Spreadsheet: 113654d1309486648-automatically-sorting-data-from-master-list-into-separate-worksheet-science-timeline
Sheet: MASTER

DATE | EVENT | Optics | Ecology | Material Science | Biophysics | Molecular Biology | Medicine | Chemistry | Cell Biology | Physics | Surface Chemistry | Genetics | Biology | Neuroscience | SOURCE
1950 | The first computerized weather prediction is made using the ENIAC |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1950.tb00336.x/pdf
1950 | Dr. [NAME] performs the first radial keratotomy. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1950 | Sir [NAME] performs the first intraocular lens implant. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1950 | [NAME] and [NAME] publish the beginnings of their motor and sensory homunculi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | Penfield, W. & Rasmussen, [NAME] (1950). The Cerebral Cortex of Man. Macmillan, New York.
1950 | [NAME] and [NAME] independently identify GABA in the brain |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1950 | [NAME] invents the first external cardiac pacemaker. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.ieee.ca/history/milestones/pacemaker.html
1950 | Pioneering research in plasma physics is published by Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfven. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1951 | [NAME] invents the field ion microscope. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=emueller.html
1951 | [NAME] invents zone refining. Enables the preparation of high-purity materials, such as the improved semiconductors critical for electronic applications. |  |  | X
1951 | [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME] complete their chromatographic analysis of the insulin amino acid sequence. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  | [NAME], Tuppy H (September 1951). "The amino-acid sequence in the phenylalanyl chain of insulin. I. The identification of lower peptides from partial hydrolysates". Biochem. J. 49 (4): 463–81.
1951 | The research group of [NAME] with [NAME] at Oxford University publishes their synthesis of cholesterol, while that of [NAME] of Harvard publishes their synthesis of cortisone. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  | Cardwell, [NAME], Cornforth, J. W., [NAME], [NAME] [NAME], H ,[NAME], Robert, Chemistry & Industry, 1951, 389-90; [NAME], [NAME], [NAME] (1951). "The Total Synthesis of Cortisone". Journal of the American Chemical Society 73: 4057–4057.
1951 | Linus Pauling uses X-ray crystallography to deduce the sceondary structure of proteins. |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/calendar/1951/index.html
1952 | Rosalind Franklin takes "Picture 51" an X-ray diffraction image of DNA that will become critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA. | X |  |  | X | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://books.google.com/books?id=Xwqxrh87EHcC&pg=PA85&dq=PHOTO+51+rosalind+franklin&hl=en&ei=EbTTTeaQLcTGswb1paHkAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=PHOTO%2051%20rosalind%20franklin&f=false
1952 | Individual atoms seen for the first time, using the field ion microscope | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | X | X
1952 | Hershey and Chase show that it is the DNA part of the T2 viral particle, not the protein part, that enters a host cell, furnishing the genetic information for the replication of the virus |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Search_for_DNA.php
1952 | [NAME] pioneers the field of atomic absorption spectroscopy. | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://web.archive.org/web/20070224214248/http://www.science.org.au/academy/memoirs/walsh2.htm#8
1952 | [NAME] announces his development of the first polio vaccine. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.sph.umich.edu/about/polioannouncement.html
1952 | [NAME] and [NAME] of the Fox Chase Cancer Institute successfully transfer nuclei from frog embryos into enucleated frog eggs paving the way for further cloning research. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  | X | X |  | www.fccc.edu/docs/helpingFoxChase/fcccTimeline.pdf
1952 | [NAME] and [NAME] employ electrophoresis in their study of RNA, opening the door for the widespread use of electrophoresis in molecular biology. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME]
1952 | [NAME], a birth control advocate, created the Population Council, a population control advocacy group. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=407&title=Biology
1952 | [NAME] and [NAME] first describe the voltage clamp |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1952 | The Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | http://www.psych.org/MainMenu/Research/DSMIV/History_1/PostWarClassifications.aspx
1952 | [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME] discover the structure of ferrocene, one of the founding discoveries of the field of organometallic chemistry. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1953 | [NAME] wins the Nobel prize for physics for his invention of the phase contrast microscope. | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  |  | X |  | [NAME]
1953 | [NAME] discovers metallic catalysts, allowing the production of polyethylene polymers with greatly improved strength |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME], [NAME] (1993). [NAME]. [NAME]. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992 (3 ed.). Washington, D.D.: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 453.
