CCTV & Geophysical Survey Report
Source: environment.data.gov.uk (2025-11-04)

Gateshead mine water heat living laboratory. This data is a collection of data from sensors deployed as part of the Gateshead Living Lab, pertaining to mine water level, mine water chemistry, mine water temperature, pore water pressures and borehole temperature profiles.

Gateshead Mine W ater
Heat Living Lab: CCTV &
geophysical survey report
July 2025

Gateshead Mine Water Heat Living Lab: CCTV & geophysical survey
report
July 2025

Disclaimer
This report has been prepared by the Mining Remediation Authority as part of the Gateshead
Mine Water Heat Living Lab project. Microsoft Copilot (2025) was used to assist in writing the
executive summary of this report.
Any conclusions or recommendations made are those based on information obtained for
the report and our current knowledge and practices. Data used within the report, either
obtained by the Mining Remediation Authority or 3rd Party, has been cited within the report.
Limitations of the data are identified within the report. The Mining Remediation Authority
does not accept liability for the accuracy of any 3rd party data. Should new data or
information become available these results, conclusions and recommendations may require
amending.
This report should only be used in the stated context.

Copyright
Copyright in materials supplied is owned by the Mining Remediation Authority.
© Mining Remediation Authority. All rights Reserved. This information is licensed under the
Open Government Licence v3.0

The Mining Remediation Authority, 200 Lichfield Lane, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, NG18 4RG

Version
Produced by
Reviewed by
Approved by
Date
1
Fiona Todd
Rebecca Chambers
Lee Wyatt
Gareth Farr
25/07/2025

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Contents
Executive summary
1
Overview
3
Gateshead Mine Water Heat Living Lab
3
CCTV and geophysical surveys
3
Summary
5
Borehole details
5
Report structure
5
Borehole summaries
6
Bede –High Main
6
Bede – Brass Thill
7
Stadium – High Main
7
Stadium – Hutton
8
Profile comparison
13
Temperature
13
Electrical conductivity
13
Open hole summary
14
Conclusions
17
References
18

List of Figures
Figure 1: Large vertical fracture in the sandstone in the Bede- High Main borehole. ............. 6
Figure 2: Slipped ‘grout basket’ at the base of the casing at Stadium High Main borehole. ... 8
Figure 3: Summary geophysical profiles for Bede – High Main .................................................. 9
Figure 4: Summary geophysical profiles for Bede – Brass Thill ................................................ 10
Figure 5: Summary geophysical profiles for Stadium – High Main .......................................... 11
Figure 6: Summary geophysical profiles for Stadium – Hutton ................................................ 12
Figure 7: Summary logs of open hole sections. Depths in m below base of casing .............. 16

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List of Tables
Table 1: Summary borehole details (in mbgl)
5

Appendices
Appendix A – Geophysical survey reports
Appendix B – Borehole construction details
Appendix C – Driller’s logs strata description

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Executive summary
The Gateshead Mine Water Heat Living Lab, developed by the Mining Remediation Authority,
is a pioneering initiative aimed at advancing the understanding and optimisation of mine
water as a sustainable, low-carbon heat source. Situated near three operational mine water
heat schemes in a single mine water block, the Living Lab provides open-access data to
support research into the thermal and hydrogeological behaviour of interconnected mine
systems.
The Living Lab consists of four boreholes across two sites – Bede and Stadium. In January
2025 a suite of CCTV and geophysical surveys was conducted by European Geophysical
Services (EGS) to provide further information and data on the physical properties of the mine
workings to help develop the conceptual understanding of heat flow within mines.
Key findings include:
•
Borehole Magnetic Resonance (BMR) logging, used for the first time in a Mining
Remediation Authority borehole, provided valuable insights into the physical
properties of mined seams. Fractured areas, generally associated with worked
horizons, are highly conductive and allow free water movement
•
The calculated density and specific yield of the open hole sections are similar to
those for sands and sandstones, between 1.7 and 2.5 g/cm3 and 15 and 30%
respectively. Worked sections recorded specific yield values up to 80%.
•
Fractured zones in the open section of the boreholes were consistently identified as
primary flow paths, with the highest flow rates (up to 3.5 mm/s) observed at the
Bede site.
•
Temperature profiles confirmed elevated geothermal gradients, >0.05°C/m and
highlighted potential inflow zones, particularly at Stadium – High Main and Stadium –
Hutton.
•
Electrical conductivity profiles show that the mine water electrical conductivity
increases with workings depth 3300 μS/cm in the shallowest (Bede – High Main) to
17,600 μS/cm in the deepest (Stadium – Hutton).

The data collected assists in the establishment of a strong baseline for ongoing monitoring
and research. It underscores the importance of detailed subsurface characterisation
to inform future licensing, management and wider adoption of mine water heat schemes.
Further work will be undertaken to understand some questions raised by this work for
example the cause of variable geothermal gradients.

All geophysical data are available under the Open Government Licence via data.gov.uk, with
CCTV footage available upon request.

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Overview
Gateshead Mine Water Heat Living Lab
The Mining Remediation Authority’s Mine Water Heat Living Lab in Gateshead is a flagship
project that embodies our mission to protect and enhance the environment while delivering
long-term value for communities and minimising costs to the taxpayer. It is designed to
explore the thermal and hydrogeological behaviour between operational mine water heat
schemes in the same mine water block. The facility was launched in January 2025 and is
located in the vicinity of three mine water heat schemes and provides open access data that
will help optimise the use of mine water as a secure, low carbon heat source.

CCTV and geophysical surveys
CCTV and geophysical surveys were undertaken by European Geophysical Services (EGS) at
the Gateshead Living Lab between 14/01/25 and 17/01/25 to provide further information on
the boreholes post-construction to help development of a baseline. This note provides a
summary of the key information.
The following logs were undertaken at each of the four boreholes:
• CCTV survey: a visual representation of the borehole condition
• Temperature & electrical conductivity: a continuous log of temperature and
indication of water chemistry
• Caliper: a log of the borehole diameter, used to confirm any gaps, collapses
• Natural gamma: measures naturally occurring gamma radiation in rocks and
sediments, usually used to detect clays
• Density (short space and long space): measures apparent density of formation
surrounding borehole
• Heat pulse flow meter: designed to measure low fluid velocities in boreholes,
• Borehole magnetic resonance (BMR): used to provide estimates of
hydrogeological properties

Usually, CCTV surveys are undertaken first to check the condition of the borehole and to
prevent the effects of disturbance of the water from other survey tools, which can make it
difficult to see through the water. Due to logistical reasons the CCTV surveys at Stadium were
undertaken following the other logs which means that it is difficult to see during parts of the
survey.
This is the first time a Borehole Magnetic Resonance survey has been carried out in a Mining
Remediation Authority borehole. This tool is widely used in the petroleum industry to
provide direct estimates of formation water content and pore structures. Empirical

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relationships can also be used to provide estimates of porosity, permeability and hydraulic
conductivity (US EPA 2025).
This note summarises the results and provides a high-level interpretation of the data. The
interpretative reports provided by EGS are included as Appendix A. The profile data are
available under open government licence (OGL v3) on the data.gov.uk repository:
https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/0aab938a-07b5-4c95-9c11-1b09ac4e82da/gateshead-
mine-water-heat-living-laboratory
The CCTV videos are available on request at xxx@xxx.xx.

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Summary
Borehole details
The Gateshead Living Lab consists of four boreholes at two sites, Bede (two boreholes) and
Stadium (two boreholes). Full borehole construction details can be found in MRA 2025, online
on the data.gov.uk repository, and summary logs are shown in Appendix B. The strata
description from the driller’s logs are included as Appendix C. Key depths are given in Table
1, these have been converted from the geophysical reports to metres below ground level
(m bgl), see MRA 2025 for details.
In general, the boreholes are open hole in the mine workings with 102 mm (4 inch) casing
above to surface, grouted in place. The boreholes at Bede and Stadium have 24 m and 27 m
of surface casing respectively. Stadium – Hutton has additional steel casing at several depths
to keep the formation stable during the construction process. Following drilling and prior to
casing installation the boreholes were cleaned and developed.

Table 1: Summary borehole details (in mbgl)

Bede
High Main
Bede
Brass Thill
Stadium
High Main
Stadium
Hutton
Datum
Top of casing
Top of casing
Top of casing
Top of casing
Depth
55.4
134.3
71.3
183.6
Casing depth
50.1
122.1
60.7
170.9
Water level
26.9
22.6
21.0
17.1
Drilled depth
55.6
135.6
82.1
189.0

Report structure
This report summarises the key findings from the geophysical logging undertaken in January
2025. It summaries the logs for each borehole followed by focussed sections on temperature
and electrical conductivity profiling and the open hole section as this is of the most interest
for the rock properties of the mine workings.

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Borehole summaries
Bede –High Main
The CCTV survey at Bede – High Main showed a large vertical fracture in the sandstone from
the base of the casing (50 m) to around 53 mbgl (Figure 1). The highest flow rate, of
approximately 3.2 mm/s, was recorded in this area. Below this there are large horizontal
fractures and thin beds which is confirmed by the caliper data. This is presumably a change
from the more competent sandstone to the workings.

Figure 1: Large vertical fracture in the sandstone in the Bede- High Main borehole.
In the higher flow zone below the casing there is a reduction in electrical conductivity from
2500 μS/cm in the casing to around 1780 μS/cm. This rises again towards the base of the
casing as the flow rate reduces. At around 52 mbgl, in the higher flow zone, the total porosity
increases to around 34% from an average of 16%, and density also reaches a peak of
2.3 g/cm3. The density reduces to 1.8 g/cm3 towards the base of the borehole, correlating
with the more fractured zone. The porosity also increases in this zone, as would be expected.
In the cased section of the borehole there is a zone with high porosity peaks. These are areas
with low capillary bound water which means that the water here is flowing easily. This is likely
to correspond to a fracture zone in the High Main Post aquifer above the High Main workings.
The summary logs are shown in Figure 3.

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Bede – Brass Thill
The CCTV survey and caliper log show that the unlined borehole below the casing is
competent and stable sandstone. There is a sub-vertical fracture between 125.5 and
125.9 mbgl and below approximately 132 mbgl there are further break outs observed. This
fracture is assumed to be the top of a flow zone with upwards flow measured around 2.5 to
2.8 mm/s between here and the base of the borehole. This is also corroborated with the
clarity of the CCTV improving around 124.5 mbgl. Above this there is a lot of black flaky
sediment floating in the water and encrusted onto the casing.
The electrical conductivity is fairly constant within the casing between 190 and 220 μS/cm
before increasing to 8000 μS/cm at 125 mbgl (just below the casing) and then gradually
increasing to 9000 μS/cm at the borehole base. This is likely related to the flow zone with
stagnant water in the casing and the true mine water in the flow zone.
The porosity in the lined section is much more variable (generally ranging between <10 to
20% with some much higher peaks >60%) than in the open hole section which is
predominantly competent sandstone. As with Bede – High Main, the water in the open
section of the borehole is mainly free flowing water, i.e. not capillary bound.
The summary logs are shown in Figure 4.

Stadium – High Main
It is difficult to see the casing in the top part of this CCTV survey due to murky water. At the
base of the casing some of the “grout basket” is seen indicating it had slipped during
installation (Figure 2). This is a holder made of rubber strips that was attached to the base
of the plastic casing during installation to keep the grout behind the casing and stop it
pouring into the open hole section below. A couple of the rubber strips seem to have slipped
down during installation. The density tool was not run below the casing due to the risk of
getting the radioactive source stuck on these protruding strips.
The temperature and electrical conductivity logs suggest there is some vertical fluid flow
within the casing. There is a clear inflection point in the temperature log at approximately
49 mgl where it drops by 0.6°C before increasing by 0.9°C. At the same depth the electrical
conductivity reduces from 7900 μS/cm to 5800 μS/cm. The electrical conductivity rises again
at the base of the casing and there is a similar small increase in temperature. This wasn’t
picked up in the flow meter perhaps because the flow rate was very low. As the water clarity
was low it is unclear if there is a casing joint at the top of this flow zone (49 mbgl).
In the open section, minor up flow of 1.7 mm/s was recorded from 60 to 66 mbgl and again
at 71.5 mbgl (bottom of the borehole) at a rate of 1.4 mm/s. This flow zone correlates with a
region of high porosity, up to 40%.
The summary logs are shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 2: Slipped ‘grout basket’ at the base of the casing at Stadium High Main
borehole.

Stadium – Hutton
The main difference in the construction of Stadium – Hutton compared to the other
boreholes is that additional steel casing had to be installed to keep the formation stable
during drilling (from ground level to 90 mbgl and another string from152.4 to 167.4 mbgl).
This impacted some of the logging tools, such as natural gamma which showed attenuation
due to the casing and the borehole magnetic resonance (BMR) which cannot be run within
steel casing.
The CCTV survey showed oscillating flow, where particles in the water moved upwards for a
few seconds and then moved downwards in a repeating pattern. This is seen best at around
21.7 mbgl. The cause for this is unknown but it could be due to pumping in the wider mine
water system.
A horizontal fracture is seen towards the base of the borehole which corresponds to caliper
log. This is likely to be an inflow point as the flow meter shows a small upward flow of 2 mm/s
which also corresponds to this zone. No downward flow was seen in the borehole.
The summary logs are shown in Figure 6.

