Education and vocational training (VAT Notice 701/30)
Source: gov.uk (2025-01-27)

Find out how VAT applies to education, research, vocational training, examination services and goods and services connected with these activities.

1. Overview

Since 1 January 2025, all education services and vocational training provided by private schools in the UK for a charge have been subject to VAT at the standard rate of 20%. This also applies to boarding services provided by private schools.

If you’re an education provider, you should check if you must register for VAT if you receive private school fees (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/check-if-you-must-register-for-vat-if-you-receive-private-school-fees).

You can also find out about charging and reclaiming VAT on goods and services related to private school fees (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/charging-and-reclaiming-vat-on-goods-and-services-related-to-private-school-fees).

1.1 What this notice is about

This notice explains the VAT treatment of:
- education
- private school fees
- board and lodging services
- research
- vocational training
- goods and services provided in connection with these activities
- examination services
There’s a section that deals with the VAT treatment of school photographs.

The notice also tells you how to decide whether someone is in business for VAT purposes and why this is important.

This notice does not cover:
- supplies by youth clubs — see Youth clubs’ exemptions (VAT Notice 701/35) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-exemptions-for-youth-clubs-notice-70135)
- supplies by day nurseries, crèches, playgroups and similar establishments for children under 5 years of age — see Welfare services and goods (VAT Notice 701/2) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/welfare-services-and-goods-notice-7012)
- special reliefs for student accommodation — see Buildings and construction (VAT Notice 708) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/buildings-and-construction-vat-notice-708)
- special reliefs for charities, including charity advertising — see How VAT affects charities (VAT Notice 701/1) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-vat-affects-charities-notice-7011)
- the exemption of certain sporting and physical activities — see Sport supplies that are VAT exempt (VAT Notice 701/45) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/sport-supplies-that-are-vat-exempt-notice-70145)
1.2 Basic VAT principles to be aware of when reading this notice

This information helps anyone involved in the provision of education, vocational training or research, to have a broad understanding of the main VAT principles. This should be read before looking in more detail at the sections of this notice for your circumstances.

Education provided for no charge

If the education is being provided for no charge (for example, local authority maintained schools, city technology colleges, sixth form colleges, academies and free schools, see paragraph 3.2). The VAT consequences are that this is not ‘in business’ for VAT purposes (see section 3) and:
- the education provided is outside the scope of VAT
- any closely related goods or services provided, at or below cost, are outside the scope of VAT
- the sales of other goods or services are taxed in the normal way
Private school fees

From 1 January 2025, education and vocational training provided by a private school, or a connected person for a charge, will be taxable at the standard (20%) rate of VAT. These services were VAT exempt before this date.

The test for whether a person is a connected person is set out at section 1122 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010 (https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/vat-insurance/vatins9000). A person may also be treated as connected where the private school and the eligible body have put in place arrangements mainly to continue to benefit from VAT exemption on supplies that should be taxable.

Classroom supplies

Goods or services supplied for the direct use of pupils, students or trainees that are necessary for the delivery of the education provided by a private school or connected person will still be VAT exempt (see section 8).

Nursery and reception

A nursery class is a class wholly or almost wholly made up of children below compulsory school age, or school age in Scotland. These are still VAT exempt.

Compulsory school age is 5 in England and Wales and 4 in Northern Ireland. In Scotland, school age is 5.

Board and lodging services

Board and lodging means the arrangement where pupils live in school accommodation during term time. From 1 January 2025, where the provision of these services is closely related to the supply of education or vocational training by a private school or a connected person, they will be taxable at the standard rate of VAT.

Tuition in English as a foreign language supplied by a commercial provider

If tuition in English as a foreign language (see section 9) is supplied by a commercial provider, private school or person connected to a private school, the VAT consequences are that:
- the tuition in English as a foreign language provided is exempt
- any other education provided by the commercial provider is standard-rated
Vocational training provided for a charge

If vocational training is provided for a charge (see paragraph 5.3) by:
- an eligible body other than a private school (see section 4), the vocational training is exempt
- a private school or connected person, are that the vocational training will be taxable at the standard rate of VAT
- a body that is not an eligible body, the vocational training is exempt to the extent that it’s funded under an approved government funding scheme (see section 13)
Research provided for a charge

If research is provided for a charge (see paragraph 5.6), the VAT consequences are that with effect from 1 August 2013 supplies of business research are standard-rated but see paragraph 5.7 regarding certain transitional arrangements.

1.3 Other notices

This notice assumes that the reader has a knowledge of the principles of VAT explained in VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700). Reading this notice alongside the guidance on Local authorities and similar bodies (VAT Notice 749) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/local-authorities-and-similar-bodies-notice-749) may also be beneficial.

If both taxable and exempt supplies are being made, see Partial exemption (VAT Notice 706) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/partial-exemption-vat-notice-706).

