1 BY ORDER DATED 17 AUGUST 1981 , WHICH WAS RECEIVED AT THE COURT ON 9 SEPTEMBER 1981 , THE HESSISCHER VERWALTUNGSGERICHTSHOF ( HIGHER ADMINISTRATIVE COURT , HESSE ) REFERRED TO THE COURT FOR A PRELIMINARY RULING UNDER ARTICLE 177 OF THE EEC TREATY A QUESTION RELATING TO THE VALIDITY OF COMMISSION REGULATION NO 1102/78 OF 25 MAY 1978 ADOPTING PROTECTIVE MEASURES APPLICABLE TO THE IMPORTATION OF PRESERVED MUSHROOMS ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1978 , L 139 , P . 26 ).
2 THAT QUESTION WAS RAISED IN THE CONTEXT OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS BETWEEN EDEKA ZENTRALE AG , HAMBURG , ( HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS ' ' EDEKA ' ' ) AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY , REPRESENTED BY THE BUNDESAMT FUR ERNAHRUNG UND FORSTWIRTSCHAFT ( FEDERAL OFFICE FOR NUTRITION AND FORESTRY MANAGEMENT ) ( HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS THE ' ' BUNDESAMT ' ' ). EDEKA , AN IMPORTER OF PRESERVED MUSHROOMS FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA , APPLIED ON 25 SEPTEMBER 1979 TO THE BUNDESAMT FOR THE ISSUE OF IMPORT LICENCES FOR TWO CONSIGNMENTS OF MUSHROOMS ORIGINATING IN THOSE COUNTRIES . THE APPLICATIONS WERE REFUSED ON THE GROUND THAT THE ISSUE OF IMPORT LICENCES IN RESPECT OF PRESERVED MUSHROOMS ORIGINATING IN TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA HAD BEEN SUSPENDED IN PURSUANCE OF COMMISSION REGULATION NO 1102/78 .
3 THAT REGULATION , WHICH WAS ADOPTED FOLLOWING A COMMERCIAL AGREEMENT ENTERED INTO ON 3 APRIL 1978 BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY AND THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL , 1978 , L 123 , P . 2 ), STATES IN ARTICLE 1 THAT THE ISSUE OF IMPORT LICENCES FOR PRESERVED MUSHROOMS IS SUSPENDED FROM 26 MAY 1978 . ARTICLE 2 ( 1 ) HOWEVER EXEMPTS FROM THE APPLICATION OF THAT MEASURE PRODUCTS FROM NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES ' ' WHICH THE COMMISSION ACCEPTS AS BEING ABLE TO ENSURE THAT THEIR EXPORTS TO THE COMMUNITY DO NOT EXCEED A LEVEL AGREED BY THE COMMISSION ' ' . ARTICLE 3 LAYS DOWN THAT THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IS TO BENEFIT UNDER THE TERMS OF ARTICLE 2 .
4 THE BENEFIT OF THAT EXEMPTION WAS EXTENDED TO PRODUCTS ORIGINATING IN TAIWAN BY COMMISSION REGULATION NO 1213/78 OF 5 JUNE 1978 ON THE NON-APPLICATION OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES APPLICABLE TO PRESERVED MUSHROOMS ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1978 , L 150 , P . 5 ), BUT THAT MEASURE WAS REPEALED BY COMMISSION REGULATION NO 1449/78 OF 28 JUNE 1978 ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1978 , L 173 , P . 25 ).
