Appendices
Source: data.gov.uk (2023-03-23)

PICANet Annual Report 2019-2021. Paediatric Intensive Care Audit - This data contains information on all admissions to Paediatric Intensive Care units in the UK and Ireland 2019-2021.

Appendices 
Paediatric Intensive Care 
Audit Network 
State of the Nation Report 2022 
Data collection period  
January 2019 – December 2021 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
 
Contents 
 
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................ 3 
Glossary ................................................................................................................................ 4 
Organisation Key ................................................................................................................... 5 
Background ........................................................................................................................... 6 
Governance ........................................................................................................................... 6 
Methods................................................................................................................................. 7 
How we present our results ................................................................................................... 9 
Important notes .................................................................................................................... 11 
Links with the clinical community, patients and their families ............................................... 12 
Participating Organisation & Unit Characteristics 2021 ........................................................ 13 
Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2019 - 2021 ............................................................... 16 
Steering Group Membership 2019 - 2021 ............................................................................ 18 
Data Collection Form in use 2021 – Referral ....................................................................... 24 
Data Collection Form in use 2021 – Transport ..................................................................... 25 
PICANet Information Leaflets for Families and Carers 2021 ................................................ 27 
PICANet Information Leaflet for Children 2021 .................................................................... 29 
PICANet Privacy and Fair Processing Statement ................................................................ 31 
Publications & Abstracts 2019-2021 .................................................................................... 34 
 
Published in the UK by the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet). This work is copyright. Apart from any 
use as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part may be reproduced by any process 
without permission from PICANet. 
Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to PICANet at:  
PICANet , Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9J  
Telephone: xx-xxxx-xxxx ∙ Email: xxx@xxx.xx  
 
In all cases PICANet must be acknowledged as the source when reproducing or quoting any part of this publication. 
Please use the following format when citing this report: Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network State of the Nation 
Report 2022 (published March 2023): Universities of Leeds and Leicester. 
For this report content is © 2023 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Acknowledgements  
The Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet) gathers information on all patients 
admitted to paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the United Kingdom and Republic of 
Ireland, in conjunction with centralised transport services (CTS).  
We are indebted to the efforts of all the audit clerks, secretaries, nurses and doctors who support 
and contribute to PICANet from their own PICUs and CTS. We are particularly grateful for 
everyone’s support and contributions over the past three years given the significant challenges of 
the COVID-19 pandemic. 
PICANet also continues to rely on the expertise and support from the Paediatric Critical Care 
Society (PCCS), the PICANet Steering Group and members of the Clinical Advisory Group who 
provide an essential link between PICANet and the clinical care teams. We would like to 
acknowledge this support, which enables the PICANet audit to continue to be a success.  
The PICANet National Paediatric Critical Care Audit is commissioned by the Healthcare Quality 
Improvement Partnership (HQIP) as part of the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes 
Programme (NCAPOP), the Welsh Health Specialised Services Committee (WHSSC), NHS 
Lothian/NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, The 
National Office of Clinical Audit (NOCA) for the Republic of Ireland and HCA Healthcare UK.  
HQIP is led by a consortium of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, the Royal College of 
Nursing and National Voices. Its aim is to promote quality improvement in patient outcomes, and 
in particular, to increase the impact that clinical audit, outcome review programmes and registries 
have on healthcare quality in England and Wales. HQIP holds the contract to commission, 
manage and develop the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), 
comprising around 40 projects covering care provided to people with a wide range of medical, 
surgical and mental health conditions. The programme is funded by NHS England, the Welsh 
Government and, with some individual projects, other devolved administrations and crown 
dependencies www.hqip.org.uk/national-programmes  
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Glossary 
 
CAG 
Clinical Advisory Group 
CHI 
Community Health Index 
CTS 
Central Transport Services 
GDPR 
General Data Protection Regulation 
HD 
High dependency 
HQIP 
Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership 
HRA 
Health Research Authority 
HRG  
Healthcare Resource Group 
IC 
Intensive Care 
NCAPOP 
National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme 
NHS 
National Health Service 
NOCA 
National Office of Clinical Audit 
PCCS 
Paediatric Critical Care Society 
PIC 
Paediatric Intensive Care 
PICANet 
Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network 
PICS 
Paediatric Intensive Care Society (now PCCS) 
PICU 
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit 
PIM3 
Paediatric Index of Mortality 3 
RSPRT 
Resetting Sequential Probability Ratio Test 
ROI 
Republic of Ireland 
SG 
Steering Group 
SMR 
Standardised mortality ratio 
UK 
United Kingdom 
WHSSC 
Welsh Health Specialised Service Committee 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Organisation Key 
 
 
 
A 
Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge 
C 
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff 
D 
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital 
E1 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (PICU/NICU) 
E2 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (CICU) 
F 
Evelina London Children’s Hospital 
H 
King’s College Hospital, London 
I 
Leeds General Infirmary 
K2 
Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
K3 
Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
L 
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
M 
Nottingham Children’s Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham 
N 
John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 
O 
Royal Brompton Hospital, London 
P 
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool 
Q 
Sheffield Children’s Hospital 
R 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
S 
James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough 
T 
St George’s Hospital, London 
U 
St Mary’s Hospital, London 
V 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
W 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
X1 
Glenfield Hospital, Leicester 
X2 
Leicester Royal Infirmary  
X3 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CICU 
Y 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
Z 
The Royal London Hospital 
ZA 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
ZB 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
ZC 
Children's Health, Ireland, Crumlin formerly Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 
ZD 
Children's Health, Ireland, Temple Street, formerly Temple Street Children’s University Hospital, Dublin 
ZE 
Harley Street Clinic, London 
ZF 
The Portland Hospital, London 
T001 
Children’s Acute Transport Service (CATS) 
T002 
Embrace: Yorkshire & Humber Infant & Children’s Transport Service 
T003 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service (NWTS) 
T004 
South Thames Retrieval Service (STRS) 
T005 
KIDS Intensive Care and Decision Support 
T008 
Southampton Oxford Retrieval Team (SORT) 
T010 
Northern Ireland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (NISTAR) Paediatric 
T020 
Scotland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (ScotSTAR) 
T022 
Irish Paediatric Acute Transport Service (IPATS) 
T024 
Wales and West Acute Transport for Children (WATCh) 
T026 
North East Children’s Transport and Retrieval Service (NECTAR) 
T027 
Children’s Medical Emergency Transport Service (CoMET) 
T028 
Heart Link ECMO Children's Service (Inc. in Tables & Figures only) 
T032 
Paediatric and Neonatal Decision Support and Retrieval Service (PaNDR) 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Background 
PICANet was established in 2002 with funding from the Department of Health and started 
collecting data from English and Welsh paediatric intensive care units in November 2002. The 
PICUs at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh (now Royal Hospital for Children and 
Young People) and the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow started submitting data in 
December 2004 and March 2007 respectively. The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children joined 
in April 2008 and Children's Health, Ireland, Crumlin and Children's Health, Ireland, Temple 
Street, both based in Dublin, have submitted anonymised data to PICANet since 2009 and 2010, 
respectively. The Harley Street Clinic PICU started contributing data in September 2010, and the 
PICU at the Portland Hospital from October 2013, allowing both these non-NHS units to compare 
their performance against the national benchmark provided by PICANet. The Harley Street Clinic 
PICU permanently closed in March 2020.  
A full list of participating PICUs can be found in the Participating Organisation & Unit 
Characteristics 2021 section. 
 
