Great crested newts: advice for making planning decisions
Source: gov.uk (2025-04-07)

How to assess a planning application when there are great crested newts on or near a proposed development site.

This is Natural England’s ‘standing advice’ for great crested newts (GCN). It is a material planning consideration for local planning authorities (LPAs). You should take this advice into account when making planning decisions. It forms part of a collection of standing advice for protected species (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/protected-species-how-to-review-planning-applications#standing-advice-for-protected-species).

You should read this guidance alongside protected species and development: advice for local planning authorities (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/protected-species-how-to-review-planning-applications).

Following this advice:
- avoids the need for you to consult on the negative effects of planning applications on GCN in most cases
- helps you make decisions on development proposals
You may need a qualified ecologist to advise you on the planning application and supporting evidence. You can find one using either the:
- Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environment Management (CIEEM) directory (https://cieem.net/i-need/finding-a-consultant/)
- Environmental Data Services directory (https://www.endsdirectory.com/)
How GCN are protected

GCN are European protected species (EPS) protected under the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017. It is an offence to:
- deliberately kill, injure, disturb or capture them
- deliberately destroy their eggs
- damage or destroy their breeding sites and resting places (including when GCN are not present)
- possess, control or transport them (or any part, alive or dead)
- sell, exchange or offer for sale or exchange
It is also an offence under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to intentionally or recklessly:
- disturb them while they occupy a structure or place used for shelter or protection
- obstruct access to a place used for shelter or protection
- possess or transport them (or any part, alive or dead)
- sell, offer, or publish an advert to sell them
GCN are included on the list of species of principle importance in England (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/habitats-and-species-of-principal-importance-in-england) under section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (2006).

You need to consider the conservation of GCN as part of your planning decision. Find out more about your biodiversity duty (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/complying-with-the-biodiversity-duty).

The developer must comply with the legal protection of GCN.

The developer may need a GCN mitigation licence (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/great-crested-newts-apply-for-a-mitigation-licence) to carry out their proposal.

You can find further guidance on surveys, mitigation, management and monitoring for GCN in the:
- Great Crested Newt Conservation Handbook (https://www.froglife.org/info-advice/our-publications/great-crested-newt-conservation-handbook/) published on the Froglife website
- Great crested newt mitigation guidelines (https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140605121141/http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/810429?category=30014) published on the Natural England evidence catalogue
These documents may not be accessible to assistive technology.

District level licensing schemes for GCN

District level licensing (DLL) is an alternative approach to traditional mitigation licences (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/great-crested-newts-apply-for-a-mitigation-licence) to develop sites which could affect GCN.

It aims to increase numbers of GCN by providing new or better habitats in targeted areas to benefit their wider population.

DLL is a simpler, quicker process for developers than applying for a mitigation licence. If there is a DLL scheme in the area, developers can simply apply for a DLL licence and pay for compensation ponds.

Read Great crested newts: district level licensing schemes for local planning authorities (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/great-crested-newts-district-level-licensing-for-local-planning-authorities) for guidance on how to make planning decisions for development proposals using DLL.

If a DLL scheme is not available or the developer chooses not to use it, you should follow the guidance in this standing advice when assessing planning applications.

When to ask for a survey

If the developer has chosen not to use a DLL where one exists, you should ask them for a survey if any of the following criteria apply:
- distribution and historical records suggest GCN may be present - you can search the National Biodiversity Network Atlas (https://nbnatlas.org/) by species and location
- there’s a suitable water body such as a pond or ditch within 500 metres (m) of the development, even if it only holds water for some of the year
- the development site includes refuges, such as log piles, rubble, grassland, scrub, woodland or hedgerows within 500m of suitable aquatic habitats (static or slow moving water bodies)
Surveys of water bodies within 250m of the development are usually sufficient. Developers may need to increase this to 500m if there are no obvious barriers to GCN dispersing into the wider environment.

Absence of a record does not mean there are no GCN. It could mean there is no survey data available for that location.

Survey work can include:
- presence or absence surveys, which can include eDNA sampling
- population size surveys of water bodies
- terrestrial and aquatic habitat surveys
Survey data provided by the developer should be no older than 4 survey seasons. The data must reflect the status of the development site. If the development proposal is predicted to have a negative effect on GCN, it’s important to ask for recent data to make sure it’s accurate.

Surveys should also meet industry standards, unless you have sufficient information to assess the application without this data, in line with licensing policy 4 (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/european-protected-species-policies-for-mitigation-licences#policy-4-alternative-sources-of-evidence-to-reduce-standard-survey-requirements). This allows for developers to propose worst-case scenario compensation in certain circumstances.

