1 By orders of 15 October 1998, received at the Court on 17 March 1999 (C-95/99 to C-98/99) and on 17 May 1999 (C-180/99), the Bundessozialgericht (Federal Social Court) referred for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the EC Treaty (now Article 234 EC) a number of questions on the validity and interpretation of Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed persons and to members of their families moving within the Community, as amended and updated by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2001/83 of 2 June 1983 (OJ 1983 L 230, p. 6; Regulation No 1408/71).
2 Those questions were raised in proceedings between Mrs Khalil, Mr Chaaban and Mr Osseili, on the one hand, and the Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, on the other, Mr Nasser and the Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, and Mrs Addou and the Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, concerning the right of stateless persons and refugees, or their spouses, to child benefit and child-raising allowance. The relevant legislation
3 Article 51 of the EEC Treaty (later Article 51 of the EC Treaty and now, after amendment, Article 42 EC) provides: The Council shall, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission, adopt such measures in the field of social security as are necessary to provide freedom of movement for workers; to this end, it shall make arrangements to secure for migrant workers and their dependants: (a) aggregation, for the purpose of acquiring and retaining the right to benefit and of calculating the amount of benefit, of all periods taken into account under the laws of the several countries; (b) payment of benefits to persons resident in the territories of Member States.
4 Article 1(d) of Regulation No 1408/71 states that, for the purpose of that regulation, refugee shall have the meaning assigned to it in Article 1 of the Convention on the Status of Refugees, signed at Geneva on 28 July 1951 (United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 189, p. 150, No 2545 (1954), the Geneva Convention).
5 Article 1(e) of Regulation No 1408/71 provides in addition that, for the purpose of that regulation, stateless person shall have the meaning assigned to it in Article 1 of the Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons, signed in New York on 28 September 1954 (United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 360, p. 130, No 5158 (1960), the New York Convention).
6 Article 2(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 states: This regulation shall apply to employed or self-employed persons who are or have been subject to the legislation of one or more Member States and who are nationals of one of the Member States or who are stateless persons or refugees residing within the territory of one of the Member States, as well as to the members of their families and their survivors.
7 Under Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1408/71: Subject to the special provisions of this regulation, persons resident in the territory of one of the Member States to whom this regulation applies shall be subject to the same obligations and enjoy the same benefits under the legislation of any Member State as the nationals of [that] State. The main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
8 The applicant in the main proceedings in Case C-95/99, Mrs Khalil, and her husband are Palestinians from the Lebanon. In flight from the civil war in the Lebanon, Mrs Khalil and her husband arrived in Germany in 1984 and 1986 respectively. They have lived in Germany continuously since then. They have been refused recognition as political refugees.
9 The applicant in the main proceedings in Case C-96/99, Mr Chaaban, and his wife are Kurds from the Lebanon. In flight from the civil war in the Lebanon, they arrived in Germany in 1985 where they have since lived continuously. They have been refused recognition as political refugees. Mr Chaaban, like his children, has Lebanese nationality.
10 The applicant in the main proceedings in Case C-97/99, Mr Osseili, and his wife arrived in Germany in 1986. Mr Osseili has a Lebanese travel document for Palestinian refugees. His application for asylum has been unsuccessful.
11 The applicant in the main proceedings in Case C-98/99, Mr Nasser, holds a Lebanese travel document for Palestinian refugees. He has resided in Germany with his family since 1985. He has been refused recognition as a political refugee. He has had a residence permit since 30 April 1998.
12 It is clear from the orders for reference in these cases that Mrs Khalil and her husband, Mrs Chaaban, Mr Osseili and Mr Nasser are to be regarded as stateless persons under German law.
13 During the period from December 1993 to March 1994, the applicants in the main proceedings in those cases all had the grant of child benefit discontinued on the ground that, under the new version of Paragraph 1(3) of the Bundeskindergeldgesetz (Federal Law on Child Benefit), only foreigners in possession of a residence entitlement or a residence permit were henceforth entitled to child benefit. That provision was amended by the Erste Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Spar-, Konsolidierungs- und Wachstumsprogramms (First Law implementing the Savings, Consolidation and Growth Programme) of 21 December 1993 (BGBl. 1993 I, p. 2353) which entered into force on 1 January 1994.
