1 By judgment of 10 January 1992, received at the Court on 23 January 1992, the Tribunal de Première Instance (Court of First Instance), Brussels, referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty two questions on the interpretation of Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes ° Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment (OJ 1977 L 145, p. 1) (hereinafter "the Sixth Directive").
2 Those questions arose in proceedings between SA Chaussures Bally ("Bally") and the Belgian State on the subject of the repayment of sums paid by Bally to the Belgian State as value added tax ("VAT").
3 It may be seen from the judgment ordering the reference that Bally, which markets shoes bearing the trade-mark "Bally" acepts payment from its customers for their purchases either in cash or by cheque or by credit card. For the latter case Bally concluded, with various organizations issuing credit cards, agreements providing that when the customer, the credit card holder, purchases an article using the card, the organization issuing the card pays the supplier the price of the article and retains a commission amounting usually to some 5% of the payment.
4 Bally, which is a taxable person for VAT purposes under Article 4 of the Belgian VAT Code, was unsure whether it owed the tax on the net amount which it received from the card-issuing organizations after deduction of their commission or on the gross amount, that is, the price of the goods before deduction of that commission. However, Bally always paid the VAT on the net amount until 1988 when, following a tax inspection relating to previous years going back to 1984, the Special Inspector of Taxes, after regularizing the position for the years 1984 to 1987, decided that "for the calculation of the taxable amount commission is not deductible from the price" and demanded from Bally an additional payment of BFR 2 206 000 by way of VAT, plus fiscal fines and interest.
5 Bally paid the sum demanded, though with reservations, and, whilst paying VAT on the gross amount as from 1989, brought an action before the Tribunal de Première Instance, Brussels, claiming repayment of the whole amount levied, in its view illegally, by way of VAT plus legal interest, and damages.
6 The Tribunal de Première Instance, Brussels, being of the opinion that the decision in the case turned on the interpretation of the Sixth Directive, decided, by an interim judgment inter partes of 10 January 1992, to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling: "1. Article 11(1)(a) of the directive: In the context of a sale in which the payment is made by credit card, must not the view be taken that the consideration obtained from the credit organization by the affiliated trader for the delivery of a product is restricted solely to the amount received from that organization by the affiliated trader? or 2. Article 11(3)(c) of the Sixth Directive: Must the amount of the commission or discount retained by the issuing organization from the price displayed be regarded as payment for the expense incurred on behalf of the affiliated trader so as to ensure him a guaranteed payment and accordingly not form part of the taxable amount under Article 11(3)(c) of the Sixth Directive?"
7 Reference is made to the Report for the Hearing for a fuller account of the Community rules, the facts of the main proceedings, the course of the procedure and the written observations submitted to the Court, which are hereinafter mentioned or discussed only in so far as is necessary for the reasoning of the Court. The factual and legal background
8 In order to usefully give an answer in response to the problem of interpretation raised by the questions referred to the Court, the problem must be defined in the light of the factual and legal context resulting from the findings of the national court.
9 The documents submitted to the Court show that, when the purchaser pays the price of the goods by means of a credit card, there are two transactions: on the one hand the sale of the goods by the supplier, who calculates in the total price demanded the VAT which will be paid by the purchaser as the final consumer and which is charged by the supplier on behalf of the revenue authorities, and on the other hand the service performed for the supplier by the organization issuing the credit card. The latter service is that of guaranteeing payment for the goods purchased by means of the card, the promotion of the supplier' s business by enabling him to acquire new customers, possible publicity on his behalf or the like.
10 The documents before the Court also show that the second transaction described above is exempt from VAT in Belgium pursuant to Article 13B(d) of the Sixth Directive, which allows Member States to exempt inter alia certain transactions relating to the granting and negotiation of credit and the management of credit by the person granting it, the negotiation of or any dealings in credit guarantees or any other security or guarantee. First question
11 By the first question the national court asks substantially whether Article 11A(1)(a) of the Sixth Directive must be understood as meaning that where, in the context of a sale transaction, the price of the goods is met by the purchaser by means of a credit card and paid to the supplier by the organization issuing the card after the retention of a percentage as commission in payment for a service rendered by the latter to the supplier of the goods, the sum retained must be included in the taxable amount for the tax which the supplier, as a taxable person, has to pay to the revenue authorities.
12 According to Article 11A(1)(a) of the Sixth Directive, within the territory of the country the taxable amount is, in respect of supplies of goods, everything which constitutes the consideration which has been or is to be obtained by the supplier from the purchaser, the customer or a third party. The purpose of that provision is therefore, as may be seen from the ninth recital in the preamble to the Sixth Directive, to harmonize the taxable amount.
13 Bally states that where payment is made by credit card the consideration which serves to determine the taxable amount should consist of the net sum actually received by the supplier after the organization issuing the card has deducted its commission because otherwise a supplier who arranges to be paid by the issuer of the card a sum less than the full price would thus be bearing improperly the consequences of the exemption from VAT granted in Belgium to the card-issuing organizations.
14 That argument cannot be upheld. The harmonization sought by Article 11A(1)(a) of the Sixth Directive could not be achieved if the taxable amount varied according to whether the calculation was for the VAT to be borne by the final consumer or for determining the sum to be paid to the revenue authorities by the taxable person. It follows that when the supplier has calculated on the full price the VAT to be paid by the purchaser so as to charge it on behalf of the revenue authorities it is the same taxable amount which must be taken into account to determine the corresponding amount of VAT which the supplier as a taxable person is to pay to the revenue authorities.
15 Bally also claims that the supplier is compelled for reasons of competition to accept payment by card and that it is not therefore the supplier who is the beneficiary of any service rendered by the organization issuing the card but the purchaser, the card-holder, and that the percentage of the price retained by the issuing organization does not represent the consideration for a service rendered to the supplier by that organization.
16 It should be pointed out in that respect that the fact that the purchaser did not pay the price agreed direct to the supplier but through the intermediary of the organization issuing the card, which retained a percentage calculated on the price, cannot change the taxable amount. That deduction made by the card-issuing organization represents the consideration for a service rendered by it to the supplier. That service represents an independent transaction in respect of which the purchaser is a third party.
17 It should be added that the method of payment used in the relations between the purchaser and the supplier cannot alter the taxable amount. The payment of the consideration for the delivery of goods may be made, according to Article 11A(1)(a), not only by the purchaser but also by a third party, in this case the organization issuing the card.
18 Consequently the answer to the first question should be that Article 11A(1)(a) of the Sixth Directive must be interpreted as meaning that where, in the context of a transaction of sale, the price of the goods is met by the purchaser by means of a credit card and paid to the supplier by the organization issuing the card, after deduction of a percentage as commission in payment for the service rendered by the latter to the supplier of the goods, the sum so deducted must be included in the taxable amount on which the supplier, as the taxable person, must pay tax to the revenue authorities. Second question
19 By the second question the national court asks essentially for an interpretation of Article 11A(3)(c) of the Sixth Directive which it would find relevant if the percentage retained by the organization issuing the card were to represent, within the meaning of that provision, expenses paid out by the latter in the name and for the account of the supplier.
20 In that regard, it should be stated that the national court' s findings, on the basis of which it has raised the first question, run counter to the supposition on which that question is based.
21 In those circumstances there is no need to reply to the second question.