Spreadsheet: dec44ce6-8cc2-4489-8429-8eb0bb409a86
Sheet: Sheet1

Unnamed: 0 | Skull - 32.37% | Unnamed: 2 | Unnamed: 3 | Vertebral column and ribs - 11.76% | Unnamed: 5 | Unnamed: 6 | [NAME] and Sternum - 11.38% | Unnamed: 8 | Unnamed: 9 | Thoracic limb - 19.39% | Unnamed: 11 | Unnamed: 12 | [NAME] 10.76% | Unnamed: 14 | Unnamed: 15 | [NAME]% | Unnamed: 17 | Integument - 0.46%
Premaxilla | 1) Premaxillae: (0) unfused in adults, (1) fused anteriorly in adults, posterior frontal processes not fused to each other, (2) frontal processes completely fused as well as anterior premaxillae (Ordered) |  | Cervical vertebrae | 213) Number of cervical vertebrae: 10 (0) or 12 or more (1) |  | Coracoid | 290) Coracoid: (0) height approximately equal mediolateral dimension, (1) height more than twice width, coracoid ‘strut-like.’ |  | Humerus | 358) Humeral length is half femoral length or less (0) or shorter than femur but more than half femoral length (1) or longer than femur (2) |  | Ilium | 485) Iliac fossa for m. cuppedicus: present (0); absent (1) |  | Femur | 551) Femur with distinct fossa for the capital ligament: absent (0); present (1) |  | 653) Alula: absent (0); present (1)
 | 2) Crenulate margin on buccal edge of premaxilla absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 214) Cervical vertebrae: variably dorsoventrally compressed, amphicoelous (biconcave: flat to concave articular surfaces) (0); cranial surface heterocoelous (mediolaterally concave, dorsoventrally convex), caudal surface flat or slightly concave (1); heterocoelous cranial (mediolaterally concave, dorsoventrally convex) and caudal (mediolaterally convex, dorsoventrally concave) surfaces (2) (ordered) |  |  | 291) Coracoid in lateral view subcircular, with shallow ventral blade (0) or subquadrangular with extensive ventral blade (1) or shallow ventral blade with elongate posteroventral process (2) or subtriangular (proximal end constricted, distal end wide) (3) |  |  | 359) Length of humeral shaft between deltopectoral crest and distal condyles < 4.5 × shaft diameter (0) or > 4.5 × shaft diameter (1) |  |  | 486) Iliac brevis fossa: present (0); absent (1) |  |  | 552) Femoral neck: present (0); absent (1) |  | 654) Fan-shaped feathered tail composed of more than two elongate retrices: absent (0); present (1)
 | 3) Body of premaxilla dorsoventrally deep (0) or dorsoventrally shallow (1) |  |  | 215) Keel-like ventral surface of cervical centra: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 292) Coracoid, ventral surface, lateral intermuscular line or ridge: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 360) Humerus, long axis of dorsal condyle: at low angle to humeral axis, proximodistally oriented (0); at high angle to humeral axis, transversely oriented (1) |  |  | 487) Supraacetabular crest on ilium as a separate process from antitrochanter, forms “hood” over femoral head present (0) reduced, not forming hood (1) or absent (2) |  |  | 553) Femur, patellar groove: (0) absent, (1) present |  | 655) Vaned feathers on forelimb symmetric (0) or asymmetric (1)
 | 4) Premaxillary symphysis acute, V-shaped (0) or rounded, U-shaped (1) |  |  | 216) Cervical centra with one pair of pneumatic openings (0) or with two pairs of pneumatic openings (1) |  |  | 293) Distinctly convex lateral margin of coracoid: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 361) Lateral epicondyle of humerus not expanded laterally (0) or expanded laterally (1) |  |  | 488) Supracetabular crest: extending throughout the acetabulum (0); extending only over the cranial half of the acetabulum (1) |  |  | 554) Anterior surface of femur proximal to medial distal condyle without longitudinal crest (0) or crest present extending proximally from medial condyle on anterior surface of shaft (1)
 | 5) Frontal process of the premaxilla short (0), relativly long, appraching the rostral border of the antorbital fenestra (1); very long, extending caudally near the level of lacrimals (2) (ordered) |  |  | 217) Cervical prezygapophyses unflexed (0) or flexed (1) |  |  | 294) Coracoid, pneumatized: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 362) Humerus, ‘transverse groove’: (0) absent, (1) present, developed as a discreet, depressed scar on the proximal surface of the bicipital crest or as a slight transverse groove |  |  | 489) Antitrochanter posterior to acetabulum absent or poorly developed (0) or prominent (1) |  |  | 555) Femur: ectocondylar tubercle and lateral condyle separated by deep notch (0); ectocondylar tubercle and lateral condyle contiguous but without developing a tibiofibular crest (1); tibiofibular crest present, defining laterally a fibular trochlea (2) (ordered)
 | 6) Facial margin: (0) primarily formed by the maxilla, with the maxillary process of the premaxilla restricted to the anterior tip, (1) maxillary process of the premaxilla extending 1/2 facial margin, (2) maxillary process of the premaxilla extending more than 1/2 of facial margin (Ordered) |  |  | 218) Epipophyses of cervical vertebrae placed distally on postzygapophyses, above postzygopophyseal facets (0) or placed proximally, proximal to postzygapophyseal facets (1) |  |  | 295) Coracoid, pneumatic foramen: (0) proximal, (1) distal |  |  | 363) Humerus, m. humerotricipitalis groove: absent (0); present as a well developed ventral depression contiguous with the olecranon fossa |  |  | 490) Prominent antitrochanter: caudally directed (0); caudodorsally directed (1) |  |  | 556) Femoral popliteal fossa distally bounded by a complete transverse ridge: absent (0); present (1)
Maxilla | 7) Maxillary fenestra: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 219)Cervical neural spines anteroposteriorly long and dorsoventrally tall (0) or anteroposteriorly short, dorsoventrally low and centred on neural arch, giving arch an 'X' shape in dorsal view (1) or anteroposteriorly short and dorsoventrally tall (2) or anteroposteriorly long and dorsoventrally short (3) |  |  | 296) Broad, deep fossa on the dorsal surface of the coracoid (dorsal coracoidal fossa): absent (0), present (1) |  |  | 364) Humerus, ventral condyle: length of long axis condyle less than the same measure of the dorsal condule (0); same or greater (1) |  |  | 491) Ridge bordering cuppedicus fossa extends far posteriorly and is confluent or almost confluent with acetabular rim (0) or ridge terminates rostral to acetabulum or curves ventrally onto anterior end of pubic peduncle (1) |  |  | 557) Fossa for the femoral origin of m. tibialis cranialis: absent (0); present (1)
 | 8) Maxillary fenestra large and round (0), a large, craniocaudally elongate oblong (1), a small, craniocaudally elongate slit, not dorsally displaced (2), or a small, dorsally displaced opening (3) |  |  | 220) Anterior cervical centra level with or shorter than posterior extent of neural arch (0) or centra extending beyond posterior limit of neural arch (1) |  |  | 297) Coracoid, lateral process (sternocoracoidal process): absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 365) Proximal and distal humeral ends: twisted (0); expanded nearly in the same plane (1) |  |  | 492) Anterior end of ilium gently rounded or straight (0) or anterior end strongly curved (1) or pointed at anterodorsal corner (2) |  |  | 558) Femur, distal end thickened, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis large: no (0), yes (1).
 | 9) Tertiary antorbital fenestra (fenestra promaxillaris) absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 221) Anterior cervical centra subcircular or square in anterior view (0) or distinctly wider than high, kidney shaped (1) |  |  | 298) Acrocoracoid process absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 366) Pneumatic fossa in the caudoventral corner of the proximal end of the humerus: absent or rudimentary (0); well developed |  |  | 493) Pelvis, mid-section of cristae iliacae dorsales greatly reduced: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 559) Caudal projection of the lateral border of the distal end of the femur, proximal and contiguous to the ectocondylar tubercle/tibiofibular crest: absent (0); present (1)
 | 10) Maxillary antorbital fossa: small, from 10% to less than 40% of the rostrocaudal length of the antorbital cavity (0), large, greater than 40% of the rostrocaudal length of the antorbital cavity (1) |  |  | 222) Prominent carotid process in the intermediate cervicals: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 299) Coracoid, acoracoid: straight (0); hooked medially |  |  | 367) Humerus demarcation of muscle origins e.g. m extensor [NAME] in Aves on the dorsal edge of the distal humerus: no indication of origin as a scar, a pit or a tubercle (0); indiction as a pit-shaped scar or as a variably projected scar-bearing tubercle or [NAME] (1) |  |  | 494) Pelvis, crista dorsolateralis ilii strongly developed, overhanging a marked concavitas infracristalis and a marked sulcus antitrochantericus and convexly bowed if pelvis is viewed from its dorsal side, praeacetabular part much longer than postacetabular part, spina dorsotateralis ilii reduced: no (0), yes (1). |  |  | 560) Femur, pneumatic foramen on craniolateral side of proximal end: absent (0), present (1).
