Spreadsheet: 113654d1309486648-automatically-sorting-data-from-master-list-into-separate-worksheet-science-timeline
Sheet: Biology

1986 | [NAME] wins the Nobel prize for physics for his invention of the electron microscope in the early 1930s. | http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/ruska.html
1986 | Patient R.B. establishes the importance of the hippocampus for human memory. | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1986 | [NAME] discovers the ced genes, which are critical for programmed cell death. | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1987 | Tissue engineering emmerges as a distinct research field. | [NAME]
1987 | [NAME] uses excimer laser to perform photorefractive keratectomy on humans for the first time. | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1987 | Merck & Co. isolate lovastatin (mevinolin, [NAME]) from the fungus Aspergillus terreus and begin marketing it as a cholesterol lowering drug, the first drug in this class. | http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/01/20/335643/
1987 | [NAME] and colleagues at Washington University exchange the classical cloning vehicle, a circular E. coli plasmid, for what they called a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC): a linear DNA molecule that mimics a yeast chromosome, complete with centromere and telomeres. This increases vector capacity tenfold and opens the possibility of sequencing entire genomes of higher organisms. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna13.html
1987 | Site-directed mutagenesis is used in mice. Along with the P-element mediated manipulation of the fly genome achieved five years earlier, this advance paves the way for functional genomics and gene therapy. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna09.html
1988 | Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) comes into its own, providing a functional link between histone acetylation and transcription | [NAME]
1989 | [NAME] performs the first successful preimplantation genetic diagnosis test. | http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:127716
1989 | [NAME], [NAME] and [NAME] develop gene knockout technology and produce the first knock-out mice. | http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/08/science/08cnd-nobel.html
1990 | [NAME] and colleagues develop the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). | [NAME]
1990 | LASIK surgery is developed by Dr. [NAME] and Dr. [NAME] as a melding of two prior techniques, MKM and PRK. | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1990 | Denk, [NAME] and Webb pioneer the of use two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and image chromosomes in live cultured cells. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight15.html
1991 | [NAME] publishes his landmark paper that shows that DNA could be made into microarrays. | [NAME]
1991 | Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is developped. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/1351601?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn
1991 | [NAME] and [NAME] discover that the olfactory receptor family consists of over 1000 different genes. | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1992 | A group at the California Institute of Technology led by [NAME] modified an endogenous circular plasmid in E. coli, the fertility (F) factor present at one or two copies per cell, to create a cloning vector. In reference to its yeast cousin, they called it bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). With a cloning capacity of approx300 kb, BACs are not as potent as YACs, but they have all the advantages of a bacterial vector: stability, and ease of manipulation and purification. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna13.html
1993 | [NAME] and [NAME] report the first repetitive imaging of single fluorophores at room temperature with near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), a new technique that provides molecule-scale spatial localization and information on molecular orientation | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight17.html
1993 | Voie et al. pioneere orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning (ORFOS) and produce a 3D representation of the cochlea, showing the fine internal structures in great detail. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight16.html
1993 | The gene responsible for Huntington's disease is identified | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1994 | Chalfie et al. publish a report showing that the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish [NAME] victoria can be used as a marker for protein localization and expression in living bacteria and worm cells, in the absence of any auxiliary factors from A. victoria.This demonstration of GFP as a tool to study proteins in vivo fundamentally alters the nature and scope of the issues that could be addressed by cell biologists. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight18.html
1995 | [NAME] and colleagues from Stanford University publish a paper that calls attention to the exciting potential of microarray technology. | [NAME]
1996 | [NAME] performs the first Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy (LASEK) procedure. | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1996 | Hepatitis A vaccine is introduced. | http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccines/hepatitis
1996 | Dolly the Sheep becomes the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, rather than an embryo. | http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical/timeline/Dolly
1997 | Miyawaki, [NAME] and Romoser, [NAME]. use FRET to engineer biosensors that measure changes in Ca2+ concentrations in living cells. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight19.html
1998 | First 3D structure of an ion channel is revealed by [NAME]. | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1998 | [NAME] isolates the first embryonic stem cells. | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5391/1145.full
1998 | Fire, Mello and colleagues publish a breakthrough paper that examines the specific requirements for antisense RNA activity and opens up the door to understanding RNA interference (RNAi). | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna17.html
1998 | Ronaghi and colleagues develop pyrosequencing, a new sequencing method that is cheaper and faster than the [NAME] method. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna18.html
1998 | Full-length cDNA technologies are developped. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna05.html
1999 | [NAME] performs the world's first wavefront-based laser treatment. | http://www.museumofvision.org/collection/timeline/
1999 | The Human Epigenome Project is founded | Epigenomics: Tackling the epigenome.  Nature 454, 795 (7 August 2008) | doi:10.1038/454795b
2000 | Zaccolo et al. show that FRET can be used to measure protein–protein interactions. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/milelight/full/milelight19.html
2002 | The UCSC Genome Browser is launched. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna19.html
2003 | Computer DNA assembly programs emmerge as powerful tools for large genome projects. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna20.html
2004 | Gene annotation tools such as ENSEMBL are becoming increasingly sophisticated, integrating an even greater amount of information, including protein homology, cDNA and expressed sequence tag data. Written to analyze the draft human genome, ENSEMBL has since then been used to annotate various vertebrate genomes, including zebrafish and human among others. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna21.html
2005 | The benefits of new advances in sequencing technology are illustrated in two influential papers: Shendure and colleagues describe ligation/polony sequencing; Margulies and colleagues describe sequencing system that uses fibre-optic slides with more than 1 million wells | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna18.html
2005 | A large consortium publishes the first HapMap and sets off a frenzy of whole-genome association studies for common disease-susceptibility variants. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna22.html
2006 | First genome-wide maps of DNA methylation in Arabidopsis become available. | http://www.nature.com/milestones/miledna/full/miledna23.html
1950s | [NAME] begins conducting seminal research in the field of fluorescence spectroscopy | http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~weber/research/
1955-60 | [NAME], [NAME], and [NAME] pioneer single-cell recording from mammalian cortex and become the first to record selective responses from cortical cells | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1962-63 | Brain anatomy in rodents is found to be altered by experience; first evidence for role of protein synthesis in memory formation. | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.
1966-69 | [NAME] and [NAME] develop methods for studying movement and perception with single-cell recordings from awake, behaving monkeys. | [NAME] and [NAME]. “Neuroscience,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 935, Issue 1, May 2001, 134.