1 This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (OJ 2004 L 157, p. 45).
2 The request has been made in proceedings between, on the one hand, Mr Liffers and, on the other, Producciones Mandarina SL (‘Mandarina’) and Mediaset España Comunicación SA, formerly Gestevisión Telecinco SA (‘Mediaset’), concerning an action for infringement of an intellectual property right.
3 Recitals 10, 17 and 26 of Directive 2004/48 state as follows: ‘(10) The objective of this Directive is to approximate [the] legislative systems [of the Member States] so as to ensure a high, equivalent and homogeneous level of protection in the Internal Market. ... (17) The measures, procedures and remedies provided for in this Directive should be determined in each case in such a manner as to take due account of the specific characteristics of that case, including the specific features of each intellectual property right and, where appropriate, the intentional or unintentional character of the infringement. ... (26) With a view to compensating for the prejudice suffered as a result of an infringement committed by an infringer who engaged in an activity in the knowledge, or with reasonable grounds for knowing, that it would give rise to such an infringement, the amount of damages awarded to the rightholder should take account of all appropriate aspects, such as loss of earnings incurred by the rightholder, or unfair profits made by the infringer and, where appropriate, any moral prejudice caused to the rightholder. As an alternative, for example where it would be difficult to determine the amount of the actual prejudice suffered, the amount of the damages might be derived from elements such as the royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. The aim is not to introduce an obligation to provide for punitive damages but to allow for compensation based on an objective criterion while taking account of the expenses incurred by the rightholder, such as the costs of identification and research.’
4 Paragraph 1 of Article 13 of that directive, entitled ‘Damages’, provides: ‘Member States shall ensure that the competent judicial authorities, on application of the injured party, order the infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in an infringing activity, to pay the rightholder damages appropriate to the actual prejudice suffered by him/her as a result of the infringement. When the judicial authorities set the damages: (a) they shall take into account all appropriate aspects, such as the negative economic consequences, including lost profits, which the injured party has suffered, any unfair profits made by the infringer and, in appropriate cases, elements other than economic factors, such as the moral prejudice caused to the rightholder by the infringement; or (b) as an alternative to (a), they may, in appropriate cases, set the damages as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. ...’
5 Article 140 of the consolidated version of the Law on Intellectual Property, which sets out, clarifies and harmonises the legislative provisions in force in that area and was approved by Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996 of 12 April 1996, (Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, regularizando, aclarando y armonizando las disposiciones legales vigentes sobre la materia) (BOE No 97, p. 14369), as amended by Law 19/2006 of 5 June 2006 extending the means of protection of intellectual and industrial property rights and establishing procedural rules to facilitate the application of various EU regulations (ley 19/2006, por la que se amplían los medios de tutela de los derechos de propiedad intelectual e industrial y se establecen normas procesales para facilitar la aplicación de diversos reglamentos comunitarios) (BOE No 134, p. 21230) (‘Law on Intellectual Property’), provides: ‘1. The damages owed to the injured rightholder shall include not only the value of the loss that he has suffered, but also that of the loss of earnings incurred as a result of the infringement of his right. The amount of damages may include, where appropriate, the investigation costs incurred in order to obtain reasonable evidence of the commission of the infringement at issue. 2. The damages for prejudice shall be set, at the choice of the injured party, in accordance with one of the following criteria: (a) The negative economic consequences, including lost profits suffered by the injured party and the profits obtained by the infringing party through the unlawful use. Where there is moral prejudice, this shall be compensated even if no economic prejudice has been proven. For the purposes of quantification, account shall be taken of the circumstances of the infringement, the severity of the injury suffered and the degree of unlawful dissemination of the work. (b) The amount which the injured party would have received as payment, if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question.’
6 Mr Liffers is the director, scriptwriter and producer of the audiovisual work entitled Dos patrias, Cuba y la noche (Two Homelands: Cuba and the Night), which relates six personal and intimate stories concerning various homosexual or transsexual inhabitants of Havana (Cuba).
7 Mandarina produced an audiovisual documentary on child prostitution in Cuba, which portrays criminal activities recorded using a hidden camera. Certain passages of the work Dos patrias, Cuba y la noche were included in that documentary without any authorisation having been sought from Mr Liffers. That documentary was broadcast by the Spanish television channel Telecinco, which is owned by Mediaset.
8 Mr Liffers brought an action before the Juzgado de lo Mercantil No 6 de Madrid (Commercial Court No 6, Madrid) against Mandarina and Mediaset, in which he requested that court, amongst other things, to order those parties to cease all infringement of his intellectual property rights and to pay him EUR 6740, by reason of the infringement of his rights of exploitation, together with an additional sum of EUR 10000 as compensation for the moral prejudice which he claimed to have suffered.
9 Mr Liffers determined the amount of damages for the infringement of the rights of exploitation of his work by reference to the amount of royalties or fees that would have been due to him if Mandarina and Mediaset had requested his authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question, thus applying Article 140(2)(b) of the Law on Intellectual Property, which allows the injured rightholder to determine compensation for his loss on the basis of the amount of royalties or fees which would have been due to him if the infringer had requested his authorisation to use that right (‘hypothetical royalties’). This calculation method, unlike that provided for under Article 140(2)(a) of that Law, does not require the claimant for damages to prove the extent of his actual prejudice. To that end, Mr Liffers relied on the rates established by the Entidad de Gestión de Derechos de los Productores Audiovisuales (Organisation for the management of the rights of audiovisual producers). To the amount of material damage calculated by means of this method, Mr Liffers added a lump sum in respect of the moral prejudice which he claimed to have suffered.