1953 | A team in Sweden produces the first artificial diamonds by using high heat and pressure. GE follows suit the next year, producing the first commercially viable synthetic diamond. Gives rise to the industrial diamond industry, with applications in machining, electronics, and a variety of other areas. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1953 | Dr. [NAME] of the Corning research and development division invents the first glass-ceramic. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://inventors.findthebest.com/detail/317/S-Donald-Stookey
1953 | [NAME] and [NAME] publish the comprehensive work Fundamentals of Ecology, the first textbook to examine ecology from a holistic, macroscopic perspective. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1953 | The first modern progressive bifocal lens, the Varilux, is created by [NAME]. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1953 | Double helix structure of DNA is revealed by Watson & Crick |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X
1953 | [NAME], a chemist at the Univ. of Chicago, conducted an experiment that showed a whole range of organic compounds synthesized when an electric spark was passed through a mixture of methane, ammonia, and water vapor. These compounds combined to produce urea and several amino-acids. His resulting paper was titled “Production of amino acids under possible primitive Earth conditions.” |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=407&title=Biology
1953 | [NAME] and [NAME] identify and define rapid eye movements (REM). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1953 | [NAME] publishes work on center-surround, on-off organization of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1953 | FDA approves first leukemia-fighting drug, developed by Gertrude Elion. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/83256-mercaptopurine.html
1954 | [NAME] is invented. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.shell.com/home/content/chemicals/products_services/our_products/lower_olefins/propylene/product_overview/
1954 | [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME] unveiled the Bell Solar Battery--the world's first device to successfully convert useful amounts (6% efficiency) of sunlight directly into electricity. Serves as the very foundation for solar energy production as well as photo-detector technology. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1954 | Silicon transistors developed. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/events/silicont1.html
1954 | [NAME] describes the rewarding effects of hypothalamic stimulation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1954 | [NAME] performs the first human kidney transplant |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4233669
1955 | [NAME] pioneering research in differential interference contrast microscopy leads to the construction of the first DIC systems. | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight08.html
1955 | [NAME] introduces his applanation tonometer, a device that is still used toda to measure intraoccular pressure. |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1955 | Aliphatic polyimides are prepared for the first time. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME] materials encyclopedia, Volume 10,  By [NAME] 2991
1955 | The concept of Maximum Sustained Yield (MSY) is adopted as the goal of international fisheries management at a conference sponsored by the United Nations. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1955 | [NAME] and [NAME] discover polynucleotide phosphorylase, an enzyme capable of RNA synthesis. |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/Grunberg_Manago.htm
1956 | [NAME] invents the radioimmunoassay procedure. |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1956 | [NAME] and coworkers provide experimental verification by transmission electron microscopy of dislocations in materials. Not only is dislocation theory verified unequivocally, but the power of transmission electron microscopy in materials research is demonstrated. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1956 | [NAME] uses ultrasound to examine the brain | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1956 | Drs. [NAME] and [NAME] adapt the Zeiss optical microscope for use by physicians during eye surgery. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1956 | [NAME] and [NAME] isolate and purify nerve growth factor |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1956 | [NAME], the first commercial nuclear power plant, opens in England. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1957 | [NAME] publishes her first paper on patient [NAME] and describes the importance of the medial temporal lobe for memory. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME] (1957). "Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 20 (1): 11–21.
1957 | The first orbiting spacecraft, [NAME] I, is launched by the Soviet Union |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1958 | Ultrasound is first used to examine unborn children. [NAME] begins to apply sonar technologies developed during WWII to examine fetuses in pregnant world. | X |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1958 | [NAME] integrates capacitors, resistors, diodes, and transistors into a single germanium monolithic integrated circuit or "microchip." Makes possible microprocessors and, thereby, high-speed, efficient, convenient, affordable, and ubiquitous, computing and communications systems. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1958 | In his recently published The Cology of invasions by Animals and Plants, [NAME] concludes that simplified food webs such as monocultures are ore vulnerable to invaders than complex ones. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1958 | [NAME] begins his decades-long record of Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and becomes the first to confrim difinitively the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide by means of a data set now known as the "Keeling Curve." |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1958 | Pavel [NAME] is awarded the Nobel prize for physics for his 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/cherenkov.html
1958 | [NAME] finds dopamine to be a transmitter in the brain and proposes that it has a role in extrapyramidal disorders such as Parkinson's disease. |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X | http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/timeline.html
1958 | [NAME] publishes his discovery of DNA polymerase enzymes. |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/WH/p-nid/205
1958 | Meselson-Stahl experiment: DNA replication is proven to be semi-conservative |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME], M. and Stahl, F.W. (1958). "The Replication of DNA in Escherichia coli". PNAS 44: 671–82.
1958 | [NAME] uses nuclear transplantation from fully differentiated adult somatic cell to clone an African Clawed Frog. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME], [NAME], [NAME]1958 Jul 5). "Sexually mature individuals of [NAME] laevis from the transplantation of single somatic nuclei.". Nature 182: 64–5.
1958 | The first cardiac pacemaker is successfully implanted into a human by Swedish doctor [NAME] |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://archives.cbc.ca/on_this_day/10/08/
1958 | [NAME] introdcues enzymatic zonulolysis, a technique that greatly facilitates total or intracapsular extraction of cataracts. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1958 | Leo Esaki conducts research that leads to the acceptance of electron tunneling. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1959 | [NAME] presents "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at a meeting of the American Physical Society. Introduces the concept of nanotechnology (while not naming it as such). | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1959 | [NAME] publishes Molecular Science and Molecular Engineering. Creates an emerging discipline aimed at designing new materials on the basis of molecular understanding. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1959 | [NAME] of the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory discovers Nitinol, the first shape memory alloy (made of nickel and titanium). |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME] and ISAAC MAYO, The Story of Nitinol: The Serendipitous Discovery of the Memory Metal and Its Applications. The Chemical Educator. Volume 2, Number 2, 1-21, DOI: 10.1007/s00897970111a
1959 | Crawford Stanley Holling introduces the concept of functional response, which describes the relationship between prey density in a certain area and the amount of prey consumed by each predator in that area, an idea that becomes a linchpin of modern population ecology. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1959 | [NAME] and [NAME] receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. |  |  |  |  | X | X | X |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/
1959 | [NAME] comes up with a model for the structure of oxygenated haemoglobin using X-ray dffraction studies and sets the stage for the determination of the three-dimensional structures of large molecules. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7159/full/449145a.html
1960 | The first amorphous metal is produced. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | Klement, [NAME]; Willens, [NAME]; Duwez, POL (1960). "Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold-Silicon Alloys". Nature 187 (4740): 869–870.
