1 By an order of 24 January 1989, which was received at the Court on 3 March 1989, the Bundesfinanzhof referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty two questions on the interpretation of Article 4 of Commission Regulation ( EEC ) No 1573/80 of 20 June 1980 laying down provisions for the implementation of Article 5(2 ) of Council Regulation ( EEC ) No 1697/79 ( Official Journal 1980, L 161, p . 1; hereinafter referred to as "the Commission Regulation "), and on Article 5(2 ) of Council Regulation No 1697/79 of 24 July 1979 on the post-clearance recovery of import duties or export duties which have not been required of the person liable for payment on goods entered for a customs procedure involving the obligation to pay such duties ( Official Journal 1979, L 197, p . 1; hereinafter referred to as the "Council Regulation ").
2 Those questions were raised in proceedings brought by Deutsche Fernsprecher GmbH ( hereinafter referred to as "Deutsche Fernsprecher ") against the Hauptzollamt Giessen ( hereinafter referred to as the "Hauptzollamt ") with regard to the validity of the post-clearance recovery of import duties on certain items of telephone equipment that had been subject to outward processing .
3 The outward processing system, as provided for in Council Regulation ( EEC ) No 2473/86 of 24 July 1986 on outward processing relief arrangements and the standard exchange system ( Official Journal 1986, L 212, p . 1 ), allows Community goods to be temporarily exported from the customs territory of the Community in order to undergo processing operations, and the compensating products resulting from those operations to be released for free circulation in the customs territory of the Community with total or partial relief from import duties .
4 Between 10 June 1981 and 27 May 1982 Deutsche Fernsprecher declared for entry into free circulation at a customs post telephone equipment components manufactured in a prior outward processing operation mainly from products which had previously been exported from the Community without waiver or repayment of customs duties .
5 In its customs declaration, Deutsche Fernsprecher mentioned all the factors to be taken into account for the collection of customs duties, in particular the actual value of the items temporarily exported . Subsequently, the products were nevertheless exempted from customs duties, since the customs value of the products which had undergone processing was calculated on the basis of the amount paid for the processing operations, without account being taken of the actual value of the Community goods temporarily exported . Deutsche Fernsprecher doubted whether that exemption was valid and therefore asked the customs office to re-examine its case . It then received confirmation from the director of the customs office of the exemption from customs duty .
6 By way of two amending notices dated 1 and 2 July 1982, the Hauptzollamt decided to effect post-clearance recovery of customs duties whose total amount had been fixed, following a complaint from Deutsche Fernsprecher, at DM 27 114.70 .
7 Subsequently, Deutsche Fernsprecher lodged an appeal with the Finanzgericht ( Finance Court ), which set aside the abovementioned notices on the ground that Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation precluded such recovery . In the opinion of the Finanzgericht, the plaintiff could not be expected to detect the error committed by the customs authorities which was attributable to a misapplication of the provisions relating to the determination of the customs value of the relevant goods .
8 The Bundesfinanzhof, before which the Hauptzollamt had brought an appeal on a point of law, had doubts about whether the German authorities had the power to decide to effect post-clearance recovery without first referring the matter to the Commission, and about the interpretation given by the Finanzgericht of Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation . It therefore stayed the proceedings and referred the following two questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling : "( 1 ) Is the relevant Community law, in particular Article 4 of Commission Regulation ( EEC ) No 1573/80 of 20 June 1980, to be interpreted as meaning that, in the event of post-clearance recovery of customs duty of an amount equal to or greater than ECU 2 000, it is not necessary to request the Commission to take a decision on the waiver of post-clearance recovery if the competent authority of the Member State in which the error resulting in the non-collection of duty was committed takes the view that the conditions set out in Article 5(2 ) of Council Regulation ( EEC ) No 1697/79 of 24 July 1979 are not fulfilled? ( 2 ) In the event that Question 1 is answered in the affirmative, is Article 5(2 ) of Regulation ( EEC ) No 1697/79 to be interpreted as meaning that whether the error could not reasonably have been detected by the person liable is to be determined on the basis of an objective test and that it is therefore to be assumed that the error could have been detected where the party concerned could have ascertained it in the light of the relevant ( published ) provisions, which are neither unclear or incomplete, or is the error to be treated as undetectable even where the customs authority, when twice providing ( legally non-binding ) information, conveyed to the party concerned its erroneous view on which the customs treatment was based?"
9 Reference is made to the Report for the Hearing for a fuller account of the facts of the case, the course of the procedure and the observations submitted to the Court, which are mentioned or discussed hereinafter only in so far as is necessary for the reasoning of the Court .