1.4 The law covering this notice

The VAT Act 1994, Schedule 9, Group 6 provides exemption for the provision of education, vocational training and closely related goods and services.

The Value Added Tax (Education) Order 2013 concerns supplies of research.

2. Business activities for VAT purposes

2.1 Business activities

It’s important to establish whether a business supply of goods or services is being made as this will determine how it should be treated for the purpose of VAT. If the activities are not business activities they will be outside the scope of VAT.

2.2 The meaning of ‘business’

An activity is a business activity if it:
- is mainly concerned with making supplies to other persons for any form of payment or consideration, in money or otherwise
- continues over a period of time with some degree of frequency and scale
Do not assume that the activity will be a non-business activity simply because no profit is being made from it.

There’s more information about the meaning of business in VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700).

2.3 Making a supply

If education is provided for any form of payment then it will be a supply for VAT purposes. If no payment is received it will be outside the scope of VAT.

2.4 When education is a business activity

There are 2 normal sources of funding for education. These are:
- non-business, government grants (usually from a funding agency)
- business, when a charge is being made for the education provided
2.5 VAT treatment of charges for education (other than by private schools)

The VAT treatment is unaffected by who pays the charge, whether that is the student, employer or a local authority.

Education is still a business activity even if the charge is not enough to meet the full cost of providing it and it’s subsidised from some other source, such as a grant from central government or a bursary or scholarship.

Where education is wholly funded by grants, in general, direct funding by local or central government is not consideration for a supply of education, or a business activity, and is outside the scope of VAT.

Where education is partly funded by grants, if the education provided to an individual is funded by a combination of government grants and by making a charge, it’s a supply for VAT purposes. The government funding is a contribution to the business activity and is outside the scope of VAT

3. Education providers

3.1 Educational institutions that are in business

These establishments require payment for the education they provide, so their education is a business activity:
- private schools, including non-maintained special schools
- universities
- commercial providers teaching English as a foreign language
3.2 Educational institutions that are not in business

These establishments normally make no charge for the education they provide, so their education is not a business activity:
- community schools
- foundation schools
- voluntary-aided schools, including former special agreement schools
- voluntary-controlled schools
- community special schools
- foundation special schools
- grant maintained (integrated) schools (Northern Ireland)
- self-governing schools (Scotland)
- city technology colleges
- free schools
- academies
There are also sixth form, tertiary and further education colleges which do not charge for students who are 19 years or under (18 years or under in Scotland) at the start of their courses, but charge students over that age and foreign nationals. Here the age of the student is immaterial. When a charge is made, the education is a business supply.

These establishments may be in business for other activities they carry out (see paragraph 3.1).

4. Eligible body status

4.1 An eligible body

With effect from 1 August 2019, an eligible body is:
- a school (including private schools), sixth form college, tertiary college or further education college or other centrally funded further education institution (defined as such under the Education Acts)
- a centrally funded higher education institution in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (defined as such under the Education Acts)
- a local authority
- a government department or executive agency
- a non-profit making body that carries out duties of an essentially public nature similar to those carried out by a local authority or government department
- health authority
- a non-profit making organisation that meets certain conditions
- a commercial provider of tuition in English as a foreign language, in which case special rules will apply (see section 9)
- a university
- a higher education provider registered in the approved (fee cap) category of the register maintained by the Office for Students from the date of inclusion in the register
4.2 Commercial providers of education (other than tuition in English as a foreign language)

If the education is provided by one of these (with a view to making and distributing profits) it is unlikely to be an eligible body:
- tutorial college
- computer training organisation
- secretarial college
- correspondence college
- partnership
4.3 A non-profit making organisation

An organisation is likely to be an eligible body, where it’s a charity, professional body or company:
- that cannot and does not distribute any profit it makes
- with any profit that might arise from its supplies of education, research or vocational training is used solely for the continuation or improvement of such supplies
4.4 How to establish the VAT liability of the business supplies

You must establish whether the supplies are:
- being made by an ‘eligible body’ (see paragraph 4.1)
- of education or vocational training (see section 5)
If you’re an eligible body, other than a private school, (see paragraph 4.1) the supplies of education and vocational training are exempt from VAT.

From 1 January 2025, if you’re a private school, the supplies of education and vocational training are taxable at the standard rate of VAT.

If you’re not an eligible body (see paragraph 4.2) consider whether the services provided are either private tuition (see section 6) or examination services (see section 7).

4.5 The meaning of the term ‘does not distribute any profit’

Distributing profits does not just include paying a dividend to shareholders. It also includes making a payment or donation to another body, even where the recipient is a charity. Management charges or other fees paid to an associated company or individual may also be viewed as a distribution of profits.

