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[NAME] | Year | TITLE | JOURNAL | Volume | Issue | Pages | AccNo | Abstract | Tag | ADDRESS
[NAME] Liu;ChunFu Li;YuanHong Sun;HengYe Wang;HengLin [NAME] | 2009 | A study on artesunate combined with clindamycin to delay resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to artesunate in the laboratory | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 4 | 12 | 913-916 | 20103094155 | Objective: To ascertain whether or not artesunate (Art) combined with clindamycin (Cli) has a synergistic effect and whether the two delay the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to Art. Methods: A P. falciparum strain was cultured in vitro by Trager's method. Drug susceptibility was tested after parasites had grown normally. The control group was treated with [NAME] and the test group was treated with Art/Cli. During the same culturing time in vitro, P. falciparum of the two groups was challenged at intervals with corresponding drugs in increasing concentrations. The ID<sub>50</sub> of the drugs was assayed by Rieckmann's in vitro micro-technique before and after the drug(s) were administered at different times. Results: The ID<sub>50</sub> of Art, [NAME] and Art/Cli was 14.4, 14 610.4, and 6.4/101.8 nmol/litre, respectively, before contact with the drug(s). After drugs were administered for 90 d, the ID<sub>50</sub> of Art, Cli, and Art/Cli was 273.8, 24 815.2, and 49.6, 23 859.4 nmol/litre, respectively, for the test group. Once the drugs were stopped for 30 d, the ID<sub>50</sub> of Art, Cli, and Art/Cli was 155.8, 21 543.2, and 32.0, 15 487.4 nmol/litre, respectively, for the test group. Conclusion: Art combined with Cli has a synergistic effect and may delay the resistance of P. falciparum to artesunate. | TERM_PLAS
JinHui Li;YeXin Qin;JinFa Du;HongXian Deng;Zhen [NAME] Jiang;CaiGuo Wu;JianYu Fu;Wei Chen;YanXin Feng;YaMing Huang;Zhen Lin | 2008 | Studies on surveillance measures of malaria in Guangxi Province, China | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 3 | 12 | 923-926 | 20103089951 | Objective: To probe malaria surveillance measures and effects in the areas where malaria has basically eliminated and have been eliminated. Methods: The parasite was examined in blood from fever cases, primary school students filter paper blood examined in the survey sites by IFAT of malaria antibody level, adopting the ways of aetiology, serology and entomological of synthetically surveillance. Vectors using man entices mosquitoes at half night (19:00-22:00) and catching mosquitoes in fifty nets in the morning (5:00-7:00) to observe man-biting rate. Results: Annual malaria incidence and plasmodium positive rate dropped down from 0.69 and 0.26% in 2005 to zero in 2007 at three survey villages (towns), annual average malaria antibody of primary school students positive rate was 0.25%. Imported malaria continued cases haven't been happened at the surveillance sites for three years. Conclusion: The focus of infection has been found in early stage and cured radically without delay was the crux measures to control malaria spreading. | TERM_PLAS
HengLin Yang;ChunFu Li;YaMing Yang;PinFang Yang;Rui Yang;RenHua [NAME] | 2008 | Longitudinal monitoring in vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in the Southeast of Yunnan, China | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 3 | 12 | 917-919 | 20103089949 | Objective: To understand in vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and direct reasonable drug uses. Methods: According to WHO recommended method of in vivo clinical observation for P. falciparum to chloroquine, the longitudinal surveillance was carried out. Results: 78 cases were observed from 1981 to 1983. 2 cases were sensitive to chlorquine, 76 cases were resistant. Its resistant rate was 97.44%. In these 76 resistant cases, classed as 34 of R I, 12 of R II and 30 of R III, ratio of R II plus R III was 55.25% (42/76). 32 cases were observed in 2005-2006. 19 cases were sensitive to chloroquine, 2 cases were sensitive or resistant, 11 cases were resistant. Its resistant rate was 36.67% (11/30). In these 11 resistant cases, classed as 8 of R I, 1 of R II and 2 of R III, ratio of R II plus R III was 27.27% (3/11). Compared with before and after of 22 years, the rate and resistant degree have obviously changed (P<0.01). Conclusion: Compared in 1983, the local malaria parasite resistance to chloroquine is declining sharply, though there are still 34.38% (11/32) of resistant cases, especially R III cases, suggesting that chloroquine is not suited to treat local falciparum malaria patients up to now. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2008 | Correlation between pfcrt polymorphism and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Hainan Province, China | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 3 | 1 | 39-42 | 20103089736 | Objective: To study the relationship between the pfcrt gene polymorphisms and chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from Hainan Province. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 42 patients infected with P. falciparum. Nested PCR was applied to amplify pfcrt gene fragments encoding the 76 and 356 amino acids respectively. PCR products were then digested with special restriction endonucleases. Results: (1) K76T mutation was detected in 18 of 22 chloroquine resistance isolates, accounting for 81.82%, while in 20 chloroquine susceptive isolates, the mutant- and wide-type isolates were 50% respectively. (2) The 356 point mutation was not detected in all 42 samples. Conclusion: The K76T mutation is shown certain association with chloroquine resistance while no relationship of the 356 mutation with chloroquine resistance is found in P. falciparum isolates in Hainan Province. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Meng;ChuangJie Mo;GuiJian Qin;YiTian Wei;YanXin Feng;DongLu Wei;JianMing Li;XueMing Li;JinHui [NAME] | 2009 | Evaluation effective of malaria control in [NAME] Autonomous County in Guangxi in 1957-2007 | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 9 | 11 | 1306-1309 | 20103061748 | Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a malaria control programme in Huanjiang County, Guangxi, China, a malaria endemic area where Anopheles anthropophagus is the major malaria vector. Methods: Epidemiological data between 1957 and 2007 were collected and statistically analysed. Excel software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The incidence of malaria in the county decreased from 186.29/10 000 in 1957 to 1/100 000 in 2007. The Plasmodium species was reduced from several endemic species to a single species of P. vivax. The incidence was restricted to sporadic cases. Conclusion: Malaria is well under control and the control is up to the standard set by the Ministry of Health. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Ma;HongBing [NAME] | 2009 | One case of special clinicly behavior falciparum malaria with insecticide resistance for many antimalarial drugs | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 4 | 9 |  | 20103047492 | This paper describes a case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria resistant to many antimalarial drugs with a special clinical behaviour [Yunnan, China]. | TERM_PLAS
ZhiMing Yang;DaChun [NAME] | 2009 | Analysis of the characteristics of malaria epidemics in Hongya County | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 4 | 8 |  | 20103047460 | A study was carried out to determine the malaria incidence in Hongya County, China from 1950 to 2008. Of the total cases recorded, 98.90% was in areas <=700 m above sea level. Of this incidence, 70.21% was concentrated primarily in May to October. The age of onset was 20-59 years; most individuals affected were rural residents, and more men than women were affected. Morbidity rates peaked in 1954, reaching 6 422/10<sup>5</sup>, and then gradually declined. Of the mosquitoes in Hongya County, most were Anopheles sinensis, accounting for 75.21%. Malaria infection in humans was the result of a mosquito bite in 83.05% of cases. A. sinensis and Plasmodium vivax grow and develop in the comfortable climate in Hongya County. Brief spikes in malaria epidemics and local outbreaks are a possibility. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2009 | Investigation on one endogenous malaria outbreak situation around the border region in the Yunnan Province | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 4 | 6 | 479-480 | 20103047407 | An endogenous malaria situation break out occurred in the Kangfu administrative villages of the Mengding countryside, in Yunnan, China, from 1 June to 18 July 2008. Thirty-nine cases of malaria were found: 10 cases were diagnosed as Plasmodium vivax by microscope test, 18 cases were diagnosed as PV by clinical standards and 11 cases were suspected to be suffering from malaria. The main reasons for this outbreak include being a great vector, increasing numbers of people easily infected by malaria, humble habitation conditions, shortcomings in individual defenses and dirty sanitation around the Kangfu administrative villages. The malaria outbreak was quickly controlled by adopting efficient measures. | TERM_PLAS
JinHui Li;YeXin Qin;YaMing Huang;ChuanKun Guo;Zhen Lin;HaiYan [NAME] Du;Wei Mao;KangMing Lin;ZhiHua [NAME] | 2009 | Achievements on malaria control and research of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 4 | 2 | 148-150 | 20103047351 | Malaria has been prevalent for a long time in Guangxi, China. Throughout more than 50 years of malaria control measures in Guangxi, the malaria morbidity rate dropped from 296.7% in 1954 to 0.016% in 2007. Of the total towns (counties), 95.6% have achieved the standards promulgated by the Ministry of Health to basically eliminate malaria, and Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been basically eliminated in Guangxi. Achievements on malaria control and research in Guangxi have reached remarkable successes. The endemic areas where malaria is prevalent evidently have been reduced, and malaria morbidity was decreased remarkably. | TERM_PLAS
YaYi Guan;GuoQing Zhang;Ling Hu;XiaoPing Feng;Yue Cai;JunMin Yao;DeQuan Liu;LinHua [NAME] | 2009 | Relationships between chloroquine resistance and polymorphisms in Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from China | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 4 | 1 | 27-31, 39 | 20103047307 | A study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of point mutation in Pfcrt K76, Pfmdr N86Y and D1245Y in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from Hainan and Yunnan Provinces, and determine the correlation between the prevalence of mutations and the level of chloroquine resistance of P. falciparum isolates by in vitro microtest. Blood samples were taken from falciparum malaria cases in Yunnan and Hainan Provinces. Nested PCR were designed based on the sequence of Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 to amplify the fragments of Pfcrt gene including the 76th codon as well as Pfmdr1 gene including N86Y and D1246Y codon. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect point mutations. DNA sequencing was carried out for some PCR products to verify the PCR-RFLP results. Chloroquine resistance of the same isolates was measured by the in vitro microtest recommended by the WHO. For P. falciparum isolates from Yunnan and Hainan, the prevalence of Pfcrt 76T was 88.0% and 64.3%, respectively. The prevalence of Pfmdr1 86Y was 46.5% and 3.4% in P. falciparum isolates from Yunnan and Hainan, respectively. No point mutation in Pfmdr1 at codon 1246 was found in isolates from the P. falciparum from Yunnan and Hainan. There was a significant difference susceptible and resistant isolates carrying [NAME] 76T mutant codon ( chi <sup>2</sup>=24.70, P<0.01). There was no significant difference between susceptible and resistant isolates carrying Pfmdr1 86Y mutant codon ( chi <sup>2</sup>=0.20, P<0.65). It is concluded that no point mutation in Pfmdr1 at codon 1246 is found in P. falciparum from China. There was no significant difference between susceptible and resistant isolates carrying Pfmdr1 N86Y mutant codon. [NAME]T may be used as a molecular marker in the surveillance of changes in chloroquine resistance and imported cases infected with resistant strains in the area. | TERM_PLAS
YaoYing Lin;ShanYing Zhang;HanGuo [NAME] | 2009 | Analysis of imported malaria cases in Fujian in 2008 | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 4 | 8 | 639 | 20103046954 | In 2008, a total of 68 malaria cases was diagnosed in Fujian, China. Twenty-eight were confirmed by etiological diagnosis (Plasmodium vivax in 18 cases, P. falciparum in 9, and mixed infection in 1) and 40 by clinical diagnosis. Of 62 cases of malaria imported from abroad, those from African countries accounted for 79.03% (49/62). Most patients were diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Thus far, there have been no deaths caused by malaria. | TERM_PLAS
F. Ishtiaq;S. M. Clegg;A. B. Phillimore;R. A. Black;I. P. F. Owens;B. C. Sheldon | 2010 | Biogeographical patterns of blood parasite lineage diversity in avian hosts from southern Melanesian islands | Journal of Biogeography | 37 | 1 | 120-132 | 20103026334 | Aim: (1) To describe the species-area relationships among communities of Plasmodium and [NAME] parasites in different island populations of the same host genus (Aves: Zosterops). (2) To compare distance-decay relationships (turnover) between parasite communities and those with potential avian and dipteran hosts, which differ with respect to their movement and potential to disperse parasite species over large distances. Location: Two archipelagos in the south-west Pacific, [NAME] and New Caledonia (c. 250 km west of [NAME]) and its Loyalty Islands, with samples collected from a total of 16 islands of varying sizes (328-16,648 km<sup>2</sup>). Methods: We characterized parasite diversity and distribution via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from avian (Zosterops) blood samples. Bayesian methods were used to reconstruct the parasite phylogeny. In accordance with recent molecular evidence, we treat distinct mitochondrial DNA lineages as equivalent to species in this study. Path analysis and parasite lineage accumulation curves were used to assess the confounding effect of inadequate sampling on the estimation of parasite richness. Species-area and species-distance relationships were assessed using linear regression: distance-decay relationships were assessed using Mantel tests. Results: Birds and [NAME] species and Plasmodium lineages exhibited significant species-area relationships. However, Plasmodium lineages showed the weakest 'species-area' relationship; no relationship was found for [NAME] lineages. Avian species richness influenced parasite lineage richness more than mosquito species richness did. Within individual avian host species, the species-area relationship of parasites showed differing patterns. Path analysis indicated that sampling effort was unlikely to have a confounding effect on parasite richness. Distance from mainland (isolation effect) showed no effect on parasite richness. Community similarity decayed significantly with distance for [NAME], [NAME] fauna and Plasmodium lineages but not for [NAME] lineages. Main conclusions: Plasmodium lineages and [NAME] species fit the power-law model with steeper slopes than found for the avian hosts. The lack of species-distance relationship in parasites suggests that other factors, such as the competence of specific vectors and habitat features, may be more important than distance. The decay in similarity with distance suggests that the sampled Plasmodium lineages and their potential hosts were not randomly distributed, but rather exhibited spatially predictable patterns. We discuss these results in the context of the effects that parasite generality may have on distribution patterns. | TERM_PLAS
Kaur Gurpreet | 2009 | Malaria endemicity in an Orang Asli community in Pahang, Malaysia | Tropical Biomedicine | 26 | 1 | 57-66 | 20093344769 | An epidemiological cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the endemicity of malaria among the Orang Asli population of [NAME], [NAME]. Malaria endemicity was measured in terms of the prevalence of parasitaemia and splenomegaly. A total of 520 [NAME] were examined. The point prevalence of malaria was 24.2% (95% CI 20.7-25.1), with Plasmodium falciparum (67.5%) being the predominant species. Children <=12 years were at least 3.7 times more likely to be parasitaemic compared to those older. The prevalence of malaria among children 2-<10 years was 38.1% (95% CI 31.6-50.0). Spleen rate among children 2-<10 years old was 22.3% (95% CI 17.1-28.3). The average enlarged spleen size was 1.2. These findings classify the study area as being mesoendemic. Malaria control activities among the Orang Asli should focus on protecting vulnerable subgroups like young children. Measuring the level of malaria endemicity at regular intervals is fundamental in evaluating the effectiveness of malaria control programs. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2009 | Immunoreactivity comparison between Plasmodium vivax antigen and P. falciparum antigen | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 25 | 10 | 988-990 | 20093329635 | This study was conducted to compare and analyse the immunoreactivity difference between Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum antigens by using immunoblotting with P. vivax patient sera and pan-species specific monoclonal antibody M26-32, and to investigate potentially diagnostic antigens for malaria. Plasmodipur filtration and 60% Percoll density gradient centrifugation techniques were used to purify parasite infected RBCs from patient blood. Soluble antigens of P. falciparum and P. vivax were prepared followed by immunoblotting analysis with P. vivax patient sera and M26-32 McAb as primary antibody. Immunoblotting results showed that pooled P. vivax patient sera specifically recognized 26, 33, 49 and 115 kDa P. vivax antigen band; 100, 102, 110, 150 and 175 kDa P. falciparum antigen band and cross-recognized 31, 59, 63, 70 and 120kDa of both species' antigen band. In conclusion, pooled P. vivax patient sera can specifically recognize P. vivax antigens and cross-recognize P. falciparum antigens. Furthermore, the 31-kDa antigen has strong immunogenicity and can be recognized by M26-32 McAb. Its potential diagnostic value to human malaria needs further study. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Sedighi;L. Wiklund;A. Martensson;A. Farnert;C. Sisowath;L. Osorio;H. Darban;B. Andersson;A. Kaneko;G. [NAME] [NAME] | 2009 | Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 and artemisinin-based combination therapy in Africa | Journal of Infectious Diseases | 200 | 9 | 1456-1465 | 20093315503 | Plasmodium falciparum response mechanisms to the major artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are largely unknown. Multidrug-resistance protein (MRP)-like adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporters are known to be related to multidrug resistance in many organisms. Therefore, we hypothesized that sequence variation in pfmrp1 can contribute to decreased parasite sensitivity to ACT. Through sequencing of the pfmrp1 open reading frame for 103 geographically diverse P. falciparum infections, we identified 27 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which 21 were nonsynonymous and 6 synonymous. Analyses of clinical efficacy trials with artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine detected a specific selection of the globally prevalent I876V SNP in recurrent infections after artemether-lumefantrine treatment. Additional in silico studies suggested an influence of variation in amino acid 876 on the ATP hydrolysis cycle of pfMRP1 with potential impact on protein functionality. Our data suggest for the first time, to our knowledge, the involvement of pfMRP1 in P. falciparum in vivo response to ACT. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Rogers;A. I. Susanti;A. Rahmat;I. E. Rozi;M. [NAME] Ven;R. W. Sauerwein;D. Syafruddin | 2009 | Seasonal distribution of anti-malarial drug resistance alleles on the island of Sumba, Indonesia | Malaria journal | 8 | 222 |  | 20093305541 | Background: Drug resistant malaria poses an increasing public health problem in Indonesia, especially eastern Indonesia, where malaria is highly endemic. Widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance and increasing sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance prompted Indonesia to adopt artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as first-line therapy in 2004. To help develop a suitable malaria control programme in the district of West Sumba, the seasonal distribution of alleles known to be associated with resistance to CQ and SP among Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the region was investigated. Methods: Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected during malariometric surveys in the wet and dry seasons in 2007 using two-stage cluster sampling. Analysis of pfcrt, [NAME], pfmdr1 gene copy number, dhfr, and dhps genes were done using protocols described previously. Results and Discussion: The 76T allele of the pfcrt gene is nearing fixation in this population. Pfmdr1 mutant alleles occurred in 72.8% and 53.3%, predominantly as 1042D and 86Y alleles that are mutually exclusive. The prevalence of amplified [NAME] was found 41.9% and 42.8% of isolates in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The frequency of dhfr mutant alleles was much lower, either as a single 108N mutation or paired with 59R. The 437G allele was the only mutant dhps allele detected and it was only found during dry season. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate a slightly higher distribution of drug-resistant alleles during the wet season and support the policy of replacing [NAME] with ACT in this area, but suggest that SP might still be effective either alone or in combination with other anti-malarials. | TERM_PLAS
LiuQing [NAME] | 2009 | An epidemic analysis on 199 imported malaria cases in Liuzhou, Guangxi | Disease Surveillance | 24 | 7 | 526-528 | 20093303002 | Objective: To analyze the incidence and epidemic characteristics of imported malaria cases after malaria were eliminated in Liuzhou city, provide scientific basis for consolidating the results of malaria control and prevention, and formulating the strategies of malaria surveillance. Methods: The study was carried out on all the date of clinic and epidemiology collected from the imported malaria cases after malaria was eliminated. Results: The major population suffering from malaria was the floating population, especially those from the areas with high incidence rate, including Africa, with the incidence being higher in the population back from overseas than in the floating population from other domestic areas. The plasmodium vivax was found to be the most common of malaria species. The malaria incidence peaked from May to November each year, majority of which was male young adults. Conclusion: Considering the epidemic characteristics of imported cases, we should reinforce the management and surveillance of floating population, especially those who were from the areas with high malaria incidence rate, when establishing the surveillance strategies and plans for malaria control after it was eliminated locally. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2009 | Malaria zoonoses | Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease | 7 | 5 | 269-277 | 20093291473 | The genus Plasmodium includes many species that naturally cause malaria among apes and monkeys. The 2004 discovery of people infected by Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian [NAME] alerted to the potential for non-human species of plasmodia to cause human morbidity and mortality. Subsequent work revealed what appears to be a surprisingly high risk of infection and relatively severe disease, including among travelers to Southeast Asia. The biology and medicine of this zoonosis is reviewed here, along with an examination of the spectrum of Plasmodium species that may cause infection of humans. | TERM_PLAS
ChuanKun Guo;XueMing Li;Zheng Lin;GuangZe Wang;YaMing Yang;JinHui Li;ZhiHua [NAME] | 2008 | Primary evaluation on the application of nested/multiplex PCR in malaria diagnosis and surveillance | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 26 | 4 | 277-280 | 20093290230 | Objective: To compare the usefulness of Tag-primer nested/multiplex PCR (UT-PCR) method with microscopy in malaria diagnosis and surveillance. Methods: 400 blood smears and blood samples on filter paper were taken from febrile patients which were initially diagnosed as malaria or suspected malaria during surveillance in mixed endemic areas of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax ([NAME]) in Hainan and Yunnan provinces and a malaria controlled area in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The initial test results of both UT-PCR and microscopy for the 400 samples were compared under double blind condition. Blood smears with discrepant results between the two methods were retested by an experienced microscopist, and also repeated by UT-PCR for 2-3 times. The sensitivity and specificity of the two methods were evaluated following the Tjitra's method. Results: Among the 400 blood samples, 234 were found plasmodium-positive by microscopy with 125 Pf and 109 Pv; 235 were positive by UT-PCR including 124 Pf, 109 Pv and 2 mixed infection. Altogether, the coincidence between the two methods stood for 92.5% (370/400), including 154 negatives and 216 positives (Pv 117, Pf 99). 25 samples with discrepancy from the initial detections were retested, which covered 11 microscopy negative and PCR positive, 10 microscopy positive and PCR negative, 3 microscopy Pf positive and PCR Pv positive, 1 microscopy [NAME] positive but PCR mixed infection. 15 of the 25 samples showed same UT-PCR results, 7 "false positives" and 3 "false negatives". Therefore, the sensitivity and specificity of UT-PCR was 99.6% and 98.8% respectively. Conclusion: As a diagnosis method, UT-PCR is useful for confirmation of malaria diagnosis and differentiation of Plasmodium species, also for improving the effectiveness and quality of malaria surveillance. | TERM_PLAS
DongHai Yu;ShiTong Gao;RenLi Zhang | 2009 | Analysis of characteristics of imported malaria cases in Shenzhen City | China Tropical Medicine | 9 | 8 | 1563, 1641 | 20093288154 | The objective of this study was to analyse the characteristics of imported malaria cases in Shenzhen City, Guangdong, China from 2007-2008. The data of imported cases were collected and descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyse the infection. Plasmodium in blood samples of the cases was detected and the species were identified by Opti-MAL, immunochromatography and PCR. The age of imported cases was from 21 to 55 years old, and 21 patients were local residents, the others were foreigners. The 21 of the 24 imported cases were imported from Africa and three from South-East Asia, and 54% of the cases mainly occurred in December, January and February. According to the blood smears, 16 cases were falciparum malaria, four cases were vivax malaria, and four undifferentiated cases were identified as falciparum malaria by Opti-MAL test and PCR. The imported malaria cases were mainly local residents who returned from hyperendemic areas outside China and most of them were falciparum malaria. The Opti-MAL and PCR tests proved to be the alternative for the identification of plasmodium species microscopically. | TERM_PLAS
ChuanMin Peng;O. [NAME] | 2009 | Efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine tablets made in China in treatment of falciparum malaria in Africa | China Tropical Medicine | 9 | 8 | 1462-1463 | 20093288093 | The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine tablet, (trade name: [NAME], 40/320 mg) made in China in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. There were 224 patients with falciparum malaria in Public of Niger that were randomly assigned to the treatment group and control group, each consisted of 112 cases. The treatment group received a four-dose course of [NAME] over 32 hours. The control group received a seven-day course of dihydroartemisinin tablets (60 mg tablets). The clinical cure rate was 100% in the treatment group and 96.4% in the control group, without significant statistical difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The mean time of fever clearance and recrudescence rate were (36.16+or-13.32) hour and 3.6% in the treatment group and (40.42+or-15.63) hour and 13.4% in the control group, respectively, which showed a significant statistical difference on mean time of fever clearance (P<0.05) and recrudescence rate (P<0.01) between the two groups. The dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine tablets made in China showed a high cure rate, short time of fever clearance, low recrudescence rate and no conspicuous side effects in the treatment of falciparum malaria in Africa. | TERM_PLAS
YuanHuang Liu;JianPing [NAME] | 2009 | Clinical characteristics analysis of sepsis caused by pernicious malaria disease | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 9 | 7 | 755-756, 765 | 20093287886 | The clinical characteristics of the pernicious malaria patients complicated with sepsis were investigated. The clinical data of 32 patients with pernicious malaria disease in the recent eight years in a hospital in China were retrospectively analysed. In 32 cases of pernicious malaria patients, sepsis developed in 26 cases. Among the cases with sepsis, the severe sepsis developed in 19 cases and septic shock developed in 2 cases. Among the severe sepsis with multiple organ dysfunction, blood system was the most frequently involved organ, followed by kidney, liver and brain. A low albumin and arterial oxygen pressure were also found. 31 cases were cured and one patient died of the shock sepsis. The Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases are easily complicated with sepsis, and easily develops to severe sepsis. Artemisinin is highly effective for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. Starting treatment with artemisinin is the key to prevent the sepsis in malaria cases. | TERM_PLAS
GuoQing [NAME] Tang;Ling Hu;XiaoPing Feng;Yue Cai;JunMin Yao;DeQuan [NAME] | 2009 | The polymorphisms of Pfcrt 72-76 in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from China and their relationships with chloroquine resistance | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 25 | 8 | 725-728 | 20093266745 | This study was conducted to investigate the polymorphism of Pfcrt 72-76 in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from Hainan and Yunnan provinces, China, to determine the correlation between the prevalence of polymorphisms and the level of chloroquine resistance of isolates. Blood samples were obtained from falciparum malaria cases in both provinces. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the fragments of the Pfcrt gene, including the 72nd-76th codon. DNA sequencing was carried out for the nested PCR products. Chloroquine resistance was measured by the in vitro microtest. It was shown that the chloroquine sensitivity of P. falciparum from both provinces possessed the CVMNK genotype in Pfcrt 72-76. Chloroquine resistant isolates from Hainan had the CVIET genotype, while resistant isolates in Yunnan had the CVIKT, SVMNT and CVIET genotypes. The polymorphisms in Pfcrt 72-76 may be used as molecular makers in the surveillance of the changes of chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum. | TERM_PLAS
C. Marano;D. [NAME] | 2009 | Global health surveillance and travelers' health | Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases | 22 | 5 | 423-429. | 20093259204 | Purpose of review: Monitoring disease trends among travelers can inform both pretravel advice and posttravel management. Data from sentinel travelers upon their return to medically sophisticated environments can also benefit local populations in resource-limited countries. Recent findings: Provider-based surveillance of travelers is increasingly sophisticated. Recently, networks such as GeoSentinel have provided cumulative trends in travel-related illness to assess pretravel risk for a mass gathering event - the Beijing Olympic Games. Data provided by the GeoSentinel also helped in determining the seasonality of dengue by region of travel and risk of acquiring schistosomiasis after a single short exposure. For chikungunya fever, detailed study of returned travelers exposed new clinical aspects of a disease previously studied in the tropics only. Clusters of hepatitis A, a vaccine-preventable disease, among European travelers, illustrated continued gaps in the preparation of the traveling public. Plasmodium knowlesi has emerged as the fifth human malaria parasite and is now a consideration in the diagnosis of febrile travelers from Asia. Automated global news scanning software is increasingly being able to detect and prioritize disease events. Summary: Every year millions of travelers visit countries where they are exposed to pathogens that are usually rare in their home countries. Global surveillance of travel-related disease represents a powerful tool for the detection of infectious diseases. These data should encourage clinicians to take a detailed travel history during every patient encounter. | TERM_PLAS
S. Flynn;J. Satkoski;N. Lerche;S. Kanthaswamy;D. G. Smith | 2009 | Genetic variation at the TNF- alpha promoter and malaria susceptibility in rhesus ([NAME] mulatta) and long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis) macaques | Infection, Genetics and Evolution | 9 | 5 | 769-777 | 20093258451 | Polymorphisms within the promoter region of the TNF- alpha gene have been associated with altered expression of TNF- alpha and susceptibility to a variety of diseases in humans. Although macaques (Macaca spp.) are frequently used as models to study human diseases, little is known about the extent of genetic variation at the TNF- alpha locus and its consequences for disease susceptibility in these species. The TNF- alpha promoter region was sequenced in a sample of 40 macaques including five M. mulatta of Chinese and Indian ancestry and 35 M. fascicularis of Malaysian, Mauritian, Indonesian, and Philippine ancestry. These groups were chosen because they exhibit differences in their susceptibilities to severe malaria upon infection with Plasmodium parasites. Sequence analysis revealed a total of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), five of which are newly described, and 20 unique haplotypes. In addition, the TFSEARCH program was used to investigate the potential of these polymorphisms to influence transcription factor binding. While both species exhibited a similarly high degree of genetic variability at the TNF- alpha promoter, AMOVA analysis and FST values indicated that most of the variation is shared between species and among populations. However, two of the most common haplotypes, describing 31.7% of the observed variation, and three potentially functional polymorphisms at positions -781, -535, and -10, were exclusive to M. fascicularis. Polymorphisms in the human ortholog of the TNF- alpha promoter which are known to be associated with malaria susceptibility in humans were not shared with macaques. | TERM_PLAS
ChangHua He;GuangZe Wang;ShanQing Wang | 2009 | Evaluation of results in implementation of the fifth-round Global Fund for malaria in Hainan Province in the first year | China Tropical Medicine | 9 | 6 | 1020-1021 | 20093226869 | A study was done to evaluate the results of the fifth round Global Fund for Malaria Control project a year after its implementation in Hainan, China. The monthly and seasonal reports, baseline data and special survey data in 2007 were analysed. The fifth round Global Fund for Malaria Control project covered 16 cities and counties. Compared in 2006, malaria incidence dropped by 8.36% in 2007, and there were no deaths. A total of 148 012 fever patients were examined with microcopy, 50 239 of which were positive of malaria (35 328 Plasmodium vivax and 14 911, Plasmodium falciparum). In the Project area, the parasite-carrying rate in residents decreased from 1.19% to 1.12%, the regular treatment rate increased from 20.09% to 24.22%, and the case report rate increased from 19.6% to 24.64%. These indicate that significant results have been attained by the fifth round Global Fund for Malaria Control project implemented in Hainan Province. | TERM_PLAS
E. Elfita;M. Muharni;M. Latief;D. [NAME] Widiyantoro;S. Supriyatna;H. H. Bahti;D. Dachriyanus;P. Cos;L. Maes;K. Foubert;S. Apers;L. Pieters | 2009 | Antiplasmodial and other constituents from four Indonesian Garcinia spp | Phytochemistry | 70 | 7 | 907-912 | 20093221052 | Phytochemical investigations of four Garcinia spp. from Indonesia, i.e. Garcinia [NAME], Garcinia celebica L., Garcinia cornea [NAME] and Garcinia cymosa K. Schum (Clusiaceae), have resulted in the isolation of a xanthone, 1,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-2,7-diprenylxanthone, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, isoxanthochymol, beta -sitosterol-3-O- beta -D-glucoside and stigmasterol-3-O- beta -D-glucoside from the stem bark of G. griffithii; friedelin and 3 beta -hydroxy-23-oxo-9,16-lanostadien-26-oic acid or garcihombronane D from leaves of G. celebica; 23-hydroxy-3-oxo-cycloart-24-en-26-oic acid and epicatechin from stem bark of G. cornea; (+or-)-morelloflavone, morelloflavone-7-O- beta -D-glucoside or fukugiside, the triterpene 3 beta -hydroxy-5-glutinen-28-oic acid and canophyllol from stem bark of G. cymosa. The xanthone and garcihombronane D displayed a selective activity against Plasmodium falciparum; isoxanthochymol and the triterpene beta -hydroxy-5-glutinen-28-oic acid a broad but non-selective antiprotozoal activity. | TERM_PLAS
JiaXiang Bai;Ren [NAME] | 2008 | Diagnosis of treatment of malaria in Africa | China Tropical Medicine | 8 | 7 | 1124-1126 | 20093202525 | A study was conducted to examine the incidence and clinical features of malaria cases in medical workers in Africa, in order to improve the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and awareness of malaria infection in China. Data concerning the incidence, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of 5042 outpatient cases of malaria in the medical teams stationed in Gabon within a four-year period were analysed. Malaria transmission was year-round in Gabon. The average malaria incidence was as high as 17.5%. Typical regular and intermittent attacks were not common in most of the patients; the clinical manifestations were varied and severe with irregular fever and 72% of the cases had a temperature of 38.5-39.9 degrees C. Majority of the malaria cases in Africa were caused by Plasmodium falciparum; malaria had a high incidence, with irregular fever and varying clinical manifestations. Medical workers in Africa should be aware of the high risk of malaria infection and the use of optimum therapeutic drugs and should take effective measures to prevent the transmission of malaria into another country. | TERM_PLAS
YaPing Gu;WeiMing [NAME] | 2006 | Analysis of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2005 | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 12 | 2162, 2170 | 20093198268 | A study was conducted to examine the characteristics of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria to develop and strengthen control measures. The data of 14 imported P. falciparum malaria cases in Jiangsu Province, China, in 2005 were analysed retrospectively. All of the 14 P. falciparum malaria cases acquired the infection abroad and returned to Jiangsu Province from P. falciparum malaria endemic areas. The symptoms in some patients were not typical. Integrated measures of strengthening the epidemiological surveillance of the mobile population, enhancement of their personal protection awareness, and upgrading the diagnostic and treatment levels of the medical workers are helpful for the control of imported malaria. | TERM_PLAS
