tidsskrift for den [NAME] laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke | BACKGROUND: Since 2004, malaria with a "fifth" plasmodium, Plasmodium knowlesi (common in macaque monkeys), has been diagnosed in a number of people in Southeast Asia. This article gives a short overview of the epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnostics and treatment of P. knowlesi infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article is mainly based on articles published in international journals during the last five years. RESULTS: Most cases have been diagnosed in the Malaysian state Sarawak on the island of [NAME]. The disease usually presents in the same way as other types of malaria, with the exception that fever spikes comes at 24-hour intervals. Microscopy findings resemble those for P. malariae in the early phase of the disease and many patients have been diagnosed wrongly. Without treatment a serious clinical picture may develop, blood findings may be as serious as for P. falciparum infection and death may occur. Chloroquine tablets are indicated in light infections, while parenteral therapy with artesunate or quinine is necessary in seriously affected patients. P. knowlesi infection has been reported among tourists in Malaysia. INTERPRETATION: The risk of contracting P. knowlesi infection as well as other types of malaria is low in Malaysia and other regions where P knowlesi occurs. | 3 | 130 | 282-283 | 20160773 | ([NAME]) Kompetansesenter for import- og tropesykdommer, Oslo universitetssykehus, Ulleval 0407 Oslo, Norway. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1
1987 | A fluorometric sensitivity test for chloroquine in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients | S. Waki;J. Tamura;T. Takagi;M. Adachi;M. [NAME] | Parasitology research | A new technique for assessment of in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum by fluoroassay was used to determine the sensitivity to chloroquine of parasites from cases of malaria imported into Japan. The technique was reliable, giving comparable results to the Rieckmann test, and is also applicable in the field. | 4 | 73 | 303-5 | 3303018 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1996 | A focus of endemic malaria in Central Java | [NAME] Masbar;A. Ramzan;B. W. Purnomo;Sekartuti;E. Tjitra;B. W. Rumoko;P. R. Arbani | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | This report describes one of the few remaining loci of endemic malaria on the island of [NAME], the [NAME] subdistrict, near the southcentral coast. [NAME] was hypoendemic in June 1994 with prevalence of parasitemia at 0.98% (n = 10,606 of 40,246 residents). Plasmodium vivax comprised 63% of infections and P. falciparum all others. The incidence of indigenous infection during 1993 was 48 cases/1,000 person years (p-yr), and it was relatively uniform among age groups (38 to 53/1,000 p-yr). Nine deaths due to malaria had been recorded in the past three years (8.3 deaths per 100,000 p-yr); the case fatality rate was 0.17%. Subdistricts adjoining [NAME] to the north, east, and south reported incidence rates of <2 cases/1,000 p-yr. To the west, Purworejo District had a high case incidence (11 cases/1,000 p-yr) but other districts to the west did not (< 1.2 cases/1,000 p-yr). The highest case incidence village area within [NAME] (169 cases/1,000 p-yr) bordered the district of Purworejo to the west. Endemic malaria in Kokap and Purworejo coincided with where steep hills and narrow valleys dominated the terrain. | 1 | 54 | 98-104 | 1996051367 | ([NAME]) Malaria Program, Nav. Med. Research Institute Annex, 12300 Washington Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852, United States. (Sismadi, Purnomo, Rumoko) Kokap Health Clinic, Special District of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. (Masbar) U.S. Nav. Med. Research Unit No. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2003 | A framework for monitoring the malaria eradication programme in Korea | [NAME] Lee;Kun-Sei Lee;Byung-Kuk Yang;Dae-Seong Kim;Beom-Man Ha;Kidong Park;Eun-Young Kim;Yong-Ik Kim | Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health | The World Health Organisation established the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) strategy to reduce the global burden of malaria in 1998. A set of RBM indicators will not be suitable to the Republic of Korea due to the differences of the epidemiological and socio-cultural situation. Therefore, we have developed a framework and indicators for monitoring the outcomes and impact of the national malaria eradication programme that are appropriate for the situation in Korea. We reviewed the existing data in the national malaria eradication programme. We adopted general principles in developing a monitoring framework and indicators for monitoring RBM. Monitoring areas were recombined components and content that included the project plan, training health personnel, health education and public information, supply for manpower, equipment and materials, disease control, information system, supervision, community participation, intersectoral collaboration within practical guidelines for the national malaria eradication programme along with malaria control and RBM strategy of WHO. Twenty one monitoring areas were selected that identified critical areas for the national malaria eradication programme. Fifteen indicators of ten categories are proposed for use by the national malaria eradication programme in Korea. | 1 | 15 | 44-9 | 14620497 | Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Chung-Nam, Republic of Korea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1999 | A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies | [NAME] S. Abdullah;H. [NAME] | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that uses Plasmodium genus-specific primers for the initial PCR (nest 1) amplification and either genus- or species-specific primers for the nest 2 amplifications was tested on laboratory and field samples. With in vitro cultured Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood samples, it was capable of detecting six parasites/microl of blood using DNA prepared from 25-microl blood spots on filter paper. The assay was evaluated on fingerprick blood samples collected on filter paper from 129 individuals living in a malaria-endemic area in Malaysia. Malaria prevalence by genus-specific nested PCR was 35.6% (46 of 129) compared with 28.7% (37 of 129) by microscopy. The nested PCR detected seven more malaria samples than microscopy in the first round of microscopic examination, malaria in three microscopically negative samples, six double infections identified as single infections by microscopy and one triple infection identified as a double infection by microscopy. The nested PCR assay described is a sensitive technique for collecting accurate malaria epidemiologic data. When coupled with simple blood spot sampling, it is particularly useful for screening communities in remote regions of the world. | 4 | 60 | 687-92 | 10348249 | School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, [NAME], Kelantan. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1990 | A guide to the identification of the anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sri Lanka. [NAME] females | [NAME] | Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences | Illustrated keys for the identification of the adult females of the 21 anopheline species currently recognized as occurring in Sri Lanka are provided for the use of entomologists involved in malaria surveillance and control. Additional characters which may help in identification and problems that may arise as a result of clinal variation are also discussed. | 1 | 20 | 1-16 | 19910504653 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1991 | A guide to the identification of the anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sri Lanka. II. Larvae | [NAME] | Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences | Published taxonomic keys for Sri Lankan anophelines have not been revised for over 50 years. This paper presents an illustrated key for the identification of larvae of 21 of the 22 currently recognized local anopheline species, as a guide to workers engaged in malaria surveillance and control in Sri Lanka. |  | 22 | 1-13 | 19950501981 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2002 | A high malaria reinfection rate in children and young adults living under a low entomological inoculation rate in a periurban area of Bamako, [NAME] | [NAME] Sangare;G. Dolo;A. Guindo;M. Sissoko;M. Sogoba;M. B. Niambele;D. Yalcoue;D. [NAME] [NAME] [NAME] Doumbo | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | In areas of intense malaria parasite transmission, preliminary studies of the rate of reinfection after curative therapy suggest that small sample size studies of vaccine efficacy are feasible. However, the effect of transmission rate, which may vary considerably between transmission seasons, on reinfection rate has not been assessed in areas of mesoendemicity with seasonal transmission. To address this question, the Plasmodium falciparum reinfection rate after curative therapy was measured in Sotuba, a Malian village with historically low transmission rates, as estimated by the entomological inoculation rate (EIR). The reinfection rate after curative Fansidar[trademark] (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) treatment was 80.7% (88/109). The EIR during the 13-week study period (seasonal transmission) varied between 1 and 4.5 infected bites/person/month. The finding that reinfection rates were high despite low EIRs suggests that a low EIR may be sufficient to support small sample size vaccine efficacy trials in mesoendemic areas. | 3 | 66 | 310-313 | 2002250959 | (Sagara, Sangare, Dolo, Guindo, Sissoko, Sogoba, Niambele, Yalcoue, Kaslow, Dicko, Klion, Diallo, [NAME], Toure, Doumbo) Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mali, BP 1805, [NAME], [NAME]. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1999 | A highly sensitive, nested polymerase chain reaction based method using simple dna extraction to detect malaria sporozoites in mosquitos | I. Vythilingam;K. Nitiavathy;P. Yi;B. Bakotee;B. Hugo;B. Singh;R. A. Wirtz;K. Palmer | The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health | Dried Anopheles farauti mosquitos caught in Solomon Islands in 1990 were examined for malaria sporozoites by ELISA and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only heads and thoraces were used. Plasmodium genus-specific nested PCR amplifications were carried out on all samples. Of the 402 pools of mosquitos that were processed, 30 were positive for malaria. Nest 1 products of positive samples were subjected to further PCR amplifications with species-specific primers for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Twenty pools were positive for P. vivax by PCR while only 7 were positive by ELISA. For P. falciparum 2 pools were positive by both [NAME] and PCR, and one of these was a pool which was positive for P. vivax by PCR and ELISA. Thus the sensitivity of PCR for P. vivax was 100% while the specificity was 96.7%. For P. falciparum the sensitivity and specificity were 100%. The PCR technique is highly sensitive and can be used on dried mosquitos which makes it a valuable tool for determining sporozoite rates of mosquitos, even in remote areas. | 4 | 30 | 631-5 | 10928352 | Institute for Medical Research, [NAME], Kuala Lumpur. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1990 | A historical review and prospects of medical entomology research in Korea | [NAME] | Korean Journal of Parasitology | Medical entomology research in Korea can be divided into 3 periods. During the 1st period (1910-59), medical entomology research was initiated by Japanese workers, and then by US Army Medical Unit personnel and a few Koreans, who established a foundation for medical entomology in Korea. During the 2nd period (1960-79), research activities (in South Korea) were intensively carried out by the entomology team of the Central Malaria Eradication Service and staff of the Division of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Health, who collaborated with the WHO-Vector Ecology and Control Research Unit. During the 3rd period (1980-89), studies were expanded to different research Laboratories, such as Departments of Biology and Parasitology in colleges and medical schools, and research topics became more diverse. Of 313 papers on Korean arthropods of medical importance, the majority were on mosquitoes (142 papers, 45.4%) followed by flies (53 papers, 16.9%), trombiculid mites (19, 6.1%), cockroaches (18, 5.8%) and ticks (14, 4.5%). Future prospects for medical entomology research in Korea are briefly discussed. |  | 28 | 145-156 | 19920508399 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2004 | A human complement receptor 1 polymorphism that reduces Plasmodium falciparum rosetting confers protection against severe malaria | [NAME] O'Donnell;S. J. Allen;J. M. Moulds;M. Baisor;M. [NAME] | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Parasitized red blood cells (RBCs) from children suffering from severe malaria often adhere to complement receptor 1 (CR1) on uninfected RBCs to form clumps of cells known as "rosettes." Despite a well documented association between rosetting and severe malaria, it is controversial whether rosetting is a cause or a correlate of parasite virulence. CR1-deficient RBC show greatly reduced rosetting; therefore, we hypothesized that, if rosetting is a direct cause of malaria pathology, CR1-deficient individuals should be protected against severe disease. In this study, we show that [NAME] deficiency occurs in up to 80% of healthy individuals from the malaria-endemic regions of Papua New Guinea. This RBC CR1 deficiency is associated with polymorphisms in the CR1 gene and, unexpectedly, with alpha-thalassemia, a common genetic disorder in Melanesian populations. Analysis of a case-control study demonstrated that the CR1 polymorphisms and alpha-thalassemia independently confer protection against severe malaria. We have therefore identified [NAME] as a new malaria resistance gene and provided compelling evidence that rosetting is an important parasite virulence phenotype that should be a target for drug and vaccine development. | 1 | 101 | 272-7 | 14694201 | Institute of Cell Animal and Population Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2004 | A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings | [NAME] Matusop;Anand [NAME] | Lancet | BACKGROUND: About a fifth of malaria cases in 1999 for the Kapit division of Malaysian Borneo had routinely been identified by microscopy as Plasmodium malariae, although these infections appeared atypical and a nested PCR assay failed to identify P malariae DNA. We aimed to investigate whether such infections could be attributable to a variant form of P malariae or a newly emergent Plasmodium species. METHODS: We took blood samples from 208 people with malaria in the Kapit division between March, 2000, and November, 2002. The small subunit ribosomal RNA and the circumsporozoite protein genes were sequenced for eight isolates that had been microscopically identified as P malariae. All blood samples were characterised with a genus-specific and species-specific nested PCR assay together with newly designed P knowlesi-specific primers. FINDINGS: All DNA sequences were phylogenetically indistinguishable from those of P knowlesi, a malaria parasite of long-tailed macaque monkeys, but were significantly different from other malaria parasite species. By PCR assay, 120 (58%) of 208 people with malaria tested positive for P knowlesi, whereas none was positive for P malariae. P knowlesi parasites in human erythrocytes were difficult to distinguish from P malariae by microscopy. Most of the P knowlesi infections were in adults and we did not note any clustering of cases within communities. P knowlesi infections were successfully treated with chloroquine and primaquine. INTERPRETATION: Naturally acquired P knowlesi infections, misdiagnosed by microscopy mainly as P malariae, accounted for over half of all malaria cases in our study. Morphological similarities between P knowlesi and P malariae necessitate the use of molecular methods for correct identification. Further work is needed to determine whether human P knowlesi infections in the Kapit division are acquired from macaque monkeys or whether a host switch to human beings has occurred. | 9414 | 363 | 1017-24 | 15051281 | Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1
1994 | A large-scale test of malaria control using primaquine in southern Xinjiang | [NAME] | Endemic Diseases Bulletin | Primaquine was given to people aged over 1 year for 8 successive days, in May 1989 in Xinjiang, China. A total of 4704 received primaquine and their annual blood parasite incidence (API) dropped by 80.0% (compared with a survey in 1988). In April, 1990, 8386 people were given primaquine for 5 successive days, and the API dropped by 94.1% (compared with results obtained during the same period in 1989). In the period 1988 to 1990, a total of 14 811 people received primaquine, and none exhibited haemolytic anaemia. | 1 | 9 | 85-86 | 19960802985 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A locally acquired falciparum malaria via nosocomial transmission in Korea | [NAME] Kim;Jeong-Su Kim;Mi-Hyun Park;Young- A. Kang;Jun-Wook Kwon;Shin-Hyeong Cho;Byeong-Chul Lee;Tong-Soo Kim;Jong-[NAME] | Korean Journal of Parasitology | A 57-year old man who was admitted to an emergency room of a tertiary hospital with hemoptysis developed malarial fever 19 days later and then died from severe falciparum malaria 2 days later. He had not traveled outside of Korea for over 30 years. Through intensive interviews and epidemiological surveys, we found that a foreign patient with a recent history of travel to Africa was transferred to the same hospital with severe falciparum malaria. We confirmed through molecular genotyping of the MSP-1 gene that Plasmodium falciparum genotypes of the 2 patients were identical. It is suggested that a breach of standard infection control precautions resulted in this P. falciparum transmission between 2 patients in a hospital environment. This is the first report of a nosocomial transmission of falciparum malaria in Korea. | 3 | 47 | 269-73 | 19724701 | Division of Malaria and Parasitic Disease, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), Seoul, Korea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2000 | A logistic multi-regression analysis on socioeconomic and natural factors affecting malaria transmission in South Fujian | ShanYing [NAME] Li;QingShan Li;ZhenZhong Lian | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | In order to investigate the socioeconomic and natural factors affecting malaria transmission in South Fujian province, China, the logistic-multi-regression method was used for analysing malaria transmission with 7 variables, i.e. types of investigation points, geography, condition of houses, anti-mosquito measures, health care, main vector and imported malaria cases. Three important variables (main vector, imported malaria cases and types of investigation points) were selected in the regression equation; the relative risks were 8.56, 10.92 and 4.43 respectively. It is suggested that the malaria transmission occurred principally in construction sites where Anopheles minimus was present and there was a mobile human population. | 4 | 13 | 244-246 | 20013006739 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1988 | A longitudinal observation on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles sinensis in vivax malaria endemic area | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Epidemiology | The vectorial capacity (c) of the population of A. sinensis in a rice-growing area of southern Shandong Province, China, was monitored from 1975 to 1984, in terms of the conventional Garrett-Jones expression c = masuperscript 2 p<sup>n</sup> / -log<sub>e</sub> p. Of all the component factors of vectorial capacity, it was found that the human blood index, a, was in closest accord with the annual rise or fall in Plasmodium vivax infection rate in the human population. The paper also discusses the impact of environmental (including meteorological) conditions, of insecticide usage in rice fields, of social factors and of actual anti-malaria technical intervention. | 6 | 9 | 325-8 | 3073014 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1982 | A longitudinal study of malaria antibodies in a malaysian population. I. Group responses | [NAME] | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | The indirect hemagglutination test was used to measure malaria antibody levels in residents of an endemic area of Malaysia. Blood specimens were collected at 4-week intervals for a year. Seropositivity rates increased with age and number of episodes of malaria in young children. Although antibody levels were variable, titers tended to rise with parasitemia and fall in the absence of detected parasites. In general, the serologic indices tended to reflect the parasitologic findings. | 1 | 31 | 14-18 | 1982079844 | (Mathews, [NAME]) Cent. Dis. Control, Public Health Serv., US Dept. Health Hum. Serv., Atlanta, GA 30333 United States. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1982 | A longitudinal study of malaria antibodies in a Malaysian population. II. Follow-up of individuals | [NAME], Jr. | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | A cohort of 62 persons living in a malaria-endemic area was examined by serology and by blood film 14 times over a 56-week period. Serologic responses (indirect hemagglutination test) of the group as a whole reflected the malaria transmission as determined by blood slide examination. The serologic responses of individuals showed titer changes that were not always consistent with blood slide results. The use of chloroquine may have modified the host's immune response. | 1 | 31 | 19-23 | 7036769 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1988 | A longitudinal study of splenomegaly in pregnancy in a malaria endemic area in Papua New Guinea | [NAME] Sapau;M. P. Alpers | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 582 pregnant women living in a defined population were examined for splenomegaly when attending monthly rural antenatal clinics in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, in an area with all-year malaria transmission. 