10 Mr Liffers’ action was partly successful before the Juzgado de lo Mercantil No 6 de Madrid (Commercial Court No 6, Madrid), which ordered Mandarina and Mediaset, amongst other things, to pay him EUR 3370 as compensation for the material damage caused by the infringement together with EUR 10000 as compensation for the moral prejudice. On appeal, the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid (Provincial Court, Madrid) reduced the compensation for material damage to EUR 962.33 and set aside, in its entirety, the order requiring Mandarina and Mediaset to pay compensation for moral prejudice. According to that court, since Mr Liffers had chosen to use the calculation method based on hypothetical royalties, as set out under Article 140(2)(b) of the Law on Intellectual Property, he was no longer entitled to claim compensation for moral prejudice as well. In order to do so, he would have had to use the calculation method set out under Article 140(2)(a). That court took the view that the calculation methods are mutually exclusive and that a combination of the two is therefore not possible.
11 In his appeal before the referring court, the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court), Mr Liffers contends that compensation for moral prejudice should be awarded in all cases, irrespective of whether the applicant had opted for the method of calculating loss set out under Article 140(2)(a) of the Law on Intellectual Property or under Article 140(2)(b) thereof. The referring court is unsure as to the interpretation of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 and of Article 140(2) of the Law on Intellectual Property, intended to transpose that provision into Spanish law.
12 In those circumstances, the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary ruling: ‘May Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 be interpreted as meaning that the party injured by an intellectual property infringement who claims damages for pecuniary loss based on the amount of royalties or fees that would be due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question cannot also claim damages for the moral prejudice suffered?’
13 By its question, the referring court essentially asks whether Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 must be interpreted as not permitting a person injured by an intellectual property infringement, who claims compensation for the material damage suffered as calculated, in accordance with heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of that directive, on the basis of hypothetical royalties, also to claim compensation for his moral prejudice as provided for under heading (a) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of that directive.
14 In that regard, according to the Court’s settled case-law, for the purpose of interpreting a provision of EU law, it is necessary to consider not only its wording but also the context in which it occurs and the objectives pursued by the rules of which it is part (judgment in Surmačs, C‑127/14, EU:C:2015:522, paragraph 28 and the case-law cited).
15 With regard, first, to the wording of heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48, it must be noted that, although that provision does not mention moral prejudice as an element which the judicial authorities must take into consideration when setting the amount of damages to be paid to the rightholder, it also does not exclude that type of harm from being taken into account. By providing for the possibility of setting the damages as a lump sum on the basis of, ‘at least’, the elements referred to therein, that provision allows other elements to be included in that amount, such as, where appropriate, compensation for any moral prejudice caused to the rightholder.
16 Secondly, it must be pointed out that such a finding is confirmed by an analysis of the context in which that provision features.
17 On the one hand, the first subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 sets out the general rule that the competent judicial authorities must order the infringer to pay the injured rightholder damages that are ‘appropriate to the actual prejudice suffered by him as a result of the infringement’. As noted by the Advocate General in point 28 of his Opinion, moral prejudice, such as damage to the reputation of the author of a work, constitutes, provided that it is proven, a component of the prejudice actually suffered by the rightholder.
18 Consequently, where the rightholder in question has in fact suffered moral prejudice, the actual wording of heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48, read in conjunction with the first subparagraph of Article 13(1) of that directive, precludes the calculation of the amount of damages to be paid to that rightholder from being based exclusively on the amount of hypothetical royalties.
19 On the other hand, it should be noted that the application, by the competent judicial authorities, of the lump sum calculation method provided for under heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 is permitted as an alternative only ‘in appropriate cases’.
20 As indicated in recital 26 of that directive, the latter term applies ‘for example where it would be difficult to determine the amount of the actual prejudice suffered’. In such circumstances, the amount of damages may be calculated on the basis of elements such as the royalties or fees normally due for use of the intellectual property right, which does not take into account any moral prejudice.
21 As regards, lastly, the objectives pursued by Directive 2004/48, it must first of all be pointed out that, according to recital 10 thereof, the objective of that directive is to ensure, inter alia, a high, equivalent and homogeneous level of intellectual property protection in the internal market.
22 Next, recital 17 of that directive indicates that the measures, procedures and remedies provided for therein should be determined in each case in such a manner as to take due account of the specific characteristics of that case.
23 Finally, recital 26 of the directive states, inter alia, that, with a view to compensating for the prejudice suffered as a result of an infringement committed by an infringer, the amount of damages awarded to the holder of the intellectual property right should take account of all appropriate aspects, including any moral prejudice caused to the rightholder.
24 It thus follows from recitals 10, 17 and 26 of Directive 2004/48 that the objective of that directive is to attain a high level of protection of intellectual property rights that takes into account the specific aspects of each given case and is based on a method of calculating damages that addresses those specific aspects.
25 In the light of the objectives of Directive 2004/48, the first subparagraph of Article 13(1) of that directive must be interpreted as establishing the principle that the calculation of the amount of damages to be paid to the holder of the intellectual property right must seek to ensure that the latter is compensated in full for the ‘actual prejudice suffered’ by him, which also includes any moral prejudice.
26 However, as is apparent from paragraph 20 of the present judgment, setting the amount of damages due as a lump sum on the basis of hypothetical royalties alone covers only the material damage suffered by the intellectual property rightholder concerned; consequently, for the purposes of providing compensation in full, that rightholder must be able to seek, in addition to the damages thus calculated, compensation for any moral prejudice which he has suffered.
27 In those circumstances, the reply to the question referred is that Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 must be interpreted as permitting a party injured by an intellectual property infringement, who claims compensation for his material damage as calculated, in accordance with heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of that directive, on the basis of the amount of hypothetical royalties, also to claim compensation for the moral prejudice that he has suffered, as provided for under heading (a) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of that directive.
28 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.