 | 11) Dorsal (ascending) ramus of the maxilla: present with two fenestra (the promaxillary and maxillary fenestra) (0); presnet with one fenestra (1); absent (2) (ordered) |  |  | 223) 6th and 7th cervical vertebra, osseous bridge from processus costalis to midsection of corpus vertebrae: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 300) Posterior edge of coracoid not or shallowly indented below glenoid (0), or posterior edge of coracoid deely notched just ventral to glenoid, glenoid lip everted (1) |  |  | 368) Humerus, distal margin: approximately perpendicular to long axis of humeral shaft (0); ventrodistal margin projected significantly distal to dorsodistal margin, distal margin angling stongly ventrally (sometimes described as a well-projected flexor process |  |  | 495) Postacetabular ala of ilium in lateral view squared (0) or acuminate (1) |  |  | 561) Fourth trochanter on femur present (0) or absent (1)
 | 12) Nasal process of maxilla, participation of ventral ramus in anterior margin of antorbital fenestra in lateral view: (0) present, extensive, (1) small dorsal projection of the maxilla participates in the anterior margin of the antorbital fenestra, descending process of the nasals contacts premaxilla to exclude maxilla from narial margin, (2) no dorsal projection of maxilla participates in anterior margin of the antorbital fenestra. (Ordered) |  |  | 224) Postaxial cervical epipophyses: prominent, projecting further back from the postzygapophysis (0); weak, not projecting further back from the postzygapophysis, or absent (1) |  |  | 301) Coracoid, glenoid facet: (0) dorsal to, or at approximately same level as, acrocoracoid process/‘biceps tubercle’, (1) ventral to acrocoracoid process |  |  | 369) Humerus, distal end, caudal surface, groove for passage of m. scapulotriceps: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 496) Postacetabular blades of ilia in dorsal view parallel (0) or diverge posteriorly (1) |  |  | 562) Femoral posterior trochanter: present, developed as a slightly projected tubercle or flange (0); hypertrophied, “shelf-like” conformation (1); absent (2)
 | 13) Frontal  process of maxilla, dorsal ramus: (0) prominent, exposed medially and laterally, (1) absent or reduced to slight medial, and no lateral, exposure |  |  | 225) Atlantal hemiarches in adults: unfused (0); fused, forming a single arch (1) |  |  | 302) Anterior surface of coracoid ventral to glenoid fossa unexpanded (0) or anterior edge of coracoid expanded, forms triangular subglenoid fossa bounded laterally by coracoid tuber (1) |  |  | 370) [NAME] of distal humeral expansion < 1/3 humeral length (0) or [NAME] 1/3 humeral length (1) |  |  | 497) Dorsal margin of postacetabular iliac blade straight or convex (0) or concave (1) |  |  | 563) Femur, lesser and greater trochanters: (0) separated by a notch, (1) developed as a single trochanteric crest
Nasal | 14) Largely/completely ossified septum nasale: absent (0), present (1) |  |  | 226) [NAME], incisura fossae: open (0), closed (1) |  |  | 303) Supracoracoidal nerve foramen of coracoid: centrally located (0); displaced toward (often as an incisure) the medial margin of the coracoid (1); displaced so that the nerve no longer passes through the coracoid (absent) (2) (ordered) |  |  | 371) Well developed brachial depression on the cranial face of the distal end of the humerus: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 498) Postacetabular process shallow, less than 50% of the depth of the preacetabular wing at the acetabulum: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 564) Accessory trochanteric crest distal to lesser trochanter absent (0) or present (1)
 | 15) Anterior upturning of nasals absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 227) Length of mid-cervical centra approximately the same as dorsal centra (0) or markedly longer than dorsal centra (1) |  |  | 304) Coracoid, medial surface, strongly depressed elongate furrow at the level of the passage of [NAME] absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 372) Well developed olecranon fossa on the caudal face of the distal end of the humerus: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 499) Postacetabular ilium: (0) dorsoventrally orientated, (1) mediolaterally orientated |  |  | 565) Tip of lesser trochanter below level of femoral head (0) or level with femoral head (1)
 | 16) Nasal fusion: absent, nasals separate (0) or present, nasals fused together (1) |  |  | 228) One or more pneumatic foramina piercing the centra of mid-cranial cervicals, caudal to the level of parapophysis-diapophysis: present (0); absent (1) |  |  | 305) Supracoracoid nerve foramen, location relative to dorsal coracoidal fossa: above fossa (0); inside fossa (1) |  |  | 373) Distal humerus with small or no medial epicondyle (0) or with large medial epicondyle, medial condyle centered on distal end (1) |  |  | 500) Postacetabular ilium, ventral surface, renal fossa developed: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 566) Vertical ridge on lesser trochanter present (0) or absent (1)
 | 17) Nasal surface: smooth (0) or rugose (1) |  |  | 229) Cervical and anterior trunk vertebrae amphiplatyan (0) or opisthocoelous (1) |  |  | 306) Coracoid, extremitas sternalis with distinct notch on margo medialis: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 374) Humerus, distal condyles: subround, bulbous (0); weakly defined, straplike (1) |  |  | 501) Tuber along dorsal edge of ilium, dorsal or slightly posterior to acetabulum absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 567) Lesser trochanter of femur alariform (0) or cylindrical in cross section (1)
 | 18) Nasals at least as long as frontals (0) or shorter than frontals |  |  | 230) Prominent (50% or more of the centrum's cranial articular surface) ventral processes of the cervicothoracic vertebrae: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 307) Coracoid, dorsal portion of facies articularis sternalis short and in its medial part very wide dorsoventrally: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 375) Humeral distal condyles: mainly located on distal aspect (0); on cranial aspect (1) |  |  | 502) Preacetabular process of ilium twice as long as postacetabular process: absent (0); present (1) |  | [NAME] | 568) [NAME] very long, extending over almost the entire length of the tibiotarsus, distal end fused to shaft: no (0), yes (1)
Narial openning | 19) Proximo-dorsal part of narial openings covered by a thin osseous sheet: no (0), yes (1). |  | Thoracic vertebrae | 231) Thoracic vertebral count: 13-14 (0); 11-12 (1); fewer than 11 (2) (ordered) |  |  | 308) Laterally compressed shoulder end of coracoid, with nearly aligned acoracoid process, humeral articular surface and scaplular facet, in dorsal view: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 376) Humerus, distal end, compressed anteroposteriorly and flared dorsoventrally: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 503) Arching of preacetabular iliac blade above height of postacetabular blade absent or small (0) or extreme (1) |  |  | 569) Proximal end of the fibula: prominently excavated by a medial fossa (0); nearly flat (1)
 | 20) Osseous external [NAME]: (0) considerably smaller than the antorbital fenestra, (1) larger |  |  | 232) Lateral side of the thoracic centra: weakly or not excavated (0); deeply excavated by a groove (1); excavated by a broad fossa (2) |  |  | 309) Humeral articular facets of the coracoid and the scapula: placed in the same plane (0); forming a sharp angle (1) |  |  | 377) Distal end of the humerus very compressed craniocaudally: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 504) Pelvis, well-developed tubercula praeacetabularia: present (0), absent (1) |  |  | 570) Medial surface of proximal end of fibula concave along long axis (0) or flat (1)
 | 21) Internarial bar rounded (0) or flat (1) |  |  | 233) Dorsal centra [NAME] 1.2 × taller than long (0) or height [NAME] length (1) |  | Coracoid and [NAME] articulation | 310) [NAME] and coracoid separate (0) or fused into scapulacoracoid (1) |  |  | 378) Humerus, distal end, fossa musculi brachialis deep and sharply delimited: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 505) Preacetabular pectineal process: absent (0); present as a small flange (1); present as a well-projected flange (2) (ordered) |  |  | 571) [NAME], distal end reaching the proximal tarsals: present (0); absent (1)
 | 22) Caudal margin of choana: located rostrally, not overlapping the region of the orbit (0); displaced caudally, at the same level or overlapping the rostral margin of the orbit (1) |  |  | 234) Neural spines of dorsal vertebrae not expanded distally (0) or expanded to form ‘spine table’ (1) |  |  | 311) Coracoid and scapula articulation: through a wide, sutured articulation (0); through more localised facets (1) |  |  | 379) Humerus, proximal end, sulcus transversus very deep, long, and rectangular-shaped: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 506) Preacetabular portion of ilium parasagital (0) moderately laterally flaring (1) strongly laterally flaring (2) |  |  | 572) [NAME], tubercle for m. iliofibularis: craniolaterally directed (0); laterally directed (1); caudolaterally or caudally directed (2) (ordered)
 | 23) Dorsal margin of naris below level of dorsal margin of orbit (0) or above (1) |  |  | 235) Scars for interspinous ligaments terminate at apex of neural spine in dorsal vertebrae (0) or terminate below apex of neural spine (1) |  |  | 312) [NAME] and coracoid form a continuous arc in posterior and anterior views (0) or coracoid inflected medially, scapulacoracoid ‘L’ shaped in lateral view (1) |  |  | 380) Humerus, proximal end, proximal projection: (0) dorsal edge projected farthest, (1) midline projected farthest |  |  | 507) Preacetabular ilium: approach on midline, open, or cartilaginous connection (0); co-ossified, dorsal closure of “iliosynsacral canals” (1) |  |  | 573) Laterally-projected fibular trochlea: (0) absent, (1) present, developed as small notch, (2) a shelf-like projection. (Ordered)
 | 24) Caudal margin of naris farther rostral than (0), or nearly reaching or overlapping (1), the rostral border of the antorbital fossa |  |  | 236) Thoracic vertebrae (with ribs articulating with the sternum), one or more with prominent hypapophyses: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 313) Angle between coracoid and scapula at glenoid: (0) more than 90°, (1) 90° or less |  |  | 381) Humerus, proximal end, head in anterior or posterior view: (0) strap-like, articular surface flat, no proximal midline convexity, (1) head domed proximally |  |  | 508) Preacetabular ilium extends anterior to first sacral vertebrae: (0) no free ribs overlapped, (1) one or more ribs overlapped |  | Tibia | 574) Tibia, cnemial crest (s): (0) lateral crest only, (1) lateral and anterior crests developed
