1. This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Unfair Commercial Practices Directive’) (OJ 2005 L 149, p. 22).
2. The request has been made in proceedings between CHS Tour Services GmbH (‘CHS’) and Team4 Travel GmbH (‘Team4 Travel’) concerning a Team4 Travel advertising brochure containing false information. Legal context European Union law
3. Recitals 6 to 8, 11 to 14 and 17 and 18 in the preamble to the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive state as follows: ‘(6) This Directive … approximates the laws of the Member States on unfair commercial practices, including unfair advertising, which directly harm consumers’ economic interests … It neither covers nor affects the national laws on unfair commercial practices which harm only competitors’ economic interests or which relate to a transaction between traders; … (7) This Directive addresses commercial practices directly related to influencing consumers’ transactional decisions in relation to products. … (8) This Directive directly protects consumer economic interests from unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices. … … (11) The high level of convergence achieved by the approximation of national provisions through this Directive creates a high common level of consumer protection. This Directive establishes a single general prohibition of those unfair commercial practices distorting consumers’ economic behaviour. … (12) Harmonisation will considerably increase legal certainty for both consumers and business. Both consumers and business will be able to rely on a single regulatory framework based on clearly defined legal concepts regulating all aspects of unfair commercial practices across the EU. … (13) In order to achieve the Community’s objectives through the removal of internal market barriers, it is necessary to replace Member States’ existing, divergent general clauses and legal principles. The single, common general prohibition established by this Directive therefore covers unfair commercial practices distorting consumers’ economic behaviour. … The general prohibition is elaborated by rules on the two types of commercial practices which are by far the most common, namely misleading commercial practices and aggressive commercial practices. (14) It is desirable that misleading commercial practices cover those practices, including misleading advertising, which by deceiving the consumer prevent him from making an informed and thus efficient choice. … … (17) It is desirable that those commercial practices which are in all circumstances unfair be identified to provide greater legal certainty. Annex I therefore contains the full list of all such practices. These are the only commercial practices which can be deemed to be unfair without a case-by-case assessment against the provisions of Articles 5 to 9. … (18) … In line with the principle of proportionality, and to permit the effective application of the protections contained in it, this Directive takes as a benchmark the average consumer, who is reasonably well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect, taking into account social, cultural and linguistic factors, as interpreted by the Court of Justice …’
4. As set out in Article 1 of the directive: ‘The purpose of this Directive is to contribute to the proper functioning of the internal market and achieve a high level of consumer protection by approximating the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States on unfair commercial practices harming consumers’ economic interests.’
5. Article 2 of the directive is worded as follows: ‘For the purposes of this Directive: … (b) “trader” means any natural or legal person who, in commercial practices covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes relating to his trade, business, craft or profession and anyone acting in the name of or on behalf of a trader; (c) “product” means any goods or service … (d) “business-to-consumer commercial practices” (hereinafter also referred to as commercial practices) means any act, omission, course of conduct or representation, commercial communication including advertising and marketing, by a trader, directly connected with the promotion, sale or supply of a product to consumers; … (h) “professional diligence” means the standard of special skill and care which a trader may reasonably be expected to exercise towards consumers, commensurate with honest market practice and/or the general principle of good faith in the trader’s field of activity; …’
6. Article 3 of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive provides: ‘1. This Directive shall apply to unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices, as laid down in Article 5, before, during and after a commercial transaction in relation to a product. 2. This Directive is without prejudice to contract law …’
7. Article 5 of the directive, entitled ‘Prohibition of unfair commercial practices’, is worded as follows: ‘1. Unfair commercial practices shall be prohibited. 2. A commercial practice shall be unfair if: (a) it is contrary to the requirements of professional diligence, and (b) it materially distorts or is likely to materially distort the economic behaviour with regard to the product of the average consumer whom it reaches or to whom it is addressed, or of the average member of the group when a commercial practice is directed to a particular group of consumers. … 4. In particular, commercial practices shall be unfair which: (a) are misleading as set out in Articles 6 and 7, or (b) are aggressive as set out in Articles 8 and 9. 5. Annex I contains the list of those commercial practices which shall in all circumstances be regarded as unfair. The same single list shall apply in all Member States and may only be modified by revision of this Directive.’
8. As is apparent from their headings, Articles 6 and 7 of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive define ‘misleading actions’ and ‘misleading omissions’ respectively.