14 In support of their actions challenging the decisions thus depriving them of child benefit, those applicants in the main proceedings submitted that they and/or their spouses had to be regarded as stateless persons. Consequently, in accordance with Articles 2(1) and 3(1) of Regulation No 1408/71, they should have been treated in the same way as German nationals and other nationals of the Member States of the European Union with regard to the grant of family benefits. Accordingly, those benefits should not have been made conditional on possession of a specific residence document.
15 The national courts seized at first instance and then on appeal dismissed those applications.
16 The applicants in the main proceedings in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 then brought appeals on a point of law before the Bundessozialgericht.
17 The applicant in the main proceedings in Case C-180/99, Mrs Addou, is an Algerian national. Like her children, her husband had Moroccan nationality at the material time. He subsequently became a German national by naturalisation. Mrs Addou and her husband travelled to Germany in 1988 from Algeria and Morocco respectively. They have since lived continuously in Germany. They have been refused the right of asylum but, in February 1994, they received a residence authorisation and, in May 1996, a residence permit.
18 From 13 January 1994, as one of the other persons suffering political persecution, Mr Addou enjoyed legal status with so-called minor asylum as a refugee within the meaning of Article 1 of the Geneva Convention. He retained this status up to the time of his naturalisation.
19 From 13 January 1994, the Land Nordrhein-Westfalen refused Mrs Addou the child-raising allowance which she had requested for her youngest child, on the ground that she did not possess either the residence entitlement or permit required under Paragraph 1(1a) of the Bundeserziehungsgeldgesetz (Federal Law on Child-Raising Allowance), as amended by Paragraph 4 of the Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Föderalen Konsolidierungsprogramms (Law implementing the Federal Consolidation Programme) of 23 June 1993 (BGBl. 1993 I, p. 944).
20 The application by Mrs Addou challenging that refusal was dismissed at first instance but granted on appeal. The appeal court held that the possession of a residence document was immaterial since, as a member of the family of a recognised refugee, Mrs Addou had to be treated in the same way as German nationals and other nationals of the Member States of the European Union, pursuant to Regulation No 1408/71.
21 The Land Nordrhein-Westfalen brought before the Bundessozialgericht an appeal on a point of law against that decision of the appeal court.
22 The Bundessozialgericht seeks to ascertain, in respect of each of the disputes in the main proceedings, whether the inclusion of stateless persons and refugees within the personal scope of Regulation No 1408/71, as evidenced by Articles 2(1) and 3(1) thereof, is covered by an enabling provision in the EC Treaty. In that regard, the national court points out that stateless persons and refugees do not expressly enjoy a right to freedom of movement within the Community under the EC Treaty. Article 51 of the EC Treaty and Article 235 of the EC Treaty (now Article 308 EC), which are given as legal bases in the preamble to Regulation No 1408/71, refer, however, to measures necessary to provide freedom of movement for workers and those necessary to attain one of the objectives of the Community.
23 Even assuming that the EC Treaty allows the scheme of equal treatment provided for under Articles 2(1) and 3(1) of Regulation No 1408/71, the national court considers that it is still necessary to determine whether that scheme is applicable not only where stateless persons or refugees leave a Member State in order to travel to another Member State, but also where stateless persons or refugees have entered the territory of a Member State from a non-member country and have stayed there without travelling within the Community.
24 To the extent that such is the case, the Bundessozialgericht notes that it is necessary to determine whether Joined Cases C-245/94 and C-312/94 Hoever and Zachow [1996] ECR I-4895, in which the Court held that, under Community law, entitlement to family benefits is not dependent on knowing which member of the family is authorised, under national legislation, to claim payment of those benefits, are applicable to the disputes in the main proceedings in Cases C-96/99 and C-180/99.
