1. By its application, the Commission of the European Communities claims that the Court should declare that the Kingdom of Sweden has failed to fulfil its obligations under Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC (OJ 2003 L 176, p. 37; ‘the Directive’), - by failing to adopt appropriate measures to ensure that the requirement is met for a functional division between distribution and production interests in a vertically-integrated undertaking in accordance with Article 15(2)(b) and (c) of the Directive, and - by failing to ensure that the regulatory authority is responsible for approving, prior to their entry into force, at least the methodologies used to calculate or establish the terms and conditions for connection and access to national networks, including transmission and distribution tariffs, in accordance with Article 23(2)(a) thereof. Legal context Community law
2. Recital 2 in the preamble to the Directive states that concrete provisions are needed to ensure a level playing field in generation and to reduce the risks of market dominance and predatory behaviour, ensuring non-discriminatory transmission and distribution tariffs, through access to the network on the basis of tariffs published prior to their entry into force.
3. Recital 6 in the preamble to the Directive states that ‘for competition to function, network access must be non-discriminatory, transparent and fairly priced’.
4. Recital 13 in the preamble to the Directive states that further measures should be taken in order to ensure transparent and non-discriminatory tariffs for access to networks and that those tariffs should be applicable to all network users on a non-discriminatory basis.
5. Recital 15 in the preamble to the Directive reads: ‘The existence of effective regulation, carried out by one or more national regulatory authorities, is an important factor in guaranteeing non-discriminatory access to the network. Member States [shall] specify the functions, competences and administrative powers of the regulatory authorities. It is important that the regulatory authorities in all Member States share the same minimum set of competences. Those authorities should have the competence to fix or approve the tariffs, or at least, the methodologies underlying the calculation of transmission and distribution tariffs. In order to avoid uncertainty and costly and time‑consuming disputes, these tariffs should be published prior to their entry into force.’
6. Recital 18 in the preamble to the Directive is worded as follows: ‘National regulatory authorities should be able to fix or approve tariffs, or the methodologies underlying the calculation of the tariffs, on the basis of a proposal by the transmission network operator or distribution network operator(s), or on the basis of a proposal agreed between these operator(s) and the users of the network. In carrying out these tasks, national regulatory authorities should ensure that transmission and distribution tariffs are non-discriminatory and cost-reflective, and should take account of the long-term, marginal, avoided network costs from distributed generation and demand-side management measures.’
7. In accordance with recitals 26 and 31 in the preamble to the Directive, its objectives include ‘equivalent levels of competition in all Member States’ and ‘the creation of a fully-operational internal electricity market, in which fair competition prevails’.
8. According to the definition given in Article 2(21) of the Directive, for the purposes thereof, ‘vertically integrated undertaking’ means ‘an undertaking or a group of undertakings whose mutual relationships are defined in Article 3(3) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings [OJ 1989 L 395, p. 1; corrigendum OJ 1990 L 257, p. 13, as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 1310/97 (OJ 1997 L 180, p. 1)] and where the undertaking/group concerned is performing at least one of the functions of transmission or distribution and at least one of the functions of generation or supply of electricity’.
9. Article 15, which concerns the unbundling of distribution system operators, is set out in Chapter V of the Directive, entitled ‘distribution system operation’, and provides as follows: ‘1. Where the distribution system operator is part of a vertically‑integrated undertaking, it shall be independent at least in terms of its legal form, organisation and decision-making from other activities not relating to distribution. These rules shall not create an obligation to separate the ownership of assets of the distribution network operator from the vertically-integrated undertaking. 2. In addition to the requirements of paragraph 1, where the distribution network operator is part of a vertically-integrated undertaking, it shall be independent in terms of its organisation and decision-making from the other activities not related to distribution. In order to achieve this, the following minimum criteria shall apply: (a) those persons responsible for the management of the distribution network operator may not participate in company structures of the integrated electricity undertaking responsible, directly or indirectly, for the day-to-day operation of the generation, transmission or supply of electricity; (b) appropriate measures must be taken to ensure that the professional interests of the persons responsible for the management of the distribution network operator are taken into account in a manner that ensures that they are capable of acting independently; (c) the distribution network operator shall have effective decision-making rights, independent from the integrated electricity undertaking, with respect to assets necessary to operate, maintain or develop the network. This should not prevent the existence of appropriate coordination mechanisms to ensure that the economic and management supervision rights of the parent company in respect of return on assets, regulated indirectly in accordance with Article 23(2), in a subsidiary are protected. In particular, this shall enable the parent company to approve the annual financial plan, or any equivalent instrument, of the distribution network operator and to set global limits on the levels of indebtedness of its subsidiary. It shall not permit the parent company to give instructions regarding day-to-day operations, nor with respect to individual decisions concerning the construction or upgrading of distribution lines, that do not exceed the terms of the approved financial plan, or any equivalent instrument. (d) the distribution network operator shall establish a compliance programme, which sets out measures taken to ensure that discriminatory conduct is excluded, and ensure that observance of it is adequately monitored. The programme shall set out the specific obligations of employees to meet this objective. An annual report, setting out the measures taken, shall be submitted by the person or body responsible for monitoring the compliance programme to the regulatory authority referred to in Article 23(1) and published. Member States may decide not to apply paragraphs 1 and 2 to integrated electricity undertakings serving less than 100 000 connected customers, or serving small isolated networks.’