9. Article 6(1) of the directive provides: ‘A commercial practice shall be regarded as misleading if it contains false information and is therefore untruthful or in any way, including overall presentation, deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer, even if the information is factually correct, in relation to one or more of the following elements, and in either case causes or is likely to cause him to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise: (a) the existence or nature of the product; (b) the main characteristics of the product, such as its availability, benefits … …’
10. Articles 8 and 9 of the directive concern aggressive commercial practices and the use of harassment, coercion and undue influence. Austrian law
11. The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive was transposed in Austria, with effect from 12 December 2007, by the Federal Law on Unfair Competition of 1984 (Bundesgesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb 1984) (BGBl. 448/1984), in its amended version as applicable to the case in the main proceedings (BGBl. I, 79/2007). The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling
12. According to the order for reference, CHS and Team4 Travel are two Austrian companies that operate, in Innsbruck (Austria), travel agencies competing in the arranging and selling of skiing lessons and snow holidays in Austria for groups of schoolchildren from the United Kingdom.
13. In its English-language sales brochure for the 2012 winter season, Team4 Travel, the defendant before the referring court, had described certain accommodation establishments as ‘exclusive’, that expression meaning that the hotels in question had a fixed contractual relationship with Team4 Travel and could not, on the specified dates, be offered by another tour operator. That reference to the exclusive reservation of bed quotas for Team4 Travel also appeared in the latter’s price list.
14. For specified periods in 2012, Team4 Travel had concluded contracts for bed quotas with several accommodation establishments. When those contracts were concluded, the director of Team4 Travel had checked with those establishments that no pre-bookings had been made by other tour operators. She had also made sure that, having regard to the available capacity, no other organised tour group could be put up in the hotels concerned during the periods in question. The contracts contained a clause pursuant to which the allocated room quotas remained at Team4 Travel’s entire disposal and those accommodation establishments might not derogate from the contract without obtaining Team4 Travel’s written consent. In addition, in order to secure exclusivity for Team4 Travel, the latter and those hotels had agreed termination rights and contractual penalties.
15. Subsequently, CHS also had bed quotas blocked in the same accommodation establishments and for the same dates as Team4 Travel. The hotels in question were, therefore, in breach of their contractual obligations to Team4 Travel.
16. In September 2010, Team4 Travel, which did not know that CHS had made competing pre-bookings, distributed its winter 2012 sales brochures and price list.
17. CHS is of the opinion that the exclusivity statement contained in those documents infringes the prohibition of unfair commercial practices. It consequently asked the Landesgericht Innsbruck (Innsbruck Regional Court) to prohibit Team4 Travel, by interim injunction, from stating, in the context of the operation of its travel agency, that, on specific dates, certain establishments can be booked only through Team4 Travel, that information being incorrect because those establishments can also be booked through CHS.
18. By contrast, Team4 Travel contends that it acted with the professional diligence required when drawing up its brochures and that, until the date the brochures were sent out, it had not been aware of the contracts concluded between CHS and the hotels in question, so that it was not guilty of any unfair commercial practice.
19. By order of 30 November 2010, the Landesgericht Innsbruck rejected CHS’s application on the ground that the exclusivity claim disputed by it was well founded in the light of the irrevocable pre-booking contracts previously concluded by Team4 Travel.
20. Following the appeal brought by CHS before the Oberlandesgericht Innsbruck (Innsbruck Higher Regional Court), that court upheld, by order of 13 January 2011, the order of the Landesgericht Innsbruck on the ground that there was no unfair commercial practice since Team4 Travel had complied with the requirements of professional diligence when securing the exclusive pre-booking opportunity negotiated with the hotels concerned. The Oberlandesgericht Innsbruck held that Team4 Travel was properly entitled to expect that the hotels would honour their contractual commitments.
21. CHS then brought an appeal on a point of law (‘Revision’) before the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austrian Supreme Court).
22. That court observes that, according to Article 5(2) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, a commercial practice is unfair if two cumulative conditions are met, namely, the practice is contrary to the requirements of professional diligence (Article 5(2)(a)) and it materially distorts or is likely ‘to materially distort’ the economic behaviour, in relation to the product, of the average consumer (Article 5(2)(b)).
23. However, Articles 6(1) and 8 of the directive contain only the second of those conditions, without expressly making reference to the requirement set out in Article 5(2)(a) of that directive.
24. The question thus arises whether the European Union legislature took as its basis the premiss that there is automatically an infringement of the obligation of professional diligence in the case of a misleading practice or an aggressive practice, as referred to in Articles 6 and 7 and in Articles 8 and 9, respectively, of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, or whether, on the contrary, the trader is permitted to establish, case by case, that he has not failed in his duty of diligence.
25. According to the referring court, logic argues in favour of that second interpretation. If, as in this instance, a provision of a general kind (Article 5(2) of the directive) is the subject of clarification pursuant to specific rules (Article 6 et seq. of the directive), and those rules do not expressly derogate from the former provision, it cannot be assumed the legislator intended to disapply one of the two fundamental elements of the general rule.
