Appendicies
Source: data.gov.uk (2024-12-19)

PICANet Annual Report 2021-2023. Paediatric Intensive Care Audit - This data contains information on all admissions to Paediatric Intensive Care units in the UK and Ireland 2021-2023.

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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 

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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Contents 
 
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................3 
Glossary ................................................................................................................................4 
Organisation Key ...................................................................................................................5 
Background and participating organisations ..........................................................................6 
Governance ...........................................................................................................................6 
Methods.................................................................................................................................7 
Important notes ....................................................................................................................11 
Links with the clinical community .........................................................................................12 
Patient and Public Involvement ............................................................................................12 
Participating Organisation & Unit Characteristics 2023 ........................................................14 
Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2021 – 2023 ..............................................................17 
Steering Group Membership 2021 – 2023 ...........................................................................19 
Data Collection Form in use 2023 – Referral .......................................................................26 
Data Collection Form in use 2023 – Transport .....................................................................27 
PICANet Information Leaflets for Families and Carers 2023 ................................................29 
PICANet Information Leaflet for Children 2023 ....................................................................33 
PICANet Privacy and Fair Processing Statement ................................................................37 
Publications 2021-2023 .......................................................................................................42 
Data Access Requests Fulfilled (sent to applicant) January 2023 - December 2023 ............46 
 
Published in the UK by the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet). This work is copyright. Apart from any 
use as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part may be reproduced by any process 
without permission from PICANet. 
Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to PICANet at:  
PICANet , Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9J  
Telephone: xx-xxxx-xxxx ∙ Email: xxx@xxx.xx  
 
In all cases PICANet must be acknowledged as the source when reproducing or quoting any part of this publication. 
Please use the following format when citing this report: Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network State of the Nation 
Report 2024 (published December 2024): Universities of Leeds and Leicester. 
For this report content is © 2024 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
Acknowledgements  
The Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet) gathers information on all children 
admitted to designated Level 3 paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the United Kingdom and 
Republic of Ireland, in conjunction with specialist paediatric transport services (SPTS).  
We are indebted to the efforts of all of the administrative staff and healthcare professionals who 
support and contribute to PICANet from their PICUs and SPTS.  
PICANet continues to rely on the expertise and support from the Paediatric Critical Care Society 
(PCCS), the PICANet Steering Group and members of the Clinical Advisory Group who provide 
an essential link between PICANet and the clinical care teams. We would like to acknowledge 
this support, which enables the PICANet audit to continue to be a success.  
PICANet acknowledges the use of the LASER data storage platform and assistance provided by 
the Data Analytics Team in Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds to facilitate 
production of this report. 
The PICANet National Paediatric Critical Care Audit (NPCCA) is commissioned by the Healthcare 
Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) as part of the National Clinical Audit and Patient 
Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), the NHS Wales Joint Commissioning Committee, NHS 
Lothian and NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, the 
National Office of Clinical Audit (NOCA) for the Republic of Ireland and HCA Healthcare UK.  
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Glossary 
 
CAG 
Clinical Advisory Group 
CHI 
Community Health Index 
GDPR 
General Data Protection Regulation 
CYP 
Children and Young People 
HD 
High Dependency 
HQIP 
Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership 
HRA CAG 
Health Research Authority Confidentiality Advisory Group 
HRG  
Healthcare Resource Group 
IC 
Intensive Care 
ICB 
Integrated Care Board 
NCAPOP 
National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme 
NHS 
National Health Service 
NOCA 
National Office of Clinical Audit 
NPCCA 
National Paediatric Critical Care Audit 
ODN 
Operational Delivery Network 
PCCS 
Paediatric Critical Care Society (previously PICS) 
PIC 
Paediatric Intensive Care 
PICANet 
Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network 
PICU 
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit 
PIM3 
Paediatric Index of Mortality 3 
RSPRT 
Resetting Sequential Probability Ratio Test 
ROI 
Republic of Ireland 
SG 
Steering Group 
SMR 
Standardised Mortality Ratio 
SPTS 
Specialist Paediatric Transport Services 
UK 
United Kingdom 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Organisation Key 
 
A 
Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge 
C 
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff 
D 
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital 
E1 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (PICU/NICU) 
E2 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (CICU) 
F1 
Evelina London Children’s Hospital (previously F) 
F2 
Royal Brompton Hospital, London (previously O) 
H 
King’s College Hospital, London 
I 
Leeds Children’s Hospital 
K2 
Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
K3 
Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
L 
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
M 
Nottingham Children’s Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham 
N 
John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 
P 
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool 
Q 
Sheffield Children’s Hospital 
R 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
T 
St George’s Hospital, London 
U 
St Mary’s Hospital, London 
V 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
W 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
X2 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CICU 
X3X1 Leicester Royal Infirmary CPICU (previously known as Glenfield Hospital, Leicester) 
Y 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
Z 
The Royal London Hospital 
ZA 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
ZB 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
ZC 
Children's Health, Ireland, Crumlin formerly Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 
ZD 
Children's Health, Ireland, Temple Street, formerly Temple Street Children’s University 
Hospital, Dublin 
ZF 
The Portland Hospital, London 
T001 
Children’s Acute Transport Service (CATS) 
T002 
Embrace: Yorkshire & Humber Infant & Children’s Transport Service 
T003 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service (NWTS) 
T004 
South Thames Retrieval Service (STRS) 
T005 
KIDS Intensive Care and Decision Support 
T008 
Southampton Oxford Retrieval Team (SORT) 
T010 
Northern Ireland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (NISTAR) Paediatric 
T020 
Scotland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (ScotSTAR) 
T022 
Irish Paediatric Acute Transport Service (IPATS) 
T024 
Wales and West Acute Transport for Children (WATCh) 
T026 
North East Children’s Transport and Retrieval Service (NECTAR) 
T027 
Children’s Medical Emergency Transport Service (CoMET) 
T028 
Heart Link ECMO Children's Service (included in Tables & Figures only) 
T032 
Paediatric and Neonatal Decision Support and Retrieval Service (PaNDR) 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Background and participating organisations 
PICANet was established in 2001 with funding from the Department of Health and started 
collecting data from English and Welsh paediatric intensive care units in November 2002. The 
PICUs at the Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh (was Royal Hospital for 
Sick Children) and the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow started submitting data in December 
2004 and April 2007 respectively. The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children joined in April 
2008 and Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin and Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, 
both based in Dublin, have submitted pseudonymised data to PICANet since January 2009 and 
March 2010, respectively. The Harley Street Clinic PICU started contributing data in September 
2010 until closure in March 2020, and the PICU at the Portland Hospital from June 2013, allowing 
these non-NHS units to compare their performance against the national benchmark provided by 
PICANet.  
During the reporting period there were 30 PICUs and 13 specialist paediatric transport services 
(SPTS) submitting data to PICANet. The audit covers the whole of the UK and the Republic of 
Ireland. A full list of participating PICUs can be found in the Participating Organisation & Unit 
Characteristics 2023 section. Changes to participation are detailed in the Important notes section. 
 
