1BY JUDGMENT DATED 6 JANUARY 1978 , RECEIVED AT THE COURT ON 28 MARCH 1978 , THE TRIBUNAL DE GRANDE INSTANCE , LURE , REFERRED A QUESTION FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING UNDER ARTICLE 177 OF THE EEC TREATY ON THE INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 37 OF THE TREATY .
2THIS QUESTION HAS ARISEN IN PROCEEDINGS BETWEEN THE PLAINTIFF IN THE MAIN ACTION AND THE FRENCH REVENUE ADMINISTRATION AND RELATES TO THE COMPATIBILITY WITH COMMUNITY LAW OF THE CHARGE CALLED ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENT ' ' LEVIED BY THE ADMINISTRATION ON ETHYL ALCOHOL WHICH , ON THE PRODUCER ' S APPLICATION , IS LEFT AT THE PRODUCER ' S DISPOSAL AND THUS FREED FROM THE OBLIGATION OF DELIVERY TO THE STATE .
3THE NATIONAL COURT , BEFORE WHICH CAME THE PLAINTIFF ' S CLAIM FOR RECOVERY OF THE ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENTS ' ' WHICH IT CONSIDERED HAD BEEN UNLAWFULLY EXACTED OF IT , REFERRED THE FOLLOWING QUESTION TO THE COURT FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING : ' ' IS THE EXISTENCE OF THE FRENCH STATE MONOPOLY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN POTABLE SPIRITS SUCH AS THAT DISTILLED FROM WILLIAMS PEARS , INVOLVING THE LEVY BY THE STATE OF A RESALE ADJUSTMENT WHERE THE SALE OF SUCH SPIRITS IS ENTRUSTED TO THE PRODUCER , COMPATIBLE SINCE 1 JANUARY 1975 OR SUBSEQUENTLY WITH THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 37 OF THE TREATY OF ROME PROHIBITING ANY DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN NATIONALS OF MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY IN RESPECT OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS? ' '
4IT APPEARS BOTH FROM THE RECITALS TO THE JUDGMENT OF THE NATIONAL COURT AND THE WORDING OF THE QUESTION THAT THE INTERPRETATION OF COMMUNITY LAW AND IN PARTICULAR ARTICLE 37 OF THE TREATY IS REQUIRED TO ENABLE THE COURT TO DECIDE WHETHER CERTAIN SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE FRENCH MONOPOLY IN ETHYL ALCOHOL ARE COMPATIBLE WITH ARTICLE 37 .
5IN THIS RESPECT THE NATIONAL COURT DISTINGUISHES TWO SUCCESSIVE PERIODS , THE FIRST CONCERNING THE SYSTEM FOR ALCOHOL IN FORCE AFTER ITS AMENDMENT BY DECREE NO 74/91 OF 6 FEBRUARY 1974 ( JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE OF 8 FEBRUARY 1974 , P . 1476 ) UNTIL ITS AMENDMENT BY DECREE NO 77/842 OF 25 JULY 1977 ( JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE OF 27 JULY 1977 , P . 3928 ), THE SECOND CONCERNING THE SAME SYSTEM IN FORCE AFTER AMENDMENT BY THE SECOND OF THESE DECREES .
6ALTHOUGH IT APPEARS THAT THE ONLY QUESTION CONCERNING THE NATIONAL COURT IS THE ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENTS ' ' PAID PRIOR TO THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE DECREE OF 25 JULY 1977 , IT IS FOR THE NATIONAL COURT PURSUANT TO THE SEPARATION OF JURISDICTION ON WHICH ARTICLE 177 OF THE TREATY IS BASED TO DECIDE HOW FAR THE INTERPRETATION OF COMMUNITY LAW IS NECESSARY FOR IT TO GIVE ITS JUDGMENT SO THAT THE QUESTION WILL BE ANSWERED HAVING REGARD TO THE SITUATIONS ARISING DURING THE TWO ABOVE-MENTIONED PERIODS . ( A ) THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF DECREE NO 74/91 OF 6 FEBRUARY 1974 AND OF DECREE NO 77/842 OF 25 JULY 1977
7DURING THE PERIOD IN QUESTION THE STATE MONOPOLY IN ETHYL ALCOHOL WAS BASICALLY GOVERNED BY THE PROVISIONS OF BOOK 1 , PART 1 , TITLE III ( INDIRECT TAXATION AND FISCAL MONOPOLIES ) CHAPTER I , SECTION 1 , LETTER B ( ECONOMIC SYSTEM ) OF THE CODE GENERAL DES IMPOTS AND ANNEX II TO THE SAID CODE .
8ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 358 ET SEQ . OF THE CODE GENERAL DES IMPOTS THE EFFECT OF THE MONOPOLY IS THAT PRODUCERS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL ESTABLISHED IN FRANCE OR AT LEAST IN METROPOLITAN FRANCE MUST RESERVE TO THE STATE THEIR PRODUCTION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL SAVE CERTAIN ALCOHOL EXPRESSLY MENTIONED IN THE ARTICLE .
9THE VOLUME PRODUCED IS DETERMINED BY FIXED ANNUAL QUOTAS ALLOCATED , BY THE MINISTER RESPONSIBLE TO THE MANUFACTURERS ACCORDING TO THEIR TECHNICAL CAPACITIES .
10IN RETURN FOR THE OBLIGATION ON THE PRODUCER TO SUPPLY IT , THE MONOPOLY HAS AN OBLIGATION TO BUY THE SAID ALCOHOL AT PRICES PERIODICALLY FIXED BY ORDER OF THE MINISTER FOR FINANCE .
11THE ALCOHOL BOUGHT BY THE STATE IS RESOLD BY IT FOR ALL USES AT FIXED OFFICIAL PRICES .
12UNDER ARTICLE 269 OF ANNEX II TO THE CODE GENERAL DES IMPOTS ( INTRODUCED BY THE DECREE OF 6 FEBRUARY 1974 ) THE SERVICE DES ALCOOLS CAN ALLOW PRODUCERS , ON THEIR APPLICATION , TO DISPOSE FREELY OF CERTAIN ALCOHOL , OTHERWISE RESERVED FOR THE STATE , SUBJECT TO THE PAYMENT OF A CHARGE CALLED A ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENT ' ' .
13THUS AT THE TIME IN QUESTION IT WAS NECESSARY TO DISTINGUISH THREE CATEGORIES OF ETHYL ALCOHOL OF THE NATIONAL PRODUCTION , NAMELY FREE ALCOHOL , THAT IS TO SAY , NOT SUBJECT TO THE MONOPOLY , ALCOHOL RESERVED TO THE MONOPOLY AND BOUGHT BY IT AND FREED ALCOHOL , THAT IS TO SAY , IN PRINCIPLE RESERVED TO THE MONOPOLY BUT LEFT AT THE DISPOSAL OF PRODUCERS AND SUBJECT IN THAT EVENT TO THE PAYMENT OF THE ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENT ' ' .
14UNDER ARTICLE 385 OF THE CODE GENERAL DES IMPOTS THE IMPORT OF ALCOHOL FROM ABROAD IS RESERVED TO THE STATE .
15NEVERTHELESS AS REGARDS ETHYL ALCOHOL USABLE OR CONSUMABLE WITHOUT FURTHER PROCESSING AND SPIRITS AND SPIRITUOUS BEVERAGES COMING FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES DECREE NO 74/91 OF 6 FEBRUARY 1974 IN PARTICULAR , ADOPTED IN THE CONTEXT OF ADJUSTING THE MONOPOLY IN IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 37 OF THE TREATY , TERMINATED THE IMPORT MONOPOLY SO THAT SINCE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE DECREE SUCH ALCOHOL , SPIRITS AND SPIRITUOUS BEVERAGES MAY BE IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES AND MARKETED IN FRANCE .
16IMPORTED ALCOHOL USABLE OR CONSUMABLE WITHOUT FURTHER PROCESSING WAS UNDER ARTICLE 273 OF ANNEX II SUBJECT TO A ' ' COMPENSATORY SURCHARGE ' ' THE METHOD OF CALCULATION FOR WHICH RESEMBLED THE METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENT ' ' LEVIED ON FREED NATIONAL ALCOHOL .
17ARTICLE 275 OF THE SAME ANNEX HOWEVER PROVIDES THAT ' ' PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR DRINKING CONTAINING ETHYL ALCOHOL ' ' COMING FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES ARE EXEMPT FROM THE COMPENSATORY SURCHARGE BUT SUBJECT TO A ' ' COMPENSATORY CHARGE ' ' WHEN THE MINIMUM SALE PRICE OF NEUTRAL POTABLE ALCOHOL IN THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IS LESS THAN THE SALE PRICE OBTAINING IN FRANCE FOR THE SAME USE .