Governance 
PICANet continues to receive support from the NHS Health Research Authority Confidentiality 
Advisory Group (NHS HRA CAG) (formerly the NIGB) to collect personally identifiable data 
without consent on infants and children admitted to paediatric intensive care. The references are: 
21/CAG/0090 (non-research) and 21/CAG/0098 (research). 
See https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-
summaries/confidentiality-advisory-group-registers/  
The Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, having considered the advice from the Health 
Research Authority Confidentiality Advisory Group has granted PICANet’s clinical audit an 
exemption from the National Data Opt-Out (England). 
Ethics approval for the PICANet research database has been granted by the Trent Medical 
Research Ethics Committee, ref. 18/EM/0267. 
PICANet have conditional approval from NHS Scotland’s Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for 
Health and Social Care (HSC-PBPP) for NHS Scotland data for use by PICANet. 
PICANet supports transparency in its data processing and has patient information sheets and 
posters on display in PICUs and issues a Privacy Notice and Fair Processing Statement on its 
website outlining the legal basis for processing of data under the General Data Protection 
Regulations (May 2018). Details can be found at https://www.picanet.org.uk/. 
PICANet receives support and advice from a Clinical Advisory Group (CAG) drawing on the 
expertise of doctors and nurses working within the speciality and a Steering Group (SG), whose 
membership includes Health Services Researchers, representatives from the Royal Colleges of 
Paediatrics and Child Health, Nursing and Anaesthetics, a lay member and commissioners. For a 
full list of CAG and SG members, see Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2019 – 2021 and 
Steering Group Membership 2019 - 2021. Additional support from the clinical community is 
provided through the UK Paediatric Critical Care Society. 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Methods 
Basic methodology 
Most critically ill children who need complex clinical care and life support are treated in Paediatric 
Intensive Care Units (PICUs). These children may have had complex surgery, an accident or a 
severe infection and may arrive in the PICU from an operating theatre, emergency department or 
from a hospital ward. In some cases they may have been transferred from another hospital and, 
rarely, admitted directly from home. 
PICANet is an audit that collects personal, organisational and clinical data on all children with a 
clinically determined need for paediatric intensive care in the UK and Ireland, to compare 
outcomes and activity between PICUs and specialist transport organisations and also between 
health regions and nations. 
Data are stored on a secure database. Each organisation is able to view and download their own 
data and reports on their data quality and activity as well as comparative national data. An annual 
State of the Nation report is produced that includes a summary of what has happened to children 
admitted to PICU including why they were admitted, where they were admitted from, how long 
they stayed, what treatments they received and their outcome at the time of discharge. 
Comparisons between PICUs are made to assess how well they perform against established 
clinical standards and guidelines. 
In addition to the annual report, PICANet provides technical and statistical support for the use of 
its data for local audit and research, regional and national commissioning, national and 
international research and to provide baseline information for clinical intervention trials. 
Participating organisations and data submission 
PICANet has collected data from all PICUs in England and Wales since 2002. The two PICUs in 
Scotland, one from Northern Ireland and two from the Republic of Ireland, along with two non-
NHS units based in London have joined PICANet at different times (one of which has now closed) 
so that coverage is now for the whole of the UK and the Republic of Ireland. During the reporting 
period there were 33 PICUs and 13 specialist transport organisations submitting data to PICANet. 
A full list of participating PICUs can be found in the Participating Organisation & Unit 
Characteristics 2021 section. Changes to participation are detailed in the Important notes section. 
Data are submitted by individual PICUs prospectively, using our secure web-based data 
collection application with real-time online validation reporting, systematic six-weekly validation 
review by our research nurse and regular virtual validation visits. Data submission can involve 
direct entry of patient data or an upload of a data file from an existing clinical information system. 
PICANet provides full documentation on data definitions, which have been developed in 
collaboration with our Clinical Advisory Group, as well as technical specifications for IT and 
database professionals. In addition, standardised data collection forms are supplied to all 
organisations where there is no in-house provision for data collection. 
Data collected 
PICANet collects three core datasets: 
Admission data contains demographic details of each child including their name*, date of birth**, 
NHS/CHI number, address* and ethnic group; it also records where children are admitted from, 
their date of admission and clinical diagnoses, some physiological parameters on admission 
including blood gases, blood pressure, medical history and ventilation status. Data on outcome 
and discharge details are included. The medical interventions received on each day by each child 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
are recorded as part of the audit and to help NHS organisations in England to supply information 
on the cost of their activity. 
Referral data for all children where clinicians agree a paediatric intensive care bed and/or 
paediatric intensive care transport is required includes details of the referring hospital, 
demographic details of the child, grade of the referring doctor or nurse, the outcome of the 
referral, the transport team involved and the destination PICU. 
Transport data for all children transported to a PICU from their original admitting hospital or who 
are transported by a specialist PIC transport service but are not admitted to a PICU includes 
patient details as well as information about their presenting physiology. Details of the composition 
of the transport team, journey times, any interventions carried out and critical incidents are also 
recorded. 
* Not collected for data from Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland 
** Limited to month and year for Northern Ireland 
Analytical techniques 
The Statistical Analysis Plan for the State of the Nation Report 2022 is available on the PICANet 
website. Statistical techniques used include simple cross tabulations, the calculation of crude and 
risk-adjusted SMRs and 95% confidence intervals; the construction of crude and risk-adjusted 
funnel plots of SMRs; and local provision of risk adjusted Resetting Sequential Probability Ratio 
Test (RSPRT) plots to assess real-time performance related to in-PICU mortality. Risk-adjusted 
SMRs were calculated using the latest version of the Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM3)1 
recalibrated based on data within the current reporting period. 
Assessing case ascertainment, data quality and 
validation 
PICANet Web allows PICU staff to obtain reports on their own data to check monthly admissions 
totals. In addition, PICANet carry out a series of case ascertainment, quality assurance and data 
validation checks. Every 6 weeks PICANet carry validation checks with all units and transport 
organisations comprising of timing of data entry, alerting them to validation queries for resolution 
for admission, referral and transport data, and any customised data collection audits. Twice a 
year these checks also involve passive case ascertainment by checking admission records with 
those recorded on PICANet Web.  
PICANet were unable to carry out face-to-face validation visits in 2020 and 2021 due to the 
COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, PICANet put plans in place to conduct virtual validation visits when 
and where appropriate. These will involve a cross check carried out against records at source 
held on the PICU or transport organisation (such as admission books and in house data 
collection), and PICANet Web. Each organisation will have a virtual validation visit every 18 
months. These validation visits will allow an in depth review of case ascertainment, data quality 
and validation and are a core element of our data quality assurance. In addition, quarterly RSPRT 
plots are sent to each unit to address any immediate concerns if applicable. All of the validation 
reports are available in an interactive format on PICANet Web.  
                                               
