Appendices
Source: data.gov.uk (2025-12-19)

PICANet Annual Report 2022-2024. Paediatric Intensive Care Audit - This data contains information on all admissions to Paediatric Intensive Care units in the UK and Ireland 2022-2024

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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
 
Contents 
 
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................3 
Glossary ................................................................................................................................4 
Organisation Key ...................................................................................................................5 
Background and participating organisations ..........................................................................6 
Governance ...........................................................................................................................6 
Methods.................................................................................................................................7 
Important notes .................................................................................................................... 11 
Links with the clinical community ......................................................................................... 12 
Patient and Public Involvement ............................................................................................ 13 
Participating Organisation Characteristics 2024 ................................................................... 14 
Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2022 – 2024 .............................................................. 17 
Steering Group Membership 2022 – 2024 ........................................................................... 19 
Data Collection Forms ......................................................................................................... 21 
PICANet Information Leaflets .............................................................................................. 21 
PICANet Privacy and Fair Processing Statement ................................................................ 21 
Publications 2022-2024 ....................................................................................................... 22 
Data Access Requests Fulfilled (sent to applicant) January 2024 - December 2024 ............ 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Published in the UK by the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet). This work is copyright. Apart from any 
use as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part may be reproduced by any process 
without permission from PICANet. 
Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to PICANet at:  
PICANet , Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9J  
Telephone: xx-xxxx-xxxx ∙ Email: xxx@xxx.xx  
 
In all cases PICANet must be acknowledged as the source when reproducing or quoting any part of this publication. 
Please use the following format when citing this report: Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network State of the Nations 
Report 2025 (published December 2025): Universities of Leeds and Leicester. 
For this report content is © 2025 Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Acknowledgements  
The Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet) gathers information on all children 
admitted to designated Level 3 paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the United Kingdom and 
Republic of Ireland, in conjunction with paediatric critical care transport services (PCCTS).  
We are indebted to the efforts of all of the administrative staff and healthcare professionals who 
support and contribute to PICANet from their PICUs and PCCTS.  
PICANet continues to rely on the expertise and support from the Paediatric Critical Care Society 
(PCCS), the PICANet Steering Group and members of the Clinical Advisory Group who provide 
an essential link between PICANet and the clinical care teams. We would like to acknowledge 
this support, which enables the PICANet audit to continue to be a success.  
We are grateful for the continued support and engagement from parents and carers who are 
experts by experience of caring for a child or young person in paediatric critical care and all of the 
children and young people who collaborate with us. 
PICANet acknowledges the use of the LASER data storage platform and assistance provided by 
the Data Analytics Team in Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds to facilitate 
production of this report. 
We would like to thank Dr Paul Norman of the School of Geography, University of Leeds for his 
input and advice around deprivation metrics. 
The PICANet National Paediatric Critical Care Audit (NPCCA) is commissioned by the Healthcare 
Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) as part of the National Clinical Audit and Patient 
Outcomes Programme (NCAPOP), the NHS Wales Joint Commissioning Committee, NHS 
Lothian and NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, the 
National Office of Clinical Audit (NOCA) for the Republic of Ireland and HCA Healthcare UK.  
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Glossary 
 
CAG 
Clinical Advisory Group 
CHI 
Community Health Index 
CYP 
Children and Young People 
GDPR 
General Data Protection Regulation 
HD 
High Dependency 
HQIP 
Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership 
HRA CAG 
Health Research Authority Confidentiality Advisory Group 
HRG  
Healthcare Resource Group 
IC 
Intensive Care 
ICB 
Integrated Care Board 
NCAPOP 
National Clinical Audit and Patient Outcomes Programme 
NHS 
National Health Service 
NOCA 
National Office of Clinical Audit 
NPCCA 
National Paediatric Critical Care Audit 
ODN 
Operational Delivery Network 
PCC 
Paediatric Critical Care 
PCCS 
Paediatric Critical Care Society (previously PICS) 
PCCTS 
Paediatric Critical Care Transport Services 
PIC 
Paediatric Intensive Care 
PICANet 
Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network 
PICU 
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit 
PIM3 
Paediatric Index of Mortality 3 
ROI 
Republic of Ireland 
RSPRT 
Resetting Sequential Probability Ratio Test 
SG 
Steering Group 
SMR 
Standardised Mortality Ratio 
UK 
United Kingdom 
 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Organisation Key 
 
 
 
A 
Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge 
C 
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales, Cardiff 
D 
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital 
E1 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (PICU) 
E2 
E3 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (CICU) 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (NICU) 
F1 
F2 
Evelina London Children’s Hospital (previously F) 
Royal Brompton Hospital, London (previously O) 
H 
King’s College Hospital, London 
I 
Leeds Children’s Hospital 
K2 
Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
K3 
Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne 
L 
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
M 
Nottingham Children’s Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham 
N 
John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 
P 
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool 
Q 
Sheffield Children’s Hospital 
R 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
T 
St George’s Hospital, London 
U 
St Mary’s Hospital, London 
V 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
W 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
X2 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CICU 
X3X1 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CPICU (previously known as Glenfield Hospital, Leicester) 
Y 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
Z 
The Royal London Hospital 
ZA 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
ZB 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
ZC 
Children's Health, Ireland, Crumlin formerly Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 
ZD 
Children's Health, Ireland, Temple Street, formerly Temple Street Children’s University Hospital, Dublin 
ZF 
The Portland Hospital, London 
T001 
Children’s Acute Transport Service (CATS) 
T002 
Embrace: Yorkshire & Humber Infant & Children’s Transport Service 
T003 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service (NWTS) 
T004 
South Thames Retrieval Service (STRS) 
T005 
KIDS Intensive Care and Decision Support 
T008 
Southampton Oxford Retrieval Team (SORT) 
T010 
Northern Ireland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (NISTAR) Paediatric 
T020 
Scottish Specialist Transport and Retrieval (ScotSTAR) 
T022 
Irish Paediatric Acute Transport Service (IPATS) 
T024 
Wales and West Acute Transport for Children (WATCh) 
T026 
North East Children’s Transport and Retrieval Service (NECTAR) 
T027 
Children’s Medical Emergency Transport Service (CoMET) 
T028 
Heart Link ECMO Children's Service (included in the SoN Tables only) 
T032 
 
Paediatric and Neonatal Decision Support and Retrieval Service (PaNDR) 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Background and participating organisations 
PICANet was established in 2001 with funding from the Department of Health and started 
collecting data from English and Welsh paediatric intensive care units in November 2002. The 
PICUs at the Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh (was Royal Hospital for 
Sick Children) and the Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow started submitting data in December 
2004 and April 2007 respectively. The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children joined in April 
2008 and Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin and Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, 
both based in Dublin, have submitted pseudonymised data to PICANet since January 2009 and 
March 2010, respectively. The Harley Street Clinic PICU started contributing data in September 
2010 until closure in March 2020, and the PICU at the Portland Hospital from June 2013, allowing 
these non-NHS units to compare their performance against the national benchmark provided by 
PICANet.  
During the reporting period there were 31 PICUs and 13 paediatric critical care transport services 
(PCCTS) submitting data to PICANet. The audit covers the whole of the UK and the Republic of 
Ireland. A full list of participating PICUs can be found in the Participating Organisation 
Characteristics 2024 section. Changes to participation are detailed in the Important notes section. 
 
