Understanding scaled scores at key stage 2
Source: gov.uk (2025-07-08)

Information for schools and local authorities about scaled scores and the expected standard for the key stage 2 national curriculum tests.

Overview

At the end of key stage 2 (KS2), pupils take national curriculum tests in:
- English grammar, punctuation and spelling
- English reading
- mathematics
We use scaled scores to report the outcomes of these tests, to ensure we can make accurate comparisons of performance over time.

Scaled score conversion tables

Scaled score conversion tables are available in the collection of national curriculum assessments: past test materials (https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-curriculum-assessments-past-test-materials).

What is a scaled score?

Tests are developed to the same specification each year. However, because the questions must be different, the difficulty of tests may vary slightly each year. This means we need to convert the total number of marks a pupil gets in a test (their ‘raw’ score) into a scaled score to ensure we can make accurate comparisons of pupil performance over time.

Pupils scoring at least 100 will have met the expected standard on the test. However, given that the difficulty of the tests may vary each year, the number of raw score marks needed to achieve a scaled score of 100 may also change. For example, if the overall difficulty of a test decreases compared with previous years, the raw score required to meet the expected standard will increase. Similarly, if the test is more difficult, the raw score required to meet the expected standard will decrease.

In 2016, panels of teachers (https://www.gov.uk/guidance/key-stage-2-tests-standard-setting) set the raw score required to meet the expected standard. We have used data from trialling to maintain that standard for the tests from 2017 onwards.

Calculating raw scores

To calculate the raw score for each test, you add the scores from each paper for a subject.

English grammar, punctuation and spelling

English reading

Mathematics

Range of scaled scores and the expected standard

KS2 tests are externally marked and marks are returned to schools in the ‘View and download KS2 test results’ form in the ‘Available activity’ section of the Primary Assessment Gateway (PAG) (https://www.primaryassessmentgateway.education.gov.uk/).

To receive a scaled score, pupils must take each test paper for the subject. For those pupils, schools will receive:
- a raw score
- a scaled score, except where a pupil has too few marks to be awarded the lowest scaled score
- either ‘NS’ (expected standard not achieved) or ‘AS’ (expected standard achieved)
The range of scaled scores available for each KS2 test is the same as set in 2016:

The lowest scaled score that can be awarded on a KS2 test is 80. The highest scaled score is 120.

Pupils scoring at least 100 will have met the expected standard in the test.

A pupil awarded a scaled score of 99 or less has not met the expected standard in the test.

Pupils need a minimum raw score before they can be awarded the lowest scaled score. Pupils who do not achieve the lowest scaled score on the test have not demonstrated sufficient understanding of the KS2 curriculum in the subject. Where this is the case, the scaled score field for the pupil in the ‘View and download KS2 test results’ form in the ‘Available activity’ section of the PAG will be ‘N’. The outcome field, which shows the outcome of the test for the pupil, will be ‘NS’ (expected standard not achieved).

Schools can use the conversion tables (https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-curriculum-assessments-past-test-materials) to understand the relationship between the raw scores and scaled scores for each test. The conversion tables show that sometimes 2 or more raw scores convert to the same scaled score. This is because data from pupils showed that the attainment of pupils who scored these total marks was not very different.

There are also times when it is not possible to achieve a particular scaled score. This is because of the number of questions in the test, although these scores may be possible on previous or future tests.

General enquiries

If you have further questions about national curriculum tests, you can:
- email xxx@xxx.xx (mailto:xxx@xxx.xx)
- call the national curriculum assessments helpline on xx-xxxx-xxxx