1BY AN ORDER OF 28 JULY 1977 , RECEIVED AT THE COURT ON 29 AUGUST 1977 , THE PRETORE DI SUSA REFERRED TO THE COURT FOR A RULING PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 177 OF THE EEC TREATY , TWO QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE PRINCIPLE OF THE DIRECT APPLICABILITY OF COMMUNITY LAW AS SET OUT IN ARTICLE 189 OF THE TREATY FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF THAT PRINCIPLE WHEN A RULE OF COMMUNITY LAW CONFLICTS WITH A SUBSEQUENT PROVISION OF NATIONAL LAW .
2IT IS APPROPRIATE TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT AT A PREVIOUS STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS THE PRETORE REFERRED TO THE COURT FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING QUESTIONS DESIGNED TO ENABLE HIM TO DETERMINE WHETHER VETERINARY AND PUBLIC HEALTH FEES LEVIED ON IMPORTS OF BEEF AND VEAL UNDER THE CONSOLIDATED TEXT OF THE ITALIEN VETERINARY AND PUBLIC HEALTH LAWS , THE RATE OF WHICH WAS LAST FIXED BY THE SCALE ANNEXED TO LAW NO 1239 OF 30 DECEMBER 1970 ( GAZZETA UFFICIALE NO 26 OF 1 FEBRUARY 1971 ), WERE COMPATIBLE WITH THE TREATY AND WITH CERTAIN REGULATIONS - IN PARTICULAR REGULATION ( EEC ) NO 805/68 OF THE COUNCIL OF 27 JUNE 1968 ON THE COMMON ORGANIZATION OF THE MARKET IN BEEF AND VEAL ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL , ENGLISH SPECIAL EDITION 1968 ( I ), P . 187 ).
3HAVING REGARD TO THE ANSWERS GIVEN BY THE COURT IN ITS JUDGMENT OF 15 DECEMBER 1976 IN CASE 35/76 ( SIMMENTHAL S.P.A . V ITALIAN MINISTER FOR FINANCE ( 1976 ) ECR 1871 ) THE PRETORE HELD THAT THE LEVYING OF THE FEES IN QUESTION WAS INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF COMMUNITY LAW AND ORDERED THE AMMINISTRAZIONE DELLE FINANZE DELLO STATO ( ITALIAN FINANCE ADMINISTRATION ) TO REPAY THE FEES UNLAWFULLY CHARGED , TOGETHER WITH INTEREST .
4THE AMMINISTRAZIONE APPEALED AGAINST THAT ORDER .
5THE PRETORE , TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ARGUMENTS PUT FORWARD BY THE PARTIES DURING THE PROCEEDINGS ARISING OUT OF THIS APPEAL , HELD THAT THE ISSUE BEFORE HIM INVOLVED A CONFLICT BETWEEN CERTAIN RULES OF COMMUNITY LAW AND A SUBSEQUENT NATIONAL LAW , NAMELY THE SAID LAW NO 1239/70 .
6HE POINTED OUT THAT TO RESOLVE AN ISSUE OF THIS KIND , ACCORDING TO RECENTLY DECIDED CASES OF THE ITALIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT ( JUDGMENTS NO 232/75 AND NO 205/76 AND ORDER NO 206/76 ), THE QUESTION WHETHER THE LAW IN QUESTION WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL UNDER ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONSTITUTION MUST BE REFERRED TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT ITSELF .
