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Table 3.   Characteristics of studies on effects of low or high salt diet on rats
Study |  | Total Numbers |  | [NAME]:
 |  |  |  | Body Weight |  | Blood Pressure |  | WAT Fat Pad Weights |  | [NAME] |  |  | Additional Outcomes
[NAME], 1988 |  | 34 |  | Decrease in body weight |  | Inverse relationship |  | Percentage of body fat decreased
U.S.A. |  |  |  | with increase in Na⁺: Ca ²⁺ |  | between dietary Na⁺ |  | with increase in Na⁺
 |  |  |  | (these diets included |  | and systolic BP (SHR only)
 |  |  |  | proportional increases in both ions)
da Costa Lima, 1997 |  | 12 |  | Weight not affected |  | Systolic BP was higher on HSD |  |  |  | [NAME] volume not significantly different |  |  | Adipocytes from HSD rats had higher
Brazil |  |  |  | by HSD vs. LSD |  |  |  |  |  | between the two groups |  |  | metabolic rate than LSD rats; insulin-independent
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | glucose uptake was higher in HSD adipocytes; GLUT 4
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | receptor density was higher in HSD cells
Prada, 2000 |  | 18 |  | Decrease in body weight |  | Basal diastolic BP higher in HSD rats |  | Epidydimal fat mass increased |  |  |  |  | WAT GLUT 4 receptor density was higher in
Brazil |  |  |  | with increase in dietary Na⁺ |  | than those on NS or LS diets |  | in LSD rats compared to NSD; |  |  |  |  | all subcellular membrane fractions in HSD rats
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | retroperitoneal fat mass incresed |  |  |  |  | compared with NSD and LSD rats;  translocation
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | in LSD rats compared to both NSD and |  |  |  |  | index also increased in HSD rats
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | HSD;  mesentaric fat mass increased
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | in LSD rats compared to HSD rats
Dobrian, 2003 |  | 66 |  | After 10 weeks, body weight in the OP |  | OP rats on HSD have increased BP |  | Epidydimal and retroperitoneal fat depots |  | For all groups (OP, OR, C), fat cell volume |  |  | HSD induced 40% increase in plasma leptin in OP
U.S.A. |  |  |  | groups on both HSD and NSD was |  | beginning week 5; OP rats on NSD are |  | were increased in OP groups compared |  | increased in 2% Na⁺ diet compared to 0.8% |  |  | rats; HSD also induced lower but significant plasma
 |  |  |  | higher than OR and control groups; |  | hypertensive starting week 8 |  | to OR and controls; no significant differences |  | Na⁺ diet; inverse to adipocyte number which |  |  | [NAME] in OR and C rats; HSD induces vascular and
 |  |  |  | overall, final body weights not |  |  |  | between HSD and LSD groups |  | decreased with same increase in Na⁺; hypertrophy |  |  | renal oxidative stress; HSD accelerates kidney schlerosis
 |  |  |  | significant |  |  |  |  |  | of adipocytes exacerbated by higher salt diet
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Fat content of retroperitoneal but not |  |  |  |  | LSD rats showed marked increases in liver
Xavier, 2003 |  | 60 |  |  |  |  |  | epipidymal fat increased significantly in |  |  |  |  | lipogenesis and retroperitoneal lipogenesis
Brazil |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | LSD rats after 2 and 3 mo.
Okamoto, 2004 |  | 56 |  | Decreased body weight |  |  |  | Epidydimal adipose tissue mass showed |  |  |  |  | Plasma insulin and plasma glucose of rats did
Brazil |  |  |  | with increase in dietary Na⁺ |  |  |  | inverse relationship to Na⁺ in diet |  |  |  |  | not differ significantly between groups; HSD
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | rats showed 40% increase in GLUT 4 mRNA compared
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | to NSD and LSD; GLUT 4 in adipocyte plasma membranes
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | increased 48% in HSD rats compared to both LSD and NSD rats;
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | HSD rats had higher adipocyte GLUT 4 content
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | after acute insulin stimulation (increase of 160%);
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | chronic salt overload increases insulin sensitivity
Coelho, 2005 |  | 25 |  | Decreased body weight |  | Systolic BP was higher in HSD |  |  |  |  |  |  | Plasma glucose and insulin were higher in LSD
Brazil |  |  |  | with increase in dietary Na⁺ |  | compared to both NSD and LSD |  |  |  |  |  |  | compared to other two groups; HSD plasma T4
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | hormone levels higher than other two groups;
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME] was lower in fasted than in non-fasted
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | rats on LSD and NSD
Fonseca-Alaniz, 2007 |  | 30 |  | No significant differences in |  | After 6th week, systolic BP was |  | After 6 weeks, all fat pad weights (SC, PE, |  | Volume of periepidydimal (PE)adopocytes |  |  | SC adipocytes from HSD rats showed highest
Brazil |  |  |  | BW at weaning or after 9 weeks |  | higher in HSD rats compared to |  | RP WAT) were higher in HSD rats than in |  | increased in HSD rats compared with |  |  | level of basal and [NAME] insulin-stimulated 2 DG glucose
 |  |  |  |  |  | both NSD and LSD rats |  | NSD and LSD rats |  | two other groups; subcutaneous (SC) adipocytes |  |  | incorporation into lipids compared to LSD after 6 weeks;
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | did not differ significantly in size |  |  | HSD rats showed significant increase in basal and insulin-
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | stimulated 2DG glucose incorporation into PE
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | adipocytes in comparison to NSD rats; also difference
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | between [NAME] rates and basal rates was increased
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | in PE cells of HSD rats compared to both other groups;
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | HSD rats exhibiited higher [NAME] levels than NSD
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | and LSD rats after 6 weeks of diet
Fonseca-Alaniz, 2008 |  | 161 |  | No signigficant differences in |  | After 6th week, systolic BP was |  | After 6 weeks, PE and SC WAT fat pad |  | Volume of PE adipocytes was increased |  |  | No significant differences observed in serum glucose
Brazil |  |  |  | BW at weaning or after 3,6, and 9 |  | higher in HSD rats compared to |  | weights were higher in HSD rats than in |  | in HSD rats compared with NSD and LSD rats |  |  | between groups; HSD rats exhibited higher fasting
 |  |  |  | weeks of diets |  | both NSD and LSD rats |  | NSD and LSD rats |  | that same week of study; SC adipocyte size |  |  | serum insulin levels than NSD and LSD rats;
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | did not differ significantly among the three |  |  | LSD significantly increased [NAME] 2DG uptake in PE
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | groups throughout the 9-week period |  |  | adipocytes after 9 weeks compared to NSD;
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | no differences observed among groups in glycemic curves
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | or during ivITT (intravenous insulin tolerance test);
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | despite similar values in 2 DGU dose-response curves
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | after 6 weeks of diet, the EC₅₀ was significantly higher
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | in PE and SC adipocytes of HSD rats compared to NSD
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | and LSD - indicating higher insulin sensitivity;
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | SC and PE adipocytes from HSD rats had increased insulin-
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | induced rates of glucose conversion to CO₂ (metabolic rate)