ZhangWei Chen;HongNing [NAME] | 2006 | Analysis of prevalent status of malaria in Ruili City in 2005 by using GIS | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 12 | 2135-2136 | 20093198255 | A study was conducted to establish a distribution map of malaria infection in Ruili County, Yunnan Province, China by geographical information system (GIS) and to analyze malaria prevalence trends. Data concerning malaria infections in Ruili in 2005 were collected and analysed using ArcView 3.3 software. A distribution map of malaria infection in Ruili was developed, showing the spatial distribution of overall cases of malaria infections, cases of fever, blood examination results of inhabitants, and the distribution of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It is concluded that the GIS technique is capable of directly and accurately analysing the spatial distribution of malaria infections, which may be used to strengthen the development and implementation of antimalarial measures and the surveillance of malaria vectors. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2009 | 13th International Bioinformatics Workshop on Virus Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Lisbon, Portugal, 9-14 September 2007 | Infection, Genetics and Evolution | 9 | 4 | 671-725. | 20093191001 | This special issue contains a collection of papers on infection, genetics and evolution. Topics addressed by the papers include: diversity of the orthoreoviruses: molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic divides; morphogenesis, infection and evolution of Cryptococcus neoformans; [NAME] genetic diversity and its biological functions; molecular typing methodologies for microbial source tracking and epidemiological investigations of Gram negative bacterial foodborne pathogens; development of a geographical distribution model of Rhodnius pallescens using environmental data recorded by remote sensing; development and application of a quantitative real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Surra in water buffaloes; [NAME]; methodology for detecting the spread of chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in previously unreported areas; host-specificity of Salmonella enterica serovar [NAME]; genetic characterization of HIV-1 BC recombinants and evolutionary history of the CRF31_BC in Southern Brazil; genetic characterization of type A foot and mouth disease virus 3A region in context of the re-emergence of VP3<sup>59</sup>-deletion lineage in India; distribution of mutations distinguishing the most prevalent disease-causing Candida albicans genotype from other genotypes; genotype differentiation of [NAME] in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) in the USA by hexon gene sequence; high throughput identification of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus using MALDI-TOF-MS of intact cells; amino acid biosynthesis deficiency in bacterial associated with human and animal hosts; molecular epidemiology of adenovirus infection among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh; molecular evolution of dengue viruses; biodiversity, phylogenetics and evolution of rhabdoviruses; seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus in the northeast of China; Bayesian skyline plot inference of the Toscana virus epidemic; natural selection maintains a stable polymorphism at the circumsporozoite protein locus of Plasmodium falciparum in a low endemic area; a 475-year-old founder effect involving IL12RB1; population biology of the human restricted pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes; invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease; molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of nematodes belonging to the [NAME] genus; association of SNP 668C(-44) with lepromatous leprosy; development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for [NAME] haemolytica and assessment of the population structure of isolates obtained from cattle and sheep; new perspectives for population genetics of [NAME]' disease vectors in the Northeastern Brazil; distribution of CCR5 genotypes and HLA class I B alleles in HIV-1-infected and uninfected injecting drug users from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; prevalence and geographic distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Indian patient cohort; genetic complexity and genotypic drug resistance mutations in ARV-naive patients; and identification of a novel codon in the norovirus GII.4 polymerase region. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Syafruddin;R. Agoes;T. Hanggono;M. Immaculata | 2008 | Oxidative stress in Plasmodium falciparum culture incubated with artemisinin | Proceedings of the Third ASEAN Congress of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology |  |  |  | 20093189655 | Malaria, in particular falciparum malaria, is a cause of high morbidity and mortality, especially in tropical countries. Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has become a problem in Southeast Asia (including Indonesia), and South America. While artemisinin, a cyclic endoperoxide compound (sesquisterpene lactone), is highly efficacious against resistant malaria strains, it also produces free radicals that can be toxic to the host. Therefore, it is necessary to study the oxidative stress of P. falciparum culture incubated with artemisinin. P. falciparum culture supernatants, incubated with several artemisinin concentrations for 24 hours, were tested for concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA). The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by [NAME] analysis. MDA concentrations, which reflected grades of oxiditative stress, showed a highly significant difference between artemisinin concentrations <=10<sup>-8</sup> M and >=10<sup>-7</sup> M. There was no MDA concentration difference in artemisinin concentrations of 10<sup>-8</sup> M, 10<sup>-9</sup> M, 10<sup>-10</sup> M, with 0 M between 10<sup>-6</sup> M and 10<sup>-7</sup> M. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Gerudug;K. Yoshinaga;H. Kanbara;M. Takagi | 2009 | Anopheline fauna and incriminatory malaria vectors in malaria endemic areas on Lombok Island, Indonesia | Medical Entomology and Zoology | 60 | 1 | 1-11 | 20093164880 | A systematic mosquito collection was carried out for 3 years from November 2001 to September 2004 in western Lombok Island, Indonesia to clarify Anopheles fauna, and to confirm vector species in malaria endemic areas. Adult mosquitoes were collected at 14 sites in the study area by using double-walled mesh nets with human or cow bait. A total of 11 species were encountered. Anopheles vagus was the most predominant. The second most abundant species differed among the sub-study areas; An. sundaicus was abundant in the coastal plain area, and An. balabacensis in the mountainous area. Anopheles balabacensis showed high anthropophily and exophagy and An. sundaicus moderate anthropophily and exophagy. Malaria parasite detection from the collected mosquitoes was also carried out through the detection of circumsporozoite protein by the VecTest<sup>TM</sup>. Fourteen and 4 samples, which were positive for Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax antigen respectively, were found from An. subpictus, An. sundaicus and An. balabacensis. We conclude that malaria in the coastal plain area is transmitted by An. sundaicus and An. subpictus, whereas An. balabacensis is the primary vector in the mountainous area of Lombok Island. | TERM_PLAS
YiNing Chen;XiangMin Yang;ShaoMing Jia;GaiYuan Lu;HaiYan Wei;KangMing Lin;Ying [NAME] | 2009 | Analysis of prevalence of malaria in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi Province in 2000-2007 | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 9 | 1 | 77-79 | 20093144311 | Objective: After the year 2000, the incidence of malaria was under 1/10 000. The aim of this study was to examine the epidemic situation of malaria in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi Province, China, especially the disease incidence, types of pathogens and the source of infection after the year 2000. Methods: Patient records showing malaria infection confirmed by blood test were collected and analyzed. Results: Between 2000 and 2007, 12.50% (11/88) was the incidence of local cases and there was no case of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Of the total cases, 87.50% (77/88) were imported infections. 90.91% (70/77) of patients usually had a history of travel to Hainan province and 9.09% (7/77) of the patients had P. falciparum malaria and mixed infections. Conclusion: The incidence of malaria is now no more than 1/100 000. The source of pathogen was shifted from the local [NAME] to other areas in the past 8 years. | TERM_PLAS
M. Iwagami;I. Itoda;SeungYoung Hwang;WeonGyu Kho;S. Kano | 2009 | Plasmodium vivax PCR genotyping of the first malaria case imported from South Korea into Japan | Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy | 15 | 1 | 27-33. | 20093123639 | Although indigenous malaria was successfully eradicated in Japan in 1959, malaria remains one of the most important health concerns in the control of imported infectious diseases. However, in South Korea, the re-emergence of indigenous vivax malaria was reported in 1993 in the Demilitarized Zone (the border region with North Korea), from where a vivax malaria case was imported into Japan in 2002. In this study, we conducted genotyping of the circumsporozoite protein gene, the apical membrane antigen-1 gene, and the merozoite surface protein-1 gene of Plasmodium vivax in one patient, and estimated the geographical origin of the parasites. This estimate was based on the findings of previous studies, which showed the coexistence of at least two distinct genotypes of antigenic molecules of endemic P. vivax in South Korea. One genotype is similar to that of a Chinese strain CH-5, and the other is similar to that of a North Korean isolate. The results of this study showed that the DNA sequences of the patient's P. vivax parasites were similar to those of the North Korean isolate. It may even be possible in the near future for seasonally synchronized North Korean P. vivax parasites to be imported into parts of Japan and to establish breeding populations. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Wu;KangMing [NAME] | 2009 | Results of malaria surveillance in Sanjiang Tongzu Autonomous County in 2000-2007 in Guangxi | China Tropical Medicine | 9 | 2 | 325-326, 334 | 20093116344 | This paper summarizes the malaria surveillance data recorded in Sanjiang Tongzu Autonomous County, Guangxi, China during 2000-2007. During the study period, 111 malaria cases were reported, of which 89.19% were from the floating population. Most of the cases were caused by Plasmodium vivax. No P. falciparum malaria cases were reported in the local residents. Most malaria patients (69.7%) in the floating population acquired the infection from Southeast Asian countries. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] Mali;L. [NAME] Dasilva;J. Hwang | 2009 | Simian malaria in a U.S. traveler - New York, 2008 | Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | 58 | 9 | 229-232 | 20093095477 | This report describes the first recognized case of imported simian malaria in a 50-year-old woman from New York, USA, who had traveled to Palawan, Philippines. Upon her return, she developed fever and chills. On presentation to the hospital, she was noted to be hypotensive and to have thrombocytopenia. Examination of thin and thick smears revealed an atypical appearance of a Plasmodium species. With a diagnosis of malaria, she was successfully treated with atovaquone-proguanil and primaquine. Further molecular studies of the undetermined species showed that the causative organism was Plasmodium knowlesi. | TERM_PLAS
Hui Liu;RuiHai [NAME] Sun;GuiShen Li;Xu [NAME] | 2008 | Field evaluation of BinaxNOWReg. rapid diagnostic devices for malaria | Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control | 20 | 6 | 449-451 | 20093090737 | This study was carried out to evaluate the use of [NAME] method in the diagnosis of malaria in symptomatic patients. Results were compared with those of microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears (gold standard). Of 443 symptomatic patients, 151 were positive for malaria. The sensitivity was 98.69% and the specificity was 100%, and the coincidence rate of [NAME] with microscopic examination was 99.55%. The sensitivity and specificity of Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis were 100% and 99.66%, respectively, and the coincidence rate was 99.76%. The sensitivity and specificity of non-Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis were 90.91% and 100%, respectively, and the coincidence rate was 99.36%. It is concluded that the [NAME] rapid method is a sensitive, specific and stable tool for malaria diagnosis in the field. | TERM_PLAS
KkotSil Lee;TaeHyong Kim;EuSuk Kim;HyeongSeok [NAME] Yeom;Gyo Jun;JaeWon Park | 2009 | Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 80 | 2 | 215-217 | 20093085814 | The number of Plasmodium vivax malaria patients in the Republic of Korea and North Korea since the re-emergence of malaria in 1993 is estimated to be approximately one million. To cope with this situation, the Army of the Republic of Korea has performed chemoprophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine and primaquine since 1997. The cumulative number of soldiers in the Army of the Republic of Korea given chemoprophylaxis exceeded 1.4 million by 2007. Extensive chemoprophylaxis contributed to preventing a rapid increase of malaria patients in the Army of the Republic of Korea, but increased the possibility of the occurrence of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant P. vivax strains. In this study, treatment responses of P. vivax malaria patients in the Republic of Korea monitored during 2003-2007, and [NAME] resistance was confirmed in 2 of 484 enrolled patients. Our results are the first report of CQ-resistant P. vivax in a temperate region of Asia. Continuous surveillance is warranted to monitor the change in CQ resistance frequency of P. vivax in the Republic of Korea. | TERM_PLAS
U. Dissanayake;S. Dias;H. Polson;S. Longacre;P. V. Udagama-Randeniya | 2008 | Immunoepidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-4 (PvMSP-4) in Sri Lanka: a preliminary study. (Issue dedicated to late Dr. [NAME]) | Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences | 37 | 1 | 97-105 | 20093065389 | Natural antibody (IgG+IgM) responses to putative vaccine candidate, Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-4, in acute vivax malaria patients in endemic and non-endemic areas of Sri Lanka, were assayed by indirect ELISA using PvMSP-4 baculovirus derived recombinant protein. The study populations were from two vivax malaria endemic areas, [NAME] and Kataragama and from a non-endemic area, Colombo. PvMSP4 appeared to be immunogenic in all test populations with a prevalence of 80%, 62% and 62% from Colombo, [NAME] and Kataragama, respectively. A significantly higher prevalence and antibody magnitude was recorded for non-endemic Colombo, but with no significant differences between individuals previously not exposed to malaria and those with prior exposure. A positive trend in responders from Kataragama was evident between the antibody prevalence and previous exposure. We previously reported the antibody response to PvMSP-1 (p19 and p42) using the same battery of sera, and when comparisons were drawn, more than 80% from each test area responded to at least one of the three antigens tested. Importantly, 7%, 11% and 4% of individuals from Colombo, [NAME], and Kataragama, respectively, preferentially recognized PvMSP-4. Responders to MSP-1p42 and p19 in paired combination showed higher prevalence compared with combinations of MSP-1 with MSP-4. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] Konradsen;O. [NAME] | 2008 | Current status of malaria and anti-malarial drug resistance in Sri Lanka. (Issue dedicated to late Dr. [NAME]) | Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences | 37 | 1 | 15-22 | 20093065382 | Even though malaria continues to cause high morbidity and mortality in most of the malaria endemic countries in the world, it is currently not a major health problem in Sri Lanka. Despite the low malaria incidence, the development and spread of anti-malarial drug resistance, combined with a recent increase in the armed conflict hindering provision of effective health services will make it difficult to control malaria in Sri Lanka. Since chloroquine (CQ) resistant Plasmodium falciparum was first reported from Dambulla area in 1984, the number has increased to more than 50% observed in vivo from various endemic areas. In concordance with this, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of P. falciparum responsible for [NAME] resistance are present. A limited number of trials have investigated the efficacy of the second line drug, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) against P. falciparum and a few cases of resistance have been reported. Moreover, SNPs in P. falciparum genes responsible for SP resistance are present and may constitute a sign of evolving SP resistance development. For P. vivax, drug resistance is not yet recorded as a problem in Sri Lanka, however the prevalence of SP resistant SNPs in P. vivax populations seems high and may pose a risk despite that SP is not used directly against P. vivax infections. Continuous monitoring of drug efficacy in vivo, as well by measuring the prevalence of SNPs related to drug resistance are major issues to be addressed. | TERM_PLAS
HongMian [NAME] | 2008 | Advances in the cultivars, places of production and pharmacological properties of [NAME] morifolium | Chinese Journal of Medicine | 8 | 4 | 310-312 | 20083310211 | In China, there are 6 main cultivars of [NAME] morifolium that are produced in different areas. As an ingredient of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the processing techniques for each cultivar are different. It has been found that D. morifolium has the following properties: inhibiting the proliferation of viruses, bacteria and tumour cells, reducing inflammation reaction and oxidation process, inhibiting the asexual stage development of Plasmodium, resisting mutation induction, lowering the serum level of cholesterol and triglyceride as well as lead, and acting as antiarrhythmic agents and immunomodulators. | TERM_PLAS
M. Thaha;M. Y. Pranawa;M. Tanimoto;Y. Tomino | 2008 | Acute renal failure in a patient with severe malaria and dengue shock syndrome | Clinical Nephrology | 70 | 5 | 427-430 | 20083288687 | Malaria is an infectious disease caused by plasmodium, which lives and breeds in human blood cells, and is transmitted through the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes. Renal impairment, often caused by malaria, is acute renal failure (ARF) due to acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Dengue virus is transmitted from human to human through Aedes aegypti mosquito bites. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), the most severe stage of infection, is characterized by bleeding and shock tendencies (dengue shock syndrome, DSS). ARF is a less common complication in patients with DHF, with an incidence of less than 10%. Mixed infections of two infectious agents may cause overlapping symptoms and have been reported in Africa and India. We report here a patient with ARF due to mixed infection of severe malaria and DSS. The patient presented with fever and had a history of repeated malaria infection. Physical examination revealed stable vital signs and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory data showed hemoconcentration, thrombocytopenia and increased serum aminotransferase. Chest X-ray showed pleural effusion. A malarial antigen and thick smear examination showed the trophozoite stage of P. falciparum. On Day 3, blood pressure dropped to 80/60 mmHg, pulse was 120 beats/minute, weak, and body temperature 36.8 degrees C, with icterus. Other tests revealed an increase of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, and serologically anti-dengue IgG antibody (+) and anti-dengue IgM antibody (-). Based on these findings, we diagnosed the patient as having both malaria and DDS. We treated the patient with the parenteral anti-malarial agent, artemisinin. Supportive treatment and treatment of complications were also performed simultaneously for DSS. The patient experienced an oliguria episode but responded well to a diuretic. The patient was discharged after clinical and laboratory examinations showed positive progress. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2008 | Investigation on malaria epidemical situation at upstream of Lancangjiang-Meigong river in Weixi county, Yunnan province | Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control | 19 | 4 | 340-342 | 20083271313 | This study discusses epidemic data of malaria in Weixi County, China, collected during 1997-2007. Based on collected data, Weixi county was the origin of malaria in upstream areas of the Lancangjiang-Meigong River. Malaria incidence reached 50.31 per 10 000 in 1987. However, malaria incidence fell since then. Anopheles kunmingensis, the main malaria vector, accounted for 26.45%. The long incubating Plasmodium vivax was prevalent, and malaria cases were reported in areas above 1800 m. Thus, Weixi County has an unsteady malaria prevalence. Relevant national departments should pay more attention to malaria control in Weixi county, so as to strengthen the capacity for malaria control in the area. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2008 | Primary study on the difference of bacteria borne by two kinds of Anopheles mosquitoes | Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control | 19 | 4 | 283-286 | 20083271296 | Bacteria in midguts of adult Anopheles mosquitoes can partially or completely inhibit oocyst formation of Plasmodium. To provide theoretical knowledge and technical information for the study on the relationship between vectorial capacity and midgut bacteria in two mosquitoes, i.e., A. anthropophagus and A. sinensis, quantitative and categorical differences in bacterial genomic DNA were estimated. Initially, [NAME] samples were collected from Tongbai County in Henan Province, China, and were stored in 75% ethanol at -20 degrees C. Their classification was identified by PCR and PCR-RFLP of the ITS2 gene. Quantitative bacterial differences in the mosquitoes was estimated by the PCR products of the partial 16S rDNA sequence of the bacteria. Complete 16S rDNA sequences of the bacteria in 4 mosquitooes, including 3 A. sinensis and 1 A. anthropophagus, were cloned into T-vector and digested by restrictive enzyme RsaI. The digested patterns were counted and analysed. Results showed that the category of 23 mosquitoes was confirmed by PCR and PCR-RFLP. Differences in bacterial copies in different mosquito DNA were noted, but were not related to mosquitoes species. In total, 19 digested patterns of bacteria were found in the 4 mosquitoes. One common pattern was widely observed in A. sinensis. The bacteria in A. anthropophagus only showed two patterns, which were different from that of A. sinensis. In conclusion, different kinds of bacteria are present in A. anthropophagus and A. sinensis. | TERM_PLAS
YuanHong [NAME] | 2008 | Advances in resistance to antimalarial drugs of Plasmodium falciparum in China | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 3 | 7 | 549-551 | 20083271154 | This article reviews the research progress in antimalarial resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in China in recent years. The assays used to detect antimalarial resistance, the resistance mechanisms, and the management of P. falciparum antimalarial resistance are discussed. | TERM_PLAS
HuaYun Zhou;GuoDing Zhu;JuLin Li;XiaoLin [NAME] | 2008 | Susceptibility of Anopheles anthropophagus from different areas of China to Plasmodium vivax | Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control | 20 | 4 | 265-268 | 20083270785 | A study was carried out to compare the susceptibility of Anopheles anthropophagus from Jiangsu, Guangdong and Liaoning provinces in China to Plasmodium vivax. Blood samples of patients with P. vivax in endemic areas of China were collected to feed the mosquitoes of An. anthropophagus from different areas by using the artificial in vitro membrane feeding system in the laboratory, and then the mosquitoes were dissected during the 7th-9th day. On the 14th day after feeding, the oocysts and sporozoites in the stomach and salivary gland of mosquitoes were counted. Mosquitoes from Jiangsu, Guangdong and Liaoning were simultaneously fed with the blood of 35 cases of P. vivax. The oocyst positive rates of An. anthropophagus from Jiangsu, Guangdong and Liaoning during the 7th-9th day after feeding were 68.57%, 60.00% and 68.57%, as well as the sporozoite positive rates on the 14th day after feeding were 22.86%, 14.29% and 22.86%, respectively. On the 7th day after feeding, 228, 235 and 228 An. anthropophagus from Jiangsu, Guangdong and Liaoning were dissected. The positive mosquito rates with oocyst infection were 28.07%, 25.11% and 26.75%, respectively. On the 14th day after feeding, 150, 142 and 135 mosquitoes of An. anthropophagus from the three areas were dissected. The positive rates with sporozoite infection were 10.67%, 8.45% and 11.85%, respectively. The numbers of mosquitoes dissected with infective grades ("+", "++","+++",and "++++") of sporozoites of An. anthropophagus from Jiangsu, Guangdong and Liaoning were 4, 3, 2 and 7; 2, 2, 3 and 7 and 1, 6, 3 and 8, respectively. It is concluded that An. anthropophagus from Jiangsu, Guangdong and Liaoning are susceptible to the parasites of P. vivax. Furthermore, there is no significant difference in the susceptibilities of An. anthropophagus from the three areas to P. vivax. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2007 | Surveillance on the malaria in Cixi City of Zhejiang Provence in 2001-2005 | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 2 | 1 |  | 20083242588 | In 2001-2005, sixty imported malaria cases (Plasmodium vivax) were found in Cixi City, Zhejiang Province, China. All infections were acquired outside the city and involved non-locals. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2007 | An investigation report of the first death case of falciparum malaria in Dalian | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 2 | 1 | 16, 25 | 20083242562 | The article reported the investigated results of the first death case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Dalian, China. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Lai;Yang Lei | 2007 | Analysis on epidimic situation of malaria in Sichuan Province from 1995 to 2004 | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 2 | 3 |  | 20083238098 | In Sichuan Province, China, a total of 20 316 malaria cases, with 271 Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases and 22 deaths, were reported during 1995-2004. Overall, 10 127 629 blood slides of febrile patients were examined, with 12 312 with confirmed malaria (0.122%). Compared with 1995, the malaria incidence in 2004 decreased by 94.1% (0.92% vs 0.054%). | TERM_PLAS
K. Yoshinaga;I. K. Gerudug;B. Herman;A. Suryanatha;N. Suarsana;Iskandarsyah;Zainudin;Handomi;Y. P. Dachlan;Y. Maekawa;H. Kanbara | 2008 | Malaria epidemiology and control methods in specific geographical foci in Lombok and Sumbawa islands of Indonesia; (I) epidemiology | Tropical Medicine and Health | 36 | 2 | 81-92 | 20083230675 | Malaria epidemiological surveys were carried out in two subdistricts; Meninting of Lombok island and Utan of Sumbawa island, Indonesia in 2002 through 2003. In Meninting, distribution of hypo- to meso-endemicity was observed mainly in hilly forested areas and partially in coastal areas with no distribution in the more densely populated flat areas surrounded by rice fields. In contrast, in Utan the distribution was limited to the coastal areas. In Utan, treatment follow-up studies revealed the prevalence of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum (P. f.). Although the degree of malaria endemicity in the two areas was regarded as hypo- to meso-endemic, the majority of affected individuals were under the age of ten, and the number of positive cases declined with increasing age. Interestingly, age dependence to species-specific infection was observed, younger children being more prone to P. vivax infections than to P. f. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2008 | Treatment of 39 congenital malaria with artesunate | China Tropical Medicine | 8 | 2 | 223-224 | 20083218291 | The therapeutic effect of artesunate on congenital malaria was investigated. 81 congenital malaria patients were randomly divided into treatment group consisting of 39 cases treated with artesunate and a control group consisting of 42 cases treated with quinine [China]. The effect was evaluated 7 days after treatment. The total effective rates of the treatment group and the control group were 92.31% and 83.33% and the clearance rates of Plasmodium were 92.31% and 78.57%, respectively, without significant differences (P>0.05). The side effect of the drug was much higher in the control group than that in the treatment group. Results show that the effect of artesunate is marked and rapid with less side effect. Artesunate can be used as the first drug of choice for treatment of congenital malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2008 | Survey of a local outbreak of imported Plasmodium vivax malaria | China Tropical Medicine | 8 | 1 | 105-106 | 20083218228 | Objective: To survey an outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria and probe into strategies for disease control. Methods: Descriptive epidemiology was employed to analyse the cause of the outbreak. Results: Overall, 19 malaria cases were reported during the outbreak, with an incidence rate of 61.29%. All the cases reported symptoms of chills, fever, perspiration and headache every other day. All cases occurred among peasant workers employed outside. Conclusion: The results of the epidemiological survey, laboratory tests, and clinical manifestations indicate that this is an imported outbreak of P. vivax malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Fan;WeiZhen Guo;WeiZhong [NAME] | 2008 | Survey of malaria outbreaks in southern area of Myanmar second special economic zone on China-Myanmar border | China Tropical Medicine | 8 | 1 | 82-83 | 20083218216 | In this study, a retrospective analysis of malaria cases that occurred along the Sino-Myanmar border area during January-June 2006 was performed. Overall, 14 564 malaria cases were reported during the period in special region 2 of Myanmar's Wa State, including 180 deaths. During 5-13 August alone, 433 cases of malaria were detected from 1578 patients with fever, with a rate of 27.44%. These include 238 Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases (54.97%) and 195 P. vivax malaria cases (45.3%). Also, 7 mixed infections were observed. Thus, various factors affect the outbreaks of malaria in the border areas, which frequently spread inwards to China. Effective measures should be instituted to strengthen malaria prevention and control. | TERM_PLAS
JuLin Li;Qi [NAME] | 2007 | Analysis of prevalence of malaria in mobile population by grey prediction mathematical model | China Tropical Medicine | 7 | 6 | 872-873 | 20083212614 | A study was conducted to predict the prevalence trend of Plasmodium vivax malaria among the mobile population in Jiangsu, China, using the grey prediction mathematical model. The model was established using the 2000-04 data. The results of the model was well-fitted to the actual status of P. vivax malaria (C<sub>floating</sub>=0.155, P>0.95). The actual prevalence of P. vivax malaria among the mobile population in the province was 210 in 2005, while the estimated prevalence was 188, giving an error of 10.5%. It is concluded that malaria is decreasing in Jiangsu Province, and the mathematical model can be used to predict P. vivax malaria among the mobile population. | TERM_PLAS
ShiTong Gao;RenLi [NAME] | 2007 | Amplification of specific SSUrRNA gene sequence and its application in diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria | China Tropical Medicine | 7 | 2 | 179-181 | 20083212535 | Objective: To amplify and analyse the specific sequence of sporozoite stage SSU rRNA gene fragment of Plasmodium vivax isolate, and use it as target to diagnose P. vivax malaria by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: The SSU rDNA fragment was amplified from the DNA extracts of blood sample from an infected patient from Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, using PCR, which was ligated with plasmid pGEM-Teasy and transformed into Escherichia coli [NAME]. Positive bacterial clones were identified by PCR and double enzyme digestion methods. The sequence of inserted SSU rDNA fragment was also determined and analysed. Based on the SSU rRNA gene sequence as target, a PCR method was established for detection of P. vivax in blood samples and compared with microscopy. Results: The amplified SSU rDNA fragment was about 267 bp in length; sequence alignment with that of P. vivax Sal 1 isolate, the nucleotide sequence identity was 99.3%. Using thick blood film microscopy as gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the established PCR method were both 100%. Conclusion: The amplified P. vivax sporozoite stage SSU rRNA gene fragment sequence is relatively conserved in different strains. The PCR method using the sequence as target to detect P. vivax in blood samples is specific and sensitive. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Mattera;M. J. Bockarie;J. D. Maguire;J. K. Baird;Y. D. Sharma;M. Alifrangis;G. [NAME] [NAME] | 2008 | Discordant patterns of genetic variation at two chloroquine resistance loci in worldwide populations of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum | Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy | 52 | 6 | 2212-2222 | 20083190421 | Mutations in the chloroquine resistance (CQR) transporter gene of Plasmodium falciparum (Pfcrt; chromosome 7) play a key role in CQR, while mutations in the multidrug resistance gene (Pfmdr1; chromosome 5) play a significant role in the parasite's resistance to a variety of antimalarials and also modulate CQR. To compare patterns of genetic variation at Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 loci, we investigated 460 blood samples from P. falciparum-infected patients from four Asian, three African, and three South American countries, analyzing microsatellite (MS) loci flanking [NAME] (five loci [~40 kb]) and Pfmdr1 (either two loci [~5 kb] or four loci [~10 kb]). CQR Pfmdr1 allele-associated MS haplotypes showed considerably higher genetic diversity and higher levels of subdivision than CQR Pfcrt allele-associated MS haplotypes in both Asian and African parasite populations. However, both Pfcrt and Pfmdr1MS haplotypes showed similar levels of low diversity in South American parasite populations. Median-joining network analyses showed that the Pfcrt MS haplotypes correlated well with geography and CQR Pfcrt alleles, whereas there was no distinct Pfmdr1 MS haplotype that correlated with geography and/or CQR Pfmdr1 alleles. Furthermore, multiple independent origins of CQR Pfmdr1 alleles in Asia and Africa were inferred. These results suggest that variation at Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 loci in both Asian and African parasite populations is generated and/or maintained via substantially different mechanisms. Since Pfmdr1 mutations may be associated with resistance to artemisinin combination therapies that are replacing [NAME], particularly in Africa, it is important to determine if, and how, the genetic characteristics of this locus change over time. | TERM_PLAS
QingFeng Zhang;JingYing Hu;YueXin Yang;WeiQing Pan | 2008 | Genotyping and polymorphism analysis of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by nest-PCR and PCR-RFLP | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 26 | 2 | 95-98 | 20083190322 | The efficiency and specificity of MSP2 alleles genotyping for Plasmodium falciparum isolates by Nest-PCR and PCR-RFLP were analysed. MSP2 alleles from P. falciparum isolates of Yunnan and Hainan, China were genotyped by Nest-PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively, and the efficiency and specificity of the 2 methods were analysed. The conventional Nest-PCR method could detect 79.8% (166/208) alleles of MSP2, and 65.7% (65/99) for 3D7 family, but could not identify the type of any allele. PCR-RFLP showed 25.3% higher genotyping efficiency than Nest-PCR. Moreover, this method could identify the allele types. Data show that PCR-RFLP genotyping technique is more efficient and specific than conventional Nest-PCR, and it is a convenient tool in the study on molecular epidemiology of malaria. | TERM_PLAS
Syamsudin;S. Tjokrosanto;S. Wahyuono;Darmono;Mustofa | 2007 | In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of stem bark extracts of Garcinia parvifolia Miq (Guttiferae) | International Journal of Tropical Medicine | 2 | 2 | 41-44 | 20083169636 | In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of stem barks extracts of Garcinia parvifolia Miq, medicinal plant traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia, have been evaluated. The IC<sub>50</sub> value of extracts was determined. Extracts of this plant (n-hexane, ethylacetate and n-buthanol extracts) were tested in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity on 2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum, [NAME] (chloroquine-resistant strain) and 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive strain) using a visual method. Cytotoxicity of these extracts were performed on HeLa cells in vitro using MTT method. The in vivo antiplasmodial testing used a standard 4-days test on P. berghei infected mice and acute toxicity testing on mice were also conducted. The [NAME]<sub>50</sub> values of the plant extracts were in the range of 4,83-40,10 micro g mL<sup>-1</sup>. Significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity and higher selective toxicity were observed by n-hexane extract (IC<sub>50</sub>=4,11 micro g mL<sup>-1</sup> and C/A=48,23). The n-hexane extract was the most active in vivo against [NAME] (ED<sub>50</sub>=19,95 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>BW) and least toxic in mice (LD<sub>50</sub>=1060,47 mg kBW<sup>-1</sup>). These results suggest that n-hexane extract is promising extract for further investigation for new antimalarial agents. | TERM_PLAS
XiaLing Ye;XiaYan Bao;WeiWang Xu | 2008 | Analysis of the malaria surveillance results in Songyang County of Zhejiang Province from 1990 to 2005 | Journal of Pathogen Biology | 3 | 2 | 159-160 | 20083147035 | During 1990-2005, blood tests were done for a total of 9760 fever patients in Songyang County, Zhejiang, China, with 124 cases being picked out to be Plasmodium- positive and 126 malaria cases being reported. All malaria cases were local residents, including imported cases accounting for 91.27%. The annual average incidence and the annual parasite incidence (API) was 3.45/lakh and 3.39/lakh, respectively, which continued a downward tendency and maintained at a lower level. | TERM_PLAS