10. Article 20, concerning third-party access, which is set out in Chapter VII of the Directive and is entitled ‘Organisation of access to the system’, provides in paragraph 1: ‘Member States shall ensure the implementation of a system of third‑party access to the transmission and distribution systems based on published tariffs, applicable to all eligible customers and applied objectively and without discrimination between system users. Member States shall ensure that these tariffs, or the methodologies underlying their calculation, are approved prior to their entry into force in accordance with Article 23 and that these tariffs, and the methodologies - where only methodologies are approved - are published prior to their entry into force.’
11. Article 23, concerning regulatory authorities, which is set out in the same chapter, provides in paragraphs 2 to 5: ‘2. The regulatory authorities shall be responsible for fixing or approving, prior to their entry into force, at least the methodologies used to calculate or establish the terms and conditions for: (a) connection and access to national networks, including transmission and distribution tariffs. These tariffs, or methodologies, shall allow the necessary investments in the networks to be carried out in a manner allowing these investments to ensure the viability of the networks; (b) the provision of balancing services. 3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, Member States may provide that the regulatory authorities shall submit, for formal decision, to the relevant body in the Member State the tariffs or at least the methodologies referred to in that paragraph as well as the modifications in paragraph 4. The relevant body shall, in such a case, have the power to either approve or reject a draft decision submitted by the regulatory authority. These tariffs or the methodologies or modifications thereto shall be published together with the decision on formal adoption. Any formal rejection of a draft decision shall also be published, including its justification. 4. Regulatory authorities shall have the authority to require transmission and distribution system operators, if necessary, to modify the terms and conditions, tariffs, rules, mechanisms and methodologies referred to in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, to ensure that they are proportionate and applied in a non-discriminatory manner. 5. Any party having a complaint against a transmission or distribution system operator with respect to the issues mentioned in paragraphs 1, 2 and 4 may refer the complaint to the regulatory authority which, acting as dispute settlement authority, shall issue a decision within two months after receipt of the complaint. This period may be extended by two months where additional information is sought by the regulatory authority. This period may be further extended with the agreement of the complainant. Such a decision shall have binding effect unless and until overruled on appeal. Where a complaint concerns connection tariffs for major new generation facilities, the two-month period may be extended by the regulatory authority.’
12. Article 30(1) of the Directive provides that Member States are to bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with the Directive not later than 1 July 2004 and that they are forthwith to inform the Commission thereof. Under Article 30(2), Member States may postpone the implementation of Article 15(1) until 1 July 2007, without prejudice to the requirements contained in Article 15(2). National law
13. In accordance with Chapter 3, Paragraph 3 of the Law (2005:551) on limited companies (Aktiebolagslagen (2005:551)), the object of a limited company is to make profit for its shareholders, if there is no provision to the contrary in the statutes of that company. The powers of general meetings of the shareholders are set out in Chapter 7 of the Aktiebolagslagen. Chapter 8 thereof contains provisions concerning the board of directors and the managing director and lays down, inter alia, the principal tasks of the board of directors, the functions of the managing director and general restrictions on the powers of proxy holders. The same law, in Chapter 17, Paragraph 3, entitled ‘Protection of fixed own capital and the principle of prudence’, contains provisions which restrict distribution of profits of a subsidiary to its parent company.
14. Chapter 4 of the Law (1997:857) on electricity (Ellagen (1997:857)); governs network tariffs, while Chapter 12 thereof covers regulation and control. They provide as follows: ‘Chapter 4 - System tariffs General provisions on system tariffs 1. System tariffs shall be so formulated that the concession holder’s total revenue from operation of the system is reasonable with respect, firstly, to the objective requirements for operation of the network and, secondly, to the concession holder’s method of operating the system. System tariffs shall be objective and non-discriminatory. The number of connection points, their geographical positions, the quantity of electricity transmitted, the subscribed demand, the costs of the upstream system and the quality of the electricity transmission shall be taken into consideration when formulating system tariffs for the transmission of electricity. When formulating system tariffs with a view to connection to a line or circuit, the geographical positions and the subscribed demand at the point of connection shall, in particular, be taken into consideration. The Government or, on the basis of authorisation given by the Government, the systems regulatory authority may adopt more detailed provisions regarding formulation of the network tariffs. … Chapter 12 - Regulation … 2. A regulatory authority shall be entitled, on request, to receive information and documents necessary to its regulation. Failure to comply with that request may lead to an administrative fine. A decision adopted in accordance with the first subparagraph shall be applicable immediately. The Government or, on the basis of authorisation given by the Government, the systems regulatory authority may adopt provisions concerning collection of the information necessary for assessment of the fairness of the network tariffs. 3. A regulatory authority may issue the necessary directions in order to ensure compliance with the provisions and conditions relating to regulation. Failure to comply with such directions may lead to an administrative fine. A direction which concerns electrical safety or the operational safety of the national electricity system shall be applicable immediately.’
