1 BY JUDGMENTS OF 1 JUNE 1982 , WHICH WERE RECEIVED AT THE COURT ON 14 JULY 1982 , THE ARRONDISSEMENTSRECHTBANK , UTRECHT , REFERRED TO THE COURT FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING UNDER ARTICLE 177 OF THE EEC TREATY A SERIES OF QUESTIONS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLES 5 , 30 AND 85 OF THE EEC TREATY .
2 THOSE QUESTIONS AROSE IN THE CONTEXT OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS BROUGHT BY THE OFFICIER VAN JUSTITIE , UTRECHT , AGAINST KAVEKA DE MEERN BV , A COMPANY WHOSE BUSINESS IS , IN PARTICULAR , THE WHOLESALE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS , AND AGAINST ITS FORMER GENERAL MANAGER , JAN VAN DE HAAR .
3 THE FIRST SENTENCE OF ARTICLE 30 OF THE WET OP DE ACCIJNS VAN TABAKSFABRIKATEN ( LAW ON THE EXCISE DUTY ON TOBACCO PRODUCTS , HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS ' ' THE TOBACCO EXCISE LAW ' ' ) 1964 PROVIDES AS FOLLOWS : ' ' IT SHALL BE AN OFFENCE TO SELL , OFFER FOR SALE OR SUPPLY TOBACCO PRODUCTS TO PERSONS OTHER THAN RESELLERS AT A PRICE LOWER THAN THAT APPEARING ON THE EXCISE LABEL . ' '
4 THE ACCUSED ARE CHARGED , INTER ALIA , WITH HAVING INFRINGED THE AFOREMENTIONED PROVISION BY OFFERING FOR SALE TOBACCO PRODUCTS TO PERSONS OTHER THAN RESELLERS AT PRICES LOWER THAN THOSE APPEARING ON THE EXCISE LABELS .
5 IT APPEARS FROM THE DOCUMENTS BEFORE THE COURT THAT KAVEKA ' S CUSTOMERS ARE RESELLERS AND PERSONS WHO USE THE TOBACCO PRODUCTS WHICH THEY BUY FOR THEIR OWN NEEDS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THEIR BUSINESS OR TRADE . KAVEKA ' S BUSINESS PRACTICE IS NOT TO CHECK AT THE CASH DESK WHETHER THE CUSTOMER IS A RESELLER OF THE TOBACCO PRODUCTS WHICH HE HAS IN HIS TROLLEY . THE COMPANY CONSCIOUSLY TAKES THE RISK THAT THE BUYER WILL NOT USE THE GOODS PURCHASED BY HIM FOR BUSINESS OR TRADE PURPOSES . KAVEKA OPERATES A SYSTEM OF ENTRANCE CARDS UNDER WHICH BUSINESSES AND INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS OLD PEOPLES ' HOMES CAN BUY TOBACCO PRODUCTS FROM THEM .
6 THE ACCUSED CONTENDED BEFORE THE NATIONAL JUDGE THAT THE ALLEGED OFFENCES ARE NOT PUNISHABLE SINCE ARTICLE 30 OF THE TOBACCO EXCISE LAW IS CONTRARY TO ARTICLES 5 , 30 AND 85 OF THE EEC TREATY . THEY CONTEND THAT THE ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION ENTAILED BY THE COMPULSORY PRICE SYSTEM MAY AFFECT TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND IMPEDE IMPORTS . IN ADDITION , THE FACT THAT THE EXCISE DUTY IS SUBJECT TO AN ABSOLUTE MINIMUM LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF AN ABSOLUTE MINIMUM SELLING PRICE , WHICH IS CONTRARY TO ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY .
7 THE QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY THE ARRONDISSEMENTSRECHTBANK , UTRECHT , ARE AS FOLLOWS : ' ' 1 . IN SEVERAL DECISIONS ON ARTICLE 30 OF THE EEC TREATY THE COURT OF JUSTICE HAS DECLARED THAT ANY COMMERCIAL PROVISION ADOPTED BY THE MEMBER STATES WHICH IS CAPABLE OF HINDERING INTRA-COMMUNITY TRADE , DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY , ACTUALLY OR POTENTIALLY , IS TO BE CONSIDERED A MEASURE HAVING AN EFFECT EQUIVALENT TO QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS . THIS FORMULATION APPEARS TO COME VERY CLOSE TO WHAT THE COURT HAS SAID WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEPT OF ' AGREEMENTS . . . WHICH MAY AFFECT TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES ' WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 85 ( 1 ) OF THE EEC TREATY IN CASES 56 AND 58/64 ( CONSTEN AND GRUNDIG V COMMISSION ( 1966 ) ECR 299 ) AND IN CASE 56/65 ( SOCIETE TECHNIQUE MINIERE V MASCHINENBAU ULM ( 1966 ) ECR 235 ), ALTHOUGH THE TERM USED IN THOSE CASES IS ' MAY AFFECT ' TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES WHEREAS , FOR EXAMPLE , IN THE DASSONVILLE JUDGMENT THE TERM ' HINDER ' IS USED . IN A CASE WHERE THE NATIONAL COURT HAS TO JUDGE WHETHER A LEGAL PROVISION OF A MEMBER STATE WHICH APPLIES WITHOUT DISTINCTION TO IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IS A MEASURE HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 30 OF THE EEC TREATY , MUST IT IN ITS JUDGMENT TAKE INTO ACCCOUNT THE CASE-LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE CONCERNING ARTICLE 85 OF THE EEC TREATY AND MORE PARTICULARLY THE INTERPRETATION GIVEN BY THE COURT TO THE EXPRESSION ' MAY AFFECT TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES ' , FROM WHICH IT IS CLEAR THAT THE CRITERIA BRINGING THE CASE WITHIN THE PROHIBITION OF ARTICLE 85 ( 1 ) ARE SATISFIED IF IT IS ESTABLISHED THAT A COMMERCIAL PROVISION IS LIKELY TO DEFLECT TRADE FROM ITS NATURAL COURSE , OR MUST THE NATIONAL COURT GIVE A MORE INDEPENDENT MEANING TO ARTICLE 30 OF THE EEC TREATY TO THE EFFECT THAT SUCH A LEGAL PROVISION ONLY CONSTITUTES A RESTRICTION ON TRADE AND THUS A MEASURE HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 30 IF THE COURT IS ABLE TO FIND ON THE BASIS OF THE FACTUAL CIRCUMSTANCES THAT THE IMPORTATION OF GOODS FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES MAY BE RESTRICTED BY THAT LEGAL PROVISION? 2 . MUST A LEGAL PROVISION OF A MEMBER STATE WHICH APPLIES WITHOUT DISTINCTION TO DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED PRODUCTS ALSO BE REGARDED AS A MEASURE HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 30 OF THE EEC TREATY WHERE IT IS CLEAR THAT THAT PROVISION RESTRICTS IMPORTS INTO A MEMBER STATE ONLY TO A VERY SMALL DEGREE AND OTHER POSSIBILITIES REMAIN FOR THE MARKETING OF PRODUCTS FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES? 3 . MUST THE NATIONAL COURT IN ITS INQUIRY INTO THE RESTRICTIVE EFFECTS ON TRADE OF A LEGAL PROVISION WHICH APPLIES WITHOUT DISTINCTION TO THE IMPORTATION OF PRODUCTS FROM OTHER MEMBER STATES AND THE MARKETING OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTS HAVE REGARD SOLELY TO THE EFFECTS OF THAT LEGAL PROVISION OR MUST IT ALSO TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE FACT THAT OTHER RESTRAINTS ON TRADE EXIST ON THE RELEVANT MARKET AS A RESULT OF THE TAX LAWS OF THE MEMBER STATES AND THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM? 4 . DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE TO THE REPLY TO BE GIVEN TO THE PREVIOUS QUESTION IF IN THE OPINION OF THE NATIONAL COURT THE RELEVANT LEGAL PROVISION HAS , TAKEN BY ITSELF , NO RESTRICTIVE EFFECT AT ALL ON TRADE? 5 . IF , AS A RESULT OF A LEGAL PROVISION OF A MEMBER STATE , A SYSTEM OF VERTICAL PRICE-FIXING EXISTS TO WHICH ALL THE TRADERS CONCERNED ARE BOUND AND DEPARTURE FROM WHICH CONSTITUTES AN OFFENCE , CAN AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS INFRINGED SUCH A PROVISION RELY BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURTS UPON THE INCOMPATIBILITY OF THAT NATIONAL PROVISION WITH ARTICLE 5 ( 2 ), IN CONJUNCTION WITH ARTICLE 85 , OF THE EEC TREATY? ' ' THE FIRST AND SECOND QUESTIONS
8 IN THE FIRST QUESTION THE NATIONAL COURT ASKS WHETHER , FOR THE PURPOSE OF ASSESSING , IN THE LIGHT OF ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY , RULES APPLICABLE BOTH TO IMPORTED AND TO DOMESTIC PRODUCTS , THE CRITERIA DEVELOPED BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE REGARDING ARTICLE 85 , IN PARTICULAR WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEPT OF EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES , SHOULD ALSO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT , OR WHETHER ARTICLE 30 IS TO BE INTERPRETED INDEPENDENTLY , ONLY COMING INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN IT IS ESTABLISHED THAT THE RULES IN QUESTION ARE OF SUCH A NATURE AS TO RESTRICT IMPORTS . THE SECOND QUESTION SEEKS TO ASCERTAIN , MORE PARTICULARLY , WHETHER SUCH RULES ARE EVEN TO BE CONSIDERED A MEASURE HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY WHERE IT IS CLEAR THAT THEY RESTRICT IMPORTS ONLY TO A VERY SMALL DEGREE AND OTHER POSSIBILITIES REMAIN FOR THE MARKETING OF IMPORTED PRODUCTS .