1960 | [NAME], [NAME] and [NAME] forward their hypothesis that predator s protect the "green world" from herbivores by restricting their desnsities to levels that allow plant life to flourish. The "HSS hypothesis" marks a shift away from existing bottom-up paradigms to a more top-down approach to ecology. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1960 | [NAME] founds the McCrone Research Institute, the largest independent microscopy and microanalysis institution in the United States | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/mccrone.html
1960 | [NAME] builds the first laser. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/maiman.html
1960 | [NAME] shows that brain dopamine is lower than normal in Parkinson's disease patients |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1960 | [NAME] describes the structure of myglobin, the oxygen-binding protein in muscle tissue. |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/kendrew.html
1960 | First combined oral contraceptive is approved by the FDA |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ProductRegulation/SelectionsFromFDLIUpdateSeriesonFDAHistory/ucm092009.htm
1960 | [NAME] and David Alvis produce the first fluorescein angiogram. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1961 | Georg Von Bekesy is awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the function of the cochlea |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1961 | [NAME] is granted an initial patent for his invention of the confocal scanning microscope. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight09.html
1961 | [NAME] and [NAME] carry out the first therapeutic application of a laser on a human subject, using a prototype ruby laser photocoagulator to destroy a patient's retinal tumor. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.txt.asp?a=395
1961 | First successful clinical trials of L-Dopa as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1961 | Using Grunber-Manago's 1955 enzyme system for making polynucleotides, [NAME] and [NAME] are able to decipher the first codon of the genetic code. |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X |  | Nirenberg, M.W. and Matthaei, H.J. (1961). "The Dependence Of Cell- Free Protein Synthesis In E. coli Upon Naturally Occurring Or Synthetic Polyribonucleotides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47 (10): 1588–1602.
1961 | [NAME] synthesizes adenine from concentrated solutions of ammonium cyanide in water, opening up new theoretical territory in the study of the origins of life. |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  | www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801063.pdf
1961 | [NAME] creates the first soft contact lenses. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1961 | First man in space: [NAME] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1961 | [NAME] and colleagues use a seminal experiment to demonstrate the frequency doubling of light from a ruby laser beam focused into a quartz crystal and open up the door for the developmnent of a quantum mechanical description of nonlinear optics. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milephotons/full/milephotons10.html
1962 | Cambridge University student [NAME] finds that pairs of electrons can tunnel between two separated superconductors, an effect that is used in sensitive magnetic probes for geology, medicine and physics. | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1962 | [NAME], Jr., develops the first practical visible-spectrum light-emitting diode (LED). Marks the beginning of the use of III-V alloys in semiconductor devices, including heterojunctions and quantum well heterostructures. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://web.mit.edu/invent/a-winners/a-holonyak.html
1962 | The first commercial superconducting wire, a niobium-titanium alloy, is developed by researchers at Westinghouse. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/gallery/scwire.html
1962 | [NAME] publishes the last of his three major papers on the mathematical characteristics of ecological commonness and rarity. He points out a consistent relationship between the commonnes and rarity of individuals and species in many forms of life which in his view can be best reprresented  by a lognormal curve. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1962 | Researchers at GE, IBM, and the MIT Lincoln Laboratory invent semiconducter lasers. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1962 | Nils-Ake Hillarp and [NAME] publish their work on fluorescent microscopic methods to study cellular distribution of biogenic amines. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.med.lu.se/wnc/the_falck_hillarp_method_a_revolution_in_the_study_of_monoamine_systems_in_the_cns
1963 | [NAME], [NAME] and [NAME] share Nobel Prize for work on the mechanisms of the neuron cell membrane |  |  |  | X | X | X |  | X |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1963 | [NAME] and [NAME] provide the first empirical analysis of the historic supply of natural resources in the United States. It shows that from 1890 to 1957 the cost in captial and work hours of resources such as timber, fish, minerals, and fuels declined significantly, which is attributed to increased efficiency. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1963 | [NAME] and [NAME] study the question of how a species chooses the place it inhabits. They conclude that this choice is partly genetic having evolved as a means for detecting the most favorable environmentfor surivival butalsop artly physiological/experiential. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1963 | [NAME] proposes a precise system of chemical matching between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal partners (the chemoaffinity hypothesis). |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1963 | The measles vaccine is invented |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | "The Measles Vaccine" New York Times. New York, N.Y.: Mar 28, 1963.  pg. 6, 1 pgs
1963 | [NAME] patents his balloon embolectomy catheter |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/162.html
1963 | [NAME] conducts the first lung transplant. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/transplants/timeline.html
1963 | Deterministic chaos is identified in dynamic systems. Meteorologist [NAME] notices that small changes in parameters entered into a simple computer model of the atmosphere strongly affect the predicted atmospheric behavior, in seemingly random ways and coins the term the "butterfly effect" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1964 | Invention of SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device); based off the Josephson Effect predicted two years earlier |  |  | X
1964 | The term "coevolution" becomes popularized by [NAME] and [NAME] "Butterlies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution". |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1964 | [NAME] and [NAME] independently propose the quark model. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1964 | Arno Penzias and [NAME]: detection of CMBR providing experimental evidence for the Big Bang |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1965 | Cambridge Instruments introduces a commercial scanning electron microscope. Provides an improved method for the high-resolution imaging of surfaces at greater magnifications and with much greater depth of field than possible with light microscopy. | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1965 | [NAME] invents the high-strength, low-weight plastic Kevlar. Improves the performance of tires, boat shells, body armor, components for the aerospace industry, and more. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/index.html; [NAME]
1965 | [NAME] invents the first portable defibrillator |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME]
1965 | U.S. Congress passes legislation creating Medicare and Medicaid. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME]
1966 | [NAME] and coworkers discover magneto-crystalline anisotropy in rare-earth cobalt intermetallic compounds. Leads to the fabrication of high-performance permanent magnets of samarium-cobalt and, later, neodymium-iron-boron for use in electronic devices and other areas. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1966 | [NAME] challenges the idea of group selection, the concept that behaviors detrimental to an individual can evolve because they benefit the group. He argues that most seemingly group selected traits really are advantageous to the individuals performing them. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1966 | [NAME] performs the first human pancreas transplant. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.mmf.umn.edu/bulletin/2006/spring/lookback/index.cfm
1967 | [NAME] and [NAME] demonstrated that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be used as a 'spectroscopic ruler' to determine the distance between two chromophores. These findings pave the way for using FRET to observe interactions and conformational dynamics in purified proteins in vitro. | X |  |  | X | X |  | X |  | X | X |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight11.html
1967 | [NAME] invents the atom probe field ion microscope. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/mueller.html
1967 | [NAME] and [NAME] present the thoery of island biogeography, an equilibrium theory designed to predict the number of species that will exist on a given island. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1967 | [NAME] plays a key role in developing dichromatic mirrors and with them, describes incident vertical illumation. Dichromatic mirrors convert the epi-fluorescence microscope from a tool that can be used only by trained specialists to a universal and indispensable instrument for modern biology. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight04.html
1967 | [NAME] introduces laser iridotomy. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1967 | [NAME], [NAME] and [NAME] are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for demonstrating the primary neural organization of the retina and the role of vitamin A. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1967 | [NAME] introduces ultrasound or phakoemulsification for cataracts. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1967 | The first effective mumps vaccine is developed. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.who.int/vaccines-diseases/diseases/mumps_vaccine.shtml
1967 | Dr. [NAME] performs the first successful human liver transplant |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/transplants/timeline.html
1967 | [NAME] performs the first human heart transplant |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME], [NAME] (2008). Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America. Oxford University Press. p. 174.