It will be necessary to provide reasonable evidence that the profits cannot be distributed and that if the organisation’s activities do generate a profit that they will be recycled back into its education or training activities. For example, the Memorandum and Articles of Association, or some other constitutional document, containing a suitable reference or clause, may be acceptable as evidence of how profits are to be treated, although it’s what takes place in practice which will determine whether the exemption applies.

4.6 Universities

This term covers UK universities, and any college, institution, school or hall of a UK university. But it does not include subsidiary companies that universities set up to pursue commercial business interests.

But in some cases where a university company provides education as its main business activity it may be acting as ‘a college, institution, school or hall of a university’ and could therefore be treated as an eligible body. This means that any education or training provided by the university trading company is an exempt supply of education.

The treatment of colleges of a university is a complex area of VAT, contact HMRC (https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-revenue-customs/contact/vat-enquiries) if you’re unsure of your position.

5. Education, vocational training and research

5.1 What the term ‘education’ covers

Education means a course, class or lesson of instruction or study in any subject, regardless of when and where it takes place.

Education includes:
- lectures
- educational seminars
- conferences and symposia
- recreational and sporting courses
- distance teaching and associated materials
If a separate charge is made for registration, this is part of the provision of education.

Education does not include admission to events such as:
- plays
- concerts
- sports meetings
- exhibitions
5.2 Sports coaching

In the sports sector, education includes classes that are led and directed, rather than merely supervised. For example:

For more information on the conditions under which sports may be exempted from VAT, see Sport supplies that are VAT exempt (VAT Notice 701/45) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/sport-supplies-that-are-vat-exempt-notice-70145).

5.3 The meaning of the term ‘vocational training’

Vocational training covers training or re-training and work experience for:
- paid employment
- voluntary employment in areas beneficial to the community as a whole, education, health, safety, welfare, and charity work in general
Vocational training occurs where trainees attend courses, conferences, lectures, workshops or seminars and the purpose is to:
- prepare for future employment
- add to their knowledge to improve their performance in their current work
Vocational training does not occur where (through counselling, business advice or consultancy) the purpose is to improve the working practices and efficiency of an organisation as a whole.

5.4 Training supplied by eligible bodies

The training is exempt from VAT even if the cost is specifically subsidised by the eligible body.

For further information on a:
- local authority — see Local authorities and similar bodies (VAT Notice 749) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/local-authorities-and-similar-bodies-notice-749)
- commercial provider of tuition in English as a foreign language — see section 9
From 1 January 2025, the supply of vocational training by a private school will be taxable at the standard rate of VAT.

5.5 Training supplied by non-eligible bodies

Supplies of training will be exempt if someone is contracted or subcontracted to provide education or vocational training under one of the government’s approved training schemes and the services are ultimately funded by:
- the Department for Education (DfE)
- the apprenticeship service account (funded through the levy) to pay external providers for apprenticeship training — read How to register and use the apprenticeship service as an employer (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/manage-apprenticeship-funds)
- the National Council for Education and Training for Wales
- a Local Enterprise Company
- the European Social Fund (under a scheme approved by the DfE)
Education and vocational training may also be exempt if supplied by a:
- sole proprietor
- partnership
5.6 The meaning of the term ‘research’

Research includes:
- original investigation undertaken in order to gain, advance or expand knowledge and understanding
- devising a specialised software programme as part of a research project before carrying out the main tasks
Research does not include:
- confirming existing knowledge or understanding
- consultancy
- business efficiency advice
- collecting and recording statistics without also collating, analysing, or interpreting them
- market research
- opinion polling
- writing computer programmes
- routine testing and analysis of materials, components and processes
The fact that a project may have a specific commercial application does not necessarily mean that it cannot be research. For example, much research funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and by Research Councils (for example, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council) is aimed at developing improved equipment or techniques for use in industry.

5.7 Supplies of research by an eligible body

Generally research is outside the scope of VAT when it’s funded by either the public sector or by the charitable sector for the wider public benefit. But each case needs to be considered on its own merits.

The VAT exemption for supplies of business research between eligible bodies was withdrawn on 1 August 2013. But there’s a transitional arrangement for supplies of business research where the written contract was entered into before 1 August 2013. This applies whether or not work has already commenced, which allows the exemption to continue to apply to services within the scope of the contract as at 31 July 2013.

Supplies under the contract will be a continuous supply of services. Each liability of each supply is individually determined. If a supply:
- is made wholly under the contract as it was on 31 July 2013, that supply will be exempt from VAT
- is wholly for an extended part of the contract, that supply will be standard-rated
- relates in part for the contract as it stood as at 1 August 2013 and in part from extended parts of the contract, then that whole supply is taxable at the standard rate
As this is a single supply, there can be no apportionment. Supplies can only be exempt if they fall wholly within the scope of the contract as at 1 August 2013, otherwise they’re taxable. Research providers that want to benefit from the exemption should ensure all supplies that are within the scope of the contract as at 31 July are invoiced or paid on their own and not with any work relating to the extended supplies.

