1. By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of Justice on 27 February 2001, the Commission of the European Communities brought an action under Article 226 EC for a declaration that, by failing to ensure, in practice, the effective transposition into Luxembourg law of Article 4d of Commission Directive 90/388/EEC of 28 June 1990 on competition in the markets for telecommunications services (OJ 1990 L 192, p. 10), as amended by Commission Directive 96/19/EC of 13 March 1996 (OJ 1996 L 74, p. 13) (hereinafter "the Directive" ), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has failed to fulfil its obligations. Legal framework Community legislation
2. Article 2 of the Directive provides: "1. Member States shall withdraw all those measures which grant: (a) exclusive rights for the provision of telecommunications services, including the establishment and the provision of telecommunications networks required for the provision of such services; or (b) special rights which limit to two or more the number of undertakings authorised to provide such telecommunications services or to establish or provide such networks, otherwise than according to objective, proportional and non-discriminatory criteria; or (c) special rights which designate, otherwise than according to objective, proportional and non-discriminatory [criteria,] several competing undertakings to provide such telecommunications services or to establish or provide such networks. 2. Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that any undertaking is entitled to provide the telecommunications services referred to in paragraph 1 or to establish or provide the networks referred to in paragraph 1. Without prejudice to Article 3c and the third paragraph of Article 4, Member States may maintain special and exclusive rights until 1 January 1998 for voice telephony and for the establishment and provision of public telecommunications networks. Member States shall, however, ensure that all remaining restrictions on the provision of telecommunications services other than voice telephony over networks established by the provider of the telecommunications services, over infrastructures provided by third parties and by means of sharing of networks, other facilities and sites are lifted and the relevant measures notified to the Commission no later than 1 July 1996. As regards the dates set out in the second and third subparagraphs of this paragraph, in Article 3 and in Article 4a(2), Member States with less developed networks shall be granted upon request an additional implementation period of up to five years and Member States with very small networks shall be granted upon request an additional implementation period of up to two years, provided it is needed to achieve the necessary structural adjustments. ...
3. Member States which make the supply of telecommunications services or the establishment or provision of telecommunications networks subject to a licensing, general authorisation or declaration procedure aimed at compliance with the essential requirements shall ensure that the relevant conditions are objective, non-discriminatory, proportionate and transparent, that reasons are given for any refusal, and that there is a procedure for appealing against any refusal. The provision of telecommunications services other than voice telephony, the establishment and provision of public telecommunications networks and other telecommunications networks involving the use of radio frequencies, may be subjected only to a general authorisation or a declaration procedure. ... " 3. Following a request made on 28 June 1996 by the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg pursuant to the fourth subparagraph of Article 2(2) of the Directive, the Commission granted the Grand Duchy, by Decision 97/568/EC of 14 May 1997 (OJ 1997 L 234, p. 7), additional periods for the implementation of the Directive as regards full competition in the telecommunications markets. Such periods postponed until 1 July 1998 the abolition of exclusive rights in respect of voice telephony (Article 1 of that decision) and until 1 July 1997 the lifting of the other restrictions on the provision of already liberalised telecommunications services (Article 2 of that decision).
4. In the terms of Article 4d of the Directive: "Member States shall not discriminate between providers of public telecommunications networks with regard to the granting of rights of way for the provision of such networks. Where the granting of additional rights of way to undertakings wishing to provide public telecommunications networks is not possible due to applicable essential requirements, Member States shall ensure access to existing facilities established under rights of way which may not be duplicated ... . "
5. Article 2(6) of Council Directive 90/387/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the establishment of the internal market for telecommunications services through the implementation of open network provision (OJ 1990 L 192, p. 1), as amended by Directive 97/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 October 1997 (OJ 1997 L 295, p. 23), provides that, for the purposes of Directive 90/387, "essential requirements" mean: "the non-economic reasons in the public interest which may cause a Member State to impose conditions on the establishment and/or operation of telecommunications networks or the provision of telecommunications services. Those reasons shall be the security of network operations, the maintenance of network integrity and, where justified, the inter-operability of services, data protection, the protection of the environment and town and country planning objectives as well as the effective use of the frequency spectrum and the avoidance of harmful interference between radio-based telecommunications systems and other space-based or terrestrial technical systems. ..." National legislation
6. Article 7 of the Luxembourg Law of 21 March 1997 on telecommunications (Mémorial A 1997, p. 761, hereinafter "the Law on telecommunications" ) establishes a licensing system for the provision of telecommunications networks, telephony, mobile telephony and radio-messaging services.