26. It was in those circumstances that the Oberster Gerichtshof decided to stay the proceedings refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary ruling: ‘Is Article 5 of [the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive] to be interpreted as meaning that, in the case of misleading commercial practices within the meaning of Article 5(4) of that directive, separate examination of the criteria of Article 5(2)(a) of the directive is inadmissible?’ The question referred for a preliminary ruling
27. As a preliminary point, it should be recalled that Article 2(d) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive gives a particularly wide definition of ‘commercial practices’: ‘any act, omission, course of conduct or representation, commercial communication including advertising and marketing, by a trader, directly connected with the promotion, sale or supply of a product to consumers’ (see, inter alia, Joined Cases C‑261/07 and C‑299/07 VTB-VAB and Galatea [2009] ECR I‑2949, paragraph 49; Case C‑304/08 Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft [2010] ECR I‑217, paragraph 36; and Case C‑540/08 Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag [2010] ECR I‑10909, paragraph 17). In addition, under Article 2(c) of the directive, the term ‘product’, within the meaning of that directive, also includes services.
28. As is apparent from the order for reference, the information at issue in the main proceedings, which was provided by a travel agency in sales brochures offering skiing lessons and snow holidays for groups of schoolchildren, concerns the exclusivity that the trader, in this case Team4 Travel, claims to have on the dates indicated for certain accommodation establishments.
29. Such information, to the effect that certain accommodation was available only through Team4 Travel and could not, therefore, be booked through another trader, concerns the availability of a product, as referred to in Article 6(1)(b) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.
30. In those circumstances, the information relating to exclusivity on which Team4 Travel relied indubitably constitutes a ‘commercial practice’ within the meaning of Article 2(d) of the directive and it is, consequently, subject to the rules laid down in that directive.
31. That being said, clearly the question referred by the Oberster Gerichtshof concerns the interpretation of Article 5 of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive alone.
32. However, in its order for reference, that court stated that the information relating to exclusivity, contained in the brochures distributed by Team4 Travel, is objectively incorrect and therefore constitutes, from the viewpoint of the average consumer, a misleading commercial practice such as referred to in Article 6(1) of the directive.
33. The referring court therefore raises the question whether, for the purpose of applying Article 6(1), and with a view to treating Team4 Travel’s practice as ‘misleading’ within the meaning of that provision, it is sufficient to examine that practice in the light of the criteria specified in that provision alone which, according to the findings of that court, are all met in the present case; or whether, on the contrary, it is necessary to determine, in addition, whether the condition as to whether the commercial practice is contrary to the requirements of professional diligence, as provided for in Article 5(2)(a) of the directive, is also satisfied, which would not, however, be the case in this instance, on the ground that the travel agency concerned had done everything to secure the exclusivity it claimed in its sales brochures.
34. In other words, this request for a preliminary ruling must be understood as concerning the interpretation of Article 6(1) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and the possible relationship between that provision and Article 5(2) of that directive. It seeks, in essence, to establish whether, when a commercial practice already meets all the criteria set out in Article 6(1) of the directive for being treated as a misleading practice for the purpose of that provision, the court seised is nevertheless required to determine whether such a practice is contrary to the requirements of professional diligence under Article 5(2)(a) of the directive too before it can find the practice to be unfair and, accordingly, prohibit it on the basis of Article 5(1).
35. As regards Article 5 of the directive, the Court has already held on several occasions that that article, which lays down, in paragraph (1), the principle of the prohibition of unfair commercial practices, sets out the relevant criteria for the purpose of establishing whether a practice is unfair (see VTB-VAB and Galatea , paragraph 53; Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft , paragraph 42; and Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag , paragraph 31).
36. Thus, in accordance with Article 5(2), a commercial practice is unfair if it is contrary to the requirements of professional diligence and materially distorts or is likely ‘to materially distort’ the economic behaviour of the average consumer with regard to the product ( VTB-VAB and Galatea , paragraph 54; Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft , paragraph 43; and Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag , paragraph 32).
37. Furthermore, Article 5(4) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive defines two specific categories of unfair commercial practices, namely, ‘misleading practices’ and ‘aggressive practices’ corresponding to the criteria set out in Articles 6 and 7 and in Articles 8 and 9 of the directive, respectively ( VTB-VAB and Galatea , paragraph 55; Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft , paragraph 44; and Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag , paragraph 33).
38. Finally, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive sets out, in Annex I, an exhaustive list of 31 commercial practices which, in accordance with Article 5(5) of that directive, are to be regarded as unfair ‘in all circumstances’. Consequently, as recital 17 in the preamble to the directive expressly states, those commercial practices alone can be deemed to be unfair without a case-by-case assessment against the provisions of Articles 5 to 9 of the directive ( VTB-VAB and Galatea , paragraph 56; Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft , paragraph 45; and Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag , paragraph 34).