Some minor variations that will not affect the liability of the original contract include:
- changing the supplier of a sub-contracted service
- changing the order the contract is performed in
- minor changes to the delivery time of the contract and milestones (less than 3 months) providing there is no additional consideration
But substantial variations may include one or more of these:
- increases in the length of the contract (over 3 months)
- payment of additional consideration
- requirement for new or additional tests to be performed
- changes to the product or topic on which research is being carried out
If a substantial variation is made to a written contract as it stood at 31 July 2013, supplies that relate to the changes will be subject to VAT at 20% and changes that remain within the scope of the contract as it stood at 31 July 2013 remain exempt.

Place of supply of services (VAT Notice 741A) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-place-of-supply-of-services-notice-741a) covers the VAT treatment of research to overseas bodies.

5.8 European Commission’s Framework 6 and 7 and Horizon 2020 programmes

Research provided under the European Commission’s Framework 6 Programme is a supply, but because of its status as a recognised international organisation, VAT should not be charged to the Commission. But special rules allow for the recovery as input tax on the VAT that has been charged to the eligible body which directly relates to this supply (see VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700)).

But funding under the Framework 7 and Horizon 2020 programmes is grant income. As such, where VAT is incurred on goods and services purchased purely to support non-business research activities, it is not input tax and cannot be recovered.

You can get further information about this from our VAT helpline (https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-revenue-customs/contact/vat-enquiries).

6. Private tuition

6.1 The treatment of private tuition

This table will help to decide whether the private tuition supplied by an individual teacher, working in a personal capacity, is exempt from VAT.

If a teacher takes on another teacher (or several others) to assist, either:
- there should be an apportionment of supplies of tuition between exempt and taxable elements (using any fair and reasonable method)
- all supplies of tuition should be treated as taxable regardless of who actually delivers it
6.2 Treatment of goods or services sold in connection with private tuition

If the goods and services supplied with private tuition are not an integral part of the supply of tuition they must be treated as standard-rated unless relief is available elsewhere. This applies even if the goods and services are closely related to the private tuition itself (see section 8).

7. Examination services

7.1 The meaning of the term ‘examination services’

Examination services (see paragraph 7.2 for VAT treatment) include:
- setting and marking examinations
- setting educational or training standards
- making assessments
- other services provided with a view to ensuring that educational and training standards are maintained
- services connected with GCSE and GCE examinations and National Curriculum tests
- National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) assessments
- course accreditation services
- validation
- certification (including issuing duplicates)
- registering candidates
These are not examination services (unless they are provided as part of a broad package of predominantly examination services):
- secretarial services
- advertising services
- promotional services
7.2 Exempt supplies of examination services

If provided by an eligible body (see paragraph 4.1) — the supplies of examination services are exempt.

If provided by a non-eligible body (see paragraph 4.2) — the supplies are exempt if the person receiving the services is either an:
- eligible body
- pupils of independent fee paying schools (as legally defined)
- pupils of community, foundation or voluntary schools
- students of further education colleges
- trainees on government approved training schemes
- employees receiving in-house training from their employers
The exemption also applies to the end-point assessment required under the apprenticeship standard to the extent that it is paid for from the apprenticeship service account (funded through the levy). The circumstances are that the individual receiving the apprenticeship training must undertake the assessment after that training activity has been completed. However, the assessment is undertaken by a different organisation from the training provider.

7.3 Payments by pupils or parents to schools passed on to examination boards

When schools receive payments from pupils or parents and pass them on to examination boards they can normally treat them as disbursements. For more information on disbursements, see VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700).

7.4 School inspections

The services of school inspections are exempt if they’re either:
- made by an eligible body
- supplied direct to another eligible body (including a school or local authority)
8. Supplies provided with education

8.1 How to treat income from other goods and services

Where goods and services are supplied by an education provider who is:
- an eligible body, then they’re exempt if they qualify as closely related (see paragraphs 8.2, 8.3 and 8.6)
- a body that is not an eligible body, then they’re standard-rated unless relief is available elsewhere
8.2 The meaning of the term ‘closely related’

In general terms, closely related refers only to goods and services that are:
- for the direct use of the pupil, student or trainee
- necessary for delivering the education to that person
An eligible body may treat any of the following provided to it (subject to the conditions of paragraphs 8.4 and 8.5) as closely related:
- accommodation (except board and lodging supplied by a private school or connected person)
- catering
- transport
- school trips
- field trips
8.3 Goods and services that are not closely related to supplies of education

The following are examples of goods and services that are taxable in principle unless relief is available elsewhere:
- supplies to staff (including tutors on summer schools) and to other non-students
- sales of goods from school shops, campus shops and student bars
- sales from most vending machines (for further information see Catering, takeaway food (VAT Notice 709/1) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/catering-takeaway-food-and-vat-notice-7091))
- sales of goods not needed for regular use in class
- separately charged laundry and other personal services
- sales of school uniforms and sports clothing
- admission charges (other than for taking part in sports activities) — for example, admission to plays, concerts, dances, sporting venues, exhibitions, museums and zoos
- administration and management services
- commission for allowing sales by outside organisations at an educational establishment
- sales by a sole proprietor or partnership in connection with private tuition
Except for closely related supplies between eligible bodies, there is no general exemption for goods and services supplied to providers of education, research and vocational training for use in their educational activities.