 
1 Straney, L., et al., Paediatric Index of Mortality 3: An Updated Model for Predicting Mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care. 
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2013. 14(7): p. 673-681. 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Data are validated online via PICANet Web using logic and range checks as well as flagging 
missing data items. The Modulus 11 algorithm is used to validate the NHS number based on a 
check digit – this is a standard method of ensuring the NHS number is a true NHS number and 
improves our ability to trace patients through the PICANet database and in linked healthcare 
data. 
Collaborative working supporting policy, 
commissioning, research and clinical trials 
PICANet has become established as the definitive source of data on paediatric intensive care 
activity in the UK and Ireland. Its data have been used to plan PIC services, model demand, 
assess interventions and outcomes and provide data to underpin research to facilitate the 
development of new standards for critical care provision for children. PICANet has provided 
baseline data for the development of the IKID, SANDWICH and FEVER trials, all of which were 
funded and made use of the routinely collected PICANet data using the custom data download 
facility. This allows local control over the data. We also work closely with a number of other 
funded studies, including DEPICT, FIRST-ABC, GIRFT, LAUNCHES-QI, NEURO-PACK, 
OCEANIC, Oxy-PICU, PERMIT, and PICnIC. PICANet have also supported the NHS response to 
the pandemic by providing key data to inform the modelling of bed occupancy rates. 
Small number policy 
Publication of PICANet data is subject to scrutiny of small numbers. When small numbers of 
admissions are involved, other data items may become identifiable i.e. a living individual may be 
identified from the data. This is still the case in aggregated data where small groups of individuals 
are presented. These are reviewed and in some cases, categories are combined or cells 
anonymised where necessary. 
Outlier policy 
PICANet recalibrate PIM3 parameters for each year’s report, and use these to calculate an SMR 
for each unit. When the SMR shows that risk-adjusted mortality within a unit is higher or lower 
than expected, the unit will be subject to the formal process outlined in PICANet’s Outlier policy 
(updated 2022). The process within the policy allows PICANet and the unit to better understand 
the reason(s) behind their outlier status, and improves knowledge of good practice/areas for 
improvement which can be shared across providers. 
 
How we present our results 
Results are presented in tables and figures. This Report focuses on children aged 0–15 years 
(unless otherwise specified). We report on five key metrics: case ascertainment including 
timeliness of data submission, retrieval mobilisation times, emergency readmissions within 48 
hours of discharge, unplanned extubation in PICU and mortality in PICU. Unplanned extubation is 
introduced as a new metric this year although not yet measured against a standard or target. This 
is planned to be introduced in the 2023 report following agreement of a standard. The infographic 
highlights the main findings of the report.    
Measures include the number of admissions, how many days patients are in PICU, the types of 
treatments patients receive and clinical outcomes such as death. We present data according to 
sex, age, ethnicity, deprivation, country of admission, treating PICU as well as country of 
residence and where the child is living.  

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Data are presented in more granular detail in the “Tables and Figures”. In general, data are 
presented for children aged 0–15 years and do not include any admissions where the child’s age 
is unknown, however, some tables also include data relating to all patients admitted to PICU 
(including those who are 16 years and older or where we don’t know the patient’s age; these 
tables will have footnotes explaining this.  
Rates 
We present certain information in the form of rates, enabling comparisons to be made between 
countries even though the population size in each country is different. Rates are usually 
presented as the number per 1,000 or per 100,000 of the relevant population. 
When we want to compare two rates we divide one rate by the other, to get a relative rate. For 
example, to compare the admission rate in Scotland to that in England we would divide the 
Scottish admission rate by the English admission rate. If the two rates were the same then the 
relative rate would be one. If the Scottish rate was higher than the English rate then the relative 
rate would be greater than one. If the Scottish rate was lower than the English rate then the 
relative rate would be less than one. This measure allows us to talk about the Scottish rate in 
comparison (or relative) to the English rate. 
Deaths 
We measure how poorly children were at the point when they were admitted to PICU using the 
Paediatric Index of Mortality version 3 (PIM3)2. This takes into account many factors (such as 
whether the child was admitted as an emergency and whether they needed help breathing) to 
estimate how likely each child is of dying. 
When comparing deaths in PICU, we calculate the risk-adjusted standardised mortality ratio 
(SMR). This compares the number of deaths that have happened in a PICU and how many 
deaths we expected to happen given how poorly children were when they were admitted to PICU. 
We also use ‘funnel plots’ to compare individual PICUs in terms of mortality which enables us to 
display and compare the risk-adjusted SMR on the same graph. These plots tell us what range of 
values we might expect to see for the SMR in each PICU, given that we expect a certain amount 
of variation as these calculations are based on a very small number of deaths. This is the process 
used to identify outliers as described in the Outlier Policy section.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                               
 
2 Straney, L., et al., Paediatric Index of Mortality 3: An Updated Model for Predicting Mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care. 
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2013. 14(7): p. 673-681. 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Important notes 
COVID-19 
All the PICUs are now open fully for paediatric admissions following full/part closures during the 
pandemic.  This is reflected in the increase in both PICU admission numbers and increase in 
non-elective transport to PICU. However, the UK units continue to report the number of new 
admissions with SARS-CoV-2 and clinically diagnosed PIMS-TS in the UK on a monthly basis 
(frequency dictated by demand), and complete the COVID-19 II custom audit where appropriate.  
Closure of ZE – Harley Street PICU 
One non-NHS PICU (ZE) closed to paediatric admissions permanently in March 2020 such that 
2020 data presented for this unit does not represent a full calendar year. Data for 2020 for this 
unit is therefore not directly comparable to 2019. 
 