Ethmoid | 25) Os ectethmoidale, greatly expanded, plate-like, with dorsal margin largely fused with frontals: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 237) Zygapophyses of trunk vertebrae abutting one another above neural canal, opposite hyposphenes meet to form lamina (0), or zygapohyses placed lateral to neural canal and separated by groove for interspinuous ligaments, hyposphens separated (1) |  |  | 314) Scapulocoracoid dorsal margin: pronounced notch between the acromion process and the coracoid (0) or margin smooth (1) |  |  | 382) Humerus, ventral tubercle projected caudally, spearated from humeral head by deep capital incision: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 509) Ventral edge of anterior ala of ilium straight or gently curved (0) or ventral edge hooked anteriorly (1) or very strongly hooked (2) |  |  | 575) Tibia, distal-most mediolateral width: (0) wider than mid-point of shaft, giving distal profile a weakly developed triangular form, (1) approximately equal to shaft width, no distal expansion of whole shaft, although condyles may be variably splayed mediolaterally
Palatine | 26) Os palatinum, angulus caudolateralis strongly protruding: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 238) [NAME]-hypantrum accessory intervertebral articulations in the thoracic vertebrae: present (0); absent (1) |  |  | 315) Scapulo-coracoid articulation well below the shoulder end of coracoid: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 383) Humerus, anterior surface, well-developed fossa on midline making proximal articular surface appear v-shaped in proximal view: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 510) Pelvis, alae praeacetabulares ilii with laterally protruding process in midsection: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 576) Proximolateral (fibular) condyle of the tibia, development in proximal view: bulge from the main surface of the tibia (0), conspicuous narrowing between the body of the condyle and the main body of the tibia (1)
 | 27) Os palatinum, pars lateralis extremely craniolaterally expanded: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 239) Thoracic vertebrae with ossified connective tissue bridging transverse processes: (0) absent, (1) present |  | Scapula | 316) Scapular shaft: straight (0); sagitally curved (1) |  |  | 384) Humerus, bicipital crest, pit-shaped scar/fossa for muscular attachment on anterodistal, distal or posterodistal surface of crest: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 511) Pubic peduncle of ilium craniocaudally longer (0) or shorter (1) than ischial peduncle of ilium |  |  | 577) Tibia, caudal extension of articular surface for distal tarsals/tarsometatarsus: absent, articular restricted to distalmost edge of caudal surface (0); well-developed caudal extension, sulcus cartilaginis tibialis of Aves, distinct surface extending up the caudal surface of the tibiotarsus (1); with well developed, caudally projecting medial and lateral crests (2) (ordered)
 | 28) Contact between palatine and pterygoid: long, craniocaudally overlapping contact (0); short, primarily dorsoventral contact |  |  | 240) Cranial thoracic vertebrae, parapophyses: located in the cranial part of the centra of the thoracic vertebrae (0); located in the central part of the centra of the thoracic vertebrae (1) |  |  | 317) Scapula length: shorter than humerus (0); as long as or longer than humerus (1) |  |  | 385) Humerus, bicipital crest, pit-shaped fossa for muscular attachment: (0) anterodistal on bicipital crest, (1) directly ventrodistal at tip of bicipital crest, (2) posterodistal, variably developed as a fossa |  | Ischium | 512) Tubercle on anterior edge of ischium absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 578) Tibia/tarsal formed condyles, intercondylar groove: (0) mediolaterally broad, approximately 1/3 width of anterior surface, (1) less than 1/3 width of total anterior surface
 | 29) Palatine and ectopterygoid separated by pterygoid (0) or contact (1) |  |  | 241) Wide vertebral foramen in dorsal series with the ratio between the vertical diameter of the vertebral foramen and the articular cranial facies greater than 0.40: absent (0), present (1) |  |  | 318) Costal surface of scapular blade with prominent longitudinal furrow: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 386) Humerus, bicipital crest: little or no cranial projection (0); developed as a cranial projection relative to shaft surface in ventral view (1); hypertrophied, rounded tumescence (2) |  |  | 513) Ischial shaft rodlike (0) or flat, platelike (1) |  |  | 579) Tibia/tarsal formed condyles, tuberositas retinaculi extensoris indicated by short medial ridge or tubercle proximal to the condyles close to the midline and a more proximal second ridge on the medial edge: (0) absent, (1) present
 | 30) Os palatinum, long and slender processus rostrales: absent (0), present (1) |  |  | 242) Middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae not pneumatic (0) or pneumatic (1). |  |  | 319) Scapular caudal end: blunt (may or may not be expanded) (0); tapered (1) |  |  | 387) Humerus, deltopectoral crest, proximoposterior surface: (0) flat to convex, (1) concave |  |  | 514) Lateral face of ischial shaft flat (or round in rodlike ischia) (0) or laterally concave (1) or with longitudinal ridge dividing lateral surface into anterior and posterior parts (2) |  |  | 580) Tibia/tarsal-formed condyles: medial condyle projecting farther cranially than lateral condyle (0); equal in cranial projection (1)
 | 31) Palatine tetraradiate, with jugal process (0) or palatine triradiate, jugal process absent (1) |  |  | 243) Postzygapophyses of middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae do not extend posterior to centrum (0) or do (1) |  |  | 320) Flange on  supraglenoid buttress on scapula absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 388) Humerus, deltopectoral crest, perforated by a large fenestra: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 515) Ischium, distal dorsal process: (0) present, (1) absent |  |  | 581) Tibia/tarsal-formed condyles, mediolateral widths: medial condyle wider (0); approximately equal (1); lateral condyle wider (2) (ordered)
 | 32) Palatine-pterygoid-ectopterygoid bar does not (0) or does (1) arch below ventral cheek margin |  |  | 244) Parapophyses of posterior trunk vertebrae flush with neural arch (0) or distinctly projected on pedicels (1) |  |  | 321) Acromion process does not match any of the following descriptions: (0) rectangular with its dorsal edge forming a 90˚ angle with the dorsal edge of the scapular blade (1) or a quarter-circle in shape (2) or triangular, with apex pointing away from and subparallel to scapular blade (3) |  |  | 389) Humerus, deltopectoral crest: less than shaft width (0); approximatley same width (1); prominent and subquadrangular (i.e. subequal length and width) (2) |  |  | 516) Ischium with a proximodorsal (or proximocaudal) process: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 582) Tibia/tarsal-formed condyles: gradual sloping of condyles towards midline of tibiotarsus (0); no tapering of either condyle (1)
 | 33) Os palatinum and os pterygoideum fused: yes (0), no (1) |  |  | 245) Caudal thoracic vertebrae, centra, length and midpoint width: approximatly equal in length and midpoint width (0); length markedly greater than midpoint width (1) |  |  | 322) Scapula, acromion process: Straight (0); laterally hooked tip (1) |  |  | 390) Humerus, deltopectoral crest: projected dorsally, in line with the long axis of the humeral head (0); projected cranially (1) |  |  | 517)  scar on posterior part of the proximal end of the ischium, absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 583) Distal end of tibia and astragalus without distinct condyles (0) or with distinct condyles separated by prominent tendinal groove on anterior surface (1)
 | 34) Palatine contacts: (0) maxillae only, (1) premaxillae and maxillae |  |  | 246) Posterior dorsal neural spines [NAME] 1.5 × taller than long (0) or height < 1.5 × length (1) |  |  | 323) Scapular acromion constolaterally wider than deeper: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 391) Anterior surface of deltopectoral crest smooth (0) or with distinct groove or ridge near lateral edge along distal end of crest (1) |  |  | 518) Distal ends of ischia form symphysis (0) or approach one another but do not form symphysis (1) or widely separated (2) |  |  | 584) Tibia, calcaneum, and astragalus: unfused or poorly co-ossified (sutures still visible) (0); complete fusion of tibia, calcaneum, and astragalus (1)
Parietal | 35) Parietals separate (0) or fused (1) |  |  | 247) Neural spines on posterior dorsal vertebrae in lateral view rectangular or square (0) or anteroposteriorly expanded distally, fan-shaped (1) |  |  | 324) Acromion margin of scapula continuous with blade (0) or anterior edge laterally everted (1) |  |  | 392) Intermembral index = (length of humerus + ulna)/(length of femur + tibiotarsus): less than 0.7, flightless (0); between 0.7 and 0.9 (1); between 0.9 and 1.1 (2); greater than 1.1 (3) |  |  | 519) [NAME] of ischium straight in lateral view (0) or ventrodistal end curved anteriorly (1) or curved dorsally (posterodorsally concave) (2) |  | Astragulus | 585) Ascending process of the astragalus tall and broad, covering most of anterior surface of distal end of tibia (0) or process short and slender, covering only lateral half of anterior surface of tibia (1) or ascending process tall with medial notch that restricts it to lateral side of anterior face of distal tibia (2)
 | 36) Dorsal surface of parietals flat, lateral ridge borders supratemporal fenestra (0) or parietals dorsally convex with very low sagittal crest along midline (1) or dorsally convex with well developed sagittal crest (2) |  |  | 248) Notarium: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 325) Scapula, acromion distinctly bifurcate, i.e. with an additional medial process: no (0), yes (1) |  | Ulna | 393) Ulna not bowed away from humerus (0), or bowed away from humerus (1) |  |  | 520) Pelvis, processus terminalis ischii very narrow and slender, touching pubis at an angle of 45 °-90 °, fenestra ischiopubica very wide: no (0), yes (1) |  | Tibiotarsus | 586) Tibiotarsus, distal end with proximo-distally short and widely spaced condyles, width of distal end two times or more than height of condylus lateralis: no (0), yes (1)
 | 37) Parietals shorter than frontals (0) or longer (1) |  | Sacral vertebrae | 249) Sacral vertebrae, number ankylosed: (0) less than 7, (1) 7, (2) 8, (3) 9, (4) 10, (5) 11 or more, (6) 15 or more (Ordered) |  |  | 326) Acromion process contacts coracoid (0), or reduced and does not contact coracoid (1) |  |  | 394) Ulna: shorter than humerus (0); nearly equivalent to or longer than the humerus (1) |  |  | 521) Ischium: two-thirds or less the length of the pubis (0); more than two-thirds the length of the pubis (1) |  |  | 587) Tibiotarsus, distal end, [NAME]: ossified (0), tendinous (1)
Frontal | 38) Fontal edge smooth in region of lacrimal suture (0) or edge notched (1) |  |  | 250) Number of sacral vertebrae: 5 (0) or 6 (1) or 7 or more (2) |  |  | 327) Scapula, acromion process: (0) projected anteriorly to surpass the articular surface for coracoid (facies articularis coracoidea), (1) projected less anteriorly than the articular surface for coracoid. |  |  | 395) Ulna, brachial scar: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 522) Ischium and pubis: (0) not subparallel, pubis directed nearly directly ventrally, (1) subparallel, pubis posteriorly directed |  |  | 588) Round proximal articular surface of tibiotarsus: absent (0); present (1)