9 THE ACCUSED IN THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS AND , TO A CERTAIN EXTENT , THE COMMISSION CONTEND THAT ARTICLES 30 AND 85 OF THE TREATY CANNOT BE INTERPRETED DIFFERENTLY WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEPT OF EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES . THE NETHERLANDS GOVERNMENT , ON THE OTHER HAND , ARGUES THAT ARTICLES 30 AND 85 SHOULD BE INTERPRETED INDEPENDENTLY OF EACH OTHER .
10 AT THE HEARING , HOWEVER , THE COMMISSION QUALIFIED THE VIEW IT HAD EXPRESSED IN ITS WRITTEN OBSERVATIONS , AND POINTED OUT THAT , WHILE THE EFFECTS OF NATIONAL MEASURES OR AGREEMENTS BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS WHICH RELATE TO THE SAME ECONOMIC FACTS MUST BE ANALYSED IN THE SAME WAY , THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES MAY BE DIFFERENT BECAUSE THE PROVISIONS AT ISSUE HAVE THEIR OWN INTERNAL LOGIC AND MUST BE INTERPRETED INDEPENDENTLY OF EACH OTHER .
11 IT IS IMPORTANT TO BEAR IN MIND THE CONTEXT IN WHICH THOSE TWO PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY ARE SITUATED . ARTICLE 85 OF THE TREATY BELONGS TO THE RULES ON COMPETITION WHICH ARE ADDRESSED TO UNDERTAKINGS AND ASSOCIATIONS OF UNDERTAKINGS AND WHICH ARE INTENDED TO MAINTAIN EFFECTIVE COMPETITION IN THE COMMON MARKET . AS THE COURT HAS HELD IN PREVIOUS JUDGMENTS , THAT PROVISION ONLY COMES INTO CONSIDERATION WITH REGARD TO AGREEMENTS , DECISIONS OR PRACTICES RESTRICTING COMPETITION WHICH APPRECIABLY AFFECT INTRA-COMMUNITY TRADE .
12 ARTICLE 30 , ON THE OTHER HAND , BELONGS TO THE RULES WHICH SEEK TO ENSURE THE FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND , TO THAT END , TO ELIMINATE MEASURES TAKEN BY MEMBER STATES WHICH MIGHT IN ANY WAY IMPEDE SUCH FREE MOVEMENT . THUS THE COURT HAS HELD THAT A NATIONAL PROVISION WHICH IS CAPABLE OF HINDERING INTRA-COMMUNITY TRADE , DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY , ACTUALLY OR POTENTIALLY , MUST BE REGARDED AS A MEASURE HAVING AN EFFECT EQUIVALENT TO A QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTION .
13 IT MUST BE EMPHASIZED IN THAT CONNECTION THAT ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY DOES NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MEASURES HAVING AN EFFECT EQUIVALENT TO QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE TO WHICH TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES IS AFFECTED . IF A NATIONAL MEASURE IS CAPABLE OF HINDERING IMPORTS IT MUST BE REGARDED AS A MEASURE HAVING AN EFFECT EQUIVALENT TO A QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTION , EVEN THOUGH THE HINDRANCE IS SLIGHT AND EVEN THOUGH IT IS POSSIBLE FOR IMPORTED PRODUCTS TO BE MARKETED IN OTHER WAYS .