Addition of T032 – PaNDR  
The Paediatric and Neonatal Decision Support and Retrieval Service (PaNDR) provides critical 
care transports for children in the East of England. They have recently begun participating in 
PICANet and have submitted data for paediatric critical care transports carried out from April 
2021. 
Changes to the units in Leicester  
The cardiac paediatric intensive care unit (CPICU) formerly based at Glenfield Hospital (X1) was 
moved across sites to the Leicester Royal Infirmary in August 2021. This unit is shown in the 
tables and figures as X3.  
PICANet database outage 
In March 2022 the University of Leeds proactively dealt with a cyber-security issue and as a 
precaution there was a period of outage for the PICANet Web database. PICANet were unable to 
complete the data freeze (soft lock) which typically occurs on the 31st March of each year, this 
was delayed until summer 2022. The outage affected both PICANet and the units, and so 
additional time was allowed in 2022 for units to ensure their 2021 data were up to date for the 
State of the Nation Report 2022. 
Case ascertainment 
The Portland Hospital were identified as having low case ascertainment due to a resourcing issue 
at the unit. Following identification of the issue, efforts were made to ensure that backlog of data 
entry was undertaken during Summer 2022. As such, the unit is included in the 2022 State of the 
Nation Report.    
Data collection issues 
The PICUs in the Republic of Ireland, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin (ZC) and at Temple 
Street (ZD), had low levels of timely data completion and submission in 2021 due to the Health 
Service Executive (HSE) experiencing a major ransomware cyberattack on 14 May 2021. This 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
caused all IT systems nationwide to be shut down and Children’s Health Ireland were heavily 
impacted by the cyberattack. 
 
Links with the clinical community, patients 
and their families 
PICANet has until recently had an active PICU Families Group comprising both Lay 
representatives (parents of children who are currently or have previously received paediatric 
intensive care) and a multidisciplinary group of health professionals including Family Liaison 
Sisters, critical care nurses, audit staff, PIC consultants and members of the PICANet team. 
Availability of Lay representatives has become difficult over recent years and so we involve 
existing lay and other stakeholder groups encompassing any PIC or disease specific support 
group that deals with parent or child PIC related issues to feed into the future development of 
PICANet. In addition, we have a standing lay representative on our Steering Group and work 
closely with the charity Well Child. To date, all communications we have had from 
patients/parents have been very positive, supporting PICANet and its work and requesting further 
information. 
PICANet has the support of the Paediatric Critical Care Society and the associated PCCS Study 
Group, the PICANet Clinical Advisory Group and the Clinical Reference group which oversees 
Paediatric Critical Care and PCC transport. 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Participating Organisation & Unit Characteristics 2021 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Participating Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward1 
Number of 
IC beds 
Number of 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
Barts Health NHS Trust 
The Royal London Hospital 
PCCU 
6 
2 
General  
Birmingham Women’s and Children’s 
Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
30 
0 
General including cardiac, liver, 
neurosurgical, ECLS, ENT, 
oncology, metabolic and spinal 
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Addenbrooke's Hospital 
PICU 
8 
5 
General  
Cardiff & Vale University Health Board 
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for 
Wales 
PCCU 
7 
4 
General  
Manchester University NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
17 
14 
General  
Great Ormond Street Hospital for 
Children NHS Trust 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for 
Children 
CICU 
20 
0 
Cardiac 
PICU  
17 
0 
General 
NICU 
10 
0 
Neonatal 
Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Evelina London Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
21 
0 
General & Cardiac 
HSE (Health Service Executive) 
Children’s Health Ireland at Temple 
Street, Dublin 
PICU 
9 
0 
General 
Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, 
Dublin 
PICU 
18 
5 
General & Cardiac 
King’s College Hospital NHS 
Foundation Trust 
King’s College Hospital  
PICU 
7 
8 
General, Hepatic & Neurosurgical 
The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS 
Trust 
Leeds General Infirmary 
PICU 
16 
0 
General & Cardiac 
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Great North Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
11 
0 
General & Surgical ICU 
Freeman Hospital 
CICU 
12 
0 
Cardiothoracic surgery, heart 
failure, ECMO & ENT 
NHS Lothian 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young 
People, Edinburgh (formerly Royal 
Hospital for Sick Children) 
PICU 
10 
9 
General, Neurosurgical & Spinal 
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow  
PICU 
22 
0 
General, Neurosurgical Cardiac & 
ECMO 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Participating Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward1 
Number of 
IC beds 
Number of 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
Oxford University Hospitals NHS 
Foundation Trust 
John Radcliffe Hospital 
PCCU 
8 
9 
General including neurosurgical, 
craniofacial and major trauma 
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS 
Trust 
Nottingham Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
82 
6 
General (plus regional oncology, 
major trauma, ENT, paediatric 
surgery, regional neurosurgical, 
spinal, supraregional renal service 
and cleft lip & palate services) 
Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Royal Brompton Hospital 
PICU 
16 
4 
Cardiac & Respiratory 
Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
24 
0 
General & Cardiac 
Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation 
Trust  
Sheffield Children’s Hospital 
PCCU 
7 
8 
General (plus major trauma, 
neurosurgery, ENT, oncology, 
metabolic, paediatric surgery, 
spinal) 
University Hospitals Southampton NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
14 
0 
General, Cardiac & Neurosurgery 
South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation 
Trust 
James Cook University Hospital 
PCCU 
0 
63 
General 
St. George’s University Hospitals NHS 
Foundation Trust 
St. George’s Hospital 
PICU 
6 
6 
General, Neurosurgical, Oncology & 
Paediatric Surgery 
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust 
St. Mary’s Hospital 
PICU 
11 
4 
General 
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick 
Children 
PICU 
124 
0 
General 
University Hospitals Bristol NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
PICU 
18 
0 
General, Cardiac, Neurosurgery, 
Burns and Major Trauma 
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS 
Trust 
Leicester Royal Infirmary  
PICU 
62 
0 
General 
Glenfield Hospital/ Leicester Royal 
Infirmary CPICU 
CICU 
7 
0 
Cardiac & ECMO 
University Hospitals of North Midlands 
NHS Trust 
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
PICU 
6 
1 
General 
HCA Healthcare UK (non-NHS) 
The Portland Hospital 
PICU 
9 
9 
General 
 
1. 
Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Paediatric Critical Care Unit (PCCU), Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) 
2. 
IC/ HD beds are used flexibly if required. 
3. 
The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough were redesignated as a Level II unit in 2019. 

 
15 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
4. 
PICU Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children routinely admit children up to 14 years of age. 
 
For a list of all participating organisations including transport services please see our website. A list of included units and PIC / centralised Transport Services contributing data for this reporting period is 
published in the front of the report Tables and Figures 2022 
The above information was recorded in June 2021.