1967 | The American physicists Steven Weinberg & Sheldon Glashow, and Pakistani physicist [NAME] independently create the electroweak theory, which unites the apparently different electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces into a single "electroweak" force. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1967 | The American chemist [NAME] builds the first solar neutrino detector deep in the Homestake Gold Mine however it detects fewer neutrinos than predicted. Other measurements confirm the discrepancy. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1967 | The theory of plate tectonics is developed. The British geophysicists [NAME] & [NAME], and the American geophysicist [NAME] independently describe Earth's crust as divided into enormous moving plates. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1967 | DNA ligase, the first ingredient for making recombinant DNA, is purified and characterized independently by four different research groups. DNA ligase, the first ingredient for making recombinant DNA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna02.html
1968 | Garrett hardin publishes "The Tragedy of the Commons," an article that argues against unreulated use of public resources. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1968 | [NAME] introduces the neutral theory of molecular evolution, which assumes that genetic variation results from a combination of mutation-generating variation and genetic drift eliminating it. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1968 | The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded jointly to [NAME], Har Gobind Khorana and [NAME] for cracking the genetic code. |  |  |  |  | X | X |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html
1968 | United States National Eye Institute is created |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1968 | National Eye Institute is established |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1969 | [NAME] and colleagues develop bioactive glass for orthopedic use. Changes the paradigm in biomaterials to include interfacial bonding of the implant with host tissues. |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1969 | [NAME] employs the term metapopulation to describe an assemblage of local populations living in a network of habitat patches. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1969 | [NAME] describes the role that a Pacific Northwest starfish and a large snail from Australia's Great Barrier Reef play in their respective ecosystems. He notes that removal of these two predator species would cause a population explosion of certain of their prey, with severe consequences for the rest of the ecosystem. He borrows a term from architecture to designate such an organism as the keystone species for its ecosystem. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1969 | First vaccine for [NAME] is licensed. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, [NAME], Wolfe S, eds. (2007). "Chapter 12. Rubella". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 10th ed.. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/rubella.pdf
1969 | [NAME] lands on the moon. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1969 | Experiments by American physicists [NAME], [NAME], [NAME] and others, yield the first evidence that the quarks proposed in 1964 actually exist inside protons and neutrons. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1969 | The Society for Neuroscience is formed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | http://www.sfn.org/index.aspx?pagename=about_sfn
1970 | Scientists at Corning [NAME] create the first single mode, silica optical fibers | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.timbercon.com/history-of-fiber-optics/
1970 | [NAME], utilizing the twisted nematic field effect, makes first operating liquid crystal displays. Completely redefines many products and applications, including computer displays, medical and industrial devices, and the vast array of consumer electronics. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1970 | Silicon chips become available as computer memories. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1970 | With funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation, several new optical telescopes enter service at various sites around the world with excellent viewing. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1970 | [NAME] publishes her endosymbiotic theory, that the eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0/history_24
1970 | [NAME] and [NAME] independently discovered reverse transcriptase enzymes. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X | X
1970 | [NAME] and [NAME] discover DNA restriction enzymes. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.pnas.org/content/102/17/5905.long
1970 | [NAME] reports that synaptic changes are related to learning and memory storage in Aplysia. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1970 | [NAME] invents his "Babybird" infant ventilator which reduces infant mortality due to respirator problems from 70% to less than 10%. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/bird.html
1970 | [NAME], [NAME] and Ulf Svante von Euler share Nobel Prize for work on neurotransmitters |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1971 | [NAME] develops x-ray computed tomography and the first computerized tomography (CT) scan of a human is made. | X |  |  | X |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | BECKMANN, E. C. (January 2006). "CT scanning the early days". TheBritish Journal of Radiology 79 (937): 5–8.
1971 | Researchers begin adapting NMR into magnetic resonance imaging, a non-invasive method to examine internal bodily structures. | X |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/Middle.cfm?EventID=126
1972 | United Nations Conference on the Human Environment convenes in Stockholm. It is the UN's first major conference on international environmental issues. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/crutzen-autobio.html
1972 | The first earth resources technology satellite is launched. |  | X
1972 | [NAME] and colleauges present a so-called "gap model" for forest growth. The concept of a "gap" is based on the idea that the death of a large tree creates a space in the forest canopy in which certain species then become established. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1972 | [NAME] introduces the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Based on game theory, an ESS is defined as a strategy so effective that it cannot be displaced by a rare new (mutant) strategy if it has become fixed in a population. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1972 | The Webb laboratory puts fluorescence microscopy to a novel use: measuring reaction kinetics--a technique that comes to be termed fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X
1972 | [NAME] makes the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna02.html
1972 | [NAME] begins working out the connections of every cell in the nervous system of a nematode worm, C. elegans. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=407&title=Biology
1972 | [NAME] and [NAME] develop the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.