39. Against that background, it must be pointed out that Article 5(4) of the directive categorises commercial practices as unfair where it is established they are misleading or aggressive ‘as set out in’, Articles 6 and 7 and Articles 8 and 9, respectively, of that directive, that expression suggesting that the determination of whether the practice concerned is misleading or aggressive depends only on the assessment of the practice in the light of the criteria set out in those latter articles alone. That interpretation is supported by the fact that Article 5(4) does not contain any reference to the more general criteria set out in Article 5(2).
40. Furthermore, Article 5(4) begins with the words ‘[i]n particular’ and recital 13 in the preamble to the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive states that ‘[t]he … general prohibition established by this Directive … is elaborated by rules on the two types of commercial practices which are by far the most common, namely misleading commercial practices and aggressive commercial practices’. It follows that the basic rule of that directive, that unfair commercial practices are to be prohibited, as laid down in Article 5(1) of the directive, is given effect and concrete expression by more specific provisions with a view to due account’s being taken of the risk posed to consumers by the two cases that arise most frequently, namely, misleading commercial practices and aggressive commercial practices.
41. So far as concerns Articles 6 and 7 and Articles 8 and 9 of the directive, the Court has already held that, pursuant to those provisions, misleading or aggressive practices are prohibited where, having regard to their nature and the factual context, they cause or are likely to cause the average consumer to take a ‘transactional’ decision that he would not have taken otherwise ( VTB-VAB and Galatea , paragraph 55). The Court did not therefore make the prohibition of such practices dependent on any criterion other than those set out in those articles.
42. As regards, more particularly, Article 6(1) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, at issue in the case in the main proceedings, it is to be stressed that, in accordance with the wording of that provision, the misleading nature of a commercial practice derives solely from the fact that it is untruthful inasmuch as it contains false information or that, generally, it is likely to deceive the average consumer in relation to, inter alia, the nature or main characteristics of a product or a service and that, therefore, it is likely to cause that consumer to take a ‘transactional’ decision that he would not have taken if there had been no such practice. When those features are to be found, the practice is to ‘be regarded’ as misleading and, therefore, unfair pursuant to Article 5(4) of that directive, and it must be prohibited in accordance with Article 5(1).
43. It is thus clear that the constituent features of a misleading commercial practice, as set out in Article 6(1) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and recalled in the preceding paragraph, are in essence expressed with reference to the consumer as the person to whom unfair commercial practices are applied (see, to that effect, Case C‑122/10 Ving Sverige [2011] ECR I‑3903, paragraphs 22 and 23), and correspond in substance to the second condition characterising a practice of that nature, as set out in Article 5(2)(b) of that directive. By contrast, there is no mention in Article 6(1) of the condition, set out in Article 5(2)(a) of the directive and relating to the practice’s being contrary to the requirements of professional diligence, which relates to the sphere of the trader.
44. Indeed, the Court made no reference to that latter condition when, in Case C‑453/10 Pereničová and Perenič [2012] ECR I‑0000, paragraphs 40 and 41, it examined to what extent a commercial practice such as that at issue in the case giving rise to that judgment fell to be regarded as ‘misleading’ pursuant to Article 6(1) of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.
45. It follows from the foregoing that, having regard both to the wording and to the structure of Articles 5 and 6(1) of that directive, and to its general scheme, a commercial practice must be regarded as ‘misleading’ within the meaning of the second of those provisions if the criteria set out there are satisfied, and it is not necessary to determine whether the condition of that practice’s being contrary to the requirements of professional diligence, laid down in Article 5(2)(a) of that directive, is also met.
46. The interpretation above is the only one capable of preserving the effectiveness of the specific rules laid down in Articles 6 to 9 of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. Indeed, if the conditions for the application of those articles were identical to those set out in Article 5(2) of the directive, those provisions would have no practical significance, even though they are intended to protect the consumer from the most common unfair commercial practices (see paragraph 40 of this judgment).
47. That interpretation is, moreover, supported by the objective pursued by the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive of providing, as stated in recital 23 in the preamble to the directive, a high common level of consumer protection by carrying out a complete harmonisation of the rules relating to unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices, including unfair advertising (see, inter alia, Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag , paragraph 27), given that the interpretation upheld is such as to facilitate the effective application of Article 6(1) of that directive in a way favourable to the interests of consumers to whom false information has been given in advertising brochures distributed by a trader.
48. In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the answer to the question referred is that the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive must be interpreted as meaning that, if a commercial practice satisfies all the criteria set out in Article 6(1) of that directive for being categorised as a misleading practice in relation to the consumer, it is not necessary to determine whether such a practice is also contrary to the requirements of professional diligence as referred to in Article 5(2)(a) of the directive in order for it legitimately to be regarded as unfair and, therefore, prohibited in accordance with Article 5(1) of the directive. Costs
49. Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.