8.4 Closely related goods and services that qualify for zero rating elsewhere

When closely related goods and services qualify for zero rating they may be treated as either zero-rated or exempt.

8.5 Closely related goods and services sold to pupils by an eligible body

The following table explains the position:

If the goods and services sold are not closely related to the education provided, they’re standard-rated unless relief is available elsewhere.

8.6 Closely related goods and services sold to the pupils of other eligible bodies

The following table, which should be read together with paragraph 1.2, and section 2, explains when VAT should be charged on closely related goods and services sold to the pupils, students and trainees of other eligible bodies when an eligible body is not supplying education to them.

This table gives examples that will also help:

8.7 Further information on supplies that are not closely related

9. English as a foreign language

9.1 Providers of English as a foreign language

For information on non-commercial providers of tuition in English as a foreign language, see sections 4 and 5.

If a commercial body makes supplies of English as a foreign language as well as supplies of other education it should only treat as exempt:
- supplies of English as a foreign language
- any closely related supplies that meet the conditions outlined in section 8 — this includes any closely related supplies made to commercial providers of English as a foreign language
Tuition includes all elements that are integral to the course, held out for sale as such, and are the means by which it’s intended to promote fluency in the use of the English language. These can include:
- sports and games
- recreational activities
- sightseeing
- social activities
Any separate supplies of closely related goods and services are also exempt, providing they meet the conditions set out in section 8.

The exemption does not extend to any other educational or training courses supplied, such as tuition in a language other than English or training people to teach English as a foreign language.

9.2 Tuition in English as a foreign language as part of another course

A commercial provider who supplies courses in modular form, comprising some tuition in English as a foreign language plus broader coverage of other curricular subjects, should use any fair and reasonable method to apportion the supply to reflect the exempt element.

If it is inconvenient or impractical to do this, the whole supply may be standard-rated.

9.3 Tour Operators’ Margin Scheme

The scheme must be used to account for VAT on these supplies, if any of the following are purchased and resold:
- travel
- hotel
- holiday
- certain other services
There’s further information in Tour Operators’ Margin Scheme (VAT Notice 709/5) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/tour-operators-margin-scheme-for-vat-notice-7095) and Travel agents (VAT Notice 709/6) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/travel-agents-and-vat-notice-7096).

10. VAT treatment of local authority schools

10.1 Local authority schools

These are schools maintained by a local authority and receive recurrent funding from the local authority under arrangements set out in sections 45-53 of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998. They fall into the following 3 categories:
- community (including community special schools)
- foundation (including foundation special schools)
- voluntary (comprising both voluntary-aided and voluntary-controlled schools)
They do not include:
- nursery schools
- pupil referral units
10.2 Goods and services bought by the governors for the school

Under section 49(5) of the School Standards and Framework Act, governors act as an agent of the local authority when they pay for these goods and services using money from either:
- the school’s delegated budget
- amounts that the school receives from local authority central funds for specific purposes
The delegated budget covers items such as equipment or salaries, and the governors are free to spend it for the purposes of the school as they see fit.

Local authority central funds cover items such as:
- capital expenditure
- special needs provision
- home-to-school transport
The governors do not act as an agent of the local authority in respect of loans that they take out and repay using funds obtained from the local authority.

10.3 VAT treatment when governors act as agents of the local authority

The local authority can recover the VAT incurred under section 33 of the VAT Act 1994. You can find out more about this in Local authorities and similar bodies (VAT Notice 749) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/local-authorities-and-similar-bodies-notice-749).

10.4 Can the local authority recover VAT on goods and services bought for the school using non-local authority funds

The local authority can recover the VAT only if the school opts to donate the money to the local authority and the latter buys the goods and services itself. The local authority must meet the conditions set out in Local authorities and similar bodies (VAT Notice 749) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/local-authorities-and-similar-bodies-notice-749). In other words, the local authority must:

Place the order.

Make the purchase itself.

Receive the supply.

Receive a tax invoice addressed to it.

Make payment.

Use the goods and services for the educational purposes of the school.

Retain ownership and adequate records.