25 On the basis of those considerations, the Bundessozialgericht decided to stay proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling: - In Cases C-95/99, C-97/99 and C-98/99: (1) Does Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed persons and to members of their families moving within the Community apply to stateless persons and to members of their families if such persons have no right of free movement under the Treaty of 25 March 1957 establishing the European Community, as amended by the Treaty of 7 February 1992 on European Union? (2) If the answer to Question 1 is in the affirmative: Does Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 also apply to stateless workers and to members of their families who have travelled directly to a Member State from a non-member country and have not moved within the Community? - In Case C-96/99: (1) Does Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed persons and to members of their families moving within the Community apply to stateless persons and to members of their families if such persons have no right of free movement under the Treaty of 25 March 1957 establishing the European Community, as amended by the Treaty of 7 February 1992 on European Union? (2) If the answer to Question 1 is in the affirmative: Does Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 also apply if the stateless person, his spouse, who is a national of a non-member country, and the other members of their family have travelled directly to a Member State from a non-member country and have not moved within the Community? (3) If the answer to Question 2 is in the affirmative: Is a family benefit such as child benefit under the German Bundeskindergeldgesetz to be granted even if only the spouse who is a national of a non-member country is an employed person, while the stateless other spouse, from whom the first spouse derives his right, is not herself an employed person? - In Case C-180/99: (1) Does Council Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed persons and to members of their families moving within the Community apply to refugees and to members of their families who are nationals of a non-member country if such persons have no right of free movement under the Treaty of 25 March 1957 establishing the European Community, as amended by the Treaty of 7 February 1992 on European Union? (2) If the answer to Question 1 is in the affirmative: Does Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 also apply in the case where a refugee working as an employed person and the members of his family have travelled directly to a Member State from a non-member country and have not moved within the Community? (3) If the answer to Question 2 is in the affirmative: Is a family benefit such as child-raising allowance under the Bundeserziehungsgeldgesetz also payable to the spouse of such an employed person who is likewise not a national of a Member State and who is herself neither an employed person nor a recognised refugee?
26 By order of the President of the Court of Justice of 2 July 1999, Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99 were joined, pursuant to Article 43 of the Rules of Procedure, for the purposes of the written and oral procedure and the judgment.
27 By order of 11 May 2000, Mrs Khalil, Mr Chaaban, Mr Osseili, Mr Nasser and Mrs Addou were granted legal aid. Preliminary observations
28 As a preliminary point, it should be noted, first, that it is clear from the order for reference in Case C-180/99 that the spouse of the applicant in the main proceedings has Moroccan nationality and, second, that, on 27 April 1976, the European Economic Community and the Kingdom of Morocco signed a cooperation agreement in Rabat, which was approved on behalf of the Community by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2211/78 of 26 September 1978 (OJ 1978 L 264, p.1). Article 41(1) of that agreement provides that, subject to a number of provisos, workers of Moroccan nationality and any members of their families living with them are to enjoy, in the field of social security, treatment free from any discrimination based on nationality in relation to nationals of the Member States in which they are employed. However, since the Bundessozialgericht has not referred a question on that subject, the Court is not in a position to give a ruling on the interpretation of that agreement. The first question in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99
29 It is clear from the orders for reference that, by its first question in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99, the national court questions the validity of Regulation No 1408/71 in so far as it includes in its personal scope stateless persons or refugees residing in the territory of one of the Member States and members of their families, even though such persons do not enjoy the right to freedom of movement under the EC Treaty. Arguments put forward in the observations submitted to the Court
30 The United Kingdom Government and the Commission point out the importance of considering the issue in its historical context and state that, even before the Community was established, the Member States had contracted, both between themselves and with non-member countries, international obligations towards stateless persons and refugees not only under the Geneva and New York Conventions, but also under the European interim agreement on social security schemes relating to old age, invalidity and survivors, the European interim agreement on social security other than schemes for old age, invalidity and survivors (the European interim agreements) and the European convention on social and medical assistance, which had been signed in Paris on 11 December 1953 by the members of the Council of Europe (European Treaty Series, Nos 12, 13 and 14). The protocols to those agreements, which were signed on the same day (European Treaty Series, Nos 12A, 13A and 14A), state that the provisions of the principal agreements are to apply to refugees, within the meaning of the Geneva Convention, under the same conditions as they apply to the nationals of the contracting parties thereto.