712 non-pregnant women of child-bearing age from the same population were examined as controls. In non-pregnant women who later became pregnant spleen rates increased in early pregnancy. Peak spleen rates in early pregnancy occurred before 16 weeks gestation for all gravida classes. There was a decrease in spleen rate and a fall in average enlarged spleen size with increasing gestational age for women attending on a first clinic visit and before receiving chloroquine prophylaxis. It is suggested that pregnancy induces a change in splenic function early in gestation, which in primigravidae results in increased frequency of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia. In multigravidae these early gestational spleen changes did not predispose to parasitaemia, which indicated that these women had developed enhanced malaria immunity. There was a significant rise in spleen rates with rising parity in non-pregnant women with a peak rate at parity 3. This rise is considered to relate to responses induced by pregnancy in the first and second pregnancies. Weekly chloroquine prophylaxis increased the frequency of splenomegaly in pregnant women attending for 3 consecutive months, indicating that chloroquine had biological activity on the splenic immune response in vivo. | 5 | 82 | 677-81 | 3252585 | Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2003 | A longitudinal survey on malaria epidemic in different endemic area in Hainan Province | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 1 | 16 |  | 20033137250 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2003 | A malaria case with more than one ring form of Plasmodium vivax within an erythrocyte | XinCai Wang;AiJun Duan;RunFang Liu | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 2 | 21 | 98 | 20033097855 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1987 | A malaria epidemic caused by Anopheles ludlowi in East Java in 1933 | [NAME] | Vector borne disease control in humans through rice agroecosystem management. Proceedings of the Workshop on Research and [NAME] in the Field of Integrated Vector borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries | An outbreak of malaria in a village on the northern coast of Java, Indonesia, in 1933 [see J. Kuipers & W.J. Stoker (1934) Medical Journal of the Dutch East Indies, 74: 74-90] was attributed to the formation of brackish pools in saline ricefields which had not been planted because of abnormally low rainfall. In contrast to the normal practice of identifying breeding sites through larval finds, meteorological and soil data were used to indicate where and when a combination of environmental factors favourable for vector breeding occurred. A theoretical vector density curve derived from the ponding curve in the saline ricefields appeared to correspond with the mortality curve in the human population due to malaria 35 days later. This was considered evidence that breeding of A. ludlowi in the saline ricefields caused the epidemic. To remedy the situation, the original authors proposed to simply cut the bunds of the ricefields whenever they remained uncultivated, in order to drain them. |  |  |  | 19920505672 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1996 | A malaria parasite toxin associated with Plasmodium vivax paroxysms | [NAME] Rathnayaka;K. [NAME] | [NAME] | We have previously demonstrated a correlation between clinical paroxysms in Plasmodium vivax malarial infections and the appearance in patients' plasma of factors that kill blood stage parasites (gametocytes). This activity was, as previously shown, dependent on the presence in paroxysm plasma of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which acts in conjunction with other 'complementary' factors. Here we have identified a parasite component which is essential for this activity and functions as a 'complementary' factor together with TNF, and a third component of unknown origin. The P. vivax parasite component present in paroxysm plasma can be substituted with a blood-stage schizont extract of either P. vivax or P. falciparum. This was demonstrated by restoring the parasite-killing activity to post-paroxysm plasma (from which it was absent) with the addition of the extracts together with TNF. The active materials in these extracts, however, are different from the natural components in P. vivax paroxysm plasma, i.e. while the schizont extracts are immunologically cross-reactive between species, the activity of the natural P. vivax toxin(s) in patients' plasma is neutralized only by the homologous antisera. Plasmodium falciparum infections have neither distinct paroxysms nor parasite-killing activity in plasma. The pronounced paroxysms of P. vivax infections may thus be due in part of a species-specific toxin(s). | 2 | 104 | 221-7 | 8625512 | Malaria Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1965 | A malaria parasite, plasmodium (Vinckeia) booliati sp.nov., from a Malayan giant flying squirrel | A. A. Sandosham;L. [NAME] | Medical Journal of Malaya |  | 1 | 20 | 3-7 | 4221411 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2004 | A malaria risk analysis in an irrigated area in Sri Lanka | [NAME] | Acta tropica | Malaria in Sri Lanka is unstable and epidemic, with large spatial and temporal differences in transmission dynamics. The disease is of great public health significance and identification of underlying risk factors is important in order to use the limited resources in a cost-effective way. The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) recently launched a project of GIS-based malaria risk mapping in Sri Lanka, to investigate whether this tool could be used for epidemic forecasting and for the planning of malaria control activities. This paper presents results for the Uda Walawe region in southern Sri Lanka, an irrigated agricultural area where malaria cases were mapped at the smallest administrative level for each month over a 10-year period. Malaria incidence rates were related to land- and water-use patterns, socio-economic features, and data on malaria control interventions in a multivariate analysis. Areas of high malaria risk were characterized by: (i) higher than average rainfall, (ii) greater forest coverage; (iii) slash and burn cultivation as a predominant agricultural activity; (iv) presence of many abandoned irrigation reservoirs; and (v) poor socio-economic status. Irrigated rice cultivation areas had a lower risk of malaria than non-irrigated areas. This difference could be due to socio-economic factors related to irrigation development and/or transmission dynamics related to vector density or species composition. Our findings call for malaria control strategies that are readily adapted to different ecological and epidemiological settings. Malaria risk maps are a convenient tool for discussing targeted and cost-effective interventions with disease control personnel. copyright 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | 2 | 89 | 215-225 | 2004020953 | (Klinkenberg, [NAME], Amerasinghe) Intl. Water Management Institute, P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. (Klinkenberg) Intl. Water Management Institute, PMB CT 112, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1991 | A mathematical model for Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission: Estimation of the impact of transmission-blocking immunity in an endemic area | [NAME] Zoysa;C. Mendis;A. [NAME] Weerasinghe;P. R. J. Herath;K. N. Mendis | Bulletin of the World Health Organization | We have developed a multi-state mathematical model to describe the transmission of Plasmodium vivax malaria; the model accommodates variable transmission-blocking/enhancing immunity during the course of a blood infection, a short memory for boosting immunity, and relapses. Using the model, we simulated the incidence of human malaria, sporozoite rates in the vector population, and the level of transmission blocking immunity for the infected population over a period of time. Field data from an epidemiological study conducted in Kataragama in the south of Sri Lanka were used to test the results obtained. The incidence of malaria during the study period was simulated satisfactorily. The impact of naturally-acquired transmission-blocking immunity on malaria transmission under different vectorial capacities was also simulated. The results show that at low vectorial capacities, e.g., just above the threshold for transmission, the effect of transmission-blocking immunity is very significant; however, the effect is lower at higher vectorial capacities. | 6 | 69 | 725-734 | 1992072493 | ([NAME], [NAME], Gamage-Mendis, [NAME], Herath, Mendis) Division of Mathematics and, Philosophy of Engineering, Open University of Sri Lanka, P.O. Box 21, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2003 | A mathematical model for the transmission of Plasmodium vivax malaria | H. Ishikawa;A. Ishii;N. Nagai;H. Ohmae;M. Harada;S. Suguri;J. Leafasia | Parasitology international | We have proposed a mathematical model for the transmission of Plasmodium vivax malaria quantitatively, which is adjusted to the infected region, Guadalcanal, in the Solomon Islands. The simulation of a transmission model will be instrumental in planning the malaria control strategy. A characteristic of the life cycle of P. vivax is that a sporozoite injected into the blood stream by a mosquito bite may sometimes stay in a hepatocyte as a hypnozoite. Therefore, we have incorporated a phenomenon of renewed infections caused by a relapse into the transmission model. Also through the simulations we have attempted to evaluate the decline in prevalence caused by the programs of selective mass drug administration (MDA) and vector control such as the distribution of permethrin-treated bednets. The simulations have indicated that the concentrated repetition of MDA at 1-week intervals would reduce the prevalence of vivax malaria swiftly in the beginning and would keep the parasite rate below 1% for a few years but the prevalence would increase thereafter. In contrast, the parasite rate would remain below 1% for a long time if a trial of 1 or 2 times MDA is accompanied with some reduction of the vectorial capacity by the enforcement of vector control. In any case, it is important to beware of relapse cases because even after the execution of MDA it takes a long time to decrease the proportion of hypnozoite carriers. | 1 | 52 | 81-93 | 12543150 | Department of Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, [NAME], [NAME], Japan. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1981 | A mathematical-statistical model for the analysis of cross-sectional serological data with special reference to the epidemiology of malaria. A methodology for the detection of change in the trend of transmission | [NAME] | A mathematical statistical model for the analysis of cross sectional serological data with special reference to the epidemiology of malaria. A methodology for the detection of change in the trend of transmission | An attempt was made to develop a mathematical model for the assessment of trends in malaria transmission by using cross-sectional serological data. The model takes into account the time-dependent risk of receiving inoculations, the spatial-dependent risk of receiving inoculations, the immune response of the individuals (fading of antibodies), and the sensitivity and specificity of the serological tests. A time-dependent transmission model that is presented uses a spline approximation of the intensity function of a non-stationary Poisson process as a measure of the trend of transmission in a homogeneous population. The problem of determining the trend of transmission in a non-homogenous population is also considered (incorporating spatial variation in risk of infection). Serological data from Mauritius, Guyana, Suriname, Nigeria, Panama and Sri Lanka are used to illustrate the application of the model. The various epidemiological parameters are defined and the mathematical-statistical elements of the models are presented in detail in appendices. | 65 | 339 |  | 19820896172 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2003 | A method to determine residue levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in human milk from Indonesian women | [NAME] | Chemosphere | A method has been developed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human milk using solvent extraction, Florisil solid phase extraction clean-up and analysis by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The recovery of analytes from spiked milk samples was in the range 53 +/- 1% to 109 +/- 7% (n = 9). A small number of samples were obtained from women in a rural and an urban area of Indonesia and analysed using the developed method. The results are reported on a milk fat basis. All samples contained detectable residues of p,p'-DDT (urban mean 0.11 +/- 0.18 mgkg<sup>-1</sup> (n = 5), rural mean 0.07 +/- 0.03 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> (n = 5)) and p,p'-DDE (urban mean 0.05 +/- 0.04 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> (n = 5), rural mean 0.76 +/- 1.46 mgkg<sup>-1</sup> (n = 5)). Residues of HCB, beta-HCH, alpha-endosulfan and dieldrin were also detected in some samples. There was no significant difference (at the 95% confidence level) in levels of pesticides between urban and rural areas. The levels of organochlorine pesticides in milk from Indonesian women were lower than those reported from Indonesian women exposed to DDT through malaria eradication schemes and were similar to levels reported from UK and Japan. copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. | 4 | 50 | 529-535 | 2003010080 | (Burke, Holden) Dept. of Environmental Management, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom. (Shaw) Environ. Science/Res. Institute, 27 Creyke Rd, Christchurch, New Zealand. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1987 | A metropolitan hospital in a non-endemic area provides a sampling pool for epidemiological studies on vivax malaria in Sri Lanka | [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | This paper is an epidemiological analysis of 494 malaria patients admitted over a 3-year period to the General Hospital in Colombo, where malaria transmission is not known to occur. The incidence of Plasmodium vivax evident from the study was compared with the malarial pattern for the country as a whole. The comparison between the hospital admissions and the national malaria situation showed remarkable symmetry. The authors conclude from this finding that the hospital data can be used as an appropriate and efficient means of monitoring the prevalence of malaria in Sri Lanka.</ovid:p><ovid:p>Although of interest, the procedure described in the paper may be of limited value outside Sri Lanka, as the authors readily acknowledge, on 3 grounds: it is a small island state; the capital Colombo is in a non-malarial area; and, travel is relatively easy with the capital acting as a focal point. It is unlikely therefore that these conditions would be satisfied elsewhere.<br></br>T. Rathwell<new para>ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:<new para>An analysis of records of 494 malaria patients admitted from 1981 to 1984 to the General Hospital in Colombo (GHC) is presented and compared with national malaria data from the entire country. The incidence of predominantly Plasmodium vivax malaria rose sharply over the 3 years; its species distribution and seasonal variation in patients in the GHC generally reflected the disease pattern in the country as a whole. Malaria patients at the GHC were mainly residents of Colombo who acquired malaria during brief visits to endemic areas and the authors demonstrate how information from them can be used as a sampling method to obtain almost immediate epidemiological information from the whole country. Based on the histories of selected patients, the incubation periods and possible relapse patterns of P. vivax infections in Sri Lanka were deduced. | 3 | 81 | 360-364 | 19882046833 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1974 | A microfilaria from a domestic fowl in Rantau Panjang, Selangor State, West Malaysia | [NAME] Poopalachelvam | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health |  | 3 | 5 | 457 | 4432108 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1984 | A misdiagnosed case of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 4 | 2 | 237. | 19850823606 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1997 | A misdiagnosed case of imported falciparum malaria | [NAME] Pan | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 2 | 15 | 118. | 19980801901 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1990 | A misdiagnosed infant with Plasmodium vivax malaria | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control |  | 4 | 3 | 300 | 19910872056 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2000 | A mixed cerebral infection of vivax and falciparum malaria | [NAME] Kim;TaeHyun Yoo;ChanJeoung Park;HyunSook Chi | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | [NAME] falciparum-P. vivax infections account for 5% of all malaria cases seen in endemic regions. A higher proportion of mixed malaria cases develop cerebral complications. We report one case of mixed infection from the Korea Republic that resulted in cerebral malaria. | 3 | 20 | 263-267 | 20013041318 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1989 | A mixed infection of vivax and falciparum malaria apparently resistant to 4-aminoquinoline: a case report | [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |  | 5 | 83 | 607-8 | 2694500 | Medical Department, Ok Tedi Mining Limited, Tabubil, Western Province, Papua, New Guinea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1996 | A model for predicting the transmission rate of malaria from serological data | M. Gatton;W. Hogarth;A. Saul;P. Dayananda | Journal of Mathematical Biology | A model is developed to estimate the duration for which malaria antibody levels in the blood remain high in a closed population. This estimate can be used to calculate the transmission rate within a region, in conjunction with the serological information contained in the population. The model is used on data obtained from a study of malaria in the Philippines and shows excellent agreement. It is subsequently utilised for predictions and seems to be an appropriate vehicle for this purpose. | 8 | 34 | 878-88 | 8858854 | Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1996 | A model for stipend-distribution in part-time personnel in passive detection of malaria cases | YaYi Gu;WeiPing [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 4 | 14 | 323. | 19980801367 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A model for transmission of partial resistance to anti-malarial drugs | H. Tasman;E. Soewono;K. A. Sidarto;D. Syafruddin;W. O. Rogers | Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE | Anti-malarial drug resistance has been identified in many regions for a long time. In this paper we formulate a mathematical model of the spread of anti-malarial drug resistance in the population. The model is suitable for malarial situations in developing countries. We consider the sensitive and resistant strains of malaria. There are two basic reproduction ratios corresponding to the strains. If the ratios corresponding to the infections of the sensitive and resistant strains are not equal and they are greater than one, then there exist two endemic non-coexistent equilibria. In the case where the two ratios are equal and they are greater than one, the coexistence of the sensitive and resistant strains exist in the population. It is shown here that the recovery rates of the infected host and the proportion of anti-malarial drug treatment play important roles in the spread of anti-malarial drug resistance. The interesting phenomena of ''long-time" coexistence, which may explain the real situation in the field, could occur for long period of time when those parameters satisfy certain conditions. In regards to control strategy in the field, these results could give a good understanding of means of slowing down the spread of anti-malarial drug resistance. | 3 | 6 | 649-61 | 19566133 | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut [NAME], Bandung, Indonesia. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2008 | A modern African perspective on the role of the clinical nurse specialist | [NAME] | [NAME] | In Africa, there is an overwhelming and increasing prevalence of illnesses such as HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This constitutes a "burden of disease" facing Africa. Nursing must evolve accordingly to the changing needs of clients, many of whom have chronic illnesses. In achieving desirable outcomes, it is essential to adopt and adapt the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) role so that expert and specialist practice is available to clients in a cost-effective manner. The role of the CNS singles out clinical responsibilities in a hospital setting so that nurse administrators can concentrate on the provision of resources. A CNS position in the hospital structure would offer a clinical career pathway for advanced practice nurses who wish to remain "by-the-bedside." Regional initiatives are already beginning to show a need for master's-prepared, advanced practice nurses in the clinical areas so as to reduce maternal mortality. | 5 | 22 | 226-30 | 18753880 | Department of Nursing, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2004 | A molecular epidemiologic study of thalassemia using newborns' cord blood in a multiracial Asian population in Singapore: results and recommendations for a population screening program | [NAME] Quah;Ai [NAME] Tan;Angus [NAME] | Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology : official journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology | DNA technology provides a new avenue to perform neonatal screening tests for single-gene diseases in populations of high frequency. Thalassemia is one of the high-frequency single-gene disorders affecting Singapore and many countries in the malaria belt. The authors explored the feasibility of using PCR-based diagnostic screening on 1,116 unselected sequential cord blood samples for neonatal screening. The cord blood samples were screened for the most common reported alpha- and beta-thalassemia mutations in each ethnic group (Chinese, Malays, and Indians) in a multiracial population. The carrier frequency for alpha-thalassemia mutations was about 6.4% in the Chinese (alpha deletions = 3.9%, alpha deletions = 2.5%), 4.8% in Malays, and 5.2% in Indians. Only alpha deletions were observed in the Chinese. The carrier frequency for beta-thalassemia mutations was 2.7% in the Chinese, 6.3% in Malays, and 0.7% in Indians. Extrapolating to the population distribution of Singapore, the authors found a higher overall expected carrier frequency for alpha- and beta-thalassemia mutations of 9% compared with a previous population study of 6% by phenotype. The highly accurate results make this molecular epidemiologic screening an ideal method to screen for and prevent severe thalassemia in high-risk populations. | 12 | 26 | 817-9 | 15591902 | Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2007 | A molecular phylogeny of Anopheles annulipes (Diptera: Culicidae) sensu lato: the most species-rich anopheline complex | [NAME] | Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | The Australasian Annulipes Complex is the most species-rich among Anopheles mosquitoes, with at least 15 sibling species suspected. Members of this complex are the most likely vectors of malaria in the past in southern Australia and are involved in the spread of myxomatosis among rabbits. In this, the first comprehensive molecular study of the Annulipes Complex, 23 ITS2 rDNA variants were detected from collections throughout Australia and Papua New Guinea, including diagnostic variants for the previously identified An. annulipes species [NAME] of each ITS2 variant were sequenced for portions of the mitochondrial COI, COII and nuclear EF-1alpha genes. Partitioned Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony analyses confirmed the monophyly of the Annulipes Complex and revealed at least 17 clades that we designate species A-Q. These species belong to two major clades, one in the north and one mainly in the south, suggesting that climate was a driver of species radiation. We found that 65% (11) of the 17 sibling species recorded here had unique COI sequences, suggesting that DNA barcoding will be useful for diagnosing species within the Annulipes Complex. A comparison of the taxa revealed morphological characters that may be diagnostic for some species. Our results substantially increase the size of the subgenus Cellia in Australasia, and will assist species-level studies of the Annulipes Complex. | 1 | 43 | 283-97 | 17126567 | Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 [NAME], Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A molecular phylogeny of mosquitoes in the Anopheles barbirostris Subgroup reveals cryptic species: implications for identification of disease vectors | [NAME] Harbach;H. [NAME] | Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | The Barbirostris Subgroup of the genus Anopheles includes six mosquito species that are almost identical in adult morphology, but differ in their roles in the transmission of malaria and filariasis within Southeast Asia. The lack of robust, diagnostic morphological characters in adults has contributed to extensive misidentification of the species. Mosquitoes were collected from localities in Thailand and Indonesia, with an emphasis on specimens identified in the field as An. barbirostris and An. [NAME]. A 754 bp COI mitochondrial gene fragment was sequenced from 136 specimens and the rDNA ITS2 region (c.1600-1800 bp) from 51 specimens. Phylogenetic analyzes based on Bayesian methods, distance measures and Maximum-parsimony produced five clades (I-V) that are congruent between the nuclear and mitochondrial data sets. Based on adult female morphology, it is deduced that three of these clades, I-III, are members of the Barbirostris Complex whereas Clade V is An. [NAME]. The identity of Clade IV is as yet unknown. Using a haplotype network analysis, [NAME] was found to have a star-like genealogy, suggesting population expansion. There were no shared haplotypes between clades. In Afrotropical anopheline mosquitoes, speciation has been linked to the expansion of human populations and the development of agriculture. We postulate that the radiation of species within the Barbirostris Subgroup in Southeast Asia may similarly be linked to human population expansion and the agrarian revolution. The development of a propensity for feeding on the blood of humans in some species of the Subgroup would have led to the transmission of malaria protozoa and filarial nematodes. | 1 | 50 | 141-151 | 20093066741 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2003 | A morphological study of the Anopheles punctulatus group (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Solomon Islands, with a description of Anopheles (Cellia) irenicus [NAME], [NAME] | [NAME] Foley;H. [NAME] | Bulletin of Entomological Research | A description of Anopheles (Cellia) irenicus [NAME], [NAME]. (formerly A. farauti No. 7) is provided. This species is one of six recorded from the Solomon Islands within the A. punctulatus group, which contains the major vectors of the causative agents of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in the southwest Pacific. Morphological markers are described for adult females, fourth-instar larvae and pupae that identify most specimens of A. irenicus. [NAME] are presented to distinguish members of the A. punctulatus group in the Solomon Islands. | 6 | 93 | 515-26 | 14704098 | Tropical Health Program ACITHN, Medical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2003 | A multiplex polymerase chain reaction for a differential diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax | [NAME] | Parasitology international | A multiplex PCR was designed for the differential diagnosis of the two parasite species by targeting the 18S rRNA gene with a set of primer combinations, amplifying DNA fragments of 1451-bp and 833-bp for P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. The sensitivity of this PCR test was high, as minimal as 0.1 parasite per one microliter of blood sample and a minimum of four copies of the target gene could be detected. For the diagnosis of mixed infection of two Plasmodium spp., there were no apparent competition or cross-reaction between the majority and minority Plasmodium species. The multiplex PCR was evaluated on 210 clinical samples and 60 normal controls. The PCR test yielded highly concordant results with microscopic examination, with the only one exception of a mixed (P. falciparum plus P. vivax) infection case, which was diagnosed as a single infection of P. falciparum by microscopy. We propose that the multiplex PCR is a sensitive, specific, and rapid tool that can serve as a useful differential diagnostic tool for detecting P. falciparum and P. vivax. | 3 | 52 | 229-36 | 14550478 | Institute of Malariology and Department of Parasitology, Inje University College of Medicine, Pusan 614-735, South Korea. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2004 | A multi-scale study of industrial fermentation processes and their optimization | S. Zhang;J. Chu;Y. Zhuang | Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology | In this article problems in multi-scale industrial fermentation processes are discussed. The problems are generated virtually, by using computer simulation on three different scales--the molecular scale (genetics), the cellular scale (metabolic regulation), and the reactor engineering scale. Inter-scale observation and operation are deemed to be crucial in the optimization of bioprocesses. Bioreaction engineering based on metabolic flux analysis and control is further elucidated. Optimization methodology for study of multi-scale problems in a fermentation process, based on correlation of data, and the scale-up technique for regulation of several bioprocess parameters are generalized by investigation of two typical fermentation processes. A novel bioreactor system was designed to monitor mass flux (for example substrates and (by-)products) in a fermentation process. It was successfully applied to the optimization and scale-up of an industrial fermentation process for penicillin, erythromycin, chlortetracyclin, inosine, and guanosine, and for production of recombinant human serum albumin and a malaria vaccine by use of the Pichia expression system. Substantial improvement of industrial fermentation productivity was achieved. |  | 87 | 97-150 | 15217105 | State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China. [EMAIL] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A nationwide survey on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the Republic of Korea, 2004 | [NAME] Kong;W. M. Sohn;S. S. Hwang;J. [NAME] | The Korean journal of parasitology | National surveys on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections have been carried out every 5-7 years since 1971 in the Republic of Korea in order to establish control measures. The present nationwide survey was conducted from June to December 2004. The 10% population sampling data of Population and Housing Census by the Korean government in 2000 was used as the survey population. One sample was selected randomly from each of the 22,858 registered subjects, and a total of 20,541 people were ultimately included in this survey. Fecal examinations were performed by the cellophane thick smear and saturated brine flotation techniques. Pinworm infection was examined by cello-tape anal swab method. This survey also included a questionnaire study for a socioeconomic analysis. The total helminth egg positive rate was 3.7%, and the estimated total positive number among nationwide people was 1,780,000. The rates in urban and rural areas were 3.1% and 6.8%, respectively. As the total egg positive rate in the 6th survey in 1997 was 2.4%, the present survey showed that there was a considerable degree of increase in the prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections over the 7-year period following the 6th survey. The largest increases occurred in the egg positive rates of Clonorchis sinensis and heterophyids including [NAME]. | 1 | 47 | 37-47 | 19290090 | Department of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1965 | A Naturally Acquited Quotidian-Type Malaria in Man Transferable to Monkeys | [NAME] R. Coatney;H. R. Kimball | Science |  |  | 149 | 865 | 14332847 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1999 | A neonatal case of vivax malaria caused by plasma transfusion | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 17 | 161. | 20000804002 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A new acyclic diterpene acid and bioactive compounds from Knema glauca | N. Rangkaew;R. Suttisri;M. Moriyasu;K. [NAME] | Archives of Pharmacal Research | Investigation of the chemical constituents of the fruits of [NAME] glauca (Myristicaceae) yielded a new acyclic diterpene acid, named glaucaic acid 4, together with four acylphenols, including 1-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl) tetradecan-1-one 1, malabaricone A 6, dodecanoylphloroglucinol 7 and 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-9-phenylnonan-1-one 8, two lignans sesamin 2 and asarinin 3, and a flavan, myristinin D 5. In addition, myristinin A 9 and (+/-)-7,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavan 10 were isolated from its leaves and stems, respectively. When tested against small-cell lung cancer (NCI-H187), epidermoid carcinoma (KB) and breast cancer (BC) cell lines, compounds 1, 6-8 and 10 displayed weak to moderate cytotoxicity. The acylphenols 6-8 displayed antituberculosis activity against the microbe Mycobacterium tuberculosis with MIC values of 25, 50 and 100 mug/mL, respectively, and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1, with 7 as the most active compound (IC50 = 3.05 mug/mL). Malabaricone A 6 was also active against the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum with an IC 50 value of 2.78 mug/mL. copyright 2009 The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea. | 5 | 32 | 685-692 | 2009380026 | (Rangkaew, Suttisri) Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. ([NAME], Kawanishi) Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1992 | A new alkaloid from the roots of Alstonia angustifolia | [NAME] | Journal of natural products | A. angustifolia, known as pulai, is traditionally used in Malaysia to treat relapsing fever (its leaves are applied to the spleen area). A new alkaloid, 4'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxybenzoylvincamajine, was isolated with 9 known alkaloids from the extract of the roots (collected from Johore, Malaysia). The crude root extract had an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 0.35 micro g/ml against Plasmodium falciparum [NAME] strain. | 9 | 55 | 1323-1324 | 19940302918 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2005 | A new and simple solid-phase extraction method for LC determination of pyronaridine in human plasma | [NAME] [NAME] | J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci | A new approach using a simple solid-phase extraction technique has been developed for the determination of pyronaridine (PND), an antimalarial drug, in human plasma. After extraction with C18 solid-phase sorbent, PND was analyzed using a reverse phase chromatographic method with fluorescence detection (at lambda(ex)=267 nm and [NAME] nm). The mean extraction recovery for PND was 95.2%. The coefficient of variation for intra-assay precision, inter-assay precision and accuracy was less than 10%. The quantification limit with fluorescence detection was 0.010 microg/mL plasma. The method described herein has several advantages over other published methods since it is easy to perform and rapid. It also permits reducing both, solvent use and sample preparation time. The method has been used successfully to assay plasma samples from clinical pharmacokinetic studies. | 1 | 824 | 45-50 | 16046285 | Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1979 | A new drug for malaria | [NAME] | China Reconstructs | A popular account is given of a new Chinese antimalarial (qinghaosu) [See review in Pz, 3 (12).] According to the present account, an ether extract was made of "sweet wormwood", Artemisia annua and in 1971 this was found to be active upon Plasmodium berghei in mice. Later it was found to be active against malaria in monkeys and man. The active principle named [NAME] (sweet wormwood essence) was extracted and characterized chemically, and it was found to have a structure quite different from that of known antimalarials. Since 1972 qinghaosu has been given orally or intramuscularly to 6000 cases of malaria, and it has proved to be effective and rapid in action, but relapses sometimes occur within a short period. | 8 | 28 | 48-49. | 19790861430 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1992 | A new look at an old drug: artemesinin and qinghaosu | A. Trevett;D. Lalloo | Papua and New Guinea medical journal | It is said that [NAME] discovery of digitalis arose out of curiosity engendered during a stage-coach journey, by witnessing an old woman collecting foxgloves by the side of the road. Whilst we are not aware of an analogous stroke of genius reported from ancient China, the story of qinghaosu has certain parallels. Just as foxgloves had been used traditionally for centuries to treat 'afflictions of the heart', the plant Artemesia annua has been used as a treatment for fever in China for almost two thousand years. Artemesia annua, also known as 'sweet wormwood', is found in many parts of the world, but it was not until the early 1970s that Chinese scientists recognized its potential for treating malaria and isolated the active principle, artemesinin or qinghaosu. This paper describes the evidence for the efficacy of this drug and some of its derivatives in the treatment of malaria and the potential of these drugs for the standard management of malaria in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere. | 4 | 35 | 264-9 | 1341087 | Faculty of Medicine, University of Papua New Guinea, [NAME]. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1998 | A new method for evaluating malaria surveillance effectiveness--establishment and application of an index system | S. Zhou;L. Tang;H. Qian;X. Zheng;M. Luo | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | AIM: To establish a comprehensive index system which is suitable for evaluating the effectiveness of malaria surveillance schemes. METHODS: Delphi method was used to screen the existed effectiveness evaluation indices by experts to determine key indices and weighted coefficients. RESULTS: Three indices, i.e. autochthonous incidence, ratio of cases detected (ROCD) and ratio of introduced/imported cases were selected. Their weighted coefficients were 0.36, 0.31 and 0.33, respectively. An index system named the malaria surveillance effectiveness index (MSEI) was built up and formulated as [formula: see text] which was applied to study cost-effectiveness of the two malaria surveillance schemes (A and B). According to the formula, the MSEIs in the study areas using the schemes A and B were 48.56 and 45.93, respectively. However, the cost for increasing a score of MSEI by implementing the scheme A was four times as high as that by implementing the scheme B. CONCLUSION: The MSEI is practicable for evaluating the overall effectiveness of malaria surveillance schemes, especially in the cost-effectiveness analysis and health-economic evaluation. | 2 | 16 | 97-100 | 12078231 | Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200025. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2001 | A new paradigm for international disease control: Lessons learned from polio eradication in Southeast Asia | [NAME] Withana;J. W. Fitzsimmons;P. Abeykoon;B. Aylward | American journal of public health | Objectives. This study evaluated the impact of international coordination on polio eradication in Southeast Asia. Methods. Active surveillance systems for acute flaccid paralysis were assessed. Analyses focused on surveillance proficiency and polio incidence. Results. Ten countries coordinated activities. Importations occurred and were rapidly contained in China and Myanmar. Countries that have been free of indigenous polio transmission for at least 3 years include Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand. In the remaining endemic countries - India, Nepal, and Bangladesh - poliovirus transmission has been substantially reduced; however, these countries still harbor the world's largest polio reservoir. Conclusions. Unprecedented international coordination in Southeast Asia resulted in dramatic progress in polio eradication and serves as a paradigm for control of other infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. | 1 | 91 | 146-150 | 2001021368 | World Health Organization Southeast Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India. [EMAIL] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1995 | A new polymorphic marker for PCR typing of Plasmodium vivax parasites | [NAME] Khouri;J. Wattavidanage;L. Perera;S. Premawansa;K. N. Mendis;P. H. David | Molecular and biochemical parasitology | A polymorphic region is described in the GAM1 gene of Plasmodium vivax which encodes a transmission blocking candidate antigen. Comparison of the sequences of GAM1 from Belem and Chesson monkey adapted strains indicated the existence of a polymorphic region distinct from and upstream from the epitope recognized by [NAME]. 33bp were found to be deleted in the [NAME] sequence compared with that of Belem. This region was amplified using nested oligonucleotide primers Pv9-Pv15 after initial PCR with flanking oligonucleotides Pv8-Pv14. Two patient samples yielded multiple bands after nested PCR, probably indicating multiple infections. Parasitaemias were 0.001% and 0.4% in the 2 isolates (mean value 0.11%), corresponding to detection of and amplification from 20 to 8000 parasites/reaction. Analysis of 10 samples, all from Sri Lanka, revealed 4 nucleotide sequence variants within this region of the GAM1 gene. All the observed deletions occurred between highly guanosine-rich regions. | 1 | 71 | 135-138 | 19950807246 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
1993 | A new record for Plasmodium relictum in birds from southern China | [NAME]. | Annual Bulletin of the Society of Parasitology, Guangdong Province |  | 14 | 12 | 120-122 | 19950804682 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2002 | A new species of [NAME] from Yunnan, China (Diptera: Culicidae) | XueShu Dong;HongNing Zhou;LiMin [NAME] | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | The morphological characteristics of male and female adults and larvae of [NAME] meglaensis sp. nov. collected from bamboo holes in Mengla County, Yunnan, China are described and compared to that of A. flavus. The specimens are deposited in the Yunnan Institute of Malaria Control. | 3 | 9 | 155-159 | 20023151049 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1993 | A new species of avian malaria parasite from Bambusicola thoracica (Sporozoa: Plasmodiidae) | [NAME] He | [NAME] | Trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes of Plasmodium parajuxtanucleare sp. nov. are described and illustrated from the Chinese bamboo partridge, Bambusicola thoracica, from Guangdong Province, southeast China. The new species can be distinguished from P. juxtanucleare in that the mature schizont usually produces 2 elongate merozoites and the gametocytes are elongate, whereas in P. juxtanucleare there are 4 merozoites, the schizonts adhere to the host cell nucleus and the gametocytes are round. The new species can be distinguished from P. rouxi and P. vaughani, which also have elongate gametocytes, as the schizonts of these 2 species produce 4 round merozoites. Attempts to infect chickens, pigeons, Coturnix coturnix and the insect vectors [NAME] pipiens fatigans [C. quinquefasciatus] and Aedes albopictus were unsuccessful. | 2 | 18 | 134-137 | 19950803089 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1965 | A New Species of Plasmodium from the Formosan Shoveller Duck (Anas Clypeata L.) | [NAME] | The Journal of protozoology |  |  | 12 | 101-4 | 14298490 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
2003 | A new surgical approach to extensive tumors in the pterygomaxillary fossa and the skull base | [NAME] | Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics | OBJECTIVE: The article describes a new surgical approach to extensive tumors in the pterygomaxillary fossa and the middle skull base. METHODS: The first incision divides the upper lip in the midline, passes under the nasal pyramid, and extends laterally, reaching the level of the temporamandibular joint, at which point it exits to meet the vertical coronal/preauricular incision. An incision is then made along the maxillary buccogingival fold on the involved side, running from the midline to the retromolar area. Another incision is made along the mandibular buccogingival fold on the involved side, running from canine to retromolar area. The cheek flap is reflected inferiorly to the level of the angle of mandible after the elevation of the maxillary and mandibular periosteum and the messeteric fascia in a downward fashion. The frontotemporal scalp is reflected toward the midline after completion of the coronal and transtemporal incision and an appropriate undermining. The craniofacial skeleton is exposed from the midline. After osteotomies of the orbitomaxillary skeleton and a horizontal subperiosteal osteotomy at the angle of the mandible are completed, a frontotemporal craniotomy is performed, and the foramina spinosum, ovale, and rotundum, as well as the superior orbital fissure, are identified. The tumor is exposed in the surgical field; after the tumor is resected, the orbitomaxillary skeleton and the mandibular namus, removed during the approach phase, are replaced and affixed by miniplate. The external soft tissues, including the skin, are then reapproximated along the preoperative markings. RESULTS: The surgical field obtained at the skull base extends from the contralateral eustachian tube to ipsilateral geniculate ganglion. It includes the nasopharynx, clivus, sphenoid, cavernous sinus, and the entire infratemporal fossa, as well as superior orbital fissure and the pterygopalatine fossa. This approach was used in 5 patients. All patients healed per primum. CONCLUSION: This technique is especially useful for excising tumors in the nasopharynx, clivus, superior orbital fissure-cavernous sinus, and infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossa. | 2 | 95 | 156-62 | 12582354 | [NAME], Central South University, China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0
1998 | A new surveillance strategy for low level malaria in Hubei | [NAME] Cheng;SuJian Pei;JianJun Ye;Ming Jiang;ShuiQing Liu;YeXin Lu;Jie Shen;R. [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | Due to good detection and control methods, malaria now occurs at a very low level in China. Currently, blood slides are collected from all cases of clinically diagnosed malaria (group 1), suspected malaria (group 2), fever of unknown origin (group 3) or common cold (group 4) in areas of low and moderate malaria endemicity in Hubei Province, but few positive results are obtained. In the low prevalence area, the positivity rate of slides was 0.006% in group 3 and 0.001% in group 4. Sixty-five 65 positive cases were found out of 124 414 examined; all but 3 of these were among the 657 cases in groups 1 and 2, which had positivity rates of 58.89 and 1.59% respectively. It is recommended that groups 3 and 4 no longer be tested in this way in low prevalence areas, to encourage greater efficiency of case detection in the clinical and suspected malaria groups. | 1 | 11 | 1-4 | 19980804342 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1993 | A nonhuman primate model for human cerebral malaria: Effects of artesunate (qinghaosu derivative) on rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with Plasmodium coatneyi | [NAME] D. Smith;T. Tegoshi;T. Toyoshima;C. F. Ockenhouse;K. D. Corcoran;M. [NAME] Aikawa | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | We studied the effects of artesunate on rhesus monkeys infected with Plasmodium coatneyi. Sixteen rhesus monkeys were divided in four groups. Group I consisted of three monkeys that were splenectomized and were treated with three doses (loading dose: 3.3 mg/kg, maintenance doses: 1.7 mg/kg) of artesunate, group II consisted of three monkeys that were treated with three doses of artesunate (same as group I), group III consisted of two monkeys that were treated with one dose (3.3 mg/kg) of artesunate, and group IV consisted of five untreated monkeys. Parasitemias of these groups ranged from 13.3% to 19.5% before treatment. Twenty-four hours after administration, the parasitemia was reduced to 2.2% in group I and to < 0.1% in group II; parasitemia was lowered to 10.6% in group III only 3 hr after drug administration. The rate of sequestration in the cerebral microvessels, which was 29.4% in untreated animals, was < 0.1% in groups I and II (24 hr after treatment), and 2.0% in group III (3 hr after treatment). These data clearly indicate that artesunate not only reduced parasitemia, but also reduced the rate of parasitized red blood cell (PRBC) sequestration in cerebral microvessels. In an immunohistologic study, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) was not detected in group I after treatment with artesunate, although the presence of CD36, thrombospondin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1. IgG, and [NAME] in the cerebral microvessels was not altered. This is the first in vivo study to show that artesunate interferes with continued PRBC sequestration in the cerebral microvessels in cerebral malaria. By using this animal model, we may be able to evaluate strategies for management of severe malaria as well as for the development of antimalarials and vaccines to prevent and/or cure cerebral malaria. | 6 | 49 | 726-734 | 1994027672 | (Maeno, Brown, [NAME], [NAME], Toyoshima, Ockenhouse, Corcoran, Ngampochjana, Kyle, Vebster, Aikawa) Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 [NAME], Cleveland, OH 44106, United States. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1999 | A nosocomial outbreak of malaria associated with contaminated catheters and contrast medium of a computed tomographic scanner | [NAME] Chen;C. [NAME] | Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America | OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors associated with an unexpected outbreak of malaria that occurred among seven patients in a general teaching hospital in Taipei in October 1995. DESIGN: A three-stage case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors. PATIENTS: We identified all 7 patients who were diagnosed as malaria cases and 69 controls from those undergoing computed tomography (CT) examination. METHODS: [NAME] was diagnosed by demonstrating the presence of Plasmodium falciparum on either thick or thin blood smears. Clinical characteristics and exposure information were collected from medical records and patient interviews. RESULTS: The index case was infected by malaria when he visited Nigeria in early September and was diagnosed when he was hospitalized in hospital A in October. Among 10 patients examined with the Imatron scanner after the index case, all 6 who were injected with contrast medium were infected, but none of 4 examined without contrast medium were infected (P=.005). CONCLUSIONS: This nosocomial outbreak of malaria was most likely due to transmission via a contaminated catheter and contrast medium used for CT scanning. Use of disposable catheters may avoid such nosocomial outbreaks in the future. | 1 | 20 | 22-5 | 9927261 | Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Institute of Preventive Medicine, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1968 | A parasitological study of Pulau Pinang and [NAME], off Trengganu, West Malaysia. [NAME] and filariasis | [NAME] | Medical Journal of Malaya |  | 2 | 23 | 118-22 | 4240821 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1973 | A parasitological survey in the Jogjakarta area of Central Java, Indonesia | M. D. Clarke;J. H. Cross;W. P. Carney;W. M. Bechner;S. Oemijati;P. Partono;Hudojo;J. [NAME] | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health |  | 2 | 4 | 195-201 | 4356088 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1977 | A patient with high fever | [NAME] | Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde |  | 22 | 121 | 908-12 | 327338 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1998 | A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of artesunate for vivax malaria | [NAME] [NAME] Chon;H. [NAME] | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate (ARTS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in Plasmodium vivax infections, 12 male Vietnamese adults with slide-positive vivax malaria received either intravenous ARTS (120 mg; group 1) or oral ARTS (100 mg; group 2) with the alternative preparation given 8 hr later in a randomized, open, cross-over study. Following intravenous injection, ARTS had a peak plasma drug concentration (C(max)) of 35.6 muM (13.7 mg/L), an elimination half-life (t( 1/2 )) of 2.2 min, a clearance (CL) of 3.0 L/hr/kg, and a volume of distribution (V) of 0.16 L/kg. [NAME] had a C(max) of 7.7 muM (2.2 mg/L), a t(max) of 8 min, a t( 1/2 ) of 37 min, an apparent CL of 1.1 L/hr/kg, and an apparent V of 0.9 L/kg. Following oral ARTS, the mean relative bioavailability of DHA was 85%, the C(max) was 3.0 muM (0.85 mg/L), the t(max) was 75 min, and t( 1/2 ) was 40 min. The mean time to 50% reduction in the parasite count (PCT<sub>50</sub>) and median fever clearance time were 3 hr and 16 hr, respectively. Following intravenous ARTS (group 1), the PCT<sub>50</sub> for total parasites, rings, trophozoites, and gametocytes was 3.3 hr, 3.2 hr, 4.0 hr, and 3.6 hr, respectively. This study confirms that ARTS is effective against P. vivax, with rapid clearance of sexual and asexual forms of the parasite. Artesunate is a suitable initial treatment for vivax malaria, or when the plasmodial species cannot be reliably identified. | 5 | 59 | 823-827 | 1998389848 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1973 | A phenanthrene methanol (WR 33063) for treatment of acute malaria | [NAME], Jr.;D. F. Clyde;R. [NAME] | Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy | WR 33063, a phenanthrene methanol, was studied in human volunteers for tolerance and toxicity. In normal volunteers, it was possible to give 4.6 g in four divided doses without adverse effect for 10 days. At this dose level, there was neither evidence of photosensitivity nor adverse renal or cardiac effect. At a dose level of 1.6 g in four divided doses for 6 days, WR 33063 cured 18 of 23 nonimmune volunteers infected with the [NAME] strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Vietnam. In addition, infections due to the Marks and Braithwaite Vietnam strains were also treated because these strains represent a major therapeutic challenge to chloroquine; six of six and two of three volunteers, respectively, were cured. With the Malayan Camp strain, 1.6 g in four divided doses for 6 days cured all of five volunteers. The African Uganda I strain of chloroquine-responsive malaria was even more responsive to WR 33063; all of six men who received 1.6 g in four divided doses for 6 days were cured, and all of three men who received this same dosage for 3 days were cured. One subject infected with a Haitian strain of P. falciparum was treated and cured. Blood-induced infections with the Chesson strain of P. vivax also responded well to WR 33063 with four of five men cured. In all, 52 men received WR 33063 in tolerance trials, and 59 men with experimental malaria and one man with clinical malaria were treated with WR 33063. | 2 | 3 | 207-13 | 4597714 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1999 | A pilot study on malaria control by using a new strategy of combining strengthening infection source treatment and health education in mountainous areas of Hainan province | W. Chen;K. Wu;M. [NAME] Gu;S. Wang;C. Lan;X. Lan;H. Li;M. Huang;X. Chen;H. [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | AIM: To explore a new malaria control strategy that fits current epiodemiological condition and coincides with modern medicine model and the principle of cost-benefit. METHODS: The new strategy highlights the risk villages and risk population as the focal point and integrates health education with behavioral intervention. The main anti-malaria measures consists of carrying out health education in risk villages, giving mass drug administrations in risk population staying overnight in the mountain, following up malaria cases for implementing radical cure, but without using traditional residual spraying or impregnating bednets with insecticides. RESULTS: After having adopted the new strategy and taken the control measures, the people's knowledge about malaria increased to a higher level and the indices of malaria reduced to a lower level. The rate of bednet-using in the population was increased from 26.8% to 72.6%. The annual parasite incidence (API) of malaria was declined from 3.5% in 1994 to 1.1% in 1996 and 0.8% in 1997, and the API of falciparum malaria was declined from 1.0% to 0.3% and 0.3% respectively in the townships at the same time. The parasite rate(PR) of malaria was declined from 7.2% in May, 1995 to 2.1% in November, 1996 and 1.2% in October, 1997 and the PR of falciparum malaria was declined from 1.2% in May, 1995 to 0.1% in October, 1997. The proportion of villages without malaria cases was increased from 18.6% in 1994 to 54.2% in 1997, and the number of risk villages with a malaria incidence above 5% was reduced from 14 to 2 at the same time. The ratio of cost/benefit was 1:2.4 in 1995-1996 and 1:4.4 in 1997, showing a better economic benefit. CONCLUSION: The expectant result has been obtained, thereby providing new experience for the malaria control in the mountainous areas of Hainan Province. | 1 | 17 | 1-4 | 12563805 | Hainan Provincial Institute of Tropical Diseases, Haikou 570203. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1965 | A Plasmodium Sp. From a Glossy Tree-Starling (Aplonis Panayensis Strigatus) | A. A. Sandosham;G. F. Bennett;Y. [NAME] | Singapore medical journal |  |  | 95 | 47-8 | 14306412 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
1974 | A Plasmodium sp. from the crested agamid lizard ([NAME] grandis) in Peninsular Malaysia | [NAME] Fong;L. [NAME] | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health |  | 3 | 5 | 456 | 4432107 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
1988 | A predevelopment mosquito survey in the Mahaweli development project area, Sri Lanka: adults; immatures | [NAME] | Journal of medical entomology | The findings of monthly mosquito surveys in System C of the Mahaweli Project (man-made dams and irrigation systems) in Sri Lanka in 1984-85, before their completion, are recorded in 2 papers, one dealing with adult captures and the other with larvae. A total of 38 species was recorded from daytime human-bait catches. Commonly found was Aedes albopictus, a dengue vector. Among the 48 species caught during the night on human bait were 4 species of [NAME] known to be vectors of Japanese B encephalitis. In fact there was an epidemic of this disease in 1985 with over 18% mortality. Cx. [NAME] was also captured as was the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies. [NAME] increased among the settler population from 4% of all illnesses in 1982 to 15.6% early in 1986. Light traps attracted 49 different species and temporary huts 32 species.</ovid:p><p>Larval surveys yielded a total of 64 species: 30 were found breeding in containers and among them Ae. albopictus was prominent; 49 species were found in ground waters and the malaria vector An. culicifacies was one of them; 3 species of Mansonia, all of which are known vectors of brugian filariasis, were also found.</p><ovid:[NAME] course, the general implications from these findings is that the transformation of a forested region into a cultivated irrigated area with its settler population (many from areas where there are no significant vector-borne disease problems) may inevitably prove to be detrimental to the human occupiers. The authors do not say this strongly enough in my opinion but may wish to change their emphasis in the light of modern developments, especially with the massive increase in malaria cases over recent years. I am sure they will. Anyhow it is extremely valuable to have these studies made and the data available for conditions before man's intervention is complete, although it will always be argued that "food comes before health".]<br></br>G. Davidson | 4 | 25 | 276-285; 286-294. | 19882055346 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1987 | A preliminary study on detection of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in Anopheles aconitus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | Hoedojo;S. Saleha;R. Makimian | Mosquito-Borne Diseases Bulletin | These authors compared the sporozoite rates in Anopheles aconitus mosquitoes, experimentally infected with Plasmodium falciparum, as determined by the ELISA developed by Burkot et al. [see Trop. Dis. Bull., 1984, 81, abst. 2433] and by mosquito dissection. The results from the 2 methods were not significantly different. [See also ibid., 1985, 82, abst. 1069.]