7THE PRETORE , HAVING REGARD , ON THE ONE HAND , TO THE WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE RELATING TO THE APPLICABILITY OF COMMUNITY LAW IN THE LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE MEMBER STATES AND , ON THE OTHER HAND , TO THE DISADVANTAGES WHICH MIGHT ARISE IF THE NATIONAL COURT , INSTEAD OF DECLARING OF ITS OWN MOTION THAT A LAW IMPEDING THE FULL FORCE AND EFFECT OF COMMUNITY LAW WAS INAPPLICABLE , WERE REQUIRED TO RAISE THE ISSUE OF CONSTITUTIONALITY , REFERRED TO THE COURT TWO QUESTIONS FRAMED AS FOLLOWS : ( A ) SINCE , IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 189 OF THE EEC TREATY AND THE ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES , DIRECTLY APPLICABLE COMMUNITY PROVISIONS MUST , NOTWITHSTANDING ANY INTERNAL RULE OR PRACTICE WHATSOEVER OF THE MEMBER STATES , HAVE FULL , COMPLETE AND UNIFORM EFFECT IN THEIR LEGAL SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO PROTECT SUBJECTIVE LEGAL RIGHTS CREATED IN FAVOUR OF INDIVIDUALS , IS THE SCOPE OF THE SAID PROVISIONS TO BE INTERPRETED TO THE EFFECT THAT ANY SUBSEQUENT NATIONAL MEASURES WHICH CONFLICT WITH THOSE PROVISIONS MUST BE FORTHWITH DISREGARDED WITHOUT WAITING UNTIL THOSE MEASURES HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED BY ACTION ON THE PART OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATURE CONCERNED ( REPEAL ) OR OF OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITIES ( DECLARATION THAT THEY ARE UNCONSTITUTIONAL ) ESPECIALLY , IN THE CASE OF THE LATTER ALTERNATIVE , WHERE , SINCE THE NATIONAL LAW CONTINUES TO BE FULLY EFFECTIVE PENDING SUCH DECLARATION , IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO APPLY THE COMMUNITY PROVISIONS AND , IN CONSEQUENCE , TO ENSURE THAT THEY ARE FULLY , COMPLETELY AND UNIFORMLY APPLIED AND TO PROTECT THE LEGAL RIGHTS CREATED IN FAVOUR OF INDIVIDUALS? ( B ) ARISING OUT OF THE PREVIOUS QUESTION , IN CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE COMMUNITY LAW RECOGNIZES THAT THE PROTECTION OF SUBJECTIVE LEGAL RIGHTS CREATED AS A RESULT OF ' ' DIRECTLY APPLICABLE ' ' COMMUNITY PROVISIONS MAY BE SUSPENDED UNTIL ANY CONFLICTING NATIONAL MEASURES ARE ACTUALLY REPEALED BY THE COMPETENT NATIONAL AUTHORITIES , IS SUCH REPEAL IN ALL CASES TO HAVE A WHOLLY RETROACTIVE EFFECT SO AS TO AVOID ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THOSE SUBJECTIVE LEGAL RIGHTS? THE REFERENCE TO THE COURT
8THE AGENT OF THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT IN HIS ORAL OBSERVATIONS DREW THE ATTENTION OF THE COURT TO A JUDGMENT OF THE ITALIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT NO 163/77 OF 22 DECEMBER 1977 DELIVERED IN ANSWER TO QUESTIONS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY RAISED BY THE COURTS OF MILAN UND ROME , WHICH DECLARED THAT CERTAIN OF THE PROVISIONS OF LAW NO 1239 OF 30 DECEMBER 1970 INCLUDING THOSE AT ISSUE IN THE ACTION PENDING BEFORE THE PRETORE DI SUSA , WERE UNCONSTITUTIONAL .
9IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT SINCE THE DISPUTED PROVISIONS HAVE BEEN SET ASIDE BY THE DECLARATION THAT THEY ARE UNCONSTITUTIONAL , THE QUESTIONS RAISED BY THE PRETORE NO LONGER HAVE RELEVANCE SO THAT IT IS NO LONGER NECESSARY TO ANSWER THEM .
10ON THIS ISSUE IT SHOULD BE BORNE IN MIND THAT IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS UNVARYING PRACTICE THE COURT OF JUSTICE CONSIDERS A REFERENCE FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING , PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 177 OF THE TREATY , AS HAVING BEEN VALIDLY BROUGHT BEFORE IT SO LONG AS THE REFERENCE HAS NOT BEEN WITHDRAWN BY THE COURT FROM WHICH IT EMANATES OR HAS NOT BEEN QUASHED ON APPEAL BY A SUPERIOR COURT .
