Summary report
Source: data.gov.uk (2024-12-19)

PICANet Annual Report 2021-2023. Paediatric Intensive Care Audit - This data contains information on all admissions to Paediatric Intensive Care units in the UK and Ireland 2021-2023.

1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 2  
 
Contents 
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 
Key Messages ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 
National Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 4 
Characteristics of children admitted to paediatric intensive care units ....................................................................... 5 
Mortality within Paediatric Intensive Care Units ........................................................................................................ 7 
Key Metrics .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 
Metric 1: Case ascertainment and timeliness of data submission for 2023 admissions ......................................... 8 
Metric 2: Transport team mobilisation times ......................................................................................................... 9 
Metric 3: Emergency readmissions within 48 hours ........................................................................................... 10 
Metric 4: Unplanned extubations in PICU .......................................................................................................... 11 
Metric 5: Risk adjusted in–PICU mortality .......................................................................................................... 12 
Organisation Key ................................................................................................................................................... 13 
References ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 
 
The National Paediatric Critical Care Audit is commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership 
(HQIP) as part of the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), the NHS Wales Joint 
Commissioning Committee, NHS Lothian and NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick 
Children, the National Office of Clinical Audit (NOCA) for the Republic of Ireland and HCA Healthcare UK. 
 
HQIP is led by a consortium of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, and the Royal College of Nursing. Its aim is to 
promote quality improvement in patient outcomes, and in particular, to increase the impact that clinical audit, outcome 
review programmes and registries have on healthcare quality in England and Wales. HQIP holds the contract to 
commission, manage, and develop the National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), 
comprising around 40 projects covering care provided to people with a wide range of medical, surgical and mental 
health conditions. The programme is funded by NHS England, the Welsh Government and, with some individual 
projects, other devolved administrations and crown dependencies www.hqip.org.uk/national-programmes.  
 
Published in the UK by the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet). This work is copyright. Apart from any use as 
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part may be reproduced by any process without permission from 
PICANet. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to PICANet at: xxx@xxx.xx or Tel: 
xx-xxxx-xxxx  
 
Citation for this report: Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet) National Paediatric Critical Care Audit State of the Nation 
Report 2024. Universities of Leeds and Leicester, 2024.  
© 2024 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) 
ISBN: 978-0-85316-369-5 
 
Online resources  
We have a range of resources to accompany this report online.  
 An Infographic for a quick view of the report’s key findings.  
 Table and figures, which have undergone a major overhaul. The new range of tables and charts 
support the format of the PICANet data dashboard, and provide a clearer and more user-friendly 
way for PICANet’s data to be interrogated.   
 The Appendices contain background information and methodology about the audit.  
 Organisation Key 
We provide a range of Quality Improvement Resources for participating organisations and the PICANet 
Data Dashboard is refreshed and updated monthly. 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 3  
 
Introduction 
 
The State of the Nation Report 2024 represents the 21st PICANet annual clinical audit report summarising 
paediatric critical care activity within designated Level 3 paediatric intensive care units (PICU) and Specialist 
Paediatric Critical Care Transport Services in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (ROI) 
between 2021 and 2023. This year, alongside the information in this report, we have also released updates 
to our Data Dashboard and we have also changed the way we present the table and figures that accompany 
this report. We hope these additions will further support the work of the paediatric critical care community. 
The report describes key metrics and outcomes related to transport and admission events in order to 
monitor the delivery and quality of care against agreed standards and evaluate clinical outcomes to inform 
national policy in paediatric critical care. 
Five key metrics relevant to paediatric intensive care services are reported: case ascertainment including 
timeliness of data submission, transport mobilisation times, emergency readmissions within 48 hours of 
discharge, unplanned extubation in PICU and mortality in PICU. 
Professor Richard G. Feltbower 
Associate Professor Sarah E. Seaton 
PICANet Principal Investigators 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Key Messages 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
There were 18,498 admissions to PICU in 2023; averaging around 50 per day. 
 
The long-standing trend of higher mortality for female admissions was no longer 
seen in 2022 and 2023. 
 
Mortality for children in PICU was 3.7% of 2023 admissions (an improvement from 
3.9% in 2022). 
 
No units were identified as a statistical outlier for mortality, i.e. having a higher or 
lower mortality rate than we would have expected given the children they care for.  
 