This route is not available to:
- foundation schools, with regard to certain direct grants they receive from the DfE for construction services
- voluntary-aided schools, with regard to income, including direct grants from the DfE, used to fund works that are the responsibility of the governors (see paragraph 15.7)
10.5 Income kept by the school which it has received from letting its premises

The school can treat this income in the same way as funds from its delegated budget when using the money to buy goods and services (see paragraphs 10.2 and 10.3).

10.6 When only part of the VAT a school is charged meets the conditions for recovery by the local authority

The school or local authority should make a fair and reasonable apportionment between the VAT it can recover and the VAT it cannot.

10.7 Who is responsible for accounting for VAT

If the entity is not a governing body and is not acting as an agent of the local authority, then it is its responsibility to account for VAT, not the local authority’s. If it makes taxable supplies, then, subject to the normal VAT thresholds (https://www.gov.uk/how-vat-works/vat-thresholds), it must register separately for VAT.

10.8 Responsibility for registering in these circumstances

It depends on the particular facts of the case as to who should register for VAT. The registrable entity might be:
- the governing body
- the head teacher acting as agent of the governors
- a Parent Teacher Association
- some other body
10.9 Can governors, headteacher or another body recover VAT charged on purchases

If the governors, headteacher or other body has to register for VAT they can recover VAT according to the normal rules (see VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700)). They cannot make use of the special provisions available to local authorities (see paragraph 10.3).

11. Education Action Zones

11.1 Can an Education Action Zone recover the VAT charged on purchases

A statutory Education Action Zone (one established under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998) is not part of a local authority. Neither is it in business for VAT purposes (see sections 2 and 3). This means that the Education Action Zone cannot recover any VAT it incurs on purchases except where it acts as an agent of the local authority.

This table will help an Education Action Zone to decide when VAT can be recovered.

11.2 Supplies of staff from a local authority to an Education Action Zone

If a local authority supplies teaching staff to an Education Action Zone for purposes of instruction, the local authority should not charge VAT. This is because both the local authority and the Education Action Zone are eligible bodies (see paragraph 4.2) and the supply is exempt.

11.3 Non-statutory Education Action Zones

If an Education Action Zone is non-statutory (that is, one not established under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998), then the local authority can recover VAT on goods and services supplied to the Education Action Zone. This is because the Education Action Zone is acting as an agent of the local authority in the purchase.

12. School photographs

12.1 Supplies of photographs

A photographer may sell photographs either:
- direct to the pupils or their parents
- to the school or local authority
The school or local authority may make a separate supply of the use of premises, facilities and other services to the photographer. In that event the position is that where the photographer sells the photographs to the:
- pupils or their parents, the photographer will pay the school a commission
- school (for onward sale to the pupils or parents) they will be sold at a discount
12.2 VAT treatment of the commission or discount (for the use of school premises)

The VAT treatment of the commission that the photographer pays to the school (for the photographs that it sells direct to pupils or parents) or the discount (for the photographs that it sells to the school) depends on whether the school is independent or local authority maintained.

If it’s local authority maintained, the VAT treatment will depend on:
- what type of school it is
- whether it’s registered for VAT
- whether it acts for the local authority or the governing body in supplying the photographer with the use of its premises and facilities
So, in order to decide the correct VAT treatment of the commission or discount, each time a contract is entered into, the photographer must first establish whether the headteacher is acting for the local authority or the governors.

In the following examples, the headteacher is employed by the governors of the school and acts as such on their behalf:
- foundation and voluntary-aided schools in England
- self-governing schools in Scotland
- voluntary maintained, voluntary grammar and grant maintained integrated schools in Northern Ireland
In these cases, the school will have to charge VAT on the supply of the premises and use of facilities to the photographer, if either the:
- taxable turnover from the school, including the income that the school receives from the photographer, exceeds the VAT registration threshold
- school has registered voluntarily for VAT
The consideration for this supply is the commission or the discount that the photographer pays to the school.

12.3 Photographs supplied to a local authority or school to sell to parents or pupils

VAT will be due on the price that the photographer actually charges.

Where the customer is:
- registered for VAT (for example, the local authority, school, governing body or Parent Teacher Association) it may recover the VAT it has been charged (subject to the normal rules) and must charge VAT on the full value of the photographs supplied to pupils
- not registered for VAT further information may be obtained from our VAT helpline (https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-revenue-customs/contact/vat-enquiries), although VAT should be charged initially until advice has been receive — in this event a Notice of Direction may be issued requiring the photographer to account for VAT on the price charged by the unregistered body to the pupil (see paragraph 12.2)
13. Government approved vocational training schemes

This section explains what the main schemes are and how they work. It also gives guidance about when VAT should be charged and the arrangements for issuing VAT invoices.