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Figure 3: Summary geophysical profiles for Bede – High Main

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Figure 4: Summary geophysical profiles for Bede – Brass Thill

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Figure 5: Summary geophysical profiles for Stadium – High Main

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Figure 6: Summary geophysical profiles for Stadium – Hutton

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Profile comparison
Temperature
We have undertaken several manual temperature and electrical conductivity profiles of the
boreholes since construction, and these have been compared to the profiles obtained during
the geophysical logging.
In general, the temperature profiles from the geophysical surveys are lower temperature, by
<1°C than those collected to date manually. The geothermal gradients recorded are very
similar to the manual mostly showing a geothermal gradient >0.05°C/m. These are higher
than the 0.034°C/m estimated for the Northeast Coalfield (Farr et al 2020). The exception to
this is Bede – High main which has a lower gradient of 0.02°C/m.
Due to the higher resolution of the geophysical temperature logging additional inflection
points are seen recorded compared to the manual profiles. The most pronounced is seen in
Stadium – High Main at approximately 49.4 mbgl which as described in section 3.3 is
indicative of inflow into the borehole. Further investigation will be undertaken into this
during future profiling. Smaller inflections seen at Bede – Brass Thill and Stadium – Hutton
broadly align with casing joints and are therefore, thought to be due to small leakages.
A larger zone of temperature change is seen in all profiles taken in Stadium Hutton where
the temperature drops (usually >1°C) at 80 mbgl before returning to the geothermal
gradient. The causes for this are unknown and will be investigated further.

Electrical conductivity
The electrical conductivity profiles are also generally similar to those collected manually.
Bede – High Main and Bede – Brass Thill both show stable profiles in the casing with increases
in the open hole section, as expected due to the flow rates seen in these zones. Stadium –
Hutton generally shows high electrical conductivity (approximately 17,600 μS/cm) from very
close to the top of the casing with an additional slight increase at the base. Elevated electrical
conductivity can occur at shallow depths due to air lifting etc. post drilling as part of the
borehole completion works. The values in the cased sections are therefore not necessarily
representative of the mine water. Further details of the mine water electrical conductivity
are given in section 5.

The Stadium – High Main profiles don’t show consistency in any of the profiles collected
(manually and during geophysical logging) the causes of this will be investigated further.

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Open hole summary
The open hole section is of most interest to understand the properties of the mine workings.
Figure 7 shows the logs of the open sections only, with depth converted to metres below
base of casing. This is to allow a comparison of the logs. Where appropriate the values have
been compared to standard values for rocks, taken from Banks (2008) and Sharma (1997)
for density values.
There is a direct relationship between temperature and depth with the lowest temperature
recorded in the shallowest mine workings. The temperatures are 12.4 °C, 14.9 °C, 16.5 °C
and 17.7 °C for Bede – High Main, Stadium – High Main, Bede – Brass Thill and Stadium –
Hutton respectively.
A similar pattern is generally seen in the electrical conductivity results, with increasing
electrical conductivity with depth, 3300 μS/cm in the shallowest (Bede – High Main) to
17,600 μS/cm in the deepest (Stadium – Hutton). Interestingly the electrical conductivity at
Bede – Brass Thill starts lower than Stadium – High Main, around 700 μS/cm before rising to
the same level, 8300 μS/cm. This could be due to the fact that the majority of flow in the Bede
– Brass Thill is towards the bottom of the borehole causing an increase in electrical
conductivity.
The density values in Bede – High Main are between 1.7 and 2.4 g/cm3, slightly higher in Bede
– Brass Thill between 2.3 and 2.5 g/cm3. The density profile in Stadium – Hutton shows values
around 2.6 g/cm3 before becoming erratic in the fractured zone. Density wasn’t run in
Stadium – High Main. These values are generally within the shales and sandstone bands,
towards the lower end for crystalline rocks and upper end for chalk.
The highest flow is seen at the Bede site: the High Main borehole has rates up to 3.5 mm/s
and Brass Thill up to 3 mm/s. The flows at Stadium are slightly lower, generally between 1.5
and 2 mm/s although Hutton does record up to 2.5 mm/s in the open section. Vertical flow
is recorded within the casing at Stadium – Hutton.
The porosity in the open sections of most of the boreholes is between 20% and 40% which
is similar to gravel and chalk and at the lower end of values in clay, silt and sand (from Banks
2008). There are high peaks, up to 70-80% in the highly fractured areas, some of which
correlate with mine voids. Stadium – Hutton generally has a lower porosity than the others,
although it still peaks up to 60%.
The calculated specific yield (a measure of the amount of water a rock will release by gravity)
is generally 15 to 30% which is the top end of silts/sands/gravel and sandstone (Banks 2008).
There are higher values, around 50 – 80% in the broken/worked sections of the boreholes.
As for porosity, the specific yield values in Stadium – Hutton are lower.
Two empirical equations are used to predict hydraulic conductivity from borehole magnetic
logging data: the Schlumberger Doll Research equation (KSDR) and the Timur-Coates
equation (KTIM) (Dlubac et al 2013). Both of these have been plotted as a comparison and
mostly give comparable results. Generally hydraulic conductivity values are similar to sands

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and sandstones, perhaps at higher end of silt, crystalline rocks and chalk and the lower end.
Several of the peaks, representing the fractured/worked areas go into high values for gravels.
As for the previous results the Stadium Hutton has much lower values with some really low
points. This is likely to be an artefact of the tool in the broken section of the formation.

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Figure 7: Summary logs of open hole sections. Depths in m below base of casing

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Conclusions
The CCTV and geophysical logging that was undertaken at the Gateshead Living Lab
boreholes in January 2025 provides a baseline for current conditions within the mine
workings. The data collected allows further development of the conceptual understanding
of the thermal and hydrogeological interactions between multiple mine water heat schemes.
This is essential to support operators, regulators, developers, researchers and academics
make evidence-based decisions on the development of mine water heat schemes.
The results show that in all of the boreholes flow zones are associated with fractured rocks,
which is as to be expected. Generally, the flows at Stadium were lower than at Bede, which
was up towards 3.5 mm/s. The elevated geothermal gradient at most of the boreholes that
was previously identified during manual profiling has been confirmed with these results. The
large inflection in temperature at Stadium – Hutton between 60 and 100 mbgl has been seen
and this will be investigated further.
A small reduction in temperature has been identified in Stadium – High Main at around
49 mbgl and this corresponds to a change in electrical conductivity suggesting a potential
inflow point. Further work will be undertaken to clarify this further.
The density of the open hole sections are between 1.7 and 2.5 g/cm3 similar to those for
shales and sandstones. The specific yield of the open hole sections, between 15 and 30%,
are also predominantly in the silts, sands and sandstones but the worked sections recorded
values up to 80%. Generally hydraulic conductivity values are similar to sands and
sandstones whereas several of the peaks, representing the fractured/worked areas go into
high values for gravels. The fractured areas also provided high levels of porosity, 70 to 80%,
which is higher than most other rock types. These are predominantly free water, i.e. the
water isn’t bound by capillary forces.
This suggests that, as expected, the worked areas are highly conductive and allow free water
movement. These zones are focussed on particular bands in the open hole sections and
surrounding these the lithology is predominantly similar to sedimentary rocks.
The results for Stadium – Hutton are lower for most of the derived values from the borehole
magnetic resonance tool (porosity, specific yield and hydraulic conductivity). It is unclear
whether this is real or an artefact of the logging tool and further work will be undertaken to
review this.
These results provide an improved understanding of the thermal and hydrogeological
properties of the mine workings. We hope that improved understanding of the thermal and
hydrogeological properties of the mine workings can be used to inform future licensing,
management and wider adoption of mine water heat schemes. Further work will be
undertaken to investigate some of the questions raised by this work including the oscillating
flow and the large temperature inflection identified in Stadium – Hutton. The causes of
inconsistencies e.g. in the Stadium – High Main electrical conductivity profiles, will be
investigated through further profiling.

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References
Banks 2008. An Introduction to Thermogeology: Ground Source Heating and cooling
Blackwell Publishing
US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Environmental Geophysics webpage
https://www.epa.gov/environmental-geophysics/borehole-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-
bnmr Last accessed 30/06/25
Dlubac, K., R. Knight, Y.-Q. Song, N. Bachman, B. Grau, J. Cannia, and J. Williams (2013), Use
of NMR logging to obtain estimates of hydraulic conductivity in the High Plains aquifer,
Nebraska, USA, Water Resour. Res., 49, 1871–1886, doi:10.1002/wrcr.20151
Farr, G.; Busby, J.; Wyatt, L.; Crooks, J.; Schofield, D.I.; Holden, A. 2020. The temperature of
Britain's coalfields. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology.
https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-109
Mining Remediation Authority, 2025. User Guide: Gateshead mine water heat living
laboratory dataset V2 Jan 2025 Available: https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/0aab938a-07b5-
4c95-9c11-1b09ac4e82da/gateshead-mine-water-heat-living-laboratory

Sharma 1997. Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Cambridge University Press
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139171168 (found at online as part of Berkley
Course in Applied Geophysics, last accessed 30/06/25
https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/courses/eosc350/content/foundations/properties/density.htm

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Appendix A – Geophysical survey reports

REPORT ON THE VIDEO SURVEY

AND

GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING

OF

BOREHOLE BRASS THILL

AT

BEDE

Prepared For:

Mining Remediation Authority
200 Lichfield Lane
Mansfield
Nottinghamshire
NG18 4RG
United Kingdom

JAN_2025/COA2422A_Bede_Brass_Thill_rpt/NZ26

Name
Date
Logged by:
C. Clinton
16.01.25
Report by:
K. Pearson
11.03.25
Checked by:
R. Powell
24.04.25

1

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

2. THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS ...................................................... 2

3. BOREHOLE DETAILS ........................................................................................ 5

4. BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS ............................................................ 8

5. RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 9

6. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 16

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Bede approximate location. © Crown
copyright 2025 OS100057099.
Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Bede Brass_Thill approximate location. ©
Google 2025.
Figure 3.3
Bede entrance looking from Old Fold Rd © Google 2025.
Figure 3.4
Brass Thill wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in position.
Figure 3.5
View of logging vehicle in position during wireline operations at
Bede Brass_Thill
Figure 3.6
Borehole construction data.

Figure 5.1
Composite Geophysical Log & Construction with CCTV
Observations.
Figure 5.2
Composite Geophysical and Magnetic Resonance Log

Figures 5.3 – 5.4
Images from the video recording

1

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

1.0
INTRODUCTION

At the request of the Mining Remediation Authority, a video survey, and geophysical
logging were carried out in Brass Thill at Bede as part of the Living Lab project, near
Gateshead.

The aim of the survey was to check the physical condition of the borehole, and some
associated geophysical parameters.

The work was carried out by European Geophysical Services Ltd on 16th January 2025

The following logs were run:

Tool / Log (unit)
Log Depths (m)
Borehole Video Camera
Dual View
1.0
133.1
Static Fluid Temperature / Conductivity
T (°C) / EC25
(µS/cm)
22.4
133.1
Natural Gamma
Gam (API)
2.6
133.1
Three Arm Caliper
Cal (mm)
2.6
133.1
Dual Densities (Long / Short spaced)
LSD / SSD
(Apparent g/cm³)
2.0
131.0
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
HPFM (mm/s)
119
133.0
Borehole Magnetic Resonance
BMR
25.0
133.0

2

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

The Equipment and Field Procedure

A fully digital logging system with a 600m capacity motorised winch mounted in a 4x4
van was used.

All logging data was recorded digitally for reprocessing and archiving purposes.

The video camera survey was carried out first to avoid the disturbance of the fluid by
geophysical logs which may affect water clarity.

Borehole Video Camera (DTV)

This borehole camera offers a twin view set up allowing the operator to switch between
either a forward or side view camera. The side view camera has an infinite 360°
rotation

The results of the survey are recorded digitally along with the date, borehole identity
and depth information.

Fluid Temperature (T)

There is a natural geothermal gradient of increasing temperature with depth. This
gradient varies with the thermal conductivity of the geological formation and is modified
by water flowing in, out or vertically though the borehole.

This log is used to determine flow patterns within the borehole and to identify flow
zones.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

Fluid Conductivity (EC or EC25)

The electrical conductivity (EC) of the water is related to its salinity and dissolved solids
and is therefore a measure of the quality of the borehole water. The shape of the log
trace can indicate zones of inflow.

Using data from the temperature log the electrical conductivity is corrected to 25°C
(EC25).

This log is used to identify different zones of water quality.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

3

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Heat Pulse Flowmeter (HPF)

The Heat Pulse Flowmeter consists of two very sensitive temperature sensors which
are positioned 5cm above and 5cm below a small heating element. The tool is
positioned at a particular depth and left for a few minutes for the temperature sensors
to stabilise. A heat pulse is then generated and then the temperature sensors monitor
for its movement. The distance from the heating element to the sensors is (5cm). The
time taken for the heat pulse to reach the sensor is recorded and is used to calculate
the velocity of the fluid movement.

Caliper (Cal)

This tool measures the mean diameter of the borehole. It is used to check the integrity
of the borehole lining, and where the borehole is unlined to identify zones of washout,
breakout or fissures.

Natural Gamma (Gam)

The tool measures the naturally occurring gamma radiation found in rocks and
sediments. It is mainly used to detect the clays that contain potassium K40, though the
U238 and the Th232 series of elements present in certain rocks also emit gamma
radiation.

The higher the concentration of these clay minerals the greater the responses on the
natural gamma log.

Dual - Density (LSD / HRD)

The density tool has two detectors at different spacing’s from a source of gamma
radiation. The logs from each detector indicate the apparent bulk density of the
material surrounding the tool at a radius of investigation related to the spacing’s. The
Long Spaced Density (LSD) has a spacing of 48cm and the High Resolution Density
(HRD) has a spacing of 24cm.

The High Resolution Density has the smaller radius of investigation, up to around
10cm under average/medium range of densities, and its response is also more
affected by the quality of the borehole lining. The Long Spaced Density has the greater
radius of investigation, up to 15 - 20cms under average conditions, but least resolution.