31 The Swedish and United Kingdom Governments and the Commission further submit that stateless persons and refugees residing in a Member State were also included in the personal scope of Council Regulation No 3 of 25 September 1958 concerning social security for migrant workers (Journal Officiel 1958 30, p. 561), and that the legal basis of that regulation was Article 51 of the EEC Treaty. The Swedish Government and the Commission add that stateless persons and refugees were already covered by the European convention on social security for migrant workers, which was signed on 9 December 1957 by the Governments of the States then constituting the European Coal and Steel Community and was based on Article 69 of the ECSC Treaty, in particular Article 4 thereof (the European convention of 1957). According to the Commission, that convention incorporated the European interim agreements.
32 Similarly, the Spanish Government submits that Article 51 of the EC Treaty constitutes a legal basis which is sufficient to include stateless persons and refugees in the personal scope of Regulation No 1408/71. Coordinating the social security rules of the Member States should indeed take account of the obligations in public international law, in relation to stateless persons and refugees, which are imposed on the Member States as a result of the ratification of the Geneva and New York Conventions. That conclusion is borne out by Case 35/74 Rzepa [1974] ECR 1241, in which the Court of Justice applied Regulation No 3 to a refugee.
33 The Swedish Government adds that, according to the case-law of the Court of Justice, in addition to the principal objective of promoting freedom of movement, the objective of Article 51 of the EC Treaty and Regulation No 1408/71 is to coordinate rules in the field of social security for workers who either are not entitled to freedom of movement or do not use it, but whose situation makes coordination of the social security schemes necessary (see Case 182/78 Pierik [1979] ECR 1977; Case C-194/96 Kulzer [1998] ECR I-895, paragraph 31; and Case C-85/96 Martínez Sala [1998] ECR I-2691, paragraph 31).
34 In the Swedish Government's submission, there is no doubt that the particularly insecure position of stateless persons and refugees, which is often distinguished by legal uncertainty and an unclear scheme of assistance, makes coordination of the national social security systems necessary. That need seemed particularly important at the time of European reconstruction after the Second World War.
35 The United Kingdom Government submits that the objective of including stateless persons and refugees residing in the territory of a Member State in the personal scope of Regulation No 1408/71 was merely to enable stateless persons and refugees who have been granted the right to reside in a Member State to benefit from the provisions of that regulation by aggregation or export of benefits in situations falling within the material scope of the Regulation.
36 The United Kingdom Government takes the view that, given the historical context, Article 51 of the EC Treaty must be interpreted as meaning that it allows stateless persons and refugees residing in a Member State to be included in the personal scope of Regulation No 1408/71, in spite of the fact that they do not enjoy the right to freedom of movement.
37 The Commission submits that, when the Community legislation in the social security field was adopted, it was important, first, not to drop below the recognised European standard and, second, for the purpose of administrative simplification, to establish common rules applicable both to Member State nationals and to stateless persons and refugees, of which there were very few, rather than to create or to retain separate sets of rules. Such a minor extension of Community competence to extra-Community matters or to fields which are not covered by a specific legal basis in Community law is allowed in so far as it relates to an ancillary Community competence.
38 In particular, the inclusion of stateless persons and refugees in the scope of Regulation No 1408/71 on the ground of a material connection is justified because, when the Community legislation in the social security field was adopted, the Community legislature was bound to take into account a situation which was already governed by international agreements laying down a minimum standard, a standard to which, according to a strict interpretation of international law, the Member States could not fail to have regard without withdrawing from those agreements. Findings of the Court
39 Stateless persons and refugees were included in the personal scope of the original version of Regulation No 1408/71, adopted on 14 June 1971. Accordingly, it is necessary to determine the legal basis of that inclusive measure as at that date. It is clear from the preamble to that version of that regulation that its legal basis was Article 7 of the EEC Treaty (later, after amendment, Article 6 of the EC Treaty, and now, after amendment, Article 12 EC) and Article 51 of the EEC Treaty.