Governance 
PICANet is overseen and guided by the PICANet Steering Group (SG). The SG oversees the 
wider governance of the project, providing advice and guidance on policy and operation to ensure 
that PICANet provides a sound evidence-base for audit, service evaluation and research in 
paediatric critical care. The SG has representatives from a broad range of stakeholder 
organisations across the UK and Republic of Ireland and includes parent/carer representation, 
the Paediatric Critical Care Society, and the Royal Colleges of Paediatrics and Child Health, 
Anaesthetists and Nursing. 
PICANet receives support and advice from our dedicated Clinical Advisory Group (CAG) drawing 
on the expertise of professionals working within the speciality. The membership includes health 
services clinicians, researchers and representatives from the Paediatric Critical Care Society, 
Royal Colleges of Paediatrics and Child Health, Nursing and Anaesthetics. For a full list of CAG 
and SG members, see Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2022 – 2024 and Steering Group 
Membership 2022 - 2024. Additional support from the clinical community is provided through the 
UK Paediatric Critical Care Society. 
PICANet continues to receive support from the NHS Health Research Authority Confidentiality 
Advisory Group (HRA CAG) to collect personally identifiable data without consent on all patients 
accepted for referral, transported, or admitted to paediatric intensive care. Most patients are 
comprised of infants, children and young people although on occasion may include older adults. 
The HRA CAG references are: 21/CAG/0090 (non-research) and 21/CAG/0098 (research). 
See the HRA CAG register of approvals here: https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-
research/application-summaries/confidentiality-advisory-group-registers/  
The Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, having considered the advice from the HRA 
CAG, has granted PICANet’s clinical audit an exemption from the National Data Opt-Out 
(England). 
Ethics approval for the PICANet research database has been granted by the East Midlands – 
Derby Research Ethics Committee, ref. 23/EM/0189. 
PICANet have approval from NHS Scotland’s Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and 
Social Care (HSC-PBPP) for NHS Scotland data for use by PICANet. The reference is 1819-0107 
Feltbower. 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
PICANet supports transparency in its data processing and has patient information sheets and 
posters on display in PICUs and PCCTS. A Privacy Notice and Fair Processing Statement on our 
website outlines the legal basis for processing of data under the General Data Protection 
Regulation (May 2018). Details can be found at https://www.picanet.org.uk/about/policies/. 
 
Methods 
Basic methodology 
Many critically ill children who need complex clinical care and life support are treated in Paediatric 
Intensive Care Units (PICUs). These children may have had complex surgery, an accident or a 
severe infection and may arrive in the PICU from another PICU, an operating theatre, emergency 
department or from a hospital ward. In some cases they may have been transferred from another 
hospital and, occasionally, admitted directly from home. 
The PICANet NPCCA collects personal, organisational and clinical data on all children with a 
clinically determined need for paediatric intensive care in the UK and Republic of Ireland, to 
compare outcomes and activity between PICUs, PCCTS, health regions and nations. 
Data are stored on a secure database. Each organisation can view and download their own data, 
reports on their data quality and activity. The annual State of the Nations report includes a 
summary of what has happened to children admitted to PICU including why they were admitted, 
where they were admitted from, how long they stayed, what treatments they received and their 
outcome at the time of discharge. Comparisons between PICUs are made to assess how well 
they perform against established clinical standards and guidelines. 
In addition to the annual report, PICANet provides technical and statistical support for the use of 
the data for local audit and research, regional and national commissioning, national and 
international research and to supplement information collected in clinical intervention trials. 
Data collected 
PICANet collects three core datasets: 
Admission data contains demographic details of each child including their name*, date of birth**, 
NHS/CHI number, address* and ethnic group; it also records where children are admitted from, 
their date of admission and clinical diagnoses, some physiological parameters on admission 
including blood gases, blood pressure, medical history and ventilation status. Data on outcome 
and discharge details are included. The medical interventions received on each day by each child 
are recorded as part of the audit and to help NHS organisations in England to supply information 
on the cost of their activity. 
Referral data for all children where clinicians agree a paediatric intensive care bed and/or 
paediatric intensive care transport is required includes details of the referring hospital, 
demographic details of the child, grade of the referring doctor or nurse, the outcome of the 
referral, the transport team involved and the destination PICU. 
Transport data for all children transported to a PICU from their original admitting hospital or who 
are transported by a PCCTS but are not admitted to a PICU includes child details as well as 
information about their presenting physiology. Details of the composition of the transport team, 
journey times, any interventions carried out and critical incidents are also recorded. 
* Not collected from Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland 
** Limited to month and year for Northern Ireland 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Data submission and storage 
Data are submitted by individual PICUs and PCCTS prospectively, using our secure web-based 
data collection application called PICANet Web. Data submission can involve direct entry or an 
upload of a data file from an existing clinical information system. PICANet provides full 
documentation on data definitions, which have been developed in collaboration with our Clinical 
Advisory Group, as well as technical specifications for IT and database professionals. In addition, 
standardised data collection forms are available on our website for organisations to download 
and complete on site if required. 
All data submitted is stored in the Leeds Analytic Secure Environment for Research (LASER) 
system. All data at rest in the LASER system is encrypted to AES-256 Bit encryption. 
Data quality, validation, and case ascertainment 
Data validation is carried out at the point of data entry on the PICANet Web system and centrally 
on the database. Validation checks for logical inconsistencies, out of range values, missing and 
incorrect data are reported back to the individual participating organisations on demand via the 
web interface. PICANet Web also allows PICU staff to obtain reports on their own data to aid 
quality assurance, data validation and check case ascertainment. 
The Modulus 11 algorithm is used to validate the NHS number – this is a standard method of 
ensuring the NHS number is a true NHS number and improves our ability to trace patients 
through the PICANet database and in linked healthcare data. 
Routine validation reports are provided to participating organisations every 6 weeks via email and 
virtual validation visits are conducted by PICANet staff every 12 – 18 months per participating 
organisation.  
The six-weekly validation reports highlight to organisations their adherence to the 2021 PCCS 
Quality Standard for the timeliness of data entry, any outstanding validation queries for resolution 
and any customised data collection audits requiring completion.  
From March 2024, case ascertainment has been measured quarterly for PICUs and PCCTS 
teams. Within each quarter, for two out of the three months, the number the organisations hold 
for admissions and transport in their admission book/electronic system are checked against the 
numbers submitted to PICANet. This means that over the course of a year, eight of the 12 
months are included in the case ascertainment check. Teams are given the opportunity to resolve 
initial discrepancies identified on the PICANet database. 
The virtual validation visits allow for an in-depth review of data quality and validation and are a 
core element of our data quality assurance. Any issues highlighted in the routine validation 
reviews and case ascertainment checks can also be discussed. These visits are vitally important 
to maintain contact with PCC staff, pick up on systematic errors that may appear in the data and 
assist in managing user access and identifying team changes not already reported to PICANet.  
Quarterly risk-adjusted Resetting Sequential Probability Ratio Test (RSPRT) plots of in-PICU 
mortality are sent to each unit to address any immediate concerns if applicable and RSPRT 
guidance for units is available to support this process on the PICANet QI Resources webpage. If 
a potential cause for concern due to high mortality is identified, the PICANet team will guide units 
through the steps to explore this further.  
Collaborative working supporting policy, 
commissioning, research and clinical trials 
PICANet has become established as the definitive source of data on paediatric intensive care 
activity in the UK and Republic of Ireland. The data have been used to plan PIC services, model 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
demand, assess interventions and outcomes, and provide data to underpin research to facilitate 
the development of new standards for critical care provision for children. PICANet has provided 
baseline data for the development of the IKID, SANDWICH and FEVER trials, all of which were 
funded and made use of the routinely collected PICANet data using the custom data download 
facility. This allows local control over the data. There are also plans for us to supplement data 
collection in future trials including PIVOTAL. We also work closely with other funded studies, 
including DEPICT, FIRST-ABC, GIRFT, OCEANIC, Oxy-PICU, PERMIT and PRESSURE.  
Analytical techniques 
The 2025 Statistical Analysis Plan will be published alongside the State of the Nations Report 
2025 on the PICANet website. Statistical techniques used include cross tabulations, the 
calculation of crude and risk-adjusted standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence 
intervals; the construction of crude and risk-adjusted funnel plots of SMRs. Risk-adjusted SMRs 
were calculated using the latest version of the Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM3)1 recalibrated 
based on data within the current reporting period. 
Small number policy 
Publication of PICANet data is subject to scrutiny of small numbers. This year PICANet have 
developed a principle and rules-based Statistical Disclosure Control (SDC) policy to formalise 
existing practice and ensure that small numbers are handled appropriately. When small numbers 
of admissions are published, other data items may become identifiable i.e. a living individual may 
be identified from the data. This can still be the case in aggregated data where small groups of 
individuals are presented. The new policy involves a review process and rules to avoid the 
accidental disclosure of identifiable information. Minor deviations from the rules-based approach 
are permitted in situations where the public benefit of publishing figures greatly outweighs the risk 
of disclosure. Due to a redesign of State of the Nation Report outputs in 2024, there are no 
instances in 2025 where deviation from the standard rules set out in the SDC are required. 
Outlier policy 
PICANet recalibrate the PIM3 parameters for each year’s report and use these to calculate an 
SMR for each unit. When the SMR shows that risk-adjusted mortality within a unit is higher or 
lower than expected, the unit will be subject to the formal process outlined in PICANet’s Outlier 
Policy (v4.0, 2024). The process within the policy allows PICANet and the unit to better 
understand the reason(s) behind their outlier status, and improves knowledge of good 
practice/areas for improvement which can be shared across providers. 
Changes to the tables and figures - 2025 
Following the success of a redesign of the annual State of the Nation Report tables and figures in 
2024, we have continued this approach which focuses on increasing the depth of information 
provided for a smaller number of outcomes. PICANet will continue to be responsive to the 
requirements of the PCC community and public; an online form remains in place to request 
additional information be presented in future years.  
PICANet have reintroduced case ascertainment tables this year, based on measurement 
processes being fully reinstated in 2024 (after being disrupted by COVID19). These tables 
 