4

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Borehole Magnetic Resonance (BMR)

BMR is a quantitative geophysical method that can be used to make in situ
assessments of porosity, water content, mobile and immobile water fraction, and
estimates of permeability. Also known as NMR; it stands for Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance. The term Nuclear refers to the fact that we are measuring a quantum
mechanical state of the proton, called Spin. The Spin can be a + or – spin and we look
at transitions between to the two levels. ‘Magnetic’ refers to the fact that we use
external magnets to align the spins in one direction. Once we have the spins aligned
up, we can then conduct experiments to obtain information about the spins. These
transitions in spin states only occur at a particular Resonance frequency. The value of
which is determined by the gyromagnetic ratio multiplied by our magnet field strength.
This can then be converted to a value in kHz. The tool has an antenna that pulses at
this frequency. Typically, for borehole NMR tools this frequency is in the RF range and
hence we often call it a RF antenna.

The tool will send a series of pulses in what we call a pulse sequence. The duration
and number of the sequences affects the amount of data and quality of data that is
obtained. The shorter the echo spacing (time between RF pulses) the more accurate
the measurement.

The raw data collected in the CPMG (pulse sequence name) is then inverted to obtain
a T2 distribution. T2 is the relaxation time of the spins after they are perturbed by the
RF pulse. This decay data is actually a sum of exponentials that is related to the pore
size distribution.

5

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

Bede Brass Thill
OS Grid Ref:
NZ 26806 62678

Post Code:
NE10 0DJ

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Bede approximate location. © Crown copyright
2025 OS100057099.

Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Bede Brass Thill approximate location. © Google
2025.

6

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

The Bede site is accessed from the Old Fold Rd. The date of sinking of the bore was
in 2024. The Brass Thill Borehole is one of 2 boreholes known to occupy the Bede
locality. Bede High Main is located to the East, some 20m away.

Figure 3.3
Bede entrance looking from Old Fold Rd. © Google 2025.

Figure 3.4
Bede Brass Thill wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in position.

7

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

Figure 3.5
View of logging vehicle in position during wireline operations at Bede
Brass Thill

Bede Brass Thill

Date Logged:
16.01.2025

Datum:
Top of uPVC lining

Drilled Depth
135.6 m*

Logged Depth:
133.1 m

Internal Diameters
Depths
Plain Steel Lining:
254 mm
0 – 23.8 m*
MDPE Lining:
103 mm
0.2 – 121.9m
Unlined Borehole:
244 mm
121.9 – 135.6m*
Water Level:
22.4 m
Rest water level
Logged By:
C. Clinton

Figure 3.6
Table of the borehole construction from data obtained during the
survey. *Based on information provided by the Mining Remediation
Authority.

8

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

4.0
BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS

•
Vehicle access constraints
None
•
Tool access constraints
None

•
Borehole quality constraints
None
•
Sonde risk
None
•
Lack of fluid filled column
None
•
Time constraints
None

•
Construction constraints
None

9

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

5.1
Presentation of Results

A composite geophysical log with associated CCTV observations and construction log
has been presented as an A4 colour plot and is shown in Figure 5.1. A composite
Magnetic Resonance and geophysical log has been presented as an A4 colour plot
and is shown in Figure 5.2.

5.2
Photographs

Photographs of key features have been taken from the digital recording and are shown
as Figures 5.3 and 5.4

5.3
Discussion

The records provided by the Mining Remediation Authority show a surface steel casing
of 10 inches diameter down to a depth of 23.8m, with an inner uPVC lining of 4 inches
diameter to a depth of 121.9m. Above 23.8m the Natural Gamma appears dampened
and Density values increase, which are in keeping with a steel casing being behind
the uPVC lining. The bottom of the uPVC lining was found at 121.9m on CCTV and
Caliper.

The bottom joint of lining at 120.9m shows some separation on the CCTV, with some
threads visible, and does appear to be slightly different in nature to the lining above,
appearing to be plain steel with a marginally increased internal diameter measurement
on the caliper reading of 116mm instead of the 103mm in the lining above.

The density measurements over this section (between 121.9 and 120.1m ) are also
quite different, again suggesting that this section has a lower density in the middle but
higher over the joins. The Mining Remediation Authority have indicated that an
inflatable packer was used during casing cementation, so these density values
probably reflect the position of this apparatus.

In addition, below 120.1m the temperature gradient begins to cool, going from 16.3 °C
at 120m to 16.0°C, with a negative inflection point at 121.2m, before returning to a
typical temperature gradient for this well at around 122.6m, below the bottom of the
lining. This may be due to the change of surrounding material, although may also
indicate a cross flow occurring.

The temperature gradient of ~1.6 °C per 30m is higher than a UK geothermal gradient
of ~1 °C per 30m, which is likely due to water movement and local mine workings.
There are also some small temperature inflections within the uPVC lining at depths of
30.6, 32.2, 33.9, 45.3, 46.3, 57.7, 60.5, 69.7, 99.1, 108.0 and 113.9m, with more major
infections occurring at 74.1, 110.3 and 121.2m

10

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

5.3
Discussion

The Electrical Conductivity measurements are low within the uPVC lining with an
average value of around 200 µs/cm to a depth of 121.9m before raising rapidly in open
hole and reaching a gently increasing gradient with values between 8000 – 9000
µs/cm between 125.5m and the total depth logged. There is a small negative inflection
at around 125.0m.

These Conductivity measurements tie in nicely with the Heat Pulse Flow Meter
measurements which show a small upwards flow of around 2.5 – 2.8 mm/s in the fluid
column between the base of the borehole and 125m. Suggesting that fluid is entering
the borehole at the base and then leaving the borehole at around 125m.

There is a small decrease in density at around 125.5m, which correlated with a Natural
Gamma peak and may indicate a fracture, and a sub vertical fracture was observed
on the CCTV between 125.5 - 125.9m, however the caliper log is fairly flat over the
area indicating there is minimal breakout.

The CCTV showed some flaky black sediment in the fluid column, which appears to
have sat on the inside of the lining and on the borehole wall in places.

Water level was observed on CCTV and located by the Fluid Tools at a depth of 22.4m,
with some minor fluctuations in water level of ±5cm over the different runs.

At a depth of 131.7m to the total surveyable depth of 133.1m there is a significant
breaking out of the borehole, with horizontal fracturing observed on both CCTV and
the caliper data.

The BMR was run from 132.8 – 124.1m and 117.6 – 24.7m. Gaps in BMR data are
due to the presence of plain steel casing in the borehole.

Based upon the other logs and the data provided by The Mining Remediation
Authority, the borehole is comprised of Clastic lithology. Therefore, the subject BMR
data was processed using global cutoffs for a clastic (clay (3 ms) and capillary (33 ms)
bound water) lithology and standard co-efficients for permeability equations. It should
be noted that in unsaturated media, TPOR reports only moisture content and Water
Volume, Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity outputs are invalid. If present,
minor Noise, Magnetics and Formation Effects in the borehole have been flagged
throughout the log. When the effects are above tolerances, the data has additionally
been labelled as formation corrupted and should not be used unless validated with
other logs/information. Thus, at the corrupted sections, the hydraulic conductivities,
SR and SY have been removed for clarity. A Borehole/Washout flag has been applied
as a late T2 porosity response that seems to coincide with caliper changes suggests
the BMR tool is not centered in the openhole section resulting in a small portion of the
diameter of investigation to be in the borehole. This could be a result of a slightly
deviated borehole causing the BMR tool to lean against one side of the borehole in
this lower section. At the bottom of the section, the same flag is for the enlarged
diameter measured by the caliper indicating washout.

11

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

The average total porosity in the sandstone section of the unlined borehole was
measured at around 0.3 (30%; with 1 being 100%).

The total porosity values in the upper section are more variable, with higher signal
noise, which is to be expected when run inside uPVC casing. We see formation effects
on the data quality occurring at 94.7m where the formation changes between
sandstone and shale, and again at 79.7m inside the mudstones. It should be noted
that where the cementing behind the uPVC lining is inconsistent, the BMR data will
not be representative of the formation, due to the higher quantity of water.

The base of the borehole was covered with a fine sediment, and the total observable
depth was 133.1m

12

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.1

Composite Geophysical Log

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
22.0
245
23.8
Gateshead
Mining Remediation Authority
254
uPVC
135.6 (BGL)
135.6
16.01.25 & 17.01.25
0.0
22.4
NZ26
0.0
23.8
Steel
Steel
133.1
103 (id)
375
Bede - Brass Thill
C. Clinton
Newcastle
111 (id)
0.0
120.1
121.9
Top of uPVC
0.0 - 133.1
120.1
Composite
Depth
1:500
Bede
Brass Thill
CCTV Comments
EC25
0
20000
µS/cm
Fluid Temperature
11
19
°C
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
-10
10
mm/s
Natural Gamma
0
100
API
Long Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Short Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Caliper
0
500
mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
DATUM: Top of Lining
0.0 - 120.1m uPVC
LINING
i.d. 103mm
22.4 WATER LEVEL
minor fluctuation in water
level +/- ~5cm

80
90
100
110
120
130
140
120.1 - 121.9m PLAIN
STEEL LINING
i.d. 111mm
121.9 - 133.1m -
UNLINED BOREHOLE
133.1m FINAL
SURVEYABLE DEPTH

13

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.2

Borehole Magnetic Resonance Log

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
245
22.0
23.8
135.6 (BGL)
uPVC
254
Mining Remediation Authority
Gateshead
135.6
NZ26
22.4
0.0
16.01.25 & 17.01.25
0.0
23.8
Steel
Steel
Bede - Brass Thill
375
103 (id)
133.1
111 (id)
Newcastle
C. Clinton
0.0
120.1
0.0 - 133.1
Top of uPVC
121.9
Composite
120.1
Depth
1m:500m
Formation Effect
f
Open Hole
T
Magnetics
Noisy
T
Corrupt Signal
Hyd. Cond. (KTIM)
1e-006
100
m/day
Hyd. Cond. (KSDR)
1e-006
100
m/day
Specific
Yield
(FFV)
0
0.5
V/V
Specific
Retention
(BVF)
0
0.5
V/V
WATER VOLUMES
Clay Bound ...
Capillary Bou...
Moveable W...
0
0.7
Pore Size (T2) Distribution
0
0.04
0.0003
3
s
T2LM
0.3
3000
ms
Total Porosity
(TPOR)
0
0.7
V/V
Natural Gamma
0
200
API
Caliper
100
500
mm
de Brass Thrill Lithol
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

80
90
100
110
120
130
140

14

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Borehole Brass Thill

Date: 16.01.25

Figure 5.3
Bottom of casing
Black sediment sitting on borehole wall
Down hole view of breakout at base of
borehole
Breakout at 131.8m

15

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Borehole Brass Thill

Date: 16.01.25

Figure 5.4
Base of borehole covered in fine
sediment
View of fracturing at base of borehole
Top of sub vertical fracture
Bottom of sub vertical fracture

16

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

6.0
CONCLUSIONS
6.1
The final surveyable depth of the borehole was recorded at 133.1m and was
covered in fine sediment.

6.2
The borehole was lined with 254mm diameter plain steel casing between datum
and 23.8m. A second string of uPVC lining with 103mm i.d. is within this going
from datum to 121.9m.

6.3
A change in lining was evident between 120.1 – 121.9m, with density changes
suggesting that there the packer used during casing cementing is at this depth.

6.4
The unlined borehole was competent and stable sandstone, with some break
outs observed below 131.7m and a sub vertical fracture observed at 125.5 –
125.9m on CCTV which is assumed to be the top of the flow system.

6.5
The unlined borehole was +/-270mm in diameter.

6.6
The rest water level was 22.4m with around a +/-5cm fluctuation. Some black
flaky suspended sediment was observed in the fluid column and settling onto
surfaces.

6.7
There was vertical fluid movement between the base of the borehole and
125.0m, with flow rates on the Heat Pulse Flow Meter being measured at
around 2.5-2.8mm/s. this correlated with the Conductivity measurements.

6.8
Changes to water quality were primarily associated with this flow with EC25
values remaining near constant in the lining at around 200 µS/cm before
increasing rapidly to the top of the flow horizon at 125m, and then stabilising
between 8000 – 9000 µS/cm within the flow horizon.

6.9
Some minor inflections in temperature were observed across the uPVC lining,
at depths of 30.6m 32.2m 33.9m 45.3m 46.3m 57.7m 60.5m 69.7m 99.1m
108.0m and 113.9m, suggesting some minor cross flows present.

6.10 Major inflections in temperature were observed at 74.1m 110.3m and 121.2m.
and an inflection in Conductivity was observed at 125.0m.

6.11 The average total porosity in the sandstone section of the unlined borehole is
around 30%. The total porosity values in the upper section are more variable,
with higher signal noise, which is to be expected when run inside uPVC casing.

REPORT ON THE VIDEO SURVEY

AND

GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING

OF

Bede High Main

AT

Gateshead Living Lab

Prepared For:

Mining Remediation Authority
200 Lichfield Lane
Mansfield
Nottinghamshire
NG18 4RG
United Kingdom

JAN_2025/COA2422A_Bede_High_Main_rpt/NZ26

Name
Date
Logged by:
C. Clinton
16.01.25
17.01.25
Report by:
K. Pearson
11.03.25
Checked by:
R. Powell
24.04.25

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

2. THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS ...................................................... 2

3. BOREHOLE DETAILS ........................................................................................ 5

4. BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS ............................................................ 8

5. RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 9

6. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 17

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Bede approximate location. © Crown
copyright 2022 OS100057099.
Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Bede High Main approximate location. ©
Google 2022.
Figure 3.3
Bede entrance looking from Old Fold Rd. © Google 2022..
Figure 3.4
High Main wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in position.
Figure 3.5
View of logging vehicle in position during wireline operations at
Bede High Main.
Figure 3.6
Borehole construction details.

Figure 5.1
Composite Geophysical Log & Construction with CCTV
Observations.