 | 39) Frontal postorbital process (dorsal view): smooth transition from orbital margin (0) or sharply demarcated from orbital margin (1) |  |  | 251) Sacral vertebrae with unfused zygapophyses (0) or with fused zygapophyses forming a sinuous ridge in dorsal view (1) |  |  | 328) Proximal end of scapula, pit between acromion and humeral articular facet: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 396) Ulna, bicipital scar: absent (0);  develped as a slightly rasised scar (1); developed as a conspicuous tubercle (2) |  |  | 523) Ventral notch between the distal portion of the obturator process and the shaft of the ischium: present (0), absent (1) |  |  | 589) Cranial cnemial crest on tibiotarsus: absent (0); present (1)
 | 40) Frontals without supraorbital rim (0) or with supraorbital rim (1) |  |  | 252) Pleurocoels absent on sacral vertebrae (0) or present on anterior sacrals only (1) or present on all sacrals (2).  A pleurocoel may be present on the first sacral in Alxasaurus elesitaiensis, although this area is badly crushed |  | Furcula | 329) Clavicles: (0) fused, (1) unfused |  |  | 397) Ulnar shaft, radial-shaft/[NAME] ratio: larger than 0.7 (0); smaller than 0.7 (1) |  |  | 524) Obturator notch present (0) or or notch or foramen absent (1) |  |  | 590) [NAME], both cristae cnemiales and crista patellaris forming a ridge which circumscribes a groove on the cranial side of the bone: no (0), yes (1)
 | 41) Anterior emargination of supratemporal fossa on frontal straight or slightly curved (0) or strongly sinusoidal and reaching onto postorbital process (1) |  |  | 253) Ventral surface of posterior sacral centra gently rounded, convex (0) or ventrally flattened, sometimes with shallow sulcus (1) or centrum strongly constricted transversely, ventral surface keeled (2) |  |  | 330) Furcula, laterally excavated: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 398) Proximal end of the ulna with a well defined area for the insertion of m. brachialis anticus: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 525) Obturator process does not (0) or does reach tip of ischium (1) |  |  | 591) [NAME], [NAME] cranialis continuous with a ridge opposite to the crista fibularis: no (0), yes (1)
 | 42)Frontals narrow anteriorly as a wedge between nasals (0) or end abruptly anteriorly, suture with nasal transversely orientated (1) or suture with nasals W-shaped (2) |  |  | 254) Synsacrum, procoelous articulation with last thoracic centrum (deeply concave facet of synsacrum recieves convex articulation of last thoracic centrum): absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 331) Furcular, shape: boomerang-shaped (0); V to Y shaped (1); U shaped (2) |  |  | 399) Proximal surface of ulna a single continuous articular facet (0) or divided into two distinct fossae separated by a median ridge (1) |  |  | 526) Obturator process does not (0) or does form a strongly acute angle in lateral view (1) |  | Metatarsals | 592) Metatarsals not co-ossified (0) or co-ossification of metatarsals begins proximally (1) or distally (2)
 | 43) Frontal/parietal suture in adults: open (0); fused (1) |  |  | 255) Convex caudal articular surface of the synsacrum: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 332) Furcular interclavicular angle: aproximatley 90˚ (0); less than 70˚ (1) |  |  | 400) Ulna, proximal end, olecranon very long, narrow, and pointed; tuberculum ligamenti collateralis ventralis strongly protruding: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 527) Obturator process of ischium: prominent (0); reduced or absent (1) |  |  | 593) Shafts of metatarsals not appressed(0) or appressed(1)
Prefrontal | 44)Prefrontal large, dorsal exposure similar to that of lacrimal (0) or greatly reduced in exposure (1) or without exposure (2). |  |  | 256) Series of short sacral vertebrae with dorsally directed parapohyses just cranial to the acetabulum: absent (0); present, three such vertebrae (1); present, four such vertebrae (2) (ordered) |  |  | 333) Furcula, dorsal (omal) tip: (0) flat or blunt tip, (1) with a pronounced posteriorly pointed tip |  |  | 401) Semilunaete ridge on the dorsal condyle of the ulna: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 528) Obturator process does not contact pubis (0) or contacts pubis (1) |  |  | 594) [NAME] cross-sectional proportions: subequal or wider mediolaterally than craniocaudally at midshaft (0), deeper craniocaudally than mediolaterally at midshaft (1)
Vomer | 45) Vomer, not as follows (0), with truncate rostral and bifurcate caudal end (1), vestigial or absent (2) |  |  | 257) Cranial vertebral articulation of first sacral vertebra: aproximately equal in height and width (0); wider than high (1) |  |  | 334) Dorsal and ventral margins of the furcular: subequal in width (0); ventral margin distinctly wider than the dorsal margin so that the furcular ramus appears concave laterally (1) |  |  | 402) Ulna, distal end, dorsal condyle, dorsal trochlear surface, extent along posterior margin: (0) less than transverse measure of dorsal trochlear surface, (1) approximately equal in extent |  |  | 529) Shaft of ischium subequal in thickness to the pubis (0), slenderer than the pubic shaft (1), thicker than the pubic shaft (2) |  |  | 595) Metatarsals, comparative trochlear width: (0) II approximately the same size as III and/or IV, (1) II wider than III and/or IV, (2) II narrower than III and/or IV
 | 46) Contact between vomer and premaxilla: present (0); absent  (1) |  | [NAME] | 258) Caudal vertebrae, chevrons, fused on at least one anterior caudal: (0) present, (1) absent |  |  | 335) Furcula, extremitas omalis with distinct, laterally protruding facies articularis acrocoracoidea: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 403) Ulna, shaft with projection on dorsal surface, distally of cotyla dorsalis: no (0), yes (1) |  | Pubis | 530) Pubis propubic (0) or pubis vertical (1) or pubis moderately posteriorly oriented (2) or pubis fully posteriorly oriented (opisthopubic) (3) |  |  | 596) Relative position of metatarsal trochleae: trochlea III more distal than trochleae II and IV (0); trochlea III at same level as trochlea IV (1); trochlea III at same level as trochleae II and IV (2)
 | 47) Articulation between vomer and pterygoid: (0) present, well developed, (1) reduced, narrow process of pterygoid passes dorsally over palatine to contact vomer, (2) absent, pterygoid and vomer do not contact |  |  | 259) Neural spines of caudal vertebrae simple, undivided (0) or separated into anterior and posterior alae throughout much of caudal sequence (1) |  |  | 336) Furcula, hypocleideum: (0) absent, (1) a tubercle, (2) an elongate blade-like process (3) an elongate blade-like process that is over 1/2 the length of the clavicular rami. (Ordered) |  |  | 404) Ulna, dorsal cotyla strongly convex: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 531) Pelvis, midsection of pubis greatly reduced: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 597) Metatarsal I attenuates proximally (0) or proximal end of metatarsal I similar to that of metatarsals II-IV (1)
Pterygoid | 48) Pterygoid, kinked: (0) present, surface for basisphenoid articulation at high angle to axis of palatal process of pterygoid, (1) absent, articulation in line with axis of pterygoid |  |  | 260) Procoelus caudals: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 337) Furcula, ventral margin of apophysis: (0) curved, angling, (1) with a truncate or squared base. |  |  | 405) Ulna, cotylae: dorsoventally adjacent (0); widely separated by a deep groove (1) |  |  | 532) Strong kink of pubis at midshaft absent (0) or present, displacing distal half of pubis caudally (1) |  |  | 598) Metatarsal I: straight (0); J-shaped, the articulation of the hallux is located on the same plane as the attachment surface of the metatarsal I (1); J-shaped; the articulation of the hallux is perpendicular to the attachment surface (2); the distal half of the metatarsal I is laterally deflected so that the laterodistal surface is concave (3)
 | 49) Flange of pterygoid well developed (0) or reduced in size or absent (1) |  |  | 261) Caudal vertebrae with distinct transition point (0) or without transition point (1) |  |  | 338) Furcula, apophysis furculae well-developed and bladelike: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 406) Ulna, cotyla ventralis greatly enlarged, extending into olecranon: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 533) Pubic shaft laterally compressed throughout its length: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 599) Distal end of metatarsal I reduced in size relative to distal ends of other metatarsals (0) or comparable in size to distal ends of other metatarsals (1)
 | 50) Pterygoid, articular surface for basipterygoid process: concave "socket" or short groove enclosed by dorsal and ventral flanges (0); flat to convex (1); flat to [NAME], stalked, variably projected (2) (ordered) |  |  | 262) Transition point in caudal series begins distal to the 10th caudal (0) or between 7th and 10th caudal vertebra (1) or proximal to the 7th caudal vertebra (2) |  | Sternum | 339) Large, rectangular ossified shaped stermnum: absent (0), present (1) |  | Radius | 407) Length of radius < 1/3 femoral length (0) or between 1/3 and 2/3 femoral length (1) or between 2/3 and 1 × femoral length (2) or > femoral length (3) |  |  | 534) Pubic shaft straight (0) or distal end curves anteriorly, anterior surface of shaft concave in lateral view (1) or anterior surface of shaft convex in lateral view (2) |  |  | 600) Metatarsal II, distal extent of metatarsal II relative to metatarsal IV: approximately equal in distal extent (0); metatarsal II shorter than metatarsal IV but reaching distally farther than base of metatarsal IV trochlea (1); metatarsal II shorter than metatarsal IV, reaching distally only as far as base of metatarsal IV trochlea (2)
Ectopterygoid | 51) [NAME]: present (0); absent (1) |  |  | 263) Free caudals, length of transverse processes: apoximatly equal to, or greater than, centrum width (0); significantly shorther than centrum width (1) |  |  | 340) Ossified keel of sternum: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 408) Shaft of radius with a long longitudinal groove of its ventricaudal surface: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 535) Retroverted pubis, separated from the main synsacral axis by an angle smaller that 45 degrees: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 601) Distal end of metatarsal II strongly curved medially: absent (0); present (1)
 | 52) Ectopterygoid with constricted opening into fossa (0) or with open ventral fossa in the main body of the element (1) |  |  | 264) Proximal haemal arches: elongate, at least 3 times longer than wider (0); shorter (1); absent (2) (ordered) |  |  | 341)Carina or midline ridge: (0) restricted to posterior half of sternum, (1) approaches anterior limit of sternum |  |  | 409) Radius and ulna well separated (0) or with distinct adherence or syndesmosis distally (1) |  |  | 536) Distal end of pubis: (0) expanded, flared, (1) straight, subequal, in proportion with rest of pubis |  |  | 602) Metatarsal II, articular surface for first phalanx: (0) ginglymoid, (1) rounded.