 
Governance 
PICANet is overseen and guided by the PICANet Steering Group. The Steering Group oversees 
the wider governance of the project, providing advice and guidance on policy and operation to 
ensure that PICANet provides a sound evidence-base for audit, service evaluation and research 
in paediatric critical care. The Steering Group has representatives from a broad range of 
organisations across the UK and Republic of Ireland with an interest in PCC and includes 
parent/carer representation, the Paediatric Critical Care Society, and the Royal Colleges of 
Paediatrics and Child Health, Anaesthetists and Nursing. 
PICANet continues to receive support from the NHS Health Research Authority Confidentiality 
Advisory Group (HRA CAG) to collect personally identifiable data without consent on all patients 
accepted for referral, transported, or admitted to paediatric intensive care. Most patients are 
comprised of infants, children and young people although on occasion may include older adults. 
The HRA CAG references are: 21/CAG/0090 (non-research) and 21/CAG/0098 (research). 
See the HRA CAG register of approvals here: https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-
research/application-summaries/confidentiality-advisory-group-registers/  
The Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, having considered the advice from the HRA 
CAG, has granted PICANet’s clinical audit an exemption from the National Data Opt-Out 
(England). 
Ethics approval for the PICANet research database has been granted by the East Midlands – 
Derby Research Ethics Committee, ref. 23/EM/0189. 
PICANet have approval from NHS Scotland’s Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and 
Social Care (HSC-PBPP) for NHS Scotland data for use by PICANet. The reference is 1819-0107 
Feltbower. 
PICANet supports transparency in its data processing and has patient information sheets and 
posters on display in PICUs and SPTS. A Privacy Notice and Fair Processing Statement on our 
website outlines the legal basis for processing of data under the General Data Protection 
Regulation (May 2018). Details can be found at https://www.picanet.org.uk/about/policies/. 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
PICANet receives support and advice from our dedicated Clinical Advisory Group (CAG) drawing 
on the expertise of professionals working within the speciality and a Steering Group (SG), whose 
membership includes health services researchers, representatives from the Royal Colleges of 
Paediatrics and Child Health, Nursing and Anaesthetics, parent/ carer representatives and 
commissioners. For a full list of CAG and SG members, see Clinical Advisory Group Membership 
2021 – 2023 and Steering Group Membership 2021 - 20223. Additional support from the clinical 
community is provided through the UK Paediatric Critical Care Society. 
 
Methods 
Basic methodology 
Most critically ill children who need complex clinical care and life support are treated in Paediatric 
Intensive Care Units (PICUs). These children may have had complex surgery, an accident or a 
severe infection and may arrive in the PICU from another PICU, an operating theatre, emergency 
department or from a hospital ward. In some cases they may have been transferred from another 
hospital and, occasionally, admitted directly from home. 
The PICANet NPCCA collects personal, organisational and clinical data on all children with a 
clinically determined need for paediatric intensive care in the UK and Republic of Ireland, to 
compare outcomes and activity between PICUs, SPTS, health regions and nations. 
Data are stored on a secure database. Each organisation can view and download their own data, 
reports on their data quality and activity as well as comparative national data. The annual State of 
the Nation report includes a summary of what has happened to children admitted to PICU 
including why they were admitted, where they were admitted from, how long they stayed, what 
treatments they received and their outcome at the time of discharge. Comparisons between 
PICUs are made to assess how well they perform against established clinical standards and 
guidelines. 
In addition to the annual report, PICANet provides technical and statistical support for the use of 
the data for local audit and research, regional and national commissioning, national and 
international research and to provide baseline information for clinical intervention trials. 
Data collected 
PICANet collects three core datasets: 
Admission data contains demographic details of each child including their name*, date of birth**, 
NHS/CHI number, address* and ethnic group; it also records where children are admitted from, 
their date of admission and clinical diagnoses, some physiological parameters on admission 
including blood gases, blood pressure, medical history and ventilation status. Data on outcome 
and discharge details are included. The medical interventions received on each day by each child 
are recorded as part of the audit and to help NHS organisations in England to supply information 
on the cost of their activity. 
Referral data for all children where clinicians agree a paediatric intensive care bed and/or 
paediatric intensive care transport is required includes details of the referring hospital, 
demographic details of the child, grade of the referring doctor or nurse, the outcome of the 
referral, the transport team involved and the destination PICU. 
Transport data for all children transported to a PICU from their original admitting hospital or who 
are transported by a SPTS but are not admitted to a PICU includes child details as well as 
information about their presenting physiology. Details of the composition of the transport team, 
journey times, any interventions carried out and critical incidents are also recorded. 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
* Not collected from Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland 
** Limited to month and year for Northern Ireland 
Data submission and storage 
Data are submitted by individual PICUs and SPTS prospectively, using our secure web-based 
data collection application called PICANet Web. Data submission can involve direct entry or an 
upload of a data file from an existing clinical information system. PICANet provides full 
documentation on data definitions, which have been developed in collaboration with our Clinical 
Advisory Group, as well as technical specifications for IT and database professionals. In addition, 
standardised data collection forms are available on our website for organisations to download 
and complete on site if required. 
All data submitted is stored in the Leeds Analytic Secure Environment for Research (LASER) 
system. All data at rest in the LASER system is encrypted to AES-256 Bit encryption. 
Data quality, validation, and case ascertainment 
Data validation is carried out at the point of data entry on the PICANet Web system and centrally 
on the database. Validation checks for logical inconsistencies, out of range values, missing and 
incorrect data are reported back to the individual participating organisations on demand via the 
web interface. PICANet Web also allows PICU staff to obtain reports on their own data to aid 
quality assurance, data validation checks and check case ascertainment. 
The Modulus 11 algorithm is used to validate the NHS number based on a check digit – this is a 
standard method of ensuring the NHS number is a true NHS number and improves our ability to 
trace patients through the PICANet database and in linked healthcare data. 
Routine validation reports are provided to participating organisations every 6 weeks via email and 
virtual validation visits are conducted by PICANet staff every 12 – 18 months per participating 
organisation.  
The six-weekly validation reports highlight to organisations their adherence to the 2021 PCCS 
Quality Standard for the timeliness of data entry, any outstanding validation queries for resolution 
and any customised data collection audits requiring completion. In every other routine validation 
report (this works out as quarterly), case ascertainment is also assessed. Units are asked to 
confirm the admission count in their admission book/electronic system over a two-month period 
and these numbers are compared to the number of admissions on the PICANet Web database.  
The way case ascertainment is measured was updated during this reporting period. Initially, a 2-
month period was assessed during virtual validation visits, which began in June 2022. This then 
moved to the routine validation reviews to increase the frequency, being established as quarterly 
in March 2024.  
The virtual validation visits allow for an in-depth review of data quality and validation and are a 
core element of our data quality assurance. Any issues highlighted in the routine validation 
reviews and case ascertainment checks can also be discussed. These visits are vitally important 
to maintain contact with PCC staff, pick up on systematic errors that may appear in the data and 
assist in managing user access and identifying team changes not already reported to PICANet.  
Quarterly risk-adjusted Resetting Sequential Probability Ratio Test (RSPRT) plots of in-PICU 
mortality are sent to each unit to address any immediate concerns if applicable and RSPRT 
guidance for units is available to support this process on the PICANet QI Resources webpage. If 
they are identified as have a potential cause for concern due to high mortality the PICANet team 
will guide them through the steps to explore this further.  

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Collaborative working supporting policy, 
commissioning, research and clinical trials 
PICANet has become established as the definitive source of data on paediatric intensive care 
activity in the UK and Republic of Ireland. The data have been used to plan PIC services, model 
demand, assess interventions and outcomes, and provide data to underpin research to facilitate 
the development of new standards for critical care provision for children. PICANet has provided 
baseline data for the development of the IKID, SANDWICH and FEVER trials, all of which were 
funded and made use of the routinely collected PICANet data using the custom data download 
facility. This allows local control over the data. We also work closely with other funded studies, 
including DEPICT, FIRST-ABC, GIRFT, LAUNCHES-QI, NEURO-PACK, OCEANIC, Oxy-PICU, 
PERMIT, PICnIC and PRESSURE. PICANet also supported the NHS response to the COVID-19 
pandemic by providing key data to inform the modelling of bed occupancy rates. 
Analytical techniques 
The Statistical Analysis Plan for the State of the Nation Report 2024 is available on the PICANet 
website. Statistical techniques used include cross tabulations, the calculation of crude and risk-
adjusted standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals; the construction of 
crude and risk-adjusted funnel plots of SMRs. Risk-adjusted SMRs were calculated using the 
latest version of the Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM3)1 recalibrated based on data within the 
current reporting period. 
Small number policy 
Publication of PICANet data is subject to scrutiny of small numbers. When small numbers of 
admissions are involved, other data items may become identifiable i.e. a living individual may be 
identified from the data. This can still be the case in aggregated data where small groups of 
individuals are presented. These are reviewed and categories are combined or cells anonymised 
where necessary using a risk-based approach. 
Outlier policy 
PICANet recalibrate the PIM3 parameters for each year’s report and use these to calculate an 
SMR for each unit. When the SMR shows that risk-adjusted mortality within a unit is higher or 
lower than expected, the unit will be subject to the formal process outlined in PICANet’s Outlier 
Policy (v4.0, 2024). The process within the policy allows PICANet and the unit to better 
understand the reason(s) behind their outlier status, and improves knowledge of good 
practice/areas for improvement which can be shared across providers. 
Changes to the tables and figures - 2024 
This year we have moved away from static tables and figures presented in Excel towards 
interactive charts with associated data tables, aiming to improve accessibility and user 
friendliness. We have also rationalised the information we present and increased standardisation 
to improve ease of navigation. Following this approach, we have focused on increasing the depth 
of information provided for a smaller number of outcomes. PICANet will adapt the outcomes 
presented in future years in response to requirements of the PCC community; an online form is in 
place for stakeholders to request additional information be presented in future years.  
                                               
 
1 Straney, L., et al., Paediatric Index of Mortality 3: An Updated Model for Predicting Mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care. 
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2013. 14(7): p. 673-681. 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
The new range of PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 Tables are available in the Reports 
section of our website. 
How we present our results 
Results are presented in an annual Summary Report and in interactive figures with associated 
data tables. These mainly focuses on children aged 0–15 years, apart from tables capturing the 
workload of the PICU (e.g. how many bed days the PICU provided) which include all PICU 
admissions regardless of age; we state where this is the case. Where we present data on 0-15 
year olds only or we present data by gender we exclude data relating to children who are 
recorded as having ‘ambiguous’ sex due to the increased risk of reidentification due to small 
numbers (i.e. to maintain statistical disclosure control).  
We report on five key metrics in our Summary Report: case ascertainment including timeliness of 
data submission, transport mobilisation times, emergency readmissions within 48 hours of 
discharge, unplanned extubation in PICU and in-PICU mortality. We highlight the main findings of 
the Summary Report in an infographic.    
In the interactive figures with associated data tables we also present further data relating to our 
key metrics as well as information on overall admission numbers, bed days provided, length of 
stay in PICU, crude mortality rates and data quality. We present data by year, PICU, country of 
admission, operational delivery network (ODN), age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, primary diagnosis 
group and severity of illness (via PIM3).  We present an additional transport metric of time taken 
to reach the bedside of the child by SPTS by year, transport team, age and severity of illness (via 
PIM3). 
Rates 
We present the rate of unplanned extubations per 1,000 ventilated days to allow us to compare 
between units as the more children that are ventilated on a PICU, the more likely an unplanned 
extubation will occur. 
When we want to compare two rates we divide one rate by the other, to get a ‘relative rate’. For 
example, to compare the emergency readmission rate in one PICU with the overall rate 
calculated from all PICUs then we would divide the PICU’s emergency readmission rate by the 
combined rate. If the PICU’s rate was the same as the overall rate then the relative rate would be 
one. If the PICU’s rate was higher than the overall rate then the relative rate would be greater 
than one. If the PICU’s rate was lower than the overall rate then the relative rate would be less 
than one. Using this relative rate allows us to talk about a given PICU’s rate in comparison (or 
relative) to the overall rate. 
Risk-adjusted mortality 
When comparing deaths in PICU, we calculate the risk-adjusted standardised mortality ratio 
(SMR). This compares the number of deaths that have happened in a PICU and how many 
deaths we expected to happen given how poorly children were when they were admitted to PICU 
and allows us to compare across PICUs with different case-mixes. 
We measure how poorly children were at the point when they were admitted to PICU using PIM3. 
This takes into account many factors (such as whether the child was admitted as an emergency 
and whether they needed help breathing) to estimate how likely each child is of dying. 
We use present funnel plots which tell us what range of values we might expect to see for the 
SMR in each PICU given its number of admissions and that we expect a certain amount of 
variation as these calculations are based on a very small number of deaths. This is the process 
used to identify outliers as described in the Outlier Policy section.  
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Important notes 
PICANet database outage 
In March 2022 the University of Leeds proactively dealt with a cyber-security issue and as a 
precaution there was a period of outage for the PICANet Web database. On 06 June 2022 the 
system became available to all participating organisations for manual data entry and validation 
and on 20 July 2022 the importing of data could resume. 
Timeliness of data collection in 2023 
The following units have a lower percentage of admission records completed (submitted to 
PICANet) within two months of discharge from PICU in 2023 per the 2021 PCCS Quality 
Standard for the timeliness of data entry. However, there are a variety of reasons which can lead 
to this with local resource pressures and IT issues being the most common. Ultimately, all units 
have good data completeness to be included in the report.  
The PICUs in the Republic of Ireland, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin (ZC) and at Temple 
Street (ZD), were affected by the Health Service Executive (HSE) experiencing a major 
ransomware cyberattack on 14 May 2021. This caused all IT systems nationwide to be shut 
down. Children’s Health Ireland were heavily impacted by the cyberattack. This has caused 
backlogs which continued to impact the 2023 data. 
The Freeman Hospital CICU (K2) experienced local IT issues from April 2022 to June 2023 which 
hindered the usual data submission and validation routine and contributed to low levels of timely 
data completion. This has been addressed and data submission is now within the 2021 PCCS 
Quality Standard for the timeliness of data entry. 
King’s College Hospital PICU (H) are experiencing IT issues which has resulted in a pause in 
data imports and temporary switch to manual data entry, hindering timely data completion. 
The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children PICU (ZB) are experiencing IT and resource issues 
which is hindering timely data completion. 
Sheffield Children’s Hospital PCCU (Q) have experienced resourcing issues, with other areas 
needing to take precedence over data completion.  
The Portland Hospital PICU (ZF) has experienced data completion resource pressures following 
an expansion of beds and the addition of a long term ventilation unit. 
COVID-19 data collection 
UK units ceased the rapid reporting of the number of new admissions with SARS-CoV-2 and 
clinically diagnosed PIMS-TS to PICANet in June 2023. Subsequently, these units also ceased 
COVID-19 II custom audit data collection on 31st January 2024. We are grateful to the PICU 
teams for the work put into the COVID-19 data collection. 
Change to Royal Brompton Hospital PICU in the 
Organisation Key 
Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust merged as a single Trust with Guy’s & St. 
Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in February 2021 and as a single directorate in April 2022. They 
are now Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust. Evelina London Children’s Hospital PICU 
(F1, previously F) and Royal Brompton Hospital PICU (F2, previously O) are now part of the 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
same Trust and the Organisation Key for the Royal Brompton Hospital PICU has been updated 
accordingly. 
Redesignation of S – James Cook University Hospital 
(Middlesbrough) 
The NHS PICU (S) was redesignated from a Level 3 paediatric intensive care unit to a Level 2 
unit in 2019 and as such data from this unit is not included in the 2024 report (it was previously 
excluded from key metrics only). Their participation in the level 3 NPCCA ended in February 2023 
and the children’s critical care unit began participating in the level 2 PICANet data collection. 
Changes to the units in Leicester  
The cardiac paediatric intensive care unit (CPICU) in Leicester (X3) formerly known as the PICU 
based at Glenfield Hospital (X1) was moved across sites to the Children’s Hospital based at 
Leicester Royal Infirmary on 08 August 2021. This unit is shown in the tables and figures as 
X3X1.  
 