You must check if the ecologist holds the appropriate and up-to-date survey licence to carry out surveys for GCN. CIEEM publishes:
- competencies required for species surveys (https://cieem.net/resource/competencies-for-species-survey-css/)
- advice on the valid age of ecological reports and surveys (https://cieem.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Advice-Note.pdf)
Assess the effect of development on GCN

Developers should submit information with their planning application on how their development proposal avoids or mitigates harm to GCN.

If a development site is not in a DLL scheme, developers should submit qualitative and quantitative information with their planning application on how their development proposal avoids or mitigates harm to GCN.

If there’s likely to be a negative effect on GCN, you should consider these factors to assess the development site’s importance:
- the number of GCN populations and their size
- the nature of the population - for example, if the development site includes a breeding water body or is connected to other important populations
- how important the development site is to the local and national GCN population, for example how near it is to a site of special scientific interest (SSSI) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/sites-of-special-scientific-interest-public-body-responsibilities) where GCN is a listed species
Use this table to see what impact development would have on GCN and their habitat.

When you assess the planning application, you must look at other GCN habitats within 500m because GCN move and are unlikely to stay in one place.

The location of ponds for GCN is important because GCN ponds can be lost or their value greatly reduced by:
- public access to the pond
- introduction of fish or non-native plants to the pond
- pollution
- lack of access for maintenance and management
- fragmentation and lack of connectivity with suitable habitat nearby
Avoidance, mitigation and compensation measures

Where possible development proposals should avoid negative effects on GCN. Where this is not possible, the developer will need to include adequate mitigation or, as a last resort, compensation measures in their development proposal to allow you to make a planning decision.

Mitigation measures could include:
- leaving ponds in place
- leaving or enhance the surrounding habitat
- providing additional shelters for winter hibernation
- connecting habitats that are suitable for GCN
If the developer cannot avoid destroying a GCN breeding pond, they should compensate for this by:
- replacing the lost pond with at least 2 new high quality ponds of the same area or more on the development site
- making sure the new ponds are ready for GCN before the old pond is destroyed - this is likely to take at least one full growing season
- safeguarding or replacing other ponds which may be used by GCN within 500m - the developer will need an EPS mitigation licence (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/great-crested-newts-apply-for-a-mitigation-licence) to do this
For more information on mitigation plans and compensation measures, read Protected species and development: advice for local planning authorities (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/protected-species-how-to-review-planning-applications).

Planning and licence conditions

If the developer has chosen not to use a DLL where one exists and their activities are likely to affect GCN, the developer must apply for a GCN mitigation licence (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/great-crested-newts-apply-for-a-mitigation-licence). You may also need to add mitigation or compensation strategies as a condition of planning permission.

Before you can grant planning permission, you must:
- work with the relevant ecologist to make sure these conditions do not conflict with the requirements of a GCN mitigation licence
- be confident that Natural England will issue a licence – read section 4 of Protected species and development: advice for local planning authorities (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/protected-species-how-to-review-planning-applications)
You do not need to consult Natural England on the wording or discharge (approval) of any conditions you impose on a development proposal. Natural England is unable to provide advice on this.

Natural England will not generally issue a licence until planning conditions relating to protected species have been discharged. This applies to conditions that are intended to be and capable of being discharged before development begins.

Natural England will only confirm if you need a licence when the development proposal is a Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project (NSIP).

Enhance biodiversity

To meet your biodiversity duty (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/biodiversity-duty-public-authority-duty-to-have-regard-to-conserving-biodiversity), you should suggest ways for the developer to:
- create new or enhanced habitats on the development site
- achieve improvements in biodiversity through good design
- follow other relevant plans and strategies for nature
Site management and monitoring

For development sites not in a DLL scheme, you should consider the need for site monitoring and management. These measures are likely to be needed by protected species licences.

A site management plan could include:
- aquatic vegetation management in ponds
- clearance of shading tree or scrub cover around pond margins
- desilting and clearance of leaf-fall
- mowing, cutting or grazing of grassland
- woodland and scrub management
- measures to prevent the public and dogs from disturbing the ponds
A maintenance plan should deal with:
- the effects of introducing fish to the pond
- pond leakage
- risk of pollution runoff from new surroundings
- dumping of rubbish
- fires or other damage
- damage to fences
- tunnel silting or blockage
- damage to interpretation boards
The plan should monitor GCN and their habitats, including ponds, during and after development. It should include carrying out management works to habitats and additional survey work to check that mitigation measures are working as intended, followed by remedial work if needed.