 | 53) Ectopterygoid lateral to pterygoid (0) or rostral to pterygoid (1) |  |  | 265) Proximal end of chevrons of proximal caudals short anteroposteriorly, shaft proximodistally elongate (0) or proximal end elongate anteroposteriorly, flattened and plate-like (1) |  |  | 342) Ossified sternal plates: (0) unfused, (1) fused, flat, (2) fused, with slightly raised midline ridge, (3) fused with projected carina. (Ordered) |  | Ulnare | 410) Ulnare: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 537) Shelf on pubic shaft proximal to symphysis (‘pubic apron’) extends medially from middle of cylindrical pubic shaft  (0) or shelf extends medially from anterior edge of anteroposteriorly flattened shaft (1) |  |  | 603) Metatarsal II, distal plantar surface, fossa for metatarsal I (fossa metatarsi I): absent (0); shallow notch (1); conspicuous ovoid fossa (2) (ordered)
 | 54) Dorsal recess on ectopterygoid absent (0) or present (1) |  |  | 266) Anterior caudal vertebrae without pneumatopores (0) or with pneumatopores |  |  | 343) Sternum, dorsal surface, pneumatic foramen (or foramina): absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 411) Ulnare: heart shaped with little differentiation into short rami (0); U-shaped to V-shaped, well developed rami (1) |  |  | 538) Contact between pubic apron contributions of both pubes meet extensively (0) or contact interrupted by a slit (1) or no contact (2) |  |  | 605) Metatarsal II tubercle: absent (0); present, on approximately the center of the proximodorsal surface of metatarsal II (1); present, developed on lateral surface of metatarsal II, at contact with metatarsal III or on lateral edge of metatarsal III (2) (ordered)
[NAME] | 55) [NAME] pneumatic recess in posteroventral corner of antorbital fossa present (0) or absent (1) |  |  | 267) Anterior caudal centra tall, oval in cross section (0) or with box-like centra in caudals I-V (1) or anterior caudal centra laterally compressed with ventral keel (2) |  |  | 344)Anterior edge of sternum grooved for reception of coracoids (0) or sternum without grooves (1) |  |  | 412) ulnare quadrangular (0) or triangular in proximal view (1) |  |  | 539) Pubic apron: one-third or more the length of the pubis (0); shorter (1); absent (absence of symphysis) (2) (ordered) |  |  | 606) In anterior view, metatarsal III not pinched (0) or pinched proximally (1) or pinched both proximally and through midshaft (2)
 | 56) Rostral margin of the jugal: away from the caudal margin of the naris (0); very close to (levelled with) the caudal margin of the [NAME] (1) |  |  | 268) Lengths of mid-caudal centra subequal to or less than those of proximal caudal centra (0) or  [NAME] twice as long as proximal caudal centra (1) |  |  | 345) Costal facets of the sternum: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 413) Ulnare, ventral ramus (crus longus): shorter than dorsal ramus (crus brevis) (0); same length as dorsal ramus (1); longer than dorsal ramus (2) |  |  | 540) Pubic pedicel: cranioventrally projected (0); ventrally or caudoventrally projected (1) |  |  | 607) Distal end of metatarsal III smooth, not ginglymoid (0) or with developed ginglymus (1)
 | 57) Sublacrimal process of jugal dorsoventrally expanded (taller than suborbital bar of jugal) (0) or not dorsoventrally expanded (1) |  |  | 269) Neural spines on distal caudals form a low ridge (0) or spine absent (1) or midline sulcus in center of neural arch (2) |  |  | 346) Sternum, pneumatic foramina in the depressions (loculi costalis) between rib articulations (processi [NAME]): (0) absent, (1) present |  | Carpels | 414) Two distal carpals in contact with metacarpals, one covering the base of metacarpal I (and perhaps contacting metacarpal II) the other covering the base of metacarpal II (distal carpals 1 and 2 unfused) (0) or a single distal carpal capping metacarpals I and n (distal carpals 1 and 2 fused) |  |  | 541) Pubic foot: present (0); absent (1) |  |  | 608) [NAME], trochlea in plantar view, proximal extent of lateral and medial edges of trochlea: trochlear edges approximately equal in proximal extent (0); medial edge extends farther (1)
 | 58) Medial jugal foramen present on medial surface ventral to postorbital bar (0) or absent (1) |  |  | 270) Prezygapophyses of distal caudal vertebrae between 1/3 and whole centrum length (0) or with extremely long extensions of the prezygapophyses (up to 10 vertebral segments long in some taxa) (1) or strongly reduced (2) |  |  | 347) Sternal costal processes: three (0); four (1); five (2); six (3); seven (4); eight (5) (ordered) |  |  | 415) Distal carpals 1+2 flattish (0) or semilunate in shape (1) |  |  | 542) Pubic boot projects anteriorly and posteriorly (0) or with little or no anterior process (1) or no anteroposterior projections (2) |  |  | 609) Proximal end of metatarsal III: in the same plane as metatarsals II and IV (0); plantarly displaced with respect to metatarsals II and IV (1)
 | 59) [NAME] and postorbital contribute equally to postorbital bar (0) or ascending process of jugal reduced and descending process of postorbital ventrally elongate (1) |  |  | 271) Distal caudal chevrons are simple (0) or anteriorly bifurcate (1) or bifurcate at both ends (2) |  |  | 348) Rostral margin of the sternum broad and rounded: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 416) Semilunate carpal, position relative to the alular metacarpal (I): over entire proximal surface (0); over less than one-half proximal surface or no contact present (1) |  |  | 543) Length of pubic boot 30% length of pubis (0) or 40% (1 ) |  |  | 610) Metatarsals, relative mediolateral width: metatarsal IV approximately the same width as metatarsals II and III (0); metatarsal IV narrower than metatarsals II and III (1); metatarsal IV greater in width than either metatarsal II or III (2)
 | 60) Suborbital process of jugal short and dorsoventrally stout (0) or elongate and dorsoventrally narrow (1) |  |  | 272) Degree of fusion of distal caudal vertebrae: fusion absent (0); few vertebrae partially ankylosed (intervening elements are well-discernable) (1); vertebrae completely fused into a pygostyle (2) (ordered) |  |  | 349) Sternum, posterior margin, distinct posteriorly projected medial and/or lateral processes: (0) absent (directly laterally projected zyphoid processes developed but not considered homologues as these are copresent with the posterior processes in the new clade), (1) with distinct posterior processes, (2) midpoint of posterior sternal margin connected to medial posterior processes to enclose paired fenestra. (Ordered) |  |  | 417) Semilunate carpal and proximal ends of metacarpals in adults: unfused (0); semilunate fused to the alular (I) metacarpal (1); semilunate fused to the major (II) and minor (III) metacarpals (2); fusion of semilunated and all metacarpals (3) |  |  | 544) Pubes, distal contact: (0) contacting, variably coossified into symphysis, (1) non-contacting |  |  | 611) Proximal end of metatarsal IV curls around plantar side of proximal end of metatarsal III (0) or does not (1
 | 61) Jugo-maxillary bar at ventral end of antorbital fenestra dorsoventrally deep (0) or dorsoventrally narrow (1) |  |  | 273) Free caudal vertebral count: more than 35 (0); 35-26 (1); 25-20 (2); 19-9 (3); 8 or less (4) (ordered) |  |  | 350) Sternum, caudal margin, number of paired caudal trabecula: none (0); one (1); two (2) |  |  | 418) Pisiform process: absent (0); present (1) |  | Pelvis | 545) Ilium, ischium, pubis, proximal contact in adult: (0) unfused, (1) partial fusion (pubis not ankylosed), (2) completely fused. (Ordered) |  |  | 612) Large, longitudinal flange along caudal or lateral face of metatarsal IV absent (0) or present (1)
 | 62) [NAME] and quadratojugal separate (0) or quadratojugal and jugal fused and not distinguishable from one another (1) |  |  | 274) Pygostyle: longer than or equal to the combined length of the free caudals (0); shorter (1) |  |  | 351) Sternum, caudal margin: with four notches/fenestrae (0), with two notches/fenestrae (1), or without notches/fenestrae (2) |  | Metacarpals | 419) Metacarpal I half or less than half the length of metacarpal II, and longer proximodistally than wide transversely (0) or subequal in length to metacarpal II (1) or very short and wider transversely than long proximodistally (2) |  |  | 546) Ilium-ischium-pubis more or less parallel: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 613) Shaft of MT IV round or thicker dorsoventrally than wide in cross section (0) or shaft of MT IV mediolaterally widened and flat in cross section (1)
 | 63) Jugal quadratojugal process tall beneath lower temporal fenestra, twice or more as tall dorsoventrally as it is wide transversely (0) or rod-like (1) or concealed by quadratojugal (2) |  |  | 275) Pygostyle with large, shield-like discus pygostyli with sharply defined, ridge-like lateral margins: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 352) Sternal midline, caudal end: blunt W-shape (0); V-shape (1); elongate straight projection (xiphoid process) (2); flat (3); rounded (4) |  |  | 420) Metacarpal I, anterior surface: (0) roughly hourglass-shaped proximally, at least moderately expanded anteroposteriorly, and constricted just before flare of articulation for phalanx 1, (1) anterior surface broadly convex |  |  | 547) Ilium and ischium articulation flat or slightly concavo-convex (0) or ilium with process projecting into socket in ischium (1) |  |  | 614) Trochlea metatarsi IV: not as follows (0), with variously developed plantarly directing wing-like flange, feet facultatively zygodactyl or semi-zygodactyl (1), with large trochlea accessoria (typical for fully [NAME]) which is not separated by a furrow from the trochlea metatarsi IV and does not reach beyond the midst of the trochlea metatarsi III (2), with large trochlea accessoria which is separated by a furrow from the trochlea metatarsi IV but does not reach beyond the midst of the trochlea metatarsi III (3), with large, distally elongated trochlea accessoria which is separated by a furrow from the trochlea metatarsi IV and reaches beyond the midst of the trochlea metatarsi III (4)
Quadratojugal | 64) Ossa quadratojugalia very stout, with wide caudal portion and dorso-ventrally flattened distal part: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 276) Distal constriction of pygostyle: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 353) Sternum, outermost trabecula, shape: tips terminate cranial to caudal end of sternum (0); tips terminate at or approaching caudal end of sternum (1) tips extend caudally past the termination of the sternum midline |  |  | 421) Round-shaped alular metacarpal (I): absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 548) Pelvis wide in mediolateral direction, width across antitrochanters as much or more than length of synsacrum: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 615) Metatarsals II-IV completely (or nearly completely) fused to each other: absent (0); present (1)
 | 65) Quadratojugal without horizontal process posterior to ascending process (reversed “L” shape) (0) or with process (i.e., inverted ‘T’ or ‘Y’ shape) (1) |  |  | 277) Cranial end of pygostyle with a pair of laminar, ventrally projected processes: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 354) Sternum: raised, paired intermuscular ridges (linea intermuscularis) parallel to sternal midline: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 422) Distal end of metacarpal I medially (0) or laterally rotated (1) |  |  | 549) Small acetabulum, acetabulum/ilium length ratio equal to or smaller than 0.11: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 616) Foot symmetrical (0) or asymmetrical with slender [NAME] and very robust MT IV (1)