15. Administrative instructions No 3 of 2003 of the Swedish Energy Authority (Statens energimyndighets författningssamling (STEMFS) (2003:3)), as amended by that authority’s administrative instructions No 2 of 2005 (Statens energimyndighets författningssamling (STEMFS) (2005:2); ‘the administrative instructions’), contain detailed provisions concerning the supply of information with a view to assessing the fairness of system tariffs, the technical specifications of the tariffs and rules governing the supply of information to the regulatory authority.
16. In accordance with Chapter 1, Paragraph 2, of the Law (2004:875) on special administration of certain electrical installations (Lag (2004:875) om särskild förvaltning av vissa elektriska anläggningar), the Länsrätt (Administrative Court), at the request of the systems regulatory authority, may order that an electrical installation be managed separately if an undertaking operating a system which uses an electrical installation does not fulfil its obligations substantially in accordance with the applicable legislation. Pre-litigation procedure
17. Since the Commission took the view that Articles 15(2)(b) and (c) and 23(2)(a) and (b) of the Directive had not been correctly transposed by the Kingdom of Sweden, it initiated the infringement procedure laid down in Article 226 EC.
18. After having given that Member State formal notice to submit its observations, on 15 December 2006 the Commission, taking the view that those observations were not satisfactory as regards all the matters raised, issued a reasoned opinion, requesting it to adopt the measures necessary to comply wi th that opinion within a period of two months from its receipt.
19. The Kingdom of Sweden replied to that reasoned opinion on 14 January 2007, setting out the various elements of the national legislation.
20. Taking the view that the measures necessary for full transposition of Articles 15(2)(b) and (c) and 23(2)(a) of the Directive still had not been adopted by the Kingdom of Sweden, the Commission brought the present action. The action The first plea in law, alleging failure to have regard to the provisions of Article 15(2)(b) and (c) of the Directive
21. By this plea, the Commission criticises the Kingdom of Sweden for failing to adopt the necessary measures in accordance with Article 15(2)(b) and (c) of the Directive to ensure a functional division between distribution and production interests in a vertically-integrated undertaking.
22. In its defence, the Kingdom of Sweden does not dispute the Commission’s claims concerning transposition of Article 15(2)(b) and (c) of the Directive. Even though it takes the view that its legislation on company law does largely have the effect of ensuring the functional division required by those provisions, it accepts that certain specific measures necessary for its transposition are still to be adopted. In that regard, it adds that the Energimarknadsinspektionen (national Inspectorate of the energy market) has been tasked by the Government with examining the amendments to laws and regulations necessary for the correct transposition of Article 15 of the Directive and with submitting a report by 1 October 2008 at the latest.
23. In the present case, it is not disputed that all the measures necessary to ensure the complete and correct transposition of the provisions in question of the Directive in the Swedish legal order had not yet been adopted on expiry of the time-limit fixed in the reasoned opinion.
24. The question whether a Member State has failed to fulfil its obligations must be determined by reference to the situation in that Member State as it stood at the end of that period (Case C‑103/00 Commission v Greece [2002] ECR I‑1147, paragraph 23, and judgment of 5 June 2008 in Case C‑395/07 Commission v Germany , paragraph 8).
25. In those circumstances, it must be held that the Commission’s first plea in law is well founded. The second plea in law, alleging failure to have regard to the provisions of Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive
26. The Commission submits, by this plea, that Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive has not been correctly transposed in the Swedish legal order, since the regulatory authority has not been given the task of fixing or approving, prior to their entry into force, at least the methodologies used to calculate the network tariffs, in accordance with that provision.
27. Conversely, the Kingdom of Sweden takes the view that its rules comply with the Directive, since its legislation contains the methodologies required by that directive, together with the possibility of correction a posteriori by the regulatory authorities of the results obtained.
28. Having regard to that assertion, it must be considered whether that legislation meets the requirements of Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive.