40 Article 7 of the EEC Treaty, which prohibits discrimination against Community nationals on the ground of nationality (see Case C-45/93 Commission v Spain [1994] ECR I-911, paragraph 10), is not relevant to the present case.
41 Article 235 of the EEC Treaty (later Article 235 of the EC Treaty) constitutes one of the legal bases of Council Regulation (EEC) No 1390/81 of 12 May 1981 extending to self-employed persons and members of their families Regulation No 1408/71 (OJ 1981 L 143, p. 1). It is only since Regulation No 1390/81 was adopted that Article 235 of the EEC Treaty has been one of the legal bases of Regulation No 1408/71. It follows that that provision cannot be regarded as the legal basis of the provisions of Regulation No 1408/71 which predated Regulation No 1390/81.
42 It must therefore be determined whether Regulation No 1408/71 is contrary to Article 51 of the EEC Treaty, in so far as it includes in its personal scope stateless persons or refugees residing in the territory of one of the Member States and members of their families, even though those persons do not, according to the EEC Treaty, enjoy the right to freedom of movement.
43 In that regard, it is necessary first to recall the historical context of the inclusion of stateless persons and refugees in the personal scope of Regulation No 1408/71.
44 Within the framework of the United Nations, the Geneva Convention, to which the original six Member States of the European Economic Community were all contracting parties, was signed on 28 July 1951. Article 7(1) thereof provides that, except where the Convention contains more favourable provisions, a contracting state shall accord to refugees the same treatment as is accorded to aliens generally.
45 Article 24(1)(b) of the Geneva Convention provides that the contracting states are to accord to refugees lawfully staying in their territory the same treatment as is accorded to nationals in respect of social security (legal provisions in respect of employment injury, occupational diseases, maternity, sickness, disability, old age, death, unemployment, family responsibilities and any other contingency which, according to national laws or regulations, is covered by a social security scheme) subject, in particular, to provisions concerning benefits or portions of benefits which are payable wholly out of public funds.
46 On 11 December 1953, the members of the Council of Europe signed the European interim agreements, which had been ratified by the original six Member States of the European Economic Community. Article 2 of those two agreements provides that, subject to certain provisos, a national of any one of the contracting parties is to be entitled to receive the benefits of the social security laws and regulations of any other of the contracting parties under the same conditions as if he were a national of the latter.
47 The protocols to the European interim agreements, signed on the same day, refer in their preambles to the provisions of the Geneva Convention and the desire of the signatories to extend the provisions of those agreements so as to apply to refugees. Article 2 thereof provides that the provisions of those agreements are to apply to refugees, as defined in the Geneva Convention, under the same conditions as they apply to the nationals of the contracting parties to those agreements.
48 The New York Convention was signed on 28 September 1954. The six original Member States of the European Economic Community are also contracting parties to that convention, Articles 7 and 24 of which contain in respect of stateless persons provisions which are analogous to those applicable to refugees under Articles 7 and 24 of the Geneva Convention.
49 Each of the six original Member States had thus already undertaken at international level a general obligation to allow stateless persons and refugees to benefit from the social security laws and regulations under the same conditions as apply to the nationals of other States.
50 It is in that context that, on 9 December 1957, before the EEC Treaty entered into force, those Member States signed the European convention of 1957, which had been prepared with the assistance of the International Labour Office, the seventh recital in the preamble to which affirms the principle of equal treatment for all nationals of contracting parties and for stateless persons and refugees resident on the territory of a contracting party in the application of national social security legislation (unofficial translation; no official English version exists).