7. The first subparagraph of Article 34(1) of the Law on telecommunications provides: "... the holder of a licence to provide a telecommunications network ... may make use of the public land of the State and municipalities to install cables, overhead lines and associated equipment and carry out all works in connection therewith, having regard to their purpose and the laws, regulations and administrative provisions governing such use" .
8. Under Article 35 of the Law on telecommunications: "1. Prior to installing the cables, overhead lines and associated equipment on public land of the State and municipalities, the holder of a licence for the provision of a telecommunications network ... shall submit a location plan and system details for the approval of the authority responsible for the public land of the State and municipalities. 2. The authorities may not impose on the holder of a licence for the provision of a telecommunications network ... any tax, fee, toll, charge or payment whatsoever for the right to use the public land of the State and municipalities. The holder of a licence for the provision of a telecommunications network ... shall also be entitled, free of charge, to a right of way for the cables, overhead lines and associated equipment in the public infrastructure situated on the public land of the State and municipalities. "
9. Article 35(3) of the Law on telecommunications provides that the costs inherent in the modification of the cables, overhead lines and associated equipment are the responsibility of the holder of a licence for the provision of a telecommunications network. Pre-litigation procedure
10. By letter of 22 July 1999 to the Luxembourg authorities, the Commission reminded them of the obligations resulting from Article 4d of the Directive.
11. Since it was not satisfied with the results of a bilateral meeting held on 10 September 1999 nor by the reply of the Luxembourg authorities by letter of 16 September 1999, on 17 January 2000, the Commission sent the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg a letter of formal notice requesting it to submit its observations regarding the transposition of Article 4d of the Directive.
12. In default of any reply to that letter, on 3 August 2000, the Commission issued a reasoned opinion requesting that Member State to take the measures necessary to comply with that opinion within a period of two months from its notification.
13. Having received no response from the Luxembourg authorities, the Commission brought this action. The action Arguments of the parties
14. According to the Commission, the failure to provide, in a non-discriminatory way, rights of way to telecommunications providers may arise either from the fact that the provisions of the Law on telecommunications are not correctly applied, or from the fact that it would be necessary to enact additional measures in the Luxembourg legal system to ensure the effective transposition of Article 4d of the Directive.
15. In order to show that the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has not taken all the measures necessary to ensure the effective and non-discriminatory grant of rights of way to holders of licences, the Commission relies on three arguments: ─ the uncertainties of the Luxembourg legal framework; ─ the failure to prescribe the essential requirements of the grounds for a refusal to grant rights of way, and ─ possible discrimination.
16. First, so far as the uncertainties of the Luxembourg legal framework are concerned, the Commission states that, in practice, rights of way over the public land of Luxembourg, theoretically conferred on holders of a telecommunications network provider's licence by Articles 34 and 35 of the Law on telecommunications, are not granted in the context of a process appropriate to ensure freedom from discrimination. In that regard, the division of powers is far from clear. The Luxembourg Government itself has stated that several authorities are competent to issue permits in respect of rights of way, namely the Administration de l'Enregistrement et des Domaines (Department for Registration and Land), which is competent for the public land of the State (save as regards national highways), the Administration des Ponts et Chaussées (Department for Bridges and Roads), for the national highways, as well as the Collège des bourgmestre et échevins (Municipal Corporation) for the public land of each municipality.
17. In relation to public railway land managed by the Société nationale des chemins de fer Luxembourgeois (the Luxembourg national rail company, hereinafter "CFL" ), the Commission observes that, according to the Institut des télécommunications luxembourgeois (Luxembourg Institute of Telecommunications, a public undertaking which supervises the observance of the provisions of the Law on telecommunications), the competent authority to deal with an application to lay cables along the rail network is the State and not CFL, although, according to the Luxembourg Minister for Transport, such an application should be dealt with by CFL. It follows from a judgment of the Tribunal administratif (Administrative Court) (Luxembourg), of 13 December 2000, that the latter has no authority to issue or refuse highway permits.
18. In relation to municipalities, it is not clear what are the rules for the granting of rights of way or, at the very least, what is the common core of the process of approval, possibly divided between the various municipalities.