 
16 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2019 - 2021 
Name 
Position 
NHS Trust / Hospital 
Period served 
Dr Peter Davis (Chair to 
2020) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
2006 - Ongoing  
Kathryn Claydon-Smith 
(representing Transport 
Organisations) 
Clinical Research Nurse Specialist 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service 
(NWTS) 
2009 - Ongoing  
Simon Chiles 
Advanced Nurse Practitioner 
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust 
Glenfield Hospital 
2014 - Ongoing  
Dr Mark Terris 
(representing Northern 
Ireland) 
Consultant Anaesthetist 
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
2014 - Ongoing 
Judith Gray  
(representing Nursing) 
Sister 
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 
Newcastle Freeman Hospital 
2015 - Ongoing 
Dr Hari Krishnan 
Consultant Paediatric Intensivist 
Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
2018 - Ongoing 
Prof Mark Peters (Chair from 
2020) 
Clinical Unit Chair 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children 
2018 - Ongoing 
Dr Andrew Nyman 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive care 
Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust 
Evelina Children’s Hospital, South Thames Retrieval service 
(STRS) 
2019 - Ongoing 
Dr Sara Ali (representing 
Wales) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Cardiff University Hospital, Noah's Ark Children's Hospital of 
Wales 
2020 - Ongoing 
Dr Catherine McDougall 
(representing Scotland) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
2021 - Ongoing 
Rachel Neal 
PICU Data & Audit Manager 
St George’s Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 
2021 - Ongoing 
Dr Padmanabhan 
Ramnarayan (representing 
PCCS SG) 
Reader in Paediatric Intensive Care & 
Honorary Consultant 
Imperial College London & Imperial College Healthcare NHS 
Trust 
2021 - Ongoing 
Annette Shaw 
Data and Quality Nurse 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
2021 - Ongoing 
Dr Dora Wood (representing 
Transport Organisations) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Bristol Paediatric Intensive Care Unit and WATCh 
2021 - Ongoing 
Dr Padmanabhan 
Ramnarayan (representing 
Transport Organisations) 
Consultant 
Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust  
Children's Acute Transport Service 
2012 - 2021 
Lesley Molony 
Information Officer 
Southampton Universities Hospital NHS Trust 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
2013 - 2021  

 
17 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Name 
Position 
NHS Trust / Hospital 
Period served 
Dr Rachel Agbeko 
Paediatric Intensivist 
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  
Great North Children’s Hospital 
2012 - 2020 
Dr John Alexander 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust  
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
2012 - 2020 
Dr John Pappachan 
Anaesthetics and Paediatric Intensive Care 
Medicine   
University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
2012 - 2020 
Dr Alistair Turner  
(representing Scotland) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
2016 - 2020 
Dr Roddy O’Donnell 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 
Addenbrooke’s Hospital 
2002 - 2020 
Dr Shane Tibby 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive care 
Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust 
Evelina Children’s Hospital 
2011 - 2019 
Dr Peter Wilson 
PICU Consultant 
University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
2011 - 2019 
 
Ongoing relates to as at 31st December 2021. The above membership covers the period of 2019-2021. 

 
18 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Steering Group Membership 2019 - 2021 
Name  
Position  
Organisation  
Representation  
Period Served  
Dr Michael Marsh 
(Chair)  
Regional Medical Director & CCIO 
Higher Level Responsible Officer 
South West Region  
NHS England & NHS Improvement  
Royal College of Paediatrics and 
Child Health  
National Commissioner for 
Paediatric Intensive Care Clinical 
Reference Group  
2002 - Ongoing  
Dr Peter Davis  
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive 
Care  
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation 
Trust  
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children  
Chair of Paediatric Intensive Care 
Clinical Reference Group  
2011 - Ongoing  
Lucy Wheeler  
Parent  
N/A  
Parents and Carers 
Representation  
2011 - Ongoing  
Dr Mark Terris  
Consultant Anaesthetist  
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust  
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children  
Northern Ireland  
2012 - Ongoing  
Andrew Fleming  National Clinical Audit Manager  
Intensive Care National Audit & Research 
Centre (ICNARC)  
Intensive Care National Audit & 
Research Centre (ICNARC)  
2017 - Ongoing  
Sasha Hewitt  
Associate Director for Quality and 
Development and Data Protection 
Officer  
Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership 
(HQIP)  
Commissioning and funding body 
(England)  
2017 - Ongoing  
Sam Harper  
HQIP PICANet Project Manager  
Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership 
(HQIP)  
Commissioning and funding body 
(England)  
2018 - Ongoing  
James Fraser  
Consultant Paediatrician  
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation 
Trust  
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children  
Paediatric Intensive Care Society 
President (2019 - )  
2019 - Ongoing  

 
19 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Name  
Position  
Organisation  
Representation  
Period Served  
Dr Mark Peters 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive 
Care 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London 
Chair of PICANet Clinical Advisory 
Group  
2020 - Ongoing  
James Campbell Associate Director and Interim Data 
Protection Officer 
Health Quality Improvement Partnership 
(HQIP) 
Commissioning body for PICANet 
in England 
2021 - Ongoing 
Daniel Eve 
National Programme of Care 
Manager, Specialised Commissioning NHS England and NHS Improvement 
National Commissioner for 
Paediatric Intensive Care Clinical 
Reference Group 
2021 - Ongoing 
Donna Webb 
Matron for Critical Care and 
Cardiology 
Leeds Children’s Hospital 
PCCS Nurse Managers Group 
2021 - Ongoing 
Louise Dewsbury  Senior Nurse  
Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust  
Evelina London Children’s Hospital  
PICS Nurse Managers Group  
2017 - 2021  
Rachel Lundy  
Senior Commissioning Manager  
NHS England & NHS Improvement  
National Commissioner for 
Paediatric Intensive Care Clinical 
Reference Group  
2016 - 2021  
Dr Jillian 
McFadzean  
Clinical Lead  
NHS Lothian, Royal Hospital for Children and 
Young People, Edinburgh  
Scotland  
2005 - 2021  
Dr Gale Pearson  Consultant in Paediatric Intensive 
care  
Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS 
Foundation Trust  
Birmingham Children’s Hospital  
Chair of Paediatric Intensive Care 
Clinical Reference Group  
2015 - 2021  
Dr Barney 
Scholefield  
Consultant Intensivist  
Birmingham Childrens Hospital  
Chair of Paediatric Intensive Care 
Study Group  
2016 - 2021  
Peter-Marc 
Fortune  
Consultant Paediatric Intensivist  
Associate Clinical Head  
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust  
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital  
Paediatric Intensive Care Society 
President (2016-2019)  
2016 - 2019  
Ongoing relates to as at 31st December 2021. The above membership covers the period of 2019-2021

 
20 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Data Collection Form in use 2021 – 
Admission     

 
21 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 

 
22 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 

 
23 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
 
 
 

 
24 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Data Collection Form in use 2021 – Referral 
 

 
25 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Data Collection Form in use 2021 – Transport 
 

 
26 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
  
 

 
27 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
PICANet Information Leaflets for Families and Carers 2021  
 

 
28 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
 

 
29 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
PICANet Information Leaflet for Children 2021  
 

 
30 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Families and Carers and Children’s information leaflets were/are also available for Welsh and Irish patients and families. The leaflets above are those in place at the latest date of the reporting 
period – 31st December 2021. 

 
31 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
PICANet Privacy and Fair Processing 
Statement  
The Statement below (v4.1 17 Dec 2021) was in place at the latest date of the reporting period – 31st 
December 2021. 
PICANet Patient Privacy Notice and Fair Processing Statement. 
 
This statement explains how we use any personal information we collect about you (child / young 
person) or the child you care for 
What data are being collected? 
PICANet collects data on every child and young person referred or admitted to a Paediatric Intensive 
Care Unit (PICU) in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. The data are sent to us over a very secure web 
application by each PICU or specialist transport team on a regular basis.  Data are collected for each 
individual for the whole period of their PICU stay and also about what happened to them if they had a 
critical care transport (this means a specialist team of nurses and doctors travelled in an ambulance to 
pick them up and take them to a PICU).  
PICANet has permission to also collect personal identifiers of children or young people admitted to or 
referred for Paediatric Intensive Care without taking explicit (written) consent from the children or their 
carers. This was granted by the NHS Health Research Authority Confidentiality Advisory Group. A 
summary of the entry for PICANet is available on the register of approvals on the HRA website (the 
references are: 21/CAG/0090 (non-research) and 21/CAG/0098 (research)). The personal identifiers 
include name, address, date of birth and health record identifier number (e.g. NHS number)*.  
* We don’t receive name, address or health record identifier number for data from Northern Ireland or 
the Republic of Ireland. 
What are the data being used for? 
We collect this data for clinical audit, research and service evaluation and planning to improve the care 
given to children and young people admitted to PICU.  Each year we produce a report on activity and 
outcomes for paediatric intensive care in the UK and Ireland. No personal information will ever be made 
public in any report or publication. 
Where are the data held and for how long? 
All of the data is held at the University of Leeds in a highly secure environment.  As we are an audit, we 
keep this data permanently so we can check on what has happened in the past.  We do remove personal 
identifiers from our data base once an individual is older than 18 years and has not been in PICU for 
the last five years. 
Sharing data with other organisations 
PICANet may share data held on its database with researchers, other audits or other healthcare 
providers in order to help improve patient care.  We will NOT share personal identifiers (such as name, 
address, date of birth or NHS number) with anyone else unless the appropriate legal, ethical and 
security arrangements are in place to keep your personal details safe and secure. Very occasionally, 
personal data may be processed by an authorised third party such as NHS Digital, again, only with the 
necessary regulatory permissions.  They have very high levels of security and will keep these data very 
safe. 

 
32 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
We have a rigorous process of assessing the merit of requests for data and information and publish 
details of these requests each year in our annual report.  Data collected in English NHS paediatric 
intensive care units and specialist transport teams are controlled by the Healthcare Quality 
Improvement Partnership and all requests go through their Data Access Request Group.  More details 
about the HQIP data request process can be found at: http://www.hqip.org.uk/national-programmes/a-
z-of-nca/audits-and-data-gov-uk/.  
What if I don’t want information about me or about the child I care for included? 
If you do not want information that would identify you or the child you care for included in PICANet, 
please tell the nurse or doctor in the paediatric intensive care unit. Alternatively, you can contact 
PICANet by telephone or email (details provided below) and we will ensure that your personal identifiers 
are taken off the database. You are free to request this at any time and any decision request removal 
of your or your child’s identifiers will not alter the care you receive in this or any other hospital.  
Please note that your child’s anonymised information will remain in the PICANet national clinical audit 
database for non-research purposes. 
You also have the right to request access to and to request to rectify information held about you or the 
child you care for. 
 
 
Richard Feltbower 
Professor of Epidemiology 
School of Medicine 
University of Leeds 
Clarendon Way 
LS2 9JT, UK 
Tel xx-xxxx-xxxx 
Elizabeth S Draper 
Professor of Perinatal & Paediatric 
Epidemiology 
Department of Health Sciences 
College of Life Sciences 
University of Leicester 
George Davies Centre 
University Road, Leicester 
LE1 7RH, UK 
 
Email: xxx@xxx.xx  
 
Who is responsible for the data? 
 
NHS England is joint Data Controller with Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership for data 
collected in English NHS PICUs and transport teams. 
 
Healthcare Quality Improvement 
Partnership 
Healthcare Quality Improvement 
Partnership Ltd. 
27A Harley Place 
London W1G 8LZ  
(Charity Reg No. 1127049) 
 
 
Data Protection Officer: Sasha Hewitt  
(E: xxx@xxx.xx) 
Data controller registration number provided 
by the Information Commissioner’s Office: 
Z1780946  
 
The NHS Commissioning Board (NHS 
England) 
NHS England London 
Skipton House 
80 London Road 
London 
SE1 6LH 
 
 
Data Protection Officer: Carol Mitchell  
(E: xxx@xxx.xx) 
Data controller registration number provided 
by the Information Commissioner’s Office: 
Z2950066 
  
 
The University of Leeds and the University of Leicester are joint data processors for the data collected 
in English NHS PICUs and transport teams. 
 

 
33 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
The joint Data Controllers and Data Processors for data collected in all private PICUs and PICUs and 
transport teams in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are: 
 
University of Leeds 
Leeds 
LS2 9JT 
Data Protection Officer: Alice Temple 
T: xx-xxxx-xxxx 
E: xxx@xxx.xx   
 
Data controller registration number provided 
by the Information Commissioner’s Office: 
Z553814X 
University of Leicester 
University Road 
Leicester, LE1 7RH 
Data Protection Officer: Parmjit Gill 
T: xx-xxxx-xxxx 
E: xxx@xxx.xx  
 
Data controller registration number provided 
by the Information Commissioner’s Office: 
Z6551415 
 
 
What is the legal basis for processing the data? 
The data are needed to carry out a task in the public interest to ensure high standards of quality and 
safety of healthcare.* 
 
What if I have concerns about the way the personal data are processed? 
 
If you wish to raise a complaint about how we have handled your or your child’s personal data, please 
contact the Data Protection Officers (above) who will investigate the matter. If you are not satisfied with 
our response or believe we are processing the data in a way that is not lawful you can complain to the 
Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO). 
https://ico.org.uk/ 
 
 
* General Data Protection Regulation: 
Article 6 (1) (e) processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest 
or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller. 
Article 9 (2) (i) processing is necessary for reasons of public interest in the area of public health, such 
as protecting against serious cross-border threats to health or ensuring high standards of quality and 
safety of health care and of medicinal products or medical devices, on the basis of Union or Member 
State law which provides for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of 
the data subject, in particular professional secrecy. 
 