51 The European convention of 1957 is based, according to the second recital in the preamble thereto, on Article 69(4) of the ECSC Treaty, under which Member States shall endeavour to settle among themselves any matters remaining to be dealt with in order to ensure that social security arrangements do not inhibit labour mobility. Article 4(1) of the convention states that it applies to wage-earners or assimilated workers who are or have been subject to the legislation of one or more of the contracting states and are nationals of a contracting state or are stateless persons or refugees resident in the territory of a contracting state, as also to members of their families and their survivors.
52 On 25 September 1958, the Council of the European Economic Community adopted Regulation No 3, Article 4(1) of which replicated the content of Article 4(1) of the European convention of 1957.
53 Article 2(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 is, as regards those aspects relevant to the present cases, substantively identical to Article 4(1) of Regulation No 3 and of the European convention of 1957.
54 Second, the establishment of as complete freedom of movement for workers as possible, which forms part of the foundations of the Community, constitutes the ultimate objective of Article 51 of the EEC Treaty and thereby conditions the exercise of the power which it confers upon the Council (Case 44/65 Singer [1965] ECR 965, 971).
55 Article 51 of the EEC Treaty provides for that purpose for recourse to the technique of coordinating the national social security schemes. Coordination would not be effective if it were necessary to limit its application solely to workers moving within the Community for the purpose of their employment. As the Court has held in relation to Regulation No 3, Regulation No 1408/71 is applicable to any worker, within the meaning of Article 1 thereof, who has the nationality of a Member State and finds himself in one of the situations involving international elements as provided for in the said regulation, as to members of his family (Case 27/69 Compagnie belge d'assurances générales sur la vie et contre les accidents [1969] ECR 405, paragraph 4; see also Singer, p. 971; and Case 61/65 Vaassen-Göbbels [1966] ECR 261, 277).
56 The Council cannot be criticised for having, in the exercise of the powers which have been conferred on it under Article 51 of the EEC Treaty, also included stateless persons and refugees resident on the territory of the Member States in order to take into account the abovementioned international obligations of those States.
57 As the Advocate General pointed out in paragraph 59 of his Opinion, coordination excluding stateless persons and refugees would have meant that the Member States, in order to ensure compliance with their international obligations, had to establish a second coordination regime designed solely for that very restricted category of persons.
58 In the light of the foregoing considerations, the answer to the first question in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99 must be that examination of that question has disclosed no factor of such a kind as to affect the validity of Regulation No 1408/71 in so far as it includes in its personal scope stateless persons or refugees residing in the territory of one of the Member States and members of their families. The second question in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99
59 By its second question in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99, the national court seeks essentially to ascertain whether workers who are refugees or stateless persons residing in the territory of one of the Member States and members of their families may rely on the rights conferred by Regulation No 1408/71 where they have travelled to that Member State directly from a non-member country and have not moved within the Community. Arguments put forward in the observations submitted to the Court
60 The applicants in the main proceedings in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 claim that the refusal to recognise a factor linking Community law with the situation of a stateless person or refugee moving to a Member State directly from a non-member country would have absurd results, especially in the light of Kulzer. On the basis of that case, if those applicants left Germany and moved to France to work, they would be entitled to child benefit not only under French law, but also, if they returned to Germany, under German law. Similarly, they would be entitled to child benefit if their children studied in France.
61 In the submission of the Spanish Government, Regulation No 1408/71 also applies to stateless persons and refugees who have travelled to a Member State directly from a non-member country. That is clear, first of all, from the wording of Article 2(1) of that regulation. Next, if the application of Regulation No 1408/71 were limited to situations having a link with freedom of movement for workers, Member State nationals who had always resided in another Member State and worked there would not be covered by the Regulation either. Finally, it is clear from the case-law of the Court that such a link with freedom of movement is not required for that regulation to apply (see Kulzer).