Figure 5.2
Composite Geophysical and Magnetic Resonance Log

Figures 5.3 – 5.5
Images from the video recording

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 1

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

1.0
INTRODUCTION

At the request of the Mining Remediation Authority, a video survey, and geophysical
logging were carried out in High Main at Bede as part of the Living Lab project, near
Gateshead.

The aim of the survey was to check the physical condition of the borehole, and some
associated geophysical parameters.

The work was carried out by European Geophysical Services Ltd on 16th and 17th
January 2025

The following logs were run:

Tool / Log (unit)
Log Depths (m)
Borehole Video Camera
Dual View
1.0
55.0
Static Fluid Temperature / Conductivity
T (°C) / EC25
(µS/cm)
26.5
55.0
Natural Gamma
Gam (API)
2.6
55.0
Three Arm Caliper
Cal (mm)
2.6
55.0
Dual Densities (Long / Short spaced)
LSD / SSD
(Apparent g/cm³)
2.0
53.0
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
HPFM (mm/s)
48.0
54.0
Borehole Magnetic Resonance
BMR
26.0
55.0

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 2

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

The Equipment and Field Procedure

A fully digital logging system with a 600m capacity motorised winch mounted in a 4x4
van was used.

All logging data was recorded digitally for reprocessing and archiving purposes.

The video camera survey was carried out first to avoid the disturbance of the fluid by
geophysical logs which may affect water clarity.

Borehole Video Camera (DTV)

This borehole camera offers a twin view set up allowing the operator to switch between
either a forward or side view camera. The side view camera has an infinite 360°
rotation

The results of the survey are recorded digitally along with the date, borehole identity
and depth information.

Fluid Temperature (T)

There is a natural geothermal gradient of increasing temperature with depth. This
gradient varies with the thermal conductivity of the geological formation and is modified
by water flowing in, out or vertically though the borehole.

This log is used to determine flow patterns within the borehole and to identify flow
zones.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

Fluid Conductivity (EC or EC25)

The electrical conductivity (EC) of the water is related to its salinity and dissolved solids
and is therefore a measure of the quality of the borehole water. The shape of the log
trace can indicate zones of inflow.

Using data from the temperature log the electrical conductivity is corrected to 25°C
(EC25).

This log is used to identify different zones of water quality.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 3

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Heat Pulse Flowmeter (HPF)

The Heat Pulse Flowmeter consists of two very sensitive temperature sensors which
are positioned 5cm above and 5cm below a small heating element. The tool is
positioned at a particular depth and left for a few minutes for the temperature sensors
to stabilise. A heat pulse is then generated and then the temperature sensors monitor
for its movement. The distance from the heating element to the sensors is (5cm). The
time taken for the heat pulse to reach the sensor is recorded and is used to calculate
the velocity of the fluid movement.

Caliper (Cal)

This tool measures the mean diameter of the borehole. It is used to check the integrity
of the borehole lining, and where the borehole is unlined to identify zones of washout,
breakout or fissures.

Natural Gamma (Gam)

The tool measures the naturally occurring gamma radiation found in rocks and
sediments. It is mainly used to detect the clays that contain potassium K40, though the
U238 and the Th232 series of elements present in certain rocks also emit gamma
radiation.

The higher the concentration of these clay minerals the greater the responses on the
natural gamma log.

Dual - Density (LSD / HRD)

The density tool has two detectors at different spacing’s from a source of gamma
radiation. The logs from each detector indicate the apparent bulk density of the
material surrounding the tool at a radius of investigation related to the spacing’s. The
Long Spaced Density (LSD) has a spacing of 48cm and the High Resolution Density
(HRD) has a spacing of 24cm.

The High Resolution Density has the smaller radius of investigation, up to around
10cm under average/medium range of densities, and its response is also more
affected by the quality of the borehole lining. The Long Spaced Density has the greater
radius of investigation, up to 15 - 20cms under average conditions, but least resolution.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 4

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Borehole Magnetic Resonance (BMR)

BMR is a quantitative geophysical method that can be used to make in situ
assessments of porosity, water content, mobile and immobile water fraction, and
estimates of permeability. Also known as NMR; it stands for Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance. The term Nuclear refers to the fact that we are measuring a quantum
mechanical state of the proton, called Spin. The Spin can be a + or – spin and we look
at transitions between to the two levels. ‘Magnetic’ refers to the fact that we use
external magnets to align the spins in one direction. Once we have the spins aligned
up, we can then conduct experiments to obtain information about the spins. These
transitions in spin states only occur at a particular Resonance frequency. The value of
which is determined by the gyromagnetic ratio multiplied by our magnet field strength.
This can then be converted to a value in kHz. The tool has an antenna that pulses at
this frequency. Typically, for borehole NMR tools this frequency is in the RF range and
hence we often call it a RF antenna.

The tool will send a series of pulses in what we call a pulse sequence. The duration
and number of the sequences affects the amount of data and quality of data that is
obtained. The shorter the echo spacing (time between RF pulses) the more accurate
the measurement.

The raw data collected in the CPMG (pulse sequence name) is then inverted to obtain
a T2 distribution. T2 is the relaxation time of the spins after they are perturbed by the
RF pulse. This decay data is actually a sum of exponentials that is related to the pore
size distribution.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 5

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

Bede High Main
OS Grid Ref:
NZ 26806 62678

Post Code:
NE10 0DJ

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Bede approximate location. © Crown copyright
2022 OS100057099.

Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Bede High Main approximate location. © Google
2022.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 6

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

The Bede site is accessed from the Old Fold Rd. The date of sinking of the bore was
in 2024. The High Main Borehole is one of 2 boreholes known to occupy the Bede
locality. Bede Brass Thill is located to the West, some 20m away.

Figure 3.3
Bede entrance looking from Old Fold Rd. © Google 2022.

Figure 3.4
Bede High Main wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in position.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 7

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

Figure 3.5
View of logging vehicle in position during wireline operations at Bede
High Main

Bede High Main

Date Logged:
16.01.2025 &
17.01.2025

Datum:
Top of uPVC lining

Drilled Depth
171 m*

Logged Depth:
55 m

Internal Diameters
Depths
Plain Steel Lining:
254 mm
0 – 23.8 m*
UPVC Lining:
102 mm
0.2 – 49.8 m
Unlined Borehole:
244 mm
49.8 – 55.0 m
Water Level:
26.6 m
Rest water level
Logged By:
C. Clinton

Figure 3.6
Table of the borehole construction from data obtained during the
survey. *Based on information from the Mining Remediation Authority.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 8

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

4.0
BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS

•
Vehicle access constraints
None
•
Tool access constraints
None

•
Borehole quality constraints
None
•
Sonde risk
None
•
Lack of fluid filled column
None
•
Time constraints
None

•
Construction constraints
Borehole backfilled to 55m

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 9

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

5.1
Presentation of Results

A composite geophysical log with associated CCTV observations and construction log
has been presented as an A4 colour plot and is shown in Figure 5.1. A composite
Magnetic Resonance and geophysical log has been presented as an A4 colour plot
and is shown in Figure 5.2.

5.2
Photographs

Photographs of key features have been taken from the digital recording and are shown
as Figures 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5

5.3
Discussion

The records provided by the Mining Remediation Authority show a surface steel casing
of 10 inches diameter down to a depth of 23.8m, with an inner uPVC lining of 4 inches
diameter to a depth of 50.1m.

Above 23.8m the Natural Gamma does appear attenuated potentially indicating the
presence of the steel casing behind the uPVC however the Density values are actually
lower than in the section below with 1.3-1.5 g/cm3 in the steel cased section as
opposed to around 2 g/cm3 in section below with no steel casing behind. Apart from
between 16-18m where it increases to around 2.0 g/cm3, suggesting the presence of
material behind the uPVC in this section. After ~18m values slowly increase again to
around 2.0 g/cm3 again at around 20m. This all suggests that the distribution/quantity
of material between the steel casing and the uPVC pipe is not evenly distributed.

In Bede Brass Thill, a distinctive response on the Density logs highlighted the
presence of potential metal work behind the casing used while cementing the pipe in
place. Information provided by the Mining Remediation Authority suggests that a grout
basket was used during cementing in this well, so it is likely that this is what the density
log is recording.

The bottom of the uPVC lining was found at 49.8m below datum on CCTV and Caliper.

The uPVC lining appears in generally good condition throughout on the CCTV log,
with an i.d. of around 103mm from the Caliper measurements throughout.

The Density measurements show a few small changes from ~2.0g/cm3 to 1.5-1.8
g/cm3 between 38.7m and 41.0m and again between 46-47m. Density values in the
open-hole section were measured at 2.1-2.3g/cm3.

The temperature gradient measured between 28m and 44m of 0.79 °C per 30m, was
slightly cooler than the typical UK of 1 °C per 30m, and there was a negative inflection
point at 45.5m, with temperatures remaining stable until 49.4m, just above the casing
shoe, values begin to increase and returns to the typical temperature gradient for this
borehole at around 50m. This may be due to a small change in the surrounding
material, or possible flow occurring.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 10

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

The Fluid Electrical Conductivity measurements were fairly stable within the uPVC
lining, with values ranging from 2600 µs/cm at the top of the water level to 2500 µs/cm
at around 48.0m. Values then decreased to ~1800 µs/cm at the casing shoe to
~51.0m, before slowly increasing from ~2320 µs/cm to ~3450 µs/cm in the open-hole
section.

These Temperature and Conductivity measurements tie in nicely with the Heat Pulse
Flow Meter measurements which show a small upwards flow of around 1.5 mm/s in
the fluid column, with a small increase over the bottom of the lining. Suggesting that
fluid is entering the borehole at the base and exiting above.

Water level was observed on CCTV and temperature/conductivity sonde at a depth of
26.6m, with some minor fluctuations in water level of ±5cm over the different runs.

From MRA records, the drilled diameter in the open hole was 9.625”, or 245mm. The
Caliper shows the diameter from the lining down to 52.8m to be around 270mm, and
Below 52.8m to the observable depth of 55.0m there are a series of larger horizontal
fractures and breakouts visible on the CCTV and the Caliper measurements. Notably
the caliper shows the diameter in between breakouts in this area to ~225mm, which is
very slightly narrower than expected.

Density values dropped sharply towards the base of the casing to 1.2g/cm3, before
increasing in the open-hole to 2.3g/cm3 at 52.2m. From this point, values then
decreased to 1.8g/cm3 towards the base, which correlates well with the fractured zone
seen on the CCTV and caliper log.

Based on the other logs and the information provided by The Mining Remediation
Authority, the borehole is comprised of Clastic lithology. Therefore, the subject BMR
data was processed using global cutoffs for a clastic (clay (3 ms) and capillary (33 ms)
bound water) lithology and standard co-efficients for permeability equations. It should
be noted that in unsaturated media, TPOR reports only moisture content and Water
Volume, Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity outputs are invalid. If present,
minor Noise, Magnetics and Formation Effects in the borehole have been flagged
throughout the log. When the effects are above tolerances, the data has additionally
been labelled as formation corrupted and should not be used unless validated with
other logs/information. Thus, at the corrupted sections, the hydraulic conductivities,
SR
and
SY
have
been
removed
for
clarity.
Although no mention of steel present at the bottom of the installed UPVC Lining, data
quality was affected from circa 48 to 42 m and it was not apparent what caused this
response at the time of this processing.

The average total porosity in the sandstone section of the unlined borehole is around
0.2 – 0.4 or 20-40% (with 1 being 100%).

The total porosity values in the upper section were around 0.1 – 0.2, with higher signal
noise, which is to be expected when run inside uPVC casing. It should be noted that
where the cementing behind the uPVC lining is inconsistent, the BMR data will not be
representative of the formation, due to the higher quantity of water.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 11

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

The base of the borehole was covered with a fine sediment and the total observable
depth was 55.0m.

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 12

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.1

Composite Geophysical Log

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
23.8
245
23.8
Gateshead
Mining Remediation Authority
254
uPVC
55.6 (BGL)
171.0
17.01.25
0.0
26.6
NZ26
0.0
23.8
Steel
55.0
103 (id)
375
Bede - High Main
C. Clinton
Newcastle
0.0
Top of uPVC
0.0 - 55.0
Borehole backfilled to 55.6m
49.8
Composite
Depth
1:500
Bede
High Main
CCTV Comments
EC25
0
20000
µS/cm
Fluid Temperature
11
19
°C
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
-10
10
mm/s
Natural Gamma
0
100
API
Long Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Short Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Caliper
0
500
mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
DATUM: Top of Lining
0.0 - 49.8m uPVC Lining
i.d. 103mm
26.6m WATER LEVEL
minor fluctuation in water
level +/- ~5cm
49.8 - 55.0m - UNLINED
BOREHOLE
55.0m FINAL
SURVEYABLE DEPTH

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 13

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.2

Borehole Magnetic Resonance Log

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
245
23.8
23.8
55.6 (BGL)
uPVC
254
Mining Remediation Authority
Gateshead
171.0
NZ26
26.6
0.0
17.01.25
0.0
23.8
Steel
Bede - High Main
375
103 (id)
55.0
Newcastle
C. Clinton
0.0
25.6 - 55.0
Top of uPVC
BMR
49.8
Borehole backfilled to 55.6m
Depth
1m:100m
Caliper
0
500
mm
Natural Gamma
0
200
API
de High Main Litholo
Formation Effect
f
Noisy
T
Corrupt Signal
Magnetics
Open Hole
T
Total Porosity
(TPOR)
0
0.7
V/V
Pore Size (T2) Distribution
0
0.04
0.0003
3
s
T2LM
0.3
3000
ms
WATER VOLUMES
Clay Bound ...
Capillary Bou...
Moveable W...
0
0.7
Specific
Retention
(BVF)
0
0.5
V/V
Specific
Yield
(FFV)
0
0.5
V/V
Hyd. Cond. (KTIM)
1e-006
100
m/day
Hyd. Cond. (KSDR)
1e-006
100
m/day
0
4
8
12

16
20
24
28
32
36
40

44
48
52
56
60

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 14

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Borehole High Main

Date: 16.01.25

Figure 5.3
Water Level
Bottom of casing
Vertical Fissure
Vertical Fissure

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 15

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Borehole High Main

Date: 16.01.25

Figure 5.4

Sub vertical fissure extending beneath
the vertical fissure
View of fracturing at base of borehole
Sub vertical fissure extending beneath
the vertical fissure
Sub vertical fracture

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 16

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Borehole High Main

Date: 16.01.25

Figure 5.5

Base of borehole covered in fine
sediment

Gateshead Living Lab - Bede High Main 17

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

6.0
CONCLUSIONS
6.1
The final surveyable depth of the borehole was recorded at 55.0m and was
covered in fine sediment.

6.2
The borehole was lined with 254mm diameter plain steel casing between datum
and 23.8m. A second string of uPVC lining with 103mm i.d. is within this going
from datum to 49.8m.