 Links with the clinical community 
PICANet has a dedicated Clinical Advisory Group (CAG), whose members represent the 
paediatric critical care teams that submit data to PICANet. The CAG has the following functions: 
to provide practical clinical advice to the PICANet team; to act as a forum in which PCC staff can 
raise practical operational issues about data entry and transmission and validation; to contribute 
to discussions about the long-term strategic development of PICANet; to identify important audit 
and research questions that the PICANet database could address; and to review the results and 
interpretation of analyses from a clinical perspective. It also acts as the natural forum for the co-
ordination of multi-centre clinical research studies and reviews requests for access to PICANet 
data to ensure feasibility, prevent duplication of activity and to encourage collaboration. 
PICANet has the support of the Paediatric Critical Care Society and the associated PCCS Study 
Group and the Clinical Reference Group which oversees Paediatric Critical Care, including PCC 
transport. 
 
Patient and Public Involvement 
Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) refers to the inclusion of patients, parents, carers, children 
and young people, and members of the public in the activities and development of PICANet’s 
outputs. 
In 2022 PICANet produced a detailed long term plan to reinvigorate this important area to ensure 
that PPI is embedded into the development of new projects and extensions of the remit of 
PICANet and outputs (e.g., public-facing reports and infographics) and to ensure that this work 
will enhance and support the experience of children being cared for in PCC and their families. 
The initial plans were to revisit, in a series of workshop sessions held in 2023 with parents/ carers 
and children and young people, the fundamental working arrangements of PICANet to ensure 
these remained appropriate. These include the role of PICANet and how data are collected; the 
exemption from the National Data Opt-Out (England) for the clinical audit and the application of it 
to research if we need to process identifiable data; how we anonymise data and audit/research 
that uses PICANet data (the use of confidential patient information without consent).  

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
To date, all communications that we have had with parents, carers, children and young people 
has been very positive, supporting PICANet and its work and has guided PICANet’s provision of 
information. We have plans to continue to develop and expand our PPI work further in the 
upcoming years. Our next short-term aim is to co-produce, with parents, carers, children and 
young people, infographics highlighting key findings from the State of the Nation report for 
families and children/young people. We aim to complete this in early 2025. 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
Participating Organisation & Unit Characteristics 2023 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Participating Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward 
Number 
of funded 
IC beds 
Number of 
funded 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
Barts Health NHS Trust 
The Royal London Hospital 
PCCU 
8 
2 
General  
Birmingham Women’s and 
Children’s Hospital NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
29 
0 
General including cardiac, 
liver, neurosurgical, 
ECLS, ENT, oncology, 
metabolic and spinal 
Cambridge University 
Hospitals NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Addenbrooke's Hospital 
PICU 
8 
5 
General  
Cardiff & Vale University 
Health Board 
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales 
PCCU 
7 
4 
General  
Manchester University NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
19 
14 
General  
Great Ormond Street 
Hospital for Children NHS 
Trust 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children 
CICU 
20 
0 
Cardiac & ECMO 
PICU  
17 
0 
General 
NICU 
10 
0 
Neonatal 
Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Evelina London Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
21 
0 
General, Cardiac & ECMO 
Royal Brompton Hospital 
PICU 
16 
4 
Cardiac & Respiratory 
HSE (Health Service 
Executive) 
Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin 
PICU 
9 
0 
General 
Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin 
PICU 
20 
3 
General, Cardiac & ECMO 
King’s College Hospital 
NHS Foundation Trust 
King’s College Hospital  
PICU 
8 
8 
General, Hepatic & 
Neurosurgical 
The Leeds Teaching 
Hospitals NHS Trust 
Leeds Children's Hospital 
PICU 
16 
0 
General & Cardiac 
Newcastle upon Tyne 
Hospitals NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Great North Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
11 
0 
General & Surgical ICU 
Freeman Hospital 
CICU 
12 
0 
Cardiothoracic surgery, 
heart failure, ECMO & 
ENT 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Participating Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward 
Number 
of funded 
IC beds 
Number of 
funded 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
NHS Lothian 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
(formerly Royal Hospital for Sick Children) 
PICU 
10 
6 
General, Neurosurgical & 
Spinal 
NHS Greater Glasgow and 
Clyde 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow  
PICU 
22 
0 
General, Neurosurgical 
Cardiac & ECMO 
Oxford University Hospitals 
NHS Foundation Trust 
John Radcliffe Hospital 
PCCU 
8 
9 
General including 
neurosurgical, craniofacial 
and major trauma 
Nottingham University 
Hospitals NHS Trust 
Nottingham Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
81 
6 
General (plus regional 
oncology, major trauma, 
ENT, paediatric surgery, 
regional neurosurgical, 
spinal, supraregional renal 
service and cleft lip & 
palate services) 
Alder Hey Children’s NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
21 
0 
General, Cardiac & ECMO 
Sheffield Children’s NHS 
Foundation Trust  
Sheffield Children’s Hospital 
PCCU 
8 
9 
General (plus major 
trauma, neurosurgery, 
ENT, oncology, metabolic, 
paediatric surgery, spinal) 
University Hospitals 
Southampton NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
14 
0 
General, Cardiac & 
Neurosurgery 
St. George’s University 
Hospitals NHS Foundation 
Trust 
St. George’s Hospital 
PICU 
6 
6 
General, Neurosurgical, 
Oncology & Paediatric 
Surgery 
Imperial College Healthcare 
NHS Trust 
St. Mary’s Hospital 
PICU 
11 
4 
General 
Belfast Health and Social 
Care Trust 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
PICU 
122 
0 
General 
University Hospitals Bristol 
NHS Foundation Trust 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
PICU 
17 
0 
General, Cardiac, 
Neurosurgery, Burns and 
Major Trauma 
University Hospitals of 
Leicester NHS Trust 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CICU 
CICU 
61 
0 
General (Children’s 
Intensive Care Unit) 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CPICU (previously Glenfield 
Hospital) 
CPICU 
7 
0 
Cardiac & ECMO 

 
16 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Participating Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward 
Number 
of funded 
IC beds 
Number of 
funded 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
University Hospitals of North 
Midlands NHS Trust 
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
PICU 
8 
0 
General 
HCA Healthcare UK (non-
NHS) 
The Portland Hospital 
PICU 
14 
9 
General 
This table is updated with information gathered during the virtual validation meetings.  
Abbreviations: Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU), Cardiac Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (CPICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Paediatric Critical Care Unit (PCCU), 
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO), Ear nose and throat (ENT), Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) 
1. 
IC/ HD beds are used flexibly if required.  
2. 
PICU Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children routinely admit children up to 14 years of age. 
For a list of all participating organisations including transport services please see our website. A list of included units and SPTS contributing data for this reporting period is published in 
the Organisation key. 

 
17 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2021 – 2023 
Name 
Position 
NHS Trust / Hospital 
Period served 
Mark Peters  
(Chair from 2020) 
Clinical Unit Chair 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children 
2018 - Ongoing 
Sara Ali  
(representing Wales) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Cardiff University Hospital, Noah's Ark Children's Hospital of 
Wales 
2020 – Ongoing  
Colin Begg 
National Medical Advisor 
National Specialist & Screening Services Directorate (NSD),  
NHS National Services Scotland.  
2023 - Ongoing 
Simon Chiles 
Advanced Nurse Practitioner 
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust 
Glenfield Hospital 
2014 - Ongoing  
Kathryn Claydon-Smith 
Clinical Nurse Specialist 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service 
(NWTS) 
2009 - 2022 
Karen Coxon 
Sister 
James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough  
2023  - Ongoing 
James Edelman  
Paediatric Consultant and PDHU Lead  
Southampton HDU  
2023  - Ongoing 
Judith Gray  
(representing Nursing) 
Sister 
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 
Newcastle Freeman Hospital 
2015 - Ongoing 
Martina Healy  
(representing ROI) 
Clinical Lead for Irish Paediatric Critical Care 
Audit 
Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin 
2022 - Ongoing 
Katie Higgins 
Clinical Nurse Specialist 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service 
(NWTS) 
2022 - Ongoing 
Margaret Hufton 
Paediatric Consultant and Paediatric 
HDU Medical Lead 
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire  
2023  - Ongoing 
Hari Krishnan  
(Deputy Chair) 
Consultant Paediatric Intensivist 
Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
2018 - Ongoing 
Graham Mason 
PCCS HDU Lead  
Paediatric Critical Care Society  
2023  - Ongoing 
Catherine McDougall 
(representing Scotland) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
2021 - Ongoing 
Lesley Molony 
Information Officer 
Southampton Universities Hospital NHS Trust 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
2013 - 2021  
Rachel Neal 
PICU Data & Audit Manager 
St George’s Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 
2021 - 2023 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Name 
Position 
NHS Trust / Hospital 
Period served 
Andrew Nyman 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive care 
Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust 
Evelina Children’s Hospital, South Thames Retrieval service 
(STRS) 
2019 - Ongoing 
Mark Peters  
(Chair from 2020) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Medicine  
Cardiff University Hospital, Noah's Ark Children's Hospital of 
Wales  
2023  - Ongoing 
Mohammad Oli Rahman 
Lead Consultant  
Brighton Royal Alexandra Hospital  
2023  - Ongoing 
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan 
(representing PCCS SG) 
Reader in Paediatric Intensive Care & 
Honorary Consultant 
Imperial College London & Imperial College Healthcare NHS 
Trust 
2022 - Ongoing 
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan 
(representing Transport 
Organisations) 
Consultant 
Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust  
Children's Acute Transport Service 
2012 - 2021 
Annette Shaw 
Data and Quality Nurse 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
2021 - 2023 
Mark Terris  
(representing Northern 
Ireland) 
Consultant Anaesthetist 
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
2014 - Ongoing 
Dora Wood  
(representing Transport 
Organisations) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Bristol Paediatric Intensive Care Unit and WATCh 
2021 - Ongoing 
 
Ongoing as of 31st December 2023.  

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Steering Group Membership 2021 – 2023 
Name  
Position  
Organisation  
Representation  
Period Served  
Michael Marsh (Chair)  
Regional Medical Director & 
CCIO Higher Level 
Responsible Officer South 
West Region  
NHS England & NHS 
Improvement  
Royal College of Paediatrics and 
Child Health  
2002 - Ongoing  
National Commissioner for 
Paediatric Intensive Care Clinical 
Reference Group  
James Campbell 
Associate Director of Quality 
and Development 
Health Quality Improvement 
Partnership (HQIP) 
Commissioning body for PICANet 
in England 
2021 - Ongoing 
Peter Davis  
Consultant in Paediatric 
Intensive Care  
University Hospitals Bristol NHS 
Foundation Trust  
Chair of Paediatric Intensive Care 
Clinical Reference Group  
2011 - 2023  
Bristol Royal Hospital for 
Children  
Louise Dewsbury  
Senior Nurse  
Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS 
Foundation Trust  
PICS Nurse Managers Group  
2017 - 2021  
Evelina London Children’s 
Hospital  
Freddie Drew 
National Programme of Care 
Manager – Women & 
Children 
NHS England 
NHS England 
2022 - Ongoing 
Andrew Fleming  
National Clinical Audit 
Manager  
Intensive Care National Audit & 
Research Centre (ICNARC)  
Intensive Care National Audit & 
Research Centre (ICNARC)  
2017 - Ongoing  
James Fraser  
Consultant Paediatrician  
University Hospitals Bristol NHS 
Foundation Trust  
Paediatric Intensive Care Society 
President (2019 - 2022)  
2019 - 2023 
Bristol Royal Hospital for 
Children  
Karina Hamilton 
Paediatric Programme 
Assistant Audit Manager 
National Office of Clinical Audit 
Republic of Ireland 
2022 - Ongoing 
Sam Harper  
HQIP PICANet Project 
Manager  
Healthcare Quality Improvement 
Partnership (HQIP)  
Commissioning and funding body 
(England)  
2018 - 2022  