5 REGULATION NO 1102/78 IS BASED ON COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) NO 516/77 OF 14 MARCH 1977 ON THE COMMON ORGANIZATION OF THE MARKET IN PRODUCTS PROCESSED FROM FRUIT AND VEGETABLES ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1977 , L 73 , P . 1 ). ARTICLE 14 OF THAT REGULATION AUTHORIZES THE COMMISSION TO TAKE THE NECESSARY MEASURES WHERE , WITHIN THE COMMUNITY , THE MARKET IN ONE OR MORE OF THE PRODUCTS COVERED BY THE COMMON ORGANIZATION OF THE MARKET IN PRODUCTS PROCESSED FROM FRUIT AND VEGETABLES IS OR IS LIKELY TO BE EXPOSED TO SERIOUS DISTURBANCES , FROM IMPORTS OR EXPORTS , WHICH MIGHT ENDANGER THE OBJECTIVES SET OUT IN ARTICLE 39 OF THE TREATY . THOSE MEASURES MAY BE TAKEN ONLY TO SUCH EXTENT AND FOR SUCH LENGTH OF TIME AS IS STRICTLY NECESSARY , AS IS STATED IN ARTICLE 2 ( 2 ) OF COUNCIL REGULATION NO 521/77 OF 14 MARCH 1977 LAYING DOWN DETAILED RULES FOR APPLYING PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN THE MARKET IN PRODUCTS PROCESSED FROM FRUIT AND VEGETABLES ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1977 , L 73 , P . 28 ).
6 EDEKA TOOK THE VIEW THAT REGULATION NO 1102/78 CONTRAVENED PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY LAW AND IN PARTICULAR THAT IT WAS IN BREACH OF THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION CONTAINED IN THE SECOND SUBPARAGRAPH OF ARTICLE 40 ( 3 ) OF THE EEC TREATY AND WAS THEREFORE INVALID , AND ACCORDINGLY BROUGHT AN ACTION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT SEEKING A DECLARATION THAT THE BUNDESAMT WAS OBLIGED TO ISSUE TO IT THE IMPORT CERTIFICATES APPLIED FOR .
7 IN ORDER TO ENABLE IT TO ADJUDICATE UPON THAT APPLICATION , THE HESSISCHER VERWALTUNGSGERICHTSHOF , BEFORE WHICH THE CASE CAME ON APPEAL , REFERRED THE FOLLOWING QUESTION TO THE COURT OF JUSTICE : ' ' WAS COMMISSION REGULATION ( EEC ) NO 1102/78 OF 25 MAY 1978 ADOPTING PROTECTIVE MEASURES APPLICABLE TO IMPORTS OF PRESERVED MUSHROOMS ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL L 139 OF 26 . 5 . 1978 , P . 26 ) VALID , OR WAS IT IN BREACH OF THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE , AS THE PLAINTIFF BELIEVES , CERTAIN IMPORTERS WERE IN PRACTICE GENERALLY DEBARRED THEREBY FROM EFFECTING IMPORTS FROM NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES? ' '
8 IT IS CLEAR FROM THE DOCUMENTS BEFORE THE COURT THAT THE APPELLANT IN THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS DOES NOT DENY THAT THE ADOPTION AND MAINTENANCE OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN RESPECT OF THE YEARS 1978 AND 1979 WERE NECESSARY TO DEAL WITH THE LIKELIHOOD OF SERIOUS DISTURBANCES ON THE MARKET , WHICH MIGHT HAVE ENDANGERED THE OBJECTIVES SET OUT IN ARTICLE 39 OF THE TREATY . MOREOVER , ALTHOUGH IT CLAIMED DURING THE WRITTEN PROCEDURE THAT THE COMMISSION WAS NOT ENTITLED TO HAVE REGARD TO CONSIDERATIONS OF COMMERCIAL POLICY WHEN ADOPTING MEASURES RELATING TO AGRICULTURAL POLICY , THE APPELLANT DID NOT MAINTAIN THAT ARGUMENT AT THE SITTING .
9 THE APPELLANT ALLEGES HOWEVER THAT REGULATION NO 1102/78 DISCRIMINATES BETWEEN IMPORTERS CONTRARY TO THE SECOND SUBPARAGRAPH OF ARTICLE 40 ( 3 ) OF THE TREATY AND THAT IT OFFENDS AGAINST THE PRINCIPLES OF PROPORTIONALITY AND THE PROTECTION OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION . IN FACT , OWING TO THE SUDDEN CHANGE IN POLICY APPLIED UNTIL THEN , THAT REGULATION PREVENTS IT FROM OBTAINING SUPPLIES OF PRESERVED MUSHROOMS ORIGINATING IN TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA THUS PLACING IT AT A DISADVANTAGE IN RELATION TO COMPETITORS WHO WERE ACCUSTOMED TO IMPORT PRESERVED MUSHROOMS FROM THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA .
10 THE COURT MUST THEREFORE CONSIDER WHETHER THE POLICY PURSUED BY THE COMMISSION AS REGARDS THE IMPORTATION OF THE PRODUCTS IN QUESTION IS IN CONFORMITY WITH THE PRINCIPLES MENTIONED ABOVE . THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION
11 AS THE COURT HELD IN ITS JUDGMENTS OF 19 OCTOBER 1977 IN JOINED CASES 117/76 AND 16/77 RUCKDESCHEL V HAUPTZOLLAMT HAMBURG-ST . ANNEN ( 1977 ) ECR 1753 AND IN JOINED CASES 124/76 AND 20/77 MOULINS ET HUILERIES DE PONT-A-MOUSSON ( 1977 ) ECR 1795 , THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION CONTAINED IN THE SECOND SUBPARAGRAPH OF ARTICLE 40 ( 3 ) OF THE TREATY IS MERELY A SPECIFIC ENUNCIATION OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY WHICH IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY LAW . THAT PRINCIPLE MEANS THAT LIKE SITUATIONS SHOULD NOT BE TREATED DIFFERENTLY UNLESS SUCH DIFFERENT TREATMENT IS OBJECTIVELY JUSTIFIED .
12 SINCE THE DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT ALLEGED AS BETWEEN IMPORTERS RESULTS FROM THE DIFFERENT TREATMENT WHICH REGULATION NO 1102/78 APPLIES AS BETWEEN THE SUPPLIER COUNTRIES CONCERNED AND WHICH IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT ONLY THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND NOT TAIWAN OR SOUTH KOREA AGREED VOLUNTARILY TO RESTRICT ITS EXPORTS TO THE COMMUNITY THE ALLEGATION MADE AGAINST THE REGULATION IN QUESTION IS IN TRUTH DIRECTED AT THE POLICY , PURSUED BY THE COMMISSION AT THE TIME OF ITS NEGOTIATIONS WITH THOSE COUNTRIES , WITH A VIEW TO OBTAINING FROM THEM AN ASSURANCE OF VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT .
13 THE COURT MUST THEREFORE CONSIDER WHETHER THAT POLICY IS ARBITRARY IN NATURE , IN PARTICULAR WHETHER THE QUANTITIES OF IMPORTS PROPOSED BY THE COMMISSION TO THE NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES CONCERNED AS THE BASIS FOR AN AGREEMENT OF VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT WERE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY MARKET .
14 WITH REGARD , FIRST OF ALL , TO THE YEAR 1978 IT IS CLEAR FROM THE INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY THE COMMISSION THAT BOTH THE QUANTITIES OF PRESERVED MUSHROOMS OFFERED TO EACH OF THE THREE COUNTRIES IN QUESTION AND THE QUANTITIES ACTUALLY EXPORTED BY EACH OF THOSE COUNTRIES TO THE COMMUNITY WERE FIXED ON THE BASIS OF THE AVERAGE ANNUAL TONNAGE EXPORTED DURING THE PRECEDING YEARS AND THAT NO PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT WAS GRANTED TO ANY OF THOSE COUNTRIES . THEREFORE , AS FAR AS 1978 IS CONCERNED , REGULATION NO 1102/78 IS NOT OF SUCH A NATURE AS TO PROVIDE THE APPELLANT IN THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS WITH GROUNDS FOR COMPLAINT .