1973 | [NAME] proposes the Red Queen Hypothesis, refercing an episode in Alice in Wonderland in which the Red Queen tells [NAME] that "It takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place." The analogy is that a species may have to continually evolve just in order to maintain its fitness relative to the systems it is co-evolving with. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1973 | Holling initiates interest in the phenomenon of resilience with the publication of "Resilience and Stability of Ecological sytems" |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1973 | [NAME] and [NAME] develop recombinant DNA technology, showing that genetically engineered DNA molecules may be cloned in foreign cells |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php
1973 | Candace Pert and [NAME] demonstrate opioid receptors in brain |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1973 | [NAME] and [NAME] describe long-term potentiation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  | X | X | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1974 | M.J.Molina and F.S.Rowland publish a laboratory study demonstrating the ability of CFC's to catalytically breakdown Ozone in the presence of high frequency UV light. |  | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME] and FS Rowland (28 June 1974). "Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: [NAME]". Nature 249. pp. 810–2.
1974 | [NAME] [NAME] provides the the theoretical foundations for the fields of spatial ecology and patch dynamics. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1974 | First NMR image (a mouse) is taken | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1974 | The renormalization group technique is developed. The American physicist [NAME] develops a mathematical method to describe certain phase changes, such as the spontaneous rearrangement of atoms that occurs at a critical temperature in some crystals. He shows how to account for fluctuations in the system over widely different scales of length. |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1975 | [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME] develop the positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | Ter-Pogossian, [NAME]; M.E. Phelps, [NAME], [NAME] (1975). "A positron-emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear imaging (PET)". Radiology 114 (1): 89–98.
1975 | Köhler and Milstein develop a method to produce monoclonal antibodies. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.path.cam.ac.uk/~mrc7/mab25yrs/index.html
1975 | Prof. Chakrabarty genetically engineeres a new species of oil-eating bacteria and becomes the first to apply for a patent on a living organism. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME]
1975 | [NAME] invents the "Southern Blot" |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna06.html
1975 | [NAME], a researcher at IBM, develops fractal geometry in his book, [NAME] objets fractals, forme, hasard et dimension. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | [NAME]
1976 | [NAME] pioneer a new technique-- fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)--to measure intracellular membrane trafficking | X |  |  | X | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight10.html
1976 | [NAME] and [NAME] develop the patch-clamp technique |  |  |  | X | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/1950-present.htm
1976 | [NAME] develops the netural theory of biodiversity based on the idea that the importance of biotic factors such as competition and predation can be assessed by comparing their empirical patterns with the results of a stochastic model that does not assume their existence. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1976 | [NAME] publishes an influential review forNature entitled "Simple Mathematical Models with Very Complicated Dynamics." He applies chaos theory to mathematical ecology, stating that simple nonlinear equations describing the frowth of biological populations can exhibit a wide range of dynamic behavior. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1976 | First mars landing. U. S. spacecraft Viking I and II land on Mars and examine its surface for evidence of biological activity. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1976 | [NAME] establishes the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral genome (bacteriophage MS2), the first complete sequencing of an entire RNA-genome. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | Fiers W, Contreras R, Duerinck F, [NAME], [NAME], Merregaert J, Min Jou W, Molemans F, Raeymaekers A, Van den Berghe A, [NAME], [NAME] Complete nucleotide-sequence of bacteriophage MS2-RNA - primary and secondary structure of replicase gene, Nature, 260, 500-507, 1976
1977 | Hideki [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME] announce the discovery of electrically conducting organic polymers. Leads to the development of flat panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes, solar panels, and optical amplifiers. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1977 | The first electrically conducting polymers are discovered. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | [NAME], [NAME], MacDiarmid AG, [NAME], Heeger AJ (1977) Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 578-580
1977 | [NAME] provides eivdence for the theory of convergent evolution, which maintains that different species in wiedly seaprated ecosystems, but with comparable climates, will develop similar ways of adapting to their environment. He also takes an economic approach to plant evolution, showing how plants strive to obtain the greatest effect from resources with the lowest expenditure of energy. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1977 | New rapid sequencing techniques are invented by [NAME] and [NAME] as well as by [NAME] and his colleagues. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna07.html
1977 | The Apple II computer is introduced. The American inventors Steven Jobs & [NAME] produce the first personal computer sold in assembled rather than kit form. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1978 | The United States bans the use of CFCs in aerosol spray cans. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.theozonehole.com/ozoneholehistory.htm
1978 | [NAME] analyzes the Yellowstone grizzly bear population and uses computer simulations to estimate the numbers of bears needed to ensure a reasonable chance of persistence over the next century. This marks the emergence of population viability analysis (PVA). |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1978 | The first quadrivalent [NAME] is licensed. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4210.pdf
1978 | The first test tube baby is born in the UK. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | [NAME]
1978 | Using the gene sequencing technique he discovered a year earlier, [NAME] sequences the genome of virus [NAME] of a living organism, the first complete sequencing of an entire DNA-genome. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | Sanger, F.; Air, G.M.; Barrell, B.G.; [NAME], N.L.; Coulson, A.R.; Fiddes, C.A.; Hutchinson, C.A.; Slocombe, P.M. et al. (1977), "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage φX174 DNA", Nature 265 (5596): 687–695
1978 | The existence of dark matter is confirmed. American astronomer Vera [NAME] and her coleagues analyze how galaxies rotate, and conclude that the gravity due to their visible matter is insufficient to hold them together; hence they must also contain invisible or dark matter. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1979 | French physicist [NAME] presents his contributions to the theories of polymers and liquid crystals. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1980 | German physicist [NAME] discovers that in a semiconductor held at low temperatures, this Hall voltage varies in quantum-sized steps. The result is used in the development of new, highly accurate electrical standards. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1980 | The U.S. National Science Foundation establishes the long-Term Ecological Research Program, with an initial set of six research sites. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1980 | Tsien begins his pioneering work on calcium indicators and introduces a new generation of fluorescent polycarboxylate dyes derived from the selective Ca2+ chelator ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA) | X |  |  |  | X |  | X |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight12.html