18THE SAME ARTICLE 275 NEVERTHELESS PROVIDES THAT ETHYL ALCOHOL IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES IS EXEMPT FROM THIS ' ' COMPENSATORY CHARGE ' ' WHEN SUCH ALCOHOL IS IDENTICAL TO THE ALCOHOL OF THE NATIONAL PRODUCTION WHICH IS NOT SUBJECT TO THE MONOPOLY ( FREE ALCOHOL ).
19IT APPEARS FROM THESE DIFFERENT PROVISIONS , AND IT IS MOREOVER NOT DISPUTED , THAT THE OBJECT , AND IN ANY EVENT RESULT , OF THE ' ' COMPENSATORY CHARGE ' ' ON POTABLE ALCOHOL IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES IS TO PREVENT SUCH ALCOHOL , WHEN IT IS THE SAME KIND AS THE NATIONAL ALCOHOL COMING UNDER MONOPOLY , FROM BEING MARKETED IN FRANCE AT A PRICE LESS THAN THE MINIMUM SALE PRICE FIXED BY THE MONOPOLY FOR THE ALCOHOL WHICH IT MARKETS . ( B ) THE PERIOD SUBSEQUENT TO THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF DECREE NO 77/842 OF 25 JULY 1977
20FOLLOWING THE JUDGMENTS OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF 17 FEBRUARY 1976 IN CASE 45/75 REWE ( 1976 ) 1 ECR 181 AND 91/75 MIRITZ ( 1976 ) ECR 217 RELATING TO CERTAIN DETAILS OF THE GERMAN MONOPOLY IN ALCOHOL THE COMMISSION CONSIDERED THAT THE ABOVE-MENTIONED ' ' COMPENSATORY CHARGE ' ' WAS INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE OBLIGATION IN ARTICLE 37 OF THE TREATY TO ADJUST STATE MONOPOLIES OF A COMMERCIAL CHARACTER SO AS TO ENSURE THAT AT THE END OF THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD NO DISCRIMINATION REGARDING THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH GOODS ARE PROCURED AND MARKETED EXISTS BETWEEN NATIONALS OF MEMBER STATES .
21THE OPERATIVE PART OF THE JUDGMENT IN CASE 91/75 MIRITZ IS TO THE EFFECT THAT AFTER THE END OF THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD , ARTICLE 37 PREVENTS A MEMBER STATE FROM LEVYING A CHARGE IMPOSED ONLY ON PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM ANOTHER MEMBER STATE FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPENSATING FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SELLING PRICE OF THE PRODUCT IN THE COUNTRY FROM WHICH IT COMES AND THE HIGHER PRICE PAID BY THE STATE MONOPOLY TO NATIONAL PRODUCERS OF THE SAME PRODUCT .
22AFTER AN EXCHANGE OF VIEWS BETWEEN THE COMMISSION AND THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT THE LATTER ADOPTED DECREE NO 77/842 OF 25 JULY 1977 WHICH TOOK EFFECT ON 29 JULY 1977 .
23ARTICLE 3 OF THIS DECREE REPEALS ARTICLE 275 OF ANNEX II TO THE CODE GENERAL DES IMPOTS ON THE LEVYING OF THE ' ' COMPENSATORY CHARGE ' ' ON CERTAIN ALCOHOL COMING FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES .
24ARTICLE 2 OF THE DECREE PROVIDES THAT PRODUCTS USABLE OR CONSUMABLE WITHOUT FURTHER PROCESSING AND CONTAINING ETHYL ALCOHOL IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES ARE ALSO EXEMPT FROM THE ' ' COMPENSATORY SURCHARGE ' ' PROVIDED FOR BY ARTICLE 273 OF ANNEX II .
25ON THE OTHER HAND UNDER ARTICLE 1 OF THE DECREE ETHYL ALCOHOL IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES AND IDENTICAL TO THE ETHYL ALCOHOL OF THE NATIONAL PRODUCTION WHICH HAS TO BE DELIVERED TO THE MONOPOLY IS SUBJECT ON IMPORT TO THE SAME ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENT ' ' TO WHICH NATIONAL ETHYL ALCOHOL FREED FROM THE OBLIGATION TO BE DELIVERED TO THE MONOPOLY IS SUBJECT .
26IT IS AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THESE DETAILS OF THE NATIONAL LAW THAT THE NATIONAL COURT MUST BE ANSWERED .