J. Mendiola Martinez;H. Hernandez;D. Acuna;M. Esquivel;R. Scull Lizama;J. Abreu Payrol | 2005 | Inhibiting activity of the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum of extracts from algae of genus Laurencia | [NAME] | 57 | 3 |  | 20083143472 | Several terpenoids have been identified in the genus Laurencia showing antimalarial activity; however it is a genus of great chemical complexity worldwide. The majority of these substances have been extracted from collections made in Philippines and Brazil. In order to know the presence of antimalarial activity in organisms of this genus from the North West Coast of Cuba, we prepared extracts in ethanol with the whole plant of specimens of L. obtusa and L. corallopsis and evaluated the inhibition produced by them against growth of Plasmodium falciparum, strain F32. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations against P. falciparum determined for Laurencia extracts were in the range of 44 and 162 micro g/ml, and values of median inhibitory concentrations were between 14.82 and 51.3 micro g/ml. The results are similar to those obtained for extracts from medicinal plants. The extracts did not improve chloroquine results. L. obtusa extracts gave strong reactions to the assays for terpenoids and for lactonic/coumarine compounds, but we also detected the presence of alkaloids, free reducing sugars, saponins and flavonoids. Several molecules could contribute to the observed antiplasmodial activity of the extracts, so research is in progress for the isolation and purification of new active principles. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2008 | Proportion variation of NK, gamma delta T and [NAME] cells in peripheral blood of Plasmodium vivax malaria patients | Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control | 20 | 1 | 46-49 | 20083132122 | A study was conducted to observe the changes of proportion of NK cells, gamma delta T cells, CD4+ CD25+ T cells and their FOXP3-expressed sub-population in peripheral blood of acute Plasmodium vivax- infected patients [China]. The proportions of NK cells, gamma delta T cells, CD4+ CD25+ T cells and FOXP3-expressed sub-population within CD4+ CD25+ T cells were measured by flow cytometry(FCM) in the peripheral blood of 25 patients with P. vivax malaria (PM) and compared with those of both 14 normal controls (NC) and 13 immune controls (IC). The proportion of NK cells in PM malaria (8.48%) decreased significantly compared with that in NC (15. 53%) and [NAME] (17.69%) (P<0. 05); the proportion of gamma delta T cells (4.32%) and (AC) T cells (5.42%) in PM patients increased significantly in comparison with those of NC (2. 55% and 3.94%) and those of [NAME] (2. 70% and 3.44%)(P<0. 05). However, there was no significant difference in the proportion of FOXP3- expressed sub-population within CD4+ CD25+ T cells between PM patients (8.14%) and either NC (11.09%) or [NAME] (11. 32%)(P>0. 05). It is concluded that during acute P. vivax infection, the proportion of NK cells decreases and the proportion of gamma delta T cells increases, and CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells decreases slightly. | TERM_PLAS
PeiAn Lou;JiaXi Yu;Lin Liu;TiYa Liu;Ya Zhang;Hui Wang;FuMiao Yuan | 2008 | An epidemiological study of the residual vivax malaria in Pizhou | Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control | 19 | 1 | 64-65 | 20083132075 | The aim of this study was to explore the effects of some risk factors on the residual distribution of Plasmodium vivax malaria during its eradication stage in Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Data on anthropological factors, malaria knowledge, bed net use, blood transfusion history, and migration were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. Fifty cases and 50 controls were investigated. Thirty-five variables were analysed by univariate and multivariate regression methods. Overall, 6 factors were related to malaria occurrence by univariate analysis, and 5 independent factors were found by multivariate analysis. Sleeping in an open field, blood transfusion history, migration, and having a family member with fever were significant risk factors for malaria. Recommended measures for the prevention and control of malaria are presented. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] U. Ferreira;D. L. Hartl;D. [NAME] | 2007 | Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax | Molecular Ecology Notes | 7 | 1 | 172-175 | 20083116019 | We have optimized a set of 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, all of them consisting of either tri- or tetranucleotide repeats. These markers, whose polymerase chain reaction amplification conditions are identical, were used to screen 25 parasite isolates from malaria-endemic areas in Sri Lanka. The total number of alleles per locus ranged between 6 and 13 (average, 7.8), and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.627 to 0.913 (average, 0.790). These markers are now being used to characterize the population structure of P. vivax in other endemic areas. | TERM_PLAS
M. Menegon;A. R. Sannella;G. Majori;C. Severini | 2008 | Detection of novel point mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum ATPase6 candidate gene for resistance to artemisinins | Parasitology international | 57 | 2 | 233-235 | 20083104879 | 75 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from imported malaria cases in Italy originating from 16 malaria endemic areas were investigated for PfATPase6 polymorphism by partial DNA sequencing. Overall, the majority of isolates (62.7%) displayed a wild-type genotype. A previously known single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position [NAME]) was observed in 14 isolates (18.6%), whereas the polymorphisms at codons 243(H->Y) and 623(A->E) were detected only once. Sequence analysis also revealed the presence of the following non-synonymous polymorphisms not previously identified: L402V (n=12), K771E (n=3), A630S (n=1), N683K (n=1) and K776N (n=1). Of the 28 isolates showing polymorphism, 24 carried single SNP and only 4 displayed double or triple SNPs (402V/623E genotype in Senegal, 431K/630S in Angola, 431K/776N in China, and 402V/431K/771E in [NAME]). This study focused only on PfATPase6 polymorphism, thus the results do not support or invalidate the hypothesis that the observed gene polymorphism underlies resistance to artemisinins, nor has been selected by drug treatment. | TERM_PLAS
HyeongWoo Lee;H. Nishiura;ShinHyeong Cho;WookGyo Lee;TaeSuk In;SungUng Moon;GyungTae Chung;TongSoo [NAME] | 2007 | Factors affecting delayed diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea | Research Journal of Parasitology | 2 | 1 | 72-75 | 20083073859 | Estimation of the time from onset to diagnosis and analyses of characteristic factors was undertaken for vivax malaria cases diagnosed 1999-2003 and residing in non-malarious areas in Korea. Survival and multiple regression analyses revealed that those residing in provinces with major malarious areas and onset during the malaria season were diagnosed significantly earlier. It was considered that the identified factors reflect three important epidemiologic and ecological characteristics of vivax malaria in Korea: Spatially localized transmissions, clear seasonality in population dynamics of the vector and the partly prolonged incubation period. | TERM_PLAS
M. Iwagami;N. Taguchi;R. U. Angluben;A. S. Escueta;E. A. Villacorte;P. T. Rivera;S. Kano;S. [NAME] | 2007 | Evaluation of blood preservation methods in the performance of the WHO in vitro micro-test for Plasmodium falciparum in the field | Tropical Medicine and Health | 35 | 4 | 337-341 | 20083066585 | In vitro drug susceptibility testing of Plasmodium falciparum must be conducted immediately after collecting a sample of the patient's blood; otherwise the parasites may weaken and the culture fail. Collecting blood samples from individuals in areas far from the field station or clinic where in vitro testing is conducted requires a reliable method of sample preservation during transportation. We examined and compared three different methods used to preserve blood samples in endemic areas in the Philippines. The three methods are as follows: the on-site method (test is conducted soon after blood sampling), flask culture method (sample is taken to the laboratory in a culture flask with medium) and EDTA tube method (sample is taken to the laboratory in a blood collection tube). The WHO in vitro micro-test for susceptibility of P. falciparum to chloroquine was performed using an AnaeroPack system and a portable thermostat incubator. Evaluation of the three methods was based on schizont maturation, ease of handling, and risk of contamination during the test. The on-site and flask culture methods, but not the EDTA tube method, were effective for keeping the parasites viable. Furthermore, schizont maturation appeared better with the flask method than with the on-site method, especially in the control wells (drug-free wells). In addition, it was easier to perform the flask method than the on-site method. No contamination was observed using any of the methods. The results of the study suggest that the flask culture method is the most effective and useful way to preserve blood samples for the in vitro test and, moreover, that it aids in providing detailed field evidence of drug-resistant malaria. | TERM_PLAS
XueHong Li;HaiYan [NAME] | 2007 | Blood cell transformation parameters in Plasmodium vivax patients and their clinical significance | China Tropical Medicine | 7 | 12 | 2219-2220 | 20083054593 | A study was conducted to explore the variation of parameters of blood cells from patients with Plasmodium vivax and analyse its clinical significance. 83 blood samples from P. vivax malaria patients were tested by the MAYRUI BC-3000plus automated analyser [China]. The lymphocyte, erythrocyte, haemoglobin, and platelet counts were lower than normal. Moreover, many of the patients' lymphocytes can be observed to have the karyon shifted to the left and that [NAME] numbers increased. | TERM_PLAS
GuangQuan Huang;FangYu Yuan;LenQuan Lu;LeQun [NAME] | 2007 | Epidemiological surveillance of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Enshi City, Hubei Provinces | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 7 | 11 | 1121-1122 | 20083054334 | Objective: To perform epidemiological study for the control and prevention of imported P. vivax malaria in China. Methods: Chloroquine and primaquine were used for the treatment of patients suffering from P. vivax malaria. Monitoring and disease treatment were performed by local doctors. Results: Between 2003 and 2005, forty seven cases of imported malaria were identified in 96 mobile workers, and the incidence was 48.96%. 47 patients are currently under treatment, and 49 patients are under preventive treatment. No more new cases were found in the past 3 years. Conclusion: Early prevention and disease treatment can effectively minimize the spread of malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Duan;TaoLi Zhou;JiDe Chen | 2007 | Clone of cDNA of Plasmodium yoelii infection related protein in hemolymph of Anopheles dirus | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 14 | 3 | 149-152 | 20083017711 | Malaria is a serious infectious disease and A. dirus is its main vector in China and Southeast Asia. It is important to investigate the molecular mechanism of A. dirus against Plasmodium infection. We have separated and examined P. yoelii infection related proteins (PIRP) by mass spectrometry. cDNA of PIRP1 were also cloned by molecular technology to study functions of the protein. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2007 | Analysis on the correlation between chloroquine resistance and pfmdr-1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Hainan province | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 23 | 11 | 1143-1146 | 20083008179 | It had been reported that the major multidrug resistance related gene in Plasmodium falciparum included P. falciparum multidrug resistance gene pfmdr-1, cg-2 gene and P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter pfert, and the single or synergistic action conferred to the chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum. In the present study, the genetic polymorphism in the pfmdr-1 gene in P. falciparum isolates from Hainan province was identified by PCR-RFLP method and the relationship of pfmdr-1 mutation with chloroquine resistance in vitro was determined. Nested PCR was used to amplify the fragments of pfmdr-1 gene coding the 86, 1042 and 1246 amino acids, and then the PCR products were digested with special restriction endonucleases. In our study, 42 isolates were tested, in which 22 isolates were found to be resistant to chloroquine and the others were susceptible. As demonstrated by PCR-RFLP, 7 out of 42 isolates carried the D1246Y mutation, and all of these were resistant to chloroquine. Except 5 negative isolates, 37 out of the 42 isolates had positive gene fragments coding the 1042 amino acids. In these 37 isolates, 10 isolates had the N1042D mutation, 9 of which were chloroquine-resistant, and only one was susceptible, suggesting a 90% agreement between the chloroquine resistance phenotype and the point mutation. In conclusion, it seems that no significant correlation can be detected between the development of chloroquine resistance in the isolate of P. falciparum in Hainan province and the pfmdr-1 gene polymorphism at 86 position amino acid however, the association in the D1246Y and N1042D mutations with chloroquine resistance exist. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Zhou;JuLin Li;XiaoLin [NAME] [NAME] | 2007 | Growth difference of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles sinensis and An. anthropophagus during the periods of clinic attack and diapause of vivax malaria patients | Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control | 19 | 4 | 274-277 | 20073261040 | Objective: To compare the growth of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles sinensis and A. anthropophagus during the periods of malaria clinic attack and diapause. Methods: The blood samples of patients during the clinic attack and diapause of vivax malaria in the vivax epidemic area in China were collected. A. sinensis and A. anthropophagus were fed using the artificial membrane feeding system in vivo. The mosquitoes were dissected during the 7th-9th and 14th day after the infection and the oocysts and sporozoites in the stomach and gland of the mosquitoes were counted. Results: The oocyst positive rate in A. sinensis fed by P. vivax during the fever stage was lower than that in non-fever stage. The sporozoite positive rate in A. anthropophagus fed by P. vivax during the fever stage was lower than that in non-fever stage. The positive mosquito rate with oocyst and sporozoite infected by P. vivax in the fever stage to A. sinensis and A. anthropophagus were lower than those in non-fever stage. The infective sporozoite intensity of A. sinensis fed by P. vivax in the fever stage was lower than that in non-fever stage, but the reverse result was found in A. anthropophagus. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the periods of malaria clinic attack and diapause of the oocyst and sporozoite infection to A. sinensis and A. anthropophagus. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Salanti;H. [NAME] Konradsen;M. Alifrangis | 2007 | Island-wide diversity in single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes in Sri Lanka | Malaria journal | 6 | 28 |  | 20073251297 | Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthetase (Pvdhps) genes cause parasite resistance to the antifolate drug combination, sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP). Monitoring these SNPs provide insights into the level of drug pressure caused by SP use and presumably other antifolate drugs. In Sri Lanka, chloroquine (CQ) with primaquine (PQ) and SP with PQ is used as first and second line treatment, respectively, against uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and/or P. vivax infections. CQ/PQ is still efficacious against P. vivax infections, thus SP is rarely used and it is assumed that the prevalence of SNPs related to P. vivax SP resistance is low. However, this has not been assessed in Sri Lanka as in most other parts of Asia. This study describes the prevalence and distribution of SNPs related to P. vivax SP resistance across Sri Lanka. Subjects and methods: P. vivax-positive samples were collected from subjects presenting at government health facilities across nine of the major malaria endemic districts on the island. The samples were analysed for SNPs/haplotypes at codon 57, 58, 61 and 117 of the [NAME] gene and 383, 553 and 585 of the Pvdhps gene by applying PCR followed by a hybridization step using sequence specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOPs) in an ELISA format. Results: In the study period, the government of Sri Lanka recorded 2,149 P. vivax cases from the nine districts out of which, 454 (21.1%) blood samples were obtained. Pvdhfr haplotypes could be constructed for 373 of these. The FSTS wild-haplotype was represented in 257 samples (68.9%), the double mutant LRTS haplotype was the most frequently observed mutant (24.4%) while the triple mutation (LRTN) was only identified once. Except for two samples of the single mutated Pvdhps GAV haplotype, the remaining samples were wildtype. Geographical differences were apparent, notably a significantly higher frequency of mutant [NAME] haplotypes was observed in the Northern districts. Conclusion: Since SP is rarely used in Sri Lanka, the high frequency and diversity of [NAME] mutations was unexpected indicating the emergence of drug resistant parasites despite a low level of SP drug pressure. | TERM_PLAS
Mustofa;E. N. Sholikhah;S. Wahyuono | 2007 | In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of Phyllanthus niruri L. herbs traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | 38 | 4 | 609-615 | 20073218741 | In endemic areas where malaria is prevalent, medicinal plants are often used to treat malaria. This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts of meniran (Phyllanthus [NAME]) herb traditionally used to treat malaria in Indonesia. Three extracts viz aqueous, methanolic and chloroformic extracts were obtained by maceration of the herbs. A radioactive method was used to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the extracts on chloroquine-resistant (FCR-3) and chloroquine-sensitive (D-10) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was expressed by the concentration inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (IC<sub>50</sub>). Cytotoxicity was estimated on [NAME] cells and the Cytotoxicity Index (CI=IC<sub>50</sub> on HeLa cells/IC<sub>50</sub> on FCR-3 strain) was calculated to evaluate the safety of tested extracts. A standard 4-day test on P. berghei infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the extracts showing strong in vitro antiplasmodial activity, for both the methanolic and aqueous extracts. The in vivo antiplasmodial activity was expressed by the dose inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (ED<sub>50</sub>). The IC<sub>50</sub> values obtained for these extracts against P. falciparum ranged from 2.3 to 202.4 micro g/ml. The methanolic extract was the most active in vitro extract with an IC<sub>50</sub> that ranged from 2.3 to 3.9 micro g/ml and a CI that ranged from 41.3 to 57.5. This was also the most in vivo active extract with an ED<sub>50</sub> of 9.1 mg/kg/d. Further study will be conducted to isolate and purify active compounds presented in the methanolic extract. | TERM_PLAS
R. Sithiprasasna;WonJa Lee;D. M. Ugsang;K. [NAME] | 2005 | Identification and characterization of larval and adult anopheline mosquito habitats in the Republic of Korea: potential use of remotely sensed data to estimate mosquito distributions | International Journal of Health Geographics | 4 | 17 |  | 20073184648 | Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria reemerged in the Republic of Korea in 1993, with more than 2,000 cases reported in the northwestern part of the country over the last 10 years. To better assess the risk of malaria transmission we conducted a surveillance study to identify and characterize the habitats that produce potential Anopheles vector mosquitoes. Immature and adult mosquito collection data were incorporated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) along with remotely sensed satellite imagery, and imagery classified to land use to determine if remote sensing data could be used to estimate mosquito habitats. Results: More than 2,100 anopheline larvae were collected and mapped from 186 immature habitats, which were categorized into 9 types. Anopheles sinensis was the most commonly collected species, representing more than 97% of the specimens, followed by Anopheles pullus 1.0%, Anopheles lesteri 1.0%, and Anopheles sineroides 0.8%. Anopheles sinensis, pullus, and lesteri were found most frequently in rice paddies followed by: ditches, flooded areas, ground pools, wheel tracks, swamps, irrigation canals, and stream margins. Anopheles sineroides was found most commonly in flooded areas. Supervised classification was conducted on a LANDSAT 7 ETM+ image to identify 5-6 landuse classes that were considered to be of interest. The spatial distribution of the larval mosquito collections was overlaid on the land-use image derived from the LANDSAT image, and the number of mosquitoes habitats in each class calculated. On Ganghwa Island 67% of the immature habitats containing Anopheles sinensis were in the Paddy land-use class, although the class only represented 17% of the land area. In Paju District 53% of the immature habitats containing Anopheles sinensis were in the Paddy land-use class which represented only 9% of the area of the district. There was significant (p<0.05) correlation between habitats containing all four species and land use on Ganghwa Island; however, only Anopheles sinensis was significantly correlated with land-use in Paju District. In Ganghwa Island almost 50% of the Anopheles sinensis adults were collected in the paddy land-use class, and there was a positive correlation between larval and adult distributions. However, in Paju District adult Anopheles sinensis adults were most commonly collected in the [NAME] land-use class and only 17% collected in the Paddy class. There was a negative correlation between larval and adult distributions. Conclusion: Immature habitats most commonly associated with Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles pullus, Anopheles sineroides and Anopheles lesteri were flooded rice paddies. [NAME] sinensis, the most commonly collected anopheline, were found closely associated with rice habitats on Ganghwa Island but not in Paju District. Both QuickBird and LANDSAT satellite data were used to display spatial data in the form of geographic coverage and descriptive information in the form of relational databases associated with the mapped features. Supervised classification of LANDSAT imagery permitted good separation between Paddy, Forest, and Water land-use classes. The immature collections of Anopheles sinensis were significantly correlated with land-use as determined in the land-use classification in both Ganghwa Island and Paju District. These data suggest that classified remotely sensed data could potentially be used to estimate the distribution of immature and adult mosquito populations in the Republic of Korea. | TERM_PLAS
ChangQin Ye;JinCai Luo;WenJin Fu | 2006 | The changes of biochemical indexes in patients infected with Plasmodium vivax | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 3 | 475, 488 | 20073156794 |  | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Rain;S. [NAME] Ridzuan;B. K. Ong;C. Rohaya;M. Rosilawati;I. Hamdino;Amin Badrul;I. Zakiah | 2007 | Antliplasmodial properties of some Malaysian medicinal plants | Tropical Biomedicine | 24 | 1 | 29-35 | 20073150305 | Seven Malaysian medicinal plants were screened for their antiplasmodial activities in vitro. These plants were selected based on their traditional claims for treatment or to relieve fever. The plant extracts were obtained from Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The antiplasmodial activities were investigated using the pLDH assay to Plasmodium falciparum D10 strain (sensitive strain) while the cytotoxic activities against [NAME] bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were determine using the MTT assay. The concentration of extracts used for both screening assays were from the highest concentration 64 micro g/ml, two fold dilution to the lowest concentration 0.03 micro g/ml. Goniothalamus macrophyllus (stem extract) showed more than 60% growth inhibition while Goniothalamus scortechinii root and stem extract showed a 90% and more than 80% growth inhibition at the last concentration tested, 0.03 micro g/ml. The [NAME] scortechini (leaves extract) showed an IC<sub>50</sub> (50% growth inhibition) at 8.53 micro g/ml. [NAME] crispa (leaves extract) demonstrated an IC<sub>50</sub> at 5.90+or-0.14 micro g/ml while Croton argyratus (leaves extract) showed a percentage inhibition of more than 60% at the tested concentration. Blumea balsamifera root and stem showed an IC<sub>50</sub> at 26.25+or-2.47 micro g/ml and 7.75+or-0.35 micro g/ml, respectively. Agathis borneensis (leaves extract) demonstrated a 50% growth inhibition at 11.00+or-1.41 micro g/ml. The study gives preliminary scientific evidence of the antiprotozoal properties of these plant extracts. | TERM_PLAS
XiaoDong Sun;ZaiXing Zhang;DeQuan Liu | 2006 | Clinical study on the efficacy of dihyroartemisinin and piperaquine in treatment of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 2 | 211-212 | 20073143329 | A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin piperaquine phosphate tablets (DPPT) in treating P. falciparum malaria in Yunnan Province, China. 69 P. falciparum malaria cases who came from endemic areas with high prevalences of drug resistance were treated with 4 doses of DPPT in 2 days and were followed-up 28 days later. The cure rate was 100% and no recrudescence was observed. The mean fever resolution time was 34.99+or-16.51 hours, the mean clearance time of asexual parasites in the blood was 33.14+or-11.91 hours, and the clearance rate was 95.46%. No significant adverse effects were noted. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Huerga;R. Lopez-Velez | 2007 | Spontaneous splenic rupture due to Plasmodium vivax in a traveler: case report and review | Journal of travel medicine | 14 | 3 | 188-191 | 20073135850 | A 34-year-old man from Spain travelled to Indonesia for one month. He presented to the emergency department for a 4-day history of fever with onset 24 hours after return to Spain. The patient was diagnosed with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria. He was prescribed chloroquine 25 mg/kg and was discharged. The next day, the patient returned to the hospital because of sudden onset of upper left quadrant pain. His blood pressure on admission was 80/60 mm Hg. Peritoneal lavage revealed haemoperitoneum, and abdominal ultrasonography detected a splenic tear. The patient underwent blood and platelet transfusions and fluid replacement. He was discharged 6 weeks later, with a control computed tomography scan showing only residual perisplenic haematoma and having completed treatment with chloroquine (25 mg/kg) followed by primaquine (0.6 mg/kg per day for 14 days). | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Huang;YanYan Zhu | 2006 | Application of monoclonal antibody to lactate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium spp. in diagnosis of malaria and assessment of therapeutic effect | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 10 | 1743-1744, 1749 | 20073104736 | This paper evaluated the utility of monoclonal antibodies to lactate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium spp for diagnosing malaria and evaluating antimalarial therapy. In total, 57 Plasmodium vivax malaria patients and 5 P. falciparum malaria patients from Shenzhen City in Guangdong, China, were examined by an immunochromatographic test (ICT) using monoclonal antibodies against the parasite's lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) enzyme. Results were compared with that obtained from conventional thick smear microscopy for malaria parasites. Response to antimalarial therapy was also assessed using ICT. The concurrence of the ICT results with the microscopic examination for malaria parasites in the diagnosis of P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria was 100%. Negative ICT results were obtained from malaria patients after three days of antimalarial treatment. In conclusion, ICT is a simple, sensitive and specific method for rapid diagnosis of malaria infection and for assessment of antimalarial therapy. | TERM_PLAS
ShouFu [NAME] He;Li [NAME] | 2007 | Study on rapid detection of malaria antibody in human sera by dot immunogold filtration assay | Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control | 19 | 1 | 56-58 | 20073089805 | A study was conducted to establish a rapid and simple assay for detection of malaria antibody in human sera. Dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) was developed with Plasmodium falciparum soluble antigen as a coating antigen and goat-anti-human IgG labelled with colloidal gold as the second antibody. 23 serum samples from Chinese patients with falciparum malaria, 45 serum samples from vivax malaria patients and 101 serum samples from healthy controls were studied by DIGFA, and also by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) as the parallel control. Sensitivity, specificity, Youden index and stability were utilized as the evaluation standard for the method. The sensitivities of detecting antibody to falciparum malaria and vivax malaria by DIGFA were 95.65% and 71.11%, respectively, and 95.65% and 84.44%, respectively by IFAT. The specificities of DIGFA and IFAT were 97.03% and 96.04%, respectively and [NAME]'s indexes were 0.76 and 0.84, respectively. General coincidence rate of the two methods was 90.48%. It is concluded that DIGFA is a rapid, simple and practical method for detection and surveillance of malaria antibody. | TERM_PLAS
NanHua Chen;A. Auliff;K. Rieckmann;M. [NAME] | 2007 | Relapses of Plasmodium vivax infection result from clonal hypnozoites activated at predetermined intervals | Journal of Infectious Diseases | 195 | 7 | 934-941 | 20073081072 | Plasmodium vivax infections are characterized by varying numbers of relapses occurring at different intervals as a result of activation of liver-stage hypnozoites. Parasite or host factors that determine the number and timing of relapses are unclear. In the present article, we report the analysis of relapse patterns and molecular characterization of parasites collected from Australian soldiers experiencing relapses of vivax malaria after exposure in East Timor. Although high molecular diversity was observed, a single allelic type was identified in association with 99% of relapses. Importantly, in 71% of patients experiencing >1 relapse, the allelic types were clonal and different in the 2 different relapses. These results, combined with those from a computer simulation model, suggest that a single hypnozoite clone was activated, causing a relapse, and that multiple relapses most likely arose from coordinated activation of hypnozoites originating from different parasite strains. These findings suggest remarkable regulation of relapse intervals in vivax malaria. | TERM_PLAS
RongXing [NAME] Wu;XuGuang Wu;DaiHua Zhu | 2006 | Study on control strategy and surveillance of malaria in the past ten years in Guangdong | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 6 | 10 | 1095-1097, 1083 | 20073075832 | A retrospective study was carried out to analyse the characteristic of malarial epidemiology in Guangdong, China and provide basis for setting the surveillance and strategy for the treatment and prevention of malaria. The characteristics of cases and occupation of patients were analysed. Anopheles sp. were captured for anatomical analysis and classification. A total of 11 852 malaria cases were reported between 1996 and 2005 in Guangdong, with an annual morbidity of 0.020 and 0.370 per ten thousand. During 1996-2005, 11 677 Plasmodium-positive individuals were found, of which 52.54% are local residents and 47.46% are migrants. The highest morbidity was found in loggers, quarry-men and farmers. In recent 10 years, Plasmodium vivax was the only prevailing species in Guangdong, with occasional import of P. falciparum. Six species of Anopheles were trapped in 10 sites but no [NAME] was infected with sporozoites. [NAME] net treated with permethrin can effectively prevent malaria. It is concluded that malaria morbidity in Guangdong has been controlled, and malaria cases are mainly imported. Malarial prevalence can be stopped if patients are treated at an early stage and control measures are implemented early in endemic areas. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2005 | Evaluation of feasibility in elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Hainan Province | China Tropical Medicine | 5 | 9 | 1779-1781 | 20073075699 | This paper discusses the achievements of P. falciparum malaria control programmes in Hainan Province, China, over a 50-year period, with emphasis on availability of rapid diagnostic methods, integrated control measures, and drug therapy with artemisinin-based compounds. Present malaria epidemiology in the province is analysed, concurrent with recommendations for prevention and control. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2005 | Determination of sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarials in Ledong County, Hainan Province | China Tropical Medicine | 5 | 8 | 1707-1708 | 20073075575 | This study examined the in vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Ledong County, Hainan, China to the following antimalarials: chloroquine, piperaquine, pyronaridine, artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, and chloroquine-dihydroartemisinin combination. The ID<sub>50</sub> values for the respective drugs were 244, 464, 71, 3, 4 and 11/1.32 nmol/litre. The mean concentrations for complete inhibition of schizont formation were 353, 672, 102, 10, 13 and 19/1.86 nmol/litre, respectively. Of the P. falciparum isolates, 85.71%, 42.86% and 14.29% were resistant to chloroquine, piperaquine and pyronaridine, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, and chloroquine-dihydroartemisinin combination. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Jorgensen;J. [NAME] Grady;J. [NAME] Cenizal;D. Bell | 2007 | The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 101 | 4 | 331-337 | 20073066363 | Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have performed well in a variety of studies, but recent reports have described sensitivity for Plasmodium falciparum as significantly lower than that required for operational deployment. Exposure to high temperature has been suggested as an explanation. This study assessed the temperature stability of two different Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)- and three histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-detecting RDTs. One HRP2 test proved insufficiently sensitive for assessment. After incubation at 35, 45 and 60 degrees C, two RDTs detecting pLDH showed a substantial fall in percentage test line positivity over time, which was not seen with the remaining two HRP-2-based RDTs. For the particular products studied, variability was high, with the pLDH-based RDTs being less sensitive than HRP2-based RDTs against the sample of P. falciparum used and more susceptible to heat-induced damage, but the reasons for this are unclear. The performance of malaria RDTs can be adversely affected at the temperatures to which they will be exposed when transported to, and used in, the rural tropics. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Pilot plant processing data for the isolation of artemisinin from the new variety of Artemisia annua 'Jeevanraksha' | Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research | 62 | 5 | 457-461. | 20073015960 | Artemisia annua, known as "qinghao" in China is a major source of artemisinin, used for the synthesis of many potent drugs effective against malaria caused by chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. CIMAP has recently developed a new variety of A. annua Jeevanraksha containing high levels of artemisinin. Processing parameters for an improved and economic process for the isolation of artemisinin from A. annua are standardized that are useful for commercial equipment design. | TERM_PLAS
HuaXian Li;Hua [NAME] | 2006 | Analysis of current malaria prevalent situation in Yunnan Province from 2002 to 2004 | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 11 | 1942-1944 | 20073015268 | This study aims to evaluate current malaria epidemiology in Yunnan Province, China, during 2002-04. During the 3-year period, 39 692 malaria cases were reported in 123 counties of 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province, which accounted for 14.42% of the total number of communicable diseases in the whole province. The annual malaria incidence was 2.70, 3.66 and 2.86 per 10 000 population during 2002, 2003 and 2004. The incidence in the 10 counties, including Ruili, Longchuan, Ximeng and [NAME], were at the top of the province during 2002-04. In the counties with malaria incidence higher than 5 per 10 000 population, the population was less than 20%, but the malaria cases was more than 80% compared with whole province. There were 28 564 malaria cases and 7037 Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases had been reported in 25 bordering counties and occupied 71.96% of the total malaria cases and 80.85% of the total P. falciparum malaria cases in the whole province. The positive rates of blood examination in cases with fever returning from outside the country and in the mobile population was 10.23% and 8.53%, respectively. The parasite carrying rate in those returning from outside was higher (5.15%) than that of the local residents (0.65%). These data show that current malaria situation is still serious in Yunnan Province. Effective control measures, including strengthening malaria management of mobile population, should be implemented. | TERM_PLAS
XueZhou Liu;BianLi Xu | 2006 | Malaria situation and evaluation of the control effect in Henan Province during 1990-2005 | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 24 | 3 | 226-229 | 20063224083 | The malaria situation and the effect of control programmes in Henan Province, China, during 1990-2005, were investigated. Data on measures and effects of malaria control, vector surveillance, blood examination of cases with fever, and serological surveillance were analysed. 802 700 people were given pre-transmission season treatment with chloroquine and primaquine for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Chemoprophylaxis was given to 764 300 people at high risk during the transmission season. Treatment or presumptive treatment was given to 43 891 cases. 11 216 100 cases with fever were tested and 11 213 (0.10%) were malaria positive, accounting for 29.01% (11 213 of 338 654) of all malaria cases. 1 332 800 bed nets were treated with insecticide and 1 999 300 people were protected during 1990-92 and 1996-99. A total of 34 846 residents including pupils were tested with immunofluorescence during 1990-2000, of which 1149 (3.30%) were positive. The parasite infection rate among 71 234 local residents including pupils was 0.40% (286 of 71 234). The main vectors were Anopheles sinensis and A. anthropophagus. The man-biting habit of A. sinensis and A. anthropophagus was 0.0608 and 0.3143, respectively; and the vectorial capacity of A. anthropophagus was 22.4 times higher than that of A. sinensis. In this period, 38 654 malaria cases were reported in the province and the annual malaria incidence was 2.62 per 100 100. The lowest annual incidence was in 1992 (0.37 per 100 000). 70.05% (27 076 of 38 654) of these malaria cases were from areas where A. anthropophagus was present. In general, the malaria control activities have been effective and the epidemiological situation has been stable in Henan Province, although in some areas the situation is unstable and outbreak spots or focal epidemics occur. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2006 | Assessment of OptiMAL assay for rapid diagnosis of malaria in the field | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 9 | 1573-1574 | 20063211693 | A study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the OptiMAL assay in the rapid detection of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase in the field. OptiMAL assay was used for the detection of malaria patients with fever. Results were compared with that of microscopy findings. The sensitivity and specificity of OptiMAL assay for the detection of P. vivax were 59% (95% CI: 0.4754-0.6983) and 95% (95% CI: 0.9268-0.97), respectively. Falciparum malaria detection sensitivity and specificity were 60% (95% CI: 0.2307-0.8824) and 99% (95% CI: 0.9803-0.9985), respectively. Cross-reaction was observed in one case of vivax malaria. Results show that the OptiMAL assay can be used at grassroots level for the rapid detection of P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria. | TERM_PLAS
Bo Fan;ZhengMei Huang;LanYan [NAME] | 2006 | Control and surveillance of malaria in Yuxi City, Yunnan Province in 2001-2005 | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 9 | 1568-1569 | 20063211690 | A study was conducted to analyse malaria control and surveillance during 2001-05 in Yuxi City, Yuanan, China, after the implementation of the malaria control and monitoring programme for the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan". Malaria incidence rates decreased from 7.8%, 9.92%, 30.34%, 34.51% and 34.10% in the subsequent years, respectively. Blood examination of 140 273 fever cases was completed and 29 099 carriers were detected. 8858 people were tested using immunofluorescence assay. The presence of malaria vectors was monitored in 3281 households. Plasmodium-positive rates dropped in the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" compared with the "Ninth Five-Year Plan". Results suggest that malaria can be effectively controlled by adopting integrated control measures mainly including indoor residual spraying of phoxim. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Xia;ZhiYong Tao;Jun Cao;YaPing Gu;HuaYun Zhou;XiaoLin Jin;R. Udomsangpetch;J. Sattabongkot | 2006 | In vitro sensitivity test of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine in the central part of China | Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control | 18 | 4 | 265-267 | 20063211081 | A study was conducted to test the sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax. Blood samples were collected from vivax malaria patients in the central part of China. A novel in vitro microtest was used to determine chloroquine sensitivity of P. vivax. 24 samples were successfully tested. The geometric mean [NAME]<sub>50</sub> of chloroquine was 63.23 nmol/litre and the 95% confidence interval was from 26.23 nmol/litre-152.40 nmol/litre. At least 6 isolates showed resistance to chloroquine. Results suggest that there may be chloroquine-resistant P. vivax in the central part of China. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Huang;HanGuo Xie;Rong Ouyang | 2006 | Allelic polymorphism in the merozoite surface protein-3 alpha of Plasmodium vivax | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 22 | 9 | 813-816 | 20063188682 | To analyse allelic polymorphism in the merozoite surface protein 3 alpha of Plasmodium vivax (PvMSP-3 alpha ), nested PCR was used to amplify genes encoding PvMSP-3 alpha and PvMSP-1. The PCR-amplified product of PvMSP-3 alpha was digested by Hha 1 restriction endonuclease and analysed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that three kinds of genotypes of PvMSP-3 alpha could be demonstrated in three different field isolates, in which the proportions of type I, II and III isolates accounted for 77.42%, 6.45% and 16.13% respectively. Of the 24 isolates from Yunnan province, China, the percentages of type I, II and III isolates were 79.17%, 4.17% and 16.17% respectively. All the type II and III of PvMSP-3 alpha isolates were matched with the Belem PvMSP-1 isolate, while the Sal-1 type of PvMSP-1 belonged to the type I of PvMSP-3 alpha . It is concluded that PvMSP-3 alpha from field isolates from Yunnan province is highly diverse, and the relationship between PvMSP-3 alpha and PvMSP-1 remains to be studied more. | TERM_PLAS
WenBo Hao;Ping Wang;HongBin Li;BaiHong Chen;Yang Gao;ShengLiang Wang;Ming [NAME] | 2006 | Evaluation of a home made immunochromatographic test kit for the detection of HRP-II antigen of Plasmodium falciparum | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 6 | 7 | 755-757 | 20063183983 | This paper evaluated a home-made immunochromatographic test kit for the detection of histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II) antigen of P. falciparum. Blood serum samples from 49 patients infected with P. falciparum, 30 from patients with P. vivax, and 43 from uninfected subjects were collected for testing using the home-made test kit. Sensitivity, specificity, stability and precision of the test kit were assessed. Results showed that the immunochromatographic test kit was easy to use, with test results available within 5-10 minutes. The test's sensitivity and specificity were 98% and 100%, respectively. Minimum detection limit for serum samples was 0.01% parasite density and 10 ng/ml for the recombinant HRP-II. The test strips can be stored at 4-8 degrees C for more than 18 months. Three different lots of strips showed comparable and consistent results. This test kit can be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of P. falciparum, especially during field studies which require rapid and accurate diagnosis. | TERM_PLAS
 | 2006 | Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Southern Region of the Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology, Miyazaki, Japan, 22-23 October 2005 | Medical Entomology and Zoology | 57 | 2 | 169-175. | 20063172729 | A series of papers on medical entomology is presented. The specific topics include: filarial larvae infection of black flies in Japan; population surveillance and biological studies of malaria vectors in Japan, Indonesia and Micronesia, including Aedes albopictus, Ochlerotatus watasei, Anopheles gambiae, A. arabiensis and A. funestus; and genetic studies (diversity) of Plasmodium falciparum isolates. | TERM_PLAS
XingLiang Li;YingHua [NAME] | 2006 | Results of Plasmodium detection in feverish patients of various groups in Jinghong city of Sishuangbanna area | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 5 | 785, 805 | 20063172360 | Smears collected from 11 841 feverish patients from Yunnan, China were examined for the presence of Plasmodium in January and February 2002. A total of 947 patients (7.99%) were positive for Plasmodium. The species found were P. vivax (72.02%) and P. falciparum (27.98%). The infection rate in the mobile population was significantly higher than among local residents (10.41% (402 of 3682) vs. 6.83% (45 of 7979) (P<0.01)). It is concluded that malaria infection rate in the mobile population was high, and strengthening management of the mobile population is an important measure. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2006 | Surveillance of malaria and control strategy in the last ten years in Jiangmen City | China Tropical Medicine | 6 | 4 | 594-596 | 20063162618 | A retrospective, epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of malaria epidemic in Jiangmen City, China, to develop control strategies and provide a basis for monitoring. Anopheles mosquitoes were captured and analysed. There were 627 malaria cases reported between 1995 and 2004 in Jiangmen, with an annual incidence of 0.024/10 000-0.668/10 000. Malaria parasites were detected from 587 individuals. The infection rate for the local population was 33.33%, while the infection rate for other areas was 66.67%. Infections were mainly observed among people engaging in felling, quarrying and cultivating jobs. Six species of Anopheles were caught and no naturally-infected positive mosquitoes were found. Plasmodium vivax was the only dominant parasite in this area, while P. falciparum was occasionally imported from other areas. Pyrethrin-impregnated bed nets were effective for the control of malaria. Results show that the malaria infection rate in this area is low and mainly scattered and imported from other areas. Thus, infection can be interrupted by early treatment of cases and foci. | TERM_PLAS
A. R. Bilia;P. Melillo de Malgalhaes;M. C. Bergonzi;F. F. Vincieri | 2006 | Simultaneous analysis of artemisinin and flavonoids of several extracts of Artemisia annua L. obtained from a commercial sample and a selected cultivar | Phytomedicine | 13 | 7 | 487-493 | 20063147322 | Artemisia annua [NAME] ([NAME]) is a promising and potent antimalarial herbal drug. This activity has been ascribed to its component artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is very effective against drug-resistant Plasmodium species with a low toxicity. Our studies indicate that several flavonoids of A. annua can promote and enhance the reaction of artemisinin with hemin. These data are in good agreement with previous investigations on the in vitro potentiation of antimalarial activity of artemisinin by such flavonoids. As a consequence, in view of a possible use of the phytocomplex rather than pure artemisinin, an HPLC/DAD/MS method is proposed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of both flavonoids and artemisinin. Different extracts, obtained from two different herbal drugs, a commercial sample and a selected cultivar, were analysed in order to determine which solvents provide the best yields of both artemisinin and flavonoids. Qualitative and quantitative results obtained using an HPLC method are described, which will be useful for developing highly effective herbal drug preparations. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] Zhu;YaMing Cao | 2006 | Genetic characterization of the candidate antigen Pvs48 for the vivax malaria transmission-blocking vaccine in Chinese isolates | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 22 | 6 | 558-560 | 20063117437 | This study aimed to determine the genetic polymorphism of the candidate antigen Pvs48 for vivax malaria transmission-blocking vaccine in Chinese isolates. Blood samples from patients infected with Plasmodium vivax in the epidemic areas of Zhejiang and Hubei provinces, China were collected, and the parasitic genome DNA was extracted, the DNA sequences were amplified by PCR, and the PCR products were directly sequenced. 12 full-length sequences of the Psv48 gene were obtained. Compared with Pvd48 Sal-I of the standard P. vivax strain, 6 non-synonymous mutation sites could be detected, leading to 6 amino acid substitutions and 6 different kinds of haplotype. The limited number of genetic mutations in the Pvs48 gene favours the suggestion that Pvs48 is conserved. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2006 | Molecular studies of Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sri Lanka: sibling species B and E show sequence identity at multiple loci | European Journal of Entomology | 103 | 1 | 233-237. | 20063106933 | The anomaly that Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) species B is a major vector of malaria in Sri Lanka, but a non-vector in India, has been noted for several years. In 1999, a Y chromosome dimorphism associated with Plasmodium vivax infectivity within the Indian A. culicifacies species B suggested that this was itself a complex of two sibling species, B and E. A recent cytogenetic analysis shows the sympatric presence of these sibling species in Sri Lanka, a situation similar to that reported from nearby Rameshwaram Island, India. Species E, with a submetacentric Y chromosome, is a more effective vector of P. vivax than species B with an acrocentric Y chromosome. Larval karyotyping, however, is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Recently, the development of a PCR-RFLP assay distinguishing species B and E of A. culicifacies from India, based on differences in one region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) gene, was reported. Here we show that whilst this diagnostic approach reveals polymorphism in Sri Lankan A. culicifacies, this variation is not correlated with Y chromosome karyotype. Hence this assay will not be useful for distinguishing species B and E in Sri Lanka. Further, we found no difference between the sequences of Sri Lankan specimens in any of three other regions (ITS2, D3 region of 28S rDNA, and guanylate cyclase intron) often used for species discrimination. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Zhuang;ShengPing Deng;XiangJun Zhang;ZhengXiang Li;Jun Zheng;HaoYu Long;GuoQing Wang | 2006 | Epidemiological studies of malaria in Hunan Province | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 6 | 3 | 309-312 | 20063098363 | A study was conducted to perform an epidemiological study of malaria in Hunan province, China and to provide evidence for formulating a malaria control strategy. A retrospectively survey on the epidemiology of malaria was conducted by analysing data collected from 122 counties in Hunan province. Results from examination blood smears from febrile patients and IFAT examination data were also analysed. The incidence of malaria was reduced from 89.27/100 000 in 1980 to 0.19/100 000 in 2004. The parasite positive rates in febrile patients dropped from 2.73% in 1980 to 0.06% in 2004. No Plasmodium carrier was found in local residents. Since 1990, the number of indigenous cases was reduced, and that of imported cases increased. Indigenous cases and imported cases accounted for 6.51% and 93.49% of the total malaria cases, respectively. Anopheles sinensis was the only vector found. At present, most of the malaria cases in Hunan province are imported cases. The incidence of malaria was under 1/10 000 for 9 years, and the figure remains stable in Hunan province. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Couto;L. [NAME] [NAME] | 2006 | The pattern of major polymorphisms in the Duffy binding protein ligand domain among Plasmodium vivax isolates from the Brazilian Amazon area | Molecular and biochemical parasitology | 146 | 2 | 251-254 | 20063072208 | 40 P. vivax isolates were obtained from patients from different regions in the Brazilian Amazon. Patients' infection were confirmed by microscopic analysis on Giemsa-stained blood smears. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples and analysed for polymorphism in the Duffy binding protein (DBP) ligand domain at residues 308, 384, 386, 417, 424, 437, 447 and 503. These gene sequences were compared to those from reference strains, including those from clone Sal-I, a Belem isolate, a Papua New Guinea isolate, and isolates from Colombia and South Korea. Results of the DBP sequence analyses from the Brazilian Amazon isolates indicated variability in almost all residues evaluated. All sequences from Brazilian isolates, as well as those from reference strains, had the residue S447, indicating absence of variability in that position. The variant D384G was the most prevalent among the isolates. A low prevalence of variants N417K and W437R was noted. Seven unique polymorphic residues were seen among Brazilian isolates, including N305N, S398T, M419I, I464I, Q486E, V497V and [NAME] By grouping the residues which are present at positions 308, 384, 386, 417, 424, 437, 447 and 503, eight partial variant families (I-VIII) were constructed, representing the haplotypes present in Brazilian isolates. Most of the isolates in this study (72.5%) were grouped in three families (IV, V and VI). | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2005 | Drug resistance of Plasmodium and rational application of antimalarials | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 23 | 5 | 355-361 | 20063068971 | Drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum was first found in the 1920s; it later developed from single drug resistance to multi-drug resistance. For commonly used antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, drug resistant P. falciparum has been detected in all malaria epidemic areas except in Central America. Mefloquine resistance has been found in South America, West Africa, Oceania and South-East Asia, but not in east and southern Africa or India; whether it is present in China has not been confirmed. Quinine resistance has been found in South America, Oceania and South-East Asia. Halofantrine resistance has only been found in Oceania and South-East Asia. Resistance to amodiaquine (in east Africa) and piperaquine (in China) has also been detected. No clinical resistance has been found for artemisinin, its derivatives and pyronaridine, but in vitro experiments have shown a decrease in sensitivity. Chloroquine- and primaquine-resistant strains have been reported in P. vivax too. Different antimalarial drugs, or a combination of drugs, should be chosen to treat drug-resistant malaria. The non-artemisinin combinations include: chloroquine, mefloquine or amodiaquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; atovaquone plus proguanil; and quinine plus tetracycline or doxycycline. Artemisinin combinations include artesunate plus chloroquine, amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine or mefloquine. Artemether plus benflumetol (co-artem) has also been used. Other combinations include: piperaquine plus dihydroartemisinin and trimethoprim (TMP); pyronaridine plus artemether, artesunate or dihydroartemisinin; naphthoquinone plus dihydroartemisinin; and artesunate plus dapsone and chlorproguanil. | TERM_PLAS
T. Murnigsih;Subeki;H. Matsuura;K. Takahashi;M. Yamasaki;O. [NAME] Suzuki;S. Kobayashi;Chairul;T. [NAME] | 2005 | Evaluation of the inhibitory activities of the extracts of Indonesian traditional medicinal plants against Plasmodium falciparum and Babesia gibsoni | Journal of Veterinary Medical Science | 67 | 8 | 829-831 | 20053169188 | This study was conducted to identify the correlation between the antimalarial and antibabesial activities of 24 kinds of water extracts derived from 22 plants that were traditionally used for the treatment of malaria in Java Island, Indonesia. Among the extracts, 8 displayed strong antimalarial activity, with an inhibition range of 89.6 to 100%, and 15 showed strong antibabesial activity, with an inhibition range of 84.2 to 98.1%. The extracts of [NAME] millefolium, [NAME] frutenscens, Brucea javanica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Strychnos lucida and Swietenia macrophylla showed both strong antibabesial and antimalarial activities. The antimalarial activities paralleled the antibabesial activities, but the converse was untrue. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2005 | Study on the polymorphisms of chloroquine-resistant gene pfcrt of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Hainan Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 18 | 3 | 175-177 | 20053152140 | An experiment was carried out to identify whether point mutations existed in pfcrt genes of Plasmodium falciparum from Hainan Province, China and their relations with chloroquine resistance. 45 blood samples were collected from falciparum malaria cases in Hainan Province. Nested PCR was used to amplify fragments of pfcrt genes including K76T and A220S mutations. PCR products were digested with different restriction endonucleases to detect whether point mutations existed in pfcrt genes. The pfcrt K76T mutation was detected in all isolates tested. It was clear that a significant association existed between mutations in pfcrt, especially the K76T mutation, and the chloroquine in P. falciparum isolates from Hainan Province. | TERM_PLAS
ChengQi Shan;JingYan Wang;DeBen Ding;ZhiWei Sun | 2005 | Efficacy of naphthoquine phosphate, artemisinin and a combination of the two drug in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 12 | 2 | 90-92 | 20053148037 | 90 patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria [in Beijing, China] were treated with either naphthoquinone phosphate (1000 mg; n=30), artemisinin (2500 mg; n=30) or a combination of both drugs (400 mg naphthoquinone phosphate + 100 mg artemisinin; n=30). All patients were hospitalized for 7 days and followed for 28 days. The results showed that the mean fever clearance times for naphthoquinone phosphate plus artemisinin, naphthoquinone phosphate alone and artemisinin alone were 20.1+or-11.8, 24.4+or-16.1 and 18.0+or-9.1 h, respectively. The mean parasite clearance times were 30.1+or-5.7, 44.7+or-9.2 and 28.9+or-5.6 h, respectively. The 28-day cure rates were 100, 100 and 63.3%, respectively. The combined regimen possessed the benefits of both naphthoquinone phosphate and artemisinin. It acted rapidly with a short course of only one dose. It showed high cure rate and was well-tolerated by the patients. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Takagi;Y. Tsuda;K. [NAME] Yoshinaga;H. Kanbara | 2005 | Malaria endemic patterns on Lombok and Sumbawa islands, Indonesia | Tropical Medicine and Health | 33 | 2 | 105-113 | 20053140022 | The malaria endemic foci in West Lombok during August 1992-June 1993 and in Sumbawa during December 1996-February 1999 in Indonesia, were investigated. Plasmodium falciparum malaria was predominant over P. vivax malaria and other malaria types. 11 Anopheles species were observed, but only 3 of these species were of primary importance (A. subpictus, [NAME] and A. barbirostris) and 2 species were of secondary importance (A. sundaicus and A. aconitus) to malaria transmission. Data from Sekotong (West Lombok) and [NAME] supported the importance of A. subpictus in coastal areas, but suggested the existence of different transmission peaks according to environmental conditions. The usual transmission peak was observed during the dry season but was affected by climatic and geographical conditions. Although there were many malaria endemic foci along the coast, the width and grade of the foci varied widely. The presence of malaria endemic foci inland, although likely, has not been definitively reported to date. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2005 | Report on a case of fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated with hepatitis A | China Tropical Medicine | 5 | 3 | 514 | 20053136743 |  | TERM_PLAS
M. Rosinska | 2005 | Malaria in Poland in 2003 | Przeglad Epidemiologiczny | 59 | 2 | 349-351. | 20053129353 | Seventeen cases of malaria were reported in Poland in 2003. All of them were imported: 13 from Africa, 2 from Asia and 1 from Indonesia. In 8 cases, Plasmodium falciparum aetiology was confirmed. Among the cases, 14 were men and 3 were women. The youngest patient was 10 years old and the oldest was 63 years old. 11 of the patients were in the age group 21 to 40 years. The reasons for travel were tourism or family visits (6 cases), professional travel (4 cases) and missionary travel (4 cases). One falciparum malaria was reported in Poland in 2003. In 4 cases, some kind of chemoprophylaxis was documented. In other cases, prophylaxis was not used or not documented. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Zhou;FengIng Li;BoWen Qu | 2005 | Analysis on the control of imported malignant malaria in Jiangmen City | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 5 | 3 | 370-371 | 20053128927 | During 2001-03, a total of 5 cases of imported malignant malaria were reported from Jiangmen City, China. Analysis of case management showed that early detection and treatment were important factors in managing malignant malaria. Thus, blood examinations for Plasmodium sp. should be advocated for patients presenting with fever, especially for those coming from areas endemic for malignant malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2005 | Preparation and application of the specific DNA - probes for Pneumocystis carinii | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 21 | 6 | 498-500 | 20053122912 | A specific and sensitive DNA probe was prepared for use in the detection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA in the lungs of infected rats and in clinical specimens from patients with P. carinii pneumonia. The large subunit mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene of P. carinii was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and used as a template. [NAME] labelled non-radioactive probe was prepared by random priming. After the specificity and sensitivity of the probe was verified, it was used in dot hybridization to detect P. carinii DNA from the lungs of infected rats and the clinical specimens from patients with P. carinii pneumonia. The results showed that the lowest detectable amount determined by the probe was 2 pg. This probe reacted with P. carinii DNA only and not with DNA from Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, human leukocytes, and lung tissues of normal rats. The detection rate of P. carinii DNA from the lung tissues of rats with P. carinii pneumonia by dot hybridization assay was 73.7%. This was significantly lower than that of PCR in combination with dot hybridization at 94.7%. By using this probe, P. carinii DNA could be detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of renal transplant recipients. It is concluded that the probe is sensitive, specific and non-radioactive and it can be used for the detection of P. carinii DNA from various sources. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Fandeur;O. Mercereau-Puijalon;S. Longacre | 2005 | Gene polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins 4 and 5 | Molecular and biochemical parasitology | 142 | 1 | 110-115 | 20053117123 | The P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 4 and 5 genes (msp4 and msp5) were examined for polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing. Fifty-nine isolates (41 from Senegal, 12 from Cambodia, 4 from Sri Lanka, and 2 from France) and one laboratory strain of P. falciparum were used. [NAME] polymorphism was observed in 59 isolates. Nine amino acid substitutions were detected in the samples. A total of 33 protein variants were identified, with one type observed in Sri Lanka, 9 types in Cambodia, and 24 types in Senegal (15 in Ndiop and 11 in Dielmo village). No geographical clustering of types or allelic grouping within types were detected. In contrast to msp4, msp5 gene polymorphism was found to be negligible. Of 23 polymorphic nucleotide sites identified within [NAME], only 5 (21%) were synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 11 of the 18 non-synonymous SNPs were located within 108 nucleotides at the extreme 5' end of the first exon. It is concluded that the difference between the msp4 and msp5 genes reflects a difference in function and/or cellular localization. These surface proteins deserve further investigation regarding the association of specific immune responses with protection from malaria in endemic regions, and their suitability as components of a multivalent malaria vaccine. The nucleotide sequence data obtained from this study are available in the GenBank database under accession numbers AY861554-AY861651. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2005 | Clinical analysis of 45 cases of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria | China Tropical Medicine | 5 | 2 | 282, 285 | 20053074296 |  | TERM_PLAS
K. Yamaguchi | 2005 | Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society Tropical Medicine, 15-16 October 2004, Tokyo | Tropical Medicine and Health | 33 | 1 | 19-32. | 20053072828 | The proceedings of a conference are presented. Some of the topics covered are: control of tropical diseases through drug development; dengue vaccine development; drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Zambia; learning clinical tropical medicine in the tropics; management of infectious disease outbreaks; role of non-governmental organizations in tropical medicine; imported mycoses in Japan; preventive guidelines against malaria. Some of the topics in the general presentation are: taeniasis in Bali, Indonesia; Japanese encephalitis virus; dengue haemorrhagic fever in Vietnam; rapid diagnostic tool for emerging viruses; prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in penile cancer in Thailand; Buruli and other ulcers in the tropics; leprosy in Myanmar; diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases using polymerase chain reaction; efficacy of metronidazole on intestinal amoebiasis; diagnostic method for visceral leishmaniasis using urine; detection and identification of Leishmania; new tuberculosis diagnosis; serodiagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome; schistosomiasis in Lao PDR and Zanzibar; zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan; dracunculiasis eradication activities in Togo; serosurvey of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I in the Dominican Republic; imported malaria in Japan; malaria in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Vietnam; antimalarial drugs and drug development research against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. | TERM_PLAS
ShanYing Zhang;LongShan [NAME] Zhang;HanGou Xie;Qi [NAME] | 2005 | Morphological observation on the genotypes of the merozoite surface protein-1 alleles of Plasmodium vivax | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 21 | 3 | 234-236, 205 | 20053060829 | To compare the morphological characteristics of 2 merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) alleles of Plasmodium vivax, blood samples from malaria patients confirmed by morphological examinations were collected and genotyped using nested PCR. The size of plasmodia was measured and calculated using a micromeasure device. Genotyping showed that of the 72 field isolates, 40 belonged to Sal-1 type, 25 to Belem type and 7 were mixed types. The typical morphology of P. vivax was demonstrated. Six cases of multiple infection (more than 2 parasites in one red cell) were observed in the isolates from Hainan Province, China, with no significant correlation between mixed genotypes and multiple infection of red cells. There were significant differences between Sal-1 and Belem types in the size of normal and infected red cells, ring forms and their nuclei. Further investigations on molecular mechanisms in different genotypes are needed. | TERM_PLAS
HuaXian Li;ZaiXing Zhang;ZunWei Du | 2005 | Investigation into an outbreak of malaria in Lincang prefecture on China-Myanmar border and the neighboring area outside China | China Tropical Medicine | 5 | 1 | 55-57, 60. | 20053052538 | An epidemiological investigation was carried out to describe the malaria outbreak that occurred in areas outside the Lincang Prefecture, Yunnan, China and along the Myanmar border. During 7-19 November 2003, a total of 1392 malaria cases and 125 deaths were reported in 30 villages of 3 districts in Guogan County, Myanmar. Plasmodium falciparum was detected in 5 patients by blood smear examination. Of 151 blood samples collected from febrile patients and villagers in the 3 districts, 63 (41.73%) were Plasmodium-positive, with P. falciparum accounting for 71.43% (45/63). In November 2003, malaria incidence increased by 536.67%, 156.67% and 38.89% in Zhenkang, Cangyuan and Gengma counties, respectively, as compared to that observed in the previous year. Sporadic outbreaks were also observed in 14 villages of three frontier counties along the China-Myanmar border. It is concluded that the capacity to deal with emergency situation should be strengthened and enhanced in the border areas of Yunnan. There is a need to standardize the management of malaria control as stipulated and enacted by the Chinese government. | TERM_PLAS
XingLiang [NAME] | 2005 | Investigation of the prevalent status of malaria in lower reaches of Lanchangjiang | China Tropical Medicine | 5 | 1 | 14-16 | 20053052527 | This study investigated the Plasmodium carrying rate and malaria seroprevalence in Lanchangjiang, Yunnan, China, the distribution of the malaria vector [NAME], and the susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and artesunate. The average cumulated parasite carrying rate in different populations was 8.36% (226/2704); P. vivax malaria, P. falciparum malaria, and mixed infections accounted for 58.5%, 40.3% and 0.8%, respectively. The isolation rate of Plasmodium sp. in febrile patients was 30.0% (106/353). The malaria history rates among inhabitants, porters, and seamen were 38.4%, 8.8% and 1.0%, respectively, in 2001. A total of 244 mosquitoes, belonging to 10 species, were captured. Anopheles minimus accounted for 10.6%, with a biting rate of 0.75/man/h. The resistance rates of P. falciparum to chloroquine and artesunate were 96.2% and 8.7%, respectively (ID50 of 13.4 and 91.2 nmol/litre, respectively). It is concluded that malaria is still prevalent in the studied area, and that chloroquine is no longer effective for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. | TERM_PLAS
ShiTong Gao;ShaoTing [NAME] | 2005 | Cloning and sequencing of SSUrRNA encoding gene fragment of Plasmodium falciparum from Hainan strain | China Tropical Medicine | 5 | 1 | 1-3 | 20053052525 | The SSU ribosomal DNA (SSUrDNA) gene fragment of P. falciparum from Hainan, China was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After purification, the gene fragment was ligated with the plasmid vector PUC19m-T, and transformed into Escherichia coli [NAME]. Positive bacterial clones were screened and identified by PCR, and digested by restriction enzymes Pst I and BamH I. The nucleotide sequence of the inserted SSUrDNA gene fragment was also determined. The length of the SSUrDNA gene fragment was 431 bp. The sequence of the cloned SSUrDNA gene fragment showed high similarity (99.3%) to that of P. falciparum IMTM 22/7G8 clone (Brazil). It is concluded that the SSUrDNA gene fragment is relatively conserved among different P. falciparum isolates. | TERM_PLAS
HaiChao Zhang;PeiQuan Chen;FengZhen Ou;JianPing Song | 2004 | Comparison of two reagent kits for the rapid detection of Plasmodium falciparum | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 4 | 6 | 693-694, 700 | 20053048670 | A study was conducted to investigate the sensitivities and specificities of 2 immunochromatography assay reagent kits for rapid detection of Plasmodium falciparum. With microscopic examination of blood smears as control, ACON and Paracheck reagent kits were used to examine 134 malaria patients [Guangdong, China]. The results showed that 84 patients infected with P. falciparum were positively detected by the 2 kits. They both gave 100% specificity. 30 patients infected with P. vivax were negatively detected by the 2 kits. Of the 20 patients infected with both P. falciparum and P. vivax, 19 (95%) and 18 (90%) patients were positively detected by ACON and Paracheck reagent kits, respectively. It is concluded that ACON reagent kit (gold-immunochromatography assay) and Paracheck reagent kit (immunochromatography test) have the same sensitivity and specificity. They are rapid, simple and cheaper. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2004 | Vectors and malaria transmission in a gem mining area in Sri Lanka | Journal of Vector Ecology | 29 | 2 | 264-276 | 20053047747 | Anopheline vectors of malaria were studied in the Kaluganga gem mining area in the dry zone of central Sri Lanka. Adult mosquitoes were collected using cattle-baited huts and nets, pyrethrum spray sheets, window exit traps and light traps and partial and full-night human landing collections over a period of 17 mo. The collections produced a total of 13 591 anophelines belonging to 14 species. Using [NAME] for circumsporozoite proteins of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum, Anopheles culicifacies, An. subpictus and An. varuna were incriminated as malaria vectors. For these species, estimated entomological inoculation rates were 5.9, 5.7, and 6.7 infective bites per person per year, respectively. An. culicifacies and An. subpictus show endophagic behaviour, while An. varuna were exophagic. [NAME] larval surveys indicated that the gem pits, when filled with water, contributed 60% of the larvae of the three vector species. Parasitological data were collected by two mobile malaria clinics and by hospitals. The incidence rates of fever per 1000 person-years with P. vivax and P. falciparum were 122.8 and 26.1 respectively, with a significantly higher rate in males over 15 years of age than in females of that age. Changes in the environment due to gem mining may have caused the emergence of An. subpictus and An. [NAME] as significant malaria vectors. The conventional view of An. culicifacies being the main vector of malaria in Sri Lanka needs to be reconsidered when planning the vector control programs in this study area. Due to migration of malaria patients, there is a likelihood the disease could be spread to other parts of the island. Therefore, action should be taken to eliminate these pits as breeding sites. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2004 | Seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes collected from light traps in the Republic of Korea, 2002 | Entomological Research | 34 | 3 | 177-186 | 20053042858 | Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2002 at 30 US military installations and training sites located in six provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey and dry ice-baited New Jersey light traps from 1 May to 15 October. [NAME] surveillance was conducted to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications and identify malaria infection rates at selected army installations and training sites. A total of 100 617 adults (82 410 (81.9%) females and 18 207 (18.1%) males) comprising 17 species and 7 genera were collected during 2002. The most common species collected were [NAME] tritaeniorhynchus (49.5%), Anopheles sinensis (30.9%), [NAME] pipiens (11.8%) and Aedes vexans nipponii (7.1%). [NAME] indices (TIs) varied widely for species over their range, due in part, to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities. Anopheles sinensis were collected at the same level while [NAME] tritaeniorhynchus increased by 27.2% in 2001, due in part to very high populations of [NAME] tritaeniorhynchus at Gunsan Air Base. The weekly population densities for some species were variable for each of the years, apparently as a result of variable annual weather conditions. None of Anopheles sp. assayed for Plasmodium vivax ([NAME]) malaria infection by ELISA were positive. | TERM_PLAS
G. Bringmann;M. Dreyer;H. Rischer;K. Wolf;H. A. Hadi;R. Brun;H. Meimberg;G. Heubl | 2004 | Ancistrobenomine A, the first naphthylisoquinoline oxygenated at Me-3, and related 5,1'-coupled alkaloids, from the "new" plant species Ancistrocladus benomensis | Journal of natural products | 67 | 12 | 2058-2062 | 20053008842 | Three new 5,1'-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, ancistrobenomine A (1), 6-O-demethylancistrobenomine A (2), and 5'-O-demethylancistrocline (3), have been isolated from the stem bark of a botanically as yet undescribed highland [NAME] sp., proposed to be named "A. benomensis" according to the region in Peninsular Malaysia where it has been discovered on the mountain of Gunung Benom. Two of the compounds possess an unprecedented structure with a novel hydroxymethylene group at C-3 of the fully dehydrogenated isoquinoline moiety. The structural elucidation was achieved by chemical, spectroscopic, and chiroptical methods. As typical of the so-called Ancistrocladaceae type, all of the compounds isolated bear an oxygen at C-6. Biological activities of these alkaloids against different protozoic pathogens are described. Alkaloids 1 and 3 exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activities against the [NAME] strain of Plasmodium falciparum (resistant to chloroquine and pyrimethamine). Weak antitrypanosomal activityies were exhibited by compounds 1 and 3 against the pathogen of African sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, the standard drug against T. cruzi (Chagas' disease). Compound 2 was less active against all parasites compared to 1 and 3. | TERM_PLAS
XingLiang Li;YuanWu [NAME] | 2004 | The blood pictures of falciparum and vivax malaria patients and their blood biochemical variations | China Tropical Medicine | 4 | 6 | 970-971 | 20053005143 | A study was conducted to evaluate the changes in blood picture, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and blood urea nitrogen among patients with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax from Longchuan County, Ruili City, southwest Yunnan, China and parts of northern Burma. The results showed that 69 falciparum and 34 vivax malaria patients had blood pictures with platelets (81.2 and 69.7%, respectively), leukocytes (10.1 and 20.6%, respectively), red blood cells (34.8 and 29.4%, respectively), and haemoglobin (53.6 and 50.0%, respectively) below normal levels. Fifty-one falciparum and 34 vivax malaria patients had glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (3.85 and 4.5%, respectively; P>0.05) and blood urea nitrogen (23.53 and 25.0%, respectively; P>0.05) at above normal levels. It is concluded that infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax may result in serious anaemia, reduction of leukocyte, especially reduction of platelets, and may have certain effects on the liver and kidneys, especially an evident effect on kidneys. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2004 | Study on MSP-2 gene polymorphisms of different geographical strains of Plasmodium falciparum in Yunnan | China Tropical Medicine | 4 | 6 | 911-912, 906 | 20053005120 | The merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP-2) gene polymorphisms in different geographical strains of Plasmodium falciparum in Yunnan, China, were examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction. 169 samples collected from different areas in Yunnan were examined. Six MSP-2 fragments of different sizes were obtained. The most common was a 600-bp fragment (34.8%), followed by a 540-bp fragment (28.3%). These polymorphisms also showed differences in distribution. It is concluded that [NAME] gene polymorphisms are evident in different geographical strains of P. falciparum. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2004 | Wa people's perception of malaria in Ximeng, Yunnan | China Tropical Medicine | 4 | 5 | 705-707 | 20053004535 | The perception of Wa ethnic group members about the ethnic name, causes, transmission, signs and symptoms, public health importance, prevalence and prevention of malaria in Ximeng, Yunnan, China, was evaluated in 2002. Quantitative (questionnaire surveys, n=217 respondents) and qualitative (focus group discussions, n=218 respondents) methods were performed. The results showed that the ethnic name for malaria was "saihui". Community members mainly knew the symptoms of Plasmodium vivax malaria, and about one-third of the questionnaire respondents did not know or think fever as one of malaria symptoms. In focus group discussions, most respondents thought that malaria had possible connection with mosquitoes. [NAME] was ranked as the first, second or third most important disease. Adults who stayed overnight in field shacks or Myanmar were thought to be more prone to malaria infection. Malaria cases were highly prevalent during the months of July-October. Chemoprophylaxis and insecticide spraying were the major malaria prevention methods known to respondents. It is suggested that the perception of Wa ethnic group members on malaria should be corrected and changed into a more healthy behaviour by information through education and community activities. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] I. Noor Hayati;H. [NAME] | 2004 | The distribution of malaria parasites among [NAME] populations living in the interior areas of Pahang and Kelantan, Malaysia | Tropical Biomedicine | 21 | 1 | 101-105 | 20043203792 | A malaria survey was conducted on [NAME] population living in the interior areas of Pahang and Kelantan, Malaysia [date not given]. A total of 1759 individuals were screened using Giemsa thick blood smears. The overall malaria parasite rate was 4.4% (77/1759), with 66.2% of cases caused by Plasmodium falciparum, 27.3% by P. vivax, and 6.5% by both P. falciparum and P. vivax. Malaria infection rate was higher in Pahang (5.1%) than Kelantan (1.5%). Malaria prevalence was significantly (X<sup>2</sup>=11.877, p=0.001) higher in children (<10 years old) than older people. However, there was no significant difference between males and females (X<sup>2</sup>=0.274 p=0.600). There was no significant association between malaria positive cases and fever (p=0.467). Parasite densities ranged from 5 parasites/ micro l to 39 657 parasites/ micro l, with a median of 44 parasites/ micro l. The median of parasite densities was significantly (p=0.002) higher in the age group <=10 years old than the older age groups. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Wang;JuLin Li;YaPing Gu;Jun Cao;GuoDing [NAME] | 2004 | Epidemic and control of malaria in Jiangsu Province from 1973 to 2003 | Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control | 16 | 4 | 281-284 | 20043188113 | The effects of a malaria control strategy on malaria incidence in Jiangsu, China, during 5 different time periods (1973-76, 1977-78, 1979-84, 1985-89 and 1990-2003) were investigated. Data on disease control and epidemiology were collected and analysed. 6 216 128 malaria cases were reported in 1973, and the incidence was 1136.34/10 000. Through the 5 time periods, the epidemic was effectively controlled gradually. 638 malaria cases were reported in 2003, and no individual locally infected with Plasmodium falciparum was found for 16 successive years. It is concluded that the anti-malaria strategy is suitable for the malaria situation in Jiangsu Province. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Gauthier;S. Patot;N. Billotte;M. Menegon;C. [NAME] Renaud | 2004 | Meager genetic variability of the human malaria agent Plasmodium vivax | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 101 | 40 | 14455-14460 | 20043184917 | Malaria is a major human parasitic disease caused by four species of Plasmodium protozoa. Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread, affects millions of people across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. We studied the genetic variability of 13 microsatellite loci in 108 samples of P. vivax from Azerbaijan, Thailand, Turkey, Venezuela, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka. Only one locus was polymorphic; nine were completely monomorphic, and the remaining three were monomorphic in all but one or two populations, which showed a rare second allele. In contrast, Plasmodium falciparum displays extensive microsatellite polymorphism within and among populations. We further analysed, in 96 samples from the same 8 localities, 8 tandem repeats (TRs) located at the 100-kb contiguous chromosome segment described as highly polymorphic. Each locus exhibited 2-10 alleles in the whole sample, but showed little intrapopulation polymorphism (1-5 alleles with a prevailing allele in most cases). Eight microsatellite loci monomorphic in P. vivax were polymorphic in three of five Plasmodium species related to P. vivax (two to seven individuals sampled). Plasmodium simium, a parasite of New World monkeys, was genetically indistinguishable from P. vivax. At 13 microsatellite loci and at 7 of the 8 TRs, both species shared the same (or most common) allele. Scarce microsatellite polymorphism may reflect selective sweeps or population bottlenecks in recent evolutionary history of P. vivax; the differential variability of the TRs may reflect selective processes acting on particular regions of the genome. We infer that the world expansion of P. vivax as a human parasite occurred recently, perhaps <10 000 years ago. | TERM_PLAS
ChiWon Lim;YeungBeom Park;JongSoo [NAME] | 2004 | Isolation of dibromosceptrin with antimalarial activity from the unidentified sponge, [NAME] sp | Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy | 35 | 3 | 189-193 | 20043179338 | In order to find some lead compounds for the treatment of opportunistic infections of malaria and pathogenic microbes, an undescribed Indonesian sponge [NAME] sp. collected at Manado, Indonesian Waters, was suggested containing active compounds. Crude ethanolic extract of the sponge exhibited significant in vitro antimalarial and antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (D6 colne) with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 8 micro g/ml and against pathogenic microbes such as Candida albicans (150 micro g/ml), Cryptococcus neoformans (<20 micro g/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (25 micro g/ml), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (<20 micro g/ml), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (<20 micro g/ml). Active compound (5.0 mg) was isolated from the ethanolic extracts of the sponge and purified by using silica gel and ODS column, successively. Active compound was elucidated as dibromosceptrin (C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>24</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>N<sub>10</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) by detailed analysis of FTESI-MS and comparison of <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C, DEPT and HMQC NMR spectral data with those reported. | TERM_PLAS
T. Jelinek;G. Peyerl-Hoffmann;N. Muhlberger;O. Wichmann;M. Wilhelm;N. Schmider;M. [NAME] Gascon;H. Laferl;C. Hatz;M. Alifrangis;G. Burchard;P. McWhinney;M. Schulze;H. Kollaritsch;S. da Cunha;J. Beran;P. Kern;I. Gjorup;J. Cuadros | 2002 | Molecular surveillance of drug resistance through imported isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in Europe | Malaria journal | 1 | 11 |  | 20043153269 | Background: Results from numerous studies point convincingly to correlations between mutations at selected genes and phenotypic resistance to antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum isolates. In order to move molecular assays for point mutations on resistance-related genes into the realm of applied tools for surveillance, we investigated a selection of P. falciparum isolates that were imported during the year 2001 into Europe to study the prevalence of resistance-associated point mutations at relevant codons. In particular, we tested for parasites which were developing resistance to antifolates and chloroquine. The screening results were used to map the prevalence of mutations and, thus, levels of potential drug resistance in endemic areas world-wide. Results: 337 isolates have been tested so far. Prevalence of mutations that are associated with resistance to chloroquine on the pfcrt and pfmdr genes of P. falciparum was demonstrated at high levels. However, the prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to antifolates at the DHFR and DHPS genes was unexpectedly low, rarely exceeding 60% in endemic areas. Conclusions: Constant screening of imported isolates will enable TropNetEurop to establish a screening tool for emerging resistance in endemic areas. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] Abeysundara;K. B. A. T. Bandara;W. Abeyewickreme;N. [NAME] | 2004 | Chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria among security forces personnel in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka | Ceylon Medical Journal | 49 | 2 | 47-51 | 20043136574 | Objective: To determine the occurrence and species distribution of malaria and the extent of chloroquine resistance among security forces personnel (armed forces and police personnel) in Mannar District, Northern Province, Sri Lanka. Design: A descriptive study. Methods: 975 male security personnel were screened for malaria during January-June 2002 using microscopy. Those who were positive were treated with chloroquine and were subjected to a 28-day in vivo assay to determine chloroquine resistance. In vitro microtest assay was performed to determine the response of Plasmodium falciparum isolates to chloroquine in vitro. Results: Of the 975 personnel screened, 181 (18.6%) were positive for malaria. P. falciparum was the predominant species (n=125; 69.1%). The remaining cases were due to P. vivax (n=42; 23.2%) and mixed infections (n=14; 7.7%). This was an inversion of the usual species distribution pattern in the country. In vivo assay revealed 38 (53.5%) P. falciparum infections as chloroquine resistant. 15 (65.2%) of 23 P. falciparum isolates showed evidence of resistance in vitro. None of the P. vivax infections showed evidence of chloroquine resistance. There was no significant difference in the severity of clinical disease between chloroquine resistant and sensitive infections at first presentation. Recrudescent P. falciparum infections had significantly lower mean parasite densities as well as lower clinical scores at recrudescence than at first presentation. Conclusion: The results demonstrate high prevalence of malaria and chloroquine resistance in the study area. Several contributory factors for these results are explained. There is an urgent need to review antimalarial drug policies in Sri Lanka. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2004 | Evaluation of a rapid whole blood immunochromatographic assay for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria | Ceylon Medical Journal | 49 | 1 | 7-11 | 20043136357 | Objective: Microscopic examination of blood smears is the 'gold standard' for malaria diagnosis, but is labour intensive and requires skilled operators. Plasmodium vivax malaria accounts for up to 70% of infections in Sri Lanka. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an immunochromatographic test which can detect both the species of Plasmodium, P. vivax and P. falciparum, present in Sri Lanka. Design: Prospective study from May 2001 to March 2002. Setting and methods: All persons above 5 years of age who presented to the Malaria Research Station, [NAME] or the Anti-malaria Clinic, Kurunegala, with a history of fever were recruited to the study. [NAME] and thin blood smears were examined for malarial parasites. The rapid diagnostic test (RDT), ICT Malaria P.f/P.v (AMRAD ICT, Australia) was performed simultaneously by an independent investigator. The severity of clinical disease of all patients was evaluated. Results: The study sample comprised 328 individuals of whom 126 (38%) were infected, 102 with P. vivax (31.1%) and 24 with P. falciparum (7.3%). The RDT was found to be highly sensitive (100%) and specific (100%) for the diagnosis of P. falciparum when compared with field microscopy. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of P. vivax malaria was only 70%. When P. vivax parasitaemia was greater than 5000 parasites/ micro l the RDT was 96.2% sensitive. A significant association was noted between the band intensity on the dipstick and both peripheral blood parasitaemia (P<0.001) and clinical severity of disease with P. vivax (p=0.011). Conclusions: The ICT Malaria P.f/P.v test can be used in Sri Lanka in the absence of microscopists. | TERM_PLAS
WenFeng Ren;XiaoNing Liu;DuanHua Zhou;YueJu [NAME] | 2004 | Analyzing the prevalence of malaria in Guangzhou City from 1996 to 2000 | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 4 | 1 | 64-65, 74 | 20043122656 | Epidemic situation reports, malaria cases questionnaires, blood test records of fever cases and epidemiological summary were analysed. Anopheles mosquitoes caught were classified. The main malaria vector in Guangzhou is Anopheles sinensis. Malaria prevalence was controlled effectively and incidence declined. There were 1246 malaria cases during 1996-2000. No P. falciparum outbreak occurred. It is suggested that integrated methods should be adopted during malaria seasons to control the spread of malaria. Microscope checking stations should be established and fever cases should be tested for the presence of Plasmodium. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] Tsuboi;M. U. Ferreira;M. [NAME] | 2004 | Molecular analysis of Plasmodium ovale variants | Emerging infectious diseases | 10 | 7 | 1235-1240 | 20043121034 | Complete DNA sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene and partial sequences of 3 other loci were obtained from 3 variant-type and 3 classic-type Plasmodium ovale isolates from Southeast Asia and compared with GenBank-available data. All isolates were obtained in Myanmar and Indonesia. Three different SSUrRNA sequences (Pov 1-3) were found in each variant-type isolate, and 2 different SSUrRNA sequences (Poc 1-2) in each classic-type isolate. Pov 1-3 were closer to sequences previously found in the Cameroon and MAL/MAI isolates, whereas Poc 1-2 were closer to sequences previously found in 2 clones of the Nigerian I/CDC strain. The 3' half of Pov 1-3 was identical to the partial sequence of the SSUrRNA gene from the London School (LS) strain. Results support grouping P. ovale into two groups, the classic type (including the Nigerian I/CDC strain) and the variant type (Cameroon, MAL/MAI, and LS isolates). | TERM_PLAS
BaoHua Li;XinBing Yu;ZhongDao Wu;Jing Xu;ShouYi Chen;ZhongLuan [NAME] | 2004 | Cloning and expression of the gene of Plasmodium falciparum FCC1/HN encoding purine nucleoside phosphorylase | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 20 | 6 | 522-525 | 20043112171 | The gene encoding purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) of Plasmodium falciparum FCC1/HN isolated from southern China, was amplified, cloned and expressed. According to the published PNP gene sequence of P. falciparum, a pair of oligonucleotides was designed as primers. The PNP gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR product was purified and digested with EcoR I and Xho I, and then cloned into the plasmids pET30a(+) and pcDNA3 at the EcoR I and Xho I sites. The recombinant plasmids were identified by restriction analysis, PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysis, and the recombinant plasmid pET30a(+)-PNP was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant pET30a(+)-PNP was induced by IPTG concentration. A high level expression of PNP fusion protein was analysed. The results showed that the PNP gene of P. falciparum FCC1/HN was successfully amplified, cloned and expressed. The molecular weight of the fusion protein was 31.4 kDa. | TERM_PLAS
ChengQi Shan;JingYan Wang;DeBen Ding;BoAn [NAME] | 2004 | Observation on efficacy of complex naphthoquine against Plasmodium vivax malaria | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 11 | 1 | 8-10 | 20043085322 | 109 patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria were treated with a single dose of complex naphthoquine (naphthoquine 400 mg plus artemisinin 1000 mg) and another 35 patients were treated with chloroquine [Beijing, China]. They were followed up by blood and temperature examination for 42 days after drug administration. Results revealed that the parasite reduction rate in 24 h and cure rate percentages were higher in patients treated with complex naphthoquine than in patients treated with chloroquine (99.99+or-0.05 vs. 95.80+or-8.70% and 100 vs. 74.3%, respectively). The mean fever clearance time and mean parasite clearance time were shorter in patients treated with complex naphthoquine than in patients treated with chloroquine (13.00+or-5.50 vs. 19.10+or-8.30 h and 18.10+or-5.70 vs. 41.60+or-8.20 h, respectively). No apparent adverse effects were observed in patients treated with complex naphthoquine. It is concluded that complex naphthoquine is an effective treatment for P. vivax malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] |  | New antimalarial drug development in India: arteether alpha beta - a blood schizontocide. (Drugs and cytochrome P450) | Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy | 69 | 6 | 861-870 | 20043056674 | In view of the increasing prevalence of chloroquine and multiple drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum and the increasing incidence of seizures due to cerebral malaria, there has been an urgent need to develop fast-acting blood schizontocides for the control of complicated malaria infections. Considerable work has been going on in China and other South East Asian countries and the USA on the blood schizontocidal activity of artemisinin (qin-ghaosu) and its derivatives such as artemether and artesunate, but their usefulness has been limited due to the high resistance rate among P. falciparum cases treated with these drugs. A review is presented discussing the development of alpha / beta -arteether (30:70 mixture of enantiomers) as a fast-acting blood schizontocide. This compound exerts curative blood schizontocidal action against [NAME] (sensitive strain), P. yoelii nigeriensis (chloroquine, quinine and mefloquine resistant line), P. knowlesi (resistant to mefloquine) and P. cynomolgi B (sensitive strain). In addition, arteether has shown no adverse pharmacological effect in animal models, is safe in subacute toxicity, and has no teratogenic effect in rats and rabbits. Phase I clinical trials (safety/tolerance studies) with arteether in healthy subjects had been completed. The drug arteether ( alpha / beta ) has also completed multicentre clinical trials in P. falciparum endemic areas and was found to be effective and marketed in 1997 as [NAME]. This drug is specifically useful in the control of drug resistant malaria and as a potential compound for the treatment of severe complicated malaria including cerebral malaria. Arteether has a higher safety margin compared to other artemisinin derivatives, has longer half-life, and produces high cure rates when administered in a short 3-dose (intramuscular) regimen. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2004 | Characteristic of point mutation of three Plasmodium falciparum resistant genes in Yunnan Province | China Tropical Medicine | 4 | 1 | 7-9 | 20043018515 | A study was conducted to examine the point mutations in P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein gene (pfcrt), the multidrug resistance gene (pfmdr1) and the dihydrofolate reductase thymidylate synthase gene (pfdhfr). Nested polymerase chain reaction and restrict enzyme fragment length polymorphism were used to examine point mutations of the 3 drug resistance genes in P. falciparum from acute falciparum malaria patients in Yunnan, China. Point mutations were observed in position 16, 51, 108, 164 within pfdhfr gene. Mutant type, especially Asn-108 and Ile-51, was very high, and its frequency was 94.3% and 81.3%, respectively. The frequency of the wild type (3D7) Ser-108 was 8.6% and Ala-16 was 68.6%. Position 76 in pfcrt gene is mutant to T from K, that is, mutant type (including mixed) accounted for 96.7% and the wild type was 3.4%. Position 86 in pfmdr1 gene is mutant to [NAME] from Asn, that is, mutant type (including mixed) accounted for 34.6%, and the wild type was 48.7%, and mixed type was 16.7%. Mutant type at position 1246 in pfmdr1 gene was not found. It is concluded that P. falciparum from Yunnan fields commonly exhibit point mutations in pfcrt, [NAME] and pfdhfr genes. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Hoek | 2004 | Malaria and agriculture. (Special issue: Malaria and Agriculture) | Acta tropica | 89 | 2 | 95-259. | 20043016182 | This special issue contains an editorial and 14 original research papers. Most of the papers are based on 2 SIMA seminars held in 2002: 18th Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage in Montreal, Canada in July 2002 and 3rd Pan-African Conference on Malaria of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria in Arusha, Tanzania in November 2003. The following topics are discussed: engineering and malaria control; opportunities and limiting factors of intensive vegetable farming in malaria endemic [NAME]; influence of irrigated urban agriculture on the transmission of malaria in the city of Kumasi, Ghana; lessons from an ecosystem approach to irrigation and malaria in Northern Cote d'Ivoire; malaria transmission and malaria incidence in relation to rice cultivation in the irrigated [NAME]; transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in Kenya; effect of ammonium sulfate fertilizer on larval populations of Anopheles arabiensis and culicine mosquitoes in rice fields; malaria transmission in Southern Madagascar; malaria and schistosomiasis risks associated with surface and sprinkler irrigation systems in Zimbabwe; malaria risk analysis in an irrigated area in Sri Lanka; emergence of Plasmodium falciparum-dominated malaria in irrigated areas of the Thar Desert, India; new irrigation methods to sustain malaria control in Sichuan Province, China; and need for cross-sector cooperation in Azerbaijan. | TERM_PLAS
ShanYing Zhang;HuiMin [NAME] Gao;YuZhu Shen;WeiDa [NAME] | 2004 | Polymorphism analysis of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMsp-1) gene from different malaria-endemic areas of China | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 20 | 1 | 26-30 | 20043015753 | A study was conducted to determine the characteristics of polymorphism of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP-1) gene of Plasmodium in different epidemic areas in China. Of 82 field isolates, 470 bp and 400 bp DNA fragments were produced in 50 and 39 isolates, respectively. The mixture type rate was 20.0% in Hainan and 2.3% in Anhui isolates, respectively. The mean number of clones was 1.20 (36/30) and 1.02 (43/42) in Hainan and Anhui, respectively. Thirty-three sequenced fragments revealed 17 for Sal-1 and 2 for Belem type. Twelve recombination (III) and two SK type were newly identified in China. It is concluded that there are at least three principal types of PvMSP-1 alleles in China, with Sal-1 and recombinant (III) as prevalent types. In addition, the alleles in southern China are more complicated than in Northern China. | TERM_PLAS
ZaiXing Zhang;Sheng Zhou;Li Li;YaMing Yang;ChongZhen [NAME] | 2003 | Study on the suitability of Double Lot Quality Assurance Sampling in the monitoring of efficacy of antimalarials against Plasmodium falciparum malaria | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 5 | 281-283 | 20043010565 | The suitability of Double Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (DLQAS) in monitoring the efficacy of antimalarial drugs against Plasmodium falciparum malaria was investigated [China]. P. falciparum malaria patients were recruited and treated following the WHO 28 days assessment of chloroquine efficacy, and treatment failure or success was assessed. The results and sample sizes were compared with those of traditional epidemiological method. The treatment failure rate using the traditional method was 40.7%, and the treatment failure rates in the first and second stage of DLQAS were higher than 25%, which was recommended by WHO for change of drugs. The sample sizes were smaller in the DLQAS than in the traditional method of epidemiological cross-section survey. The treatment efficacies using the traditional method and DLQAS were the same. It is concluded that DLQAS requires smaller sample sizes, is quicker and suitable for field monitoring of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs against P. falciparum malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Evaluation on measures and effectiveness of malaria control and eradication of falciparum malaria in Guangxi | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 6 | 346-349 | 20043004873 | Objective: To study the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and control measures in Guangxi Autonomous Region, China. Methods: During the incidence of malaria, integrated measures were taken to control malaria in natural villages which were classified according to the prevalence of malaria. During the post control, the major control measure was to determine and eliminate the source of infection through examination of febrile patients and annual blood examination. Results: The malaria morbidity in Guangxi was reduced from 296.7 per mil to 0.07 per mil; during 1997-2001, a total of 6 241 011 febrile patients and foci residents were examined and only 485 cases of P. vivax malaria and no P. falciparum malaria were observed. Conclusion: The measures are very effective in eliminating malaria and P. falciparum malaria in Guangxi. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Adagu;ZaiXing Zhang;D. [NAME] | 2003 | Changes on point mutations of pfmdr1-<sup>T</sup>86<sup>N</sup> and pfcrt-<sup>T</sup>76<sup>K</sup> gene in pre- and post-treatment with chloroquine and artesunate in border areas | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 6 | 339-342 | 20043004871 | Objective: To assess chloroquine (CQ) monotherapy and chloroquine + artesunate (CQ + ART) combined regimen in Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and to characterize the isolates for pfcrt (76<sup>K>T</sup>) and [NAME] (86<sup>N>T</sup>) changes. Methods: Blood samples were collected from patients who were treated with either [NAME] ([NAME]) or CQ + ART (n=21) in Yunnan Province, China, during 1983-92. The pfcrt and pfmdr1 point mutations were examined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: Before [NAME] treatment, mutant pfcrt 76<sup>T</sup> was harboured by all (100%) samples. 50% of these pretreatment samples carried wild type pfmdr1 86<sup>N</sup>, whereas the remaining 50% had mixed (86<sup>N/T</sup>) genotypes. After [NAME] treatment, 94% (17 of 18) of treatment failures carried mutant pfcrt 76<sup>T</sup> and 6% (1 of 18) had mixed genotypes (76<sup>K/T</sup>). 83.3% (15 of 18) of the recrudescent samples had pfmdr1 86<sup>N</sup> and the remaining 16.7% (3 of 18) carried 86<sup>N/T</sup> mixed genotypes. Before [NAME] + ART treatment, 19 samples carried the mutant pfcrt 76<sup>T</sup> and 2 samples had mixed genotypes. Three of these pretreatment samples had mixed mutant and wild type [NAME], whereas the rest (86%) had wild type only. Of the 11 CQ + ART treatment failures, 10 (91%) had mutant pfcrt 76<sup>T</sup> and the remaining had mixed genotypes. All the samples carried wild type pfmdr1. Conclusion: This demonstrates the supremacy of pfcrt codon 76 mutation and support the view that changes in this gene may be the primary determinant of CQ resistance. | TERM_PLAS
ChengQi Shan;GuangYu Liu;XiuQing Jiao | 2003 | Primary observation on efficacy of naphthoquine phosphate for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 10 | 4 | 198-201 | 20043001264 | The clinical therapeutic efficacy of naphthoquinone phosphate and chloroquine phosphate was investigated in patients with P. falciparum malaria from Beijing, China. 40 patients with P. falciparum malaria were treated with a single dose of naphthoquinone phosphate (1000 mg) and followed-up in preselective time. Blood and temperature of patient were examined for 28 days after drug administration. The mean fever clearance time was 35.9+or-16.7 h; the mean parasite clearance time was 61.7+or-18.1 h. The cure rate was 100%. No apparent side effect was observed. It is concluded that naphthoquinone phosphate is effective in the treatment of malaria patients. | TERM_PLAS
JianZhong [NAME] Zheng;YaMing Cao | 2003 | Genetic polymorphism analysis of the transmission blocking vaccine candidate antigen Pvs28 from Plasmodium vivax isolates from Hubei, China | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 10 | 4 | 193-197 | 20043001263 | The genetic diversity of transmission blocking vaccine candidate antigen Pvs28 from 15 isolates of P. vivax in Hubei, China was investigated. The parasite DNA was obtained from dried blood spots on filter papers. The genes were amplified by PCR and the products were purified, cloned and sequenced. 15 complete new sequences were reported. Two types of mutation were found, including 3 nucleotide changes that resulted in 2 amino acid substitutions and different numbers of repeat fragments (range, 5-7). [NAME] antigenic polymorphism was reported for the first time in China. | TERM_PLAS
TaeHee Han;InKi Paik;TaeHyun Um;ChongRae Cho;DongHee Whang;BoMoon [NAME] | 2003 | The detection of Plasmodium vivax DNA, and antibody using filter paper blood | Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine | 23 | 5 | 319-323 | 20033207073 | A study was carried out to establish antibody and DNA tests using filter paper and evaluate the usefulness of filter paper blood samples and storage duration at room temperature in the detection of P. vivax DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 50 micro l whole blood of 45 P. vivax-infected patients from Korea Republic were spotted on filter paper, dried, and kept in a drawer at room temperature. The paired, whole blood samples were stored at [NAME] freezer temperature for 12 and 24 months. The filter paper blood samples were used for PCR. P. vivax DNA was detected in all filter paper blood samples by PCR during 24 months of storage. Detection limit of PCR was 1 P. vivax/ micro l using standard filter paper samples for 12 months of storage, and 5 P. vivax/ micro l after that storage duration. P. vivax was detected in 100% of filter paper samples (43 of 43) during 5 months of storage. Antibody detection rates were 81.4% (35 of 43), 60.5% (26 of 43), 51.2% (22 of 43) at 6, 7, and 8 months, respectively. It is concluded that filter paper blood samples stored at room temperature remained stable for PCR and antibody testing for 1 year and 5 months, respectively. | TERM_PLAS
HeungChul Kim;O. S. Friendly;J. G. Pike;A. L. Schuster;M. [NAME] | 2003 | Seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes collected from light traps in the Republic of Korea, 2001 | Korean Journal of Entomology | 33 | 3 | 189-199 | 20033198132 | Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2001 at 28 US military installations and training sites located in five provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey and dry ice-baited CDC-type light traps from 1 May through 15 October 2001. [NAME] surveillance was conducted to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications and identify malaria infection rates at selected Army installations and training sites. A total of 61 584 adults (45 814, 74.4% females and 15 770, 25.6% males) comprising 17 species and 7 genera were collected during 2001. The most common species collected were Anopheles sinensis (36.3%), Aedes vexans nipponii (23.1%), [NAME] tritaeniorhynchus (22.3%) and [NAME] pipiens (17.6%). [NAME] indices (TIs) varied widely for species over their range, due in part, to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities. During 2001, the TI for A. sinensis was 19.6 females/trap night compared to years 1999 and 2000, when the TI for the [NAME] area was 1.4 and 2.9 times (27.7 and 57.4 TI) greater, respectively. The weekly population densities for some species were variable for each of the years, apparently as a result of variable annual weather conditions. None of the 16 302 A. sinensis assayed for Plasmodium vivax malaria infections by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were positive. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Clinical analysis of 15 Plasmodium vivax malaria cases | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 6 | 776-777 | 20033193245 | The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of 15 Plasmodium vivax malaria cases were retrospectively analysed [China]. Results revealed individual differences in clinical manifestations among all cases. 12 cases contracted the disease from malaria endemic areas and 3 cases from malaria free areas. 10 patients had typical malaria symptoms and 5 with typical symptoms. All patients were cured after treatment. It is suggested that clinical physicians should be aware of the fact that sporadic malaria occurs in areas with prevalent P. vivax malaria and a few of them show typical symptoms. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Investigation of malaria infection in residents and population sleeping on mountains in Wuzhishan City | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 6 | 738-739 | 20033193228 | 1013 residents and 307 people sleeping on mountains in Wuzhishan City, Hainan, China, were investigated about occupation, living conditions, use of mosquito net, habits, malaria protection, malaria incidence and treatment. Two filter paper blood samples and a thick blood smear slide per person were collected and examined for malaria parasite using polymerase chain reaction and microscopy. The annual malaria incidence rate among residents was 15.2%; 3.8, 8.3 and 3.2% were caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and unclear type, respectively. The annual malaria incidence rate among people sleeping on mountains was 30.9%; 16.6, 6.2 and 8.1% were caused by P. falciparum, P. vivax and unclear type, respectively. The parasite carrying rates of people sleeping on mountains and those who were not were 2.3 and 2.4%, respectively. The missed report rate of malaria was 89%. Malaria is endemic in Wuzhishan City. The major risk factors for infection were sleeping on mountains, not adopting or less awareness about protective measures, low rates of timely treatment and bad habits. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Randomized trial of Artekin and Artekin(T) for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 6 | 723-725 | 20033193223 | The efficacy and safety of artekin and artekin(T), the 2 dihydroartemisinin compounds, for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were compared. 60 malaria patients were randomly divided into 2 groups with 30 patients in each group. The patients in each group were given artekin or artekin(T) tablet 4 times daily for 2 days. The cure rate, average parasite clearance time, average fever clearance time and adverse effects were determined. The average parasite clearance time and average fever clearance time were 56.7+or-16.3 and 20.2+or-1.3 h in the artekin group, and 58.4+or-18.6 and 22.8+or-1.1 h in the artekin(T) group, respectively. A recrudescence occurred in each group after a follow-up of 28 days. The cure rate in both groups was 96.7%. Adverse effects (nausea and stomach ache) were mild in both groups. It is concluded that artekin and artekin(T) are highly efficacious and act rapidly against P. falciparum malaria; they also have low toxicity. | TERM_PLAS
XingLiang [NAME] Che;ChunFu [NAME] | 2003 | Observation on the effectiveness of naphthoquine phosphate tablets on patients with vivax malaria and falciparum malaria | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 5 | 608-609 | 20033192500 | A study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of naphthoquine phosphate tablets in patients with vivax malaria and falciparum malaria in Yunnan, China. Plasmodium falciparum patients were treated with a total of 1000 mg (10 tablets) of naphthoquine phosphate for 2 days (600 mg for the first day and 400 mg on the 2nd day), whereas Plasmodium vivax patients were treated with a single dose (600 mg) of naphthoquine phosphate. A total of 169 patients were treated, including 91 cases with falciparum malaria and 78 patients with vivax malaria. Fever clearance time for falciparum malaria patients and vivax malaria patients was 33.88+or-20.30 h and 20.31+or-9.84 h, respectively. Parasite clearance time for falciparum malaria patients and vivax malaria patients was 54.67+or-12.56 h and 44.51+or-10.15 h, respectively. No resurgence was observed in 64 falciparum patients and vivax malaria patients after a follow-up of 28 days. It is concluded that naphthoquine phosphate tablets is convenient and effective in clearing P. falciparum and P. vivax with no side effects. It is suggested that naphthoquine phosphate tablets should be combined with artemisinin to reduce the dose and duration of treatment and delay the occurrence of drug resistance. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Wang;ChengQi Shan;DaDong Fu;ZhiWei Sun;DeBen [NAME] | 2003 | Efficacy of naphthoquine, artemisinine and a combination of the two drugs in the treatment of falciparum malaria | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 21 | 3 | 131-133 | 20033170360 | The efficacy and safety of naphthoquine (NQ), artemisinin (QHS) and napthoquine-artemisinin (NQ-QHS) in the treatment of malaria was compared in 230 patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria (100 patients were treated with NQ-QHS, 100 with NQ, and 30 with QHS). All patients were hospitalized for 7 days and followed-up for 28 days. The mean fever clearance time for NQ-QHS, NQ and QHS was 17.5+or-12.3, 32.7+or-17.7 and 18.1+or-9.7 h, respectively. The mean parasite clearance time was 30.0+or-8.8, 45.5+or-10.0 and 29.1+or-6.0 h, respectively. The 28-day cure rate was 97, 100 and 66.7%, respectively. All drugs were well tolerated. It is concluded that the NQ-QHS is effective and safe for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. | TERM_PLAS
PeiQuan Chen;KunRong He;NanZheng Peng;FengZhen [NAME] | 2003 | In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Dongfang City in Hainan Province | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 3 | 2 | 167-168 | 20033168073 | A study was conducted to examine the sensitivity of P. falciparum to chloroquine. WHO standard micro-test and in vitro test were used. Survey in 1986-1987 and 1999-2001 showed that the chloroquine-resistant rate of P. falciparum were 63.73% and 71.29% with IC<sub>50</sub> of 1.08 pmol/ micro l and 1.10 pmol/ micro l, respectively. The mean concentrations for complete inhibition of schizont formation were 6.19 pmol/ micro l and 5.57 pmol/ micro l in 1986-1987 and 1999-2001, respectively. | TERM_PLAS
ChangLing Ma;XinBing Yu;ZhiXin Shan;ZhongDao Wu;Jin [NAME] | 2003 | Amplification, cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding iron-sulfur protein (Ip) of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase of Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCC1/HN | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 3 | 2 | 136-138 | 20033168070 | A study was conducted to construct the prokaryotic expression plasmid pET28 alpha -Ip and sequence Ip for the expression of Ip protein in vitro. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the gene encoding Ip was specifically amplified from the genomic DNA of P. falciparum isolate FCC1/HN. The PCR products were purified and digested with BamHI and [NAME]. The generated DNA fragment was cloned into plasmid pET28 alpha , and transformed into Escherichia coli strain DH5 alpha . The recombinant plasmids were screened and identified by BamHI and [NAME] digestion and PCR amplification. Ip was sequenced using the chain termination method. The results demonstrated that the recombinant plasmid pET28 alpha contained the exogenous gene encoding Ip from isolate FCC1/HN of P. falciparum. Comparison of Ip sequences between isolate FCC1/HN and [NAME] and 3D7 showed no differences. These findings are important for the expression of Ip in vitro and the study of Ip's function. | TERM_PLAS
M. Kimura;A. Soemantri;T. [NAME] | 2002 | Malaria species and Southeast Asian ovalocytosis defined by a 27-bp deletion in the erythrocyte band 3 gene | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | 33 | 1 | 4-6 | 20033163572 | To evaluate the resistance of Southeast Asian/Melanesian ovalocytosis against species specific malaria infection, relationships between parasite species and the 27-bp deletion in the band 3 gene were studied in malaria endemic Sumba Island, eastern Indonesia. Thick blood films were prepared from patients with malaria symptoms (n=129) and healthy controls (n=231). Species of Plasmodium was identified by microscopic observation. The 27-bp deletion was screened by the PCR method. Among 231 healthy controls, 29 (12.6%) had the 27-bp deletion, whereas 14 (10.9%) among 129 patients confirmed with malaria infection harboured the 27-bp deletion. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of the 27-bp deletion between controls and patients (p>0.8). There was no significant difference in the frequency of the 27-bp deletion between P. vivax and P. falciparum infected subjects at 5% level by Fisher's exact test. The present result showing no correlation between the presence of the 27-bp deletion and infected parasite species is consistent with the post-invasion resistance hypothesis that may involve not a single malaria species. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2002 | Surveillance of malaria control for 11 years in Wengyuan County | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 2 | 1 | 92-93, 96 | 20033162596 | This study aims to determine the epidemiology of malaria in Wengyuan county in China since the introduction of control measures, and to evaluate the effectiveness of malaria surveillance schemes. A total of 46 282 outpatients were examined from 1990 to 2000. Plasmodium vivax malaria was diagnosed in 264 cases, which constituted 98.51% of all cases showing clinical symptoms of malaria. A total of 137 cases were locally infected. The rate of misdiagnosis dropped to 0%. The rate of introduced/imported infection cases decreased by 46.65%. The malaria surveillance effectiveness index (MSEI) was 20.28. The cost of one MSEI score was 4803.37 yuan. It is concluded that the malaria surveillance scheme applied in Wengyuan county is cost effective, preventing the resurgence of malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Suh;KyungRan Ma;ChaeSeung Lim;KapNo [NAME] | 2003 | Antibody responses to the recombinant circumsporozite protein, merozoite surface protein, and duffy binding protein antigens of Plasmodium vivax in Korea | Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine | 23 | 3 | 190-198 | 20033151262 | Background: Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein (MSP) and Duffy binding protein (DBP) are functionally important conserved proteins and may have an important role in developing antigens. The aim of this study was to develop recombinant CSP, MSP, and DBP antigens, to evaluate their diagnostic usefulness, and to analyse the prevalence of seroreactivity against P. vivax in 5 different regions of the Korea Republic. Methods: To construct recombinant CSP, MSP, and DBP antigens from P. vivax, DNA obtained from specimens previously diagnosed as P. vivax was used. To evaluate diagnostic usefulness of recombinant CSP, MSP, and DBP antigens from P. vivax, sera from 45 patients with P. vivax and 48 normal controls including 4 patients with Plasmodium falciparum were used. For the epidemiological study, a total of 1014 serum samples obtained from 5 different regions in the Korea Republic were used. Results: The sensitivity of the IgG antibody against the P. vivax recombinant CSP, MSP, DBP antigens and the antigens mixture of these proteins were 75.6%, 62.2%, 68.9%, and 97.8%, and the specificity were 92.1%, 84.2%, 81.6%, and 97.4%, respectively. The seropositivity against P. vivax recombinant antigens was highest in Cheolwon province. The IgG seropositivity against P. vivax recombinant CSP, MSP and DBP was 2.0%, 1.2%, and 1.5%, respectively. There were no significant differences in seroreactivity against P. vivax between each recombinant protein and each 5 different regions in the Korea Republic. Conclusions: Newly constructed recombinant CSP, MSP and DBP were useful in the detection of antibodies against the P. vivax antigen. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Ratiwayanto;S. Soebianto;Krisin;H. Marwoto;G. [NAME] J. Bangs;D. J. Fryauff;T. [NAME] K. Baird | 2003 | Age-dependent impairment of IgG responses to glycosylphosphatidylinositol with equal exposure to Plasmodium falciparum among Javanese migrants to Papua, Indonesia | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 69 | 1 | 36-41 | 20033150464 | Immune responses directed at glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors of P. falciparum may offer protection against symptomatic malaria. To independently explore the effect of age on the generation of anti-GPI IgG response, we measured serum anti-GPI IgGs in a longitudinal cohort of migrant Javanese children (6-12 years old) and adults (>=20 years old) with equivalent numbers of exposures to P. falciparum in Papua, Indonesia. While the peak response in adults was achieved after a single infection, comparable responses in children required >=3-4 infections. Significantly fewer children (16%) than adults (41%) showed a high (optical density >0.44) anti-GPI IgG response (odds ratio (OR)=3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.3-6.3, P<0.0001), and adults were more likely to show a persistently high response (OR=5.5, 95% CI=1.0-56.8, P=0.03). However, the minority of children showing a strong response were significantly less likely to experience symptoms with subsequent parasitemia compared with those with a weak response (OR=4.0, 95% CI=1.1-13.8, P=0.02). This effect was not observed among high- and low-responding adults (OR=1.2, 95% CI=0.5-2.8, P=0.60). Host age, independent of cumulative exposure, apparently represents a key determinant of the quantitative and qualitative nature of the IgG response to P. falciparum GPI. | TERM_PLAS
XiuQiu Lai;JiaYong Zhu | 2003 | Construction of eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid expressing the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 1 | 22-25 | 20033137230 | A study was conducted to construct recombinant plasmid of the southern China FCC1/HN isolate of P. falciparum, bearing the gene encoding for hybrid merozoite surface protein 2-hepatitis B virus surface protein fusion pVXORF1-pfMSP<sub>2</sub>-HBS and eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid pVXORF1-pfMSP<sub>2</sub>. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the MSP<sub>2</sub> gene was amplified from genomic DNA of prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid PET28 alpha -MSP<sub>2</sub> of the southern China isolate (FCC1/HN) of P. falciparum. The PCR product was purified and digested with BamH I, recombinant plasmid pVXORF1-PvMSP<sub>1.19</sub>-HBS was digested with the same restriction endonuclease. The plasmid pVXORF1 and recombinant plasmid PET28 alpha -MSP<sub>2</sub> were digested with BamH I and [NAME] The 2 generated DNA fragments in each of the 2 procedures above were purified and ligated with T4 DNA ligase (according to the rate of MSP<sub>2</sub>; pVXORF1-HBS or MSP<sub>2</sub>; pVXORF1=3:1) at 16 degrees C for 16 h, and transferred into Escherichia coli strain DH5 alpha , respectively. The recombinant plasmids were screened and identified by BamH I and/or Xho I and PCR amplification. Both the recombinant plasmids pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub>-HBS and pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub> contained the MSP<sub>2</sub> gene from FCC1/HN isolate of P. falciparum. The gene encoding MSP<sub>2</sub> was amplified from genomic DNA of recombinant plasmid PET28 alpha -MSP<sub>2</sub>; pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub>-HBS and pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub> recombinant were successfully constructed. | TERM_PLAS
FuNiu Xu;YuZu Shen;ShangChun [NAME] | 2003 | Feature analysis of local malaria resurgence in Plasmodium vivax endemic area in Anhui Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 1 | 19-21 | 20033137228 | A study was conducted to analyse the causes of local malaria resurgence in Anhui Province, China and provide a scientific basis for making countermeasures. All villages in 7 counties with malaria resurgence were investigated for the dynamic situation and control implementation since 1998. 727 cases reported in the period January to July 2001 were surveyed and analysed. The number of new infectioun foci, heavy infectioun foci and foci with malaria incidence >=5% increased from 34, 2, 0 in 1998 to 249, 60, 3 in 2001, respectively. Among the 727 cases, cases aged less than 20 years accounted for 54.2%. New infections accounted for 89.3%. The data suggested that new foci and severe foci increased year by year. Majority of the cases were younger people. | TERM_PLAS
CiXing Sheng;ZaiXing [NAME] Wang | 2003 | Report of malaria surveillance in Yunnan Province during 1991-2000 | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 1 | 16-18 | 20033137227 | A study was conducted to report malaria surveillance and malaria situation in a period of 10 years in Yunnan, China and to provide scientific strategies for malaria control. The data on blood smear examination of febrile patients, surveillance of IFAT in focus population, management of mobile population in border areas, and vector surveillance from 1991 to 2000 were collected and analysed. Blood smear examination of febrile patients were carried out for 6 193 853 febrile patients from 1991 to 2000. The average annual rate of blood smear examination of febrile patients in the decade was 3.52%, the positive rate was 2.75% and cases infected with Plasmodium falciparum 21.48%. The positive rate of IFAT in focus populations was 5.80%, positive GMRT lay between 22.14 and 60.14. In the border areas, the positive rate of blood smear examination of foreign patients with fever was 13.05%, and that of Chinese who returned from a foreign country and mobile population from inland were 7.67% and 12.45%, respectively. Anopheles minimus, A. anthropophagus and A. kunminggensis, which are main vectors in Yunnan province, were captured 2.29, 2.46 and 2.90, respectively in human house per hour and person, and its ratio of human house and cattle house was 1:3.29, 1:3.19 and 1:1.04. The positive rate of blood smear examination of febrile patients dropped to 1.93% in 2000 from 3.30% in 1991 through the 10 years. The malaria incidence decreased to 3.79% in 2000 from 8.49% in 1991. It is concluded that Yunnan province is still the main malaria epidemic area. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Preventive effect on naphthoquine against vivax malaria and drug resistant falciparum malaria in Yunnan, China | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 3 | 137-139 | 20033136312 | A study was conducted to evaluate the preventive effect of naphthoquine against vivax malaria and chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. The study was carried out in villages with 5% over of carrying malaria plasmodium rate in Jinghong and Mengla Counties. 1547 persons were enrolled into the study and were divided 3 groups: group A, adults were given 4 tablets (400 mg) naphthoquine in single time per month for 2 consecutive months; group B, adults were given 4 tablets (400 mg) naphthoquine in single time, only one month; and group C, adults were given placebo as control. Carrying malaria plasmodium rate dropped to 90.81% (from 7.40% before treatment to 0.68% after treatment) in group A; descended to 51.09% (from 5.50% before treatment to 2.69% after treatment) in group B; and in group C, carrying malaria plasmodium rate increased to 67.99% (from 9.81% before treatment to 16.48% after treatment). [NAME] has a good preventive effect on vivax malaria and chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria and the preventive effect in group A is better than that of group B. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Blood examination of Plasmodium using the concentration and wet slide method | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 3 | 136, 151 | 20033136311 |  | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Wang;ChengQi Shan;DaDong Fu;XueJian Pang;YunFu Lu;LaiFu Su;BoAn Wu;YunLin Shi;DeBen Ding;ZhiWei Sun | 2003 | Clinical trial of co-naphthoquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 3 | 134-136 | 20033136310 | A study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of co-naphthoquine for the treatment of falciparum malaria. 320 patients in Hainan Province, China, each with naturally acquired, symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection were selected as the subjects, treated with a single dose of co-naphthoquine 1400 mg. 100 of the 320 patients were examined by haematology, blood biochemistry, urine analysis and ECG. The patients were hospitalized for 3-7 days and followed up for 28 days. 312 of the 320 patients were shown to be free of infection at 28 days, a 97.5% cure rate. The mean fever clearance time was (17.5+or-11.4) h; the mean parasite clearance time was (29.9+or-8.7) h. No significant adverse effects were encountered. Co-naphthoquine possesses benefits of both naphthoquine and artemisinin; has a rapid onset of action, high cure rate, a short course of only one dose and is well tolerated in patients. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Efficacy of a five-day course of primaquine in preventing relapses in Plasmodium vivax malaria - a pilot study | Ceylon Medical Journal | 48 | 1 | 32 | 20033121915 |  | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Zhang;Sheng Zhou | 2003 | Multiple linear regression analysis of association of the Plasmodium falciparum density with fevers and age of malaria cases in mobile population in high malaria endemic areas in Yunnan Province | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 3 | 298-299 | 20033119528 | In this study, the correlation of fever, age and parasite density in 77 P. falciparum malaria cases was evaluated. A direct relationship between parasite density and initial axillary temperature (between 36.5 and 39.5 degrees C) was established in 44 cases, all occurring in adults (P<0.05). No relationship with age was noted. In 23 malaria cases occurring in children, the initial parasite density had no relation with the initial axillary temperature and age. A total of 34 recrudescence cases was reported, and parasite density in these cases did not correlate with the recrudescence temperature, initial temperature, initial parasite density and age (P>0.05). | TERM_PLAS
GuangZe Wang;Hu [NAME] | 2003 | The sensitivity of Plasmodium vivax genotype strain of circumsporozoite protein to chloroquine and the recrudescence | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 2 | 144-146 | 20033116197 | A study was conducted to understand the sensitivity to chloroquine of P. vivax strains with certain circumsporozoite protein genotypes, as well as the P. vivax malaria recrudescence pattern in Hainan, China. 22 patients were P. vivax malaria were treated with chloroquine at normal doses, and the therapeutic effect and the status of recrudescence were observed. Polymerase chain reaction was used in genotyping P. vivax from the patients. The mean fever clearance time and parasite disappearance time were 25.4+or-4.3 h and 40.2+or-5.5 h, respectively (no significant difference). The recrudescent rate of patients infected with P. vivax tropical family strain was 77.6%, with a mean recrudescent time of 61.0+or-16.4 days. The recrudescent rate of patients infected with P. vivax temperate family strain is 100%, with a mean recrudescent time of 278.6+or-214.5 days. Significant differences in mean recrudescent times between the 2 groups of patients were observed (P<0.01). | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Analysis of malaria situation in Yuanjiang County in Yunnan Province (1996-2000) | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 1 | 30-32 | 20033115186 | The disease prevalence of malaria and disease control activities in Yuanjiang, Yunnan, China, between 1996 and 2000, were investigated using routine statistical analysis. There were 4085 malaria cases, accounting for 61.48% of the total infectious diseases in the whole country. The annual malaria incidence was 43.83/10 000 during the study period. Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum increased by 214.47%. Donge, Dashuiping, Lijiang, Hongguang and [NAME] towns (in decreasing order) registered the 5 highest disease incidence of malaria with 2597 cases, accounting for 63.57% of the total malaria cases in China. The highest morbidity rates occurred in Hongguang, Gahzhuang, Donge, Hongqiao and Yuanjiang with 1580 cases, accounting for 38.68% of the total malaria cases. It is concluded that the malaria situation in Yuanjiang is still serious. It is suggested that effective control measures be made by stratification of the endemic areas. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Prospects for treatment of falciparum malaria | China Tropical Medicine | 3 | 1 | 3-4 | 20033115185 | The difficulty in treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum lies in the fact that the parasites can easily become tolerant to new drugs and they spread very rapidly. Existing major drugs include chloroquine, fansidar, quinine/quinidine, halofantrine, mefloquine and artemisinin. Current research in China has concentrated on naphthoquinone and benflumetol because they have been shown to be effective in clinical trials. Research has also been carried out in using malperox, trioxanes and tetroxanes. The easiest and most effective way to treat malaria is to combine existing antimalarial drugs if new drugs cannot be developed quickly enough. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | Comparison of PCR and microscopical method for detection of Plasmodium vivax | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 16 | 2 | 93-95 | 20033113288 | 324 blood samples of patients with fever syndrome were collected from primary medical units in Shenzhen, China. For each sample, microscopic examination of Giemsa stained thick films and PCR-based method were carried out for the detection of P. vivax. The positive rate of PCR method and microscopical assay were 6.8% (16 of 234) and 5.6% (13 of 234), respectively. Considering the results of microscopic examination as a standard, the sensitivity of PCR method was 100%, and the specificity was 98.6%. By statistical analysis, there was no significant difference between the 2 methods (P>0.05). It is concluded that the established PCR method is specific and sensitive and can be a good alternative for microscopic diagnosis of vivax malaria. | TERM_PLAS
XiuQiu Lai;JiaYong Zhu | 2003 | Construction and immunogenicity in mice of eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid expressing the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 fused to HBS gene | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 19 | 3 | 63-67 | 20033111974 | A study was conducted to construct a recombinant plasmid of the southern China isolate (FCC1-/HN) of Plasmodium falciparum bearing the gene coding for merozoite surface protein 2 fused to hepatitis B virus gene, and to examine its immunological properties in mice. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the pfMSP<sub>2</sub> gene was amplified from genomic DNA of prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid PET28<sub> alpha </sub>-pfMSP<sub>2</sub>, then cloned into the plasmid pVXORF1-HBS, located the upstream of HBS and ligated directly. The eukaryotic recombinant plasmid pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub>-HBS was constructed, and as a control, the eukaryotic recombinant plasmid pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub> was also constructed. Mice were immunized with the constructed plasmids and non-modified plasmid pVXORF1. Postimmunization serum IgG was detected by enyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results revealed that both recombinant plasmids (pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub>-HBS and pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub>) contained the <sub>MSP</sub><sub>2</sub> gene. Antibody titres against PfMSP<sub>2</sub> significantly increased in mice immunized with the plasmid pVXORF1-PfMSP<sub>2</sub>-HBS. It is suggested that recombinant plasmids expressing the P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 fused to hepatitis B virus gene may be used as a component of DNA vaccines against asexual stages of Plasmodium. | TERM_PLAS
XinCai Wang;AiJun Duan;RunFang Liu | 2003 | A malaria case with more than one ring form of Plasmodium vivax within an erythrocyte | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 21 | 2 | 98 | 20033097855 |  | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Huang;CaiWen Ruan;Bo Pan;XuGuang Wu;XiuTing Shen;ZhuoHui Deng;HuiEr Cui;HenLong You;LiangZhi [NAME] | 2002 | Preparation of a dig-oligonucleotide probe of Brugia malayi and application in the field | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 15 | 4 | 211-213 | 20033086227 | A study was conducted to produce a specific and sensitive method for the detection of B. malayi infection appropriate for field research. An oligonucleotide probe was synthesized and labelled with digoxin. A pair of primers based on the Hha 1 repeated sequence were also synthesized. B. malayi infection was detected by combining with hybridization using the probe and polymerase chain reaction. Blood samples and mosquitoes collected from Pingyuan, Meizhou, China as well as double distilled water, 5 negative parasite DNA samples and 2 parasite positive DNA samples were used to test for specificity and sensitivity of the probe. The efficacious probe concentration was 1.5-2 fmol/ micro l. Only DNA from B. malayi larvae and microfilariae were detected. DNA from Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae, Toxoplasma gondii, Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium vivax and Clonorchis sinensis, as well as distilled water tested negative. Using the method, even one microfilariae/100 micro l of blood and a mosquito (out of 50 mosquitoes) infected by a single filarial larvae can be detected. 240 blood samples and 1008 Anopheles sinensis collected in Guangdong Province were examined using the method, all samples were negative. It is concluded that the new probe is specific and sensitive, and is valuable in field investigations of B. malayi infection. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2002 | In vitro and in vivo effect of artesunate combined with norfloxacin or metronidazole against P. falciparum | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 15 | 4 | 208-210 | 20033086226 | 55 patients [China] with Plasmodium falciparum malaria (group A) were administered artesunate+norfloxacin and 15 patients (group B) were given artesunate+metronidazole for 3 days. The mean fever clearing times for groups A and B were 26.5+or-16.5 h and 19.2+or-11.0 h, respectively while the mean asexual parasite disappearance times were 37.4+or-15.3 h and 42.8+or-14.7 h, respectively. After 28 days, the relapse rate for groups A and B were 47.4% and 75%, respectively. In an <sub>in vitro</sub> assay, the ID<sub>50</sub>s of artesunate+metronidazole and artesunate alone were 38.8% (33/85.1) and 5.6% (198.6/3587.6), respectively. The ID<sub>50</sub>s of artesunate+norfloxacin and artesunate alone were 5.9% (5/85.1) and 0.3% (34/9818.2), respectively. | TERM_PLAS
RongXing Lin;Bo Pan;TaiHua Zhu;YongYing Liu;XuGuang [NAME] | 2002 | Study of malaria surveillance methods at the late-stage of malaria control in the Anopheles anthropophagus areas in Guangdong Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 15 | 4 | 195-197 | 20033086221 | 12 counties in Guangdong Province, China where A. anthropophagus is endemic were selected for study. Malaria and [NAME] surveillance was conducted and malaria cases, as well as their family members were administered antimalarial treatment. The mean rate of blood tests positive for diseases (fever-related) was 0.54% and the mean Plasmodium-positive rate 0.35%. After the implementation of malaria surveillance, the annual incidences of malaria decreased steadily and no malaria outbreaks occurred. The A. anthropophagus biting rates for humans and cattle were 68.2% and 31.8%, respectively. A total of 1678 cases of malaria occurred in 4 years and the mean number of malaria cases was 1.14 in epidemic areas. | TERM_PLAS
GangFeng [NAME] | 2002 | Genotyping and sequencing analysis of merozoite surface protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Hainan Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 15 | 3 | 131-134 | 20033086028 | An experiment was conducted to determine the genotype distribution and to analyse the allelic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Hainan province, China. Nested polymerase chain reaction technique was applied to amplify the central polymorphic region of MSP2 allele for genotyping of P. falciparum. Some gene fragments were sequenced for the analysis of the allelic polymorphism. 55 gene fragments were obtained from 39 positive blood samples, with 3D7-type alleles being predominated (36 gene fragments from 28 blood samples). The mixed infection of different allele families was rare. Sequence analysis showed that the variation in the central repeat regions were remarkable. 3D7-type allele was the predominant MSP2 allele and extensive polymorphism of the MSP2 was found in P. falciparum isolates from Hainan, China. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Weerasinghe;G. Galappaththy;W. P. Fernando;D. R. Wickremasinghe;H. M. Faizal;A. R. Wickremasinghe | 2002 | A safety and efficacy trial of artesunate, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in Plasmodium falciparum malaria | Ceylon Medical Journal | 47 | 3 | 83-85 | 20033085792 | Objective: To determine effectiveness and safety of the combination of artesunate, sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine and primaquine in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. Design: A hospital based prospective study. Setting: Base Hospital, Moneragala, Sri Lanka [date not given]. Methods: In 30 P. falciparum infected patients admitted to the hospital, blood was taken for estimation of haemoglobin, white cell counts, and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin and creatinine. They were administered artesunate, sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine (S+P) and primaquine on day 0 (artesunate 4 mg/kg, sulfadoxine 25 mg/kg, pyrimethamine 1.25 mg/kg and primaquine 0.75 mg/kg), and only artesunate on days 1 and 2 (artesunate 4 mg/kg each day). Blood was examined for malarial parasites, and patients were assessed on days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Patients assessed the severity of selected symptoms. Biochemical analyses were done on day 0 and repeated on days 7 and 28. Results: Eight patients presented with fever which resolved in 7 patients in 48 h. Asexual parasites were cleared in 80% of the 30 patients within 24 h of treatment and in all 30 by day 7. Gametocytaemia cleared in all patients by day 14. There were no adverse effects experienced by the patients. The white cell and differential counts, liver enzymes and creatinine levels were within normal limits on all follow up days. Conclusions: The combination of artesunate, S+P and primaquine is found to be effective and safe in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Bae;JangSu [NAME] Lim;YooSeok Kho;KyungOk Lee;YooSung Hwang | 2002 | Evaluation of nested [NAME] in the diagnosis of malaria infection | Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine | 22 | 6 | 447-451 | 20033054622 | Background: A peripheral blood smear has been the gold standard method for the diagnosis of malaria infection. Recently, many other methods have been introduced, although having inferior sensitivity and specificity to peripheral blood smears. We evaluated [NAME] malaria PCR kit and its applicability in clinical settings. Methods: Samples from 70 patients who visited Korea University hospital were used for evaluation. DNA from EDTA blood was tested in nested [NAME], and 470 bp for Plasmodium vivax or 340 bp for Plasmodium falciparum were confirmed after electrophoresis. The detection limit was determined by dilution of malaria positive blood with normal blood. Results: Overall, 35 cases of P. vivax and 10 cases of P. falciparum were noted. Except for a case of falciparum malaria, all positive cases were consistent with the peripheral blood smear results. Detection limit was 3.6 parasite/ micro l. Conclusions: Neodin malaria nested [NAME] has high sensitivity and the ability for species discrimination and may be used for the diagnosis of malaria infection. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2002 | Genotyping of merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Hainan Province by nested PCR | Journal of Tropical Medicine (Guangzhou) | 2 | 3 | 230-232 | 20033037747 | A study was conducted to identify the genotypes of merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP1) and surface protein 2 (PfMSP2) of Plasmodium falciparum isolated from Hainan, China. Blocks 2 and 3 of PfMSP1 and the variable regions (Block 3) of PfMSP2 were amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction. Gene fragments of PfMSP1 were amplified in 52 of 55 blood samples from P. falciparum infected patients. 84.6% of the alleles identified was of the MAD20 type and some were of the K1-type. No R033 type allele was found. Gene fragments of PfMSP2 were amplified in 53 of the 55 blood samples. 83% of the alleles was of the 3D7 type and some were of the FC27 type. The mixed infection rate of 2 different genotypes with 2 different alleles of PfMSP1 and PfMSP2 was 15.4% and 17%, respectively. It is concluded that 2 allelic types of MSP1 gene and 2 allelic types of MSP2 gene exists in the malaria endemic areas of Hainan. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2003 | The origin and dispersion of human parasitic diseases in the Old World (Africa, Europe and Madagascar). (Paleoparasitology) | Memorias do Instituto [NAME] | 98 |  | 13-19 | 20033016539 | The ancestors of present-day man (Homo sapiens sapiens) appeared in East Africa some three and a half million years ago, and then migrated to Europe, Asia, and later to the Americas. The passage from nomadic to sedentary life took place in the Middle East around 8000 BC. Wars, spontaneous migrations and forced migrations (slave trade) led to enormous mixtures of populations in Europe and Africa and favoured the spread of numerous parasitic diseases with specific strains according to geographical area. The three human plasmodia (Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae) were imported from Africa into the Mediterranean region with the first human migrations, but it was the [NAME] sedentarization and population increase which brought about actual foci for malaria. The reservoir for Leishmania infantum and [NAME], the dog, has been domesticated for thousands of years. Wild rodent reservoirs of L. major have also long been in contact with man and probably were imported from tropical Africa across the Sahara. L. tropica, by contrast, followed the migrations of man, its only reservoir. L. infantum and L. donovani spread with man and his dogs from West Africa. Likewise, for thousands of years, the dog has played an important role in the spread and the endemic character of echinococcosis through sheep (in Europe and North Africa) and dromedaries (in the Sahara and North Africa). Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni have existed since prehistoric times in populations living in or passing through the Sahara. These populations then transported them to other areas where the specific intermediate hosts were already present. Madagascar was inhabited by populations of Indonesian origin who carried lymphatic filariasis across the Indian Ocean. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Singh;Andau [NAME] | 2002 | The impact of ecological conditions on the prevalence of malaria among orangutans | [NAME] and Zoonotic Diseases | 2 | 2 | 97-103 | 20033015661 | Contemporary human land use patterns have led to changes in orangutan ecology, such as the loss of habitat. One management response to orangutan habitat loss is to relocate orangutans into regions of intact, protected habitat. Young orangutans are also kept as pets and have at times been a valuable commodity in the illegal pet trade. In response to this situation, government authorities have taken law enforcement action by removing these animals from private hands and attempted to rehabilitate and release these orangutans. In relocating free-ranging orangutans, the animals are typically held isolated or with family members for <48 h and released, but during the course of rehabilitation, orangutans often spend some time in captive and semicaptive group settings. Captive/semicaptive groups have a higher density of orangutans than wild populations, and differ in other ways that may influence susceptibility to infectious disease. In order to determine the impact of these ecological settings on malaria, the prevalence of malaria was compared between 31 captive and semicaptive orangutans in a rehabilitation programme at the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre and 43 wild orangutans being moved in a translocation project. The prevalence of malaria parasites, as determined by blood smear and Plasmodium genus-specific nested-polymerase chain reaction, was greater in the captive/semicaptive population (29 of 31) than in the wild population (5 of 43) even when accounting for age bias. This discrepancy is discussed in the context of population changes associated with the management of orangutans in captive/semicaptive setting, in particular a 50-fold increase in orangutan population density. The results provide an example of how an ecological change can influence pathogen prevalence. | TERM_PLAS
HyeongWoo Lee;EHyun Shin;NamRyul Kim;R. A. Wirtz;WonJa [NAME] | 2002 | The identification of Plasmodium vivax infected Anopheles sinensis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Korea Republic, 1998 | Korean Journal of Entomology | 32 | 3 | 119-123 | 20033011538 | We investigated the sporozoite-infected mosquitoes in areas near the demilitarized zone of Korea Republic (Chosan-ri and Hajiseok-ri of Paju-shi, Tonae-dong of Koyang-shi, Mudeung-ri of Yonchon-gun, [NAME] of [NAME], and Tukjeong-ri of Yangju-gun, Kyonggi-do province) in 1998. They were known as highly epidemic areas. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected by human biting collection method from the second week of June to the fifth week of August. A total of 3256 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in these areas. A sandwich ELISA for identifying P. vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes was used in this survey. Only one mosquito, which was captured in Chosan-ri on the 2nd week of July, showed positive reaction in this test. This mosquito was identified as A. sinensis. This showed a 0.068% (1/1465) positive rate in Chosan-ri on the 2nd week of July. We could not detect positive mosquitoes in the other areas. It is concluded that the parasite-infected mosquitoes may be highly limited in areas near the demilitarized zone. | TERM_PLAS
ShanQing [NAME] Wen;KaiRen Zhuo;QiXian [NAME] | 2002 | Therapeutic effect of dihydroartemisinin combined with naphthoquine phosphate in patients with falciparum malaria | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 20 | 3 | 180-182 | 20033001226 | A study was conducted to observe the therapeutic efficacy of dihydroartemisinin combined with naphthoquine phosphate in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. 37 patients were treated with a single dose of dihydroartemisinin 160 mg combined with naphthoquine phosphate 400 mg (for adults) and followed up by blood and temperature examination for 28 days after drug administration. One patient had recrudescence and the cure rate in 28 days was 97.3% (36/37). The mean fever clearance time was 15.8+or-8.7 h; the mean parasite clearance time was 27.6+or-13.2 h. The mean parasite reduction rate in 24 h was 96.7+or-26.5%. No apparent side effect was observed. It is concluded that a combination of dihydroartemisinin and naphthoquine is effective for the treatment of patients with falciparum malaria. | TERM_PLAS