1980 | World Health Organization announces smallpox is eradicated. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862003001000014&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1980 | The ﬁrst application of ﬂuorescent in situ hybridization detection. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME], [NAME], Wiegant, J., Borst, P. & van Duijn, P. A new method for fluorescence microscopical localization of specific DNA sequences by in situ hybridization of fluorochrome labelled RNA. Exp. Cell. [NAME]. 128, 485–490 (1980)
1980 | [NAME], [NAME], [NAME] and [NAME] argue that a large number of DNA sequence polymorphisms must exist in the human population, and that some of these should be detectable as variants in the length of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes (restriction fragment-length polymorphisms or RFLPs). They estimate that at least 150 highly polymorphic regions at regular intervals in the human genome would make it feasible to construct a human genetic-linkage map and to localize disease genes. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | x | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna08.html
1980 | Diamond vs. Chakrabarty
1981 | [NAME] demonstrates the imaging capabilities of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) by visualizing cellular focal adhesions on a glass slide. | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | X |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight13.html
1981 | [NAME] and [NAME] invent the scanning tunneling microscope. Provides three-dimensional atomic-scale images of metal surfaces and quickly becomes widely used in research to characterize surface roughness and observe surface defects. | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1981 | The first synchrotron designed for the production of X rays rather than research in elementary particles begins operations at Daresbury, England. In a synchrotron, electrons accelerated to high speeds around a circular track emit intense beams of X-ray, ultraviolet, and infrared light. These are useful in the analysis of solids, molecules, atoms, and biological systems. They can also serve technological purposes such as etching computer chips. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1981 | Video-enhanced Differential Interference Contrast (VE-DIC) is developed allowing researchers to follow dynamic events over time with increased resolution and contrast. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight08.html
1981 | [NAME] and [NAME] receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their work in demonstrating how visual information is coded in the retina and brain. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | X | X | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1982 | Compact Discs (CDs) are introduced. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1982 | [NAME] begins an ongoing study of a series of grassland plots at Cedar Creek, Minnesota. Over time this will yield valuable insights into such aissues as plant competition and the relationship of biodiveristy to ecosystem function and [NAME]'s |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1982 | After drug trials on the island of Malta in the 1970s lead to an effective combination of drugs to treat leprosy, the American Leprosy Missions begins using multi-drug therapy in its projects. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.leprosy.org/leprosyhistory.php
1982 | The first artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, is implanted into a human. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.jarvikheart.com/basic.asp?id=69
1982 | [NAME] and [NAME] manage to successfully manipulate DNA in vivo in a higher organism. Injecting 3-kb autonomous P-elements into Drosophila embryos lacking them revealed that the elements could insert into random genomic positions, inducing mutations in a fraction of the progeny. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna09.html
1983 | Agard and Sedat obtain the first high-resolution images of the structure and organization of fluorescently labelled chromatin in the nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands.  In so doing they bring deconvolution — a method to eliminate out-of-focus fluorescence — to the attention of cell biologists. | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight14.html
1983 | HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.avert.org/aids-history-86.htm
1983 | [NAME] and colleagues identify a RLFP marker for Huntington's disease, marking the first practical demonstration of using RLFPs to localize disease genes. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | Gusella JF, Wexler NS, Conneally PM, et [NAME]. (1983). "A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington's disease". Nature 306 (5940): 234–8.
1983 | Italian physicist [NAME] and his research team discover the heavy W and Z bosons, carriers of the weak force, confriming a key prediction of the electroweak theory. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1984 | [NAME] devises techniques for "genetic fingerprinting." |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/jeffreys.html
1985 | [NAME], Jr., [NAME], and [NAME] discover that some carbon arranges itself in the form of soccer-ball-shaped molecules with 60 atoms called buckminsterfullerenes or "buckyballs." Opens the possibility that carbon can assume an almost infinite number of different structures. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1985 | [NAME] invents PCR. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html
1985 | [NAME] develops a prototype automated DNA sequencer. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://web.mit.edu/invent/a-winners/a-hood.html
1985 | Dr. [NAME] invents and successfully uses the first computerized robotic arm to help with surgery on the human brain. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | http://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/25/science/a-robot-arm-assists-in-3-brain-operations.html
1986 | [NAME] wins the Nobel prize for physics for his invention of the electron microscope in the early 1930s. | X |  |  | X | X |  |  | X | X | X |  | X |  | http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/ruska.html
1986 | At the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, the Swiss physicist [NAME] & his German partner Johannes Georg Bednorz discover materials that become superconducting at temperatures far above absolute zero. This increases the range of commercial uses of superconductivity. |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1986 | Dr. [NAME] discovers and invents a new device and technique for cataract surgery known as laserphaco. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | [NAME]
1986 | Patient R.B. establishes the importance of the hippocampus for human memory. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1986 | [NAME] discovers the ced genes, which are critical for programmed cell death. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1987 | Tissue engineering emmerges as a distinct research field. |  |  | X |  | X | X | X | X |  |  |  | X |  | [NAME]
1987 | [NAME] creates a superconducting yttrium-barium-copper oxide ceramic. Opens the possibility of large-scale application of superconducting materials |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1987 | [NAME] uses excimer laser to perform photorefractive keratectomy on humans for the first time. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1987 | Merck & Co. isolate lovastatin (mevinolin, [NAME]) from the fungus Aspergillus terreus and begin marketing it as a cholesterol lowering drug, the first drug in this class. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/01/20/335643/
1987 | [NAME] and colleagues at Washington University exchange the classical cloning vehicle, a circular E. coli plasmid, for what they called a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC): a linear DNA molecule that mimics a yeast chromosome, complete with centromere and telomeres. This increases vector capacity tenfold and opens the possibility of sequencing entire genomes of higher organisms. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna13.html
1987 | Site-directed mutagenesis is used in mice. Along with the P-element mediated manipulation of the fly genome achieved five years earlier, this advance paves the way for functional genomics and gene therapy. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna09.html
1987 | [NAME], leading a 70-member medical team in Germany, for the first time ever, sucessfully separates occipital craniopagus twins. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME]