15 THAT CONCLUSION IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE FACT THAT THE REGULATION IN QUESTION CONCERNS ONLY IMPORTS ORIGINATING IN TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA TO THE EXCLUSION OF THOSE ORIGINATING IN THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA . IN FACT , THE REASON WHY THAT REGULATION EXEMPTED FROM ITS SPHERE OF APPLICATION ONLY THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA WAS THAT ONLY THAT COUNTRY HAD ACTUALLY RESTRICTED ITS EXPORTS TO THE COMMUNITY ON THE BASIS OF THE QUANTITIES OFFERED .
16 AS FAR AS TAIWAN IS CONCERNED , THE COMMISSION , IN ADOPTING THE REGULATION ON 25 MAY 1978 , CANNOT BE CRITICIZED FOR NOT HAVING TAKEN ACCOUNT OF A TELEX MESSAGE FROM THE TAIWAN AUTHORITIES ON 23 MAY 1978 IN WHICH THE LATTER STATED THEIR READINESS TO RESTRICT EXPORTS TO AN AMOUNT CLOSELY CORRESPONDING TO THAT OFFERED . IN VIEW OF THE URGENCY OF THE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN THE COMMISSION WAS ENTITLED TO CONCLUDE THE PROCEDURE INITIATED AND THEN WITHIN A REASONABLE PERIOD OF TIME TO CARRY OUT THE INVESTIGATIONS NECESSARY BEFORE ALSO EXEMPTING TAIWAN FROM THE APPLICATION OF THE PROTECTIVE MEASURES , WHICH IT DID BY MEANS OF REGULATION NO 1213/78 OF 5 JUNE 1978 . THE COMMISSION LATER DISCOVERED THAT TAIWAN HAD ALREADY SOLD AND WAS CONTINUING TO SELL PRESERVED MUSHROOMS IN EXCESS OF THE QUANTITIES AGREED AND WAS THEREFORE JUSTIFIED IN PUTTING AN END TO THAT EXEMPTION BY REGULATION NO 1449/78 OF 28 JUNE 1978 .
17 ON THE OTHER HAND , AS FAR AS THE YEAR 1979 IS CONCERNED , A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE QUANTITIES OFFERED TO EACH OF THE THREE COUNTRIES IN QUESTION AND THOSE IMPORTED FROM THOSE COUNTRIES REVEALS PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN FAVOUR OF THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AT THE EXPENSE OF TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA SUCH AS TO PROVIDE THE APPELLANT IN THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS WITH GROUNDS FOR COMPLAINT .
18 HOWEVER , IT IS CLEAR FROM THE EXPLANATIONS GIVEN BY THE COMMISSION THAT IT MAINTAINED REGULATION NO 1102/78 IN FORCE UNCHANGED FOR 1979 , THAT IS TO SAY , BY EXCLUDING FROM ITS SPHERE OF APPLICATION MERELY THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND NOT TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA SINCE INITIALLY ONLY THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA HAD ACCEPTED AN AGREEMENT OF VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT WHILST SOUTH KOREA AGREED TO RESTRICT ITS EXPORTS TO THE COMMUNITY ONLY AS LATE AS SEPTEMBER 1979 , BUT , IN ACTUAL FACT , DID NOT AVAIL ITSELF OF THE QUOTA ALLOCATED , AND NEGOTIATIONS WITH TAIWAN DID NOT RESULT IN AN AGREEMENT OF VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT BEFORE FEBRUARY 1980 . THE COMMISSION INCREASED THE QUOTA INITIALLY FIXED FOR THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN JULY AND AUGUST 1979 , HAVING REGARD TO THE STATE OF NEGOTIATIONS WITH THOSE THREE COUNTRIES AND AFTER IT HAD FOUND THAT THE COMMUNITY MARKET WAS CAPABLE OF ABSORBING SUPPLEMENTARY QUANTITIES .