14 THE REPLY TO THE FIRST AND SECOND QUESTIONS MUST THEREFORE BE THAT ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY , WHICH SEEKS TO ELIMINATE NATIONAL MEASURES CAPABLE OF HINDERING TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES , PURSUES AN AIM DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF ARTICLE 85 , WHICH SEEKS TO MAINTAIN EFFECTIVE COMPETITION BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS . A COURT CALLED UPON TO CONSIDER WHETHER NATIONAL LEGISLATION IS COMPATIBLE WITH ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY MUST DECIDE WHETHER THE MEASURE IN QUESTION IS CAPABLE OF HINDERING , DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY , ACTUALLY OR POTENTIALLY , INTRA-COMMUNITY TRADE . THAT MAY BE THE CASE EVEN THOUGH THE HINDRANCE IS SLIGHT AND EVEN THOUGH IT IS POSSIBLE FOR IMPORTED PRODUCTS TO BE MARKETED IN OTHER WAYS . THIRD AND FOURTH QUESTIONS
15 THESE QUESTIONS CONCERN THE COMPATIBILITY WITH ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY OF A NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE PROVISION SUCH AS ARTICLE 30 OF THE NETHERLANDS TOBACCO EXCISE LAW , IN SO FAR AS IT IMPOSES , IN THE CASE OF SALES TO THE CONSUMER , A SELLING PRICE FIXED BY THE MANUFACTURERS OR IMPORTERS . THE NATIONAL COURT WISHES TO ASCERTAIN , IN PARTICULAR , WHETHER THE ISSUE OF COMPATIBILITY MUST BE RESOLVED IN THE LIGHT OF THE EFFECTS OF SUCH A PROVISION TAKEN IN ISOLATION OR WHETHER ACCOUNT SHOULD BE TAKEN OF THE EXISTENCE OF OTHER HINDRANCES TO TRADE CAUSED BY THE DIFFERING FISCAL LEGISLATION OF THE MEMBER STATES , EVEN THOUGH THE PROVISION AT ISSUE IS NOT IN ITSELF DEEMED TO HAVE ANY RESTRICTIVE EFFECT ON TRADE .
16 THE NATIONAL COURT STATES THAT IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE LEVYING OF EXCISE DUTIES ON TOBACCO PRODUCTS A SYSTEM OF EXCISE LABELS IS OPERATED . RETAIL SALES OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS MUST BE MADE AT THE PRICE APPEARING ON THE EXCISE LABEL . THE PRICE IS FREELY DETERMINED BY THE IMPORTER OR BY THE DOMESTIC MANUFACTURER . THE IMPORTER IS FREE TO DETERMINE HIS PRICES WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE FOREIGN MANUFACTURER . THE ASSORTMENT OF EXCISE LABELS OFFERS MANY POSSIBILITIES AND IN PRACTICE PERMISSION TO ALTER THE PRICE ON THE LABEL IS ALWAYS GRANTED ON REQUEST . EXCISE LABELS ARE OBTAINABLE BY ANY PERSON , SUBJECT TO THE CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY REVENUE LAW , THE PRINCIPAL REQUIREMENT BEING ONE OF REGISTRATION .
17 THE TOBACCO EXCISE LAW PERMITS A FOREIGN PRODUCER TO MARKET THE SAME TOBACCO PRODUCT IN THE NETHERLANDS AT DIFFERENT PRICES . HOWEVER , IT DOES NOT APPEAR THAT IN PRACTICE THE SAME BRAND HAS BEEN IMPORTED BY MORE THAN ONE FIRM .
18 THE PROHIBITION LAID DOWN IN ARTICLE 30 OF THE TOBACCO EXCISE LAW APPLIES WITHOUT DISTINCTION TO DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED PRODUCTS . COMPETITIVE PRICING IN RESPECT OF A PARTICULAR PRODUCT AT THE RETAIL STAGE IS THEREFORE IMPOSSIBLE . COMPETITION IS , HOWEVER , POSSIBLE AT THE INTERMEDIATE STAGE AS A RESULT OF VARIOUS REDUCTIONS AND DISCOUNTS . FURTHERMORE , COMPETITION IS ALSO POSSIBLE BY MEANS OF ADVERTISING AND PROMOTIONS . THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW BRANDS IS INCREASINGLY BASED ON QUALITY AND TASTE .
19 IN ITS JUDGMENT OF 24 JANUARY 1978 ( CASE 82/77 , OPENBAAR MINISTERIE V VAN TIGGELE , ( 1978 ) ECR 25 ), THE COURT HELD THAT , WHILST NATIONAL PRICE CONTROL RULES APPLICABLE WITHOUT DISTINCTION TO DOMESTIC PRODUCTS AND IMPORTED PRODUCTS CANNOT IN GENERAL PRODUCE AN EFFECT EQUIVALENT TO QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 30 OF THE TREATY , THEY MAY DO SO IN CERTAIN SPECIFIC CASES . THUS IMPORTS MAY BE IMPEDED WHEN , FOR EXAMPLE , A NATIONAL AUTHORITY FIXES PRICES OR PROFIT MARGINS AT SUCH A LEVEL THAT IMPORTED PRODUCTS ARE PLACED AT A DISADVANTAGE IN RELATION TO IDENTICAL DOMESTIC PRODUCTS , EITHER BECAUSE THEY CANNOT PROFITABLY BE MARKETED IN THE CONDITIONS LAID DOWN OR BECAUSE THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE CONFERRED BY LOWER COST PRICES IS CANCELLED OUT .