1988 | [NAME] uses the term hot spots to describe areas of the world that have the combined qualities of high levels of speices endemism and high rates of depletion of vegetative cover. He argues that conservation efforts should be prioritized to focus on these areas because the risk of extinction is greatest there and the potential payoff from conservation is the highest. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1988 | The IPCC is formed. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1988 | Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) comes into its own, providing a functional link between histone acetylation and transcription |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME]
1988 | [NAME] patents his baloon-expandable, intravascular stent. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/palmaz.html
1989 | [NAME] spells out "IBM" with individual xenon atoms using a scanning tunneling electron microscope [NAME] that atoms can be manipulated one by one, the basis for "bottoms-up" production of nanostructures. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1989 | [NAME] and [NAME] formally introduce the research program known as macroecology, the study of how species divide resources (energy) and space at large spatial and temporal scales. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1989 | [NAME] performs the first successful preimplantation genetic diagnosis test. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:127716
1989 | [NAME], [NAME] and [NAME] develop gene knockout technology and produce the first knock-out mice. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/08/science/08cnd-nobel.html
1989 | NASA launches the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) which records maps of minute variations in thermal radiation across the sky. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1989 | After surveying 5,000 galaxies, the American astronomers Margaret Geller & [NAME] find that they are arranged in thin sheets wrapped around huge voids nearly empty of galaxies, like a froth of soap bubbles. Among these sheets, the Great Wall stretches millions of light years. It is the largest known structure in the universe. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1989 | World Wide Web is launched. [NAME] and colleagues at the Swiss-based international elementary particle laboratory CERN create Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a standardized communication mode for computer networks. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1989 | NASA launches the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite. It records maps of minute variations in thermal radiation across the sky.
1990 | [NAME] and colleagues develop the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  | X | X | [NAME]
1990 | LASIK surgery is developed by Dr. [NAME] and Dr. [NAME] as a melding of two prior techniques, MKM and PRK. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1990 | The Hubble Telescope, built under the supervision of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is placed into orbit above the Earth's obscuring atmosphere. Hubble examines the universe at high resolution in wave lengths from the ultra-violet to the infrared. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1990 | Denk, [NAME] and Webb pioneer the of use two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and image chromosomes in live cultured cells. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight15.html
1991 | [NAME] publishes his landmark paper that shows that DNA could be made into microarrays. | X |  | X |  | X |  | X |  | X |  | X | X |  | [NAME]
1991 | [NAME] discovers nanotubes, carbon atoms arranged in tubular structures. Creates expectations of important structural and nonstructural applications as nanotubes are about 100 times stronger than steel at just a sixth of the weight while also possessing unusual heat and conductivity characteristics. |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1991 | Eli Yablonovich produces "photonic crystals" by drilling holes in a crystalline material so that light of a certain wavelength cannot propagate in the material. Forms a basis for the development of "photonic transistors." |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.materialmoments.org/top100.html
1991 | Astronomy and astrophysics begin to flourish at previously unexplored wavelength. Astronomers increasingly view the universe at all wavelengths, using orbiting satellites such as the U.S. [NAME] and Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer, the German ROSAT (ROentgen SATellite) and Japanese Yokhoh for X rays; the ESA (European Space Agency) Infrared [NAME]; and very long baseline arrays, whose antennas are scattered across continents for extremely high resolution radio astronomy. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1991 | Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is developped. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/1351601?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn
1991 | [NAME] and [NAME] discover that the olfactory receptor family consists of over 1000 different genes. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  | X | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1992 | General concern about the impact of anthropogenic biodiversity loss is voiced at the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1992 | [NAME] and [NAME] publich Infectious Diseases of Humans, which will become the key reference in the field of ecological epidemiology. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1992 | A group at the California Institute of Technology led by [NAME] modified an endogenous circular plasmid in E. coli, the fertility (F) factor present at one or two copies per cell, to create a cloning vector. In reference to its yeast cousin, they called it bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). With a cloning capacity of approx300 kb, BACs are not as potent as YACs, but they have all the advantages of a bacterial vector: stability, and ease of manipulation and purification. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna13.html
1992 | The V.I.P Bird Infant Pediatric System was introduced. The TBird Ventilator  Series is the first and only ventilator that is truly mobile. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.neoconference.com/2011-legends-of-neonatology-inductees.html
1993 | [NAME] and [NAME] report the first repetitive imaging of single fluorophores at room temperature with near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), a new technique that provides molecule-scale spatial localization and information on molecular orientation | X |  |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight17.html
1993 | Voie et al. pioneere orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning (ORFOS) and produce a 3D representation of the cochlea, showing the fine internal structures in great detail. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight16.html
1993 | The gene responsible for Huntington's disease is identified |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | X | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1993 | Working at temperatures higher than those inside the Sun, the Tokamak reactor at Princeton University generates megawatts of power for one second through thermo-nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1994 | Silicon technology begins to be used for micromachines and optoelectric devices. The techniques used to make intricate integrated circuits from silicon are extended to construct minute mechanical systems, for uses such as measuring blood pressure by the deformation of a tiny silicon diaphragm. A porous form of silicon, which emits light under a voltage, is examined for use in optoelectronic devices. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | x |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1994 | Chalfie et al. publish a report showing that the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish [NAME] victoria can be used as a marker for protein localization and expression in living bacteria and worm cells, in the absence of any auxiliary factors from A. victoria.This demonstration of GFP as a tool to study proteins in vivo fundamentally alters the nature and scope of the issues that could be addressed by cell biologists. | X |  |  |  | X |  |  | X | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight18.html
1994 | Construction of the Atlas Accelerator, the world's most powerful particle accelerator is approved at CERN. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1995 | [NAME] and colleagues from Stanford University publish a paper that calls attention to the exciting potential of microarray technology. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | [NAME]