27THE PLAINTIFF IN THE MAIN ACTION COMPLAINS BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURT : ( A ) AS REGARDS THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF DECREE NO 74/91 OF 6 FEBRUARY 1974 AND THAT OF DECREE NO 77/842 OF 25 JULY 1977 OF HAVING BEEN SUBJECTED , AS REGARDS THE ALCOHOL WHICH IT PRODUCES , TO THE OBLIGATION TO PAY A ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENT ' ' ON THE ALCOHOL FREED , ON APPLICATION BY THE PLAINTIFF , FROM THE OBLIGATION OF BEING RESERVED TO THE MONOPOLY WHEREAS SIMILAR PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES ARE NOT SUBJECT TO A SIMILAR CHARGE OR IN ANY EVENT ARE SUBJECT TO A CHARGE , IN THE PRESENT CASE THE ' ' COMPENSATORY CHARGE ' ' WHICH IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE TREATY AND ACCORDINGLY NOT PAYABLE , A POSITION WHICH THE PLAINTIFF REGARDS AS CONTRARY TO THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 37 OF THE TREATY . ( B ) AS REGARDS THE PERIOD SUBSEQUENT TO THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE DECREE OF 25 JULY 1977 OF BEING SUBJECT TO AN OBLIGATION TO PAY A ' ' CASH ADJUSTMENT ' ' ON THE ' ' FREED ' ' ALCOHOL WHICH IT PRODUCES WHEREAS SIMILAR ALCOHOL PRODUCED IN ANOTHER MEMBER STATE IS NOT SUBJECT TO THIS CHARGE WITH THE RESULT THAT THE PLAINTIFF ' S PRODUCTS SUFFER DISCRIMINATION ON THE MARKETS OF THE OTHER MEMBER STATES TO WHICH THEY ARE EXPORTED .
28IN VIEW OF THE ABOVE CONSIDERATIONS THE QUESTION IS BASICALLY : ( A ) WHETHER ARTICLE 37 ( 1 ) SO FAR AS IT REQUIRES MEMBER STATES TO ADJUST THEIR COMMERCIAL MONOPOLIES SO AS TO ENSURE THAT WHEN THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD HAS ENDED THERE IS NO DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN THE NATIONALS OF MEMBER STATES PREVENTS NATIONAL PRODUCTS COMING UNDER THE MONOPOLY FROM BEING SUBJECT TO CHARGES TO WHICH SIMILAR PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES ARE NOT SO SUBJECT OR ARE SUBJECT TO A LESSER EXTENT ; ( B ) WHETHER ARTICLE 37 ( 1 ) PREVENTS THE IMPOSITION ON NATIONAL PRODUCTS COMING UNDER THE MONOPOLY OF CHARGES GREATER THAN THOSE ON THE SIMILAR PRODUCT IN THE OTHER MEMBER STATE WHEN THE NATIONAL PRODUCT IS INTENDED FOR EXPORT TO SUCH OTHER MEMBER STATE . THE FIRST PART OF THE QUESTION
29THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNAL TAXATION ON NATIONAL PRODUCTS AND THAT ON PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES IS GOVERNED BY ARTICLE 95 OF THE TREATY WHICH PROVIDES THAT NO MEMBER STATE SHALL IMPOSE , DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY , ON THE PRODUCTS OF OTHER MEMBER STATES ANY INTERNAL TAXATION OF ANY KIND IN EXCESS OF THAT IMPOSED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ON SIMILAR DOMESTIC PRODUCTS .
30ARTICLE 37 ( 1 ) IN PROHIBITING WHEN THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD HAS ENDED ALL DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN NATIONALS OF MEMBER STATES REGARDING THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH GOODS ARE PROCURED AND MARKETED IS AIMED NOT ONLY AT QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS AND MEASURES HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT BUT ALSO , AS HAS BEEN FOUND BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE IN ITS JUDGMENT , WHICH HAS ALREADY BEEN CITED , OF 17 FEBRUARY 1976 IN CASE 45/75 REWE , CHARGES ' ' WHICH WOULD RESULT IN DISCRIMINATION AGAINST IMPORTED PRODUCTS AS COMPARED WITH NATIONAL PRODUCTS COMING UNDER THE MONOPOLY ' ' .
31THUS AT THE END OF THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD ARTICLE 37 ( 1 ) NO LONGER ALLOWS DEROGATIONS FROM THE PROHIBITION CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 95 WHICH APPLIES SOLELY TO THE IMPOSITION OF INTERNAL TAXATION ON IMPORTED PRODUCTS AS COMPARED WITH NATIONAL PRODUCTS , WHETHER OR NOT THE LATTER COME UNDER THE COMMERCIAL MONOPOLY .
32ALTHOUGH ARTICLE 95 PROHIBITS ANY MEMBER STATE FROM IMPOSING INTERNAL TAXATION ON PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES IN EXCESS OF THAT ON NATIONAL PRODUCTS , IT DOES NOT PROHIBIT THE IMPOSITION ON NATIONAL PRODUCTS OF INTERNAL TAXATION IN EXCESS OF THAT ON IMPORTED PRODUCTS .
33DISPARITIES OF THIS KIND DO NOT COME WITHIN THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 95 , BUT RESULT FROM SPECIAL FEATURES OF NATIONAL LAWS WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN HARMONIZED IN SPHERES FOR WHICH THE MEMBER STATES ARE RESPONSIBLE .
34EVEN IF IT HAD TO BE ACCEPTED THAT ARTICLE 37 PROHIBITS NOT ONLY DISCRIMINATION AGAINST IMPORTED PRODUCTS AS COMPARED WITH NATIONAL PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO THE MONOPOLY BUT ALSO DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE LATTER IN RELATION TO IMPORTED PRODUCTS , THIS WOULD NOT MEAN THAT THE MEMBER STATES ARE PREVENTED FROM IMPOSING INTERNAL TAXATION ON NATIONAL PRODUCTS , WHETHER OR NOT COMING UNDER THE MONOPOLY , IN EXCESS OF THAT ON SIMILAR IMPORTED PRODUCTS .
35THE RULES CONTAINED IN ARTICLE 37 CONCERN ONLY ACTIVITIES INTRINSICALLY CONNECTED WITH THE SPECIFIC BUSINESS OF THE MONOPOLY AND ARE IRRELEVANT TO NATIONAL PROVISIONS WHICH HAVE NO CONNEXION WITH SUCH SPECIFIC BUSINESS .
36THE FACT THAT PRODUCTS ARE OR ARE NOT SUBJECT TO INTERNAL TAXATION ACCORDING TO WHETHER THEY ARE SUBJECT OR NOT TO THE MONOPOLY OR WHETHER OR NOT THEY CAN BE FREED FROM THE OBLIGATION OF DELIVERY IS NOT A FACTOR WHICH DETERMINES HOW THE SPECIFIC BUSINESS OF THE MONOPOLY IS CONDUCTED .
37THE CONNEXION BETWEEN SUCH TAXATION AND THAT ON SIMILAR IMPORTED PRODUCTS ALSO NOT SUBJECT TO THE MONOPOLY IS ACCORDINGLY GOVERNED BY ARTICLE 95 AND NOT BY ARTICLE 37 ( 1 ) OF THE TREATY WHATEVER THE SCOPE OF THE LATTER .
38THE APPROPRIATE ANSWER TO THE FIRST PART OF THE QUESTION IS THEREFORE THAT WHETHER OR NOT A DOMESTIC PRODUCT - IN PARTICULAR CERTAIN POTABLE SPIRITS - IS SUBJECT TO A COMMERCIAL MONOPOLY , NEITHER ARTICLE 95 NOR ARTICLE 37 OF THE EEC TREATY PROHIBITS A MEMBER STATE FROM IMPOSING ON THAT DOMESTIC PRODUCT INTERNAL TAXATION IN EXCESS OF THAT IMPOSED ON SIMILAR PRODUCTS IMPORTED FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES . THE SECOND PART OF THE QUESTION
39SINCE , AS APPEARS FROM THE ANSWER GIVEN TO THE FIRST PART OF THE QUESTION , IT IS OPEN TO A MEMBER STATE TO IMPOSE ON A NATIONAL PRODUCT INTERNAL TAXATION IN EXCESS OF THAT IMPOSED ON A SIMILAR IMPORTED PRODUCT , WHETHER OR NOT IT IS A NATIONAL PRODUCT COMING UNDER A COMMERCIAL MONOPOLY IN THAT MEMBER STATE , IT IS A FORTIORI OPEN TO IT TO IMPOSE ON A NATIONAL PRODUCT INTERNAL TAXATION IN EXCESS OF THAT IMPOSED ON A SIMILAR PRODUCT IN ANOTHER MEMBER STATE .
40THESE DISPARITIES ARISE FROM THE POWERS OF THE MEMBER STATES IN THE MATTER OF TAXATION AND ARE NOT AFFECTED EITHER BY ARTICLE 95 OR ARTICLE 37 OF THE EEC TREATY .