29. That provision of the Directive also sets out a substantive rule, stating, inter alia, that the tariffs or methodologies must allow the necessary investments in the networks to be carried out in a manner allowing these investments to ensure the viability of the networks. Such investments can be expected from economic operators only if those tariffs or methodologies are sufficiently precise and give a satisfactory level of predictability.
30. It must be noted first of all that the Kingdom of Sweden admits the lack of provisions in its domestic law relating to prior approval by the national regulatory authority at least of the methodologies used to calculate or establish the terms and conditions for connection and access to national networks, including transmission and distribution tariffs.
31. However, that Member State takes the view that the Swedish system enables the objective of the Directive, that is to say, the creation of a fully operational internal electricity market, in which fair competition prevails, to be achieved, in order to ensure, inter alia, that network access is, in accordance with recital 6 in the preamble to the Directive, non-discriminatory, transparent and fairly priced.
32. That argument cannot be accepted.
33. It must be pointed out that, even if the arrangements for transposition or the interpretation put forward by a Member State serves, or better serves, certain aims pursued by that directive, that Member State may not disregard the provisions expressly laid down in that directive (see, by analogy, Case C‑243/03 Commission v France [2005] ECR I‑8411, paragraph 35).
34. Consequently, the Commission is correct to point out that, in order to comply with the requirements of the Directive, the Kingdom of Sweden cannot merely apply a system in which review of the methodology used to establish, inter alia, the electricity transmission and distribution tariffs is carried out a posteriori, even if that review were as effective as a system of prior review, since the Directive expressly provides for use of a system of prior approval and does not allow the Member States the possibility of applying a different system.
35. The Kingdom of Sweden also asserts that, in order to comply with the requirements set out in Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive, it is sufficient to provide for a national regulatory system under which only the guidelines on the basis of which the network tariffs will later be applied must be approved in advance. In the present case, the domestic legislation establishes the methodologies for the fixing of network tariffs within the meaning of Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive. In that regard, that Member State refers to Chapter 4 of Law (1997:859) relating to electricity, to the administrative instructions and to the decision of 21 June 2004 of the Swedish Energy Authority.
36. Under recital 15 in the preamble to the Directive, the national regulatory authorities are to fix or approve those tariffs, or at least, the methodologies underlying their calculation. Under recital 18 in the preamble to the Directive, those regulatory authorities must ensure that transmission and distribution tariffs so fixed or approved are non‑discriminatory and reflect the costs actually incurred in the transmission or distribution of electricity.
37. In the light of those recitals, which define the objectives which the Community legislature sought to achieve, there is no reason to interpret Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive in a manner which departs from the wording of that provision. It is apparent from the very wording of that provision that, firstly, the national regulatory authorities are to fix or approve, before their entry into force, at least the methodologies used to calculate or establish the terms and conditions for connection and access to national networks, including transmission and distribution tariffs, and, secondly, that those tariffs or methodologies must allow the necessary investments in the networks to be carried out in a manner allowing these investments to ensure the viability of the networks.
38. Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive thus requires a level of predictability of the abovementioned tariffs sufficient to ensure that the necessary investments in the networks are carried out in a manner allowing these investments to ensure the viability of the electricity transmission and distribution networks.
39. Even if, contrary to the Commission’s submissions, that provision does not require the Member States to lay down a formula including a set of parameters permitting precise and direct calculation of the tariffs, it must be held that the legislative framework referred to by the Kingdom of Sweden contains only general principles and criteria which the network tariffs must meet and therefore does not contain any methodology allowing operators to predict, even approximately, the applicable tariffs.
40. The objective of the Directive can be achieved only by the establishment of precise tariffs or of elements of a methodology of tariff calculation of a level of precision such as to allow economic operators to estimate their cost of access to the transmission and distribution networks.
41. It follows that the Swedish legislative framework does not meet the requirement for predictability of tariffs under the Directive, necessary to allow investments in the networks to be carried out in a manner allowing these investments to ensure the viability of the electricity transmission and distribution networks. In any event, it does not introduce in the domestic law the mechanism for review in advance laid down in Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive. The Swedish legislation does not put into place a system under which tariff proposals are submitted to the regulatory authority before their entry into force.
42. The Commission’s second plea in law must accordingly be considered to be well founded.
43. In the light of all of the above, it must be held that: - by failing to adopt the measures necessary to ensure a functional division between distribution and production interests in a vertically-integrated undertaking in accordance with Article 15(2)(b) and (c) of the Directive, and - by failing to make the regulatory authorities responsible for approving, in advance, at least the methodologies used to calculate or establish the terms and conditions for access to national networks, including transmission and distribution tariffs in accordance with Article 23(2)(a) of the Directive, the Kingdom of Sweden has failed to fulfil its obligation under the Directive. Costs
44. Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Commission has applied for the Kingdom of Sweden to be ordered to pay the costs and the Kingdom of Sweden has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs.