Population in custody April 2009
Source: data.gov.uk (2018-05-25)

Prison Population statistics. Figures for the prison population in England and Wales published weekly. 
For more detailed figures on the prison population see the National Statistics publication, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly bulletin.

Population in custody 
monthly tables 
April 2009 
England and Wales 
 
Ministry of Justice 
Statistics bulletin 
 
Published 29 May 2009 
 

Population in custody April 2009 – key points  
Population in custody 
• The population in custody on 30 April 2009 was 83,246, a rise of 449 from a year earlier. 
The population in prisons was 82,794 (a rise of 475 from a year earlier), in Secure 
Training Centres (STCs) it was 257 and in Secure Children’s Homes (SCHs) it was 195. 
Population in prison 
• The male prison population increased by 1 per cent (up 666) to 78,511 and the female 
prison population decreased 4 per cent (down 191) to 4,283 in April 2009 compared to 
April 2008. 
 
• The remand population in prison fell slightly from 13,110 in April 2008 to 13,076 in April 
2009 (down 34). Within this total, the untried population increased 3 per cent (up 249) to 
8,549 and the convicted unsentenced population went down 6 per cent (down 283), to 
4,527. 
 
• Amongst the remand population the changes since April 2008 by offence group were all 
less than 100 apart from drug offences which dropped by 10 per cent (down 196) and 
robbery and violence against the person which rose 10 per cent (up 128) and 6 per cent 
(up 188) respectively. 
  
• There were 68,078 sentenced(1) prisoners at 30 April 2009, an increase of 1 per cent (up 
464) from a year earlier. There were increases for those serving indeterminate 
sentences (Life sentences and Indeterminate sentences for Public Protection) which 
increased by 11 per cent (up 1,265) and for those serving sentences of 1 year to less 
than 4 years which increased by 1 per cent (up 302). There were falls for those serving a 
sentence of less than or equal to 6 months (down 648,11 per cent), and greater than 6 
and less than 12 months (down 339, 12 per cent). The falls for sentences of less than 12 
months were against a relatively high short-sentenced population a year ago. 
 
• Amongst the sentenced(1) prison population the largest increases were for violence 
against the person (up 1,223, 7 per cent) and sexual offences (up 349, 5 per cent) from 
April 2008. The largest decreases since April 2008 were in those serving sentences for 
motoring offences (down 273, 19 per cent), theft and handling (down 342, 9 per cent) 
and other offences (down 411, 6 per cent). 
 
• The adult population in prison was 71,171 at 30 April 2009, an increase of 1 per cent (up 
856) from a year earlier. Over the same time period the number of 15 to 17 year olds fell 
12 per cent (down 297) to 2,126 and the young adult prison population fell 1 per cent 
(down 84) to 9,497 at 30 April 2009. 
 
• The prison population was 111 per cent of the ‘In Use CNA’ (74,648) at 30 April 2009. 
 
 
 
(1) Includes recalls and excludes fine defaulters 
1
Population in custody monthly tables, April 2009, England and Wales

 
Figure A: Remand population by offence group 
F
igu
re A:
 Rema
nd po
pulat
ion b
y off
ence gro
up
person
 
 
 
Figure B: Immediate custodial sentenced population by offence group 
F
igure
 B: I
mmedia
te cus
todial
 sente
nced pop
ulatio
n by of
fence gr
oup
 
2
Population in custody monthly tables, April 2009, England and Wales

 
Notes 
Data sources and quality 
The data presented in this brief are drawn from the prison administrative IT systems. 
Although care is taken when processing and analysing the returns, the detail collected is 
subject to the inaccuracies inherent in any large-scale recording system. While the figures 
shown have been checked as far as practicable, they should be regarded as approximate 
and not necessarily accurate to the last whole number shown in the tables. They are fit to be 
used for purposes of looking at trends and for comparing the relative magnitude of 
components. 
  
The prison population information has been drawn from two prison sources. The first source 
is the routine provision by prison establishments of records of the numbers of persons held 
in custody at the end of each month, broadly subdivided according to age, sex, custody type 
and sentence length. The records are collated and processed centrally, to produce the main 
estimates of the end of month population presented. The second source is the electronically 
held details for individual inmates such as date of birth, sex, religion, ethnic origin, custody 
type, offence, and reception and discharge dates and, for sentenced prisoners, sentence 
length. These data are collected on a central computer database and are used to produce 
the analyses by offence group and individual year of age. They form the basis of detailed 
population breakdowns, supplementing the aggregates derived from the first source, to 
which they are scaled for consistency. A new more detailed method of scaling this 
information was developed in 2004. 
 
Because the detailed population breakdowns have been scaled and also rounded to the 
nearest whole number, individual components may not sum to the totals. 
 
Information on the population in STCs and SCHs has been supplied by the Youth Justice 
Board. 
 
All figures are provisional pending publication of the annual Offender Management 
Caseload Statistics. 
 
 
Definitions 
Population in custody – this includes those held in prison establishments, police cells under 
Operation Safeguard, secure training centres (STCs) and secure children’s homes (SCHs). 
This is a change to previous outputs (notably Prison Population Monthly Brief and Prison 
Statistics England and Wales) where the reference to ‘population in custody’ just covered 
those held in prison establishments and police cells. All coverage is for England and Wales. 
 
Population in prison – this includes those held in prisons in England and Wales, including 
the three removal centres of Dover, Haslar and Lindholme. 
 
Sentenced population – this includes those sentenced to an immediate custodial sentence 
and fine defaulters. 
 
3
Population in custody monthly tables, April 2009, England and Wales

 
Immediate custodial sentence – this does not include fine defaulters. 
 
Adult prisoners – these are prisoners aged 21 years and over. 
 
Young adults – these are prisoners aged 18 to 20, but including 21 year old prisoners who 
were aged 20 or under at conviction who have not been reclassified as part of the adult 
population 
 
Indeterminate sentences – these cover life sentences and indeterminate sentences for 
public protection (IPP). 
 
Contact points for further information 
Current and previous editions of this publication are available for download at 
www.justice.gov.uk/publications/populationincustody.htm 
Future reports will be published on a monthly basis. Spreadsheet files of the tables 
contained in this document are also available for download from this address. 
Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office: 
Tel: xx-xxxx-xxxx 
 
Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to: 
Ministry of Justice 
Offender Management and Sentencing – Analytical Services 
2nd Floor Fry Building 
2 Marsham Street 
London 
SW1P 4DF 
Tel: xx-xxxx-xxxx 
 
General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be emailed to: 
xxx@xxx.xx 
General information about the official statistics system of the UK is available from 
www.statistics.gov.uk 
 
 
4
Population in custody monthly tables, April 2009, England and Wales

Table 1: Population in custody: by type of custody and sex
Apr-08
Apr-09
Percentage change 2008 to 
2009
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
Total
Males
Females
Total
1
-5
1
1
-4
1
*
*
*
-6
*
-14
25
-21
5
All population in custody, of which
Prisons
Police cells
SCHs
STCs
78,160
77,845
6
169
140
4,637
4,474
0
59
104
82,797
82,319
6
228
244
78,845
78,511
0
159
175
4,401
4,283
0
36
82
83,246
82,794
0
195
257
All population in prison, of which
77,845
4,474
82,319
78,511
4,283
82,794
1
-4
1
Remand
12,248
862
13,110
12,314
762
13,076
1
-12
0
Untried
Convicted unsentenced
7,750
4,498
550
312
8,300
4,810
8,044
4,270
505
257
8,549
4,527
4
-5
-8
-18
3
-6
Under sentence
64,201
3,517
67,718
64,720
3,466
68,186
1
-1
1
Fine defaulter
Less than or equal to 6 months
Greater than 6 months to less than 12 months
12 months to less than 4 years
4 years or more (excluding Indeterminate sentences)
Indeterminate sentences
96
5,254
2,585
22,131
23,420
10,715
8
519
262
1,298
1,085
345
104
5,773
2,847
23,429
24,505
11,060
98
4,664
2,279
22,379
23,346
11,954
10
461
229
1,352
1,043
371
108
5,125
2,508
23,731
24,389
12,325
2
-11
-12
1
0
12
*
-11
-13
4
-4
8
4
-11
-12
1
0
11
Non-criminal prisoners
1,396
95
1,491
1,477
55
1,532
6
-42
3
All adult population in prison, of which
Remand
Untried
Convicted unsentenced
Under sentence
Fine defaulter
Less than or equal to 6 months
Greater than 6 months to less than 12 months
12 months to less than 4 years
4 years or more (excluding Indeterminate sentences)
Indeterminate sentences
66,357
9,796
6,246
3,550
55,286
94
4,013
1,874
17,595
21,806
9,905
3,958
745
475
270
3,125
7
430
230
1,120
1,016
322
70,315
10,541
6,721
3,820
58,411
101
4,443
2,103
18,715
22,822
10,227
67,323
9,862
6,477
3,385
56,078
97
3,587
1,709
17,903
21,539
11,243
3,848
650
442
208
3,148
10
394
203
1,202
987
352
71,171
10,512
6,919
3,593
59,226
107
3,981
1,912
19,105
22,526
11,595
1
1
4
-5
1
3
-11
-9
2
-1
14
-3
-13
-7
-23
1
*
-8
-12
7
-3
9
1
0
3
-6
1
6
-10
-9
2
-1
13
Non-criminal prisoners
1,275
88
1,363
1,383
50
1,433
8
-43
5
All 15 -17 year olds in prison, of which
2,356
67
2,423
2,078
47
2,126
-12
*
-12
Remand
551
17
567
525
10
536
-5
*
-6
Untried
Convicted unsentenced
364
187
11
5
375
192
345
181
8
2
353
183
-5
-3
*
*
-6
-5
Under sentence
Fine defaulter
Less than or equal to 6 months
Greater than 6 months to less than 12 months
12 months to less than 4 years
4 years or more (excluding Indeterminate sentences)
Indeterminate sentences
1,804
0
433
289
869
133
80
50
0
15
6
21
8
0
1,855
0
449
295
890
140
80
1,552
0
352
194
783
153
70
37
0
11
3
13
6
4
1,589
0
363
196
796
159
75
-14
*
-19
-33
-10
15
-12
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
-14
*
-19
-34
-11
14
-7
Non-criminal prisoners
1
0
1
1
0
1
*
*
*
All young adults1 in prison, of which
9,132
449
9,581
9,110
388
9,497
0
-14
-1
Remand
1,901
100
2,002
1,927
102
2,028
1
2
1
Untried
Convicted unsentenced
1,140
761
64
37
1,204
798
1,222
704
55
47
1,277
751
7
-7
-14
*
6
-6
Under sentence
7,111
342
7,452
7,090
281
7,371
0
-18
-1
Fine defaulter
Less than or equal to 6 months
Greater than 6 months to less than 12 months
12 months to less than 4 years
4 years or more (excluding Indeterminate sentences)
Indeterminate sentences
2
808
422
3,667
1,481
730
1
73
26
157
61
23
3
881
449
3,824
1,543
753
1
725
377
3,693
1,654
641
0
56
24
137
50
15
1
781
400
3,830
1,704
655
*
-10
-11
1
12
-12
*
-24
*
-13
-18
*
*
-11
-11
0
10
-13
Non-criminal prisoners
120
7
127
93
5
98
-23
*
-23
1 Young adults are those aged 18 - 20 and those 21 year olds who were aged 20 or under at conviction who have not been reclassified as part of the adult population
* Indicates that one or both of the comparative numbers are less than 50 which could give rise to misleading percentage changes
Data Sources and Quality
These figures have been drawn from administrative IT systems which, as with any large scale recording system,  are subject to possible errors with data entry and processing. See Data Sources and Quality section of 
report for more information.   
5

Table 2: Population in prison by offence - remand and immediate custodial sentence
Apr-08
Apr-09
Percentage change 2008 to 2009
Immediate 
custodial 
Remand
sentence
Remand
Immediate 
custodial 
sentence
Remand
Immediate 
custodial 
sentence
All prisoners
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
Offence not recorded
13,110
3,142
906
1,338
1,475
1,029
537
1,947
118
1,844
773
67,614
18,638
7,535
8,784
7,887
3,828
1,994
10,817
1,412
6,515
205
13,076
3,330
892
1,466
1,448
946
522
1,751
111
1,839
771
68,078
19,861
7,884
8,898
7,766
3,486
1,943
10,679
1,139
6,104
319
0
6
-2
5
1
-2
-9
-3
-1
-19
5
1
-2
-10
-3
0
-20
-2
11
14
-2
-1
-13
1
7
-6
55
1
6
-6
54
5
7
*
10
-2
-8
-3
-10
-6
0
0
All male prisoners
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
Offence not recorded
12,248
2,959
895
1,281
1,425
919
453
1,807
115
1,703
691
64,105
17,863
7,485
8,489
7,690
3,395
1,712
9,792
1,395
6,092
192
12,314
3,162
879
1,410
1,413
841
445
1,644
109
1,714
699
64,622
19,002
7,831
8,563
7,554
3,061
1,664
9,789
1,117
5,746
295
1
7
-2
10
-1
-8
-2
-9
-5
1
1
All female prisoners
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
Offence not recorded
862
183
11
57
50
110
84
141
3
142
82
3,509
775
50
295
197
433
282
1,024
17
423
13
762
168
13
56
36
105
78
108
2
126
72
3,456
859
52
335
212
425
279
891
22
358
23
-12
-8
*
-2
*
-4
-8
-24
*
-12
-13
-15
*
6

Table 2: Population in prison by offence - remand and immediate custodial sentence
Apr-08
Remand
Apr-09
Percentage change 2008 to 2009
Immediate 
custodial 
Remand
sentence
Immediate 
custodial 
sentence
Remand
Immediate 
custodial 
sentence
All adult prisoners
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
Offence not recorded
10,541
2,498
790
814
1,149
832
516
1,672
89
1,510
672
58,310
16,000
7,117
6,555
6,672
3,272
1,951
9,929
1,219
5,430
165
10,512
2,623
773
901
1,090
788
494
1,511
94
1,546
692
59,119
17,184
7,464
6,712
6,535
3,034
1,886
9,885
1,004
5,146
270
0
5
-2
11
-5
-5
-4
-10
6
2
3
5
2
-2
-7
-3
0
-18
5
2
-2
-8
-4
1
-18
1
15
-1
1
-11
1
7
-5
64
1
7
-5
62
3
16
8
*
All adult male prisoners
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
Offence not recorded
9,796
2,346
782
775
1,106
730
434
1,551
86
1,390
596
55,192
15,362
7,067
6,320
6,496
2,870
1,679
8,973
1,204
5,066
154
9,862
2,491
763
857
1,058
696
420
1,417
93
1,443
624
55,981
16,453
7,413
6,440
6,344
2,637
1,610
9,033
983
4,818
249
1
6
-2
11
-4
-5
-3
-9
8
4
5
All adult female prisoners
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
745
152
8
3,118
638
50
650
132
10
3,138
731
51
-13
-13
*
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
39
43
101
82
121
3
120
235
176
402
272
956
15
364
43
32
93
74
94
2
103
272
190
396
276
851
21
328
*
*
-8
-9
-22
*
-14
-10
Offence not recorded
75
12
68
21
-10
*
7

Table 2: Population in prison by offence - remand and immediate custodial sentence
Apr-08
Remand
Apr-09
Percentage change 2008 to 2009
Immediate 
custodial 
Remand
sentence
Immediate 
custodial 
sentence
Remand
Immediate 
custodial 
sentence
All aged 15-17
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
567
141
36
1,855
474
73
536
140
25
1,589
422
73
-6
-1
*
-14
-11
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
141
76
34
2
51
2
72
506
289
148
5
96
26
232
154
87
24
3
46
1
52
432
267
123
2
78
20
168
9
15
*
*
*
*
-28
-15
-7
-17
-19
-28
-14
-10
-15
-7
-18
-16
-26
0
*
*
*
-2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Offence not recorded
11
6
3
6
*
All males aged 15-17
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
551
138
36
1,804
456
73
525
136
25
1,552
409
72
-5
-1
*
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
139
74
32
2
50
2
68
495
287
145
5
91
26
221
152
86
24
3
46
1
49
422
266
119
2
76
20
163
9
17
*
*
*
*
*
Offence not recorded
10
6
3
5
*
All females aged 15-17
Violence against the person
Sexual offences
17
3
0
50
18
0
10
4
0
37
13
1
*
*
*
Robbery
Burglary
Theft and Handling
Fraud and Forgery
Drug offences
Motoring offences
Other offences
2
2
2
0
1
0
4
11
2
4
0
5
0
10
2
1
0
0
0
0
3
10
2
4
0
2
0
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Offence not recorded
1
0
0
1
*
8

Table 3: Young population in prison: by type of custody and sex
 30 April 2009
Total Under 
Total Young 
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
Adults1
All young population in prisons, of which
Prisoners on remand
57
147
332
536
650
667
634
78
2,028
Untried
40
95
217
353
419
415
384
60
1,277
Convicted unsentenced
17
51
115
183
230
252
251
18
751
Prisoners under sentence
157
426
1,006
1,589
1,507
2,370
2,824
669
7,371
Fine defaulter
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Immediate custodial sentence
157
426
1,006
1,589
1,507
2,369
2,824
669
7,370
Non-criminal prisoners
1
0
0
1
22
27
28
21
98
All young male population in prisons, of which
Prisoners on remand
57
147
322
525
623
639
589
77
1,927
Untried
40
95
209
345
405
400
359
59
1,222
Convicted unsentenced
17
51
112
181
217
239
230
18
704
Prisoners under sentence
157
426
969
1,552
1,446
2,265
2,722
657
7,090
Fine defaulter
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
Immediate custodial sentence
157
426
969
1,552
1,446
2,264
2,722
657
7,089
Non-criminal prisoners
1
0
0
1
20
26
27
21
93
All young female population in prisons, of which
Prisoners on remand
0
0
10
10
27
28
46
1
102
Untried
0
0
8
8
14
15
25
1
55
Convicted unsentenced
0
0
2
2
13
13
21
0
47
Prisoners under sentence
0
0
37
37
61
105
102
12
281
Fine defaulter
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Immediate custodial sentence
0
0
37
37
61
105
102
12
281
Non-criminal prisoners
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
5
1 Young adults are those aged 18 - 20 and those 21 year olds who were aged 20 or under at conviction who have not been reclassified as part of the adult population
Data Sources and Quality
These figures have been drawn from administrative IT systems, which, as with any large scale recording system, are subject to possible errors with data entry and processing. See Data Sources and 
Quality section of report for more information.   
9