19 IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS ENJOY DISCRETION IN THE SPHERE OF COMMERCIAL POLICY AND , AS THE COURT STATED IN ITS JUDGMENT OF 22 JANUARY 1976 IN CASE 55/75 BALKAN-IMPORT-EXPORT GMBH V HAUPTZOLLAMT BERLIN-PACKHOF ( 1976 ) ECR 19 , THE TREATY CONTAINS NO GENERAL PRINCIPLE WHICH MAY BE RELIED UPON BY TRADERS , COMPELLING THE COMMUNITY IN ITS EXTERNAL RELATIONS TO ACCORD EQUAL TREATMENT IN ALL RESPECTS TO NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES . THEREFORE THE FACT THAT THE COMMISSION ' S REGULATIONS GIVE RISE TO A DEFLECTION IN THE FLOW OF IMPORTS FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA TOWARDS THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY GROUND FOR CRITICISM .
20 IN THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES AND IN THE LIGHT OF THE FACTORS MENTIONED ABOVE , REGULATION NO 1102/78 ANSWERED THE NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY MARKET IN RESPECT OF BOTH 1978 AND 1979 AND THUS THE DIFFERENT TREATMENT WHICH IT ACORDS TO THE SUPPLIER COUNTRIES IN QUESTION AND CONSEQUENTLY TO THE TRADERS IMPORTING FROM THOSE COUNTRIES MUST BE CONSIDERED TO BE OBJECTIVELY JUSTIFIED SO THAT THE SUBMISSION RELATING TO AN INFRINGEMENT OF THE SECOND SUBPARAGRAPH OF ARTICLE 40 ( 3 ) OF OUR TREATY MUST BE REJECTED . THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
21 THE APPELLANT IN THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS FURTHER CLAIMS THAT , EVEN IF THE DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT ACCORDED BY THE REGULATION IN QUESTION MAY BE CONSIDERED JUSTIFIED , THE REGULATION CONTRAVENES THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTION ALITY UNDERLYING THE COMMUNITY LEGAL ORDER SINCE IT AMOUNTS TO AN ALMOST TOTAL BAN ON IMPORTS FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA , THUS MAKING IMPORTERS BEAR AN EXCESSIVE PROPORTION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THAT PROHIBITION .
22 AS THE COURT ACKNOWLEDGED IN ITS JUDGMENT OF 5 MAY 1981 IN CASE 112/80 DURBECK V HAUPTZOLLAMT FRANKFURT AM MAIN ( 1981 ) ECR 1095 , THE COMMISSION ' S ATTEMPT , BEFORE ADOPTING COERCIVE MEASURES , TO OBTAIN THE AGREEMENT OF SUPPLIER COUNTRIES ON A VOLUNTARY RESTRICTION OF THEIR EXPORTS TO THE COMMUNITY CANNOT BE REGARDED AS BEING UNACCEPTABLE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF COMMUNITY LAW SINCE IT DEMONSTRATES THE COMMUNITY ' S EFFORT TO REFRAIN FROM ADOPTING COERCIVE MEASURES UNLESS ALL ELSE FAILS . THAT ATTEMPT WAS ALL THE MORE ACCEPTABLE IN THE PRESENT CASE SINCE BOTH THE BASIC REGULATION NO 516/77 ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL ON 14 MARCH 1977 AND THE IMPLEMENTING REGULATION NO 521/77 ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL ON THE SAME DATE STATE THAT THE PROTECTIVE MEASURES MUST BE LIMITED TO THAT WHICH IS STRICTLY NECESSARY .
23 IT FOLLOWS THAT THE COMMISSION IS JUSTIFIED , WHEN ADOPTING PROTECTIVE MEASURES , IN TAKING ACCOUNT OF WHETHER OR NOT A NON-MEMBER COUNTRY IS READY TO ACCEPT A VOLUNTARY RESTRICITON OF ITS EXPORTS TO THE COMMUNITY . IT CANNOT THEREFORE BE SAID THAT IT EXCEEDED THE LIMITS OF ITS DISCRETIONARY POWER BY ALMOST TOTALLY PROHIBITING IMPORTS FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA , COUNTRIES WHICH DID NOT AGREE TO SUCH A VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT , IN FAVOUR OF IMPORTS ORIGINATING IN THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA , WHICH DID ACCEPT AN AGREEMENT OF VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT , EVEN THOUGH SUCH A PROHIBITION IS CAPABLE OF BRINGING ABOUT A DEFLECTION IN THE FLOW OF IMPORTS FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA TO THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA .
24 IN THAT CONNECTION THE APPELLANT IN THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS REFERS TO ARTICLE 110 OF THE TREATY WHICH IS ALSO RELIED ON AS PRECLUDING A TOTAL PROHIBITION OF IMPORTS FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA . HOWEVER , IN THIS RESPECT IT IS NECESSARY MERELY TO CALL TO MIND THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF 5 MAY 1981 IN THE PREVIOUSLY-MENTIONED DURBECK CASE , IN WHICH IT WAS HELD THAT ARTICLE 110 OF THE TREATY COULD NOT BE INTERPRETED AS PROHIBITING THE COMMUNITY FROM ENACTING , UPON PAIN OF COMMITTING AN INFRINGEMENT OF THE TREATY , ANY MEASURE LIABLE TO AFFECT TRADE WITH NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES IN PARTICULAR WHERE , AS IN THE PRESENT CASE , THE ADOPTION OF SUCH A MEASURE IS MADE NECESSARY BY THE RISK OF A SERIOUS DISTURBANCE WHICH MIGHT ENDANGER THE OBJECTIVES SET OUT IN ARTICLE 39 OF THE TREATY AND WHERE THE MEASURE IS LEGALLY JUSTIFIED BY PROVISIONS OF COMMUNITY LAW .
25 THEREFORE THE ARGUMENT RELATING TO A BREACH OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY MUST ALSO BE REJECTED . THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTECTION OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION
26 THE APPELLANT IN THE MAIN PROCEEDINGS FINALLY CLAIMS THAT THE ALMOST TOTAL PROHIBITION OF IMPORTS FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH KOREA WAS CONTRARY TO THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTECTION OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION WHICH , IN THE PRESENT CASE , REQUIRED TRADITIONAL TRADING RELATIONS TO BE MAINTAINED . THAT REQUIREMENT FOUND RECOGNITION IN ARTICLE 12(2 ) OF COUNCIL REGULATION NO 926/79 OF 8 MAY 1979 ON COMMON RULES FOR IMPORTS ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1979 , L 131 , P . 15 ) AND IN ARTICLE XIII ( 2 ) OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE .
27 THAT ARGUMENT MUST ALSO BE REJECTED . SINCE COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS ENJOY A MARGIN OF DISCRETION IN THE CHOICE OF THE MEANS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE THEIR POLICIES , TRADERS ARE UNABLE TO CLAIM THAT THEY HAVE A LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION THAT AN EXISTING SITUATION WHICH IS CAPABLE OF BEING ALTERED BY DECISIONS TAKEN BY THOSE INSTITUTIONS WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THEIR DISCRETIONARY POWER WILL BE MAINTAINED . IN THE PRESENT CASE , THERE CAN BE NO QUESTION OF A BREACH OF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTECTION OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION , PARTICULARLY SINCE THE COMMERCIAL AGREEMENT ENTERED INTO ON 3 APRIL 1978 BETWEEN THE COMMUNITY AND THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA , PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF 11 MAY 1978 ( OFFICIAL JOURNAL 1978 , L 123 , P . 2 ), WAS OF SUCH A NATURE AS TO ALERT TRADERS TO AN IMMINENT CHANGE OF DIRECTION IN THE COMMUNITY ' S COMMERCIAL POLICY .
28 FOR ALL THOSE REASONS , THE REPLY TO BE GIVEN TO THE HESSISCHER VERWALTUNGSGERICHTSHOF SHOULD BE THAT CONSIDERATION OF THE QUESTION SUBMITTED BY IT HAS DISCLOSED NO FACTOR OF SUCH A KIND AS TO AFFECT THE VALIDITY OF COMMISSION REGULATION NO 1102/78 OF 25 MAY 1978 .