Children living in highest areas of deprivation were more likely to be admitted to a 
PICU and children from least deprived areas were less likely to be admitted.   
 
The percentage of admissions from Asian and Black ethnicities increased in 2023 
to 18.3% from 17.1% in 2022.  
 
Respiratory admissions were the most common primary diagnosis, making up just 
under 30% of all PICU admissions in 2023. 
 
This report was prepared by members of the PICANet project team:  
Hannah Buckley 
Emily Evans 
Hari Krishnan 
Christopher Leahy 
Hannah Lever 
Lisa Mcllmurray 
Paul Micklethwaite 
 
With support from the PICANet Steering Group and Clinical Advisory Group 
Lee Norman 
Lyn Palmer 
Martin Perkins 
Rachel Shorthose 
Thomas Simpson 
Laura Stubbs 
Georgina Tayler-Barrett 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 4  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
National Recommendations 
 
 
 
 
 
In 2023, 77.3% of all admissions were submitted to PICANet within 2 months. 
 
Completeness of data on ethnic group improved between 2021 and 2023, from 
88.3% to 90.4%. 
 
 
The number of non-elective transports to a PICU decreased from 4,503 in 2022 to 
4,127 in 2023. 
 
In 2023, 67.7% of transport journeys were started within 30 minutes of a clinical 
decision. 4.3% of journeys were started more than three hours after a clinical 
decision. 
 
The percentage of emergency readmissions within 48 hours of discharge for the UK 
and ROI was close to the same across all three years, at 1.6% in 2023. 
 
Unplanned extubations for the UK and ROI remain stable overall and continue to 
be below five per 1,000 ventilated days consistently. 
1. Investigate reasons for higher PICU admission rates in children from ethnic minority groups and the most 
deprived areas of England, Wales and Scotland. 
Action: Paediatric Critical Care Society Study Group to identify this as a research priority, National Institute for 
Health and Care Research to fund the research. Collaborate and share research findings with NHS England’s 
CYP Transformation and Health Inequalities Improvement teams for dissemination to Integrated Care Boards 
(ICBs) / networks as well as use in implementation of preventative pathways. 
2. Investigate reasons for the differences in mortality between males and females and how this has changed 
over time. 
Action: Paediatric Critical Care Society Study Group to identify this as a research priority, National Institute for 
Health and Care Research to fund the research. Collaborate and share research findings with NHS England’s 
CYP Transformation and Health Inequalities Improvement teams for dissemination to ICBs / networks as well 
as use in implementation of preventative pathways. 
3. Monitor changes over time in reasons for admission to PICU and the impact on paediatric critical care 
services following the planned roll out of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination programme. 
Action: UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) to analyse and monitor the impact of the RSV vaccination 
programme. 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 5  
 
Characteristics of children admitted to paediatric intensive care units 
Table 1a: Admissions to PICU across the UK & Republic of Ireland by socio-demographic characteristics and year of admission 
  