62 The Swedish and United Kingdom Governments submit that it is clear from the Court's case-law that Regulation No 1408/71 and thus the principle of equal treatment affirmed in Article 3(1) thereof do not apply to cases which have no factor linking them with Community law (see Case C-153/91 Petit [1992] ECR I-4973, paragraphs 8 to 10; Joined Cases C-64/96 and C-65/96 Uecker and Jacquet [1997] ECR I-3171, paragraphs 16 and 17; and Kulzer, paragraph 31). Accordingly, that principle is equally inapplicable to a stateless person or refugee in a situation where there is no such factor.
63 The Commission submits that it is clear from Article 2 of the protocols to the European interim agreements that refugees are only to be included in so far as nationals of the contracting parties may rely on the rights flowing from those agreements. Those agreements are not applicable to purely internal relations between a contracting party and its own nationals working within the country. Refugees can therefore enjoy those rights only in the context of cross-border relations between contracting parties, and not within the host country.
64 That analysis is corroborated by the legal basis of Regulations No 3 and No 1408/71. Stateless persons and refugees were included in the scope of those regulations because of a material link with a power of the legislature based on Article 51 of the EEC Treaty. Regulation No 1408/71 is not applicable to stateless persons or refugees who have never been associated in any way with a Member State other that the host State and who are therefore in a situation where there is no link with Community law. Findings of the Court
65 As regards stateless persons and refugees, and members of their families, who travelled to a Member State directly from a non-member country and have not moved within the Community, it must be recalled, on the one hand, that Regulation No 1408/71 must be interpreted in the light of Article 51 of the EEC Treaty which constitutes one of its legal bases.
66 The principal objective of Article 51 of the EEC Treaty is coordination of the social security schemes of the Member States and the payment of benefits under those coordinated schemes.
67 On the other hand, it is clear from the Court's case-law that the essential object of Regulation No 1408/71 is to ensure that social security schemes governing workers in each Member State moving within the Community are applied in accordance with uniform Community criteria. To this end it lays down a whole set of rules founded in particular upon the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality or residence and upon the maintenance by a worker of his rights acquired by virtue of one or more social security schemes which are or have been applicable to him (see Case 69/79 Jordens-Vosters [1980] ECR 75, paragraph 11).
68 Admittedly, the Court has held that the fact that Article 4(1) of Regulation No 3, which is substantively identical to Article 2(1) of Regulation No 1408/71, even refers to persons who come or have come under the legislation of a single Member State shows that, far from referring solely to migrant workers within the strict meaning of the term, Regulation No 3 is applicable to any wage-earner or assimilated worker who finds himself in one of the situations involving international elements as provided for in the said regulation, as well as to his survivors (see Compagnie belge d'assurances générales sur la vie et contre les accidents, paragraph 4).
69 However, the Court has since made clear that the Treaty rules governing freedom of movement for persons and measures adopted to implement them cannot be applied to activities which have no factor linking them with any of the situations governed by Community law and which are confined in all relevant respects within a single Member State (see, in particular, Petit, paragraph 8; Joined Cases C-225/95 to C-227/95 Kapasakalis and Others [1998] ECR I-4239, paragraph 22; and Case C-18/95 Terhoeve [1999] ECR I-345, paragraph 26).
70 As regards social security, the Court has concluded that Article 51 of the EEC Treaty and Regulation No 1408/71, in particular Article 3 thereof, do not apply to situations which are confined in all respects within a single Member State (see Petit, paragraph 10).
71 Such is in particular the case where the situation of a worker has factors linking it solely with a non-member country and one single Member State (see, to that effect, Case C-297/92 Baglieri [1993] ECR I-5211, paragraph 18; and Case C-60/93 Aldewereld [1994] ECR I-2991, paragraph 14).
72 In those circumstances, the answer to the second question in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99 must be that workers who are stateless persons or refugees residing in the territory of one of the Member States, and members of their families, cannot rely on the rights conferred by Regulation No 1408/71 where they are in a situation which is confined in all respects within that one Member State. The third question in Cases C-96/99 and C-180/99
73 In the light of the answer to the second question in Cases C-95/99 to C-98/99 and C-180/99, it is not necessary to answer the third question referred in Cases C-96/99 and C-180/99.