 
20 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Name  
Position  
Organisation  
Representation  
Period Served  
Sasha Hewitt  
Associate Director for Quality 
and Development and Data 
Protection Officer  
Healthcare Quality Improvement 
Partnership (HQIP)  
Commissioning and funding body 
(England)  
2017 - 2021  
Rachel Lundy  
Senior Commissioning 
Manager  
NHS England & NHS 
Improvement  
National Commissioner for 
Paediatric Intensive Care Clinical 
Reference Group  
2016 - 2021  
Roseanne McDonald 
Programme Associate 
Director: Nursing and Quality 
Adviser 
National Services Division 
(NSD), NHS National Services 
Scotland 
Scotland 
2022 - 2023 
Dr Jillian McFadzean  
Clinical Lead  
NHS Lothian, Royal Hospital for 
Children and Young People, 
Edinburgh  
Scotland  
2005 - 2021  
Dr Gale Pearson  
Consultant in Paediatric 
Intensive care  
Birmingham Women’s and 
Children’s NHS Foundation 
Trust  
Chair of Paediatric Intensive Care 
Clinical Reference Group  
2015 - 2021  
Birmingham Children’s Hospital  
Mark Peters 
Consultant in Paediatric 
Intensive Care 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, 
London 
Chair of PICANet Clinical Advisory 
Group  
2020 - Ongoing  
Natalia Plejic 
HQIP PICANet Project 
Manager 
Health Quality Improvement 
Partnership (HQIP) 
Commissioning body for PICANet 
in England 
2022 - Ongoing 
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan 
Reader in Paediatric Critical 
Care 
Imperial College London 
Chair of PCCS Study Group 
2022 - Ongoing 
Dr Barney Scholefield  
Consultant Intensivist  
Birmingham Childrens Hospital  
Chair of Paediatric Intensive Care 
Study Group  
2016 - 2021  
Ruchi Sinha 
Consultant Paediatric 
Intensivist  
St Mary’s Hospital, London  
NHS England  
2023 - Ongoing 
Chair of the Clinical Reference 
Group  
Helen Stares 
Parent 
Lay Member 
Parents and Carers 
Representation  
 
2023 – Ongoing 
 
 
 

 
21 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Name  
Position  
Organisation  
Representation  
Period Served  
Mark Terris  
Consultant Anaesthetist  
Belfast Health and Social Care 
Trust  
Northern Ireland  
2012 - Ongoing  
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick 
Children  
Donna Webb 
Matron for Critical Care and 
Cardiology 
Leeds Children’s Hospital 
PCCS Nurse Managers Group 
2021 - Ongoing 
Lucy Wheeler  
Parent  
Lay Member 
Parents and Carers 
Representation  
2011 - Ongoing  
Carli Whittaker 
Critical Care Educator 
Nottingham Children's Hospital  
PCCS President 
2023 - Ongoing 
Ongoing as of 31st December 2023 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Data Collection Form in use 2023 – 
Admission     
  
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Data Collection Form in use 2023 – Referral 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Data Collection Form in use 2023 – Transport 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
  
 

 
29 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
PICANet Information Leaflets for Families and Carers 2023  
The leaflet below (v7.0 Jul 2022) was in place at the last date of the reporting period (31 December 2023) for those in England. 
 
 
 

 
30 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
The leaflet below (v6.4 Apr 2021) was in place at the last date of the reporting period (31 December 2023) for those in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 
 
 

 
32 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
PICANet Information Leaflet for Children 2023  
The leaflet below (v7.0 Jul 2022) was in place at the last date of the reporting period (31 December 2023) for those in England. 
 
 
 

 
34 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
35 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
The leaflet below (v6.4 Apr 2021) was in place at the last date of the reporting period (31 December 2023) for those in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 
 

 
36 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Families and Carers and Children’s information leaflets were/are also available in Welsh and for patients and families in the Republic of Ireland. The leaflets above are those in place at the 
latest date of the reporting period – 31st December 2021. 

 
37 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
PICANet Privacy and Fair Processing 
Statement  
The Statement below (v6.2 09 Nov 2023) was in place at the latest date of the reporting period – 31 
December 2023. 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Publications 2021-2023 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
Archives of Disease in Childhood - 
Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2023 
Nov ;109:265-271 
Paediatric intensive care admissions 
of preterm children born <32 weeks 
gestation: a national retrospective 
cohort study using data linkage 
van Hasselt TJ, Gale C, Battersby C On 
behalf of the United Kingdom Neonatal 
Collaborative and the Paediatric Critical 
Care Society Study Group (PCCS-SG), et 
al 
Health Technol Assess. 2023 Nov; 
27(27):1-155. doi: 
10.3310/HYRW5688l Assess  
Implementing early rehabilitation and 
mobilisation for children in UK 
paediatric intensive care units: the 
PERMIT feasibility study 
Barnaby R Scholefield, Julie C Menzies, 
Jennifer McAnuff, Jacqueline Y 
Thompson, Joseph C Manning, Richard G 
Feltbower, Michelle Geary, Sophie 
Lockley, Kevin P Morris, David Moore, 
Nazima Pathan, Fenella Kirkham, Robert 
Forsyth and Tim Rapley 
Front Pediatr. 2023 Oct 
9:11:1225684. doi: 
10.3389/fped.xx-xxxx-xxxx 
Is there a sex difference in mortality 
rates in paediatric intensive care 
units?: a systematic review 
Almossawi O, Friend A, Palla L, Feltbower 
RG, Sardo-Infiri S, O'Brien S, Harron K, 
Nadel S, Saunders P, De Stavola B. 
BMC Pediatr. 2023 Aug. 
24;23(1):421. doi: 10.1186/s12887-
xx-xxxx-xxxx.  
Impact of prematurity on long-stay 
paediatric intensive care unit 
admissions in England 2008-2018. 
van Hasselt, T.J., Kanthimathinathan, 
H.K., Kothari, T. et al 
JAMA Pediatr. 2023 Jul. 
31;177(9):947-955. doi: 
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.2357. 
Pediatric Hospitalizations and ICU 
Admissions Due to COVID-19 and 
Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem 
Syndrome Temporally Associated 
With SARS-CoV-2 in England 
 
Ward JL, Harwood R, Kenny S, Cruz J, 
Clark M, Davis PJ, Draper ES, 
Hargreaves D, Ladhani SN, Gent N, 
Williams HE, Luyt K, Turner S, Whittaker 
E, Bottle A, Fraser LK, Viner RM 
 
JAMA. 2022 Jul.  12;328(2):162-
172. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.9615. 
Effect of High-Flow Nasal Cannula 
Therapy vs Continuous Positive 
Airway Pressure Therapy on 
Liberation From Respiratory Support 
in Acutely Ill Children Admitted to 
Pediatric Critical Care Units: A 
Randomized Clinical Trial. 
Ramnarayan P, Richards-Belle A, Drikite 
L, et al. 
BMJ Paediatr Open; 2022 June. 
6(1):e001300. doi: 10.1136/bmjpo-
xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Early mobilisation and rehabilitation 
in the PICU: a UK survey. 
Thompson JY, Menzies JC, Manning JC, 
McAnuff J, Brush EC, Ryde F, Rapley T, 
Pathan N, Brett S, Moore DJ, Geary M, 
Colville GA, Morris KP, Parslow RC, 
Feltbower RG, Lockley S, Kirkham FJ, 
Forsyth RJ, Scholefield BR; PERMIT 
Collaborators, Paediatric Critical Care 
Society Study-Group (PCCS-SG). 
Southampton (UK): National 
Institute for Health and Care 
Research; 2022 Jun. doi: 
10.3310/QBBZ1124 
Interventions to optimise the outputs 
of national clinical audits to improve 
the quality of health care: a multi-
method study including RCT. 
Willis TA, Wright-Hughes A, Weller A, 
Alderson SL, Wilson S, Walwyn R, Wood 
S, Lorencatto F, Farrin A, Hartley S, 
Francis J, Seymour V, Brehaut J, 
Colquhoun H, Grimshaw J, Ivers N, 
Feltbower R, Keen J, Brown BC, 
Presseau J, Gale CP, Stanworth SJ, Foy 
R. 