11THE JUDGMENT REFERRED TO , WHICH WAS DELIVERED IN PROCEEDINGS IN NO WAY CONNECTED WITH THE ACTION GIVING RISE TO THE REFERENCE TO THIS COURT , CANNOT HAVE SUCH A RESULT AND THE COURT CANNOT DETERMINE ITS EFFECT ON THIRD PARTIES .
12THE PRELIMINARY OBJECTION RAISED BY THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT MUST THEREFORE BE OVERRULED . THE SUBSTANCE OF THE CASE
13THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE FIRST QUESTION IS TO ASCERTAIN WHAT CONSEQUENCES FLOW FROM THE DIRECT APPLICABILITY OF A PROVISION OF COMMUNITY LAW IN THE EVENT OF INCOMPATIBILITY WITH A SUBSEQUENT LEGISLATIVE PROVISION OF A MEMBER STATE .
14DIRECT APPLICABILITY IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES MEANS THAT RULES OF COMMUNITY LAW MUST BE FULLY AND UNIFORMLY APPLIED IN ALL THE MEMBER STATES FROM THE DATE OF THEIR ENTRY INTO FORCE AND FOR SO LONG AS THEY CONTINUE IN FORCE .
15THESE PROVISIONS ARE THEREFORE A DIRECT SOURCE OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES FOR ALL THOSE AFFECTED THEREBY , WHETHER MEMBER STATES OR INDIVIDUALS , WHO ARE PARTIES TO LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS UNDER COMMUNITY LAW .
16THIS CONSEQUENCE ALSO CONCERNS ANY NATIONAL COURT WHOSE TASK IT IS AS AN ORGAN OF A MEMBER STATE TO PROTECT , IN A CASE WITHIN ITS JURISDICTION , THE RIGHTS CONFERRED UPON INDIVIDUALS BY COMMUNITY LAW .
17FURTHERMORE , IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PRECEDENCE OF COMMUNITY LAW , THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROVISIONS OF THE TREATY AND DIRECTLY APPLICABLE MEASURES OF THE INSTITUTIONS ON THE ONE HAND AND THE NATIONAL LAW OF THE MEMBER STATES ON THE OTHER IS SUCH THAT THOSE PROVISIONS AND MEASURES NOT ONLY BY THEIR ENTRY INTO FORCE RENDER AUTOMATICALLY INAPPLICABLE ANY CONFLICTING PROVISION OF CURRENT NATIONAL LAW BUT - IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF , AND TAKE PRECEDENCE IN , THE LEGAL ORDER APPLICABLE IN THE TERRITORY OF EACH OF THE MEMBER STATES - ALSO PRECLUDE THE VALID ADOPTION OF NEW NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE MEASURES TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY WOULD BE INCOMPATIBLE WITH COMMUNITY PROVISIONS .
18INDEED ANY RECOGNITION THAT NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE MEASURES WHICH ENCROACH UPON THE FIELD WITHIN WHICH THE COMMUNITY EXERCISES ITS LEGISLATIVE POWER OR WHICH ARE OTHERWISE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF COMMUNITY LAW HAD ANY LEGAL EFFECT WOULD AMOUNT TO A CORRESPONDING DENIAL OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OBLIGATIONS UNDERTAKEN UNCONDITIONALLY AND IRREVOCABLY BY MEMBER STATES PURSUANT TO THE TREATY AND WOULD THUS IMPERIL THE VERY FOUNDATIONS OF THE COMMUNITY .
19THE SAME CONCLUSION EMERGES FROM THE STRUCTURE OF ARTICLE 177 OF THE TREATY WHICH PROVIDES THAT ANY COURT OR TRIBUNAL OF A MEMBER STATE IS ENTITLED TO MAKE A REFERENCE TO THE COURT WHENEVER IT CONSIDERS THAT A PRELIMINARY RULING ON A QUESTION OF INTERPRETATION OR VALIDITY RELATING TO COMMUNITY LAW IS NECESSARY TO ENABLE IT TO GIVE JUDGMENT .
20THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THAT PROVISION WOULD BE IMPAIRED IF THE NATIONAL COURT WERE PREVENTED FROM FORTHWITH APPLYING COMMUNITY LAW IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DECISION OR THE CASE-LAW OF THE COURT .