  
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
  
  
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
Total 
18,082 
32.8 
18,531 
33.6 
18,498 
33.6 
55,111 
Sex 
Male 
10,177 
56.3 
10,508 
56.7 
10,366 
56.0 
31,051 
56.3 
Female 
7,905 
43.7 
8,023 
43.3 
8,132 
44.0 
24,060 
43.7 
Age group 
(years) 
<1 
7,421 
41.0 
7,750 
41.8 
7,550 
40.8 
22,721 
41.2 
1-4 
4,563 
25.2 
4,589 
24.8 
4,659 
25.2 
13,811 
25.1 
5-10 
2,943 
16.3 
3,088 
16.6 
3,193 
17.3 
9,224 
16.7 
11-15 
3,155 
17.5 
3,104 
16.8 
3,096 
16.7 
9,355 
17.0 
Ethnicity 
Asian 
2,155 
11.9 
2,186 
11.8 
2,297 
12.4 
6,638 
12.0 
Black 
1,014 
5.6 
1,004 
5.4 
1,098 
5.9 
3,116 
5.7 
Mixed 
663 
3.7 
685 
3.7 
688 
3.7 
2,036 
3.7 
White 
11,398 
63.0 
11,516 
62.1 
11,489 
62.1 
34,403 
62.4 
Other 
744 
4.1 
1,028 
5.6 
1,161 
6.3 
2,933 
5.3 
Unknown/not stated 
2,108 
11.7 
2,112 
11.4 
1,765 
9.6 
5,985 
10.9 
Deprivation 
1 (most deprived) 
 4,671 
29.8 
4,777  
29.9 
4,744 
29.7 
14,192  
29.8 
2 
 3,413 
21.8 
 3,614 
22.6 
3,622 
22.6 
10,649  
22.4 
3 
2,904 
18.5 
 2,847 
17.8 
2,748 
17.2 
8,499  
17.8 
4 
2,305 
14.7 
 2,393 
15.0 
2,393 
15.0 
7,091  
14.9 
5 (least deprived) 
2,281 
14.6 
 2,202 
13.8 
2,335 
14.6 
6,818  
14.3 
Missing 
101  
0.6 
 143 
0.9 
140 
0.9 
384  
0.8 
Country 
England (NHS) 
14,034 
77.6 
14,287 
77.1 
14,258 
77.1 
42,579 
77.3 
England (non-NHS) 
241 
1.3 
279 
1.5 
251 
1.4 
771 
1.4 
Wales 
372 
2.1 
397 
2.1 
403 
2.2 
1,172 
2.1 
Scotland 
1,375 
7.6 
1,509 
8.2 
1,500 
8.1 
4,384 
7.9 
Northern Ireland 
443 
2.5 
425 
2.3 
395 
2.1 
1,263 
2.3 
Republic of Ireland 
1,617 
8.9 
1,634 
8.8 
1,691 
9.1 
4,942 
9.0 
Percentages are calculated within category by column, except for the total row. Deprivation scores were calculated for residents of England, Wales and Scotland admitted to a PICU in those 
nations. Deprivation score was based on the location of residence of the child using the Children in low-income measure (HMRC, 2014). Deprivation categories are equivalised to contain equal 
populations. Where a child’s address was unknown these were added to the ‘Missing’ row. Ethnicity categories were defined using Office for National Statistics definitions (Ethnic group, national 
identity, and religion). ‘Country’ refers to country of admission rather than residence of the child.

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 6  
 
Total paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions remained the same in 2023 (18,498) compared to 
2022 (18,531) (Table 1a). This was reflected across all nations except for Wales and ROI. There were more 
male admissions (56.3%) than female (43.7%) which remained consistent over all three years. 41.2% of all 
admissions were children under one year of age. The percentage of admissions in the 5-10 year age group 
increased from 16.3% in 2021 to 17.3% in 2023, whereas the percentage for 11-15 year olds decreased 
from 17.5% in 2021 to 16.7% in 2023. Nearly twice as many admissions came from the most deprived group 
compared to the least deprived.  
The percentage of admissions recorded as White ethnicity was consistent between 2022 and 2023 at 
62.1%, after falling slightly from 63.0% in 2021. The percentage of admissions from Asian, Black and Other 
ethnicities all increased in 2023 compared to 2022. This increase in the number of admissions in these 
ethnic groups (n=338) mirrored the reduction in unknown/not stated records (n=347). 9.6% of 2023 
admissions had an unknown/not stated ethnicity, representing ongoing progress in reducing this percentage, 
down from 11.7% and 11.4% in 2021 and 2022 respectively. 
Table 1b: Admission rate per 10,000 population by ethnicity (England only) 
 Ethnicity  
Average annual 
admissions 
Child population 
2021 
Admissions/ 
10,000 pop 
  