 
 

 
34 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Publications & Abstracts 2019-2021 
 
Publications 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
Acta Medica Lituanica (2019); 26(1), 64-71 
doi: 10.6001/actamedica.v26i1.3957   
Prospective paediatric intensive care 
registry in Latvia: one year outcomes. 
Veģeris, I., Daukšte, I., Bārzdiņa, 
A., Parslow R. C., Balmaks, R. 
Journal of Clinical Virology (2019); 112, 15-
19 
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.01.006. 
Human metapneumovirus in paediatric 
intensive care unit (PICU) admissions in the 
United Kingdom (UK) 2006-2014.  
Barr, R., McGalliard, R., 
Drysdale, S. B. 
Critical Care 23, 69 (2019). 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2354-4 
Permissive versus restrictive temperature 
thresholds in critically ill children with fever 
and infection: a multicentre randomized 
clinical pilot trial 
Peters, M.J., Woolfall, K., Khan, 
I. et al. 
BMJ Open 2019;9:e031630. doi: 
10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx 
Sedation AND Weaning In Children 
(SANDWICH): protocol for a cluster 
randomised stepped wedge trial 
Blackwood B, Agus A, Boyle R 
On behalf of the Paediatric 
Intensive Care Society Study 
Group (PICS-SG), et al 
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: March 
2019 - Volume 20 - Issue 3 - p 223-232 doi: 
10.1097/PCC.0000000000001805 
Patterns of Use of Heated Humidified High-
Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in PICUs in 
the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland* 
Morris, Jenny V. MSc1; 
Kapetanstrataki, Melpo PhD1; 
Parslow, Roger C. PhD1; Davis, 
Peter J. FRCPCH2; 
Ramnarayan, Padmanabhan 
FRCPCH3,4  
Archives of Disease in Childhood 
2019;104:962-966 
Modelling the allocation of paediatric 
intensive care retrieval teams in England 
and Wales 
King M, Ramnarayan P, Seaton 
SE on behalf of the DEPICT 
Study Group, et al 
BMJ Open 2019;9:e028000. doi: 
10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx   
Differences in access to Emergency 
Paediatric Intensive Care and care during 
Transport (DEPICT): study protocol for a 
mixed methods study 
Ramnarayan P, Evans R, Draper 
ES DEPICT Study Investigators, 
et al 
Intensive Care Med 45, 1272–1274 (2019). 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05714-x  
Doing more of less: what registry data tell us 
about death in PICU. 
Brick, T., Parslow, R.C. 
Archives of Disease in Childhood 
(2020). Published online: 06 October 2020.  
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-xx-xxxx-xxxx 
Tracheostomy trends in paediatric intensive 
care.  
Powell, J., Buckley, H.L., 
Agbeko, R., et al. 
BMC Pediatrics 20, 301 (2020). 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02195-6 
Does time taken by paediatric critical care 
transport teams to reach the bedside of 
critically ill children affect survival? A 
retrospective cohort study from England and 
Wales 
Seaton, S.E., Ramnarayan, P., 
Davies, P. et al. 
BMJ Open. 2020 Sep 25;10(9):e037517. 
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx. PMID: 
32978195; PMCID: PMC7520830. 
NEUROlogical Prognosis After Cardiac 
Arrest in Kids (NEUROPACK) study: 
protocol for a prospective multicentre clinical 
Scholefield BR, Martin J, Penny-
Thomas K, Evans S, Kool M, 
Parslow R, Feltbower R, Draper 

 
35 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
prediction model derivation and validation 
study in children after cardiac arrest. 
ES, Hiley V, Sitch AJ, 
Kanthimathinathan HK, Morris 
KP, Smith F; NEUROPACK 
Investigators for the Paediatric 
Intensive Care Society-Study 
Group (PICS-SG). 
Health Technology Assessment 
2020;24(23). doi: 10.3310/hta24230  
Routine gastric residual volume 
measurement to guide enteral feeding in 
mechanically ventilated infants and children: 
the GASTRIC feasibility study 
Tume LN, Woolfall K, Arch B, 
Roper L, Deja E, Jones AP, et al. 
BMJ Open 2020;10:e033208. doi: 
10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx  
How, in what contexts, and why do quality 
dashboards lead to improvements in care 
quality in acute hospitals? Protocol for a 
realist feasibility evaluation 
Randell R, Alvarado N, McVey L, 
et al 
Intensive Care Med 46, 1953–1955 (2020). 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06149-5 
Impact on 30-day survival of time taken by a 
critical care transport team to reach the 
bedside of critically ill children 
Seaton, S.E., Ramnarayan, P., 
Pagel, C. et al. 
BMJ Open 2020;10:e038974. doi: 
10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx 
Study protocol for a multicentre longitudinal 
mixed methods study to explore the 
Outcomes of ChildrEn and fAmilies in the 
first year after paediatric Intensive Care: the 
OCEANIC study 
Manning JC, Latour JM, Curley 
MA for the OCEANIC Study 
Investigators, et al 
Sci Rep 11, 21838 (2021). 
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01173-x 
A study of sex difference in infant mortality 
in UK pediatric intensive care admissions 
over an 11-year period.  
Almossawi, O., O’Brien, S., 
Parslow, R. et al.  
Crit Care 25, 399 (2021). 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03779-z 
In the eye of the storm: impact of COVID-19 
pandemic on admission patterns to 
paediatric intensive care units in the UK and 
Eire. 
Kanthimathinathan, H.K., 
Buckley, H., Davis, P.J. et al. 
medRxiv 2021.06.30.21259763; doi: 
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.30.2125976
3 
Which children and young people are at 
higher risk of severe disease and death after 
SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review 
and individual patient meta-analysis 
Harwood, R et al. 
medRxiv 2021.07.01.21259785; doi: 
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.01.2125978
5 
Risk factors for intensive care admission 
and death amongst children and young 
people admitted to hospital with COVID-19 
and PIMS-TS in England during the first 
pandemic year 
Ward, J L et al. 
Nat Med 28, 185–192 (2022). 
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01578-1 
Deaths in Children and Young People in 
England following SARS-CoV-2 infection 
during the first pandemic year: a national 
study using linked mandatory child death 
reporting data 
Smith C et al. 
 