 | 66) Contact between the quadratojugal and squamosal: present (0); absent (1) |  |  | 278) Cranial end of pygostyle dorsally forked: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 355) Sternum, [NAME] rostri: absent (0), present (1) |  |  | 423) Alular metacarpal (I), extensor process: absent , no craniopromally projected muscular process (0); present, tip of extensor process just surpassed the distal articular facet for phalanx 1 in cranial extent (1); tip of extensor process conspicuously surpasses articular facet by apporximately half the width of facet, producing a pronnounced knob (2); tip of extensor process conspicuously surpasses articular facet by apporximately the width of facet, producing a pronnounce knob (3) (Ordered) |  |  | 550) Ilium/ischium, distal coossification to completely enclose the ilioischiadic fenestra: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 617) Anteroproximal contact between metatarsals II and IV absent (0) or present (1)
 | 67) Quadratojugal: sutured to the quadrate (0); joined through a ligamentary articulation (1) |  | Vertebral collumn | 279) Cervical vertebrae but not dorsal vertebrae pneumatic (0) or all presacral vertebrae pneumatic (1) |  |  | 356) Sternum, coracoidal sulci spacing on cranial edge: widely separated mediolaterally (0); adjacent (1); crossed on the midline (2) |  |  | 424) Distal articular ends of metacarpals I + II ginglymoid (0) or rounded, smooth (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 618) Length of metatarsal V≥ 0.5 × length of metatarsal IV (0) or < 0.5 × (1)
Quadrate | 68) Quadratum, processus orbitalis greatly reduced: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 280) Cervical ribs unfused to cervical vertebrae (0) or fused to cervical vertebrae (1) |  |  | 357) Sternum, facies articularis coracoideus weakly saddleshaped or convex: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 425) Length of metacarpal II < length of metacarpal I + phalanx I-1 (0) or [NAME] (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 619) Metatarsal V: present (0); absent (1)
 | 69) Quadrate pneumaticity: absent (0); present (1) |  |  | 281) Number of praesacral vertebrae (all vertebrae cranial to synsacrum) 19 or more (0), 18 (1), 17 (2) |  |  |  |  |  | 426) [NAME] [NAME] 1/3 humeral length (0) or < 1/3 humeral length (1) |  |  |  |  | Tarsometatarsus | 620) Distal tarsals and metatarsals, fusion: (0) distal tarsals fuse to metatarsals, (1) distal tarsals fuse to metatarsals and proximal metatarsals coossify, (2) distal tarsals fuse to metatarsals, and metatarsals fuse to each other proximally and distally, (3) extreme distal fusion, distal vascular foramen closed. (Ordered)
 | 70) Quadrate, pneumatization, large, single pneumatic foramen: (0) absent, (1) posteromedial surface of corpus |  |  | 282) Axial neural spine flared transversely (0) or compressed mediolaterally (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 427) Intermetacarpal process or tubercle on metacarpal II: absent (0); present as scar (1) present as tubercle or flange (2) |  |  |  |  |  | 621) Tarsometatarsus, intercotylar eminence: (0) absent, (1) a slight midline projection, (2) well developed, globose. (Ordered)
 | 71) Quadrate, cluster of pneumatic foramina on posterior surface of the tip of dorsal process: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 283) Axis, foramina transversaria: present (0), absent (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 428) Medial side of metacarpal II: expanded proximally (0), not expanded (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 622) Tarsometatarsus greatly elongated and slender, apart from tibiotarsus longest limb element, exceeding humerus in length: no (0), yes (1)
 | 72) Quadrate vertical (0) or strongly inclined anteroventrally so that distal end lies far forward of proximal end (1) |  |  | 284) Distal chevrons straight or L-shaped in lateral view (0) or upside-down T-shaped (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 429) Metacarpals II and III are not (0) or are appressed for their entire lengths (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 623) Tarsometatarsus, arcus extensorius (ossified retinaculum extensorium tarsometatarsi): absent (0), present (1)
 | 73) Quadrate, well-developed tubercle on anterior surface of dorsal process: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  | 285) Lateral gastral segment shorter than medial one in each arch (0) or distal segment longer than proximal segment (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 430) Proximal end of metacarpal III is not (0) or is mainly palmar to that of metacarpal II (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 624) Plantar surface of tarsometatarsus excavated: absent (0); present (1)
 | 74) Quadratum, condylus caudalis completely reduced, condylus lateralis separated from elongate condylus medialis by a deep but narrow furrow: no (0), yes (1) |  |  | 286) Gastralia: present (0); absent (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 431) Carpometacarpus, caudal margin of os metacarpale minus undulated: no (0), yes (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 625) Tarsometatarsus, canalis interosseus distalis: present (0), absent (1)
 | 75) Quadrate orbital process (pterygoid ramus): broard (0); sharp and pointed (1) |  | Ribs | 287) Shaft of cervical ribs slender and longer than vertebra to which they articulate (0) or broad and shorter than vertebra (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 432) Carpometacarpus, os metacarpale minus with marked ventrally directing projection on ventral margin of proximal end: no (0), yes (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 626) Tarsometatarsus, hypotarsus without bony canals, crista lateralis separated from crista medialis by a wide sulcus: no (0), yes (1)
 | 76) Quadrate, orbital process: (0) pterygoid articulates with anterior-most tip, (1) pterygoid articulation does not reach tip, (2) pterygoid articulation with no extent up orbital process, restricted to quadrate corpus. (Ordered) |  |  | 288) Ossified ventral rib segments absent (0) or present (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 433) Carpometacarpus, os metacarpale minus distinctly exceeding os metacarpale majus in length: no (0), yes (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 627) Tarsometatarsus, hypotarsus passing into a well-developed crista medianoplantaris; fossa parahypotarsalis [NAME] very marked and proximal part of margo [NAME] forming a sharp ridge: no (0), yes (1)
 | 77) Quadrate, dorsal process, articulation: (0) with squamosal only, (1) with squamosal and prootic |  |  | 289) Ossified uncinate processes in adults: absent (0); present and free (1); present and fused (2) |  |  |  |  |  | 434) Carpometacarpus, distal end, metacarpals II and III, articular surfaces for digits: (0) metacarpal II sub-equal or surpasses metacarpal III in distal extent, (1) metacarpal III extends farther |  |  |  |  |  | 628) Tarsometatarsus, hypotarsus, tendon of [NAME] hallucis longus enclosed in bony canal: no (0), yes (1)
 | 78)Quadrate distal end: with two transversly aligned condyles (0); with a triangular condylar pattern, usually composed of three distinct condyles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 435) Intermetacarpal space: absent or very narrow (0); at least as widen as the maximum width of minor metacarpal (III) shaft (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 629) Tarsometatarsus, trochlea metatarsi III much wider in mediolateral than in dorsoplantar direction, with a distinct groove between the rims; its dorsal surface not being significantly raised above the dorsal surface of the shaft: no (0), yes (1)
 | 79) Otic articulation of the quadrate: articulates with a single facet (squamosal) (0); articulates with two distinct facets (prootic and squamosal) (1); articulates with two distinct facets and quadrate differentiated into two heads (2) (ordered) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 436) Intermetacarpal space: reaces proximally as far as the distal end of metacarpal I (0); terminates distal to end of metacarpal I (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 630) Tarsometatarsus, proximal vascular foramen (foramina): (0) absent, (1) one, between metatarsals III and IV, (2) two. (Ordered)
 | 80) Quadrate/pterygoid contact: (0) as a facet, variably with slight anteromedial projection cradling base, (1) condylar, with a well projected tubercle on the quadrate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 437) [NAME] distally not ginglymoid (0) or ginglymoid (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 631) Tarsometatarsal distal vascular foramen completely enclosed by metatarsals III and IV: absent (0); present (1)
 | 81) Lateral border of quadrate shaft straight (0) or with lateral tab that touches squamosal and quadratojugal above an enlarged quadrate foramen (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 438) Proximal extension of metacarpal III: level with metacarpal II (0); ending distal to proximal surface of metacarpal II (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 632) Tarsometatarsus, furrow on distal end, between dorsal side of trochlea metatarsi IV and [NAME] lateralis: no (0), yes (1)
 | 82) Quadrate, quadratojugal articulation: (0) overlapping, (1) peg and socket articulation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 439) [NAME], craniocaudal diameter as a percentage of same dimension of metacarpal II: aproximately equal or greater than 50% (0); less than 50% (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 633) Marked decrease in transverse width of metatarsus distally, absent (0) or present (1)
 | 83) Lateral, round cotyla on the mandibular process of the quadrate (quadratojugal articulation): absent (0); present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 440) [NAME] 0.8 × length of metacarpal II (0) or<0.8×(1) |  |  |  |  |  | 634) Metatarsus less than half length of femur (0) or more than half femoral length (1)
Squamosal | 84) Squamosal incorporated into the braincase, forming a zygomatic process: absent (0); present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 166) Minor metacarpal (III) projecting distally more than the major metacarpal (II): absent (0); present (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 635) Length of metatarsus < 3.5 × transverse midshaft diameter (0) or 3.5-8 × midshaft diameter (1) or > 8 × midshaft diameter (2)
 | 85) Squamosal, ventral or zygomatic process: variably elongate, dorsally enclosing otic process of the quadrate and extending cranioventrally along shaft of this bone, dorsal head of quadrate not visible in lateral view (0); short, head of quadrate exposed in lateral view (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 441) Distal end of metacarpals: unfused (0); partially or completely fused (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 636) Proximal end of metatarsus: plane of articular surface perpendicular to longitudinal axis of metatarsus (0); strongly inclined dorsally (1)