 
43 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2022 Jun 
1;23(6):e268-e276. doi: 
10.1097/PCC.0000000000002904. 
Epub 2022 Feb 28.  
Lactate, Base Excess, and the 
Pediatric Index of Mortality: 
Exploratory Study of an International, 
Multicenter Dataset 
Morris KP, Kapetanstrataki M, Wilkins B, 
Slater AJ, Ward V, Parslow RC. 
NIHR Open Res. 2022 May 
13:2:37. doi: 
10.3310/nihropenres.13273.1. 
End of life care for infants, children 
and young people (ENHANCE): 
Protocol for a mixed methods 
evaluation of current practice in the 
United Kingdom 
Papworth A, Hackett J, Beresford B, 
Murtagh F, Weatherly H, Hinde S, 
Bedendo A, Walker G, Noyes J, Oddie S, 
Vasudevan C, Feltbower R, Phillips B, 
Hain R, Subramanian G, Haynes A, 
Fraser LK 
Implement Sci.  2022 May 
26;17(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s13012-
xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Interventions to optimise the outputs 
of national clinical audits to improve 
the quality of health care: a multi-
method study including RCT 
Wright-Hughes A, Willis TA, Wilson S, 
Weller A, Lorencatto F, Althaf M, Seymour 
V, Farrin AJ, Francis J, Brehaut J, Ivers N, 
Alderson SL, Brown BC, Feltbower RG, 
Gale CP, Stanworth SJ, Hartley S, 
Colquhoun H, Presseau J, Walwyn R, Foy 
R.  
BMJ Open. 2022 May. 
19;12(5):e057343. doi: 
10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Linkage of National Congenital Heart 
Disease Audit data to hospital, critical 
care and mortality national data sets 
to enable research focused on quality 
improvement 
Espuny Pujol F, Pagel C, Brown KL, et al 
NIHR. 2022 May. 
https://doi.org/10.3310/WBKW4927 
Design and evaluation of an 
interactive quality dashboard for 
national clinical audit data: a realist 
evaluation 
Randell R, Alvarado N, Elshehaly 
M, McVey L, West RM, Doherty P, et al.  
JAMA. 2022 Apr 26;327(16):1555-
1565. 
Effect of High-Flow Nasal Cannula 
Therapy vs Continuous Positive 
Airway Pressure Following 
Extubation on Liberation From 
Respiratory Support in Critically Ill 
Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial 
Ramnarayan P, Richards-Belle A, Drikite 
L, et al. 
BMJ Open. 2022 March. 
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx 
Use of selective gut decontamination 
in critically ill children: protocol for the 
Paediatric Intensive Care and 
Infection Control (PICnIC) pilot study 
Alanna Brown, Paloma Ferrando, Mariana 
Popa, Gema Milla de la Fuente, John 
Pappachan, Brian Cuthbertson, Laura 
Drikite, Richard Feltbower, Theodore 
Gouliouris, Isobel Sale, Robert Shulman, 
Lyvonne N Tume, John Myburgh, Kerry 
Woolfall, David A Harrison, Paul R 
Mouncey, Kathryn M Rowan, Nazima 
Pathan 
Health Technol Assess. 2022 
Mar;26(18):1-114. doi: 
10.3310/TCFX3817. 
Co-ordinated multidisciplinary 
intervention to reduce time to 
successful extubation for children on 
mechanical ventilation: the 
SANDWICH cluster stepped-wedge 
RCT 
Blackwood B, Morris KP, Jordan J, 
McIlmurray L, Agus A, Boyle R, Clarke M, 
Easter C, Feltbower RG, Hemming K, 
Macrae D, McDowell C, Murray M, 
Parslow R, Peters MJ, Phair G, Tume LN, 
Walsh TS, McAuley DF. 

 
44 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
EClinicalMedicine. 2022 
Feb:44:101287. doi: 
10.1016/j.eclinm.xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Epub 2022 Feb 11.  
Which children and young people are 
at higher risk of severe disease and 
death after hospitalisation with 
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children 
and young people: A systematic 
review and individual patient meta-
analysis 
Harwood R, Yan H, Talawila Da Camara 
N, Smith C, Ward J, Tudur-Smith C, 
Linney M, Clark M, Whittaker E, Saatci D, 
Davis PJ, Luyt K, Draper ES, Kenny SE, 
Fraser LK, Viner RM 
Nat Med. 2022 Jan; 28(1):193-200. 
doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01627-9. 
Epub 2021 Dec 20.  
Risk factors for PICU admission and 
death among children and young 
people hospitalized with COVID-19 
and PIMS-TS in England during the 
first pandemic year 
Ward JL, Harwood R, Smith C, Kenny S, 
Clark M, Davis PJ, Draper ES, 
Hargreaves D, Ladhani S, Linney M, Luyt 
K, Turner S, Whittaker E, Fraser LK, Viner 
RM 
Crit Care. 2021 Nov 17;25(1):399. 
doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03779-z.  
In the eye of the storm: impact of 
COVID-19 pandemic on admission 
patterns to paediatric intensive care 
units in the UK and Eire 
Kanthimathinathan HK, Buckley H, Davis 
PJ, Feltbower RG, Lamming C, Norman 
L, Palmer L, Peters MJ, Plunkett A, 
Ramnarayan P, Scholefield BR, Draper 
ES. 
Scientific Reports. 2021 Nov. 
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-
01173-x 
A study of sex difference in infant 
mortality in UK pediatric intensive 
care admissions over an 11-year 
period 
Almossawi, O., O’Brien, S., Parslow, R. et 
al. 
J Med Internet Res. 2021 Nov 
23;23(11):e28854. doi: 
10.2196/28854. 
Analysis of a Web-Based Dashboard 
to Support the Use of National Audit 
Data in Quality Improvement: Realist 
Evaluation. 
Alvarado N, McVey L, Elshehaly M, 
Greenhalgh J, Dowding D, Ruddle R, 
Gale CP, Mamas M, Doherty P, West R, 
Feltbower R, Randell R. 
BMJ Open. 2021 Aug 
19;11(8):e047575. doi: 
10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
The road to hell is paved with good 
intentions: the experience of applying 
for national data for linkage and 
suggestions for improvement 
Julie A Taylor, Sonya Crowe, Ferran 
Espuny Pujol, Rodney C Franklin, Richard 
G Feltbower, Lee J Norman, James 
Doidge, Doug William Gould, Christina 
Pagel 
JAMA. 2021 Aug 3;326(5):401-410. 
doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.10296. 
Effect of a Sedation and Ventilator 
Liberation Protocol vs Usual Care on 
Duration of Invasive Mechanical 
Ventilation in Pediatric Intensive Care 
Units: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 
Blackwood B, Tume LN, Morris KP, 
Clarke M, McDowell C, Hemming K, 
Peters MJ, McIlmurray L, Jordan J, Agus 
A, Murray M, Parslow R, Walsh TS, 
Macrae D, Easter C, Feltbower RG, 
McAuley DF; SANDWICH Collaborators 
BMC Health Services Research, 
July 2021. 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-
06657-0 
Hidden labour: the skilful work of 
clinical audit data collection and its 
implications for secondary use of 
data via integrated health IT. 
Lynn McVey, Natasha Alvarado, Joanne 
Greenhalgh, Mai Elshehaly, Chris P. 
Gale, Julia Lake, Roy A. Ruddle, Dawn 
Dowding, Mamas Mamas, Richard 
Feltbower, and Rebecca Randell 
BMC Health Serv Res. 2021 Jul 
16;21(1):702. doi: 10.1186/s12913-
xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Hidden labour: the skilful work of 
clinical audit data collection and its 
implications for secondary use of 
data via integrated health IT. 
McVey L, Alvarado N, Greenhalgh J, 
Elshehaly M, Gale CP, Lake J, Ruddle 
RA, Dowding D, Mamas M, Feltbower R, 
Randell R. 

