IEIM400780 - Investment Entity: Examples
Source: gov.uk (2025-11-07)


Investment Entity Examples

The following examples illustrate the application of the tests described at [see IEIM400770].

Investment advisor

Advice Co Ltd, provides advice on and discretionary management of securities held by a number of clients. The securities meet the definition for being financial assets. Almost 80% of the gross income of Advice Co Ltd for the last three years has come from providing such services. Advice Co Ltd primarily conducts a business of managing financial assets on behalf of clients and is, therefore, an Investment Entity.

Entity carrying on business managed by a Financial Institution

Investment Fund X primarily invests in equities on behalf of customers. Fund X is managed by Invest Co Ltd, a Financial Institution. Fund X was formed two years ago since which it has earned 90% of its income from these activities. Fund X is an Investment Entity because it primarily conducts as a business one or more of the relevant activities or operations for or on behalf of a customer. It is not relevant that it is managed by a Financial Institution as it is an Investment Entity by virtue of its business activities.

Entity managed by a Financial Institution

Investment Partnership LLP is a vehicle set up to invest its members’ contributions in financial assets, it invests in its own right and has no customers. The LLP is managed by Invest Co Ltd, a Financial Institution. The LLP has been investing for several years and its income is derived exclusively from its investment activities. As the LLP is managed by a Financial Institution and at least 50% of its income in the last three years is primarily attributable to investing, reinvesting or trading in financial assets it will be an Investment Entity.

Entity managed by a Foreign Financial Institution

The facts are the same as in the example above, except that Investment Partnership LLP is managed by Invest Co GmbH, a German Financial Institution. The fact that the LLP is managed by a Financial Institution resident in another jurisdiction does not alter its status. It will be an Investment Entity, because it is managed by a Financial Institution and more than 50% of its gross income is primarily attributable to investing, reinvesting or trading in financial assets.

Entity managed by an individual

Ben, an individual, runs a business providing advice to clients on investments in financial assets and has discretionary authority to manage financial assets on behalf of clients. One of his clients is a company, Z Ltd that has earned more than 50% of its gross income in the last three years from investing, reinvesting and trading in financial assets for customers. Ben primarily conducts investment-related activities on behalf of clients. Ben is not an Investment Entity because he is an individual. Z Ltd, however, is nonetheless an Investment Entity because it primarily conducts as a business one or more of the relevant activities or operations for or on behalf of a customer (note: in practice, it is unlikely that such an entity would appoint an individual to manage its assets).

Family trust managed by an individual

See above: if Ben managed the assets of a family trust, the trust would not be an Investment Entity as it is not primarily conducting as a business one or more of the relevant activities or operations for or on behalf of a customer, and although its gross income is primarily attributable to investing, reinvesting, or trading in financial assets, it is not an entity that is managed by a Financial Institution (because Ben, as an individual, cannot be a Financial Institution). (Note: in practice, a trust holding assets on behalf of a family arrangement will typically appoint a company or partnership to manage its assets but some family trusts may instead appoint a suitably qualified individual).

Family trust with a corporate trustee

The ABC family trust’s gross income is primarily attributable to investing, reinvesting or trading in financial assets. The trust was set up on the advice of a law firm and that firm’s own corporate trustee is the trustee of the trust. The corporate trustee acts for the law firm’s clients without itself charging any fees to the clients. Even though the corporate trustee does not charge, it is a Financial Institution by virtue of being an Investment Entity. Its Related Entity (the law firm) is charging the clients for the corporate trustee’s services of managing assets, the corporate trustee therefore primarily conducts as a business, for or on behalf of a customer, the prescribed activities. This in turn means that the ABC family trust is also an Investment Entity.

Property Fund managed by a Financial Institution

A property fund, the gross income of which is primarily attributable to investing, reinvesting, or trading in real property is not an Investment Entity (irrespective of whether it is professionally managed) because real property is not a Financial Asset. If, instead, an Entity is holding an interest in another Entity that directly holds real property, the interest held by the first Entity is a Financial Asset, and the gross income from that interest must be taken into account to determine whether the Entity will meet the definition of Investment Entity.

Entity investing in Relevant Crypto-Assets

JKL Ltd carries on a business of investing in financial assets and Relevant Crypto-Assets on behalf of customers. 35% of its income is derived from its investments in financial assets and 65% from its investments in Relevant Crypto-Assets. However JKL Ltd does not effectuate Exchange Transactions for or on behalf of customers. JKL Ltd is an Investment Entity but is not an RCASP.

Entity effectuating Exchange Transactions

PQR Ltd carries on a business of investing in financial assets and Relevant Crypto-Assets on behalf of customers and derives 80% of its income from such activities. The other 20% of its income comes from effectuating Exchange Transactions for customers. PQR Ltd is both an Investment Entity and an RCASP.