Table 4: CNA and population by sex and establishment
 30 April 2009
                                      
Establishment                         
      
In use CNA1
Total 
Population 
Males                       
Acklington
946
934
Albany
567
557
Altcourse
794
1,271
Ashfield
400
360
Ashwell
184
184
Aylesbury
437
436
Bedford
321
460
Belmarsh
800
871
Birmingham
1,109
1,437
Blantyre House
122
115
Blundeston
481
516
Brinsford
545
531
Bristol
424
610
Brixton
606
752
Buckley Hall
346
379
Bullingdon
879
1,076
Bullwood Hall
180
227
Camp Hill
520
560
Canterbury
195
310
Cardiff
548
812
Castington
400
369
Channings Wood
696
724
Chelmsford
554
682
Coldingley
494
505
Cookham Wood
114
78
Dartmoor
613
626
Deerbolt
513
443
Doncaster
771
1,129
Dorchester
137
236
Dovegate
800
848
Dover
316
292
Durham
593
925
Edmunds Hill
361
367
Elmley
735
945
Erlestoke
470
467
Everthorpe
603
657
Exeter
313
528
Featherstone
663
684
Feltham
762
622
Ford
557
554
Forest Bank
800
1,144
Frankland
733
728
Full Sutton
592
582
Garth
812
821
Gartree
689
683
Glen Parva
668
781
Gloucester
225
302
Grendon/Spring Hill
527
502
Guys Marsh
520
567
Haslar
160
143
Haverigg
622
613
Hewell2
1,173
1,402
High Down
999
1,014
Highpoint
906
921
Hindley
515
211
Hollesley Bay
345
337
Holme House
857
969
Hull
723
1,016
Huntercombe
360
291
Kennet
175
344
Kingston (Portsmouth)
175
173
Kirkham
590
586
Kirklevington Grange
283
266
Lancaster Castle
159
227
Lancaster Farms
480
506
Latchmere House
207
198
10

Table 4: CNA and population by sex and establishment
 30 April 2009
                                      
      
Establishment                         
In use CNA1
Total 
Population 
Leeds
829
1,125
Leicester
210
335
Lewes
623
639
Leyhill
512
496
Lincoln
436
680
Lindholme
1,054
1,109
Littlehey
663
713
Liverpool
1,166
1,303
Long Lartin
458
431
Lowdham Grange
640
693
Maidstone
565
525
Manchester
952
1,218
Moorland Open
260
245
Moorland Closed
740
769
North Sea Camp
318
308
Northallerton
147
179
Norwich
447
521
Nottingham
379
550
Onley
710
649
Parc
838
1,199
Parkhurst
449
494
Pentonville
813
1,083
Peterborough
480
607
Portland
579
598
Preston
453
741
Ranby
945
1,064
Reading
190
247
Risley
1,048
1,074
Rochester
620
590
Rye Hill
600
655
Shepton Mallet
165
188
Shrewsbury
177
300
Stafford
741
734
Standford Hill
462
441
Stocken
779
804
Stoke Heath
562
563
Sudbury
581
577
Swaleside
808
826
Swansea
230
420
Swinfen Hall
604
619
The Mount
747
763
The Verne
572
582
The Wolds
320
381
Thorn Cross
322
288
Usk/Prescoed
320
419
Wakefield
752
731
Wandsworth
1,086
1,637
Warren Hill
222
203
Wayland
955
1,000
Wealstun
505
518
Wellingborough
638
638
Werrington
160
128
Wetherby
408
381
Whatton
776
833
Whitemoor
464
446
Winchester
499
686
Woodhill
641
838
Wormwood Scrubs
1,176
1,190
Wymott
1,081
1,131
TOTAL
70,041
78,511
11

Table 4: CNA and population by sex and establishment
 30 April 2009
                                      
      
Total 
Establishment                         
In use CNA1
Population 
Females
Askham Grange
Bronzefield
126
450
109
423
Downview
358
345
Drake Hall
315
260
East Sutton Park
95
92
Eastwood Park
326
333
Foston Hall
264
241
Holloway
Low Newton
500
298
435
284
Morton Hall
392
347
New Hall
393
373
Peterborough
Send
360
282
337
268
Styal
448
436
TOTAL
4,607
4,283
Male and female establishment total 
74,648
82,794
Police cells total
*
0
Establishment and police cell total
74,648
82,794
1   In Use CNA - Certified Normal Accommodation that is available for immediate use, excludes damaged 
cells, cells affected by building works and cells taken out of use due to staff shortages
2   HMP Hewell was created by an amalgamation of the three former prisons, Blakenhurst, Brockhill 
and Hewell Grange on 25 June 2008
*   On 30th April 2009 up to 400 police cells available under operation safeguard which are not included in 
     in the CNA figure
Data Sources and Quality
These figures have been drawn from administrative IT systems which, as with any large scale recording system, are subject to 
possible errors with data entry and processing. See Data Sources and Quality section of report for more information.   
12

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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