 
1 Straney, L., et al., Paediatric Index of Mortality 3: An Updated Model for Predicting Mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care. 
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2013. 14(7): p. 673-681. 
 
 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
contextualise the coverage of the data in the State of the Nations report, comparing the records 
stored by PICUs and PCCTS teams against those stored within the PICANet Database. 
PICANet have also been working with participating nations to improve coverage of information on 
children admitted to adult ICUs. In 2024 this analysis was extended to the Republic of Ireland, 
and in 2025 it includes Scotland for the first time. This now means that PICANet are able to 
account for child admissions to adult ICUs (and therefore all ICUs) across all five participating 
nations. 
Since 2024 all key metrics in the State of the Nations report have been broken down by a range 
of factors, including deprivation. Given the increased importance of deprivation in the reporting, 
PICANet have undertaken a review of the potential metrics that can be used to quantify the 
deprivation level of a given spatial locality. The result of this review was a recommendation to 
implement the Townsend measure of deprivation, to replace ‘Children living in Low Income 
Households’. The change to Townsend in the 2025 report represents a more up-to-date and 
multi-domain measure, capable of capturing deprivation at small units of geography across the 
UK (although it only applies for mainland Great Britain as PICANet does not hold detailed spatial 
information for children living in Northern Ireland or Republic of Ireland).  
The PICANet State of the Nations Report 2025 Tables are available in the Reports section of our 
website. 
How we present our results 
Results are presented in an annual Summary Report and in interactive figures with associated 
data tables. These mainly focus on children aged 0–15 years, apart from tables capturing the 
workload of the PICU (e.g. how many bed days the PICU provided) which include all PICU 
admissions regardless of age; we state where this is the case. Where we present data on 0-15 
year olds only or we present data by gender we exclude data relating to children who are 
recorded as having ‘ambiguous’ sex due to the increased risk of reidentification due to small 
numbers (i.e. to maintain statistical disclosure control). This year we have presented the results 
of metric 2 (transport team mobilisation times) for children aged 0 – 15 years which is in line with 
all other metrics. Previously we had presented the results for all ages, i.e. 16 years and over.  
We report on five key metrics in our Summary Report: case ascertainment including timeliness of 
data submission, transport mobilisation times, emergency readmissions within 48 hours of 
discharge, unplanned extubation in PICU and in-PICU mortality. We highlight the main findings of 
the Summary Report in an infographic.    
In the interactive figures with associated data tables we also present further data relating to our 
key metrics as well as information on overall admission numbers, bed days provided, length of 
stay in PICU, crude mortality rates and data quality. We present data by year, PICU, country of 
admission, operational delivery network (ODN), age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, primary diagnosis 
group and severity of illness (via PIM3).  We present an additional transport metric of time taken 
to reach the bedside of the child by PCCTS by year, transport team, age and severity of illness 
(via PIM3). 
Rates 
We present the rate of unplanned extubations per 1,000 ventilated days to allow us to compare 
between units as the more children that are ventilated on a PICU, the more likely an unplanned 
extubation will occur. 
When we want to compare two rates we divide one rate by the other, to get a ‘relative rate’. For 
example, to compare the emergency readmission rate in one PICU with the overall rate 
calculated from all PICUs then we would divide the PICU’s emergency readmission rate by the 
combined rate. If the PICU’s rate was the same as the overall rate then the relative rate would be 
one. If the PICU’s rate was higher than the overall rate then the relative rate would be greater 
than one. If the PICU’s rate was lower than the overall rate then the relative rate would be less 

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
than one. Using this relative rate allows us to talk about a given PICU’s rate in comparison (or 
relative) to the overall rate. 
Risk-adjusted mortality 
When comparing deaths in PICU, we calculate the risk-adjusted standardised mortality ratio 
(SMR). This compares the number of deaths that have happened in a PICU and how many 
deaths we expected to happen given how poorly children were when they were admitted to PICU 
and allows us to compare across PICUs with different case-mixes. 
We measure how poorly children were at the point when they were admitted to PICU using PIM3. 
This takes into account many factors (such as whether the child was admitted as an emergency 
and whether they needed help breathing) to estimate how likely each child is of dying. 
We use present funnel plots which tell us what range of values we might expect to see for the 
SMR in each PICU given its number of admissions and that we expect a certain amount of 
variation as these calculations are based on a very small number of deaths. This is the process 
used to identify outliers as described in the Outlier Policy section.  
 