 
 

 
36 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Abstracts 
Published Abstracts 
Title 
Authors 
8th Congress of the European Academy of 
Paediatric Societies 2020, Virtual 16 -19 October 2020 
Epidemiology of cardiopulmonary 
resuscitation in critically ill children 
admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care 
Units across England.  
Mustafa, K., Buckley, 
H., Feltbower, R., et 
al.   
Archives of Disease in Childhood; London Vol. 105, Iss. 
Suppl 1, (Oct 2020): A99-A99. 
DOI:10.1136/archdischild-2020-rcpch.235   
G272 Intensive care admissions in 
children with down syndrome: trends in 
incidence and outcome  
Rapaport, B; Marder, 
E; Smyth, A R; 
Parslow, R C; Vyas, H; 
et al. 
Accepted Abstracts 
Title 
Authors 
World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical 
Care Society 2020, Mexico.  
Factors associated with unplanned 
readmissions to paediatric intensive care 
units in England 
Buckley, H., Plunkett, 
A., Morris, K., et al. 
World Federation of Pediatric Intensive 
and Critical Care Society 2020, Virtual.  
 
Epidemiology of cardiopulmonary 
resuscitation in critically ill children 
admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care 
Units across England 
Mustafa, K., Buckley, 
H., Feltbower, R., et 
al. 
 
 
    

 
37 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Data Access Requests Fulfilled (sent to requester) January 2021-December 2021 
 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request 
P044 
 HQIP332  
Katie Harron (Ofran Almossawi), Non-
Clinical Senior Lecturer, Universitry 
College London 
Investigating gender mortality differences in children 
admitted to UK PICU 
De-identified  
Individual 
+  
Identifiable for Linkage 
P045 
 IS042  
Richard Chin, Reader in Paediatric 
Neuroscience, Edinburgh University 
Status Epilepticus – Feasibility work for Trial 
Summary 
P054 
 IS057  
Bronagh Blackwood, SANDWICh Lead, 
Queens University Belfast, SANDWICh 
SANDWICh (Sedation AND Weaning In CHildren): IMV Trial 
Summary 
P058 
Richard Dobbie, Information Consultant, 
NHS National Services Scotland, 
Information Services Division 
Review of Paediatric Intensive Care in Scotland 
De-identified  
Individual 
P060 
 IS055  
Oliver Rivero-Arias, Associate Professor 
inHealth Economics, National Perinatal 
Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford 
Tracking the Impact of Gestational Age on Health, 
Educational and Economic outcomes: a Longitudinal Record 
Linkage Study (TIGAR) 
  
Summary 

 
38 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request 
P063 
 IS064  
Lorna Fraser, Professor of Epidemiology, 
University of York 
Outcomes after PICU admission in children who have 
received a Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) 
Summary 
P064 
 HQIP365  
Sarah Seaton, Research Fellow in 
Perinatal and Paediatric Research, 
University of Leicester 
Understanding the transition from neonatal to paediatric 
care: a data linkage study 
De-identified  
Individual 
+  
Identifiable for Linkage 
P066 
- 
 
Simon Kenny/CMO, National Clinical 
Director, Children and Young People, NHS 
England 
COVID-19 Vaccine Planning 
De-identified  
Individual  
+  
Identifiable for Linkage 
 
P067 
 IS075  
Lucy Dove, Trustee, Lee Sparks 
Foundation 
Incidence of Necrotising Fasciitis in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Summary  
P068 
 - 
Peter Davis, Chair of NHS E PIC CRG, 
NHS England 
PIMS-TS cases reported to PICANet by week 
Summary (by Unit) 
P070 
 - 
Simon Kenny, National Clinical Director, 
Children and Young People, NHS England 
Ethnicity in PICU Admissions 
Summary  

 
39 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request 
P072 
 IS076  
Laura Drikite, FIRST ABC Trial 
coordinator, ICNARC (Intensive Care 
National Audit & Research Centre) 
FIRST-line support for Assistance in Breathing in Children 
(FIRST-ABC) Trial 
Summary  
P075 
-  
Dr Jon Lillie/ Dr Marilyn McDougall, PICU 
Consultants , Evelina London Children’s 
Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Diabetic ketoacidosis  (DKA) admissions to paediatric critical 
care over the last decade 
De-identified  
Individual  
P076, 
IS073  
Peter Davis, Chair of NHS E PIC CRG, 
NHS England 
Maximum Level of Care –  
To assist with planning to deal with a possible extreme surge 
in paediatric respiratory viral illness and response to the 
COVID-19 pandemic 
Summary  
P077, 
IS074  
Peter Davis, Chair of NHS E PIC CRG, 
NHS England 
Elective Activity in PICU -  
To assist with planning to deal with a possible extreme surge 
in paediatric respiratory viral illness and response to the 
COVID-19 pandemic 
Summary  
P080 
 HQIP387 
Thomas Finnie / Hannah Williams, 
Principal Modeller / Senior Mathematical 
Modeller, Public Health England 
RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus) Modelling -  
Estimating disease burden post COVID-19 mitigation 
De-identified  
Individual  
P084 
 IS077  
Peter Davis, Chair of NHS E PIC CRG, 
NHS England 
BPSU PIMS-TS ODN (Operational Delivery Network) numbers 
-  
To compare to the regional figures reported via BPSU for the 
study of PIMS-TS/MIS-C to help estimate case ascertainment 
for COVID-19 second wave 
Summary  

 
40 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2022 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request 
P085 
 IS081  
Kevin Morris, Prof / Consultant in 
Paediatric Critical Care, University of 
Birmingham 
Optimising the Healthcare Resource Group (HRG) 
classification of cases receiving extra-corporeal membrane 
oxygenation (ECMO and ventricular assist device (VAD 
support) 
Summary  
P088 
 IS084  
Kali Barrett, Assistant Scientific Director, 
Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table 
Secretariat 
COVID-19 Length of Stay (LOS) - Planning for 4th Wave 
Summary  
P090 
 ISO85  
John Pappachan, Associate Professor, 
University Hospital Southampton NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Bicarbonates in neonates - work-up to Randomised Clinical 
Trial 
Summary  
P091 
- 
Tiffany Watson-Koszel, Policy Manager, 
NHS England 
COVID-19 Delta Wave Analysis 
Summary  
 
*If you require further details of the Data Requests made to PICANet please contact the team by email. 

 
 
 
 
 
Richard Feltbower 
Hannah Buckley 
Zoe Cosker 
Kirsten Cromie 
Christopher Leahy 
Hannah Lever 
Lee Norman 
Thomas Simpson 
Laura Stubbs 
 
PICANet 
Leeds Institute for Data Analytics 
School of Medicine 
University of Leeds 
Clarendon Way 
Leeds 
LS2 9JT 
 
Elizabeth Draper 
Emily Evans 
Hari Krishnan 
Lyn Palmer 
Martin Perkins 
Sarah Seaton 
 
PICANet 
Department of Population Health Sciences 
University of Leicester 
George Davies Centre 
University Road 
Leicester 
LE1 7RH 
University of Leicester 
University of Leeds 
www.picanet.org.uk 
xxx@xxx.xx