6.3
Lower and fluctuating density values are observed in the section with steel
casing present behind the uPVC lining, suggesting that the distribution/quantity
of material between the steel casing and the uPVC pipe is not consistent.

6.4
A response on the density log between 3.8 and 5.6m, suggests that maybe a
cementing structure was possibly utilised in this borehole. There was no change
in caliper data over this section.

6.5
The unlined borehole was competent and stable sandstone above 52.8m, with
a large vertical fracture running from the lining downwards. Below 52.8m it
appears to change in nature, with large horizontal fractures appearing, with thin
beds apparent within.

6.6
The unlined borehole above 52.8m was +/-270mm, below this was +/-225mm

6.7
The rest water level was 26.6m with around a 5cm fluctuation.

6.8
There was vertical fluid movement between the base of the borehole and inside
the bottom of the lining, with flow rates on the Heat Pulse Flow Meter being
measured at around 1.5 mm/s. this correlated with the Temperature and
Conductivity measurements.

6.9
Changes to water quality appear to be primarily associated with this flow, with
EC25 values remaining stable at ~2550 µs/cm down to 48m, before decreasing
slightly to 1800 µs/cm at the bottom of the lining, remaining stable until 51.0m,
when they begin to slowly increase to ~2320 µs/cm. Between 51 – 53 m it
increases slightly more rapidly from ~2320 µs/cm to ~3450 µs/cm. These values
are markedly different from those at Bede Brass Thill.

6.10 The average total porosity in the sandstone section of the unlined borehole is
around 0.2 – 0.4 (with 1 being 100%). The total porosity values in the upper
uPVC lined section were around 0.1 – 0.2, with higher signal noise.

6.11 The temperature gradient was slightly lower than the UK average, at 0.79 °C
per 30m rather than 1 °C per 30m. Aside from a small inflection between 45.5-
49.5m, this gradient is consistent throughout.

REPORT ON THE VIDEO SURVEY

AND

GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING

OF

Stadium High Main

AT

Gateshead Living Lab

Prepared For:

Mining Remediation Authority
200 Lichfield Lane
Mansfield
Nottinghamshire
NG18 4RG
United Kingdom

JAN_2025/COA2422A_Stadium_High_Main_rpt/NZ26

Name
Date
Logged by:
C. Clinton
15.01.25
Report by:
K. Pearson
25.03.25
Checked by:
R. Powell
24.04.25

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 2

2. THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS ...................................................... 3

3. BOREHOLE DETAILS ........................................................................................ 6

4. BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS ............................................................ 9

5. RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 10

6. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 17

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Stadium High Main approximate location.
© Crown copyright 2022 OS100057099.
Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Stadium High Main approximate location.
© Google 2022.
Figure 3.3
Stadium entrance looking from Loverose Wynd. © Google 2022..
Figure 3.4
Stadium High Main wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in
position.
Figure 3.5
Table of Borehole construction details.

Figure 5.1
Composite Geophysical Log & Construction with CCTV
Observations.

Figure 5.2
Composite Geophysical and Magnetic Resonance Log

Figures 5.3 – 5.4
Images from the video recording

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 2

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

1.0
INTRODUCTION

At the request of the Mining Remediation Authority, a video survey, and geophysical
logging were carried out in Stadium High Main as part of the Gateshead Living Lab
project.

The aim of the survey was to check the physical condition of the borehole, and some
associated geophysical parameters.

The work was carried out by European Geophysical Services Ltd on 15th January
2025

The following logs were run:

Tool / Log (unit)
Log Depths (m)
Borehole Video Camera
Dual View
1.0
71.6
Static Fluid Temperature / Conductivity
T (°C) / EC25
(µS/cm)
21.3
70.1
Natural Gamma
Gam (API)
2.3
71.6
Three Arm Caliper
Cal (mm)
1.9
71.1
Dual Densities (Long / Short spaced)
LSD / SSD
(Apparent g/cm³)
1.9
61.1
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
HPFM (mm/s)
48.0
71.5
Borehole Magnetic Resonance
BMR
29.8
71.1

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 3

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

The Equipment and Field Procedure

A fully digital logging system with a 600m capacity motorised winch mounted in a 4x4
van was used.

All logging data was recorded digitally for reprocessing and archiving purposes.

The video camera survey was carried out first to avoid the disturbance of the fluid by
geophysical logs which may affect water clarity.

Borehole Video Camera (DTV)

This borehole camera offers a twin view set up allowing the operator to switch between
either a forward or side view camera. The side view camera has an infinite 360°
rotation

The results of the survey are recorded digitally along with the date, borehole identity
and depth information.

Fluid Temperature (T)

There is a natural geothermal gradient of increasing temperature with depth. This
gradient varies with the thermal conductivity of the geological formation and is modified
by water flowing in, out or vertically though the borehole.

This log is used to determine flow patterns within the borehole and to identify flow
zones.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

Fluid Conductivity (EC or EC25)

The electrical conductivity (EC) of the water is related to its salinity and dissolved solids
and is therefore a measure of the quality of the borehole water. The shape of the log
trace can indicate zones of inflow.

Using data from the temperature log the electrical conductivity is corrected to 25°C
(EC25).

This log is used to identify different zones of water quality.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 4

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Heat Pulse Flowmeter (HPF)

The Heat Pulse Flowmeter consists of two very sensitive temperature sensors which
are positioned 5cm above and 5cm below a small heating element. The tool is
positioned at a particular depth and left for a few minutes for the temperature sensors
to stabilise. A heat pulse is then generated and then the temperature sensors monitor
for its movement. The distance from the heating element to the sensors is (5cm). The
time taken for the heat pulse to reach the sensor is recorded and is used to calculate
the velocity of the fluid movement.

Caliper (Cal)

This tool measures the mean diameter of the borehole. It is used to check the integrity
of the borehole lining, and where the borehole is unlined to identify zones of washout,
breakout or fissures.

Natural Gamma (Gam)

The tool measures the naturally occurring gamma radiation found in rocks and
sediments. It is mainly used to detect the clays that contain potassium K40, though the
U238 and the Th232 series of elements present in certain rocks also emit gamma
radiation.

The higher the concentration of these clay minerals the greater the responses on the
natural gamma log.

Dual - Density (LSD / HRD)

The density tool has two detectors at different spacing’s from a source of gamma
radiation. The logs from each detector indicate the apparent bulk density of the
material surrounding the tool at a radius of investigation related to the spacing’s. The
Long Spaced Density (LSD) has a spacing of 48cm and the High Resolution Density
(HRD) has a spacing of 24cm.

The High Resolution Density has the smaller radius of investigation, up to around
10cm under average/medium range of densities, and its response is also more
affected by the quality of the borehole lining. The Long Spaced Density has the greater
radius of investigation, up to 15 - 20cms under average conditions, but least resolution.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 5

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Borehole Magnetic Resonance (BMR)

BMR is a quantitative geophysical method that can be used to make in situ
assessments of porosity, water content, mobile and immobile water fraction, and
estimates of permeability. Also known as NMR; it stands for Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance. The term Nuclear refers to the fact that we are measuring a quantum
mechanical state of the proton, called Spin. The Spin can be a + or – spin and we look
at transitions between to the two levels. ‘Magnetic’ refers to the fact that we use
external magnets to align the spins in one direction. Once we have the spins aligned
up, we can then conduct experiments to obtain information about the spins. These
transitions in spin states only occur at a particular Resonance frequency. The value of
which is determined by the gyromagnetic ratio multiplied by our magnet field strength.
This can then be converted to a value in kHz. The tool has an antenna that pulses at
this frequency. Typically, for borehole NMR tools this frequency is in the RF range and
hence we often call it a RF antenna.

The tool will send a series of pulses in what we call a pulse sequence. The duration
and number of the sequences affects the amount of data and quality of data that is
obtained. The shorter the echo spacing (time between RF pulses) the more accurate
the measurement.

The raw data collected in the CPMG (pulse sequence name) is then inverted to obtain
a T2 distribution. T2 is the relaxation time of the spins after they are perturbed by the
RF pulse. This decay data is actually a sum of exponentials that is related to the pore
size distribution.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 6

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

Gateshead Living Lab
OS Grid Ref:
NZ 27129 62788
Stadium High Main
Post Code:
NE10 0DZ

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Stadium High Main approximate location. ©
Crown copyright 2025 OS100057099.

Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Stadium High Main approximate location. ©
Google 2025.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 7

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

The Stadium site is accessed from Loverose Wynd. The date of sinking of the bore
was in 2024. The High Main Borehole is one of 2 boreholes known to occupy the
Stadium locality of the Gateshead Living Lab project. Stadium Hutton is located to the
West, some 4m away.

Figure 3.3
Stadium entrance looking from Loverose Wynd. © Google 2025.

Figure 3.4
Stadium High Main wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in position.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 8

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Stadium High Main

Date Logged:
15.01.25

Datum:
Top of uPVC lining

Drilled Depth
82.0 m*

Logged Depth:
71.6 m

Internal Diameters
Depths
Plain Steel Lining:
254 mm
0.0 – 27.0 m*
uPVC Lining:
102 mm
0.0 – 61.4 m
Unlined Borehole:
244 mm
61.4 – 71.6 m
Water Level:
21.3 m
Rest water level
Logged By:
C. Clinton

Figure 3.5
Table of the borehole construction from data obtained during the
survey. *Based on information from the Mining Remediation Authority.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 9

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

4.0
BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS

•
Vehicle access constraints
None
•
Tool access constraints
None

•
Borehole quality constraints
None
•
Sonde risk
None
•
Lack of fluid filled column
None
•
Time constraints
None

•
Construction constraints
Material protruding below the uPVC lining for 0.1m, preventing the Density tool
from being run in open hole so as not to risk the radioactive source.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 10

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

5.1
Presentation of Results

A composite geophysical log with associated CCTV observations and construction log
has been presented as an A4 colour plot and is shown in Figure 5.1. A composite
Magnetic Resonance and geophysical log has been presented as an A4 colour plot
and is shown in Figure 5.2.

5.2
Photographs

Photographs of key features have been taken from the digital recording and are shown
as Figures 5.3 and 5.4.

5.3
Discussion

The records provided by the Mining Remediation Authority show a surface steel casing
of 10 inches diameter down to a depth of 27.0m, with an inner uPVC lining of 4 inches
diameter to a depth of 60.9m.

The bottom of the uPVC lining was observed at 61.4m on the CCTV, with 2 ‘teeth’ like
features protruding on opposite sides of the borehole, down to a depth of 61.5m. These
may be part of the grout catching structure behind the lining having dropped slightly.

The Natural Gamma log shows attenuated values from surface to 27m, which
corroborates with the presence of the steel casing behind. Measurements below this
are consistent with a predominantly sandstone lithology with some interbedded
mudstone horizons such as 32-35m and 38-45m. The logged open-hole section was
entirely composed of sandstone.

The density log shows a fairly distinctive feature between 2.3 – 4.9m which is
potentially a structure designed to assist in cementing the liner into place. We see this
feature in the Bede High Main borehole also. Below this the average density is around
1.9 g/cm3. There is then another slightly similar but less distinct feature between 17.4
– 19.8m, after which the average density drops slightly to around 1.75 g/cm3 down to
27m, which is the provided depth of the external casing.

From 32.0m to 57.0m the density increased to around 2.1 g/cm3, before a notable
drop towards the base of casing, which may be caused by a lack of cement in the
annular space. Because of the rubber grout basket ‘teeth’ protruding below the lining,
the density tool was not run in open hole due to the risk to the radioactive source
contained within.

The bottom of the uPVC lining was found at 61.4m on both the CCTV and the caliper,
although the caliper does also register the presence of the grout basket teeth
protruding from behind the casing to 61.5m.

The uPVC lining appears in generally good condition throughout on the CCTV footage,
with an i.d. of around 103mm from the Caliper measurements throughout.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 11

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

5.3
Discussion

The rest water level was found at 21.3m on both the CCTV and the Temperature and
Conductivity logs.

From the water level to 27m the temperature gradient is quite low, at around 0.02
°C/m, below this the temperature gradient increases to around 0.05. The average UK
geothermal gradient is around 0.033 °C/m. Conductivity values sit around 7750 µs/cm
from the rest water level down to 27m, where is shows a zone of increase between 27
– 30m to ~8020 µs/cm, where it then stabilises.

This correlates nicely with the presence of the steel outer casing behind the uPVC
lining, which is believed to be at a depth of around 27m.