Important notes 
Change to clinical coding in 2024 
A standardised coding system is used to supply the primary diagnosis (reason for admission to 
PICU), other reasons for admission, co-morbidities and procedures that children and young 
people have. In September 2024, we moved from using Read Codes to the SNOMED CT clinical 
coding system. This is because Read Codes have been retired, replaced by SNOMED CT. 
Participating organisations now use the SNOMED CT clinical coding tool (where manually 
entering or updating data) to supply diagnoses and procedures codes. If data are uploaded, 
organisations will either provide SNOMED CT codes or they will continue to submit Read codes 
which are converted to SNOMED.  
Following this change, the PICANet team have been monitoring the data to ensure a smooth 
transition. There is on-going work looking at the organisation of clinical codes into diagnostic 
groups. 
Timeliness of data collection in 2024 
The following units and transport teams have a lower percentage of admission records completed 
(submitted to PICANet) within two months of the discharge/transport in 2024 per the 2021 PCCS 
Quality Standards for the timeliness of data entry. However, there are a variety of reasons which 
can lead to this with local resource pressures and IT issues being the most common. Ultimately, 
all units and transport teams must have good data completeness to be included in the report.  
The Portland Hospital PICU (ZF) has continued to experience data completion resource 
pressures following an expansion of beds and the addition of a long term ventilation unit. 
The Royal Hospital for Children PICU, Glasgow (ZA) experienced a temporary staffing issue 
amongst the Data Team. This issue has now been resolved and they would anticipate that PCCS 
Standards will be met in following annual reports. 
Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street PICU (ZD) experienced resource and IT issues which 
has hindered timely data completion. 
Sheffield Children’s Hospital PCCU (Q) have continued to experience resourcing issues, with 
other areas needing to take precedence over data completion.  

 
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PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children PICU (ZB) are experiencing IT and resource issues 
which is hindering timely data completion. 
The Paediatric and Neonatal Decision Support and Retrieval Service (PaNDR) (T032) have 
experienced clinical and administrative staffing vacancies and turnover. 
Children’s Acute Transport Service (CATS) (T001) had a change in responsible officer for 
PICANet. This was coupled with technical difficulties in extracting the PICANet data from 
software. 
Change to Great Ormond Street Hospital PICU/NICU 
Reporting for Great Ormond Street Hospital’s PICU/NICU has, up until this report, been 
combined (E1). Following a change to the staffing model, it is now more appropriate to report on 
the activity separately. For this report we have reported all but case ascertainment separately. 
The PICU is listed as E1, the NICU as E3 and the joint reporting of case ascertainment as E1E3. 
The rationale for this is the case-mix of the children cared for in the NICU is different to that in the 
PICU. The 2026 State of the Nations Report will include all aspects reported on separately. 
There is no change to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) (E2).  
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales PCCU, 
Cardiff 
This unit experienced a higher number of unplanned extubations in 2024 (shown in Table 5 of the 
Summary Report). This has been addressed locally at their Quality and Safety meeting, changes 
have been implemented and the unit report a decrease in unplanned extubations from 2025.  
 
 Links with the clinical community 
PICANet has a dedicated Clinical Advisory Group (CAG), whose members represent the 
paediatric critical care teams that submit data to PICANet. The CAG has the following functions: 
to provide practical clinical advice to the PICANet team; to act as a forum in which PCC staff can 
raise practical operational issues about data entry and transmission and validation; to contribute 
to discussions about the long-term strategic development of PICANet; to identify important audit 
and research questions that the PICANet database could address; and to review the results and 
interpretation of analyses from a clinical perspective. It also acts as the natural forum for the co-
ordination of multi-centre clinical research studies and reviews requests for access to PICANet 
data to ensure feasibility, prevent duplication of activity and to encourage collaboration. 
PICANet has the support of the Paediatric Critical Care Society, the associated PCCS Study 
Group and the NHS England Clinical Reference Group which oversees Paediatric Critical Care, 
including PCC transport. PICANet’s Co-Principal Investigators are members of the following 
Paediatric Critical Care Society (PCCS) groups: 
• 
The Acute Transport Group which is a forum to provide advice on current and 
future direction for the Paediatric Intensive Care Transport Services and maximise 
opportunities for partnerships, networking and information sharing.  
• 
The Study Group which aims to facilitate research into critical illness in children. 
The Co-Principal Investigators, or a member of the PICANet team, provide regular updates to the 
NHSE PCC Clinical Reference Group at their meetings.  
 

 
13 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
The Co-Principal Investigators contribute to the wider paediatric/paediatric critical care 
community, examples include membership of the following national and international groups:  
• 
The National Casemix Office’s Expert Working Group for Paediatric Critical Care. 
Contributing to the understanding how and why care provided can differ to support 
healthcare funding mechanisms  
• 
The National Child Mortality Database’s (NCMD) Professional Advisory Group. The 
purpose of NCMD is to drive improvements in the quality of health and social care for 
children in England and reduce child mortality.  
• 
The task and finish group for the development of the Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT) 
paediatric critical care service descriptors/indicators. The aim is that where there is 
significant variation among these, services can be supported to improve which will 
ultimately result in improvements in clinical outcomes, family experience and efficient use 
of resources.  
 
Patient and Public Involvement 
Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) refers to the inclusion of patients, parents, carers, children 
and young people, and members of the public in the activities and development of PICANet’s 
outputs. 
In 2022 PICANet produced a detailed long term plan to reinvigorate this important area. The plan 
aims to ensure that PPI is embedded into the development of new projects and extensions of the 
remit of PICANet and outputs (e.g., public-facing reports and infographics) and to ensure that this 
work will enhance and support the experience of children being cared for in PCC and their 
families. We have continued to review and refresh our PPI activities and plan.  
In late 2024 we continued to hold workshops. We joined a GenerationR Alliance Young People’s 
Advisory Group meeting and this group of children and young people contributed to ideas and 
suggestions for a new infographic and the infographic which accompanies the State of the 
Nations Report. We have implemented the feedback for the existing infographic and production of 
a new infographic is underway.  
We also held three workshops with nine parents and carers who are experts by experience of a 
child admitted to PICU. These sessions explored what information was important to them as 
parents/carers whilst they were caring for a child in a PICU, and this was then considered in the 
context of the key messages in the State of the Nation Report (2023) and the PICANet website.  
Throughout 2025 we have focused on expanding the group of parent/carer representatives 
joining our Steering Group and we have increased our social media presence. You can follow us 
@picanetaudit.bsky.social and on LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/company/paediatric-
intensive-care-audit-network-picanet/). We share news of Data Dashboard updates, publications 
and we engage with the wider paediatric critical care community by signposting to paediatric 
critical care associated awareness days/weeks. 
To date, all communications that we have had with parents, carers, children and young people 
has been very positive, supportive of PICANet and its work and has guided our provision of 
information. We have plans to continue to develop and expand our PPI work further in the coming 
years.  

