1 By decision of 7 October 1991, received at the Court on 14 October 1991, the OEstre Landsret (Eastern Regional Court), Denmark, referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the Treaty two questions concerning the interpretation of Articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities ("the Protocol").
2 The questions were raised in the context of proceedings between Mr Kristoffersen, a Danish national who is an official of the European Parliament, and the Danish tax authorities.
3 Mr Kristoffersen owns a house in Luxembourg. The house was built between 1982 and 1983 and was financed by a loan, the interest on which amounted to DKR 138 804 in 1983 and DKR 153 604 in 1984.
4 Under Paragraph 4(b) of the Danish Tax Law, the rental value of a home owned by a taxpayer is treated as part of his income, even if he uses it exclusively as his residence. Under Paragraph 6(1)(e) of the same Law the interest paid on loans used to purchase such a home is deductible from the taxable income.
5 Pursuant to those provisions, the Danish tax authorities determined the rental value of Mr Kristoffersen' s house for 1983 and 1984 as DKR 42 283 and DKR 70 927 respectively. As the interest paid in those years on the loan taken out to finance the house exceeded the rental value, Mr Kristoffersen' s taxable income was negative.
6 Under the tax provisions applicable, the negative taxable income of one spouse may serve to reduce the taxable income of the other. However, Mr Kristoffersen' s negative income was less than it would have been if the rental value of his home had not been taken into account. He therefore brought proceedings in the national courts, claiming that by treating the rental value of his home in Luxembourg as taxable income the Danish tax authorities had infringed Articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol.
7 Taking the view that the outcome of the proceedings depended on the interpretation of the abovementioned provisions of the Protocol, the OEstre Landsret stayed the proceedings and asked the Court of Justice to give a preliminary ruling on the following questions: "1. Should the first paragraph of Article 14 of the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities be interpreted as meaning that officials and other servants of the Communities who are covered by that provision are not liable to pay income tax in their original country of domicile on the rental value of a home which is owned by them and situated in another Member State when all taxpayers who own their homes are liable to tax on such rental value as personal income under the tax system in the original country of domicile? 2. Should the second paragraph of Article 13 of the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities be interpreted as meaning that the application of income tax in the original country of domicile to officials or other servants of the Communities on the rental value of a home which is owned by them and situated in another Member State constitutes indirect taxation of salaries, wages and emoluments paid by the Communities?"
8 Reference is made to the Report for the Hearing for a fuller account of the legal context and the facts of the main proceedings, the procedure and the written observations submitted to the Court, which are mentioned or discussed hereinafter only in so far as is necessary for the reasoning of the Court. First question
9 To answer the first question, it should be observed that Articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol establish a division of fiscal powers between the Community and the State in which the official had his domicile for tax purposes prior to entering the service of the Communities.
10 Pursuant to Article 13 of the Protocol, officials and other servants of the Communities are liable to a tax for the benefit of the Communities on salaries, wages and emoluments paid to them by the Communities and are exempt from national taxes on such salaries, wages and emoluments.
11 Article 14 of the Protocol provides that in the application of, inter alia, income tax, officials and other servants of the Communities who, solely by reason of the performance of their duties in the service of the Communities, establish their residence in the territory of a Member State other than their country of domicile for tax purposes at the time of entering the service of the Communities, are to be considered, both in the country of their actual residence and in the country of domicile for tax purposes, as having maintained their domicile in the latter country provided that it is a member of the Communities.
12 With regard to income tax, it must be observed that what constitutes income tax for the purpose of Article 14 must be determined according to the criteria of the national law applicable.
13 Consequently, the answer to the first question must be that the first paragraph of Article 14 of the Protocol must be interpreted as meaning that officials and other servants of the Communities who are covered by that provision may be liable to pay income tax in their original country of domicile on the basis of the rental value of the home which is occupied and owned by them in another Member State. Second question
14 With regard to the second question, it must be observed that the prohibition in Article 13 of the Protocol is interpreted by the Court as precluding any national tax, regardless of its nature and the manner in which it is levied, which is imposed directly or indirectly on officials or other servants of the Communities by reason of the fact that they are in receipt of remuneration paid by the Communities, even if the tax in question is not calculated by reference to the amount of that remuneration (Case 260/86 Commission v Belgium [1988] ECR 955, paragraph 10).
15 As for the taxation of the rental value of the home of a European official, it should be observed that such tax has no legal connection with the salaries, wages and emoluments paid by the Communities, but is charged on an objective basis by reference to a form of investment chosen by the official concerned. The ownership of immovable property, like the ownership of other property, must be regarded as a separate source of income, irrespective of the origin of the funds used to purchase it.
16 The answer to the second question must therefore be that the second paragraph of Article 13 of the Protocol must be interpreted as meaning that the application of income tax in the original country of domicile on the basis of the rental value of the home belonging to the official or servant in relation to immovable property situated in another Member State and owned by officials and other servants of the Communities does not constitute indirect taxation of the salaries, wages and emoluments paid by the Communities.