 | 86) Supratemporal fenestra bounded laterally and posteriorly by the squamosal (0) or supratemporal fenestra extended as a fossa on to the dorsal surface of the squamosal (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Carpometacarpus | 442) Distal carpals not fused to metacarpals (0) or fused to metacarpals, forming carpometacarpus (1) |  |  |  |  | Phalanges | 637) Ungual of pedal digit II similar in size to that of III (0) or pedal ungual II about 50% larger than pedal ungual III (1)
 | 87) Descending process of squamosal parallels quadrate shaft (0) or nearly perpendicular to quadrate shaft (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 443) Carpometacarpus, ventral surface, infratrochlear fossa deeply excavating proximal surface of pisiform process: absent (0); present (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 638) Length of pedal phalanx II-2 between 0.6 × and 1 × length of phalanx II-1 (0), [NAME], or (1) [NAME] 1 × (2)
Basisphenoid | 88) Basisphenoid recess present between basisphenoid and basioccipital (0) or entirely within basisphenoid (1) or absent (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 444) Carpometacarpus, distinct ridge from the caudal end of the os metacarpale minus to the processus pisiformis: absent (0), present (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 639) Pedal phalanx II-2 without posteroventral lip or keel (0) with transversely wide posteroventral lip (1) with transversely narrow posteroventral keel (2)
 | 91) Posterior opening of basisphenoid recess single (0) or divided into two small, circular foramina by a thin bar of bone (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 445) Carpometacarpus, os metacarpale minus distinctly bowed, spatium intermetacarpale very wide: no (0), yes (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 640)Total length of pedal phalanx II-2 (not counting posteroventral lip, if any) > 2 × length of distal condylar eminence (0) or ≤ 2 × (1)
 | 92) Basipterygoid processes solid (0) or processes hollow (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 446) Carpometacarpus, processus intermetacarpalis: absent or small (0), well-developed, reaching the os metacarpale minus (1), absent but tendon of musculus extensor [NAME] inserts on the os metacarpale minus as it does in taxa with a processus intermetacarpalis (2) |  |  |  |  |  | 641) Pedal phalanx II-1 longer (0) or shorter (1) than pedal phalanx IV-1
 | 93) Basipterygoid process: long (0); short (articulation with pterygoid subequal to or longer than, ammount projected from the basisphenoid rostrum) (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 447) Carpometacarpus, processus dentiformis: absent (0), present (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 642) Pedal phalanx II-1 without dorsal extension of distal condyles (0) or with extension (1)
 | 94) Basipterygoid processes ventral or anteroventrally projecting (0) or lateroventrally projecting (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 448)Extensor process of carpometacarpus: absent (0); present (9) |  |  |  |  |  | 643) Pedal unguals III and IV straight or weakly curved (0), or strongly curved (1)
 | 95) Basipterygoid recesses on dorsolateral surfaces of basipterygoid processes absent (0) or present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Phalanges | 449) Medial ligament pits of manual phalanges deep (0) or shallow (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 644) Second and third phalanx of fourth toe greatly abbreviated, measuring less than half the length of the fourth phalanx: no (0), yes (1)
 | 96) Exits of [NAME] flush with surface of exoccipital (0) or cranial nerve exits located together in a bowl-like basisphenoid depression (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 450) Posterior flange on manual phalanx II-1 absent (0) or present (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 645) Hallucal ungual reduced in size relative to other pedal unguals (0) or not reduced (1)
 | 97) Otosphenoidal crest vertical on basisphenoid and prootic, and does not border an enlarged pneumatic recess (0) or well developed, crescent shaped, thin crest forms anterior edge of enlarged pneumatic recess (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 451) Proximodorsal 'lip' on first manual ungual - a transverse ridge immediately dorsal to the articulating surface - absent (0) or present (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 646) Hallucal ungual weakly curved (0) or strongly curved (1)
 | 98) Projecting basisphenoid articulation with pterygoid: (0) present, (1) absent |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 452) Manual phalanx I-1 straight (0) or bowed (palmar surface concave) (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 647) Hallux, proximal phalanx with proximal end greatly widened: no (0), yes (1)
 | 99) Basisphenoid/pterygoid articulation, orientation of contact: (0) anteroventral, (1) mediolateral, (2) entirely dorsoventral |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 453) Shaft diameter of phalanx I-1 less (0) or greater (1) than shaft diameter of radius |  |  |  |  |  | 648) Phalanges of pedal digit in not blocky (proximal phalanx length [NAME] 2 × diameter) (0) or blocky (proximal phalanx length < 2 × diameter) (1)
 | 100) Basisphenoid-pterygoid articulations: (0) located basal on basisphenoid, (1) located markedly anterior on basisphenoid (parasphenoid rostrum) such that the articulations are subadjacent on the narrow rostrum |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 454) Phalanx digiti alulae, claw: present (0), absent or rudimentary in adulthood (1) |  |  |  |  |  | 649) Size of claw of hallux relative to other pedal claws: shorter, weaker, and smaller (0); similar in size (1); longer, more robust, and larger (2)
Parasphenoid | 101) Base of cultriform process not highly pneumatized (0) or base of cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum) expanded and pneumatic (parasphenoid bulla) (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455) Manual ungual I strongly curved (0), weakly curved. (1), or straight (2) |  |  |  |  |  | 650) Claws, pair of canals lateral and medial to tuberculum flexorium: absent (0), present (1)
Sphenoid | 102) Depression (possibly pneumatic) on ventral surface of postorbital process of laterosphenoid absent (0) or present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 456) With proximal articular surface of ungual orientated vertically, dorsal surface of manual ungual I does not (0) or does arch higher than level of dorsal extremity of proximal articular surface (1) |  |  |  |  | Digits | 651) Third and fourth toe coalescent at least over length of first phalanx of third toe: no (0), yes (1)
Orbit | 103) Orbit round in lateral or dorsolateral view (0) or dorsoventrally elongate (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 457) With fingers extended, tip of ungual I does not extend past flexor tubercle of ungual II (0) or extends past flexor tubercle of ungual II but does not extend past tip of ungual II (1) or extends past tip of ungual II (2). |  |  |  |  |  | 652) Completely reversed hallux (arch of ungual phalanx of digit I opposing the arch of the unguals of digits II-IV): absent (0); present (1)
 | 104) Osseous interorbital septum (mesethmoid): (0) restricted to posterior or another just surpassing premaxillae/frontal contact in rostral extent does not surpass posterior edge of external nares in rostral extent, (1) extending rostral to posterior extent of frontal processes of premaxillae and rostral to posterior edge of external nares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 458) Ungual phalanx of major digit (II) much smaller than the ungual of the alular (I) and minor (III) digits: absent (0); present (1)
 | 105) Osseous interorbital septum (mesethmoid): absent (0); present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 459) Manual phalanx II-1 shorter than I-1 (0) or longer (1)
 | 106) Length of ventral border of infratemporal fenestra comparable to that of orbit (0) or much shorter (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 460) Manual digit II, phalanx 1: (0) subcylindrical, not dorsoventrally compressed, (1) subtriangular, moderately dorsoventrally compressed, (2) flat posterior surface, strongly dorsoventrally compressed. (Ordered)
 | 107) Area of antorbital fenestra greater than that of orbit (0) or less than that of orbit (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 461) Proximal phalanx of major digit (II): of normal shape (0); flat and craniocaudally expanded (1)
 | 108) Antorbital fossa anteriorly bounded by maxilla (0) or by premaxilla (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 462) Major digit (II), phalanx 1, internal index process on caudodistall edge: absent (0); present (1)
 | 109) Accessory antorbital fossa situated at rostral border of antorbital fossa (0) or situated posterior to rostral border of fossa (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 463) Phalanx proximalis digiti majoris, proximal end with large, proximally directing process on cranial margin: no (0), yes (1)
 | 110) Suborbital fenestra similar in length to orbit (0) or about half or less than half orbital length (1) or absent (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 464) Phalanx proximalis digiti majoris, caudal margin reduced, distal end hook-shaped no (0), yes (1)
 | 111) Cone-like bony protrusion at caudal margin of foramenn nervi optici: absent (0), present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 465) Ungual phalanx of major digit (II): present (0); absent (1)
Postorbital | 112) Postorbital: present (0); absent (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 466) Length of manual phalanx II-2 < 2 × length of II-1 (0) or [NAME] 2×(1).
 | 113) Postorbital in lateral view with subhorizontal anterior (frontal) process (0) or frontal process diagonal (anterior tip of process higher than base of process) (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 467) Length of manual phalanx II-1 < 2 × length of III-1 (0) or [NAME] 2×length of III-1 (1)
 | 114) Anterior process of postorbital projects into orbit (0) or does not project into orbit (1). |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 468) Combined lengths of manual phalanges II-1 and II- 2 > length of metacarpal n + carpus (0) or length of metacarpal n +carpus (1)
 | 115) Postorbital bar parallels quadrate, lower temporal fenestra rectangular in shape (0) or jugal and postorbital approach or contact quadratojugal to constrict lower temporal fenestra (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 469) Proximodorsal 'lip'on manual unguals II and III absent (0) or present (1)
 | 116) Contact between postorbital and jugal: present (0); absent (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 470) Manual unguals II and III strongly curved (0), weakly curved, (1), or straight (2)
Lacrimal | 117) Os lacrimale vestigial or completely reduced: no (0), yes (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 471) Ungual phalanx of major digit (II): present (0); absent (1)
 | 118) Os lacrimale, well-developed, caudally projecting processus supraorbitales: absent (0), present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 472) Diameter of non-ungual phalanges of manual digit III > 0.5 × diameter of non-ungual phalanges of digit II(0)or ≤ 0.5×(1).