 
14 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Participating Organisation Characteristics 2024 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward 
Number 
of funded 
IC beds 
Number of 
funded 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
Barts Health NHS Trust 
The Royal London Hospital 
PCCU 
8 
2 
General  
Birmingham Women’s and 
Children’s Hospital NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
31 
0 
General including cardiac, 
liver, neurosurgical, 
ECLS, ENT, oncology, 
metabolic and spinal 
Cambridge University 
Hospitals NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Addenbrooke's Hospital 
PICU 
91 
4 
General  
Cardiff & Vale University 
Health Board 
Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital for Wales 
PCCU 
7 
4 
General  
Manchester University NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
19 
14 
General  
Great Ormond Street 
Hospital for Children NHS 
Trust 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children 
CICU 
19 
0 
Cardiac & ECMO 
PICU  
17 
0 
General 
NICU 
10 
0 
Neonatal 
Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Evelina London Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
21 
0 
General, Cardiac & ECMO 
Royal Brompton Hospital 
PICU 
16 
42 
Cardiac & Respiratory 
HSE (Health Service 
Executive) 
Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin 
PICU 
9 
0 
General including ENT, 
craniofacial, metabolic 
neurosurgical, renal & 
major trauma 
Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin 
PICU 
20 
3 
General, Cardiac & ECMO 
King’s College Hospital 
NHS Foundation Trust 
King’s College Hospital  
PICU 
8 
8 
General, Hepatic & 
Neurosurgical 
The Leeds Teaching 
Hospitals NHS Trust 
Leeds Children's Hospital 
PICU 
141 
4 
General & Cardiac 
Great North Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
11 
0 
General & Surgical ICU 

 
15 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward 
Number 
of funded 
IC beds 
Number of 
funded 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
Newcastle upon Tyne 
Hospitals NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Freeman Hospital 
CICU 
12 
0 
Cardiothoracic surgery, 
heart failure, ECMO & 
ENT 
NHS Lothian 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
(formerly Royal Hospital for Sick Children) 
PICU 
10 
6 
General, Neurosurgical & 
Spinal 
NHS Greater Glasgow and 
Clyde 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow  
PICU 
22 
0 
General, Neurosurgical 
Cardiac & ECMO 
Oxford University Hospitals 
NHS Foundation Trust 
John Radcliffe Hospital 
PCCU 
8 
9 
General including 
neurosurgical, craniofacial 
and major trauma 
Nottingham University 
Hospitals NHS Trust 
Nottingham Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
81 
6 
General (plus regional 
oncology, major trauma, 
ENT, paediatric surgery, 
regional neurosurgical, 
spinal, supraregional renal 
service and cleft lip & 
palate services) 
Alder Hey Children’s NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Alder Hey Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
21 
0 
General, Cardiac & ECMO 
Sheffield Children’s NHS 
Foundation Trust  
Sheffield Children’s Hospital 
PCCU 
8 
9 
General (plus major 
trauma, neurosurgery, 
ENT, oncology, metabolic, 
paediatric surgery, spinal) 
University Hospitals 
Southampton NHS 
Foundation Trust 
Southampton Children’s Hospital 
PICU 
16 
0 
General, Cardiac & 
Neurosurgery 
St. George’s University 
Hospitals NHS Foundation 
Trust 
St. George’s Hospital 
PICU 
6 
6 
General, Neurosurgical, 
Oncology & Paediatric 
Surgery 
Imperial College Healthcare 
NHS Trust 
St. Mary’s Hospital 
PICU 
11 
4 
General 
Belfast Health and Social 
Care Trust 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
PICU 
123 
0 
General 
University Hospitals Bristol 
NHS Foundation Trust 
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children 
PICU 
17 
0 
General, Cardiac, 
Neurosurgery, Burns and 
Major Trauma 
University Hospitals of 
Leicester NHS Trust 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CICU 
CICU 
6 
0 
General (Children’s 
Intensive Care Unit) 

 
16 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
NHS Trust / Organisation 
Hospital 
Unit / 
Ward 
Number 
of funded 
IC beds 
Number of 
funded 
HD beds 
Type of unit 
Leicester Royal Infirmary CPICU (previously Glenfield 
Hospital) 
CPICU 
7 
0 
Cardiac & ECMO 
University Hospitals of North 
Midlands NHS Trust 
Royal Stoke University Hospital 
PICU 
8 
0 
General 
HCA Healthcare UK (non-
NHS) 
The Portland Hospital 
PICU 
14 
9 
General 
This table is updated with information gathered during the virtual validation meetings.  
Abbreviations: Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU), Cardiac Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (CPICU), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Paediatric Critical Care Unit (PCCU), 
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO), Ear nose and throat (ENT), Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) 
1. 
IC/HD beds are used flexibly if required.  
2. 
From April 2024, Royal Brompton PICU submitted data for the 16 IC beds only. 
3. 
The PICU at Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children routinely admit children up to 14 years of age. 
 
Specialist paediatric transport services 
Children’s Acute Transport Service (CATS) 
Embrace: Yorkshire & Humber Infant & Children’s Transport Service 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service (NWTS) 
South Thames Retrieval Service (STRS) 
KIDS Intensive Care and Decision Support 
Southampton Oxford Retrieval Team (SORT) 
Northern Ireland Specialist Transport and Retrieval (NISTAR) Paediatric 
Scottish Specialist Transport and Retrieval (ScotSTAR) 
Irish Paediatric Acute Transport Service (IPATS) 
Wales and West Acute Transport for Children (WATCh) 
North East Children’s Transport and Retrieval Service (NECTAR) 
Children’s Medical Emergency Transport Service (CoMET) 
Heart Link ECMO Children's Service (included in Tables & Figures only) 
Paediatric and Neonatal Decision Support and Retrieval Service (PaNDR)

 
17 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
    Clinical Advisory Group Membership 2022 – 2024 
Name 
Position 
Organisation 
Period served 
Hari Krishnan  
(Chair from 2024; Deputy 
Chair 2020 – 2024) 
Consultant Paediatric Intensivist 
Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation 
Trust 
Birmingham Children’s Hospital 
2018 - Ongoing 
Mark Peters  
(Deputy Chair from 2024; 
Chair from 2020 - 2024) 
Clinical Unit Chair 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust 
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children 
2018 - Ongoing 
Sara Ali  
 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Cardiff University Hospital, Noah's Ark Children's Hospital 
of Wales 
2020 – 2023 
Colin Begg 
 