20 AS REGARDS THE FIXING OF PRICES AND THE TAXATION OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS , THE COURT HELD , IN ITS JUDGMENT OF 16 NOVEMBER 1977 ( CASE/13/77 , INNO V ATAB , ( 1977 ) ECR 2115 ), THAT IN THE PRESENT STATE OF COMMUNITY LAW IT IS FOR EACH MEMBER STATE TO CHOOSE ITS OWN METHOD OF FISCAL CONTROL OVER TOBACCO PRODUCTS ON SALE IN ITS TERRITORY AND THAT A SYSTEM WHEREBY THE PRICES ARE FREELY CHOSEN BY THE MANUFACTURER OR THE IMPORTER AS THE CASE MAY BE AND IMPOSED ON THE CONSUMER BY A NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE MEASURE , AND WHEREBY NO DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN DOMESTIC PRODUCTS AND IMPORTED PRODUCTS , GENERALLY HAS EXCLUSIVELY INTERNAL EFFECTS .
21 HOWEVER , AS THE COURT POINTED OUT IN THE SAME JUDGMENT , THE POSSIBILITY CANNOT BE EXCLUDED THAT IN CERTAIN CASES SUCH A SYSTEM MAY BE CAPABLE OF AFFECTING INTRA-COMMUNITY TRADE . IF THEREFORE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS ARE SUBJECT TO OBSTACLES DUE TO THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF FISCAL CONTROL USED BY THE MEMBER STATES TO ENSURE COLLECTION OF THE TAXES ON THOSE PRODUCTS , IT IS NECESSARY TO DECIDE WHETHER SUCH A SYSTEM OF FIXED PRICES IMPOSED ON THE CONSUMER FOR REASONS OF FISCAL CONTROL IS OR IS NOT OF ITSELF OF SUCH A NATURE AS TO ALLOW IMPORTED PRODUCTS TO BE PROFITABLY MARKETED OR TO ALLOW A POSSIBLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE TO BE OBTAINED AS A RESULT OF THE LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS OF IMPORTED PRODUCTS COMPARED TO DOMESTIC PRODUCTS .
22 CONSEQUENTLY , IN ORDER TO DECIDE WHETHER LEGISLATION OF A MEMBER STATE WHICH , AS REGARDS THE SALE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS TO THE CONSUMER , IMPOSES A FIXED PRICE FREELY CHOSEN BY THE MANUFACTURER OR IMPORTER CONSTITUTES A MEASURE HAVING AN EFFECT EQUIVALENT TO A QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTION , THE NATIONAL COURT MUST INVESTIGATE WHETHER , HAVING REGARD TO THE FISCAL RESTRAINTS ON TRADE IN THE PRODUCTS CONCERNED , SUCH A SYSTEM OF IMPOSED PRICES IS IN ITSELF LIKELY TO HINDER , DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY , ACTUALLY OR POTENTIALLY , TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES . FIFTH QUESTION
23 IN ITS FIFTH QUESTION THE NATIONAL COURT ASKS WHETHER A PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL MAY RELY , BEFORE A NATIONAL COURT , ON THE INCOMPATIBILITY OF A NATIONAL PROVISION WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE SECOND PARAGRAPH OF ARTICLE 5 AND ARTICLE 85 OF THE TREATY READ TOGETHER .
24 WHILST IT IS TRUE THAT MEMBER STATES MAY NOT ENACT MEASURES ENABLING PRIVATE UNDERTAKINGS TO ESCAPE THE CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED BY ARTICLES 85 OF THE TREATY , THE PROVISIONS OF THAT ARTICLE BELONG TO THE RULES ON COMPETITION ' ' APPLYING TO UNDERTAKINGS ' ' AND ARE THUS INTENDED TO GOVERN THE CONDUCT OF PRIVATE UNDERTAKINGS IN THE COMMON MARKET . THEY ARE THEREFORE NOT RELEVANT TO THE QUESTION WHETHER LEGISLATION SUCH AS THAT INVOLVED IN THE CASES BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURT IS COMPATIBLE WITH COMMUNITY LAW .