n 
% 
n 
% 
Asian 
2,032 
16.0 
1,291,980 
12.3 
15.7 
Black 
958 
7.6 
589,435 
5.6 
16.3 
Mixed 
600 
4.7 
731,180 
7.0 
8.2 
White 
8,229 
64.9 
7,591,975 
72.4 
10.8 
Other 
858 
6.8 
278,505 
2.7 
30.8 
Total 
12,678   
10,483,075   
12.1 
Admissions are for an average year in the three-year reporting period and exclude admissions that had ethnicity recorded as 
‘unknown’ or ‘not stated’. Population within each ethnic group is calculated using data from the 2021 census. 
Table 1b shows that the majority of admissions to PICU in England were for children of White ethnic origin 
(64.9%), compared to 72.4% in the general childhood population. The number of admissions for White 
ethnic group was 10.8 per 10,000 population per year. This remains substantively lower than the Black and 
Asian admission rates of 16.3 and 15.7 per 10,000 respectively. 
Table 2: Total admissions by primary diagnostic group and elective status 
Primary diagnosis 
Elective 
Non-elective 
2021-2023 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
Respiratory 
2,271 
14.3 
13,609 
85.7 
15,880 
28.8 
Cardiovascular 
9,210 
65.1 
4,948 
34.9 
14,158 
25.7 
Neurological 
1,170 
18.0 
5,324 
82.0 
6,494 
11.8 
Other 
1,261 
31.8 
2,709 
68.2 
3,970 
7.2 
Gastrointestinal 
1,049 
31.3 
2,307 
68.7 
3,356 
6.1 
Infection 
206 
7.5 
2,527 
92.5 
2,733 
5.0 
Endocrine / metabolic 
181 
7.5 
2,248 
92.5 
2,429 
4.4 
Musculoskeletal 
2,160 
91.1 
210 
8.9 
2,370 
4.3 
Oncology 
1,409 
64.0 
794 
36.0 
2,203 
4.0 
Unknown 
355 
23.4 
1,163 
76.6 
1,518 
2.7 
Total 
19,272 
35.0 
35,839 
65.0 
55,111   
Diagnosis groups represented by ‘Other’ are: Blood / lymphatic, Body wall and cavities, Trauma, Multisystem, and Other. 
 
Overall, 65.0% of admissions to PICU between 2021 and 2023 were non-elective. The most common 
reason for admission to PICU was a respiratory diagnosis (28.8%); the majority of these admissions (85.7%) 
were non-elective. The majority of admissions (65.1%) to the second most common primary diagnosis 
group, cardiovascular, were elective. Of the remaining primary diagnosis groups, the majority were non-
elective, with only musculoskeletal and oncology admissions being mainly elective. 
 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 7  
 
Mortality within Paediatric Intensive Care Units 
Table 3a: Percentage of deaths in PICU of all admissions, by country and year of admission  
Country of admission 
2021 
2022 
2023 
2021 - 2023 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
England 
494 
3.5 
609 
4.2 
580 
4.0 
1,683 
3.9 
Wales 
15 
4.0 
14 
3.5 
12 
3.0 
41 
3.5 
Scotland 
23 
1.7 
32 
2.1 
41 
2.7 
96 
2.2 
Northern Ireland 
11 
2.5 
17 
4.0 
8 
2.0 
36 
2.9 
Republic of Ireland 
65 
4.0 
55 
3.4 
44 
2.6 
164 
3.3 
Total 
608 
3.4 
727 
3.9 
685 
3.7 
2,020 
3.7 
 
Overall, 96.3% of all admissions to PICU were discharged alive (Table 3a). The percentage of admissions 
resulting in death was 3.7% in 2023, which was a reduction from 3.9% in 2022, but a slight increase from 
3.4% in 2021.  
 
Table 3b: Percentage of deaths in PICU of all admissions, by sex and year of admission  
Sex 
2021 
2022 
2023 
2021 - 2023 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
Male 
328 
3.2 
424 
4.0 
387 
3.7 
1,139 
3.7 
Female 
280 
3.5 
303 
3.8 
298 
3.7 
881 
3.7 
 
Table 3b shows that the long-standing feature of higher in-PICU mortality among female admissions, whilst 
evident in 2021, was not continued into 2022 and 2023. This is contrary to previous epidemiological 
evidence which has shown a small but clear excess in female in-PICU mortality compared to males [1]. The 
overall mortality rate in 2023 was 3.7% for both sexes. 
 