Between 48.5 and 52.0m some changes in the temperature and the conductivity logs
are apparent. The temperature log shows a sharp decrease between 48.9 – 49.3m,
with temperatures dropping by around 0.5 °C. They then increase sharply between
49.3 – 50.2m by 0.9 °C. At 50.2m there is an inflection point and the gradient changes
to be stable at around 0.75 °C/m. The conductivity log shows a similar sharp decrease
in conductivity values occurring at 48.5 - 49.5m of around 2000 µs/cm. Between 49.5
– 52.0m the measurements increase again by ~600 µs/cm. They then stabilise at
~6500 µs/cm. These inflections do suggest that there was some fluid movement within
the cased section, however, visibility in the CCTV footage could not confirm this.

A significant inflection was observed in both the fluid temperature and conductivity logs
at the base of the casing at 61.5m. Temperature increased to ~15°C and electrical
conductivity increased to ~8300µs/cm

The Heat Pulse Flow Meter did not measure any flow between 48.0 – 52.0m, where
significant changes on the temperature and conductivity logs were observed. Some
minor up flow of around 1.7mm/s from 60.0 – 66.0m was observed, and again at 71.5m
at the bottom of the borehole at a rate of 1.4mm/s. It is likely that there is minor inflow
at the base of the borehole and outflow around the base of casing.

The drilled diameter in the open hole was 9.625”, or 245mm. The caliper showed that
the diameter from the lining down to be around 255mm and the CCTV the shows the
borehole to be quite competent. The CCTV showed some breakout at the bottom of
the borehole and appeared somewhat blocky in appearance, as shown in the CCTV
photos. The caliper did not show any significant breakout, however its possible this
may have been just below the maximum depth of that tool and so not picked up.

Based on the other logs and the information provided by The Mining Remediation
Authority, the borehole is comprised of Clastic lithology. Therefore, the subject BMR
data was processed using global cutoffs for a clastic (clay (3 ms) and capillary (33 ms)
bound water) lithology and standard co-efficients for permeability equations. It should
be noted that in unsaturated media, TPOR reports only moisture content and Water
Volume, Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity outputs are invalid. If present,
minor Noise, Magnetics and Formation Effects in the borehole have been flagged

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 12

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

throughout the log. When the effects are above tolerances,the data has additionally
been labelled as formation corrupted and should not be used unless validated with
other logs/information. An Openhole flag has been applied as a late T2 porosity
response that seems to coincide with caliper changes suggests the BMR tool is not
centered in the openhole section resulting in a small portion of the diameter of
investigation to be in the openhole. This could be a result of a slightly deviated
borehole causing the BMR tool to lean against one side of the borehole in this lower
section.

The average total porosity in the sandstone section of the unlined borehole was
around 0.3, or 30% (with 1 being 100%).

The average total porosity values in the upper section were around 0.1 – 0.2, with
some sections in the mudstone going down to as low as 0.05. It should be noted that
where the cementing behind the uPVC lining is inconsistent, the BMR data will not be
representative of the formation, due to the higher quantity of water.

The base of the borehole was covered with a fine sediment and the total observable
depth was 71.6m.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 13

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.1

Composite Geophysical Log

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
27
245
27.0
Gateshead
Mining Remediation Authority
254
uPVC
82.0 (BGL)
82.0
15.01.25
0.0
21.3
NZ26
0.0
27.0
Steel
71.6
103 (id)
375
Stadium - High Main
C. Clinton
Newcastle
0.0
Top of uPVC
0.0 - 71.6
No density below the casing due to grout basket tassels
presenting a trapping risk
60.9
Composite
Depth
1:500
Stadium
High Main
CCTV Comments
Natural Gamma
0
100
API
EC25
0
20000
µS/cm
Fluid Temperature
11
19
°C
Long Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Short Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
-10
10
mm/s
Caliper
0
500
mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
DATUM: Top of Lining
0.0 - 61.4m uPVC LINING
i.d. 103mm
21.3m REST WATER
LEVEL
Poor visibility
61.4- 71.6m UNLINED
BOREHOLE
61.5m Bottom of grout
basket tassels
71.6m FINAL
SURVEYABLE DEPTH

80

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 14

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.2

Borehole Magnetic Resonance Log

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
27.3
245
27.0
Gateshead
Mining Remediation Authority
254
uPVC
82.0 (BGL)
82.0
15.01.25
0.0
21.3
NZ26
0.0
27.0
Steel
71.6
103 (id)
375
Stadium - High Main
C. Clinton
Newcastle
0.0
Top of uPVC
0.0 - 71.6
No density below the casing due to grout basket tassels
presenting a trapping risk
60.9
BMR
Depth
1m:200m
Hyd. Cond. (KTIM)
1e-007
10
m/day
Specific
Yield
(FFV)
0
0.5
V/V
Hyd. Cond. (KSDR)
1e-007
10
m/day
Specific
Retention
(BVF)
0
0.5
V/V
WATER VOLUMES
Clay Bound ...
Capillary Bou...
Moveable W...
0
0.7
Pore Size (T2) Distribution
0
0.04
0.0003
3
s
T2LM
0.3
3000
ms
Total Porosity
(TPOR)
0
0.7
V/V
Caliper
0
500
mm
Natural Gamma
0
100
API
High Main Lithology
Corrupt Signal
Noisy
T
Magnetics
Formation Effect
f
Open Hole
T
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28

32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 15

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Borehole High Main

Date: 16.01.25

Figure 5.3
Water Level
Bottom of casing
Down hole view
Regular ‘teeth’ protruding below bottom
of lining

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 16

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Borehole High Main

Date: 16.01.25

Figure 5.4

Down hole view of ‘teeth’ protruding
below bottom of lining
Fine sediment at base of borehole.
Possible horizontal bedding features at
base of borehole.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium High Main 17

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

6.0
CONCLUSIONS
6.1
The final surveyable depth of the borehole was recorded at 71.6m and was
covered in fine sediment.

6.2
The CCTV shows some ‘teeth’ protruding 0.1m below the base of the lining,
likely remaining from grouting operations.

6.3
The borehole was lined with 254mm diameter plain steel casing between datum
and 27m. A second string of uPVC lining with 103mm i.d. is within this going
from datum to 61.4m .

6.4
Density values of around 1.9g/cm3 were observed in the section of the lining
with steel casing behind. In the lining beneath this the values down to 32m are
marginally lower at ~1.8g/cm3. Below 32m it increases to around 2g/cm3
down to 57.5m. This suggests that there is a difference in the quantity of
material sitting behind the uPVC lining with depth, with more consistent
quantities below 32m.

6.5
The unlined borehole appeared competent on both the CCTV and the caliper
with an average diameter measurement of around 245mm. Although the CCTV
does show what appears to be some blocky natured breakout in the base of the
borehole, which may have been below the maximum depth reached by the
caliper.

6.6
The rest water level was 21.3m.

6.7
There appears to be some vertical fluid movement between the base of the
borehole and inside the lining to ~49m, with flow horizons being visible in the
temperature and conductivity logs, however the heat flow pulse meter
measurements show some low upward flow but are not as consistent, which
may be due to the very low flow rates.

6.8
The temperature gradient is slightly higher than the UK average, at between 0.5
and 0. 7 °C/m rather than 0.03 °C/m.

6.9
The average total porosity in the sandstone section of the unlined borehole is
around 0.3 (with 1 being 100%). The average total porosity values in the upper
section were around 0.1 – 0.2, with some sections in the mudstone going down
to as low as 0.05.

REPORT ON THE VIDEO SURVEY

AND

GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING

OF

Stadium Hutton

AT

Gateshead Living Lab

Prepared For:

Mining Remediation Authority
200 Lichfield Lane
Mansfield
Nottinghamshire
NG18 4RG
United Kingdom

JAN_2025/COA2422A_Stadium_Hutton_rpt/NZ26

Name
Date
Logged by:
C. Clinton
14.01.25
15.01.25
Report by:
K. Pearson
25.03.25
Checked by:
R. Powell
25.04.25

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

2. THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS ...................................................... 2

3. BOREHOLE DETAILS ........................................................................................ 5

4. BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS ............................................................ 8

5. RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 9

6. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 16

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Stadium Hutton approximate location. ©
Crown copyright 2025 OS100057099.
Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Stadium Hutton approximate location. ©
Google 2025.
Figure 3.3
Stadium entrance looking from Loverose Wynd © Google 2025.
Figure 3.4
Hutton wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in position.
Figure 3.5
Table of Borehole construction details.

Figure 5.1
Composite Geophysical Log & Construction with CCTV
Observations.
Figure 5.2
Composite Geophysical and Magnetic Resonance Log

Figures 5.3 – 5.4
Images from the video recording

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 1

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

1.0
INTRODUCTION

At the request of the Mining Remediation Authority, a video survey, and geophysical
logging were carried out in Hutton at Stadium as part of the Living Lab project, near
Gateshead.

The aim of the survey was to check the physical condition of the borehole, and some
associated geophysical parameters.

The work was carried out by European Geophysical Services Ltd on the 14th and 15th
of January 2025

The following logs were run:

Tool / Log (unit)
Log Depths (m)
Borehole Video Camera
Dual View
1.0
183.8
Static Fluid Temperature / Conductivity
T (°C) / EC25
(µS/cm)
17.4
182.1
Natural Gamma
Gam (API)
1.4
183.8
Three Arm Caliper
Cal (mm)
0.9
183.1
Dual Densities (Long / Short spaced)
LSD / SSD
(Apparent g/cm³)
1.8
183.6
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
HPFM (mm/s)
xx-xxxx-xxxx
183.0
Borehole Magnetic Resonance
BMR
90.3
183.4

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 2

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

The Equipment and Field Procedure

A fully digital logging system with a 600m capacity motorised winch mounted in a 4x4
van was used.

All logging data was recorded digitally for reprocessing and archiving purposes.

The video camera survey was carried out first to avoid the disturbance of the fluid by
geophysical logs which may affect water clarity.

Borehole Video Camera (DTV)

This borehole camera offers a twin view set up allowing the operator to switch between
either a forward or side view camera. The side view camera has an infinite 360°
rotation

The results of the survey are recorded digitally along with the date, borehole identity
and depth information.

Fluid Temperature (T)

There is a natural geothermal gradient of increasing temperature with depth. This
gradient varies with the thermal conductivity of the geological formation and is modified
by water flowing in, out or vertically though the borehole.

This log is used to determine flow patterns within the borehole and to identify flow
zones.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

Fluid Conductivity (EC or EC25)

The electrical conductivity (EC) of the water is related to its salinity and dissolved solids
and is therefore a measure of the quality of the borehole water. The shape of the log
trace can indicate zones of inflow.

Using data from the temperature log the electrical conductivity is corrected to 25°C
(EC25).

This log is used to identify different zones of water quality.

Differential logs are produced over a one metre spacing, these are an interpretative
aid to detect gradient changes.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 3

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Heat Pulse Flowmeter (HPF)

The Heat Pulse Flowmeter consists of two very sensitive temperature sensors which
are positioned 5cm above and 5cm below a small heating element. The tool is
positioned at a particular depth and left for a few minutes for the temperature sensors
to stabilise. A heat pulse is then generated and then the temperature sensors monitor
for its movement. The distance from the heating element to the sensors is (5cm). The
time taken for the heat pulse to reach the sensor is recorded and is used to calculate
the velocity of the fluid movement.

Caliper (Cal)

This tool measures the mean diameter of the borehole. It is used to check the integrity
of the borehole lining, and where the borehole is unlined to identify zones of washout,
breakout or fissures.

Natural Gamma (Gam)

The tool measures the naturally occurring gamma radiation found in rocks and
sediments. It is mainly used to detect the clays that contain potassium K40, though the
U238 and the Th232 series of elements present in certain rocks also emit gamma
radiation.

The higher the concentration of these clay minerals the greater the responses on the
natural gamma log.

Dual - Density (LSD / HRD)

The density tool has two detectors at different spacing’s from a source of gamma
radiation. The logs from each detector indicate the apparent bulk density of the
material surrounding the tool at a radius of investigation related to the spacing’s. The
Long Spaced Density (LSD) has a spacing of 48cm and the High Resolution Density
(HRD) has a spacing of 24cm.

The High Resolution Density has the smaller radius of investigation, up to around
10cm under average/medium range of densities, and its response is also more
affected by the quality of the borehole lining. The Long Spaced Density has the greater
radius of investigation, up to 15 - 20cms under average conditions, but least resolution.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 4

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

2.0
THE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING METHODS

Borehole Magnetic Resonance (BMR)

BMR is a quantitative geophysical method that can be used to make in situ
assessments of porosity, water content, mobile and immobile water fraction, and
estimates of permeability. Also known as NMR; it stands for Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance. The term Nuclear refers to the fact that we are measuring a quantum
mechanical state of the proton, called Spin. The Spin can be a + or – spin and we look
at transitions between to the two levels. ‘Magnetic’ refers to the fact that we use
external magnets to align the spins in one direction. Once we have the spins aligned
up, we can then conduct experiments to obtain information about the spins. These
transitions in spin states only occur at a particular Resonance frequency. The value of
which is determined by the gyromagnetic ratio multiplied by our magnet field strength.
This can then be converted to a value in kHz. The tool has an antenna that pulses at
this frequency. Typically, for borehole NMR tools this frequency is in the RF range and
hence we often call it a RF antenna.

The tool will send a series of pulses in what we call a pulse sequence. The duration
and number of the sequences affects the amount of data and quality of data that is
obtained. The shorter the echo spacing (time between RF pulses) the more accurate
the measurement.

The raw data collected in the CPMG (pulse sequence name) is then inverted to obtain
a T2 distribution. T2 is the relaxation time of the spins after they are perturbed by the
RF pulse. This decay data is actually a sum of exponentials that is related to the pore
size distribution.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 5

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

Gateshead Living Lab
OS Grid Ref:
NZ xx-xxxx-xxxx
Stadium Hutton
Post Code:
NE10 0DZ

Figure 3.1
Location map showing Stadium Hutton approximate location. © Crown
copyright 2025 OS100057099.