1995 | The Global Positioning System (GPS) is completed. Culminating a 20-year project, the U.S. Air Force launches the last of 24 Navstar satellites that carry atomic clocks. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1996 | [NAME] performs the first Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy (LASEK) procedure. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1996 | Hepatitis A vaccine is introduced. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccines/hepatitis
1996 | Dolly the Sheep becomes the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, rather than an embryo. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical/timeline/Dolly
1997 | Miyawaki, [NAME] and Romoser, [NAME]. use FRET to engineer biosensors that measure changes in Ca2+ concentrations in living cells. | X |  |  | X | X |  | X | X | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight19.html
1997 | The Pathfinder Mission explores Mars. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1997 | Quantum theory predicts that two widely separated particles can be "entangled" so a measurement on one instantaneously affects the measured properties of the other. A Swiss group, led by physicist [NAME], confirm quantum action at a distance over a range of kilometers. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://timeline.aps.org/APS/Timeline/
1998 | First 3D structure of an ion channel is revealed by [NAME]. |  |  |  | X | X |  |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1998 | [NAME] isolates the first embryonic stem cells. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | X |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5391/1145.full
1998 | Fire, Mello and colleagues publish a breakthrough paper that examines the specific requirements for antisense RNA activity and opens up the door to understanding RNA interference (RNAi). |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna17.html
1998 | Ronaghi and colleagues develop pyrosequencing, a new sequencing method that is cheaper and faster than the [NAME] method. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna18.html
1998 | Full-length cDNA technologies are developped. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna05.html
1999 | [NAME] performs the world's first wavefront-based laser treatment. | X |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X |  | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1999 | The Human Epigenome Project is founded |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | Epigenomics: Tackling the epigenome.  Nature 454, 795 (7 August 2008) | doi:10.1038/454795b
1999 | Construction of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) is completed. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://www.ligo.caltech.edu/LIGO_web/about/factsheet.html
2000 | Zaccolo et al. show that FRET can be used to measure protein–protein interactions. | X |  |  | X | X |  | X |  | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight19.html
2000 | [NAME] showed, first theoretically and then experimentally, that a stimulated-emission-depletion (STED) microscope can break the diffraction barrier and achieve resolutions closer than 150–200 nanometres. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight21.html
2000 | [NAME] demonstrates the imaging capabilities of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) by visualizing cellular focal adhesions on a glass slide. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
2001 | The first practical demonstration of self-healing materials is performed in 2001 by Prof. [NAME] and his collaborators. |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | [NAME], Swapan Kumar. Self-healing materials: fundamentals, design strategies, and applications. Wiley-VCH, 2009, p. 3.
2001 | The Lindbergh Operation: [NAME] conducts the first remote telesurgery, operating from New York on a patient in Strasbourg. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1316-telesurgery-breaks-atlantic-barrier.html
2001 | Dr. [NAME] invents an artificial liver. |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1936165_1936238_1936293,00.html
2002 | The UCSC Genome Browser is launched. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna19.html
2003 | Computer DNA assembly programs emmerge as powerful tools for large genome projects. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna20.html
2004 | Gene annotation tools such as ENSEMBL are becoming increasingly sophisticated, integrating an even greater amount of information, including protein homology, cDNA and expressed sequence tag data. Written to analyze the draft human genome, ENSEMBL has since then been used to annotate various vertebrate genomes, including zebrafish and human among others. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna21.html
2005 | The benefits of new advances in sequencing technology are illustrated in two influential papers: Shendure and colleagues describe ligation/polony sequencing; Margulies and colleagues describe sequencing system that uses fibre-optic slides with more than 1 million wells |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna18.html
2005 | A large consortium publishes the first HapMap and sets off a frenzy of whole-genome association studies for common disease-susceptibility variants. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna22.html
2006 | Single-molecule approaches to achieving sub-diffraction resolution are developed. Betzig, [NAME] develop photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) and  [NAME] invents stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight21.html
2006 | First genome-wide maps of DNA methylation in Arabidopsis become available. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna23.html
1950s | [NAME] begins conducting seminal research in the field of fluorescence spectroscopy | X |  |  | X | X |  | X | X | X |  |  | X |  | http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~weber/research/
1950s | [NAME] develops the theory of concentrational quenching and depolarization of photoluminescence. | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://www.fizyka.umk.pl/~lum98/aj.html
1955-60 | [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME] pioneer single-cell recording from mammalian cortex and become the first to record selective responses from cortical cells |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1958-1959 | [NAME] refines and popuarizes the concept of the niche, the multidimensional space of resources that is available to and specifically used by a species. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1960s | The modern field of ethology (innate animal behavior) is established mainly by [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME]. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1962-63 | Brain anatomy in rodents is found to be altered by experience; first evidence for role of protein synthesis in memory formation. |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | X |  |  | X | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1963-64 | [NAME] proposes a method of accounting for the evolution of apparently altruistic behavior. According to [NAME]'s Rule, a behavior that lowers the chance for surival of the individual may occur when it increases the chance for survival of close relatives with similar genetic makeup. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf
1966-69 | [NAME] and [NAME] develop methods for studying movement and perception with single-cell recordings from awake, behaving monkeys. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X | X | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1980s | Maksymilian Pluta invents Variable-Wavelength Interferometric (VAWI) methods. | X |  | X |  |  |  |  |  | X | X |  |  |  | http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/pluta.html
early 1990s | New electroactive polymer (EAP) materials that exhibit large strains emerge and lead to a great paradigm change with regards to their capability. The unique properties of these materials are highly attractive for biomimetic applications. |  |  | X | X |  | X |  |  | X |  |  |  |  | http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-p02-elact-pol.htm
late 1980s | The world's marine fisheries catch peaks, as newly exploited areas are no longer able to compensate for the decline of traditional fishing grounds. |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Milestones in Ecology. Compiled by [NAME]. press.princeton.edu/chapters/s9_m8879.pdf