19. In addition, Article 35(1) of the Law on telecommunications provides that the right is subject to the prior approval of the technical location plan and details of the system by the authority responsible for the relevant public land. First, it is for that body to determine, in practice, the conditions for access to the land of the State and municipalities. Second, it is necessary for a telecommunications provider to obtain a particular highway permit. According to the Commission, the question whether the procedure for obtaining a highway permit forms part of the application for approval of the location plan and details of the system mentioned in Article 35(1) of that law or whether it is additional to that application is not clearly established.
20. That statement can be substantiated by a concrete example. The Compagnie générale pour la diffusion de la télévision (hereinafter "Coditel" ), which is a holder of a licence to establish and provide a fixed telecommunications network under the Law on telecommunications, has, since March 1999, made applications to various relevant Luxembourg organisations and administrative authorities for permission to lay cables.
21. CFL has informed Coditel that the application for cable laying cannot be granted, giving as the only reason for such refusal considerations connected to its own strategy. With regard to the application for a highway permit lodged by Coditel with the Administration des Ponts et Chaussées, the latter invoked, in its reply of 23 September 1999, technical difficulties connected to the coordination of the applications from various telecommunications providers in order to justify postponing dealing with the file. The letter which Coditel sent to the Administration de l'Enregistrement et des Domaines as well as various letters sent to the Luxembourg Minister for Public Works have elicited no reply.
22. Secondly, the Commission points out that the Directive recognises the possibility of the grant of rights of way being refused in the case of applicable essential requirements. In this case, however, the decisions by the various organisations and administrative authorities refusing Coditel's applications for the grant of rights of way, in particular those of the Administration des Ponts et Chaussées and CFL, make no reference to applicable essential requirements as referred to in Article 4d of the Directive.
23. Thirdly, the Commission observes that the first subparagraph of Article 4d of the Directive prohibits "discriminat[ion] between providers of public telecommunications networks with regard to the granting of rights of way for the provision of such networks" . However, according to information available to the Commission, no new provider which has sought the grant of rights of way over public land to enable it to connect local networks to foreign networks and thus to offer telecommunications services in competition with the Entreprise des Postes et Télécommunications (Post and Telecommunications Undertaking, hereinafter "EPT" ), has yet obtained any. It is EPT which has been awarded the contract for cable laying along certain motorways, whereas rights of way have so far been refused to other holders of telecommunications network provider's licences.
24. In its defence, the Luxembourg Government contends that the principle of non-discrimination between providers of public telecommunications networks set out in Article 4d of the Directive has been transposed into Luxembourg law, which the Commission does not dispute. The exercise of rights of way is subject to precise rules established and published by the respective competent authorities. Those rules are the same for every applicant for a right of way and are not specific to the telecommunications sector, which enjoys no special rights.
25. So far as the division of powers is concerned, the Luxembourg Government maintains that the Administration de l'Enregistrement et des Domaines is the competent authority for the State's public land, whereas the Administration des Ponts et Chaussées is responsible for highways on that land. The conditions for issue of highway permits are supplied on demand and may be consulted on the internet website of that authority. Similarly, the rules for the granting of rights of way over municipal public land, with regard to which the competent authority is the Collège des bourgmestre et échevins of the relevant municipality, are supplied to interested parties on simple request and may also, for certain municipalities, be consulted on their websites.
26. In relation to the particular case cited by the Commission, the Luxembourg Government refers to a judgment of 4 July 2000 of the Cour d'Appel (Court of Appeal) (Luxembourg) in Case No 24369 between Coditel and CFL. That judgment confirms that the process of approval of the plan of the locations and the details of the system is the condition precedent to the exercise of the right of way conferred on holders of a telecommunications network provider's licence by Articles 34 and 35 of the Law on telecommunications. Such condition applies to all providers invoking a right of way under that law and does not put in question the very existence of that right.
27. The Luxembourg Government specifies that Coditel was refused access to the railway land of the State on two counts. First, the provider initially sent its application for access to CFL, in its capacity as manager of the State's railway network. By its judgment of 13 December 2000 the Tribunal administratif held that the competent authority to approve the location plan is the Ministry of Transport so far as railway land is concerned, since the manager of the rail network has no power to grant access to the State's property. Second, the fact that Coditel's application for access has not succeeded is due not to the discriminatory refusal by the authority of access to the public land of the State, but to the fact that that provider had not submitted a location plan and system details of its future network.