10 The present case essentially involves two provisions : ( i ) Article 4 of the Commission Regulation, which provides that : "where the competent authority of the Member State in which the error was committed is not able to ascertain by its own means whether all the conditions set out in Article 5(2 ) of the basic regulation are fulfilled, or where the amount of the duties involved is equal to or greater than ECU 2 000, it shall request the Commission to take a decision on the case, submitting to it all the necessary background information"; and ( ii ) Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation, which provides that : "the competent authorities may refrain from taking action for the post-clearance recovery of import duties or export duties which were not collected as a result of an error made by the competent authorities themselves which could not reasonably have been detected by the person liable, the latter having for his part acted in good faith and observed all the provisions laid down by the rules in force as far as his customs declaration is concerned ". The interpretation of Article 4 of the Commission Regulation
11 By its first question the national court seeks essentially to ascertain whether under Article 4 of the Commission Regulation national authorities are required to request the Commission to take a decision on whether to effect post-clearance recovery of customs duties, where the amount of the duties uncollected is equal to or greater than ECU 2 000, even if they consider that the conditions contained in Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation are not fulfilled .
12 The purpose of the Commission Regulation is to lay down the conditions under which Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation, that is to say the provision permitting recovery to be waived in certain cases, is to apply . It follows that Article 4 of the Commission Regulation does not cover a case in which the competent authorities are persuaded that the terms of Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation are not fulfilled and therefore consider themselves bound to effect recovery .
13 That interpretation is in conformity with the purposes of the Commission Regulation . The objective of conferring on the Commission a power of decision in regard to the post-clearance recovery of customs duties is to ensure the uniform application of Community law . That is likely to be jeopardized in cases where an application to waive post-clearance recovery is allowed, since the assessment which a Member State may make in taking a favourable decision is likely, in actual fact, owing to the probable absence of any appeal, to escape any review by means of which the uniform application of the conditions laid down in the Community legislation may be ensured . On the other hand, that is not the case where the national authorities proceed to effect recovery, whatever the amount in issue . It is then open to the person concerned to challenge such a decision before the national courts . As a result, it will then be possible for the uniformity of Community law to be ensured by the Court of Justice through the preliminary ruling procedure .
14 The reply to the first question must therefore be that Article 4 of Commission Regulation No 1573/80 of 20 June 1980 is to be interpreted as meaning that, when the amount of duties not collected is equal to or greater than ECU 2 000, the national authorities are not required to request the Commission to take a decision on the possibility of not proceeding to effect post-clearance recovery of customs duties if they consider that the conditions laid down in Article 5(2 ) of Council Regulation No 1697/79 of 24 July 1979 are not fulfilled . The interpretation of Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation
15 By its second question the national court asks what criteria should be applied in order to determine whether an error is reasonably detectable by the person liable within the meaning of Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation .
16 The Bundesfinanzhof is unsure, particularly as regards the validity of the position taken by the Finanzgericht according to which it is not necessary to require an importer to have more extensive knowledge than customs officials themselves .
17 That position cannot be accepted . As the Commission and the Spanish Government have emphasized, to establish any such principle would have the consequence that it would be practically impossible to effect post-clearance recovery since the error will inevitably always have been committed by the official concerned failing to examine all the aspects of a factual or legal situation . Article 5(2 ) of the Council Regulation would be robbed of its purpose since it necessarily presupposes that the duties in question were not collected as a result of an error by the competent authorities themselves .
18 It should be observed, however, that is necessary to look specifically at all the circumstances of the case in order to determine whether or not the error was detectable by the trader in question .
19 In that regard, account must be taken in particular of the precise nature of the error, the professional experience of, and the care taken by, the trader .
20 As regards the precise nature of the error, the question to be determined each time is whether the rules concerned are complex or simple enough for an examination of the facts to make an error easily detectable . It should be stated that, in a case such as this, where the trader twice received confirmation that the erroneous view upon which the customs treatment was based was correct, the repetition of the error by the customs authority is evidence that the problem to be resolved was a complex one .
21 As far as the professional experience of the trader is concerned, the question to be determined is whether or not the trader involved is one whose activity essentially consists in import and export operations, and whether he already had some experience of trading in the goods in question, particularly whether he had in the past carried out similar transactions on which customs duties had been correctly calculated .
22 As regards the degree of care shown by the trader, it should be pointed out that as soon as he has doubts about the accuracy of the calculation of the customs value of the goods it is for the trader himself to make inquiries and seek the greatest clarification possible in order to ascertain whether his doubts are well founded or not .
23 It is for the national court to assess whether, having regard to the circumstances of the case before it, those criteria are satisfied .
24 The reply to the second question must therefore be that in order to determine whether there has been "an error ... which could not reasonably have been detected by the person liable" as referred to in Article 5(2 ) of Regulation No 1697/79, regard must be had in particular to the nature of the error, the professional experience of the trader concerned and the degree of care which he exercised . It is for the national court to decide, on the basis of that interpretation, whether or not the error responsible for the non-collection of customs duties could have been detected by the person liable .