Figure 3.2
Aerial image showing Stadium Hutton approximate location. © Google
2025.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 6

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

The Stadium site is accessed from Loverose Wynd. The date of sinking of the bore
was in 2024. The Hutton Borehole is one of 2 boreholes known to occupy the Stadium
locality of the Gateshead Living Lab project. Stadium High Main is located to the East,
some 4m away.

Figure 3.3
Stadium entrance looking from Loverose Wynd. © Google 2025.

Figure 3.4
Stadium Hutton wellhead with logging tripod and wireline in position.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 7

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

3.0
BOREHOLE DETAILS

Stadium Hutton

Date Logged:
14.01.2025 &
15.01.2025

Datum:
Top of uPVC lining

Drilled Depth
189.0 m*

Logged Depth:
183.8 m

Internal Diameters
Depths
Plain Steel Lining:
254 mm
0.0 – 27.0 m*
Plain Steel Lining
203 mm
0.0 – 89.9 m*
Plain Steel Lining
203 mm
152.4 – 167.4 m*
uPVC Lining:
102 mm
0.0 – 171.1 m
Unlined Borehole:
194 mm
171.1 – 183.8
Water Level:
17.4 m
Rest water level
Logged By:
C. Clinton

Figure 3.5
Table of the borehole construction from data obtained during the
survey. *Based on information provided by the Mining Remediation
Authority.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 8

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

4.0
BOREHOLE LOGGING CONSTRAINTS

•
Vehicle access constraints
None
•
Tool access constraints
None

•
Borehole quality constraints
None
•
Sonde risk
None
•
Lack of fluid filled column
None
•
Time constraints
None

•
Construction constraints
None

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 9

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

5.1
Presentation of Results

A composite geophysical log with associated CCTV observations and construction log
has been presented as an A4 colour plot and is shown in Figure 5.1. A composite
Magnetic Resonance and geophysical log has been presented as an A4 colour plot
and is shown in Figure 5.2.

5.2
Photographs

Photographs of key features have been taken from the digital recording and are shown
as Figures 5.3 and 5.4

5.3
Discussion

The records provided by the Mining Remediation Authority show a surface steel casing
of 10 inches diameter down to a depth of 27m, with 8 inch steel casing from 0.0 –
89.9m and 152.4 – 167.4m and an inner uPVC lining of 4 inches diameter from 0.2m
– 170.0m

The CCTV and the caliper log located the bottom of the uPVC lining at a depth of
169.4m with a small section of what appeared on the CCTV to be steel below from
xx-xxxx-xxxx – 171.1m which appeared to be slightly larger diameter (111mm) than the uPVC
lining above. Subsequent information obtained from the Mining Remediation Authority
suggests that this was in fact the inflatable packer used for containing cement during
grouting operations. The caliper log recorded the uPVC lining to be 103mm in
diameter, and the open-hole at 202mm to 178m, where notable fracturing was
apparent to the final surveyable depth at 183.8m.

Between 167.4 and 170m uPVC lining was anticipated, with no steel casing behind.
However, the CCTV showed the grouting packer before entering open hole at 171.1m.
This change is confirmed by the caliper which shows an I.D. of around 111mm. This
was also observed at Bede Brass Thill.

From 0.0 – 27.0m, the Natural Gamma response was strongly attenuated due to the
multiple casing strings. From 27.0 – 89.9m the records showed the presence of 8 inch
steel casing behind the uPVC lining and there was an attenuation of the Natural
Gamma response, due to increased density of material behind the uPVC lining.
Between 89.9m and 152.4m there is a single uPVC lining. The Natural Gamma
response was higher which is in keeping with having less dense material behind the
lining. Based on the provided records, between 152.4 – 167.4m there was a length of
8 inch steel casing behind the uPVC lining. The Natural Gamma response in this
section is attenuated compared to the sections above and below, which supports the
location of the casing. The log showed a predominantly mudstone lithology in the
cased section, with occasional sandstone horizons, and predominantly sandstone
formation in the open-hole.

Density values were highest between 0.0-21m, as expected by the presence of
multiple casing strings. Readings decreased at 21m and were consistent other than

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 10

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

minor peaks representing casing joins to 90m, where a further decrease was
observed, corresponding to the base of the steel linings. Throughout the plastic-lined
section, values were reasonably consistent, apart from the occasional slight decrease
(134m & 138m), most likely representing slight gaps/thinning in the cement. A further
increase was noted between 153-168m. This corresponds to the presence of steel
again. In the open-hole section of the borehole, values were around 2.6g/cm3, typical
of competent sandstone, before becoming slightly erratic at ~178m due to the
presence of large fractures.

The rest water level was at 17.4m, and showed some minor fluctuation of ±0.05m. The
CCTV observed an oscillating flow when observing the sediment load in the fluid
column at 21.7m, showing a repeating pattern of a few seconds of upward flow, and
then a few seconds of downward flow. This was an unusual characteristic, and may
be a sign of some kind of pumping somewhere in the hydraulic system.

The Fluid Temperature and Conductivity logs also showed the water level at 17.4m
and were both fairly stable down to 21m, with temperature around 11.9 °C and
conductivity ~6500 µs/cm. Below this the conductivity began to significantly increase
towards 18000 µs/cm at 30m where it stabilised, and the temperature gradient
increased to 0.05 °C/m from 21m down to ~45m. The conductivity log remained quite
constant throughout the borehole at ~18000 µs/cm, with a slight increase observed at
178.8m. This corresponds to the fractured zone and minor flow seen in the Heat-Pulse
flowmeter data.

The fluid temperature log showed a positive gradient to ~65m, before a zone of
constant temperature gave way to a negative gradient from ~80-100m. The profile
then returned to a positive gradient with several small inflections within the cased
section. A further inflection at 178.8m corresponds to the possible flow point
mentioned above.

The heat pulse flow meter showed a small upward flow of around 2mm/s in the unlined
borehole, extending up into the uPVC lining. This zone corresponds with the area of
fracturing so it is likely that inflow was occurring here.

The BMR was run from 183.4 – 170.7m and 149.5 – 90.2m. Gaps in BMR data are
due to the presence of steel casing in the borehole.

Based on the other logs and the information provided by The Mining Remediation
Authority, the borehole is comprised of Clastic lithology. Therefore, the subject BMR
data was processed using global cutoffs for a clastic (clay (3 ms) and capillary (33 ms)
bound water) lithology and standard co-efficients for permeability equations. It should
be noted that in unsaturated media, TPOR reports only moisture content and Water
Volume, Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity outputs are invalid. If present,
minor Noise, Magnetics and Formation Effects in the borehole have been flagged
throughout the log. When the effects are above tolerances,the data has additionally
been labelled as formation corrupted and should not be used unless validated with
other logs/information. It was observed in the upper section that noise was significantly
higher and variable compared to the lower section. Upon review of the borehole
completion it was noted that multiple thermistor sensors on fiber optic cable are

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 11

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

installed in the cemented annulus and are considered the source of the noise effect
when comparing to the High Main log noise in the similar cemented section.

The average total porosity in the competent sandstone section of the unlined borehole
was around 0.02 – 0.1 (with 1 being 100%). Below this there are breakouts which may
effect the porosity measurements.

The total porosity values in the upper section were more variable, with values between
0.02 – 0.3 with higher signal noise. It should be noted that where the cementing behind
the uPVC lining is inconsistent, the BMR data will not be representative of the
formation, due to the higher quantity of water.

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 12

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.1

Composite Geophysical Log

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
167.0
245
89.9 and 167.4
27.0
189.0 (BGL)
uPVC
200
Mining Remediation Authority
Gateshead
167.0
NZ26
17.4
0.0 and 152.4
14.01.25
194
0.0
27.0
189.0
Steel
Steel
Stadium - Hutton
375
103 (id)
183.8
111 (id)
Newcastle
C. Clinton
0.0
xx-xxxx-xxxx
0.0 - 183.8
Top of uPVC
171.1
Composite
xx-xxxx-xxxx
Depth
1:200
Natural Gamma
0
100
API
EC25
0
20000
µS/cm
Stadium
Hutton
Long Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Short Spaced Density
0
4
g/cm³
Fluid Temperature
11
19
°C
CCTV Comments
Heat Pulse Flow Meter
-10
10
mm/s
Caliper
0
500
mm
0
10
20
30
DATUM: Top of Lining
0.0 - 169.4m uPVC Lining
i.d. 103mm
17.4m WATER LEVEL
minor fluctuation in water
level +/- ~5cm
21.7 Oscilating flow

40
50
60
70
80

90
100
110
120
130
140

150
160
170
180
xx-xxxx-xxxx - 171.1m PLAIN
STEEL LINING
i.d. 111mm
171.1 - 183.8m UNLINED
BOREHOLE
i.d. 194mm
183.8m FINAL
SURVEYABLE DEPTH

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 13

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

Figure 5.2

Borehole Magnetic Resonance

BOREHOLE RECORD
CASING RECORD
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES LTD
To: (m)
To: (m)
Location:
Client:
Size: (mm)
Drilled Depth: (m)
Elevation:
Date:
From: (m)
Fluid Level: (m)
Grid Ref:
From: (m)
Logged Depth: (m)
Type
Bit: (mm)
Borehole:
Recorded By:
Area:
Logging Datum:
Logged Interval: (m)
Remarks:
Log Type:
167.0
89.9 - 167.4
245
27.0
Gateshead
Mining Remediation Authority
200
uPVC
189.0 (BGL)
167.0
14.01.25
0.0 and 152.4
17.4
NZ26
0.0
194
27.0
189.0
Steel
Steel
183.8
103 (id)
375
Stadium - Hutton
C. Clinton
Newcastle
111 (id)
0.0
xx-xxxx-xxxx
171.1
Top of uPVC
0.0 - 183.8
xx-xxxx-xxxx
BMR
Depth
1m:200m
Hyd. Cond. (KTIM)
1e-007
10
m/day
Specific
Yield
(FFV)
0
0.5
V/V
Hyd. Cond. (KSDR)
1e-007
10
m/day
Specific
Retention
(BVF)
0
0.5
V/V
WATER VOLUMES
Clay Bound ...
Capillary Bou...
Moveable W...
0
0.7
Pore Size (T2) Distribution
0
0.04
0.0003
3
s
T2LM
0.3
3000
ms
Total Porosity
(TPOR)
0
0.7
V/V
Caliper
180
280
mm
Natural Gamma
0
100
API
Corrupt Signal
Noisy
T
Magnetics
Formation Effect
f
Open Hole
T
Hutton Lithology
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28

32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84

88
92
96
100
104
108
112
116
120
124
128
132
136
140

144
148
152
156
160
164
168
172
176
180
184
188

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 14

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Stadium Hutton

Date: 14.01.25

Figure 5.3
Resting Water Level
Change from uPVC lining to plain steel
lining
Bottom of steel lining.
Down hole view of break out

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 15

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

5.0
RESULTS

PHOTOGRAPHS FROM THE CCTV SURVEY

Stadium Hutton

Date: 14.01.25

Figure 5.4

Sub vertical fracture
Breakout with blocky appearance, with
possible fracturing.
Fine sediment on base of borehole.
Horizontal fracture

Gateshead Living Lab - Stadium Hutton 16

© European Geophysical Services Ltd

6.0
CONCLUSIONS
6.1
The final surveyable depth of the borehole was recorded at 183.8m and was
covered in fine sediment.

6.2
The borehole was lined with uPVC with a 103mm I.D. to a depth of 169.4m with
plain steel casing with an id of 111mm to a depth of 171.1m. behind the uPVC
lining there was a section of 10 inch plain steel casing from 0 – 27m and 2
sections of 8 inch casing from 0 – 89.9m and 152.4 – 167.4m. This was
corroborated by the Natural Gamma, density and caliper measurements.

6.3
The temperature and conductivity logs show a change at the base of the
borehole at 178.8m, which suggests the inflow point is located below this zone.

6.4
The CCTV shows a horizontal fracture at the base of the hole, at 183.4m. This
may be the inflow point.

6.5
The unlined borehole was comprised of competent and stable sandstone down
to ~177.9m, with an average density of around 2.5 – 2.6 g/cm3 and a diameter
of ~202mm. Break outs were observed below this on the CCTV and the caliper
which have also affected the density logs.

6.6
The oscillating flow at the top of the borehole was unusual and may be related
to some kind of pumping in the hydraulic system.

6.7
The rest water level was 17.4m with some small fluctuation of around ±5cm,
which is likely related to the oscillating flow observed on the CCTV

6.8
There was vertical fluid movement between the base of the borehole and
~164m measured on the heat pulse flow meter, of around 1.4 mm/s. No
downward flow was observed on the heat pulse flow meter, despite the
oscillating flow observed at the top of the fluid column on the CCTV.

6.9
The average total porosity in the competent sandstone section of the unlined
borehole was around 0.02 – 0.1 (with 1 being 100%). Below this there were
breakouts which may effect the porosity measurements. The total porosity
values in the upper uPVC lined section were more variable, with values
between 0.02 – 0.3 and higher signal noise which may be due to the sensors
installed behind the lining.