</ovid:p><ovid:p>[In an article on immunoassays of malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes (Parasitology Today, 1986, 2, 155) [NAME] and R.A. Wirtz point out that although ELISAs have obvious advantages they can give false-positive results for infectious, rather than infected, mosquitoes in the field because they also detect oocysts with cross-reactive antigens and sporozoites not located in salivary glands. ELISAs should not therefore replace [NAME] dissection for the incrimination of new [NAME]<new para>ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:<new para>The sporozoite rates of females of Anopheles aconitus, which had been allowed to feed on human volunteers from central Java, Indonesia, who were infected with Plasmodium falciparum, were determined by dissection and by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. A comparison of the data indicated an excellent correlation between the 2 techniques. The advantages and short-comings of the ELISA technique are discussed. | 3 | 3 | 64-66 | 19872039387 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1986 | A preliminary study on morphological features of Plasmodium vivax in the northern part of Hunan Province | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | This paper deals with the morphology of Plasmodium vivax in 60 cases observed in the northern part of Hunan Province and compares it with that observed in 6 cases from Simao Prefecture of Yunnan Province. The observations demonstrated that parasites with two or more chromatin dots and multiple invasion of erythrocytes occurred in 50.0% and 48.3% respectively. Parasites with two nuclei were much more frequently seen in younger trophozoites (5.1%) than in older ones (1.3%), the ratio between the two being 3.9:1. This result coincided with that reported by [NAME] in 1982. [The authors] believe that parasites with double nuclei and the presence of multiple invasions of erythrocytes were quite common with Plasmodium vivax in certain parts of China.<br></br>AS<new para>ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:<new para>P. vivax with 2 or more chromatin granules and multiple invasion of erythrocytes occurred in 50.0 and 48.3% of cases resp. in Hunan and Xunnan Provinces, China. Parasites with 2 nuclei were more frequent in younger trophozoites (5.1%) than in older ones (1.3%). [From English summary.] | 1 | 4 | 35-38 | 19872036383 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1987 | A preliminary study on the infectivity of different geographic strains of Plasmodium vivax to Anopheles sinensis | [NAME] [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases |  | 3 | 5 | 161-4 | 3329066 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
1989 | A preliminary study on the outbreak of tertian malaria in Anfu County, Jiangxi Province | [NAME] Zhong;L. [NAME] | Jiangxi Medical Journal |  | 3 | 24 | 152-154 | 19910869354 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1982 | A preliminary survey of malaria in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines | [NAME] Escamilla;M. T. Wooster;D. G. Rivera | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | A survey of malaria in Northwest Mindoro, Occidental, Mindoro, the Philippines, is reported. Three species of human plasmodia were identified from 600 blood films examined. The overall prevalence of malaria was 7% (2.8% P. falciparum, 4.3% P. vivax, 0.7% P. malariae). The prevalence of malaria was highest (24%) among children 0 to 15 yr of age and only 4 cases (12%) were found among persons over the age of 15. Males and females were equally infected. Study sites with the highest slide-positivity rate were located in the foothill regions which corresponded with the observed presence of two malaria vectors, Anopheles minimus flavirostris and An. maculatus. These sites appeared to be adequate for future studies of drug-resistance, although large numbers of suitable candidates would not be expected. | 2 | 13 | 181-185 | 1983020997 | ([NAME], [NAME], [NAME], Rivera) US Nav. Med. Res. Unit No. 2, APO San Francisco, CA 96528 United States. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
1982 | A preliminary survey of sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine by in vitro microtechnique in China | [NAME] | Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine | From July to October investigations were carried out in parts of Hainan Island, South Yunnan, West Guangxi, South Guizhou and East Anhui, China, to determine the level of in vitro sensitivity of the local strains of P. falciparum to chloroquine. A modified microtechnique was used and results were compared with the standard WHO 28 day in vivo test. Samples were taken from 110 patients. Results suggested that P. falciparum of Yunnan and Hainan Island had a higher chloroquine resistance level than the [NAME] strain, and was equivalent to the [NAME] strain. The Anhui strain had a lower resistance than the Yunnan and Hainan Island strains and the Guizhou and Guangxi strains appeared less sensitive than previously recorded. The local-made microplate and freeze-dried medium proved reliable and suitable for field use. [From English summary] | 11 | 21 | 643-645 | 19830807339 |  | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1971 | A presumptive case of naturally occurring Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in man in Malaysia | [NAME] [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |  | 6 | 65 | 839-40 | 5003320 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1
1982 | A primary health care project in Sarawak | [NAME] [NAME] | Medical Journal of Malaysia |  | 1 | 37 | 25-34 | 7121343 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
1978 | A profile of certain infections in Malaysia | [NAME] | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | Amongst the infections reviewed were Rhinosporidium seeberi infections, chromomycosis (Phialophora pedrosoi, P. [Wangiella] dermatitidis and P. verrucosa), Cryptococcus neoformans infections and maduromycosis due to Madurella mycetomatis and in 1 case to Aspergillus nidulans.<new para>ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT:<new para>Most of this paper is devoted to mycotic infections, but mention is made of malaria, amoebiasis, Sarcocystis, hydatid and schistosomiasis. | 2 | 9 | 244-246 | 19791358827 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A profound role for the expansion of trypsin-like serine protease family in the evolution of hematophagy in mosquito | D. D. Wu;G. D. Wang;D. M. Irwin;Y. [NAME] | Molecular biology and evolution | The trypsin-like serine protease (Tryp_SPc) family is ubiquitous in animals and plays diverse roles, especially in the digestive system, in different phyla. In the mosquito, some Tryp_SPc proteases make important contributions to the digestion of the blood meal. Here, we have defined the complete Tryp_SPc gene repertoire in the genome of the malaria mosquito, a repertoire that has expanded remarkably compared with that of Drosophila. Phylogenetic analysis also indicates that the large-scale lineage-specific expansion occurred leading to mosquitoes. Expression of Tryp_SPc genes elevates after a blood meal, and the expression level of genes that belong to subfamilies that specifically expanded on the mosquito lineage increased significantly more than genes that belong to subfamilies that did not expand in number, suggesting a profound role for the Tryp_SPc genes, especially the expanded subfamilies, in the hematophagous trait of the mosquito. The mosquito Tryp_SPc genes are mostly distributed in a tandem manner on chromosomes, suggesting a role for tandem duplication in the expansion of the subfamilies. Furthermore, evidence for positive selection was found for some genes. Structural modeling indicates that the positively selected sites locate to the surface that is conjugated by protein inhibitors. Our results suggest that the expansion and diversification of the Tryp_SPc domain family in mosquito was driven by positive selection and helps to explain the adaptive hematophagy of the mosquito. | 10 | 26 | 2333-41 | 19578155 | State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | A qPCR-based multiplex assay for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax DNA | [NAME] Susapu;S. [NAME] [NAME] | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | The purpose of this study was to develop real-time multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for the simultaneous detection of Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb), Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax ([NAME]) in mosquitoes. We optimized the assays with purified DNA samples and then used these assays to test DNA samples isolated from Anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes collected in villages in Papua New Guinea where these infections are co-endemic. [NAME] assays detected Wb, Pf and [NAME] DNA in 32%, 19% and 15% of the mosquito pools, respectively, either alone or together with other parasites. [NAME] assay results agreed with singleplex results in most cases. Overall parasite DNA rates in mosquitoes, estimated by PoolScreen 2 software, for [NAME], Pf and Pv were 4.9%, 2.7% and 2.1%, respectively. Parasite DNA rates were consistently higher in blood-fed mosquitoes than in host-seeking mosquitoes. Our results show that multiplex qPCR can be used to detect and estimate prevalence rates for multiple parasite species in arthropod vectors. We believe that [NAME] has great potential as a tool for non-invasively assessing the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne pathogens such as [NAME] and Plasmodium spp. in human populations and for assessing the impact of interventions aimed at controlling or eliminating these diseases. | 4 | 103 | 365-70 | 18801545 | Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
2009 | A qualitative study on the acceptability and preference of three types of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets in Solomon Islands: implications for malaria elimination | [NAME] Fitzgerald;Leonard Boaz;Bridget Appleyard;Hilson Toaliu;Andrew Vallely | Malaria journal | BACKGROUND: In March 2008, the Solomon Islands and [NAME] governments raised the goal of their National Malaria Programmes from control to elimination. Vector control measures, such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) are key integral components of this programme. Compliance with these interventions is dependent on their acceptability and on the socio-cultural context of the local population. These factors need to be investigated locally prior to programme implementation. METHOD: Twelve focus group discussions (FGDs) were carried out in Malaita and [NAME], Solomon Islands in 2008. These discussions explored user perceptions of acceptability and preference for three brands of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) and identified a number of barriers to their proper and consistent use. RESULTS: Mosquito nuisance and perceived threat of malaria were the main determinants of bed net use. Knowledge of malaria and the means to prevent it were not sufficient to guarantee compliance with LLIN use. Factors such as climate, work and evening social activities impact on the use of bed nets, particularly in men. LLIN acceptability plays a varying role in compliance with their use in villages involved in this study. Participants in areas of reported high and year round mosquito nuisance and perceived threat of malaria reported LLIN use regardless of any reported unfavourable characteristics. Those in areas of low or seasonal mosquito nuisance were more likely to describe the unfavourable characteristics of LLINs as reasons for their intermittent or non-compliance. The main criterion for LLIN brand acceptability was effectiveness in preventing mosquito bites and malaria. Discussions highlighted considerable confusion around LLIN care and washing which may be impacting on their effectiveness and reducing their acceptability in Solomon Islands. CONCLUSION: Providing LLINs that are acceptable will be more important for improving compliance in areas of low or seasonal mosquito nuisance and malaria transmission. The implications of these findings on malaria elimination in Solomon Islands are discussed. |  | 8 | 119 | 19497127 | Pacific Malaria Initiative Support Centre, School of Population Health (SPH), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [EMAIL] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0
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