28. With regard to the Commission's argument that such requirement of a location plan makes effective exercise of the right of way impossible by reason of the fact that the drawing up of such a plan requires inaccessible technical information since only the manager of the public network in question is in a position to provide it, the Luxembourg Government retorts that the information necessary to draw up the location plan is a simple topographical drawing which is a public document available from the Administration du Cadastre et de la Topographie (Land and Map Registry).
29. Finally, the Luxembourg Government points out that the process in issue in the present dispute has now been amended by the Règlement Grand-Ducal of 8 June 2001 (Grand-Ducal Regulation laying down the conditions for the use of the highway and railway land of the State by telecommunications providers, managers of electricity transmission networks and natural gas transport enterprises) (Mémorial A 2001, p. 1394). Findings of the Court
30. It is settled case-law that the question whether a Member State has failed to fulfil its obligations must be determined by reference to the situation obtaining in the Member State at the end of the period laid down in the reasoned opinion and that the Court cannot take account of any subsequent changes (see, in particular, Case C-103/00 Commission v Greece [2002] ECR I-1147, paragraph 23, and Case C-323/01 Commission v Italy [2002] ECR I-4711, paragraph 8).
31. Consequently, the changes which the Règlement Grand-Ducal of 8 June 2001 introduced into Luxembourg law cannot be taken into account in the Court's consideration of the merits of this action for failure to fulfil obligations.
32. Also, according to settled case-law, in relation to the transposition of a directive into the legal order of a Member State, it is essential that the national legislation in question effectively ensures that the directive is fully applied, that the legal position under national law is sufficiently precise and clear and that individuals are made fully aware of their rights (Case C-365/93 Commission v Greece [1995] ECR I-499, paragraph 9, and Case C-144/99 Commission v Netherlands [2001] ECR I-3541, paragraph 17).
33. In view of the foregoing considerations, it is necessary to assess whether the Luxembourg law in force at the time when the period laid down in the reasoned opinion expired met the requirements of Article 4d of the Directive.
34. According to the first subparagraph of that provision "Member States shall not discriminate between providers of public telecommunications networks with regard to the granting of rights of way for the provision of such networks" .
35. Under the first subparagraph of Article 34(1) of the Law on telecommunications, a right of way subject to the laws, regulations and administrative provisions governing the use of the public land of the State and municipalities forms part of the licence granted for the provision of a telecommunications network.
36. However, such a measure does not suffice to meet the requirements of Article 4d of the Directive, which seeks to ensure the effective exercise of rights of way with the aim of liberalising the provision of telecommunications infrastructures. Effective transposition of that provision requires that the competent authority for the grant of such rights be clearly designated and that transparent administrative procedures be established to implement them. It is not thus in this case.
37. In relation to the designation of the competent authority, even if the Member States are free to delegate powers to their domestic authorities as they consider fit and to implement directives by means of measures adopted by various authorities (see Joined Cases 227/85 to 230/85 Commission v Belgium [1988] ECR 1, paragraph 9), the fact remains that individuals must be made fully aware of their rights.
38. The system of licensing in issue in respect of the granting of rights of way over public land lacks transparency. In respect of public railway land, it is clear from the contents of the file that the Luxembourg authorities themselves disagree on the question whether the authority competent to deal with an application to lay cables along the rail network is CFL, as the Luxembourg Minister for Transport contended, or the State, as maintained by the Luxembourg Institute of Telecommunications.
39. In relation to the procedures for the granting of rights of way, the use of public land of the State and municipalities is, according to Article 35(1) of the Law on telecommunications, subject to the prior approval of the location plan and system details by the authority responsible for the relevant land. In addition, holders of a telecommunications network provider's licence which envisage using the rights of way that the latter includes must obtain highway permits from the State authorities and all the local authorities concerned according to the locations of the networks. The Luxembourg Government does not maintain that it has established and published implementing provisions in that regard. Even if the procedures applied by the various competent authorities may be obtained on request by interested parties or, in certain cases, through the internet, the fact remains that all the administrative procedures as a whole are far from transparent and that, therefore, such situation is capable of discouraging interested parties from making applications for rights of way.
40. In the light of all the foregoing considerations, it must be held that, by failing to ensure the effective transposition of Article 4d of the Directive, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has failed to fulfil its obligations.