1 BY ORDER DATED 23 JANUARY 1976 , RECEIVED AT THE COURT REGISTRY ON 6 APRIL 1976 , THE BUNDESVERWALTUNGSGERICHT REFERRED TO THE COURT THREE QUESTIONS ON ARTICLES 5 , 9 AND 13 ( 2 ) OF THE EEC TREATY FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING UNDER ARTICLE 177 OF THE EEC TREATY .
2 THESE QUESTIONS HAVE ARISEN IN A CASE RELATING TO THE PAYMENT IN 1968 ON THE IMPORTATION BY THE APPELLANTS OF FRENCH APPLES OF CHARGES FOR PHYTOSANITARY INSPECTION , REGARDED AS EQUIVALENT TO CUSTOMS DUTIES BY THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF 11 OCTOBER 1973 IN CASE 39/73 ( REWE ZENTRALFINANZ EGMBH ( 1973 ) ECR 1039 ). THE RESPONDENT TO THE APPEAL REJECTED THE APPELLANTS ' CLAIMS TO HAVE THE DECISIONS IMPOSING THE CHARGES ANNULLED AND THE AMOUNTS PAID REFUNDED ( WITH INTEREST ) ON THE GROUND THAT THEY WERE INADMISSIBLE BECAUSE THE TIME-LIMITS LAID DOWN BY ARTICLE 58 OF THE VERWALTUNGSGERICHTSORDNUNG ( CODE OF PROCEDURE BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS ) HAD NOT BEEN OBSERVED .
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
4 BOTH THE RESPONDENT AND THE NATIONAL COURT ACCEPT THAT THE CHARGES IN QUESTION HAD BEEN UNLAWFULLY EXACTED . ALTHOUGH IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO RELY ON THE DIRECT EFFECT OF ARTICLE 13 ( 2 ) OF THE EEC TREATY ONLY AS FROM 1 JANUARY 1970 , THE END OF THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD , IT SHOULD BE STATED HOWEVER THAT THE LEVYING OF THE SAID CHARGES WAS ALREADY PREVIOUSLY UNLAWFUL BY VIRTUE OF ARTICLE 13 ( 1 ) OF REGULATION NO 159/66/EEC OF THE COUNCIL OF 25 OCTOBER 1966 ( JO 192 OF 27 OCTOBER 1966 ) WHICH ABOLISHED THEM IN RESPECT OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES AS FROM 1 JANUARY 1967 .
5 THE PROHIBITION LAID DOWN IN ARTICLE 13 OF THE TREATY AND THAT LAID DOWN IN ARTICLE 13 OF REGULATION NO 159/66/EEC HAVE A DIRECT EFFECT AND CONFER ON CITIZENS RIGHTS WHICH THE NATIONAL COURTS ARE REQUIRED TO PROTECT . APPLYING THE PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION LAID DOWN IN ARTICLE 5 OF THE TREATY , IT IS THE NATIONAL COURTS WHICH ARE ENTRUSTED WITH ENSURING THE LEGAL PROTECTION WHICH CITIZENS DERIVE FROM THE DIRECT EFFECT OF THE PROVISIONS OF COMMUNITY LAW . ACCORDINGLY , IN THE ABSENCE OF COMMUNITY RULES ON THIS SUBJECT , IT IS FOR THE DOMESTIC LEGAL SYSTEM OF EACH MEMBER STATE TO DESIGNATE THE COURTS HAVING JURISDICTION AND TO DETERMINE THE PROCEDURAL CONDITIONS GOVERNING ACTIONS AT LAW INTENDED TO ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS WHICH CITIZENS HAVE FROM THE DIRECT EFFECT OF COMMUNITY LAW , IT BEING UNDERSTOOD THAT SUCH CONDITIONS CANNOT BE LESS FAVOURABLE THAN THOSE RELATING TO SIMILAR ACTIONS OF A DOMESTIC NATURE . WHERE NECESSARY , ARTICLES 100 TO 102 AND 235 OF THE TREATY ENABLE APPROPRIATE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO REMEDY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PROVISIONS LAID DOWN BY LAW , REGULATION OR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION IN MEMBER STATES IF THEY ARE LIKELY TO DISTORT OR HARM THE FUNCTIONING OF THE COMMON MARKET . IN THE ABSENCE OF SUCH MEASURES OF HARMONIZATION THE RIGHT CONFERRED BY COMMUNITY LAW MUST BE EXERCISED BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY NATIONAL RULES . THE POSITION WOULD BE DIFFERENT ONLY IF THE CONDITIONS AND TIME-LIMITS MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE IN PRACTICE TO EXERCISE THE RIGHTS WHICH THE NATIONAL COURTS ARE OBLIGED TO PROTECT . THIS IS NOT THE CASE WHERE REASONABLE PERIODS OF LIMITATION OF ACTIONS ARE FIXED . THE LAYING DOWN OF SUCH TIME-LIMITS WITH REGARD TO ACTIONS OF A FISCAL NATURE IS AN APPLICATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY PROTECTING BOTH THE TAX-PAYER AND THE ADMINISTRATION CONCERNED .
6 THE ANSWER TO BE GIVEN TO THE FIRST QUESTION IS THEREFORE THAT IN THE PRESENT STATE OF COMMUNITY LAW THERE IS NOTHING TO PREVENT A CITIZEN WHO CONTESTS BEFORE A NATIONAL COURT A DECISION OF A NATIONAL AUTHORITY ON THE GROUND THAT IT IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH COMMUNITY LAW FROM BEING CONFRONTED WITH THE DEFENCE THAT LIMITATION PERIODS LAID DOWN BY NATIONAL LAW HAVE EXPIRED , IT BEING UNDERSTOOD THAT THE PROCEDURAL CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE ACTION MAY NOT BE LESS FAVOURABLE THAN THOSE RELATING TO SIMILAR ACTIONS OF A DOMESTIC NATURE . THE SECOND QUESTION
7 THE FACT THAT THE COURT HAS GIVEN A RULING ON THE QUESTION OF INFRINGEMENT OF THE TREATY DOES NOT AFFECT THE REPLY GIVEN TO THE FIRST QUESTION . THE THIRD QUESTION
8 IN VIEW OF THE REPLY GIVEN TO THE FIRST QUESTION THE THIRD QUESTION DOES NOT ARISE .