Phan Vu Thi | 2002 | Artemisinin and artesunate in the treatment of malaria in Vietnam (1984-1999) | [NAME] | 95 | 2 | 86-88 | 20023184901 | The long history of the use of Artemisia annua to treat malaria (called Quinghao in China and [NAME] in Vietnam) has led Vietnamese scientists to manufacture locally preparations of artemisinim and artesunate, and to test their efficacy and safety in treating P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. Associating these drugs with antibiotics (such as tetracyclin or doxycyclin) could be an interesting topic for future research. Under the auspices of the National Program Against Malaria, specialists will try to prevent the occurrence of drug resistance in Plasmodium and to propose new associations of drugs. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2002 | Epidemiology of malaria from East Timor among Australian Defence Force personnel | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 96 | 4 | 376-377. | 20023164420 | This article discusses the incidence and management (including antimalarial treatment and prophylaxis) of malaria among the Australian Defence Force personnel who participated as members of the peace-keeping International Force in East Timor (InterFET). A total of 385 cases of malaria were acquired in East Timor, Indonesia, and presented within one year of conclusion of the InterFET operation in February 2000. There were 49 cases of Plasmodium falciparum, 320 P. vivax cases, 6 mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax cases, one case of mixed P. falciparum and P. malariae, and 9 cases of uncertain species diagnosis. There were 312 cases of malaria that presented upon return to Australia, and 73 cases presented while in East Timor. A total of 96 cases of recurrent malaria were recorded, all due to P. vivax. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2001 | Malaria and global ecosystem change | Ecosystem change and public health: a global perspective |  |  |  | 20023137165 | Case studies of malaria as a public health problem in Zimbabwe, Gambia, Niger, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and the USA, are presented. This chapter aims to generate awareness of how global changes in the growth and movement of populations, patterns of economic development, and climate are changing the risk of exposure of human populations to Plasmodium parasites. The geographical distribution of Anopheles and their larval habitats are shown to affect the regional classification of the epidemiology of malaria. | TERM_PLAS
Seneviratne Udaya;Gamage Ranjani | 2002 | Recurrent cerebellar syndrome following malaria | Tropical Doctor | 32 | 3 | 178-179 | 20023103479 | A case of a 22-year-old male from Sri Lanka, with repeated episodes of cerebellar dysfunction following Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum malaria is presented. The patient was given oral chlorquine each time he was admitted for cerebellar dysfunction. It was concluded that most probably he was infected with a chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. The patient was then given quinine for 7 days which prompted relief of fevers and cerebellar dysfunctions. On follow up after one month, he remained asymptomatic and neurological examination was normal. | TERM_PLAS
M. Tanitsu;Y. Takaya;M. Akasaka;M. Niwa;Y. Oshima | 2002 | Guaiane- and aristolane-type sesquiterpenoids of Nardostachys chinensis roots | Phytochemistry | 59 | 8 | 845-849 | 20023069504 | Two guaiane-type compounds, nardoguaianone J and K (1 and 2) and two aristolane-type compounds, kanshone F and G (3 and 4), were isolated from Nardostachys chinensis roots. The structures including the absolute configurations were elucidated by spectral means and by comparison of their CD spectra. The antiprotozoal properties of these compounds were tested on Plasmodium falciparum. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Rusmiarto;Y. [NAME] Dave;J. [NAME] | 2002 | Evaluation of a dipstick malaria sporozoite panel assay for detection of naturally infected mosquitoes | Journal of medical entomology | 39 | 2 | 324-330 | 20023062800 | The determination of the presence or absence of malaria sporozoites in wild-caught Anopheles mosquitoes remains an integral component to the understanding of the transmission dynamics in endemic areas. To improve that capability, there has been on-going development of a new device using dipstick immunochromatographic technology for simplifying the testing procedure and reducing the time required to obtain results. As part of a larger multicentre effort, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a prototype malaria sporozoite antigen panel assay against three human Plasmodium species/polymorphs. The wicking (dipstick) assay was compared against a standard parasite antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of human circumsporozoite protein (CSP) in wild-caught mosquitoes. Over 6800 Anopheles mosquitoes, representing 20 species collected from malaria endemic areas of Indonesia were tested either individually or in pools of up to 10 mosquitoes each. From 1442 pooled test strip assays and ELISA formats, nine mosquito pools were found reactive for P. falciparum, P. vivax 210, or P. vivax 247 CSP. There was complete concordance between test strip results and ELISA results. Sensitivity was 100% and given some minor problems with false positives or negatives, specificity ([NAME]) was 97%. Most strips judged as false positive produced very weak signals compared with negative control blank strips and paired ELISA-negative samples. The dipstick test proved technically simpler to perform and interpret than the ELISA and results were obtained within 15 min of exposure to mosquito suspension. This qualitative assay appears an attractive alternative to the CSP ELISA for detection of sporozoites in fresh or dried mosquitoes. | TERM_PLAS
XingBao Ma;XiJun Jiang;DeSheng Huang;KeTai Wang;Li [NAME] | 2002 | Analysis of malaria epidemiologic characteristics after malaria basically eliminated in Shanghai | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 15 | 1 | 4-7 | 20023053891 | A study was conducted to analyse malaria epidemiological trends in 1994-99 after it was practically eliminated in Shanghai, China. The data of the conventional indices for malaria surveillance between 1994 and 1999 collected from 20 districts/counties were analysed. The total malaria incidence in the local residents and exocomers were 0.31/100 000 and 8.88/100 000, respectively. The imported malaria cases accounted for 82.46% (616 of 747) of the total cases which appeared within six years. There were 57.94% (292 of 504) imported cases and 55.73% (73 of 131) infected natives distributed in four districts/counties where migratory labour was clustered. The peak month of imported cases occurred about one month ahead of the local cases, indicating that the native cases might have been caused by the imported cases through infected mosquito vectors. No Plasmodium carrier was found in local residents. In the longitudinal surveillance, the immunofluorescence antibodies positive rate was 0.31% for children and adolescents, indicating that the autochthonous transmission was low. Inactive foci accounted for 82.50% of 743 total malaria foci, of which 99.40% contained only one case. It is concluded that imported malaria cases are dominant in Shanghai. In addition, although low autochthonous transmission and infection occurred in the suburbs, there is neither outbreak nor local endemic in Shanghai. | TERM_PLAS
GangFeng [NAME] Wu;ShanQing Wang | 2002 | Genotyping and sequence analysis of Pvmsp1 of Plasmodium vivax isolates from China | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 18 | 2 | 57-60 | 20023052397 | The genotypes and polymorphism of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) gene of Plasmodium vivax isolates from China were investigated. The nested PCR method was applied to amplify the PvMSP1 gene fragment containing the ICB5-ICB6 region using allelic type specific primers. Some PCR products were directly sequenced for the polymorphism analysis. From 27 blood samples from P. vivax malaria patients studied, 16 (59.3%) and 25 (92.6%) produced Belem type and Sal-1 type PCR products respectively, with Sal-1 type alleles predominating. The mixed-infection rate of two different allelic types in a single patient was 51.9%. Direct sequencing of PCR products revealed a novel sequence that was probably a recombination between two allelic types with a recombination site different from those previously reported. Two principal types of PvMSP1 alleles exist in malaria endemic areas in China, with the Sal-1 type probably being dominant. The mixed-infection rate of two different type alleles is high. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] | 2000 | Malaria in Sri Lanka: current knowledge on transmission and control | Malaria in Sri Lanka: current knowledge on transmission and control | 77 |  |  | 20023035852 | This book contains 5 chapters focusing on the following topics: (1) epidemiology of malaria in Sri Lanka, including recent trends in the number of malaria cases, cyclical pattern of epidemics, risk factors and relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria; (2) entomology of anopheline mosquitoes in Sri Lanka, including biting and resting behaviour of Anopheles sp. in Sri Lanka, human biting rates, breeding sites of Anopheles culicifacies, and vector resistance against insecticides; (3) disease resistance and prospects for vaccine development; (4) malaria control, including diagnosis and treatment, health information system, chemoprophylaxis, vector control and malaria control policies; and (5) economic and social impacts of malaria, and the cost of malaria control. | TERM_PLAS
GuoSen Zhang;YaMing [NAME] | 2001 | Studies on polymorphism of [NAME], MSA-2 and Pf 60.1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum in various areas of Yunnan Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 19 | 6 | 371-372 | 20023017292 |  | TERM_PLAS
D. Strickman;M. E. Miller;KwanWoo Lee;HeungChul Kim;R. A. Wirtz;M. Perich;W. [NAME] | 2001 | Successful entomological intervention against Anopheles sinensis, limiting transmission of Plasmodium vivax to American soldiers in the Republic of Korea | Korean Journal of Entomology | 31 | 3 | 189-195 | 20013180991 | The Republic of Korea (ROK) has been experiencing an expanding epidemic of Plasmodium vivax malaria since 1993, with most cases occurring near the Demilitarized Zone in the northwestern part of the country. During 1996 and 1997, U.S. Army preventive medicine assets undertook a program of surveillance and vector control to reduce transmission to U.S. Forces Korea (USFK). In 1996, the total number of cases was low and only routine vector control (ULV applications of malathion in early evening, availability of repellent for soldiers without command emphasis) was undertaken. Surveillance in 1996 indicated that Anopheles sinensis [NAME] was the vector and that the risk to unprotected troops was high (1 of 361 mosquitoes infected in one area with 30 bites/person per night, 1 of 1559 mosquitoes infected in another area with biting rate of 130/person/night). All night collections showed that most biting was occurring late at night, between 2300 and 0300 hrs. Expecting more transmission in 1997, a coordinated program (which did not include chemoprophylaxis) was initiated in which physicians, military commanders, and entomology assets all played a role. The following entomological interventions were concentrated at the site of highest risk, Camp Bonifas: (1) application of residual insecticide to tents, barracks, and bed nets, (2) ULV application of resmethrin late at night, (3) replacement and repair of screens, (4) use of permethrin treated bednets in unscreened billets, and (5) command emphasis on use of repellents and proper wear of the permethrin-treated uniform. Camp Bonifas experienced a 40% decrease in malaria cases (from 5 cases in 1996 to 3 cases in 1997) compared to a 243% increase in other American troops (from 7 to 24 cases) and a 306% increase (from 285 to 1156 cases) in ROK Army troops. Although more effective use of ULV and application of larvicides would probably have improved the result, we conclude that entomological interventions without chemoprophylaxis reduced malaria transmission at Camp Bonifas by 82% in 1997. | TERM_PLAS
A. Benito;J. M. Rubio | 2001 | Usefulness of seminested polymerase chain reaction for screening blood donors at risk for malaria in Spain | Emerging infectious diseases | 7 | 6 | 1068 | 20013179968 | A study was conducted in Spain to evaluate the usefulness of the seminested [NAME] polymerase chain reaction (SNM-PCR) for screening blood donors at risk (immigrants from malaria-endemic areas) [date not given]. 125 blood samples were collected from blood donors at risk (56 from Colombia, 50 from Ecuador, 3 from Cameroon, 2 from Peru, 2 from Iran, 2 from China, and one each from India, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Mexico, Senegal, Costa Rica, Brazil, Kenya and Tanzania). Five samples (2 from Ecuador, 2 Colombia and one India) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum in 2 amplifications from 2 different blood extractions per sample. The 5 PCR-positive blood samples were negative by microscopy. The results suggest that the SNM-PCR could serve as the reference test for screening donor blood, which could increase the use of these blood donations and consequently shorten the deferral period for blood donors. | TERM_PLAS
A. Matteelli;A. Volonterio;M. Gulletta;L. Galimberti;S. Maroccolo;G. Gaiera;G. Giani;M. Rossi;N. Dorigoni;L. Bellina;G. Orlando;Z. [NAME] | 2001 | Malaria in illegal Chinese immigrants, Italy | Emerging infectious diseases | 7 | 6 | 1055-1058 | 20013179958 | A cluster of 22 imported malaria cases (20 caused by Plasmodium falciparum, one by mixed P. falciparum and P. ovale, and one by P. vivax), was observed among illegal Chinese immigrants in northern Italy, in the summer of 2000. The rate of severe disease was high because the patients were not immune and they sought health-care services late in their illness because of their clandestine status. They were treated with either of the following antimalarials (singly or in combination): quinine, doxycycline, clindamycin, primaquine and mefloquine. Some of the patients were also given antifolate or underwent exchange transfusion. Recognition of the outbreak was delayed because no regional alert system among infectious diseases hospitals was in place. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2001 | A case of Plasmodium vivax infection diagnosed after treatment of imported falciparum malaria | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | 21 | 5 | 360-364 | 20013177977 | In South Korea, most imported malaria has been caused by Plasmodium falciparum and little mixed infection has been reported which is frequently observed in other countries. We report a case of mixed malarial infection with P. falciparum/P. vivax. It was diagnosed by using 3 kinds of dipstick tests (2 malarial antibody tests and one pLDH immunocapture assay), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and a peripheral blood smear in a 19-year-old woman who had travelled to Bangladesh. The patient was diagnosed with P. falciparum on the first-visit blood sample and P. vivax with the second-visit sample by using all 3 kinds of dipstick tests. Peripheral blood smears and a PCR of the patient's blood also showed P. falciparum and P. vivax parasites and DNA bands of 2 species of malaria. In conclusion, an imported malaria case should be accurately diagnosed using the malarial antibody detection kit, pLDH immunocapture assay, and PCR in addition to the peripheral blood smear for the possibility of mixed infection with malaria. | TERM_PLAS
ZhiXin Shan;XinBing Yu;ChangLing Ma | 2001 | Construction of a eukaryotic expression plasmid and partial sequence analysis of the Pf332 gene of Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCC1/HN | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 17 | 6 | 43-46 | 20013175153 | A pair of primers was designed based on the known sequence of the erythrocyte membrane-associated giant protein (Pf332) of Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCC1/HN. Using the PCR technique, the Pf332 gene was obtained by amplification from genomic DNA. By cloning the target gene into a eukaryotic expression vector, pcDNA<sub>3</sub>, a recombinant plasmid pcDNA<[NAME] was constructed and transferred into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha . The positive recombinant pcDNA<[NAME] was screened and identified by agarose gel electrophoresis, endonuclease digestion and PCR technique. The correct recombinant plasmid was used as a template, and the nucleotide sequence of the Pf332 gene was determined by the dideoxy chain termination method. The partial Pf332 gene of isolate FCC1/HN contained 1260 base pairs and encoded 420 amino acid residues. There were differences of 1 and 15 amino acid residues between the sequence of isolate FCC1/HN and those of 3D7 and Palo Alto strains. | TERM_PLAS
HuiHong Chen;XinBing Yu;ZhongDao Wu;JiaHai [NAME] | 2001 | Cloning and sequencing of the CTP gene of Plasmodium falciparum Hainan isolate FCC1/HN | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 17 | 6 | 40-42 | 20013175151 | The nucleotide sequence of the CTP (choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase) gene of Plasmodium falciparum was investigated. The CTP gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into sequencing vector pUC19. The recombinant plasmid pUC19/CTP was screened by blue-white plaque and identified by PCR and restriction analysis. The cloned CTP genes were sequenced by [NAME]'s method. There were no significant differences between the CTP genes of the FCC1/HN isolate (from Hainan, China) and the [NAME] strain. Obvious differences were seen between the FCC1/HN isolate and human CTP. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2001 | Autoimmune thrombocytopaenia in recurrent poly-aetiological malaria (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax) | [NAME] | 47 | 1 | 85-89 | 20013175052 | Forest workers on an island in Indonesia were treated for recurrent, poly-aetiological malaria and severe thrombocytopenia (17.0 g/litre). Antiplatelet antibody was examined in blood serum by ELISA methods. IgG antibodies against glycoprotein receptors on surface of blood platelets (GPIIb/IIIa, GPIV, GPIb/IX, GPV, GPIa/IIa) were detected in blood serum. It is concluded that chronic infections of Plasmodium may lead to autoimmune destruction of blood platelets. | TERM_PLAS
WenBo Hao;XuChu Hu;Ming [NAME] Bi;Ping Wan;Yang [NAME] | 2001 | Applying of monoclonal antibodies 3A3, 2E7 to dipstick colloidal dye immunoassay for detecting falciparum malaria | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 14 | 4 | 251-253 | 20013172192 | A study was conducted to establish a simple, sensitive and reliable diagnostic method for detecting Plasmodium falciparum [China]. Monoclonal antibodies 3A3, 2E7 against HRP-II antigen secreted by P. falciparum were purified and then applied to dipstick colloidal dye immunoassay. 115 blood samples collected from patients with malaria, 20 from patients with non-malaria diseases and 10 normal blood samples were detected by the dipstick method and its sensitivity, specificity, stability and reproducibility were assessed primarily. The dipstick diagnostic test was performed easily and the results were attained in 8-10 minutes. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 83.1 and 97.5%, respectively. Dipstick strips coated with antigen and antibody can store at 4 degrees C and room temperature for more than three months. 30 malaria blood samples were repeatedly detected four times and the results were the same. The test is a valuable diagnostic tool for falciparum malaria, especially in field situations requiring rapid diagnosis. | TERM_PLAS
ChunFu Zheng;ShaoTing Wu;YaTang Chen;ShiTong Gao;Min [NAME] | 2001 | Cloning and expression of merozoite surface antigen 2 from Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 14 | 4 | 248-250 | 20013172190 | A study was conducted to construct eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid merozoite surface antigen 2 (MSA2) of FCC1/HN isolate of Plasmodium falciparum. Using restriction enzymes, the sequenced and identified MSA2 gene fragment was isolated from the recombinant Escherichia coli-Mycobacterium shuttle plasmid pBCG/MSA2, then subcloned into eukaryotic expression vector pBK-CMV, and recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pBK/MSA2 was constructed. Induced by IPTG, the recombinant plasmid was expressed in E. coli DH5 alpha , and its expressed product was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The MSA2 gene fragment was isolated from pBCG/MSA2, and a recombinant plasmid pBK/MSA2 was successfully constructed. The results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot revealed that the molecular weight of the recombinant protein was approximately 31 kDa and it was specifically recognized by positive sera of malarial patients from Hainan province in China. The gene encoding MSA2 from P. falciparum FCC1/HN strain was successfully expressed in E. coli DH5 alpha . | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Kerong;K. Lin;H. [NAME] | 2001 | Detection of Plasmodium ovale by the ICT malaria P.f/P.v. immunochromatographic test | Acta tropica | 80 | 3 | 283-284 | 20013168955 | Blood samples were collected from 2 patients, one from Sit Twe, [NAME], Myanmar and another from Maumere, [NAME] island, Indonesia, diagnosed to have P. ovale monoinfection on November 2000 and January 2001, respectively, were examined using the ICT P.f./P.v. test which detects the pan-malarial antigen. The pan-malarial antigen was detected in both blood samples. It is suggested that all malaria parasites can be detected by the ICT P.f./P.v. test. | TERM_PLAS
S. Gotoh;O. Takenaka;K. Watanabe;Y. Hamada;Y. [NAME] Watanabe;B. Suryobroto;D. Sajuthi | 2001 | Hematological values and parasite fauna in free-ranging Macaca hecki and the M. hecki/M. tonkeana hybrid group of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia | Primates | 42 | 1 | 27-34 | 20013163402 | Haematological values and the parasite fauna of free-ranging Macaca hecki and M. hecki/M. tonkeana hybrids on Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, were investigated. The hematological values, especially the red cell number (RBC), were lower than those of other macaque species, indicating that [NAME] macaques are slightly anaemic. Several parasites including Plasmodium sp., trombiculid mites, and Trichuris trichiura were identified. Although infection by Plasmodium was observed with considerable frequency, no clear relationship between its infection and the occurrence of anaemia was found. Trombiculid mites and eggs of Anatrichosoma sp. were detected in foci of the ears of most monkeys. The infection with a trombiculid mite is the first recorded occurrence in free-ranging wild [NAME] macaques. Gastrointestinal parasites were identified from their eggs in faecal samples (T. trichiura, Oesophagostomum sp., [NAME] fuelleborni, Oxyuridae gen. sp., Watsonius sp.). | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Go;C. Miguel;J. Walker;L. Cacal;A. Saul | 2001 | Diagnosis of malaria in a remote area of the Philippines: comparison of techniques and their acceptance by health workers and the community. (Noncommunicable diseases) | Bulletin of the World Health Organization | 79 | 10 | 933-941 | 20013162785 | A study was conducted to compare the efficacies of remote symptom-based diagnosis of malaria, rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy in an area of low endemicity in the Philippines. In Trial I, 350 symptomatic patients were tested within their villages using malaria Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)/Plasmodium vivax ([NAME]) immunochromatographic tests (ICT tests) and blood films stored and read under local conditions. The slides were later restained and read. In Trial II, unsupervised volunteer barangay health workers prepared ICT tests and slides after brief training. These slides were read at rural health units. Twenty-seven barangay health workers and 72 community members were later questioned about the three diagnostic strategies. A history of fever alone was sensitive (95.4%) but poorly specific (16.5%) for predicting parasitaemia. The inclusion of other symptoms reduced the sensitivity to below 85%, while specificity remained low. The axillary temperature was poorly predictive. ICT tests achieved high sensitivity (97.9%) but many cases indicated as positive by ICT tests were negative by microscopy. Further analysis of these cases in Trial I indicated that ICT tests were detecting low-level parasitaemias missed by microscopy, and that local microscopy had poor accuracy. ICT tests were well accepted and accurately performed by barangay health workers. These tests meet a strong desire in the community for blood-based diagnosis and may increase the compliance and treatment-seeking behaviour of patients. | TERM_PLAS
GuangZe Wang;De Hua;ShanQing Wang;CuiFen Lin;SiGan Lin;XiuHan Lan;CaiXu Li;TianYi Huang;YouZhong Si | 2001 | Identification of circumsporozoite protein genes of Plasmodium vivax and geographic distribution in Hainan Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 14 | 3 | 174-176 | 20013139482 | A study was conducted to investigate the geographical distribution of Plasmodium vivax in endemic areas of Hainan Province, China. The circumsporozoite protein genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction in 99 isolates of P. vivax infected patients. 54 isolates (54.54%) produced 2 bands of approximately 700 bp and 180 bp and were identified as temperate zone strains. 33 isolates (33.33%) had only 1 band of approximately 700 bp and were identified as tropical zone strains. 12 isolates (12.12%) had 2 bands of approximately 700 bp and 588 bp and were identified as PV type 2 strains. It is concluded that the geographical distribution of P. vivax shows inconsistency in all areas studied. | TERM_PLAS
YoungKyu Sun;YoungAh [NAME] | 2001 | Evaluation of point-of-care kit for diagnosis of malaria in Korea | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | 21 | 3 | 204-209 | 20013121510 | After the re-emergence of malaria in the Korea Republic in 1993 near the De-Militarized Zone (DMZ), three to four thousand people have been infected per year and the number of cases has been increasing threefold each year. Microscopic examination of a thick blood smear is the conventional and confirmatory method for diagnosis. However, it requires labour-intensive procedures and its interpretation is subjective. Faster and more reliable methods are needed for the diagnosis of malaria. We evaluated 155 malaria patients. We performed recently introduced point-of-care rapid diagnostic methods: two antibody detection tests manufactured by Korean companies and one antigen (Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase, pLDH) detection test. The results were compared with those of microscopic examinations of thick blood smears. Sensitivities of the antibody detection assays and the antigen detection assay in acute attacks of malaria were 64.7, 72.5 and 96.1%; and specificities were 88.5, 89.4 and 95.1%, respectively. Overall accuracy for all samples was 80.6, 83.9 and 95.5%, respectively. Antibody detection tests for malaria have limitations in sensitivity and accuracy. Antigen tests detecting pLDH could replace conventional microscopic examinations, especially in emergency situations that require prompt medication. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] [NAME] Shukri;Rahman [NAME] Abdul;Nagappan Sethu;Singh [NAME] | 2001 | Differences in dihydrofolate reductase but not dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from geographically distinct areas in Malaysia | American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 64 | 1 | 28-31 | 20013109277 | Dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) alleles were typed in 67 Malaysian P. falciparum isolates. The isolates were collected from two geographically distinct locations: 51 from Sabah, [NAME], where sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SDX/PYR) is used to treat uncomplicated malaria and 16 from Peninsular Malaysia where in vivo resistance to SDX/PYR has been reported. A total of seven dhps alleles were identified with no significant difference in allele frequency between the 2 populations. Two of the dhps alleles described here have not been previously reported. Four dhfr alleles were detected in 67 P. falciparum isolates. Eighty-seven percent of the isolates from the Peninsula, where clinical SDX/PYR failure has been reported, had dhfr alleles with triple point mutations while all the isolates from Sabah had dhfr alleles with <=2 point mutations. The difference in dhfr allele frequency between the two populations was highly significant. There was no correlation between in vitro PYR response and accumulation of dhfr point mutations. | TERM_PLAS
EuiSun Son;TongSoo Kim;HoWoo Nam | 2001 | Western blot diagnosis of vivax malaria with multiple stage-specific antigens of the parasite | Korean Journal of Parasitology | 39 | 2 | 171-176 | 20013093036 | Western blot analysis was performed to diagnose vivax malaria using stage-specific recombinant antigens [Korea Republic]. Genomic DNA from the whole blood cell of a malaria patient was used as a template to amplify the coding regions for the antigenic domains of circumsporozoite protein (CSP-1, GenBank Accession No. M34697), merozoite surface protein (MSP-1, M60807), apical merozoite antigen (AMA-1, [NAME]), serine repeat antigen (SERA, AF052747) and exported antigen (EXP-1, X05074) of Plasmodium vivax. Each amplified DNA fragment was inserted into a pGEX-4T plasmid to induce the expression of GST fusion protein in Escherichia coli by isopropyl- beta -D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The bacterial cell extracts were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis with patient sera which was confirmed by blood smear examination. When applied to patient sera, 147 (91.9%) of 160 vivax malaria, 12 (92.3%) of 13 falciparum malaria and all 9 vivax/falciparum mixed malaria cases reacted with at least one antigen, while no reactions occurred with 20 normal uninfected sera. In the case of vivax malaria, CSP-1 reacted with 128 (80.0%) sera, MSP-1 with 102 (63.8%), AMA-1 with 128 (80.0%), SERA with 115 (71.9%) and EXP-1 with 89 (55.6%). Higher detection rates were obtained when 5 antigens were used (91.9%) rather than when each antigen was used alone (55.6-80%), or in combinations of 2 (76.3-87.5%), 3 (85.6-90.6%), or 4 antigens (89.4-91.3%). This method can be applied to serological diagnosis, mass screening in endemic regions or as a safety test in blood transfusion. | TERM_PLAS
JoonYong Chung;MyeongYou Kim;KookJin Lim;MiJin [NAME] | 2001 | Evaluation of LG malaria anti-Pv<sup>TM</sup> for diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | 21 | 2 | 67-71 | 20013085644 | A study was conducted to evaluate the use of LG malaria anti-Pv ELISA in detecting vivax malaria [Korea Republic]. This technique is based on the identification of a specific antibody against the merozoite surface protein of P. vivax. 59 serum samples from patients infected with P. vivax malaria were tested. All patients were diagnosed microscopically and the parasitaemia index was calculated for each sample. Serum samples from 203 uninfected healthy blood donors were also examined and served as negative controls. Results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the LG malaria anti-Pv ELISA kit were 98.31% (58/59) and 98.03% (199/203), respectively. False-positive and false-negative rates were 1.97% (4/203) and 1.69% (1/59), respectively. It is concluded that the LG malaria anti-Pv ELISA kit may be a useful tool for the diagnosis and screening of P. vivax malaria in Korea Republic. | TERM_PLAS
ZaiXing Zhang;YaMing [NAME] | 2001 | Gene point mutation in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 19 | 2 | 87-89 | 20013080055 | A study was conducted to investigate the gene point mutation in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (dhfr) gene of P. falciparum isolated from Yunnan Province, China. This point mutation is strongly associated with pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance. Nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion were applied to detect the gene mutation using dried blood filter paper collected in the field. Different mutations were found in 4 amino acids at positions 16, 51, 108 and 164 of the dhfr gene. Particular mutations noted were that of Asn-108 and Ile-51, with mutation frequencies of 94.1% and 90.1%, respectively. Frequency of the wild type genotype (3D7-type) Ser-108 appeared lower (9.1%) than that of Ala-16 (61.8%). Mutation type was in the ratio of 1:21:7.5 (HB3-type:7G8-type/FCR3-type:Cambodian-type). These results demonstrate that the P. falciparum isolate from Yunnan Province exhibits different degrees of point mutation in the dhfr gene. The frequency of mutation of the 7D8 [?7G8]-type involved in pyrimethamine resistance is higher than that of the FCR-3 type involved in cycloguanil resistance. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2001 | A case with Plasmodium vivax of abnormal morphology | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 19 | 1 | 36. | 20013079911 |  | TERM_PLAS
JunHe Zhang;JianYue Wang;ZhiHong Yue | 2001 | Studies on surveillance of malaria vectors in the controlled areas on Zhoushan island | Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control | 12 | 2 | 127-129 | 20013079372 | A surveillance study of [NAME] was carried out in controlled areas of Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China, during 1994-99. A. sinensis was the only vector of malaria; A. anthropophagus was not a vector. A. sinensis was not the dominant species. Fluctuations in the transmission of Plasmodium vivax coincided with malaria incidence. The vectorial capacity of A. sinensis has remained at a low level since 1994. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Masuda;H. Ohtomo;M. [NAME] | 2000 | Cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum isolates under the AnaeropackReg. gas condition in a portable thermostatic incubator | Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 28 | 4 | 383-385 | 20013055445 | A study was conducted to examine if a portable thermostatic incubator, Anaeropack Malaria Culture System, could be used for cultivation of freshly isolated parasites from patients. P. falciparum isolates were obtained from 4 patients in Japan with imported malaria infections from the Philippines (IMA-1), Thailand (IMS-1), [NAME] (IMK-1), and Zambia (IME-1) [date not given]. Parasite proliferation of IMA-1 and IMS-1 was almost parallel with other gas systems. IMK-1 stopped growing for unknown reasons just after 10 days of cultivation. IME-1 did not grow well for 2 weeks but eventually started multiplying. It is concluded that the Anaeropack Malaria Culture System is an appropriate technology to be transferred to the field for epidemiological surveys of drug-resistant malaria. | TERM_PLAS
U. Seneviratne;R. Gamage | 2001 | Brainstem dysfunction: another manifestation of post-malaria neurological syndrome? | Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology | 95 | 2 | 215-217 | 20013052824 | In July 1999, a 24-year-old man was admitted to the National Hospital of Sri Lanka in Colombo, Sri Lanka because of vertigo, vomiting and unsteady gait. Nine days prior to admission, he had an attack of Plasmodium malaria for which he was treated with chloroquine, with subsequent lysis of fever. On admission, the patient had positive cerebellar signs. Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials demonstrated prolonged absolute latencies for waves II, III, IV and V and prolonged interpeak latencies for I-III, I-IV and III-V. On the 3rd hospital day, the patient had worsening of ataxia, preventing locomotion. He was treated with a short course of prednisolone (60 mg/day for one week with gradual withdrawal for 4 days) with gradual improvement in his condition. | TERM_PLAS
ShanYing Zhang;HuiMin [NAME] | 2001 | Evaluation of the effect of multiplex polymerase chain reaction for malaria surveillance in southern Fujian | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 17 | 2 | 72-74 | 20013048362 | The efficacy of a multiplex PCR assay for malaria surveillance in southern Fujian Province, China, was investigated. Blood samples were collected from febrile patients and local residents in malaria endemic areas and [NAME] was used to detect Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum simultaneously in a single amplification. The positive rate of 249 febrile samples was 8.02% by PCR and 7.63% by microscopical examination; the sensitivity, specificity and coincidence rates were 100, 99.56 and 99.59%, respectively. No positive sample was detected in 701 local residents. The overall cost of the PCR technique was no more than that of microscopy when used on a large number of samples. The results show that the multiplex PCR assay is rapid, sensitive and specific, and that it can be successfully used for malaria molecular epidemiological investigations, control monitoring and determination of Plasmodium species. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Oh;JeHoon [NAME] Kim;KyungJa Han;EunJung Lee;ByoungKi Kim | 2000 | Immunological alterations of tertian malaria in Korea | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | 20 | 2 | 178-183 | 20013041340 | Haematological and immunological data were analysed to determine the immunological mechanisms of tertian malaria (caused by Plasmodium vivax). 40 patients with tertian malaria, hospitalized in Seoul, Korea Republic, were enrolled in the study. The haematological examination was performed by Coulter STKS. Atypical lymphocytes, eosinophils and plasmodium burden were counted manually. The immunoglobulin and complement concentrations were measured by nephelometry and automated chemiluminescence. The peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analysed by flow cytometry using anti- CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD25 and CD56 monoclonal antibodies and a negative control. Anaemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and eosinopenia were observed, and the eosinophil count was correlated to platelet count. The numbers of CD3+, CD8+, CD19+, CD56+, CD3-/CD56+ and CD8+/CD56+ lymphocytes were lower in tertian malaria than in the control group (P<0.05). During the 8th week after treatment, the percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes became significantly higher than before. The percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes was correlated to the number of eosinophils and thrombocytes (r=0.641, 0.417, P=0.000, 0.006). The serum concentrations of IgM and IgE were higher in tertian malaria than in the control group. During the 1st week after treatment, the IgE concentration became significantly lower than the acute stage (P=0.014). The C3 and C4 concentrations were higher in tertian malaria than in the control group. The C4 concentration became the same with the control group during the first week after treatment and was correlated to haemoglobin concentration. The eosinopenia with high IgE concentration could be a valuable marker of tertian malaria and IgE and C4 concentrations could be useful for serial monitoring after treatment. | TERM_PLAS