Table 3c: Percentage of deaths in PICUs of all children’s deaths in the population: UK and Republic 
of Ireland 
Country of admission 
2021 
2022 
2023 
2021 - 2023 
UK 
14.2% 
(n=543) 
17.4% (n=672) 
16.6% 
(n=641) 
16.1% (n=1,856) 
Republic of Ireland 
24.3% 
(n=65) 
21.1% (n=55) 
18.1% 
(n=44) 
21.3% (n=164) 
Total 
14.9% 
(n=608) 
17.7% (n=727) 
16.6% 
(n=685) 
16.4% (n=2,020) 
2023 data for children’s deaths in the general population were not available for England and Wales at the time of production. For 
these nations, the 2022 data were used as the population death data in 2023. In 2021, the Republic of Ireland recorded year of 
death. In 2022 and 2023, these were year of registration of death. 
A reduction in mortality was seen in all UK nations and the ROI between 2022 and 2023 except in Scotland 
where the percentage increased throughout the reporting period from 1.7% to 2.7%, albeit based on a small 
number of deaths. 16.4% of all childhood deaths occurred within a PICU, with the UK having a lower 
percentage than the ROI (Table 3c).  
 
 
 
 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 8  
 
Key Metrics 
Metric 1: Case ascertainment and timeliness of data submission for 2023 admissions 
 
Figure 1: Percentage of admission records completed within two months of discharge from PICU, 
2023: All units 
 
 
Organisation Key 
  
The overall percentage of records completed within two months of discharge in 2023 was 77.3%. Nineteen 
PICUs (out of 30 in total) exceeded this average. Of the 11 PICUs below the average, seven PICUs were 
unable to complete 50% of their records within two months of discharge. 
 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 9  
 
Metric 2: Transport team mobilisation times 
 
Figure 2: Number of non-elective transports to PICU by time to mobilisation: UK and Republic of 
Ireland 
 
 
The number of non-elective transports undertaken by a paediatric critical care transport team to a PICU was 
4,127 in 2023, lower than those undertaken in 2021 (4,324) and 2022 (4,503). Of the transports which took 
place in 2023, 67.7% began within 30 minutes of the clinical decision being made – an improvement on 
2021 (65.1%) and 2022 (67.1%). In all three years combined, 4.3% of all transports began more than three 
hours from the decision to transport the child to PICU.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2813
3022
2793
727
706
627
598
583
531
186
192
176
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2021
2022
2023
Percentage of Transports
≤ 30 mins
≥ 31 & ≤ 60 mins
≥ 61 & ≤ 180 mins
≥ 181 mins

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 10  
 
Metric 3: Emergency readmissions within 48 hours 
 
Table 4: Emergency readmission within 48 hours of discharge by country of admission1  
Country of admission 
2021 
2022 
2023 
2021 - 2023 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
n 
% 
England 
226 
1.6 
221 
1.5 
224 
1.5 
671 
1.5 
Wales 
5 
1.3 
5 
1.3 
8 
2.0 
18 
1.5 
Scotland 
33 
2.4 
31 
2.1 
30 
2.0 
94 
2.1 
Northern Ireland 
6 
1.4 
3 
0.7 
4 
1.0 
13 
1.0 
Republic of Ireland 
30 
1.9 
25 
1.5 
30 
1.8 
85 
1.7 
Total 
300 
1.7 
285 
1.5 
296 
1.6 
881 
1.6 
 
Overall emergency readmissions to the same PICU within 48 hours of discharge for the UK and ROI in 2023 
comprised 1.6% of all admissions, and represented a similar percentage compared to the two preceding 
years (Table 4). In 2023 the percentage of emergency readmissions was highest in Scotland and Wales, 
although in the case of Scotland they appeared to be falling slightly over time. The 2023 rate was lowest in 
Northern Ireland, albeit based on a small number of events. 
 
Figure 3: Relative rate of emergency readmission within 48 hours of discharge by PICU, 2021-2023 
 
 
 
Organisation Key 
  
Figure 3 shows the relative rate of emergency readmissions by unit, which is calculated as the rate for each 
unit divided by the overall rate of 1.6. The relative rate of emergency readmissions ranged from 0.5 (lowest) 
to 1.4 (highest). 
  