Clinical Advisor, NHS National Services 
Scotland National Specialist and 
Screening Services Directorate  
National Specialist & Screening Services Directorate 
(NSD), NHS National Services Scotland.  
2023 - Ongoing 
Kathryn Claydon-Smith 
Clinical Nurse Specialist 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service 
(NWTS) 
2009 - 2022 
Karen Coxon 
Sister 
James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough  
2023  - Ongoing 
James Edelman  
Paediatric Consultant and PDHU Lead  
Southampton HDU  
2023  - Ongoing 
Judith Gray  
 
Sister 
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 
Newcastle Freeman Hospital 
2015 - Ongoing 
Martina Healy  
 
Clinical Lead for Irish Paediatric Critical 
Care Audit 
Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin 
2022 - Ongoing 
Katie Higgins 
Clinical Nurse Specialist 
North West and North Wales Paediatric Transport Service 
(NWTS) 
2022 - Ongoing 
Margaret Hufton 
Paediatric Consultant and Paediatric 
HDU Medical Lead 
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire  
2023  - Ongoing 
Graham Mason 
PCCS HDU Lead  
Paediatric Critical Care Society  
2023  - Ongoing 
Catherine McDougall  
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh 
2021 - Ongoing 
Rachel Neal 
PICU Data & Audit Manager 
St George’s Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust 
2021 - 2023 
Andrew Nyman 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive care 
Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust 
Evelina Children’s Hospital, South Thames Retrieval 
service (STRS) 
2019 - Ongoing 
Siva Oruganti 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Medicine 
Cardiff University Hospital, Noah’s Ark Children’s Hospital 
of Wales 
2023 - ongoing 

 
18 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Mark Peters  
(Chair from 2020) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Medicine  
Cardiff University Hospital, Noah's Ark Children's Hospital 
of Wales  
2023  - Ongoing 
Mohammad Oli Rahman 
Lead Consultant  
Brighton Royal Alexandra Hospital  
2023  - Ongoing 
Padmanabhan 
Ramnarayan (representing 
PCCS SG) 
Reader in Paediatric Intensive Care & 
Honorary Consultant 
Imperial College London & Imperial College Healthcare 
NHS Trust 
Chair of Paediatric Critical Care Society Study Group 
(PCCS SG) 
2022 - Ongoing 
Annette Shaw 
Data and Quality Nurse 
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow 
2021 - 2023 
Mark Terris  
 
Consultant Anaesthetist 
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust 
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children 
2014 - Ongoing 
Dora Wood  
(representing Transport 
Organisations) 
Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care 
Bristol Paediatric Intensive Care Unit and Wales and West 
Acute Transport for Children (WATCh) 
2021 - Ongoing 
         Ongoing as of 31st December 2024.  

 
19 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Steering Group Membership 2022 – 2024 
Name  
Position  
Organisation  
Representation  
Period Served  
Michael Marsh (Chair)  
Regional Medical Director & 
CCIO Higher Level 
Responsible Officer South 
West Region  
NHS England & NHS 
Improvement  
Royal College of Paediatrics and 
Child Health  
2002 - 2024  
National Commissioner for 
Paediatric Critical Care Clinical 
Reference Group  
James Campbell 
Associate Director of Quality 
and Development 
Health Quality Improvement 
Partnership (HQIP) 
Commissioning body for PICANet 
in England 
2021 - Ongoing 
Peter Davis  
Consultant in Paediatric 
Intensive Care  
University Hospitals Bristol NHS 
Foundation Trust  
Chair of Paediatric Intensive Care 
Clinical Reference Group  
2011 - 2023  
Bristol Royal Hospital for 
Children  
Freddie Drew 
National Programme of Care 
Manager – Women & 
Children 
NHS England 
NHS England 
2022 - Ongoing 
Andrew Fleming  
National Clinical Audit 
Manager  
Intensive Care National Audit & 
Research Centre (ICNARC)  
Intensive Care National Audit & 
Research Centre (ICNARC)  
2017 - Ongoing  
James Fraser  
Consultant Paediatrician  
University Hospitals Bristol NHS 
Foundation Trust  
Paediatric Intensive Care Society 
President (2019 - 2022)  
2019 - 2023 
Bristol Royal Hospital for 
Children  
Karina Hamilton 
Paediatric Programme 
Assistant Audit Manager 
National Office of Clinical Audit 
Republic of Ireland 
2022 - Ongoing 
Sam Harper  
HQIP PICANet Project 
Manager  
Healthcare Quality Improvement 
Partnership (HQIP)  
Commissioning and funding body 
(England)  
2018 - 2022  
Roseanne McDonald 
Programme Associate 
Director: Nursing and Quality 
Adviser 
National Services Division 
(NSD), NHS National Services 
Scotland 
Scotland 
2022 - 2023 
Mark Peters 
Consultant in Paediatric 
Intensive Care 
Great Ormond Street Hospital, 
London 
Chair of PICANet Clinical Advisory 
Group  
2020 - Ongoing  

 
20 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Name  
Position  
Organisation  
Representation  
Period Served  
Natalia Plejic 
HQIP PICANet Project 
Manager 
Health Quality Improvement 
Partnership (HQIP) 
Commissioning body for PICANet 
in England 
2022 - Ongoing 
Padmanabhan Ramnarayan 
Professor in Paediatric 
Critical Care 
Imperial College London 
Chair of Paediatric Critical Care 
Society Study Group 
2022 - Ongoing 
Ruchi Sinha 
Consultant Paediatric 
Intensivist  
St Mary’s Hospital, London  
NHS England  
2023 - Ongoing 
Chair of the Paediatrc Critical Care 
Clinical Reference Group  
Helen Stares 
Parent 
n/a 
Parents and Carers 
Representation  
 
2023 – Ongoing 
 
Mark Terris  
Consultant Anaesthetist  
Belfast Health and Social Care 
Trust  
Northern Ireland  
2012 - Ongoing  
Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick 
Children  
Donna Webb 
Matron for Critical Care and 
Cardiology 
Leeds Children’s Hospital 
Paediatric Critical Care Society 
Nurse Managers Group 
2021 - Ongoing 
Lucy Wheeler  
Parent  
n/a 
Parents and Carers 
Representation  
2011 - Ongoing  
Carli Whittaker 
UK Head of Nursing – CYP 
Royal College of Nursing 
Paediatric Critical Care Society 
President 
2023 - Ongoing 
Ongoing as of 31st December 2024 
 
 

 
21 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Data Collection Forms  
The following data collection forms were in place at the last date of the reporting period (31 
December 2024):  
• 
PICU Admission, version 11.0 Apr 2023  
• 
PICU Referral, version 2.4.1 Oct 2017 
• 
Transport, version 3.0.1 Aug 2020 
 
PICANet Information Leaflets  
• 
Version 7.0 Jul 2022 of the families and carers leaflet was in place at the last date of 
the reporting period (31 December 2024) for those with children admitted to PCC in 
England. 
• 
Version 6.4 Apr 2021 of the families and carers leaflet was in place at the last date of 
the reporting period (31 December 2024) for those with children admitted to PCC in 
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 
• 
Version 7.0 Jul 2022 of the children’s leaflet was in place at the last date of the 
reporting period (31 December 2024) for those admitted to PCC in England. 
• 
Version 6.4 Apr 2021 of the children’s leaflet was in place at the last date of the 
reporting period (31 December 2024) for those admitted to PCC in Wales, Scotland 
and Northern Ireland. 
 