 
45 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
Arch Dis Child. 2021 
Jun;106(6):548-557. doi: 
10.1136/archdischild-xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Epub 2021 Jan 28.  
Caring for critically ill adults in 
paediatric intensive care units in 
England during the COVID-19 
pandemic: planning, implementation 
and lessons for the future 
Sinha R, Aramburo A, Deep A, Bould EJ, 
Buckley HL, Draper ES, Feltbower R, 
Mitting R, Mahoney S, Alexander J, 
Playfor S, Chan-Dominy A, Nadel S, 
Suntharalingam G, Fraser J, Ramnarayan 
P 
J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 May 
4;10(9):e018177. 
Epidemiology of Cardiopulmonary 
Resuscitation in Critically Ill Children 
Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care 
Units Across England: A Multicenter 
Retrospective Cohort Study. 
Mustafa K, Buckley H, Feltbower R, 
Kumar R, Scholefield BR.  
BMC Pediatrics. May 2021; 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-
02689-x 
The effect of care provided by 
paediatric critical care transport 
teams on mortality of children 
transported to paediatric intensive 
care units in England and Wales: a 
retrospective cohort study 
Seaton SE, Draper ES, Pagel C, Rajah F, 
Wray J, Ramnarayan P. 
Health Syst (Basingstoke). 2021 
Apr 18;11(3):161-171. doi: 
10.1080/20476965.2021.1908176. 
eCollection 2022.  
Using a genetic algorithm to solve a 
non-linear location allocation problem 
for specialised children's ambulances 
in England and Wales 
Kung E, Seaton SE, Ramnarayan P, 
Pagel C 
Crit Care Explor. 2021 Mar 
15;3(3):e0362. doi: 
10.1097/CCE.0000000000000362.  
Characteristics of Severe Acute 
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 
Infection and Comparison With 
Influenza in Children Admitted to 
U.K. PICUs 
Kanthimathinathan HK, Buckley H, 
Lamming C, Davis P, Ramnarayan P, 
Feltbower R, Draper ES. 
J Eval Clin Pract. 2021 Feb; 
27(1):143-150. doi: 
10.1111/jep.13403. Epub 2020 Apr 
20.  
Institutional use of National Clinical 
Audits by healthcare providers 
McVey L, Alvarado N, Keen J, 
Greenhalgh J, Mamas M, Gale C, Doherty 
P, Feltbower R, Elshehaly M, Dowding D, 
Randell R 
BMJ Open. 2021 Jan. 
11(2):e046794. 
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Is there a sex difference in mortality 
rates for deaths occurring in 
paediatric intensive care units? 
Systematic literature review protocol. 
Almossawi O, Friend A, Palla L, Feltbower 
R, De Stavola B.  
 
 
 
 
    

 
46 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Data Access Requests Fulfilled (sent to applicant) January 2023 - 
December 2023 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request 
P024 
HQIP299 
Sally Cavanagh 
Clinical Information Manager 
NHS England 
Paediatric critical care and specialist surgery in 
Children Service Review/ GIRFT Paediatric Critical 
Care Improvement Programme 
Identifiable data for linkage 
P040 
HQIP346 
Lahn Straney 
Adjunct Senior Research Fellow 
Monash University 
PIM4; Model update for predicting mortality in 
paediatric intensive care: Paediatric Index of Mortality 
4 
De-identified individual level data 
P081 
HQIP397 
Ramesh Kumar/Davinder Singh 
Consultant Paediatric Intensivists 
Leeds Teaching Hospitals 
Trends in PICU admission secondary to bronchiolitis 
De-identified individual level data 
P082 
HQIP410 
Jonathan Round 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
St George's NHS Foundation Trust 
Mortality for oncology patients in English NHS PICUs 
De-identified individual level data 
P086 
HQIP408 
Cheryl Battersby 
Clinical Senior Lecturer and Consultant 
Neonatologist  
Imperial College London 
NNRD Data Linkage - Outcomes for Preterm Children 
 Identifiable for linkage 
P091 
 
Tiffany Watson-Koszel 
Policy Manager 
NHS England 
NHS England COVID Response Planning 
Identifiable data for linkage 

 
47 
PICANet State of the Nation Report Appendices 2024 
 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request 
P095 
ISO96 
Meiling MacDonald-Nethercott 
Foundation Trainee 
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Impact of COVID - 19 on paediatric appendicitis in 
PICU admission and outcome 
Summary data 
P096 
ISR091 
Reinout Mildner 
NIHR Clinical Trials Scholar and PICU 
Consultant 
Birmingham Children's Hospital 
Duration of invasive ventilation against diagnosis, for 
Invasive ventilation weaning NAVA mode RCT 
Summary data 
P100 
HQIP432 
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan 
Reader in Paediatric Critical Care 
Imperial College London 
Contribution of social determinants of health on illness 
severity and outcomes of critically ill children: a 
retrospective cohort study using national clinical audit 
data. 
De-identified individual level data 
P103 
HQIP434 
Emma Gray and Richard Feltbower 
Professor of Epidemiology 
University of Leeds 
Impact of epidemiology on unplanned readmission to 
Paediatric Intensive Care Units 
De-identified individual level data 
P106 
HQIP443 
Prof David Harrison 
Head Statistician 
Intensive Care National Audit and Research 
Centre (ICNARC) 
PICU Platform Development Grant 
De-identified individual level data 
P107 
IS111 
Prof David Harrison 
Head Statistician 
Intensive Care National Audit and Research 
Centre (ICNARC) 
PICU Platform Development Grant 
Summary data 
P109 
IS120 
Peter Davis 
Consultant Paediatric Intensivist 
Bristol Children's Hospital, and University of 
the West of England 
Severe Asthma Admissions 
Summary data 
P110 
IS124 
Dr Deepa Varghese 
Paediatric Registrar/Clinical Research Fellow 
University of Edinburgh 
Near Fatal Asthma in Children and Young People 
Summary data 

 
 
 
 
 
Richard Feltbower 
Hannah Buckley 
Christopher Leahy 
Hannah Lever 
Paul Micklethwaite 
Lee Norman 
Georgina Tayler-Barrett 
Thomas Simpson 
Laura Stubbs 
 
PICANet 
Leeds Institute for Data Analytics 
School of Medicine 
University of Leeds 
Clarendon Way 
Leeds 
LS2 9JT 
 
Sarah Seaton 
Emily Evans 
Hari Krishnan 
Lisa Mcllmurray 
Lyn Palmer 
Martin Perkins 
Rachel Shorthose 
 
PICANet 
Department of Health Sciences 
University of Leicester 
George Davies Centre 
University Road 
Leicester 
LE1 7RH 
University of Leicester 
University of Leeds 
www.picanet.org.uk 
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