                                                             
1 Emergency readmissions are not adjusted for case-mix due to small numbers of events preventing meaningful adjustment. 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 11  
 
 
Metric 4: Unplanned extubations in PICU 
 
Table 5: Unplanned extubation rates per 1,000 days of invasive ventilation by country and year 
Country of admission 
2021 
2022 
2023 
2021 - 2023 
n 
rate 
n 
rate 
n 
rate 
n 
rate 
England 
220 
4.4 
235 
4.4 
216 
4.1 
671 
4.3 
Wales 
3 
4.4 
2 
1.8 
6 
3.9 
11 
3.3 
Scotland 
16 
4.7 
26 
7.4 
23 
7.0 
65 
6.3 
Northern Ireland 
5 
3.8 
9 
7.2 
3 
3.1 
17 
4.8 
Republic of Ireland 
31 
6.1 
31 
6.3 
38 
6.5 
100 
6.3 
Total 
275 
4.6 
303 
4.7 
286 
4.4 
864 
4.6 
 
The overall three-year rate of unplanned extubation was 4.6 per 1,000 days of invasive ventilation (Table 5). 
In 2023 this was 4.4 and mirrored rates from the two previous years of 4.6 in 2021 and 4.7 in 2022, 
remaining below the standard of five per 1,000. In 2023, higher rates than average were evident in Scotland 
(7.0) and ROI (6.5). For the ROI, the rate increased slightly in each year of the reporting period.  
 
Figure 4: Unplanned extubation rates per 1,000 days of invasive ventilation by PICU, all admissions, 
2021-2023  
 
Organisation Key 
 
Figure 4 shows that in 2023, 21 out of 30 units (70.0%) met the NHS England target (PIC08a) of a rate of 
unplanned extubations below 5.0 per 1,000 ventilated days.   
 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 12  
 
Metric 5: Risk adjusted in–PICU mortality 
 
Figure 5: Risk adjusted Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) by health organisation, 2021 - 2023 
 
 
Key  
            SMR = 1 (expected deaths are equal to observed deaths)  
99.9% control limits2 
Organisation Key 
 
No units were identified as having a higher or lower mortality rate ("statistical outlier") than we would have 
expected given the children they cared for over the three-year reporting period. This is demonstrated in 
Figure 5, where none of the unit-specific SMR estimates were above the upper control chart limit or below 
the lower control limit.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                             
2 For more information please see the PICANet Outlier Policy. 

PICANet State of the Nation Report 2024 
 
 
 
 13  
 
 
Organisation Key 
 
References 
1. 
Almossawi O, Friend A, Palla L, Feltbower RG, Sardo-Infiri S, O’Brien S, Harron K, Nadel S, Saunders P and De Stavola B 
(2023) Is there a sex difference in mortality rates in paediatric intensive care units?: a systematic review. Front. Pediatr. 
11:1225684. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1225684 
A 
Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge 
C 
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff 
D 
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital 
E1 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (PICU/NICU) 
E2 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (CICU) 
F1 
F2 
Evelina London Children’s Hospital (previously F) 
Royal Brompton Hospital, London (previously O) 
H 
King’s College Hospital, London 
I 
Leeds Children’s Hospital 
K2 
Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
K3 
Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
L 
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
M 
Nottingham Children’s Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham 
N 
John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 
P 
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool 
Q 
Sheffield Children’s Hospital 
R 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
T 
St George’s Hospital, London 
U 
St Mary’s Hospital, London 
V 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
W 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
X2 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CICU 
X3X1 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CPICU (previously known as Glenfield Hospital, Leicester) 
Y 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
Z 
The Royal London Hospital 
ZA 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
ZB 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
ZC 
Children's Health, Ireland, Crumlin formerly Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 
ZD 
Children's Health, Ireland, Temple Street, formerly Temple Street Children’s University Hospital, Dublin 
ZF 
The Portland Hospital, London 
T001 
Children’s Acute Transport Service (CATS) 
T002 
Embrace: Yorkshire & Humber Infant & Children’s Transport Service 
T003 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service (NWTS) 
T004 
South Thames Retrieval Service (STRS) 
T005 
KIDS Intensive Care and Decision Support 
T008 
Southampton Oxford Retrieval Team (SORT) 
T010 
Northern Ireland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (NISTAR) Paediatric 
T020 
Scotland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (ScotSTAR) 
T022 
Irish Paediatric Acute Transport Service (IPATS) 
T024 
Wales and West Acute Transport for Children (WATCh) 
T026 
North East Children’s Transport and Retrieval Service (NECTAR) 
T027 
Children’s Medical Emergency Transport Service (CoMET) 
T028 
Heart Link ECMO Children's Service (included in Tables & Figures only) 
T032 
Paediatric and Neonatal Decision Support and Retrieval Service (PaNDR) 
Celebrating 21 years of data  
Thank you to all of the PICU and transport teams for making this possible