21IT FOLLOWS FROM THE FOREGOING THAT EVERY NATIONAL COURT MUST , IN A CASE WITHIN ITS JURISDICTION , APPLY COMMUNITY LAW IN ITS ENTIRETY AND PROTECT RIGHTS WHICH THE LATTER CONFERS ON INDIVIDUALS AND MUST ACCORDINGLY SET ASIDE ANY PROVISION OF NATIONAL LAW WHICH MAY CONFLICT WITH IT , WHETHER PRIOR OR SUBSEQUENT TO THE COMMUNITY RULE .
22ACCORDINGLY ANY PROVISION OF A NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM AND ANY LEGISLATIVE , ADMINISTRATIVE OR JUDICIAL PRACTICE WHICH MIGHT IMPAIR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY LAW BY WITHHOLDING FROM THE NATIONAL COURT HAVING JURISDICTION TO APPLY SUCH LAW THE POWER TO DO EVERYTHING NECESSARY AT THE MOMENT OF ITS APPLICATION TO SET ASIDE NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS WHICH MIGHT PREVENT COMMUNITY RULES FROM HAVING FULL FORCE AND EFFECT ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THOSE REQUIREMENTS WHICH ARE THE VERY ESSENCE OF COMMUNITY LAW .
23THIS WOULD BE THE CASE IN THE EVENT OF A CONFLICT BETWEEN A PROVISION OF COMMUNITY LAW AND A SUBSEQUENT NATIONAL LAW IF THE SOLUTION OF THE CONFLICT WERE TO BE RESERVED FOR AN AUTHORITY WITH A DISCRETION OF ITS OWN , OTHER THAN THE COURT CALLED UPON TO APPLY COMMUNITY LAW , EVEN IF SUCH AN IMPEDIMENT TO THE FULL EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY LAW WERE ONLY TEMPORARY .
24THE FIRST QUESTION SHOULD THEREFORE BE ANSWERED TO THE EFFECT THAT A NATIONAL COURT WHICH IS CALLED UPON , WITHIN THE LIMITS OF ITS JURISDICTION , TO APPLY PROVISIONS OF COMMUNITY LAW IS UNDER A DUTY TO GIVE FULL EFFECT TO THOSE PROVISIONS , IF NECESSARY REFUSING OF ITS OWN MOTION TO APPLY ANY CONFLICTING PROVISION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION , EVEN IF ADOPTED SUBSEQUENTLY , AND IT IS NOT NECESSARY FOR THE COURT TO REQUEST OR AWAIT THE PRIOR SETTING ASIDE OF SUCH PROVISION BY LEGISLATIVE OR OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL MEANS .
25THE ESSENTIAL POINT OF THE SECOND QUESTION IS WHETHER - ASSUMING IT TO BE ACCEPTED THAT THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS CONFERRED BY PROVISIONS OF COMMUNITY LAW CAN BE SUSPENDED UNTIL ANY NATIONAL PROVISIONS WHICH MIGHT CONFLICT WITH THEM HAVE BEEN IN FACT SET ASIDE BY THE COMPETENT NATIONAL AUTHORITIES - SUCH SETTING ASIDE MUST IN EVERY CASE HAVE UNRESTRICTED RETROACTIVE EFFECT SO AS TO PREVENT THE RIGHTS IN QUESTION FROM BEING IN ANY WAY ADVERSELY AFFECTED .
26IT FOLLOWS FROM THE ANSWER TO THE FIRST QUESTION THAT NATIONAL COURTS MUST PROTECT RIGHTS CONFERRED BY PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY LEGAL ORDER AND THAT IT IS NOT NECESSARY FOR SUCH COURTS TO REQUEST OR AWAIT THE ACTUAL SETTING ASIDE BY THE NATIONAL AUTHORITIES EMPOWERED SO TO ACT OF ANY NATIONAL MEASURES WHICH MIGHT IMPEDE THE DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE APPLICATION OF COMMUNITY RULES .
27THE SECOND QUESTION THEREFORE APPEARS TO HAVE NO PURPOSE .