 | 119) Os lacrimale, processus orbitalis (descending process) greatly expanded medially: no (0), yes (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 473) Length of manual phalanx III-1 < 2 × length of phalanx III-2 (0) or > 2 × (1)
 | 120) Lacrimal posterodorsal process absent (inverted 'L' shaped) (0) or lacrimal T' shaped in lateral view (1) or anterodorsal process much longer than posterior process (2) or posterodorsal process subvertical (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 474) Proximal phalanx of the minor digit (III) much shorter than the remaining non-ungl phalanages of this digit: absent (0); present (1)
 | 121) Supraorbital crests on lacrimal in adult individuals absent (0) or dorsal crest above orbit (1) or lateral expansion anterior and dorsal to orbit (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 475) Manual phalanx III-3 markedly shorter than combined. lengths of phalanges III-1 and III-2 (0), subequal in length to their combined lengths (1), or markedly longer (2)
 | 122) Enlarged foramen or foramina opening laterally at the angle of the lacrimal, absent (0) or present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 476) Ungual phalanx of minor digit (III): present (0); absent (1)
Ear | 123) Subotic recess (pneumatic fossa ventral to fenestra ovalis) absent (0) or present (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 477) With fingers extended, tip of ungual III extends no further distally than flexor tubercle of ungual II (0) or extends further (1)
 | 124) Caudal (posterior) tympanic recess absent (0) present as opening on anterior surface of paroccipital process (1) or extends into opisthotic posterodorsal to fenestra ovalis, confluent with this fenestra (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 478) [NAME] tubercles of manual unguals [NAME] 1/3 × height of articular facet (0) or < 1/3 (1
 | 125) Columella with large, hollow, bulbous basal and footplate area which exhibits a large fenestra on one side: no (0), yes (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 479) [NAME] tubercles of manual unguals proximal (0) or displaced distally from articular end (1) or proximodistally elongated with proximal end close to articular facet (2)
 | 126) Eustachian tubes: paired, lateral, and well separated from eachother (0); paried, close to eachother and to cranial midline or forming a single cranial opening |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Digits | 480) Alular digit (I): long, exceeding the distal end of the major metacarpal (0); subequal (1); short, not surpassing this metacarpal (2) (ordered)
 | 127) Eustachian tubes ossified: (0) absent, (1) present |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 481) Length of manual digit II (including metacarpal) less than 1.25 × femoral length (0) or 1.25 × femoral length (1)
 | 128) Depression for pneumatic recess on prootic absent (0) or present as dorsally open fossa on prootic/opisthotic (1) or present as deep, posterolaterally directed concavity (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 482) Third manual digit present, phalanges present (0) or reduced to no more than metacarpal splint (1)
 | 129) Crista interfenestralis confluent with lateral surface of prootic and opisthotic (0) or distinctly depressed within middle ear opening (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 483) Manual digit III with four phalanges (0) or less than four phalanges (1)
 | 120) Accessory tympanic recess dorsal to crista interfenestralis absent (0) small pocket present (1) or extensive with indirect pneumatization (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Manus | 484) Length of manus (semilunate carpal + major metacarpal and digit) relative to humerus: longer (0); subequal (1); shorter (2) (ordered)
Occipital | 131) Processus paroccipitales widely separated and strongly ventrally protruding; basis cranii concave: no (0), yes (1)
 | 132) Paroccipital process elongate and slender, with dorsal and ventral edges nearly parallel (0) or process short, deep with convex distal end (1)
 | 133) Paroccipital process with straight dorsal edge (0) or with dorsal edge twisted rostrolaterally at distal end (1)
 | 134) Paroccipital process straight, projects laterally or posterolaterally (0) or distal end curves ventrally, pendant (1)
 | 135) Basioccipital without pneumatization on occipital surface (0) or with subcondylar recess (1)
 | 136) Occipital condyle without constricted neck (0) or subspherical with constricted neck (1)
 | 137) Basal tubera set far apart, level with or beyond lateral edge of occipital condyle and/or foramen magnum (may connected by a web of bone or separated by a large notch) (0) or tubera small, directly below condyle and foramen magnum, and separated by a narrow notch (1)
 | 138) Foramen magnum smaller than or subequal to size of occipital condyle (0) or larger than occipital condyle (1)
 | 139) Foramen magnum subcircular, slightly wider than tall (0) or oval, taller than wide (1)
Splenial | 140) Cranial extent of splenial: stops well caudal to mandibular symphysis (0); extending to mandibular symphysis, though noncontacting (1); extending to proximal tip of mandible, contacting on midline (2) (ordered)
 | 141) Splenial not widely exposed on lateral surface of mandible (0) or exposed as a broad triangle between dentary and angular on lateral surface of mandible (1)
Angular | 142)Angular exposed almost to end of mandible in lateral view, reaches or almost reaches articular (0) or excluded from posterior end angular suture turns ventrally and meets ventral border of mandible rostral to glenoid (1)
 | 143) Co-ossification of angular and surangular absent (0) or present (1)
 | 144) Laterally inclined flange along dorsal edge of surangular for articulation with lateral process of lateral quadrate condyle absent (0) or present (1)
Articular | 145) Articular pneumaticity: abent (0); present (1)
 | 146) Retroarticular process short, stout (0) or elongate and slender (1)
 | 147) Retroarticular process points caudally (0) or curves gently dorsocaudally (1)
 | 148) Articular without elongate, slender medial, posteromedial, or mediodorsal process from retroarticular process (0) or with process (1)
Dentary | 149) Dentaries: (0) joined proximally by ligaments, (1) joined by bone
 | 150) Dentary subtriangular in lateral view (0) or with subparallel dorsal and ventral edges (1)
 | 151) Dentary not bowed (0) or bowed (concave dorsally) (1)
 | 152) Dentary ramus elongate (0) or shortened, not much longer than tall (1)
 | 153) Ventral surface of dentary straight or nearly straight (0) or descends strongly posteriorly (1)
 | 154) Symphysial portion of dentaries: unfused (0); fused (1)
 | 155)  Dentary symphyseal region in line with main part of buccal edge (0) or abruptly downturned at rostral end (1) or dentary ramus gradually, weakly downturned through its length (2)
 | 156) Symphyseal region of dentary broad and straight, paralleling lateral margin (0) or medially recurved slightly (1) or strongly recurved medially (2)
 | 157) Labial face of dentary flat (0) or with lateral ridge and inset tooth row (1)
 | 158) Posterior end of dentary without posterodorsal process dorsal to mandibular fenestra (0) or with dorsal process above anterior end of mandibular fenestra (1) or with elongate, strongly arched dorsal process extending over most of fenestra (2)
 | 159) Dentary without posteroventral process extending to posterior end of external mandibular fenestra (0) or with such a process (1)
 | 160) Nutrient foramina on external surface of dentary superficial (0) or lie within deep groove (1)
 | 161) Caudal margin of dentary forking: unforked, or with a weakly developed dorsal ramus (0); strongly forked with the dorsal and ventral rami apporximately equal in caudal extent (1)
 | 162) Meckelian groove of dentary deep (0) or shallow (1)
Mandible | 163) Mandible with intraramal joint and caudal half of rami mandibulae greatly widened and dorso-ventrally flattened: no (0), yes (1)
 | 164) Mandibular ramus sigmoidal such that the rostral tip is dorsally convex and the caudal end is dorsally concave: absent (0); present (1)
 | 165) Mandible: not as follows (0), distal part of rami mandibulae very narrow, pars symphysialis very short (1), pars symphysialis very long, reaching nearly half of total length of mandible (2)
 | 166) Coronoid ossification large (0) or only a thin splint (1) or absent (2)
 | 167) Mandible, caudal end unusually small, with very short cotyla lateralis and stout processus medialis: no (0), yes (1)
 | 168) Deeply notched rostral end of the mandibular symphysis: absent (0); present (1)
 | 169) Mandibular symphysis, anteroposteriorly extensive, flat to convex, dorsal-facing surface developed: (0) absent, concave, (1) flat surface developed
 | 170) Small ossification present at the rostral tip of the mandibular symphysis (intersymphysial ossification): absent (0); present (1)
 | 171) Mandibular symphisis, symphyseal foramina: absent (0); single (1); paired (2)
 | 172) Mandibular symphisis, symphyseal foramen/foramina: opening on caudal edge of symphysis (0); opening on dorsal surface of symphysis (1)
 | 173) Mandible, area of pars symphysialis with rectangular cross section: absent (0), present (1)
 | 174) Foramen in lateral surface of surangular rostral to mandibular articulation, absent (0) or present (1)
 | 175) Rostral mandibular fenestra: absent (0); present (1)
 | 176) Caudal mandibular fenestra: present (0); absent (1)
 | 177) External mandibular fenestra oval (0) or subdivided by a spinous rostral process of the surangular (1)
 | 178) External mandibular fenestra not rostrally displaced (sits beneath orbit) (0) or rostrally displaced (sits largely anterior to orbit) (1)
 | 179) Internal mandibular fenestra small and slit-like (0) or large and rounded (1)
 | 180) Mandibular articulation surface as long as distal end of quadrate (0) or twice or more as long as quadrate surface, allowing anteroposterior movement of mandible (1)
 | 181) Meckel' groove (medial side of mandible): not completely covered by splenial, deep and conspicuous medially (0); covered by splenial, not exposed medially (1)
Palate | 182) Palate, processus maxillopalatini of ossa maxillaria completely fused along their midline (i.e., palate directly desmognathous): no (0), yes (1)
 | 183) Palatal shelf of maxilla flat (0) or with midline ventral ‘tooth-like’ projection (1)
 | 184) Secondary palate short (0) or long, with extensive palatal shelves on maxilla (1)
Beak | 185) Beak: not as follows (0), short and very wide at its base, with narial openings large and reaching far into its tip (1), "raptor-like', short and with sharply hooked tip (2), greatly elongated and pointed, measuring more than 1.5 times the length of the cranium (3)
 | 186) Snout does not (0) or does taper to an anterior point (1)
 | 187) Beak with well-defined cere surrounding narial openings : no (0), yes (1)
Teeth | 188) Premaxillary teeth: (0) present, (1) absent.
 | 189) Premaxillae at least partially edentulous: (0) absent, (1) present
 | 190) Second premaxillary tooth approximately equivalent in size to other premaxillary teeth (0) or second tooth markedly larger than third and fourth premaxillary teeth (1) or first premaxillary tooth huge, other premaxillary teeth tiny (2) or first premaxillary tooth larger than the others but all premaxillary teeth tiny (3)
 | 191) In cross section, premaxillary tooth crowns sub-oval to sub-circular (0) or asymmetrical (D-shaped in cross section) with flat lingual surface (1) or first premaxillary tooth with flat lingual surface, other premaxillary teeth without flat lingual surfaces (2)
 | 192) Dentary and maxillary teeth large, less than 25 in dentary (0) or large number of small teeth (25 or more in dentary) (1) or small number of dentary teeth ( 11) (2) or dentary without teeth (3).
 | 193) Dentary fully toothed (0) or only with teeth rostrally (1) or edentulous (2)
 | 194) Dentary dentition continues cranially to tip of dentary (0) or terminates before reaching dentary tip (1)
 | 195) Dentary tooth implantation: teeth in individual sockets (0); teeth in a communal groove
 | 196) Dentary teeth evenly spaced (0) or anterior dentary teeth smaller, more numerous, and more closely appressed than those in middle of tooth row (1)
 | 197) Dentaries lack distinct interdental plates (0) or with interdental plates medially between teeth (1)
 | 198) Dentary teeth mediolaterally flattened and recurved (0) or lanceolate and subsymmetrical (1).
 | 199) Dentary teeth do not (0) or do increase in size anteriorly, becoming more conical in shape (1)
 | 200) Maxillary and dentary teeth serrated (0) or some without serrations anteriorly (1) or all without serrations (2)
 | 201) Premaxillary teeth serrated (0) or unserrated (1)
 | 202) Serration denticles large (0) or small (1)
 | 203) Approximately the same number of denticles per 5 mm on mesial keels of teeth as on distal keels (0) or markedly more denticles per 5 mm on mesial keels (1)
 | 204) Serrations simple, denticles convex (0) or distal and often mesial edges of teeth with large, hooked denticles that point toward the tip of the crown (1)
 | 205) Roots of dentary and maxillary teeth mediolaterally compressed (0) or circular in cross-section (1)
 | 206) Teeth constricted between root and crown (0) or root and crown confluent (1)
 | 207) Maxillary teeth subperpendicular to ventral margin of maxilla (0) or strongly inclined (1)
 | 208) Maxillary teeth: (0) present, (1) absent
Skull | 209) Length of skull more than 90% femoral length (0) or less than 80% (1)
 | 210) Length of preorbital region of cranium > height at anterior edge of preorbital bar (exclusive of midline sagittal ridge, if any) (0) or height at anterior edge of preorbital bar (1)
 | 211) Height of skull (minus mandible) at middle of naris more than half the height of skull at middle of orbit (0) or less than half (1)
 | 212) Midsagittal ridge formed by dorsal displacement of midline of frontals, nasals and premaxillae, absent (0) or present (1)