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Appendix B – Borehole construction details

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Appendix C – Driller’s logs strata description
Bede – High Main
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
14 ¾”
1.2
2.48
Shale / clay
100
14 ¾”
2.48
5.48
Shale / clay
100
14 ¾”
5.48
7.48
Shale
100
14 ¾”
7.48
10.48
Shale
100
14 ¾”
13.48
xx-xxxx-xxxx
Shale
100
14 ¾”
xx-xxxx-xxxx
19.48
Shale
100
14 ¾”
19.48
22.48
Shale
100
14 ¾”
22.48
23.80
Shale
100
9 5/8”
23.80
25.48
Mud stone / shale
100
9 5/8”
25.48
28.48
Grey shale / mudstone
100
9 5/8”
28.48
31.38
Grey shale / mudstone
100
9 5/8”
31.48
34.48
Grey shale / white stone
100
9 5/8”
34.48
37.48
White stone / sand stone
100
9 5/8”
37.48
40.48
White stone / sand stone
100
9 5/8”
40.48
43.48
White stone / sand stone
100
9 5/8”
43.48
46.48
White stone / sand stone
100
9 5/8”
46.48
49.48
White stone / sand stone
100
9 5/8”
49.48
52.48
White stone / sand stone
0
6”
66.61
69.61
SHALE
100
6”
69.61
72.61
SHALE
100
6”
72.61
75.61
SHALE / COAL
100
6”
75.61
78.61
SHALE /MUD STONE
100
6”
78.61
81.61
GREY MUDSTONE / SHALE
100
6”
81.61
84.61
GREY MUDSTONE / SHALE
100
6”
84.61
87.61
GREY MUDSTONE / SHALE
100
6”
87.61
90.61
GREY MUDSTONE / SHALE
100
6”
90.61
93.61
SAND STONE
100
6”
93.61
96.61
SAND STONE
100
6”
96.61
99.61
SAND STONE
100
6”
99.61
101.61
SAND STONE / COAL
100
6”
101.61
102.61
Sand stone / mud stone
100
6”
102.61
105.61
Sand stone / mud stone
100
6”
105.61
108.61
Sand stone / mudstone
100
6”
108.61
111.61
Shale / mudstone
100
6”
111.61
114.61
Coal
100
6”
114.61
117.61
Mud stone / sand stone
100
6”
117.61
120.61
Sand stone / shale
100
6”
120.61
123.61
Sand stone / shale
100
6”
123.61
126.61
White stone / sand stone
100

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Bede – High Main
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
6”
126.61
129.61
White stone / sand stone
100
6”
129.61
132.61
White stone / sand stone
100
6”
132.61
135.61
White stone / sand stone
100
6”
135.61
138.61
White stone / sand stone
100
6”
138.61
141.61
Shale / mud stone
100
6”
141.61
144.61
Shale / mud stone
100
6”
144.61
147.61
Coal / white sand stone
100
6”
147.61
150.61
Mud stone / shale
100
6”
150.61
153.61
Mud stone / shale
100
6”
153.61
156.61
Sand stone / mud stone
100
6”
156.61
159.61
Sand stone / mud stone
100
6”
159.61
162.61
Coal / white stone
100
6”
162.61
165.61
Coal / mud stone
100
6”
165.61
xx-xxxx-xxxx
Mud stone / shale
100
6”
xx-xxxx-xxxx
171.61
Mud stone / shale
100

Bede – Brass Thill
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
14 ¾”
G/L
1.2
Clay, coal, brick
100
14 ¾”
1.2
5.14
Shale
0
14 ¾”
5.14
8.14
Shale
100
14 ¾”
8.14
11.14
Shale
100
14 ¾”
11.14
14.14
Shale
100
14 ¾”
14.14
15.14
Shale
100
14 ¾”
15.14
18.14
Shale
100
14 ¾”
18.14
21.14
Shale
100
14 ¾”
21.14
23.80
Shale
100
9 5/8
22
23.14
Shale
100
9 5/8
23.14
25.14
Shale
100
9 5/8
25.14
28.14
Shale
100
9 5/8
28.14
31.14
Shale
100
9 5/8
31.14
34.14
Shale
100
9 5/8
34.14
37.14
Shale
100
9 5/8
37.14
40.14
White sand stone / shale
100
9 5/8
40.14
43.14
White sand stone / shale
100
9 5/8
43.14
47.14
Light grey sand stone / dark grey mud stone
100
9 5/8
47.14
50.14
Light grey sand stone / dark grey mud stone
100
9 5/8
50.14
53.14
Light grey sand stone / dark grey mud stone
90
9 5/8
53.14
56.14
Coal / wood
100
9 5/8
56.14
59.14
Coal / wood /dark grey sand stone
100

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Bede – Brass Thill
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
9 5/8
59.14
62.27
white sand stone
100
9 5/8
62.27
65.27
black shale mudstone coal
100
9 5/8
65.27
68.27
black shale mudstone
100
9 5/8
68.27
71.27
grey mudstone
100
9 5/8
71.27
74.27
grey mudstone
100
9 5/8
74.27
77.27
grey mudstone
100
9 5/8
80.27
83.27
grey mudstone
100
9 5/8
83.27
86.27
grey mudstone
100
9 5/8
86.27
89.27
grey mudstone
100
9 5/8
89.27
92.27
black shale
100
9 5/8
92.27
95.27
black shale
90
9 5/8
95.27
98.27
white sand stone
100
9 5/8
98.27
101.14
white sand stone
100
9 5/8”
101.27
104.27
white sand stone
100
9 5/8
104.27
107.27
sand stone mud stone
100
9 5/8
107.27
110.27
shale mud stone
100
9 5/8
110.27
113.27
Coal
100
9 5/8
113.27
116.27
mud stone sand stone
100
9 5/8
116.27
119.27
sand stone shale
100
9 5/8
119.27
122.27
sand stone shale
100
9 5/8
122.27
125.27
white stone sand stone
100
9 5/8
125.27
128.27
white stone sand stone
100
9 5/8
128.27
131.27
white stone sand stone
100
9 5/8
131.27
133.27
N/A
0
9 5/8”
99.61
102.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
102.61
105.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
105.61
108.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
108.61
111.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
111.61
114.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
114.61
117.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
117.61
120.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
120.61
123.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
123.61
126.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
126.61
129.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
129.61
131.61
GROUT
100%
9 5/8”
131.61
134.61
N/A
100

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Stadium – High Main
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
14” ¾
1.20
2.10
Made ground
100% / Dark Grey
14” ¾
2.10
7.10
Very stiff grey clay
100% / Dark Grey
14” ¾
7.10
16.0
Stiff grey boulder clay
100% / Dark Grey
14” ¾
16.0
21.50
Sandy grey clay with boulders
100% / Dark Grey
14” ¾
21.50
22.50
Dark grey mudstone
100% / Dark Grey
14” ¾
22.50
27.0
Yellow Sandstone
100% / Light Grey
9” 5/8
27.0
32.10
Yellow sandstone
100% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
32.10
34.0
Dark Grey mudstone
100% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
34.0
34.58
Coal
100% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
34.58
37.58
Yellow sandstone
100% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
37.58
44.58
Dark Grey mudstone
100% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
44.58
47.58
Dark Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops.
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
47.58
49.58
Light Grey mudstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
49.58
50.58
Dark Grey siltstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
50.58
51.60
Dark Grey siltstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
51.60
52.10
Coal, topping up mud treatment tank throughout drilling
ops.
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
52.10
53.58
Black mudstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
53.58
54.58
Dark grey siltstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
54.58
58.58
Light Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
58.58
60.58
Light grey sandstone with dark grey mudstone bands,
topping up mud treatment tank throughout drilling ops.
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
60.58
63.58
Light Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
63.58
67.58
Light Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
67.58
70.78
Light Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
70.78
70.88
Coal, topping up mud treatment tank throughout drilling
ops.
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
70.88
72.58
Light Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
72.58
75.18
Light Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey
9” 5/8
75.18
78.33
Coal, topping up mud treatment tank throughout drilling
ops. – Client on site witnessing the amount of coal
coming out of the b/h.
80% / Very Dark Grey
9” 5/8
78.33
79.58
Dark Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Very Dark Grey
9” 5/8
79.58
82.08
Dark Grey sandstone, topping up mud treatment tank
throughout drilling ops
80% / Dark Grey

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Stadium – Hutton
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
14” ¾
1.20
3.0
Made ground
Dk Brown / 100%
14” ¾
3.0
4.0
Made ground with clay
Brown / 100%
14” ¾
4.0
11.0
Very stiff light grey boulder clay
Dk Grey / 100%
14” ¾
11.0
14.0
Gravels with dark grey boulder clay.
Dk Grey / 100%
14” ¾
14.0
19.20
Grey boulder clay.
Grey / 100%
14” ¾
19.20
21.0
Grey boulder clay with big
boulders throughout.
Grey / 100%
14” ¾
21.0
23.0
Yellow sandstone
Very light grey /100%
14” ¾
23.0
24.0
Black mudstone.
Dk grey / 100%
14” ¾
24.0
27.0
Yellow sandstone
Very light grey / 100%
9” 5/8
27.0
29.62
Yellow sandstone
Light Grey / 100%
9” 5/8
29.62
35.62
Light grey mudstone
Light Grey / 100%
9” 5/8
35.62
39.62
Yellow sandstone – badly broken in places and
loosing flush returns
Light Grey / 50%
9” 5/8
39.62
44.62
Dark Grey mudstone
Dark grey / 90%
9” 5/8
44.62
49.62
Light grey Siltstone.
Light grey / 70%
9” 5/8
49.62
51.80
Dark Grey Siltstone
Dark grey / 50%
9” 5/8
51.80
Coal – Out of mud to continue drilling, near end of
shift and instructed to pull rods out of b/h , coal
cuttings coming over shaker at 51.80m
Dark grey / 50%
9” 5/8
51.80
52.20
Coal
Dark grey / 100&
9” 5/8
52.20
57.62
Light Grey Sandstone
Light grey / 100%
9” 5/8
57.62
59.62
Light Grey Sandstone with dark mudstone bands
throughout
Light grey / 100%
9” 5/8
59.62
60.62
Light Grey Sandstone with Mudstone bands
Light grey / 100%
9” 5/8
60.62
64.62
Light Grey Sandstone
Light grey / 100%
9” 5/8
64.62
66.05
Dark Grey Mudstone with Light Grey Sandstone
bands throughout.
Dark grey / 100&
9” 5/8
66.05
70.89
Light Grey Sandstone
Light grey / 100%
9” 5/8
70.89
70.99
Coal
Dark grey / 100&
9” 5/8
70.99
72.09
Dark Grey Sandstone
Dark grey / 100&
9” 5/8
72.09
73.09
Light Grey Sandstone
Light grey / 100%
9” 5/8
73.09
74.79
Light Grey Sandstone.
Light Grey / 100%
9” 5/8
74.79
75.09
Possible High Main roof, Coal and mudstone
chippings, *loosing flush*
Dark Grey / 60%
9” 5/8
75.09
75.51
Coal – High main
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
75.51
82.09
Dark Grey and Black mudstone
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
82.09
86.90
Light Grey mudstone with dark grey
mudstone bands.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
86.90
87.10
Coal
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
87.10
89.09
Black mudstone with light grey mudstone bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
89.09
90.09
Light grey mudstone with dark grey
mudstone bands.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
90.09
97.36
Black mudstone with Ligh Grey mudstone bands.
*Topping up mud treatment tank throughout
drilling ops*
Dark Grey / 80%

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Stadium – Hutton
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
9” 5/8
97.36
99.36
Black mudstone with light grey mudstone bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
99.36
109.56
Light Grey Mudstone with Dark Grey mudstone
bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
109.56
109.76
Coal
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
109.76
112.36
Dark Grey Mudstone with Light Grey mudstone
bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
112.36
115.60
Light Grey Mudstone with Dark Grey mudstone
bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
115.60
117.36
Light Grey Sandstone
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
117.36
118.36
Black mudstone with dark grey mudstone bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
118.36
120.36
Dark Grey Mudstone with Light Grey mudstone
bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
120.36
120.60
Coal
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
120.60
122.36
Dark Grey Mudstone with Light Grey mudstone
bands
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
122.36
133.36
Dark Grey mudstone with Light Grey mudstone
bands throughout.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
133.36
135.36
Black mudstone with Dark Grey mudstone bands
throughout.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
135.36
140.36
Dark Grey mudstone with Light Grey mudstone
bands throughout.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
140.36
142.36
Black mudstone with Dark Grey mudstone bands
throughout.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
142.36
143.36
Black mudstone with Dark Grey mudstone bands.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
143.36
145.36
Dark Grey mudstone with Light Grey mudstone
bands.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
145.36
155.52
Light Grey sandstone.
Light Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
155.52
155.62
Coal.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
155.62
156.36
Light Grey mudstone with Coal chippings.
Dark Grey / 80%
9” 5/8
156.36
157.36
Coal
Dark Grey / 80% then 0%
9” 5/8
157.36
xx-xxxx-xxxx
??? - No flush returns
0%
9” 5/8
xx-xxxx-xxxx
166.26
Void, no resistance on drill head from 164.16m to
166.26m. Resistance on drill head encountered at
166.26m –suspected Brass Thill seam. Gap of void
2.10m
0%
9” 5/8
166.26
167.36
??? – No flush returns
0%
7” 5/8
137.0
167.36
Grout
80% / Light Grey
7” 5/8
167.36
180.87
Dark Grey sandstone
80% / Dark Grey
7” 5/8
180.87
182.87
180.87m to 182.87m, total flush loss, very little
resistance on drill head, ¼ turning the drill head
every so often whilst pushing the drill string down
to get to 182.87m, resistance on drill head at
182.87m. Possible Hutton Seam from 180.87m to
182.87m equalling a 2.0m void with backfill in the
workings.
0% / ???
7” 5/8
182.87
184.63
Dark Grey sandstone
80% / Light Grey
7” 5/8
184.63
185.93
Coal – Possible Hutton Seam, not a lot of coal
coming over shaker.
80% / Dark Grey

Living Lab CCTV & Geophysical logging note: Appendices
July 2025

© Mining Remediation Authority

Stadium – Hutton
Diameter
From
To
Strata Description
%Flush
7” 5/8
185.93
188.97
Dark grey sandstone, Reamed rods up and down
twice, lost flush ½ way down the rod at approx
186.52m the 2nd time reaming the rod. Reamed
rods back to 188.97m, still no flush returns.
80% / Dark Grey then 0% / ????