PICANet Privacy and Fair Processing 
Statement  
Version 6.2 09 Nov 2023 of the PICANet Patient Privacy Notice and Fair Processing 
Statement was in place at the latest date of the reporting period (31 December 2024). 
 

 
22 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Publications 2022-2024 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
Crit Care 28, 386 (2024). 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-05148-
y 
Cost-effectiveness of high flow nasal 
cannula therapy versus continuous positive 
airway pressure for non-invasive 
respiratory support in paediatric critical 
care. 
Sadique, Z., Zapata, S.M., 
Grieve, R. et al 
van Hasselt TJ, Wang Y, Gale C, et al. 
Timing of Neonatal Discharge and 
Unplanned Readmission to PICUs Among 
Infants Born Preterm. JAMA Netw 
Open. 2024;7(11):e2444909. 
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.44909 
Timing of Neonatal Discharge and 
Unplanned Readmission to PICUs Among 
Infants Born Preterm. 
van Hasselt TJ, Wang 
Y, Gale C, et al 
BMJ Supportive & Palliative 
Care Published Online First: 28 November 
2024. doi: 10.1136/spcare-xx-xxxx-xxxx 
End of life care in paediatric settings: UK 
national survey 
Bedendo A, Papworth A, B
eresford B, et al 
eClinicalMedicine, Volume 75, 2024 Sept. 
102776 
Contribution of ethnicity, area level 
deprivation and air pollution to paediatric 
intensive care unit admissions in the United 
Kingdom 2008–2021 
Mitchell, Hannah K. et al 
Arch Dis Child. 2024 Aug 29:archdischild-
xx-xxxx-xxxx. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-
xx-xxxx-xxxx. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 
39209528. 
Transport of critically ill children to 
paediatric intensive care units in the UK 
and Ireland 
Ramnarayan P, Wood D, D
raper E On behalf of the 
Paediatric Critical Care 
Society Acute Transport 
Group, et al 
PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 
19(7):e0305113, 2024. 
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=
10.1371/journal.pone.xx-xxxx-xxxx 
A protocol for neoWONDER: Neonatal 
whole population data linkage to improve 
long-term health and wellbeing of preterm 
and sick babies 
van Blankenstein Emily, 
Aveline Alice; Battersby, 
Cheryl 
Archives of Disease in Childhood 2024 
April;109:xx-xxxx-xxxx 
Characteristics of children requiring 
admission to neonatal care and paediatric 
intensive care before the age of 2 years in 
England and Wales: a data linkage study 
Seaton SE, Battersby C, D
avis PJ, et al 
Health Technol Assess 2024;28(8) 
https://doi.org/10.3310/HDKV1008 
Use of selective gut decontamination in 
critically ill children: PICnIC a pilot RCT 
and mixed-methods study 
Brown A, Ferrando-Vivas 
P, Popa M, de la Fuente 
GM, Pappachan 
J, Cuthbertson BH, et al 
Southampton (UK): National Institute for 
Health and Care Research; 2024 Jan. 
PMID: 38232217. 
Evaluation of efficacy, outcomes and safety 
of infant haemodialysis and ultrafiltration in 
clinical use: I-KID a stepped wedge cluster 
RCT. 
Lambert H, Hiu S, 
Coulthard M, Matthews 
JNS, Wood R, Crosier J, et 
al 
Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal 
and Neonatal Edition 2024;109:265-271 
Paediatric intensive care admissions of 
preterm children born <32 weeks gestation: 
a national retrospective cohort study using 
data linkage 
Van Hasselt TJ, Gale C, 
Battersby C On behalf of 
the United Kingdom 
Neonatal Collaborative and 
the Paediatric Critical Care 
Society Study Group 
(PCCS-SG), et al 

 
23 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
Health Technol Assess. 2023 Nov; 
27(27):1-155. doi: 10.3310/HYRW5688 
Implementing early rehabilitation and 
mobilisation for children in UK paediatric 
intensive care units: the PERMIT feasibility 
study 
Scholefield BR, Menzies 
JC, McAnuff J, Thompson 
JY, Manning JC, Feltbower 
RG, Geary M, Lockley S, 
Morris KP, Moore D, 
Pathan N, Kirkham F, 
Forsyth R, Rapley T. 
Front Pediatr. 2023 Oct 9:11:1225684. doi: 
10.3389/fped.2023.1225684. 
Is there a sex difference in mortality rates 
in paediatric intensive care units?: a 
systematic review 
Almossawi O, Friend A, 
Palla L, Feltbower RG, 
Sardo-Infiri S, O'Brien S, 
Harron K, Nadel S, 
Saunders P, De Stavola B. 
BMC Pediatr. 2023 Aug. 24;23(1):421. doi: 
10.1186/s12887-023-04254-0. 
Impact of prematurity on long-stay 
paediatric intensive care unit admissions in 
England 2008-2018. 
van Hasselt, T.J., 
Kanthimathinathan, H.K., 
Kothari, T. et al 
JAMA Pediatr. 2023 Jul. 31;177(9):947-
955. doi: 
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.2357. 
Pediatric Hospitalizations and ICU 
Admissions Due to COVID-19 and 
Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem 
Syndrome Temporally Associated With 
SARS-CoV-2 in England 
Ward JL, Harwood R, 
Kenny S et al 
Implement Sci.  2022 May 26;17(1):34. doi: 
10.1186/s13012-022-01208-5. 
Interventions to optimise the outputs of 
national clinical audits to improve the 
quality of health care: a multi-method study 
including RCT 
Wright-Hughes A, Willis 
TA, Wilson S, Weller A, 
Lorencatto F, Althaf M, 
Seymour V, Farrin AJ, 
Francis J, Brehaut J, Ivers 
N, Alderson SL, Brown BC, 
Feltbower RG, Gale CP, 
Stanworth SJ, Hartley S, 
Colquhoun H, Presseau J, 
Walwyn R, Foy R. 
NIHR, https://doi.org/10.3310/WBKW4927 
Design and evaluation of an interactive 
quality dashboard for national clinical audit 
data: a realist evaluation 
Randell R, Alvarado 
N, Elshehaly M, McVey 
L, West RM, Doherty P, et 
al 
BMJ Open, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-
061838 
Use of selective gut decontamination in 
critically ill children: protocol for the 
Paediatric Intensive Care and Infection 
Control (PICnIC) pilot study 
Brown A, Ferrando P, Pop
a M, et al 
BMJ Paediatr Open;6(1):e001300. doi: 
10.1136/bmjpo-xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Early mobilisation and rehabilitation in the 
PICU: a UK survey. 
Thompson JY, Menzies 
JC, Manning JC, McAnuff 
J, Brush EC, Ryde F, 
Rapley T, Pathan N, Brett 
S, Moore DJ, Geary M, 
Colville GA, Morris KP, 
Parslow RC, Feltbower 
RG, Lockley S, Kirkham 
FJ, Forsyth RJ, Scholefield 
BR; PERMIT 
Collaborators, Paediatric 
Critical Care Society 
Study-Group (PCCS-SG). 
NIHR Open Res; 2: 37. doi: 
10.3310/nihropenres.13273.1. 
End of life care for infants, children and 
young people (ENHANCE): Protocol for a 
mixed methods evaluation of current 
practice in the United Kingdom 
Papworth A, Hackett J, 
Beresford B, et al 