MoonSoo Kang;JongWeon Choi;ChungHyun Nahm;SooHwan Pai | 2000 | A case of cerebral malaria associated with renal failure due to Plasmodium falciparum | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | 20 | 5 | 459-462 | 20013041330 | In recent years, the incidence of imported cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been increasing in Korea due to increased travel to malarious area without adequate prophylaxis. Cerebral malaria is an encephalopathy associated with P. falciparum infection which can lead to significant mortality. The case is described of a 45-year-old man with cerebral malaria, complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure. The patient was thought to have become infected during travel to Indonesia, Laos and Bangkok, Thailand. A blood smear showed typical multiple intraerythrocytic ring-form trophozoites and banana-shaped gametocytes of P. falciparum. The patient died after 24 days in a comatose state with respiratory failure, despite treatment with exchange transfusion, haemodialysis and chemotherapy. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Kim;TaeHyun Yoo;ChanJeoung Park;HyunSook Chi | 2000 | A mixed cerebral infection of vivax and falciparum malaria | Korean Journal of Clinical Pathology | 20 | 3 | 263-267 | 20013041318 | [NAME] falciparum-P. vivax infections account for 5% of all malaria cases seen in endemic regions. A higher proportion of mixed malaria cases develop cerebral complications. We report one case of mixed infection from the Korea Republic that resulted in cerebral malaria. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Agcaoili;D. A. Madulid;V. Wongpanich;C. K. Angerhofer;J. M. Pezzuto;D. D. Soejarto;N. R. Farnsworth | 2001 | Biological screening of rain forest plot trees from Palawan Island (Philippines) | Phytomedicine | 8 | 1 | 71-81 | 20013040755 | Leaf + twig, root and stem bark samples were collected from all the tree species having a diameter at breast height >= 10 cm from 0.2-ha study plots in Central Palawan, Philippines. A total of 211 samples were obtained from 68 tree species belonging to 35 families. The methanol extracts of the collected samples were tested in a variety of in vitro assays including toxicity to chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and a panel of cancer cell lines. In addition, samples were tested for toxicity against Artemia salina (brine shrimp). Tabulated data giving the bioassay results for the methanol extracts of Palawan plant samples are presented. The extracts displaying toxicity to the chloroquine-resistant clone of P. falciparum with an IC<sub>50</sub> <= 5 micro g/ml, extracts active against the brine shrimp at 10 micro g/ml and the extracts displaying toxicity to cancer cells with an IC<sub>50</sub> <= 5 micro g/ml are listed in separate tables. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Acute renal failure from myoglobinuria secondary to myositis from severe falciparum malaria | American journal of nephrology | 20 | 4 | 339-343 | 20013038476 | In acute malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum renal involvement is usually mild, but in severe disease acute renal failure (ARF) is a major problem. ARF has been attributed to ischaemic tubular necrosis from hypovolaemia resulting from vasodilatation due to endothelial injury. Though myositis is recorded as a common manifestation in falciparum malaria, only one case with myositis and myoglobinuria with ARF has been documented although but no renal biopsy was performed in this patient. The case is now described of a 17-year-old Indonesian man with severe falciparum malaria with myositis and myoglobinuria who developed ARF requiring dialysis. Muscle biopsy revealed severe myositis with macrophages and T lymphocytes including CD4+ cells. The kidney biopsy showed scanty T cells and macrophages in the glomeruli which were only mildly hypercellular. The renal tubules showed myoglobin casts in the lumen and foci of interstitial inflammatory cells, including macrophages and T lymphocytes but no CD4+ cells. Rhabdomyolysis induced by macrophages and T cells with myoglobinuria and ARF is a problem in severe falciparum malaria infection. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Present status of vector-borne diseases in Indonesia | [NAME] | 93 | 5 | 348-352 | 20013027850 | Two main arboviruses are present in Indonesia: dengue and Japanese encephalitis. Dengue appears as an endemoepidemic disease and is mostly confined to urban areas. Haemorrhagic cases were first observed in 1968 and the disease is now one of the principal causes of child mortality. Japanese encephalitis is a rural endemic disease transmitted by rice-field mosquitoes; its incidence remains relatively low since pigs, which act as reservoir hosts, are uncommon. Recently, Japanese encephalitis was observed east of the Wallace Line which had been considered the eastern cut-off point. Malaria is common throughout the country, with Plasmodium vivax the most frequent agent. Some of the anopheline vectors are associated with brackish water; others have been favoured by rice growing. Several species bite and rest outdoors, rendering control measures complex. Chloroquine resistance is increasing in both P. falciparum and P. vivax. All 3 filaria species responsible for human lymphatic filariasis exist in Indonesia: Bancroftian filariasis is present in rather limited foci on most of the islands; Malayan filariasis is very prevalent on many islands, mostly in coastal areas, and Timor filariasis exist only on a few small islands. In the past, plague was common on [NAME] but human cases are now rare. Scrub typhus and murine typhus are prevalent everywhere, especially in major ports. The situation of several of these diseases has been worsening in Indonesia over the last 30 years, due to human migration and the spread of rats and mosquitoes as the result of deforestation and climatic change. | TERM_PLAS
QuanDe Wei;XinBing Yu;Ling Ye;Jin Xu | 2000 | Amplification, cloning and expression of a gene encoding a hexose transporter of Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 18 | 6 | 343-346 | 20013023641 | Objective: To amplify, clone and express a gene encoding a hexose transporter of Plasmodium falciparum (PfHT1) from a Southern China isolate (FCC1/HN). Methods: Cultivation of P. falciparum isolate FCC1/HN in vitro; extraction of genomic DNA from FCC1/HN using the alkali specific cleavage method; PCR amplification of PfHT1 and cloning into eukaryotic expression vector, pEGFPN3. Results: The recombinant was introduced into mammalian cells (HEPG2) by liposome-mediated transfection. The gene encoding PfHT1 was specifically amplified from the genomic DNA of isolate FCC1/HN. The size of the amplified fragment was 1516 bp. The eukaryotic expression recombinant, [NAME], was constructed and expressed steadily in the hepatocarcinoma cell lines, HEPG2. Conclusion: The gene encoding PfHT1 was successfully amplified and cloned. The pN3-HT1/HEPG2 cell line was constructed for expressing fusion protein of GFP-HT1. | TERM_PLAS
HengLin Yang;BaiHe [NAME] | 2000 | Monitoring of sensitivity of artesunate-resistant Plasmodium falciparum to pyronaridine | Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases | 18 | 5 | 320 | 20013023624 |  | TERM_PLAS
ZhaoYi Fu;XuLi Deng;ChangLei [NAME] | 2000 | Evaluation of efficiency and eleven-year longitudinal surveillance of malaria after its basic elimination in Shandong Province | Endemic Diseases Bulletin | 15 | 4 | 79-83 | 20013010077 | To consolidate the achievements of malaria control in Shandong Province, China, a strategy for malaria control and surveillance has been strictly applied throughout the province since malaria was eliminated in 1988. The complex control measures, with emphasis on the eradication of infected sources, unified control operations in the 5 most vulnerable cities and districts in the southern part of the province, microscopic examination of blood spots from fever patients, and management of mobile populations have been carried out continuously. During the 11-year period 1988-1999, 7 790 941 local residents were subjected to blood film examination and 141 of them were positive for Plasmodium with a positivity rate of 0.18 per 10 000. 306 581 people returning from abroad were examined and 217 of them were positive with a positivity rate of 7.08 per 10 000 ten thousand; 247 of 217 635 persons returning from malaria epidemic areas were positive with a positivity rate of 11.35 per 10 000. There was a significant difference in the positivity rates of these 3 groups ( chi <sup>2</sup>=9602.97, P<0.001). Ten malaria monitoring sites were set up in representative townships selected according to different geographical areas and economic conditions to be responsible for blood examination of fever patients and surveillance of mosquitoes within their jurisdiction. In malaria epidemic areas where only Anopheles sinensis is considered to be the vector and after the basic elimination of malaria, improved management of the mobile population and the prevention of imported cases are considered sufficient for consolidating malarial control with a view to its eventual eradication. | TERM_PLAS
ZhiBiao Huang;CaiWen Ruan;JianKang Huang;Bo Pan | 2000 | Preliminary investigation of the CSP genotype of Plasmodium vivax in Zhongshan City of Guangdong Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 13 | 4 | 250-251 | 20013006750 | 40 filter-paper blood samples of patients infected by Plasmodium vivax in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China, were treated with the improved Chelex-100 method to extract DNA, which was then amplified by nested and mutation-point-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the CSP [circumsporozoite protein?] genotype. The results showed that all samples of P. vivax belonged to the PV-I temperate zone strain. No PV-I tropical zone strain or PV-II type strain was found in the patients. It is concluded that the dominant strain of P. vivax in Zhongshan City is PV-1 temperate zone strain. | TERM_PLAS
Hui Xia;YuZhu Sheng;Qi [NAME] | 2000 | Field evaluation for malaria surveillance using a Plasmodium vivax PCR detection kit | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 13 | 4 | 247-249 | 20013006746 | To evaluate the effectiveness of malaria surveillance using a new Plasmodium vivax PCR (polymerase chain reaction) detection kit in the field, 940 blood samples collected from malaria-endemic areas of Anhui Province, China, were tested by both PCR and microscopy. Among 234 blood samples collected from middle school students in Feidong County, 5 positive cases were detected by PCR, but only 2 by microscopy; the time required and the cost were lower for PCR than for microscopy. For quality control of primary clinical blood smear examination, 519 clinical fever cases tested by microscopy in the hospitals of Qiaotou and Hongmiao townships in Mingguang County were re-checked by both methods in the central laboratory. 16 malaria-positive cases were detected by primary microscopic examination, 18 by microscopic checking and 22 by PCR. Again, time and cost were less for PCR than for microscopy. 187 suspected clinical fever cases from the hospitals of Beilong Township and Feidong County were examined by both methods for passive case detection. Sightly more positive cases were found by PCR than by microscopic examination. However, the time and cost per case were greater with PCR than with microscopy. These results suggest that this P. vivax PCR detection kit is sensitive, specific, efficient and economic in large scale determination and could be used in malaria surveillance instead of microscopic examination. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Malaria in the Australian Defence Force during and after participation in the international force in East Timor (INTERFET) | Medical Journal of Australia | 173 | 11 | 583-585 | 20013002900 | Malaria in Australian Defense Force members has been far more common in East Timor than in other recent overseas deployments. On 23 February 2000 after all 5500 members of the International Force in East Timor had returned to Australia, 267 malaria infections had been reported to the Army Malaria Institute. Only 64 of those affected had their first clinical episode during their 4-5 months in East Timor, and about two-thirds of these infections were caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The remaining 212 soldiers developed their first symptoms after returning to Australia, and all but two infections were caused by P. vivax. After treatment, 44 soldiers had relapses of their P. vivax infections; 11 had a second relapse and two had a third relapse. These findings raise several issues about prevention and management of malaria in the ADF. | TERM_PLAS
BaiHe Gao;HenLin [NAME] | 2000 | In vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum strain resistant to artesunate in Yunnan Province | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 13 | 3 | 215-216 | 20003003081 | A Plasmodium falciparum strain resistant to artesunate was cultured in vitro by the Trager method. Different concentrations of artesunate were added into the culture and the ID<sub>50</sub> was assayed by Rieckmann's in vitro micro-technique at different times. Before and after adding drugs for 68 days, 129 days and stopping drug for 67 days, the ID<sub>50</sub>s were 9.6, 30.6, 85.1 and 52.9 nmol/[NAME] respectively. | TERM_PLAS
XueRong Li;XinBing Yu;ZhiXin Shan;ChangLing Ma | 2000 | Contructing T vector and using it to clone [NAME] gene of Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 16 | 5 | 32-35 | 20003000136 | A highly effective clone vector for PCR products was constructed and used to clone the Plasmodium falciparum RAP2 gene. The [NAME] plasmid was digested and purified and incubated at 70 degrees C for 3 h to construct a T vector. Using PCR, the [NAME] gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of P. falciparum (strain FCC1/HN) from southern China. The PCR product was purified and cloned into the T vector and transfected into Escherichia coli (strain DH5 alpha ). The recombinant plasmids were screened and identified using EcoR/XhoI and PCR. The [NAME] gene was about 1215 bp long. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Yang;NamRyoul [NAME] | 2000 | Vector determination of tertian malaria (Plasmodium vivax) by polymerase chain reaction | Korean Journal of Entomology | 30 | 2 | 77-83 | 20003000012 | Following the re-emergence of Plasmodium vivax in northern part of Kyonggi-do, Korea Republic, Anopheles mosquitoes were analysed with polymerase chain reactions to determine which is the main vector for malaria transmission. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from 29 August to 19th September 1996, in epidemic areas. The areas were GOP of XX corps and Taema-ri in Chorwon-gun, Seokjang-ri, Wondang-ri, Tongjung-ri and Hyunga-ri in Yonchon-gun, Changpa-ri, Majeong-ri, Popwon-ri, [NAME], Chosan-ri and Paju-ri in Paju-shi, and Saengyon-dong in Tongduchon-shi. Mosquitoes were collected using dry ice from 19:00 to 07:00 h. 5615 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and identified. 4866 A. sinensis (86.7%), 561 A. yatsusiroensis (9.9%), 112 A. pullus (1.9%), 58 A. sineroides (1.0%), 12 A. lesteri (0.2%), and 6 A. koreicus (0.1%) were identified. Anopheles mosquito DNA was extracted and the circumsporozoite protein gene of P. vivax was amplified using nested-PCR. PCR products (about 870 bp) were observed with DNA samples of mosquitoes collected in Changpa-ri and [NAME]. DNA hybridization showed that the amplified PCR products belonged to P. vivax Pv210 type. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Debrunner;A. Sartoratto;J. de Oliveira | 1999 | New hybrid lines of the antimalarial species Artemisia annua L | [NAME] | 502 |  | 377-381 | 20001610805 | Malaria is still one of the greatest causes of mortality in the world; in Brazil there are over 500 000 reported cases each year. Malaria, caused by the protozoon Plasmodium, has been aggravated by the increasing resistance of Plasmodium to the traditional drugs chloroquine and mefloquine. The study of new drugs resulted in the identification of anti-malarial activities of an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone, called Qinghaosu or artemisinin, extracted from the leaves of Artemisia annua, from the [NAME] family. The research work developed at MEDIPLANT (Switzerland) and CPQBA-UNICAMP (Brazil) involved the selection and breeding of genotypes rich in artemisinin and presenting high biomass followed by a second selection to adaptation to Brazilian climatic conditions. Through controlled hybridization between selected genotypes from China and Vietnam, genetic gain was obtained as artemisinin and population uniformity. Through the increase of biomass and artemisinin content (estimated by analytical monitoring), it was possible to increase the artemisinin production of 5 kg/ha for the base population to approximately 25 kg/ha for the genetically bred population. In the cultivation carried out in Brazil, 3 hybrid lines, 2/39 x 1V, 1V x 2/39, and Ch x Viet.55, produced 21.38, 19.27 and 15.80 kg of artemisinin/ha, respectively. The cultivation of these new hybrid lines in Brazil is technically viable and highly competitive, due to the production obtained. | TERM_PLAS
Ravichandran Manickam;D. L. Doolan;J. Cox-Singh;S. L. Hoffman;Singh Balbir | 2000 | HLA degenerate T-cell epitopes from Plasmodium falciparum liver stage-specific antigen 1 (LSA-1) are highly conserved in isolates from geographically distinct areas | Parasite immunology | 22 | 9 | 469-473 | 20000810209 | Plasmodium falciparum liver stage-specific antigen-1 ([NAME]) is a prime candidate vaccine antigen and 5 T-cell epitopes that are degenerately restricted by HLA molecules common in most populations have been identified on [NAME]. To define the extent of polymorphism within these T-cell epitopes, the N-terminal non-repetitive region of the [NAME] gene from Malaysian P. falciparum field isolates was sequenced and compared with data of isolates from Brazil, Kenya and Papua New Guinea. Three of the T-cell epitopes were completely conserved and the remaining 2 were highly conserved in the isolates examined. Nucleotide sequence data are available in the GenBank database under accession numbers AF086793 to AF086802. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Appella;E. Gomez;A. Richards;Y. [NAME] Mason;D. Koech;S. [NAME] | 2000 | HLA-DR-promiscuous T cell epitopes from Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic-stage antigens restricted by multiple HLA class II alleles | Journal of Immunology (Baltimore) | 165 | 2 | 1123-1137 | 20000809990 | The antigenicity of 17 CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell epitopes from 5 Plasmodium falciparum antigens that are restricted by multiple common HLA class I alleles was previously established. The identification of 11 peptides from the same antigens, circumsporozoite protein, sporozoite surface protein 2, exported protein-1 and liver-stage antigen-1, that bind between at least 5 and up to 11 different HLA-DR molecules representative of the most common HLA-DR antigens worldwide is now reported. These peptides recall lymphoproliferative and cytokine responses in immune individuals experimentally immunized with radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites or semi-immune individuals naturally exposed to malaria in Irian Jaya (Indonesia) or Kenya. All peptides are recognized by individuals of each of the 3 populations, and the frequency and magnitude of helper T lymphocyte responses to each peptide is influenced by the intensity of exposure to P. falciparum sporozoites. Mean frequencies of lymphoproliferative responses are 53.2% (irradiated sporozoites) versus 22.4% (Kenyan) versus 5.8% (Javanese), and mean frequencies of IFN- gamma responses are 66.3% (irradiated sporozoites) versus 27.3% (Kenyan) versus 8.7% (Javanese). The identification of HLA class II degenerate T cell epitopes from P. falciparum validates the predictive strategy in a biologically relevant system and supports the potential for developing a broadly efficacious epitope-based vaccine against malaria focused on a limited number of peptide specificities. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 1999 | El Nino and associated outbreaks of severe malaria in highland populations in Irian Jaya, Indonesia: a review and epidemiological perspective | Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | 30 | 4 | 608-619 | 20000809962 | Perennial malaria is a major public health problem for most coastal, lowland and foothill populations in Irian Jaya (western New Guinea), the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia. Malaria at higher elevations above 1500 m is considered intermittent and highly unstable, providing a constant threat of epidemics. Beginning in late August 1997, a significant increase of unexplained deaths was reported from the central highland district of Jayawijaya. The alarming number of fatalities rapidly escalated into September, dropping off precipitously by late October. More than 550 deaths due to "drought-related" disease had been officially reported from the district during this 10-week period. The outbreaks occurred in extremely remote areas of steep mountainous terrain inhabited by primitive shifting agriculturist populations. Microscopical evidence and site survey data implicated malaria as the principal cause of the excess morbidity and mortality at elevations between approximately 1000 and 2200 m. The dramatic increase in malaria and associated deaths was indirectly related to the prolonged and severe drought created by the prevailing 1997-98 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affecting the Australasian region. Clinical cases of malaria were described as severe, due in large part to the low level of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) in these highland populations and the predominance of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Disease may have been further exacerbated by the population's compromised nutritional status because of severe shortages of staple foods affected by the drought. Based on a retrospective investigation, an 'a posteriori' epidemiological explanation of the probable, interrelated causes of the epidemic is presented. Beginning in late July 1997, drought conditions resulted in numerous, transient pools of standing water along zones of steep gradient streams normally associated with fast-flowing water. This permitted sufficient and rapid increases in vector populations (Anopheles punctulatus complex) that either could sustain recently introduced or intensified local low-level malaria transmission. Moreover, water and food shortages contributed to increased demographic movement and exposure to high risk malaria endemic lowlands, thus increasing the prevalence of human infections and infectious reservoirs in those populations returning to the highlands. The eventual rapid drying and elimination of the vector larval habitats along stream beds, combined with mass antimalarial drug distribution are believed, in part, to be responsible for the rapid decline of severe malaria and related deaths. Area delimited and isolated focal outbreaks of malaria are recognized as occasional, periodic events in these highlands. This epidemic produced great concern because of the broad regionalized extent of the problem, the culmination of many independent outbreaks occurring during the same period that overwhelmed the local health care and control capabilities. We predict communicable disease outbreaks, including malaria, may likely increase in periodicity in the Irian Jaya highlands as socioeconomic development and population movements increase. This investigation further underscores the importance of malaria and its impact on presumed NAI deficient highland populations. Furthermore, the association of ENSO-related climatic anomalies and heightened infectious disease transmission is illustrative of how rapidly changing local weather events can dramatically alter disease patterns. These circumstantial findings, albeit important, point to the urgent need for more definitive understanding of highland malaria dynamics, the development of a sustainable longitudinal surveillance system, and appropriate outbreak response capabilities for the highlands of Irian Jaya. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Preliminary observation on detection of falciparum malaria and vivax malaria by double immunochromatographic technique | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 13 | 2 | 90-91 | 20000809093 | The double immunochromatographic technique was used for detection of malaria infection in patients with fever at clinics in malaria-endemic areas of China. Microscopic examination was used as a control and as the standard for the evaluation of the technique. 93 patients were tested; the sensitivity and specificity for Plasmodium falciparum malaria were 91.7% and 94.7% respectively, and for P. vivax malaria 88.2% and 100%. No cross reactions were observed between the species. It is concluded that the double immunochromatographic technique is simple, rapid and accurate in the detection of malaria infections, and can be used to distinguish between different species of malaria parasite. | TERM_PLAS
 | 2000 | Proceedings of joint conference, 40th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine and 14th Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for International Health, 3-5 September 1999, Tokyo | Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | 28 | 1 | 29-97. | 20000808766 | Abstracts of papers presented at this joint meeting on tropical medicine and international health in Japan are given. The topics covered in symposia and workshops included disease control in the tropics, emerging parasitic diseases and AIDS prevention and management. Papers on specific parasites included cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium) in Indonesia, filariasis in Mozambique, alveolar and cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus) in China, [NAME] in Laos and Cambodia, Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) in Guatemala, malaria (Plasmodium) in Thailand, [NAME] and the Solomon Islands, and laboratory studies on Plasmodium, Entamoeba histolytica, T. cruzi, Leishmania, S. japonicum and Brugia pahangi. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 1999 | Malaria in the Mojave | Military Medicine | 164 | 11 |  | 20000808571 | The case is reported of a 35-year-old male soldier who presented in California, USA, with a 4-day history of high fevers, malaise, myalgias, anorexia, prostration and headache. 6 months previously he had returned from a tour of duty in South Korea. A diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria was made based on thick and thin blood smears. He was successfully treated with chloroquine and primaquine. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Cloning and expression in E. coli of the serine-repeat antigen gene fragment from Plasmodium falciparum | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 7 | 1 | 18-23 | 20000807926 | The serine-repeat antigen (SERA) gene fragment of Plasmodium falciparum isolate PFD-3/YN (Yunnan, China) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. After sequencing, the gene fragment was cloned into the vector pWR450-1 for expression of the fusion protein with beta -galactosidase, and the recombinant plasmid pWR450-SERA was transformed into the Escherichia coli TG1 strain. Different concentrations of IPTG (isopropyl- beta -D-thiogalactopyranoside) were added to different densities of bacteria, and the expression of the fusion protein was examined, using dot-ELISA and Western blot analysis to identify the expression products. The results indicated that the recombinant plasmid could be induced to express a 72 [NAME] fusion protein. The fusion protein was expressed at a high level when the density of bacteria reached an OD<sub>590</sub> of 0.8-1.2 and IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1 mmol/litre. The dot-ELISA and Western blot analysis indicated that the fusion protein could react specifically with monoclonal antibody against SERA. | TERM_PLAS
Ming Li;BaiHong [NAME] Bi;Ping Wang | 2000 | Analysis of antigenic epitopes of merozoite surface protein-2 of Chinese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 7 | 1 | 11-17 | 20000807925 | Genes encoding merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP-2) of 3 Chinese isolates of Plasmodium falciparum, from Hainan, Yunnan and Anhui Provinces, were cloned and sequenced. Antigenic epitopes on the deduced amino acid sequences of [NAME] were identified by the PCGENE analytical software based on the hydrophilicity and chain flexibility of the [NAME] molecule. The predicted epitopes included the 2 well-defined FC-27 epitopes STNS and DTPTATE. The sequence segments located at amino acids (aa) 153-166 and 65-72 had the highest hydrophilicity and flexibility respectively. A specific hydrophilic peak was found at aa53-aa60, indicating that there might be antigenic epitopes specific for Chinese isolates in this domain. Four short peptides from the predicted epitopes were synthesized to evaluate their ability to induce antibody responses in immunized mice and their reactivity with hyperimmune sera from endemic areas of Yunnan Province. All 4 could induce specific anti-peptide antibody responses in mice; the immune sera reacted with recombinant [NAME] and with native [NAME] in the whole antigen preparation from cultured P. falciparum. The 4 synthesized peptides could also be recognized by sera from hyperimmune individuals. It is concluded that, as these 4 predicted epitopes are present in [NAME] in 3 isolates of P. falciparum from different provinces of China, they may be used as candidate epitopes for the development of a recombinant epitope vaccine against P. falciparum in China. | TERM_PLAS
Chun Niu;XinPing Zhu;Lei Zhou;Qiang Liu | 2000 | Detection of Plasmodium vivax by nested PCR amplification of dried blood spots on filter papers | Acta Parasitologica et Medica Entomologica Sinica | 7 | 1 | 7-10 | 20000807924 | Blood samples were taken from 37 patients in Minshan, Sichuan province, a malaria-endemic region of China. Malaria parasite DNA was eluted from dried blood spots on filter paper by Chelex treatment and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect low Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia. The sensitivity and specificity of the nested PCR assay were confirmed by amplifying a 121 bp DNA fragment of the SSUrRNA (small subunit ribosomal RNA) gene of P. vivax. As few as 25 parasites per micro l of blood, but not 2.5, could be detected successfully. There were no positive results using the corresponding genes of the other 3 human malaria species (P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale). The ease of collection and transport of filter paper specimens combined with the sensitive and specific detection of P. vivax by nested PCR suggest that this method might be a valuable tool for molecular epidemiological studies of P. vivax. | TERM_PLAS
JiHui Duan;QingJun Li;LinHua Tang;Laiy Tang;XianJun Zhang;Jum [NAME] | 1999 | An intervention study on the effect of antimalarial drug packaging on patient compliance of treatment | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 15 | 6 | 33-35 | 20000807792 | An intervention study using a prospective cohort design showed that improved packaging of antimalarial drugs in China with written instructions increased patient compliance. Patients with confirmed Plasmodium vivax malaria were randomly assigned to one of 2 cohorts. The control group received medication in the usual way, which consisted of the full course of chloroquine (3 days) and primaquine (8 days) dispensed in a single paper envelope with no written instructions. The experimental group received medication in 2 separate blister packs for chloroquine and primaquine, where each blister comprised a single dose. The packet also contained simple, clear written instructions on use. On day 9 after the start of treatment, each patient was tested for the presence of malaria parasites and for the presence of chloroquine in urine. 96.89% (156 of 161) of the experimental group and 83.44% (136 of 163) of the control group completed the proper treatment regimen. The results showed a significant difference (P<0.01) in the compliance rates between the 2 groups. This difference could be partly due to loss or disintegration of the medication due to poor packaging in the control group (59.26%). The compliance rate of treatment with the blister pack was higher than with the paper envelope. The blister pack was found to be a more convenient and time-efficient method of dispensing medication. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Comparison between two methods for rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 16 | 2 | 112-113 | 20000807569 |  | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Evaluation of Dipstick and PCR applied in outpatient clinics to detect Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 16 | 2 | 81-83 | 20000807565 | The ParaSight-F test kit (a dipstick method) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using dried blood spots were compared with examination of thick blood smears for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic area of China. 112 patients with fever were examined. Taking thick blood smear examination as the gold standard, the sensitivity of ParaSight-F and PCR was 93.5 and 83.9% respectively, and the specificity was 95.1 and 98.8% respectively. The detection rate was higher with higher parasitaemia (P<0.01). It is concluded that the dipstick method is much more rapid and simple than the other 2 methods, and has promise for use in endemic areas. Both the dipstick and PCR methods should be improved to make the sensitivity higher, especially in cases with low parasitaemia. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] | 2000 | Prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2 | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 16 | 2 | 35-38 | 20000807556 | The histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2) gene of Plasmodium falciparum (Yunnan line) was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector [NAME] to form pGEX-4T-1/HRP2, which was used to transform Escherichia coli BL21. After induction, a GST fusion protein of about 60 kDa, which could be recognized by HRP2-specific monoclonal antibodies, was expressed. The expression product was purified and used to immunize BALB/C mice. Mouse antisera to the recombinant antigen detected the parasite HRP2 antigen inside infected red blood cells in Western blots. It is concluded that the successful expression of the HRP2 gene is a good basis for future research on for malaria diagnosis and vaccines. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Ji;YuKun Shi;XinBing [NAME] | 2000 | T cell immune response to the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum, southern China isolate FCC/HN and antigen-induced IL-2 and IFN- gamma production analysis of specific | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 16 | 2 | 32-34 | 20000807555 | The DNA fragment encoding regions I to II of the CSP (circumsporozoite protein?) gene from Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCC1/HN was cloned into an expression vector, pcDNA3, containing cytomegalovirus (CMV), and transformed into the human [NAME] cell line. The expressed protein PfCSP (a candidate vaccine) was used to immunize BALB/c mice by subcutaneous, intravenous or intraperitoneal administration. The splenocytes of immunized mice released significant amounts of IL (interleukin)-2 and IFN (interferon)- gamma following stimulation with this vaccine. Previous studies showed increased splenic T lymphocyte proliferation and enhancement of NK cell killing activity following immunization. It is concluded that the vaccine can stimulate the T cell response and enhance cell-mediated immunity. | TERM_PLAS
YanWen Liu;XinBing Yu;Jing [NAME] | 2000 | Construction of eukaryotic expression vector of MSA2 gene of the southern China isolate FCC1/HN of Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 16 | 2 | 29-31 | 20000807554 | Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the MSA2 (merozoite surface antigen/protein 2?) gene was amplified from genomic DNA of southern China isolate (FCC1/HN) of Plasmodium falciparum. The PCR product was purified and digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI, and the resulting DNA fragment was cloned into the plasmid pcDNA3, and transformed into Escherichia coli strain TG1. The recombinant plasmids were screened and identified by BamHI and EcoRI digestion and PCR amplification. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3/MSA2 was found to contain the MSA2 gene. These findings are important for the expression of this gene in vitro and the development of a malaria vaccine. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Wang;PingFu [NAME] | 2000 | Study on the antimalaria measures and surveillance methods of imported falciparum malaria | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 13 | 1 | 11-13 | 20000807308 | Workers (n=1140) returning to Anhui Province from Hainan Province, China, were monitored for malaria between 1989 and 1998, using blood smears. The overall malaria prevalence was 14.39% and ranged from a peak of 58.33% (63 of 108) in 1990 to 0% (0 of 133, 127 and 118, respectively) in 1996-1998. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 84.8% of all malaria-positive cases. Of the 139 P. falciparum-positive cases, 34 were infected with chloroquine-resistant strains, confirming that the cases from Lu'an Prefecture represented imported chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Disease control and surveillance over the 10-year period, including vector [Anopheles] control with DDT residual spraying for 2 years and use of deltamethrin- and cypermethrin-impregnated bed nets for 6 years, has brought the transmission of imported falciparum malaria under control. However, continual surveillance of the mobile population is necessary. | TERM_PLAS
[NAME] Xu;ShaoQing Zhang;HuaXun Zhang | 2000 | Early warning indicator for forecasting of malaria epidemics after flooding | Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control | 13 | 1 | 8-10 | 20000807306 | Data from malaria (Plasmodium) cases reported during 1989-1997 in Han Chuan City and Lao He Kou City, Hubei Province, China, were analysed to calculate the annual and monthly mean number of cases, and the standard deviation. It was shown that the monthly incidence rate could be used as an early forecasting indicator. The malaria incidence in April appears to be of critical importance: if the number of cases reported during this month exceeds the established monthly rate, then it will be necessary to implement appropriate control measures. | TERM_PLAS
YanWen Liu;XinBing [NAME] | 1998 | PCR amplification and cloning of the gene encoding block 2-5 in MSP1 from the FCC1/HN isolate of Plasmodium falciparum (Southern China) | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 14 | 5 | 38-40, 55 | 20000807161 | Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, the gene fragment coding for block 2-5 in MSP1 was amplified from genomic DNA of a southern China isolate (FCC1/HN) of Plasmodium falciparum. The PCR product was purified and digested with [NAME] and Apa1, and the resultant DNA fragment was cloned into plasmid pcDNA3, and transformed in Escherichia coli strain TG1. The result demonstrated that the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3/MSP1 contains the exogenous gene encoding the block 2-5 in MSP1 from FCC1/HN isolate of P. falciparum. | TERM_PLAS
ShuHong Luo;XinBing [NAME] | 1998 | Amplification of the genes coding for the transmission blocking target antigens Pfs25 and Pfs48/45 of Plasmodium falciparum | Chinese Journal of Zoonoses | 14 | 1 | 3-6 | 20000807119 | The genes encoding Pfs25 and Pfs48/45 were amplified from the genomic DNA of Plasmodium falciparum (FCC-1/HN). The amplified fragments were 657 and 1359 base pairs, respectively. | TERM_PLAS