13.1 The schemes

These are vocational training schemes that provide vocational training to young or unemployed people. They are approved by:
- the DfE
- the Department for Work and Pensions (through Job Centre Plus)
- devolved administrations in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
They’re administered and funded by:
- the DfE
- local authorities in England (working together with the DfE)
- the Welsh Assembly
- Skills Development Scotland
- the Training and Employment Agency in Northern Ireland
They also include:
- apprenticeships funded from the apprenticeship service account (through the levy) with effect from 1 May 2017 — read How to register and use the apprenticeship service as an employer (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/manage-apprenticeship-funds)
- approved schemes that are paid for using funds derived from the European Social Fund
- training administered by further education colleges and funded by any of the bodies listed
- the training of workplace assessors in connection with National Vocational Qualifications
- training aimed at providing additional skills for use in the workplace (for example, to Health and Safety and First Aid Officers)
13.2 When exemption applies

Exemption from VAT applies to supplies of:
- vocational training, including work experience (see paragraph 5.3), under one of the schemes listed in paragraph 13.1
- any goods and services supplied directly to trainees that are essential to the training
But only to the extent that they’re ultimately funded by the government as detailed in paragraph 13.1.

An eligible body’s (see paragraph 4.1) supplies of vocational training are exempt regardless of how they’re funded unless provided by a private school.

The exemption does not cover:
- counselling and careers guidance services (unless they’re a compulsory part of a vocational training package)
- accreditation or assessment services — although these may qualify for exemption as examination services (see section 7)
13.3 VAT on vocational training under a government approved scheme

VAT should not be charged as the supply is exempt, but:

Supplies which are partly funded by an employer or an employee and partly funded by the apprenticeship levy that was introduced on 6 April 2017, will only be exempt to the extent of the funding from the apprenticeship service account. This includes any monthly top up from the government to that account.

13.4 Subcontractors to training providers

Government approved vocational training programme

VAT should not be charged on services provided by the subcontractor to the extent that the training provider pays for the services (and any goods and services supplied by the subcontractor directly to trainees that are essential to the training) using funding obtained from any of the sources listed in paragraph 13.1).

Any funding that the subcontractor receives but must pass on to trainees or students as statutory living allowances, travel costs or lodging expenses is outside the scope of VAT. It does not form part of the consideration for the supply of vocational training (see paragraph 13.5).

Training provided to businesses for their employees and to individuals

It’s the responsibility of the subcontractor to account for VAT where it’s due, but also to exempt supplies when they qualify for exemption.

13.5 Work placement providers

Where work experience is provided to a trainee or an employee of another business or a college student under one of the government’s approved vocational training schemes, the business or college must charge the placement provider VAT because they benefit from the services of the trainee, employee or student. This is separate from the supply of exempt vocational training to the trainee.

Unemployed trainees qualify for a statutory living allowance and, possibly, expenses. If a placement provider has to fund any part of these allowances or expenses from their own resources, the amount they pay is consideration for the standard-rated supply to the placement provider of the trainee’s services by the training provider or further education college.

This is the case even though the placement provider may make no actual payment to the training provider or college itself.

If a trainee is also the placement provider’s own employee, any payments made to them as wages or allowances are outside the scope of VAT.

13.6 Is VAT recoverable by a body that is making exempt services under a vocational training scheme

VAT will probably not be recoverable. VAT that relates to exempt activities cannot be recovered unless it’s below certain limits. Further information is provided in Partial exemption (VAT Notice 706) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/partial-exemption-vat-notice-706).

13.7 Careers services or counselling paid for by the DfE

If a supply is to the third party who actually benefits from the services rather than to the DfE, any VAT invoices should be issued to the third party and not to the DfE.

If the contract is set up in such a way that the supply is to the DfE, any VAT invoice should be issued to them (see paragraph 14.1).

There’s more information about issuing VAT invoices in VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700).

13.8 The VAT liability of the services supplied under the New Deal and Flexible New Deal

The New Deal and Flexible New Deal are subject to the same VAT principles as other government approved vocational training schemes. But, because it’s designed to respond flexibly to the conditions and requirements of individual districts and regions, it uses a broad variety of contractual arrangements and methods of delivery. The VAT treatment of the services depends on the contractual arrangements between supplier and customer and precisely which services are being provided.

The following tables will assist in deciding the liability of the services supplied.

In general, consideration for the supply that is made to the Jobcentre Plus, is the total amount received from them, less any amount passed on to individuals by way of statutory living allowances and travel expenses.

This is subject to the proviso that all payments received from the Jobcentre Plus for trainees that are being employed are subsidies towards wage costs and therefore outside the scope of VAT.

14. Government business support and enterprise scheme

14.1 Providing business support and consultancy

Business support and consultancy services are standard-rated unless supplied as part of a broad package of government approved vocational training (see section 13).

There’s further information about issuing VAT invoices in VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700).