 
24 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Journal 
Title 
Authors 
National Institute for Health and Care 
Research, Health and Social Care Delivery 
Research  
https://doi.org/10.3310/QBBZ1124 
Interventions to optimise the outputs of 
national clinical audits to improve the 
quality of health care: a multi-method study 
including RCT. 
Willis TA, Wright-Hughes 
A, Weller A, Alderson SL, 
Wilson S, Walwyn R et al 
JAMA, doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.9615. 
Effect of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy 
vs Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 
Therapy on Liberation From Respiratory 
Support in Acutely Ill Children Admitted to 
Pediatric Critical Care Units: A 
Randomized Clinical Trial. 
Ramnarayan P, Richards-
Belle A, Drikite L, et al 
JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2022.3367 
Effect of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy 
vs Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 
Following Extubation on Liberation From 
Respiratory Support in Critically Ill 
Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial 
Ramnarayan P, Richards-
Belle A, Drikite L, et al 
BMJ Open, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-
057343 
Linkage of National Congenital Heart 
Disease Audit data to hospital, critical care 
and mortality national data sets to enable 
research focused on quality improvement 
Espuny Pujol F, Pagel C, 
Brown KL, et al 
NIHR Health Technol Assess; 26:1-114. 
doi: 10.3310/TCFX3817 
Co-ordinated multidisciplinary intervention 
to reduce time to successful extubation for 
children on mechanical ventilation: the 
SANDWICH cluster stepped-wedge RCT 
Blackwood B, Morris KP, 
Jordan J, McIlmurray L, 
Agus A, Boyle R, et al 
EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Feb;44:101287. 
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.xx-xxxx-xxxx. Epub 
2022 Feb 11. PMID: 35169689; PMCID: 
PMC8832134 
Which children and young people are at 
higher risk of severe disease and death 
after hospitalisation with SARS-CoV-2 
infection in children and young people: A 
systematic review and individual patient 
meta-analysis 
Harwood, Rachael et al 
Nat Med. 2022 Jan;28(1):193-200. doi: 
10.1038/s41591-021-01627-9. Epub 2021 
Dec 20. PMID: 34931076 
Risk factors for PICU admission and death 
among children and young people 
hospitalized with COVID-19 and PIMS-TS 
in England during the first pandemic year 
Ward JL, Harwood R, 
Smith C. et al 
Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2022 Jun 
1;23(6):e268-e276. doi: 
10.1097/PCC.0000000000002904. Epub 
2022 Feb 28. PMID: 35213411 
Lactate, Base Excess, and the Pediatric 
Index of Mortality: Exploratory Study of an 
International, Multicenter Dataset 
Morris KP, Kapetanstrataki 
M, Wilkins B, Slater AJ, 
Ward V, Parslow RC. 
BMJ Open. 12. e057343. 
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-xx-xxxx-xxxx. 
Linkage of National Congenital Heart 
Disease Audit data to hospital, critical care 
and mortality national data sets to enable 
research focused on quality improvement 
Espuny Pujol F, Pagel C, 
Brown KL, et al. 
 
 
 
 

 
25 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Data Access Requests Fulfilled (sent to applicant) January 2024 - 
December 2024 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request (highest) 
P024  
HQIP299  
Sally Cavanagh  
Clinical Information Manager  
NHS England  
NHSE Specialised Commissioning Data Inc. GIRFT 
Paediatric Critical Care Improvement Programme 
(Annual Provision)  
Identifiable, for linkage  
P040  
HQIP346  
Lahn Straney  
Adjunct Senior Research Fellow  
Monash University  
PIM4; Model update for predicting mortality in 
paediatric intensive care: Paediatric Index of Mortality 
4 (Data Refresh)  
De-identified individual level  
P078  
HQIP382  
Lorna Fraser  
Professor of Palliative Care and Child Health  
University of York  
High intensity treatment at the end of life in children 
with cancer: retrospective, national, data linkage study 
(ENHANCE)  
Identifiable, for linkage  
P086  
HQIP408  
Cheryl Battersby  
Clinical Senior Lecturer and Consultant 
Neonatologist, Imperial College London  
‘NeoWonder’ NNRD Data Linkage - Outcomes for 
Preterm Children  
Identifiable, for linkage  
P091  
Tiffany Watson-Koszel  
Policy Manager, NHS England  
NHS England COVID Response Planning (Quarterly 
Provision)  
Identifiable, for linkage  
P094   
HQIP451  
Olugbenga Akinkugbe PhD Applicant  
Prof Mark Peters  
UCL / Great Ormond Street Institute of Child 
Health  
University of Toronto / Hospital for Sick 
Children Toronto  
Identifying trajectories of organ support, organ system 
dysfunction, and patterns of critical illness in children / 
Renal data analysis  
  
De-identified individual level  
  
P111  
ISR091  
Dr Reinout Mildner  
NIHR Clinical Trials Scholar and PICU 
Consultant, Birmingham Children’s Hospital  
NAVA Ventilation Weaning Efficacy Trial - summary 
statistics for children invasively ventilated  
Aggregated  

 
26 
PICANet State of the Nations Report Appendices 2025 
Reference 
numbers 
Requester (Name, Position and Place of 
work/study): 
Data Request: 
Data Level of Request (highest) 
P117  
IS152  
Ruchi Sinha  
PICU consultant and National Specialty 
Advisor, NHS England  
Long stay patients on PICU – To inform Winter 
Planning  
Aggregated  

 
 
 
 
 
Richard Feltbower 
Evrim Anik 
Hannah Buckley 
Christopher Leahy 
Hannah Lever 
Lee Norman 
Georgina Tayler-Barrett 
Thomas Simpson 
Laura Stubbs 
 
PICANet 
Leeds Institute for Data Analytics 
School of Medicine 
Worsley Building 
Clarendon Way 
University of Leeds 
Leeds 
LS2 9JT 
 
Sarah Seaton 
Emily Evans 
Hari Krishnan 
Lisa Mcllmurray 
Lyn Palmer 
Martin Perkins 
Rachel Shorthose 
 
PICANet 
School of Healthcare 
College of Life Sciences 
George Davies Centre 
University Road 
University of Leicester 
Leicester 
LE1 7RH 
University of Leicester 
University of Leeds 
www.picanet.org.uk 
xxx@xxx.xx