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KEY CONCEPTS | CORE THEORY | CORE STUDY | APPLICATIONS
Sex and Gender | The Biological Approach | Diamond & Sigmundson (1987) | Equal Opportunities
 | believes that an individual's gender is decided at the same time as their sex is decided | Supports the biological theory | For the Sexes
Sex is a biological term which tells us if someone is male or female.  It is determined at conception. | XX chromosomes for females XY chromosomes for males |  | In Work In School
Gender is a psychological term and is more to do with how a person behaves or speaks | 6 wks gonads change to: testes in males ovaries in females | Aim:  To show that a child cannot be socialised to take on the role of the opposite sex.
Masculinity - typical male traits | Hormones - | Procedure:  Researched the case of a boy who
 | Testosterone in males | had been raised as a girl by conducting
Femininity - typical female traits | Oestrogen in females | interviews.
 | Instinct and Evolution | The boy was a twin born in Canada in 1965
Androgynous - displaying a high level of both male and female traits | The biological approach believes that human behaviour is instinctive. | His penis was accidentally burnt off.  His parents took advice from a number of Experts.
There is evidence that more people are androgynous now than in the past | There is an innate need for males and females to survive long enough to reproduce. | One was a psychologist named [NAME].  He recommended that they raise [NAME] as a girl.
 | This has led to males evolving to be more aggressive, have better spatial skills etc | He believed that upbringing made children masculine or feminine.
 | Females are sensitive, caring and more coy about choosing a partner.
 |  | When he was nearly 1 1/2 yrs old he had
 | Evaluation | an operation to remove his testes and was
 | Ignores that gender roles may be learnt | renamed [NAME] and brought up as a girl.
 | If we are all biologically similar why do we show such a range of behaviours?
 | Biology is fixed but gender roles can change | Findings:  At first Money claimed that [NAME] was
 |  | adapting well.  That she liked playing with dolls
 | Alternative Theory: The Psychodynamic Approach (Freud) | etc.
 |  | When [NAME] reached puberty there
 | More to do with upbringing | were problems.
 | Children develop in stages | Despite receiving hormones she still had
 |  | very masculine features.
 | Oedipus Complex | At the age of 13 her parents decided to tell her
 | Boys desire their mother and fear their father finding out.  They are afraid that if he does he will cut off their penis.  Leads to castration anxiety.  It is resolved when boys identify with their fathers and develop a masculine identity. | the truth.  [NAME] was actually relieved.  It help explain the felling she had about her gender.  She renamed herself [NAME] and had surgery to reconstruct a penis.
 | Electra Complex | Conclusion:  The effects of his chromosomes
 |  | i.e. his biology, had out way socialisation.
 | Girls desire their Father and a penis.  This is known as penis envy.  They blame their Mothers for not having one and think they may have been castrated.  They realise they will not get a penis and come to desire a baby, as a substitute.  When they reach this point they can identify with their Mother.  They can then develop a feminine gender identity. | Criticisms: Case studies rely on small samples, so it is difficult to generalise. Impossible to control variables.  In this case [NAME] had a twin who was a role model.  Also he was raised as a boy for 17 mths.
 | Both these complexes take place in the unconscious mind.
 | This approach argues that if a parent is not around then a child's gender identity does not develop properly