14.2 Income received from Business Link

VAT should not be charged on income received from the local Business Link under the government’s Business Start-up scheme because this is not consideration for any supplies that have been made. But, it’s still possible to recover the VAT that has been incurred, subject to the normal rules, so long as it relates to taxable business activities.

There’s further information in VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700).

15. Construction, land and property

15.1 VAT liability of building work

Most building work is standard-rated. This table provides a broad overview of works for educational establishments that can be zero-rated or reduced-rated:

15.2 Additional information on the VAT treatment of supplies of building work

Further information on zero-rated and reduced-rated supplies, including the detailed conditions that need to be met, can be found in Buildings and construction (VAT Notice 708) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/buildings-and-construction-vat-notice-708).

The notice also explains:
- the need for a certificate to be issued to the builder confirming that the building will be used solely for a qualifying use
- when a penalty may be imposed for issuing an incorrect certificate
- VAT liabilities that arise if the use of the building is changed
15.3 Purchasing and leasing of buildings

The sale or lease of a building may be standard-rated, zero-rated or exempt from VAT depending on the circumstances.

Broadly, zero rating applies to the first sale or long lease by the developer of a building intended for use either solely:
- as residential accommodation for students or school pupils
- by a charity for non-business purposes.
If the supply is not zero-rated then the sale of a building:
- less than 3 years old is standard-rated
- over 3 years old or the lease of a building is exempt from VAT
But the supplier may opt to tax an exempt supply and charge VAT unless the building is intended for use solely for one of the above zero-rated uses.

Further information on exemption and option to tax, including the detailed conditions that need to be met, can be found in Land and property (VAT Notice 742) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-on-land-and-property-notice-742) and Opting to tax land and buildings (VAT Notice 742A) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/opting-to-tax-land-and-buildings-notice-742a).

15.4 Meaning of the term ‘charity’

With the exception of community schools and community special schools, all of the institutions listed in paragraph 3.2 have charitable status, together with universities and many independent schools. Other individual education providers may also be charities. How VAT affects charities (VAT Notice 701/1) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-vat-affects-charities-notice-7011) contains further details.

15.5 ‘Non-business’ buildings used by charities

These are examples of business use buildings:
- any building, for example an assembly hall, at a fee-paying independent school
- any building at a further education college used for teaching fee-paying and non-fee paying students
- a sports hall at a foundation school that is regularly made available to the wider community for a charge, even if not for profit
15.6 The recovery of VAT charged on building work

VAT can be recovered according to the normal rules (see VAT guide (VAT Notice 700) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-guide-notice-700)).

15.7 VAT incurred by voluntary schools on building work

There are no special rules for voluntary-controlled schools. But at a voluntary-aided school the governors are responsible for:
- external repairs to buildings
- certain fixed items of furniture and equipment
The DfE normally funds these expenses by a direct grant covering 90% of the costs. When that occurs the governors cannot recover the VAT they incur when they contract for the work.

Occasionally the local authority may agree to make contributions to works for which the governors are responsible. Previously when this occurred HMRC allowed the local authority to recover the VAT incurred on such contributions but in the light of a policy review it was established that this goes beyond what the law permits. With effect from 1 September 2009 VAT may no longer be recovered by local authorities in such circumstances as the supplies have not been made to them. You will find more information on this in HMRC guidance (V1-14).

A local authority may continue to recover VAT on expenditure at a voluntary-aided school for which the local authority is statutorily responsible, or where the local authority, rather than the governing body, procures a supply of works and pays for that supply from its own funds. In such cases HMRC accepts the local authority receives the supply in connection with its non-business activities (see paragraph 10.4).

16. Supplies of fuel and power

16.1 Supplies of fuel and power at the reduced rate

Fuel and power may be supplied at the reduced rate of VAT (currently 5%) if a certificate is issued to the supplier confirming that it’s for a qualifying use. ‘Qualifying use’ means either:
- domestic use (including certain residential accommodation)
- use by a charity (see paragraph 15.2) for its non-business activities
If the fuel and power is partly for qualifying use and:
- at least 60% of the use is for that purpose, then all the supplies can be received at the reduced rate
- less than 60% of the use is for that purpose, there must be an apportionment between qualifying and non-qualifying use
There’s more about this relief in Fuel and power (VAT Notice 701/19) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-on-fuel-and-power-notice-70119).

17. Supplies by overseas agents

Where services are received from agents belonging in EU member states and outside the EU for obtaining pupils or students, the organisation needs to be aware that with effect from January 2010 it may be required to register and account for any VAT that may be due on the services that it has been charged.

For further information see Place of supply of services (VAT Notice 741A) (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/vat-place-of-supply-of-services-notice-741a).

Your rights and obligations

Read the HMRC Charter (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hmrc-charter) to find out what you can expect from us and what we expect from you.

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